Compile option `ARM_BOARD_OPTIMISE_MMAP` has been renamed to `ARM_BOARD_OPTIMISE_MEM` because it now applies not only to defines related to the translation tables but to the image size as well. The defines `PLAT_ARM_MAX_BL1_RW_SIZE`, `PLAT_ARM_MAX_BL2_SIZE` and `PLAT_ARM_MAX_BL31_SIZE` have been moved to the file board_arm_def.h. This way, ARM platforms no longer have to set their own values if `ARM_BOARD_OPTIMISE_MEM=0` and they can specify optimized values otherwise. The common sizes have been set to the highest values used for any of the current build configurations. This is needed because in some build configurations some images are running out of space. This way there is a common set of values known to work for all of them and it can be optimized for each particular platform if needed. The space reserved for BL2 when `TRUSTED_BOARD_BOOT=0` has been increased. This is needed because when memory optimisations are disabled the values for Juno of `PLAT_ARM_MMAP_ENTRIES` and `MAX_XLAT_TABLES` are higher. If in this situation the code is compiled in debug mode and with "-O0", the code won't fit. Change-Id: I70a3d8d3a0b0cad1d6b602c01a7ea334776e718e
56 KiB
ARM Trusted Firmware User Guide
Contents :
-
Introduction
This document describes how to build ARM Trusted Firmware (TF) and run it with a tested set of other software components using defined configurations on the Juno ARM development platform and ARM Fixed Virtual Platform (FVP) models. It is possible to use other software components, configurations and platforms but that is outside the scope of this document.
This document assumes that the reader has previous experience running a fully bootable Linux software stack on Juno or FVP using the prebuilt binaries and filesystems provided by Linaro. Further information may be found in the Instructions for using the Linaro software deliverables. It also assumes that the user understands the role of the different software components required to boot a Linux system:
- Specific firmware images required by the platform (e.g. SCP firmware on Juno)
- Normal world bootloader (e.g. UEFI or U-Boot)
- Device tree
- Linux kernel image
- Root filesystem
This document also assumes that the user is familiar with the FVP models and the different command line options available to launch the model.
This document should be used in conjunction with the Firmware Design.
- Host machine requirements
The minimum recommended machine specification for building the software and running the FVP models is a dual-core processor running at 2GHz with 12GB of RAM. For best performance, use a machine with a quad-core processor running at 2.6GHz with 16GB of RAM.
The software has been tested on Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (64-bit). Packages used for building the software were installed from that distribution unless otherwise specified.
The software has also been built on Windows 7 Enterprise SP1, using CMD.EXE, Cygwin, and Msys (MinGW) shells, using version 4.9.1 of the GNU toolchain.
- Tools
Install the required packages to build Trusted Firmware with the following command:
sudo apt-get install build-essential gcc make git
Download and install the AArch64 little-endian GCC cross compiler as indicated in the Linaro instructions.
In addition, the following optional packages and tools may be needed:
-
device-tree-compiler
package if you need to rebuild the Flattened Device Tree (FDT) source files (.dts
files) provided with this software. -
libssl-dev
package if Trusted Board Boot is enabled in the build. -
For debugging, ARM Development Studio 5 (DS-5).
- Getting the Trusted Firmware source code
Download the Trusted Firmware source code from Github:
git clone https://github.com/ARM-software/arm-trusted-firmware.git
- Building the Trusted Firmware
-
Before building Trusted Firmware, the environment variable
CROSS_COMPILE
must point to the Linaro cross compiler:export CROSS_COMPILE=<path-to-aarch64-gcc>/bin/aarch64-linux-gnu-
-
Change to the root directory of the Trusted Firmware source tree and build:
make PLAT=<platform> all
Notes:
-
If
PLAT
is not specified,fvp
is assumed by default. See the "Summary of build options" for more information on available build options. -
The TSP (Test Secure Payload), corresponding to the BL32 image, is not compiled in by default. Refer to the "Building the Test Secure Payload" section below.
-
By default this produces a release version of the build. To produce a debug version instead, refer to the "Debugging options" section below.
-
The build process creates products in a
build
directory tree, building the objects and binaries for each boot loader stage in separate sub-directories. The following boot loader binary files are created from the corresponding ELF files:build/<platform>/<build-type>/bl1.bin
build/<platform>/<build-type>/bl2.bin
build/<platform>/<build-type>/bl31.bin
where
<platform>
is the name of the chosen platform and<build-type>
is eitherdebug
orrelease
. The actual number of images might differ depending on the platform.
-
-
Build products for a specific build variant can be removed using:
make DEBUG=<D> PLAT=<platform> clean
... where
<D>
is0
or1
, as specified when building.The build tree can be removed completely using:
make realclean
Summary of build options
ARM Trusted Firmware build system supports the following build options. Unless mentioned otherwise, these options are expected to be specified at the build command line and are not to be modified in any component makefiles. Note that the build system doesn't track dependency for build options. Therefore, if any of the build options are changed from a previous build, a clean build must be performed.
Common build options
-
SCP_BL2
: Path to SCP_BL2 image in the host file system. This image is optional. If a SCP_BL2 image is present then this option must be passed for thefip
target. -
BL33
: Path to BL33 image in the host file system. This is mandatory forfip
target in case the BL2 from ARM Trusted Firmware is used. -
BL2
: This is an optional build option which specifies the path to BL2 image for thefip
target. In this case, the BL2 in the ARM Trusted Firmware will not be built. -
BL31
: This is an optional build option which specifies the path to BL31 image for thefip
target. In this case, the BL31 in the ARM Trusted Firmware will not be built. -
BL32
: This is an optional build option which specifies the path to BL32 image for thefip
target. In this case, the BL32 in the ARM Trusted Firmware will not be built. -
FIP_NAME
: This is an optional build option which specifies the FIP filename for thefip
target. Default isfip.bin
. -
FWU_FIP_NAME
: This is an optional build option which specifies the FWU FIP filename for thefwu_fip
target. Default isfwu_fip.bin
. -
BL2U
: This is an optional build option which specifies the path to BL2U image. In this case, the BL2U in the ARM Trusted Firmware will not be built. -
SCP_BL2U
: Path to SCP_BL2U image in the host file system. This image is optional. It is only needed if the platform makefile specifies that it is required in order to build thefwu_fip
target. -
NS_BL2U
: Path to NS_BL2U image in the host file system. This image is optional. It is only needed if the platform makefile specifies that it is required in order to build thefwu_fip
target. -
DEBUG
: Chooses between a debug and release build. It can take either 0 (release) or 1 (debug) as values. 0 is the default. -
LOG_LEVEL
: Chooses the log level, which controls the amount of console log output compiled into the build. This should be one of the following:0 (LOG_LEVEL_NONE) 10 (LOG_LEVEL_NOTICE) 20 (LOG_LEVEL_ERROR) 30 (LOG_LEVEL_WARNING) 40 (LOG_LEVEL_INFO) 50 (LOG_LEVEL_VERBOSE)
All log output up to and including the log level is compiled into the build. The default value is 40 in debug builds and 20 in release builds.
-
NS_TIMER_SWITCH
: Enable save and restore for non-secure timer register contents upon world switch. It can take either 0 (don't save and restore) or 1 (do save and restore). 0 is the default. An SPD may set this to 1 if it wants the timer registers to be saved and restored. -
PLAT
: Choose a platform to build ARM Trusted Firmware for. The chosen platform name must be subdirectory of any depth underplat/
, and must contain a platform makefile namedplatform.mk
. -
SPD
: Choose a Secure Payload Dispatcher component to be built into the Trusted Firmware. The value should be the path to the directory containing the SPD source, relative toservices/spd/
; the directory is expected to contain a makefile called<spd-value>.mk
. -
V
: Verbose build. If assigned anything other than 0, the build commands are printed. Default is 0. -
ARM_GIC_ARCH
: Choice of ARM GIC architecture version used by the ARM Legacy GIC driver for implementing the platform GIC API. This API is used by the interrupt management framework. Default is 2 (that is, version 2.0). This build option is deprecated. -
ARM_CCI_PRODUCT_ID
: Choice of ARM CCI product used by the platform. This is used to determine the number of valid slave interfaces available in the ARM CCI driver. Default is 400 (that is, CCI-400). -
RESET_TO_BL31
: Enable BL31 entrypoint as the CPU reset vector instead of the BL1 entrypoint. It can take the value 0 (CPU reset to BL1 entrypoint) or 1 (CPU reset to BL31 entrypoint). The default value is 0. -
CRASH_REPORTING
: A non-zero value enables a console dump of processor register state when an unexpected exception occurs during execution of BL31. This option defaults to the value ofDEBUG
- i.e. by default this is only enabled for a debug build of the firmware. -
ASM_ASSERTION
: This flag determines whether the assertion checks within assembly source files are enabled or not. This option defaults to the value ofDEBUG
- that is, by default this is only enabled for a debug build of the firmware. -
TSP_INIT_ASYNC
: Choose BL32 initialization method as asynchronous or synchronous, (see "Initializing a BL32 Image" section in Firmware Design). It can take the value 0 (BL32 is initialized using synchronous method) or 1 (BL32 is initialized using asynchronous method). Default is 0. -
USE_COHERENT_MEM
: This flag determines whether to include the coherent memory region in the BL memory map or not (see "Use of Coherent memory in Trusted Firmware" section in Firmware Design). It can take the value 1 (Coherent memory region is included) or 0 (Coherent memory region is excluded). Default is 1. -
TSP_NS_INTR_ASYNC_PREEMPT
: A non zero value enables the interrupt routing model which routes non-secure interrupts asynchronously from TSP to EL3 causing immediate preemption of TSP. The EL3 is responsible for saving and restoring the TSP context in this routing model. The default routing model (when the value is 0) is to route non-secure interrupts to TSP allowing it to save its context and hand over synchronously to EL3 via an SMC. -
TRUSTED_BOARD_BOOT
: Boolean flag to include support for the Trusted Board Boot feature. When set to '1', BL1 and BL2 images include support to load and verify the certificates and images in a FIP, and BL1 includes support for the Firmware Update. The default value is '0'. Generation and inclusion of certificates in the FIP and FWU_FIP depends upon the value of theGENERATE_COT
option. -
GENERATE_COT
: Boolean flag used to build and execute thecert_create
tool to create certificates as per the Chain of Trust described in Trusted Board Boot. The build system then calls thefip_create
tool to include the certificates in the FIP and FWU_FIP. Default value is '0'.Specify both
TRUSTED_BOARD_BOOT=1
andGENERATE_COT=1
to include support for the Trusted Board Boot feature in the BL1 and BL2 images, to generate the corresponding certificates, and to include those certificates in the FIP and FWU_FIP.Note that if
TRUSTED_BOARD_BOOT=0
andGENERATE_COT=1
, the BL1 and BL2 images will not include support for Trusted Board Boot. The FIP will still include the corresponding certificates. This FIP can be used to verify the Chain of Trust on the host machine through other mechanisms.Note that if
TRUSTED_BOARD_BOOT=1
andGENERATE_COT=0
, the BL1 and BL2 images will include support for Trusted Board Boot, but the FIP and FWU_FIP will not include the corresponding certificates, causing a boot failure. -
CREATE_KEYS
: This option is used whenGENERATE_COT=1
. It tells the certificate generation tool to create new keys in case no valid keys are present or specified. Allowed options are '0' or '1'. Default is '1'. -
SAVE_KEYS
: This option is used whenGENERATE_COT=1
. It tells the certificate generation tool to save the keys used to establish the Chain of Trust. Allowed options are '0' or '1'. Default is '0' (do not save).Note: This option depends on 'CREATE_KEYS' to be enabled. If the keys already exist in disk, they will be overwritten without further notice.
-
ROT_KEY
: This option is used whenGENERATE_COT=1
. It specifies the file that contains the ROT private key in PEM format. IfSAVE_KEYS=1
, this file name will be used to save the key. -
TRUSTED_WORLD_KEY
: This option is used whenGENERATE_COT=1
. It specifies the file that contains the Trusted World private key in PEM format. IfSAVE_KEYS=1
, this file name will be used to save the key. -
NON_TRUSTED_WORLD_KEY
: This option is used whenGENERATE_COT=1
. It specifies the file that contains the Non-Trusted World private key in PEM format. IfSAVE_KEYS=1
, this file name will be used to save the key. -
SCP_BL2_KEY
: This option is used whenGENERATE_COT=1
. It specifies the file that contains the SCP_BL2 private key in PEM format. IfSAVE_KEYS=1
, this file name will be used to save the key. -
BL31_KEY
: This option is used whenGENERATE_COT=1
. It specifies the file that contains the BL31 private key in PEM format. IfSAVE_KEYS=1
, this file name will be used to save the key. -
BL32_KEY
: This option is used whenGENERATE_COT=1
. It specifies the file that contains the BL32 private key in PEM format. IfSAVE_KEYS=1
, this file name will be used to save the key. -
BL33_KEY
: This option is used whenGENERATE_COT=1
. It specifies the file that contains the BL33 private key in PEM format. IfSAVE_KEYS=1
, this file name will be used to save the key. -
PROGRAMMABLE_RESET_ADDRESS
: This option indicates whether the reset vector address can be programmed or is fixed on the platform. It can take either 0 (fixed) or 1 (programmable). Default is 0. If the platform has a programmable reset address, it is expected that a CPU will start executing code directly at the right address, both on a cold and warm reset. In this case, there is no need to identify the entrypoint on boot and the boot path can be optimised. Theplat_get_my_entrypoint()
platform porting interface does not need to be implemented in this case. -
COLD_BOOT_SINGLE_CPU
: This option indicates whether the platform may release several CPUs out of reset. It can take either 0 (several CPUs may be brought up) or 1 (only one CPU will ever be brought up during cold reset). Default is 0. If the platform always brings up a single CPU, there is no need to distinguish between primary and secondary CPUs and the boot path can be optimised. Theplat_is_my_cpu_primary()
andplat_secondary_cold_boot_setup()
platform porting interfaces do not need to be implemented in this case. -
PSCI_EXTENDED_STATE_ID
: As per PSCI1.0 Specification, there are 2 formats possible for the PSCI power-state parameter viz original and extended State-ID formats. This flag if set to 1, configures the generic PSCI layer to use the extended format. The default value of this flag is 0, which means by default the original power-state format is used by the PSCI implementation. This flag should be specified by the platform makefile and it governs the return value of PSCI_FEATURES API for CPU_SUSPEND smc function id. -
ERROR_DEPRECATED
: This option decides whether to treat the usage of deprecated platform APIs, helper functions or drivers within Trusted Firmware as error. It can take the value 1 (flag the use of deprecated APIs as error) or 0. The default is 0. -
SPIN_ON_BL1_EXIT
: This option introduces an infinite loop in BL1. It can take either 0 (no loop) or 1 (add a loop). 0 is the default. This loop stops execution in BL1 just before handing over to BL31. At this point, all firmware images have been loaded in memory, and the MMU and caches are turned off. Refer to the "Debugging options" section for more details. -
EL3_PAYLOAD_BASE
: This option enables booting an EL3 payload instead of the normal boot flow. It must specify the entry point address of the EL3 payload. Please refer to the "Booting an EL3 payload" section for more details. -
PRELOADED_BL33_BASE
: This option enables booting a preloaded BL33 image instead of the normal boot flow. When defined, it must specify the entry point address for the preloaded BL33 image. This option is incompatible withEL3_PAYLOAD_BASE
. If both are defined,EL3_PAYLOAD_BASE
has priority overPRELOADED_BL33_BASE
. -
PL011_GENERIC_UART
: Boolean option to indicate the PL011 driver that the underlying hardware is not a full PL011 UART but a minimally compliant generic UART, which is a subset of the PL011. The driver will not access any register that is not part of the SBSA generic UART specification. Default value is 0 (a full PL011 compliant UART is present). -
CTX_INCLUDE_AARCH32_REGS
: Boolean option that, when set to 1, will cause the AArch32 system registers to be included when saving and restoring the CPU context. The option must be set to 0 for AArch64-only platforms (that is on hardware that does not implement AArch32, or at least not at EL1 and higher ELs). Default value is 1. -
CTX_INCLUDE_FPREGS
: Boolean option that, when set to 1, will cause the FP registers to be included when saving and restoring the CPU context. Default is 0. -
DISABLE_PEDANTIC
: When set to 1 it will disable the -pedantic option in the GCC command line. Default is 0. -
BUILD_STRING
: Input string for VERSION_STRING, which allows the TF build to be uniquely identified. Defaults to the current git commit id. -
VERSION_STRING
: String used in the log output for each TF image. Defaults to a string formed by concatenating the version number, build type and build string. -
BUILD_MESSAGE_TIMESTAMP
: String used to identify the time and date of the compilation of each build. It must be set to a C string (including quotes where applicable). Defaults to a string that contains the time and date of the compilation. -
HANDLE_EA_EL3_FIRST
: When defined External Aborts and SError Interrupts will be always trapped in EL3 i.e. in BL31 at runtime. -
ENABLE_PMF
: Boolean option to enable support for optional Performance Measurement Framework(PMF). Default is 0. -
ENABLE_PSCI_STAT
: Boolean option to enable support for optional PSCI functionsPSCI_STAT_RESIDENCY
andPSCI_STAT_COUNT
. Default is 0. Enabling this option enables theENABLE_PMF
build option as well. The PMF is used for collecting the statistics.
ARM development platform specific build options
ARM_TSP_RAM_LOCATION
: location of the TSP binary. Options:tsram
: Trusted SRAM (default option)tdram
: Trusted DRAM (if available)dram
: Secure region in DRAM (configured by the TrustZone controller)
For a better understanding of these options, the ARM development platform memory map is explained in the Firmware Design.
-
ARM_ROTPK_LOCATION
: used whenTRUSTED_BOARD_BOOT=1
. It specifies the location of the ROTPK hash returned by the functionplat_get_rotpk_info()
for ARM platforms. Depending on the selected option, the proper private key must be specified using theROT_KEY
option when building the Trusted Firmware. This private key will be used by the certificate generation tool to sign the BL2 and Trusted Key certificates. Available options forARM_ROTPK_LOCATION
are:regs
: return the ROTPK hash stored in the Trusted root-key storage registers. The private key corresponding to this ROTPK hash is not currently available.devel_rsa
: return a development public key hash embedded in the BL1 and BL2 binaries. This hash has been obtained from the RSA public keyarm_rotpk_rsa.der
, located inplat/arm/board/common/rotpk
. To use this option,arm_rotprivk_rsa.pem
must be specified asROT_KEY
when creating the certificates.
-
ARM_RECOM_STATE_ID_ENC
: The PSCI1.0 specification recommends an encoding for the construction of composite state-ID in the power-state parameter. The existing PSCI clients currently do not support this encoding of State-ID yet. Hence this flag is used to configure whether to use the recommended State-ID encoding or not. The default value of this flag is 0, in which case the platform is configured to expect NULL in the State-ID field of power-state parameter. -
ARM_DISABLE_TRUSTED_WDOG
: boolean option to disable the Trusted Watchdog. By default, ARM platforms use a watchdog to trigger a system reset in case an error is encountered during the boot process (for example, when an image could not be loaded or authenticated). The watchdog is enabled in the early platform setup hook at BL1 and disabled in the BL1 prepare exit hook. The Trusted Watchdog may be disabled at build time for testing or development purposes. -
ARM_CONFIG_CNTACR
: boolean option to unlock access to the CNTBase frame registers by setting the CNTCTLBase.CNTACR register bits. The frame number is defined by 'PLAT_ARM_NSTIMER_FRAME_ID', which should match the frame used by the Non-Secure image (normally the Linux kernel). Default is true (access to the frame is allowed). -
ARM_BOARD_OPTIMISE_MEM
: Boolean option to enable or disable optimisation of the memory reserved for each image. This affects the maximum size of each BL image as well as the number of allocated memory regions and translation tables. By default this flag is 0, which means it uses the default unoptimised values for these macros. ARM development platforms that wish to optimise memory usage need to set this flag to 1 and must override the related macros. -
'ARM_BL31_IN_DRAM': Boolean option to select loading of BL31 in TZC secured DRAM. By default, BL31 is in the secure SRAM. Set this flag to 1 to load BL31 in TZC secured DRAM. If TSP is present, then setting this option also sets the TSP location to DRAM and ignores the
ARM_TSP_RAM_LOCATION
build flag.
ARM CSS platform specific build options
-
CSS_DETECT_PRE_1_7_0_SCP
: Boolean flag to detect SCP version incompatibility. Version 1.7.0 of the SCP firmware made a non-backwards compatible change to the MTL protocol, used for AP/SCP communication. Trusted Firmware no longer supports earlier SCP versions. If this option is set to 1 then Trusted Firmware will detect if an earlier version is in use. Default is 1. -
CSS_LOAD_SCP_IMAGES
: Boolean flag, which when set, adds SCP_BL2 and SCP_BL2U to the FIP and FWU_FIP respectively, and enables them to be loaded during boot. Default is 1.
ARM FVP platform specific build options
-
FVP_USE_GIC_DRIVER
: Selects the GIC driver to be built. Options:FVP_GICV2
: The GICv2 only driver is selectedFVP_GICV3
: The GICv3 only driver is selected (default option)FVP_GICV3_LEGACY
: The Legacy GICv3 driver is selected (deprecated) Note: If Trusted Firmware is compiled with this option on FVPs with GICv3 hardware, then it configures the hardware to run in GICv2 emulation mode
-
FVP_CLUSTER_COUNT
: Configures the cluster count to be used to build the topology tree within Trusted Firmware. By default the Trusted Firmware is configured for dual cluster topology and this option can be used to override the default value. -
FVP_USE_SP804_TIMER
: Use the SP804 timer instead of the Generic Timer for functions that wait for an arbitrary time length (udelay and mdelay). The default value is 0. -
FVP_INTERCONNECT_DRIVER
: Selects the interconnect driver to be built. The default interconnect driver depends on the value ofFVP_CLUSTER_COUNT
as explained in the options below:FVP_CCI
: The CCI driver is selected. This is the default if 0 <FVP_CLUSTER_COUNT
<= 2.FVP_CCN
: The CCN driver is selected. This is the default ifFVP_CLUSTER_COUNT
> 2.
Debugging options
To compile a debug version and make the build more verbose use
make PLAT=<platform> DEBUG=1 V=1 all
AArch64 GCC uses DWARF version 4 debugging symbols by default. Some tools (for
example DS-5) might not support this and may need an older version of DWARF
symbols to be emitted by GCC. This can be achieved by using the
-gdwarf-<version>
flag, with the version being set to 2 or 3. Setting the
version to 2 is recommended for DS-5 versions older than 5.16.
When debugging logic problems it might also be useful to disable all compiler
optimizations by using -O0
.
NOTE: Using -O0
could cause output images to be larger and base addresses
might need to be recalculated (see the Memory layout on ARM development
platforms section in the Firmware Design).
Extra debug options can be passed to the build system by setting CFLAGS
:
CFLAGS='-O0 -gdwarf-2' \
make PLAT=<platform> DEBUG=1 V=1 all
It is also possible to introduce an infinite loop to help in debugging the
post-BL2 phase of the Trusted Firmware. This can be done by rebuilding BL1 with
the SPIN_ON_BL1_EXIT=1
build flag. Refer to the "Summary of build options"
section. In this case, the developer may take control of the target using a
debugger when indicated by the console output. When using DS-5, the following
commands can be used:
# Stop target execution
interrupt
#
# Prepare your debugging environment, e.g. set breakpoints
#
# Jump over the debug loop
set var $AARCH64::$Core::$PC = $AARCH64::$Core::$PC + 4
# Resume execution
continue
Building the Test Secure Payload
The TSP is coupled with a companion runtime service in the BL31 firmware, called the TSPD. Therefore, if you intend to use the TSP, the BL31 image must be recompiled as well. For more information on SPs and SPDs, see the "Secure-EL1 Payloads and Dispatchers" section in the Firmware Design.
First clean the Trusted Firmware build directory to get rid of any previous BL31 binary. Then to build the TSP image use:
make PLAT=<platform> SPD=tspd all
An additional boot loader binary file is created in the build
directory:
`build/<platform>/<build-type>/bl32.bin`
Checking source code style
When making changes to the source for submission to the project, the source
must be in compliance with the Linux style guide, and to assist with this check
the project Makefile contains two targets, which both utilise the
checkpatch.pl
script that ships with the Linux source tree.
To check the entire source tree, you must first download a copy of
checkpatch.pl
(or the full Linux source), set the CHECKPATCH
environment
variable to point to the script and build the target checkcodebase:
make CHECKPATCH=<path-to-linux>/linux/scripts/checkpatch.pl checkcodebase
To just check the style on the files that differ between your local branch and the remote master, use:
make CHECKPATCH=<path-to-linux>/linux/scripts/checkpatch.pl checkpatch
If you wish to check your patch against something other than the remote master,
set the BASE_COMMIT
variable to your desired branch. By default, BASE_COMMIT
is set to origin/master
.
Building and using the FIP tool
Firmware Image Package (FIP) is a packaging format used by the Trusted Firmware project to package firmware images in a single binary. The number and type of images that should be packed in a FIP is platform specific and may include TF images and other firmware images required by the platform. For example, most platforms require a BL33 image which corresponds to the normal world bootloader (e.g. UEFI or U-Boot).
The TF build system provides the make target fip
to create a FIP file for the
specified platform using the FIP creation tool included in the TF project. For
example, to build a FIP file for FVP, packaging TF images and a BL33 image:
make PLAT=fvp BL33=<path/to/bl33.bin> fip
The resulting FIP may be found in:
`build/fvp/<build-type>/fip.bin`
For advanced operations on FIP files, it is also possible to independently build the tool and create or modify FIPs using this tool. To do this, follow these steps:
It is recommended to remove old artifacts before building the tool:
make -C tools/fip_create clean
Build the tool:
make [DEBUG=1] [V=1] fiptool
The tool binary can be located in:
./tools/fip_create/fip_create
Invoking the tool with --help
will print a help message with all available
options.
Example 1: create a new Firmware package fip.bin
that contains BL2 and BL31:
./tools/fip_create/fip_create \
--tb-fw build/<platform>/<build-type>/bl2.bin \
--soc-fw build/<platform>/<build-type>/bl31.bin \
fip.bin
Example 2: view the contents of an existing Firmware package:
./tools/fip_create/fip_create --dump <path-to>/fip.bin
Example 3: update the entries of an existing Firmware package:
# Change the BL2 from Debug to Release version
./tools/fip_create/fip_create \
--tb-fw build/<platform>/release/bl2.bin \
build/<platform>/debug/fip.bin
Example 4: unpack all entries from an existing Firmware package:
# Images will be unpacked to the working directory
./tools/fip_create/fip_create --unpack <path-to>/fip.bin
More information about FIP can be found in the [Firmware Design document] Firmware Design.
Building FIP images with support for Trusted Board Boot
Trusted Board Boot primarily consists of the following two features:
- Image Authentication, described in Trusted Board Boot, and
- Firmware Update, described in Firmware Update
The following steps should be followed to build FIP and (optionally) FWU_FIP images with support for these features:
-
Fulfill the dependencies of the
mbedtls
cryptographic and image parser modules by checking out a recent version of the mbed TLS Repository. It is important to use a version that is compatible with TF and fixes any known security vulnerabilities. See mbed TLS Security Center for more information. This version of TF is tested with tagmbedtls-2.2.0
.The
drivers/auth/mbedtls/mbedtls_*.mk
files contain the list of mbed TLS source files the modules depend upon.include/drivers/auth/mbedtls/mbedtls_config.h
contains the configuration options required to build the mbed TLS sources.Note that the mbed TLS library is licensed under the Apache version 2.0 license. Using mbed TLS source code will affect the licensing of Trusted Firmware binaries that are built using this library.
-
To build the FIP image, ensure the following command line variables are set while invoking
make
to build Trusted Firmware:MBEDTLS_DIR=<path of the directory containing mbed TLS sources>
TRUSTED_BOARD_BOOT=1
GENERATE_COT=1
In the case of ARM platforms, the location of the ROTPK hash must also be specified at build time. Two locations are currently supported (see
ARM_ROTPK_LOCATION
build option):-
ARM_ROTPK_LOCATION=regs
: the ROTPK hash is obtained from the Trusted root-key storage registers present in the platform. On Juno, this registers are read-only. On FVP Base and Cortex models, the registers are read-only, but the value can be specified using the command line optionbp.trusted_key_storage.public_key
when launching the model. On both Juno and FVP models, the default value corresponds to an ECDSA-SECP256R1 public key hash, whose private part is not currently available. -
ARM_ROTPK_LOCATION=devel_rsa
: use the ROTPK hash that is hardcoded in the ARM platform port. The private/public RSA key pair may be found inplat/arm/board/common/rotpk
.
Example of command line using RSA development keys:
MBEDTLS_DIR=<path of the directory containing mbed TLS sources> \ make PLAT=<platform> TRUSTED_BOARD_BOOT=1 GENERATE_COT=1 \ ARM_ROTPK_LOCATION=devel_rsa \ ROT_KEY=plat/arm/board/common/rotpk/arm_rotprivk_rsa.pem \ BL33=<path-to>/<bl33_image> \ all fip
The result of this build will be the bl1.bin and the fip.bin binaries. This FIP will include the certificates corresponding to the Chain of Trust described in the TBBR-client document. These certificates can also be found in the output build directory.
-
The optional FWU_FIP contains any additional images to be loaded from Non-Volatile storage during the Firmware Update process. To build the FWU_FIP, any FWU images required by the platform must be specified on the command line. On ARM development platforms like Juno, these are:
- NS_BL2U. The AP non-secure Firmware Updater image.
- SCP_BL2U. The SCP Firmware Update Configuration image.
Example of Juno command line for generating both
fwu
andfwu_fip
targets using RSA development:MBEDTLS_DIR=<path of the directory containing mbed TLS sources> \ make PLAT=juno TRUSTED_BOARD_BOOT=1 GENERATE_COT=1 \ ARM_ROTPK_LOCATION=devel_rsa \ ROT_KEY=plat/arm/board/common/rotpk/arm_rotprivk_rsa.pem \ BL33=<path-to>/<bl33_image> \ SCP_BL2=<path-to>/<scp_bl2_image> \ SCP_BL2U=<path-to>/<scp_bl2u_image> \ NS_BL2U=<path-to>/<ns_bl2u_image> \ all fip fwu_fip
Note: The BL2U image will be built by default and added to the FWU_FIP. The user may override this by adding
BL2U=<path-to>/<bl2u_image>
to the command line above.Note: Building and installing the non-secure and SCP FWU images (NS_BL1U, NS_BL2U and SCP_BL2U) is outside the scope of this document.
The result of this build will be bl1.bin, fip.bin and fwu_fip.bin binaries. Both the FIP and FWU_FIP will include the certificates corresponding to the Chain of Trust described in the TBBR-client document. These certificates can also be found in the output build directory.
Building the Certificate Generation Tool
The cert_create
tool is built as part of the TF build process when the fip
make target is specified and TBB is enabled (as described in the previous
section), but it can also be built separately with the following command:
make PLAT=<platform> [DEBUG=1] [V=1] certtool
Specifying the platform is mandatory since the tool is platform specific.
DEBUG=1
builds the tool in debug mode. V=1
makes the build process more
verbose. The following command should be used to obtain help about the tool:
./tools/cert_create/cert_create -h
- Building a FIP for Juno and FVP
This section provides Juno and FVP specific instructions to build Trusted Firmware, obtain the additional required firmware, and pack it all together in a single FIP binary. It assumes that a Linaro Release has been installed.
Note: follow the full instructions for one platform before switching to a different one. Mixing instructions for different platforms may result in corrupted binaries.
-
Clean the working directory
make realclean
-
Obtain SCP_BL2 (Juno) and BL33 (all platforms)
Use the fip_create tool to extract the SCP_BL2 and BL33 images from the FIP package included in the Linaro release:
# Build the fip_create tool make [DEBUG=1] [V=1] fiptool # Unpack firmware images from Linaro FIP ./tools/fip_create/fip_create --unpack \ <path/to/linaro/release>/fip.bin
The unpack operation will result in a set of binary images extracted to the working directory. The SCP_BL2 image corresponds to
scp-fw.bin
and BL33 corresponds tont-fw.bin
.Note: the fip_create tool will complain if the images to be unpacked already exist in the current directory. If that is the case, either delete those files or use the
--force
option to overwrite. -
Build TF images and create a new FIP
# Juno make PLAT=juno SCP_BL2=scp-fw.bin BL33=nt-fw.bin all fip # FVP make PLAT=fvp BL33=nt-fw.bin all fip
The resulting BL1 and FIP images may be found in:
# Juno
./build/juno/release/bl1.bin
./build/juno/release/fip.bin
# FVP
./build/fvp/release/bl1.bin
./build/fvp/release/fip.bin
- EL3 payloads alternative boot flow
On a pre-production system, the ability to execute arbitrary, bare-metal code at the highest exception level is required. It allows full, direct access to the hardware, for example to run silicon soak tests.
Although it is possible to implement some baremetal secure firmware from scratch, this is a complex task on some platforms, depending on the level of configuration required to put the system in the expected state.
Rather than booting a baremetal application, a possible compromise is to boot
EL3 payloads
through the Trusted Firmware instead. This is implemented as an
alternative boot flow, where a modified BL2 boots an EL3 payload, instead of
loading the other BL images and passing control to BL31. It reduces the
complexity of developing EL3 baremetal code by:
- putting the system into a known architectural state;
- taking care of platform secure world initialization;
- loading the SCP_BL2 image if required by the platform.
When booting an EL3 payload on ARM standard platforms, the configuration of the TrustZone controller is simplified such that only region 0 is enabled and is configured to permit secure access only. This gives full access to the whole DRAM to the EL3 payload.
The system is left in the same state as when entering BL31 in the default boot flow. In particular:
- Running in EL3;
- Current state is AArch64;
- Little-endian data access;
- All exceptions disabled;
- MMU disabled;
- Caches disabled.
Booting an EL3 payload
The EL3 payload image is a standalone image and is not part of the FIP. It is not loaded by the Trusted Firmware. Therefore, there are 2 possible scenarios:
-
The EL3 payload may reside in non-volatile memory (NVM) and execute in place. In this case, booting it is just a matter of specifying the right address in NVM through
EL3_PAYLOAD_BASE
when building the TF. -
The EL3 payload needs to be loaded in volatile memory (e.g. DRAM) at run-time.
To help in the latter scenario, the SPIN_ON_BL1_EXIT=1
build option can be
used. The infinite loop that it introduces in BL1 stops execution at the right
moment for a debugger to take control of the target and load the payload (for
example, over JTAG).
It is expected that this loading method will work in most cases, as a debugger connection is usually available in a pre-production system. The user is free to use any other platform-specific mechanism to load the EL3 payload, though.
Booting an EL3 payload on FVP
The EL3 payloads boot flow requires the CPU's mailbox to be cleared at reset for the secondary CPUs holding pen to work properly. Unfortunately, its reset value is undefined on the FVP platform and the FVP platform code doesn't clear it. Therefore, one must modify the way the model is normally invoked in order to clear the mailbox at start-up.
One way to do that is to create an 8-byte file containing all zero bytes using the following command:
dd if=/dev/zero of=mailbox.dat bs=1 count=8
and pre-load it into the FVP memory at the mailbox address (i.e. 0x04000000
)
using the following model parameters:
--data cluster0.cpu0=mailbox.dat@0x04000000 [Base FVPs]
--data=mailbox.dat@0x04000000 [Foundation FVP]
To provide the model with the EL3 payload image, the following methods may be used:
-
If the EL3 payload is able to execute in place, it may be programmed into flash memory. On Base Cortex and AEM FVPs, the following model parameter loads it at the base address of the NOR FLASH1 (the NOR FLASH0 is already used for the FIP):
-C bp.flashloader1.fname="/path/to/el3-payload"
On Foundation FVP, there is no flash loader component and the EL3 payload may be programmed anywhere in flash using method 3 below.
-
When using the
SPIN_ON_BL1_EXIT=1
loading method, the following DS-5 command may be used to load the EL3 payload ELF image over JTAG:load /path/to/el3-payload.elf
-
The EL3 payload may be pre-loaded in volatile memory using the following model parameters:
--data cluster0.cpu0="/path/to/el3-payload"@address [Base FVPs] --data="/path/to/el3-payload"@address [Foundation FVP]
The address provided to the FVP must match the
EL3_PAYLOAD_BASE
address used when building the Trusted Firmware.
Booting an EL3 payload on Juno
If the EL3 payload is able to execute in place, it may be programmed in flash
memory by adding an entry in the SITE1/HBI0262x/images.txt
configuration file
on the Juno SD card (where x
depends on the revision of the Juno board).
Refer to the Juno Getting Started Guide, section 2.3 "Flash memory
programming" for more information.
Alternatively, the same DS-5 command mentioned in the FVP section above can be used to load the EL3 payload's ELF file over JTAG on Juno.
- Preloaded BL33 alternative boot flow
Some platforms have the ability to preload BL33 into memory instead of relying on Trusted Firmware to load it. This may simplify packaging of the normal world code and improve performance in a development environment. When secure world cold boot is complete, Trusted Firmware simply jumps to a BL33 base address provided at build time.
For this option to be used, the PRELOADED_BL33_BASE
build option has to be
used when compiling the Trusted Firmware. For example, the following command
will create a FIP without a BL33 and prepare to jump to a BL33 image loaded at
address 0x80000000:
make PRELOADED_BL33_BASE=0x80000000 PLAT=fvp all fip
Boot of a preloaded bootwrapped kernel image on Base FVP
The following example uses the AArch64 boot wrapper. This simplifies normal world booting while also making use of TF features. It can be obtained from its repository with:
git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mark/boot-wrapper-aarch64.git
After compiling it, an ELF file is generated. It can be loaded with the following command:
<path-to>/FVP_Base_AEMv8A-AEMv8A \
-C bp.secureflashloader.fname=bl1.bin \
-C bp.flashloader0.fname=fip.bin \
-a cluster0.cpu0=<bootwrapped-kernel.elf> \
--start cluster0.cpu0=0x0
The -a cluster0.cpu0=<bootwrapped-kernel.elf>
option loads the ELF file. It
also sets the PC register to the ELF entry point address, which is not the
desired behaviour, so the --start cluster0.cpu0=0x0
option forces the PC back
to 0x0 (the BL1 entry point address) on CPU #0. The PRELOADED_BL33_BASE
define
used when compiling the FIP must match the ELF entry point.
Boot of a preloaded bootwrapped kernel image on Juno
The procedure to obtain and compile the boot wrapper is very similar to the case
of the FVP. Once compiled, the SPIN_ON_BL1_EXIT=1
loading method explained
above in the EL3 payload boot flow section may be used to load the ELF file over
JTAG on Juno.
- Running the software on FVP
This version of the ARM Trusted Firmware has been tested on the following ARM FVPs (64-bit versions only).
Foundation_Platform
(Version 9.5, Build 9.5.40)FVP_Base_AEMv8A-AEMv8A
(Version 7.2, Build 0.8.7202)FVP_Base_Cortex-A57x4-A53x4
(Version 7.2, Build 0.8.7202)FVP_Base_Cortex-A57x1-A53x1
(Version 7.2, Build 0.8.7202)FVP_Base_Cortex-A57x2-A53x4
(Version 7.2, Build 0.8.7202)
NOTE: The build numbers quoted above are those reported by launching the FVP
with the --version
parameter. Foundation_Platform
tarball for --version
9.5.40 is labeled as version 9.5.41.
NOTE: The software will not work on Version 1.0 of the Foundation FVP.
The commands below would report an unhandled argument
error in this case.
NOTE: The Foundation FVP does not provide a debugger interface.
The Foundation FVP is a cut down version of the AArch64 Base FVP. It can be downloaded for free from ARM's website.
Please refer to the FVP documentation for a detailed description of the model parameter options. A brief description of the important ones that affect the ARM Trusted Firmware and normal world software behavior is provided below.
Obtaining the Flattened Device Trees
Depending on the FVP configuration and Linux configuration used, different
FDT files are required. FDTs for the Foundation and Base FVPs can be found in
the Trusted Firmware source directory under fdts/
. The Foundation FVP has a
subset of the Base FVP components. For example, the Foundation FVP lacks CLCD
and MMC support, and has only one CPU cluster.
Note: It is not recommended to use the FDTs built along the kernel because not all FDTs are available from there.
-
fvp-base-gicv2-psci.dtb
For use with both AEMv8 and Cortex-A57-A53 Base FVPs with Base memory map configuration.
-
fvp-base-gicv3-psci.dtb
(Default) For use with both AEMv8 and Cortex-A57-A53 Base FVPs with Base memory map configuration and Linux GICv3 support.
-
fvp-foundation-gicv2-psci.dtb
For use with Foundation FVP with Base memory map configuration.
-
fvp-foundation-gicv3-psci.dtb
(Default) For use with Foundation FVP with Base memory map configuration and Linux GICv3 support.
Running on the Foundation FVP with reset to BL1 entrypoint
The following Foundation_Platform
parameters should be used to boot Linux with
4 CPUs using the ARM Trusted Firmware.
<path-to>/Foundation_Platform \
--cores=4 \
--secure-memory \
--visualization \
--gicv3 \
--data="<path-to>/<bl1-binary>"@0x0 \
--data="<path-to>/<FIP-binary>"@0x08000000 \
--data="<path-to>/<fdt>"@0x83000000 \
--data="<path-to>/<kernel-binary>"@0x80080000 \
--block-device="<path-to>/<file-system-image>"
Notes:
- BL1 is loaded at the start of the Trusted ROM.
- The Firmware Image Package is loaded at the start of NOR FLASH0.
- The Linux kernel image and device tree are loaded in DRAM.
- The default use-case for the Foundation FVP is to use the
--gicv3
option and enable the GICv3 device in the model. Note that without this option, the Foundation FVP defaults to legacy (Versatile Express) memory map which is not supported by ARM Trusted Firmware.
Running on the AEMv8 Base FVP with reset to BL1 entrypoint
The following FVP_Base_AEMv8A-AEMv8A
parameters should be used to boot Linux
with 8 CPUs using the ARM Trusted Firmware.
<path-to>/FVP_Base_AEMv8A-AEMv8A \
-C pctl.startup=0.0.0.0 \
-C bp.secure_memory=1 \
-C bp.tzc_400.diagnostics=1 \
-C cluster0.NUM_CORES=4 \
-C cluster1.NUM_CORES=4 \
-C cache_state_modelled=1 \
-C bp.secureflashloader.fname="<path-to>/<bl1-binary>" \
-C bp.flashloader0.fname="<path-to>/<FIP-binary>" \
--data cluster0.cpu0="<path-to>/<fdt>"@0x83000000 \
--data cluster0.cpu0="<path-to>/<kernel-binary>"@0x80080000 \
-C bp.virtioblockdevice.image_path="<path-to>/<file-system-image>"
Running on the Cortex-A57-A53 Base FVP with reset to BL1 entrypoint
The following FVP_Base_Cortex-A57x4-A53x4
model parameters should be used to
boot Linux with 8 CPUs using the ARM Trusted Firmware.
<path-to>/FVP_Base_Cortex-A57x4-A53x4 \
-C pctl.startup=0.0.0.0 \
-C bp.secure_memory=1 \
-C bp.tzc_400.diagnostics=1 \
-C cache_state_modelled=1 \
-C bp.secureflashloader.fname="<path-to>/<bl1-binary>" \
-C bp.flashloader0.fname="<path-to>/<FIP-binary>" \
--data cluster0.cpu0="<path-to>/<fdt>"@0x83000000 \
--data cluster0.cpu0="<path-to>/<kernel-binary>"@0x80080000 \
-C bp.virtioblockdevice.image_path="<path-to>/<file-system-image>"
Running on the AEMv8 Base FVP with reset to BL31 entrypoint
The following FVP_Base_AEMv8A-AEMv8A
parameters should be used to boot Linux
with 8 CPUs using the ARM Trusted Firmware.
<path-to>/FVP_Base_AEMv8A-AEMv8A \
-C pctl.startup=0.0.0.0 \
-C bp.secure_memory=1 \
-C bp.tzc_400.diagnostics=1 \
-C cluster0.NUM_CORES=4 \
-C cluster1.NUM_CORES=4 \
-C cache_state_modelled=1 \
-C cluster0.cpu0.RVBAR=0x04023000 \
-C cluster0.cpu1.RVBAR=0x04023000 \
-C cluster0.cpu2.RVBAR=0x04023000 \
-C cluster0.cpu3.RVBAR=0x04023000 \
-C cluster1.cpu0.RVBAR=0x04023000 \
-C cluster1.cpu1.RVBAR=0x04023000 \
-C cluster1.cpu2.RVBAR=0x04023000 \
-C cluster1.cpu3.RVBAR=0x04023000 \
--data cluster0.cpu0="<path-to>/<bl31-binary>"@0x04023000 \
--data cluster0.cpu0="<path-to>/<bl32-binary>"@0x04001000 \
--data cluster0.cpu0="<path-to>/<bl33-binary>"@0x88000000 \
--data cluster0.cpu0="<path-to>/<fdt>"@0x83000000 \
--data cluster0.cpu0="<path-to>/<kernel-binary>"@0x80080000 \
-C bp.virtioblockdevice.image_path="<path-to>/<file-system-image>"
Notes:
-
Since a FIP is not loaded when using BL31 as reset entrypoint, the
--data="<path-to><bl31|bl32|bl33-binary>"@<base-address-of-binary>
parameter is needed to load the individual bootloader images in memory. BL32 image is only needed if BL31 has been built to expect a Secure-EL1 Payload. -
The
-C cluster<X>.cpu<Y>.RVBAR=@<base-address-of-bl31>
parameter, where X and Y are the cluster and CPU numbers respectively, is used to set the reset vector for each core. -
Changing the default value of
ARM_TSP_RAM_LOCATION
will also require changing the value of--data="<path-to><bl32-binary>"@<base-address-of-bl32>
to the new value ofBL32_BASE
.
Running on the Cortex-A57-A53 Base FVP with reset to BL31 entrypoint
The following FVP_Base_Cortex-A57x4-A53x4
model parameters should be used to
boot Linux with 8 CPUs using the ARM Trusted Firmware.
<path-to>/FVP_Base_Cortex-A57x4-A53x4 \
-C pctl.startup=0.0.0.0 \
-C bp.secure_memory=1 \
-C bp.tzc_400.diagnostics=1 \
-C cache_state_modelled=1 \
-C cluster0.cpu0.RVBARADDR=0x04023000 \
-C cluster0.cpu1.RVBARADDR=0x04023000 \
-C cluster0.cpu2.RVBARADDR=0x04023000 \
-C cluster0.cpu3.RVBARADDR=0x04023000 \
-C cluster1.cpu0.RVBARADDR=0x04023000 \
-C cluster1.cpu1.RVBARADDR=0x04023000 \
-C cluster1.cpu2.RVBARADDR=0x04023000 \
-C cluster1.cpu3.RVBARADDR=0x04023000 \
--data cluster0.cpu0="<path-to>/<bl31-binary>"@0x04023000 \
--data cluster0.cpu0="<path-to>/<bl32-binary>"@0x04001000 \
--data cluster0.cpu0="<path-to>/<bl33-binary>"@0x88000000 \
--data cluster0.cpu0="<path-to>/<fdt>"@0x83000000 \
--data cluster0.cpu0="<path-to>/<kernel-binary>"@0x80080000 \
-C bp.virtioblockdevice.image_path="<path-to>/<file-system-image>"
- Running the software on Juno
This version of the ARM Trusted Firmware has been tested on Juno r0 and Juno r1.
To execute the software stack on Juno, the version of the Juno board recovery image indicated in the Linaro Release Notes must be installed. If you have an earlier version installed or are unsure which version is installed, please re-install the recovery image by following the Instructions for using Linaro's deliverables on Juno.
Preparing Trusted Firmware images
After building Trusted Firmware, the files bl1.bin
and fip.bin
need copying
to the SOFTWARE/
directory of the Juno SD card.
Other Juno software information
Please visit the ARM Platforms Portal to get support and obtain any other Juno software information. Please also refer to the Juno Getting Started Guide to get more detailed information about the Juno ARM development platform and how to configure it.
Testing SYSTEM SUSPEND on Juno
The SYSTEM SUSPEND is a PSCI API which can be used to implement system suspend to RAM. For more details refer to section 5.16 of PSCI. To test system suspend on Juno, at the linux shell prompt, issue the following command:
echo +10 > /sys/class/rtc/rtc0/wakealarm
echo -n mem > /sys/power/state
The Juno board should suspend to RAM and then wakeup after 10 seconds due to wakeup interrupt from RTC.
Copyright (c) 2013-2016, ARM Limited and Contributors. All rights reserved.