UBI (Latin: "where?") manages multiple logical volumes on a single
flash device, specifically supporting NAND flash devices. UBI provides
a flexible partitioning concept which still allows for wear-levelling
across the whole flash device.
In a sense, UBI may be compared to the Logical Volume Manager
(LVM). Whereas LVM maps logical sector numbers to physical HDD sector
numbers, UBI maps logical eraseblocks to physical eraseblocks.
More information may be found at
http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/doc/ubi.html
Partitioning/Re-partitioning
An UBI volume occupies a certain number of erase blocks. This is
limited by a configured maximum volume size, which could also be
viewed as the partition size. Each individual UBI volume's size can
be changed independently of the other UBI volumes, provided that the
sum of all volume sizes doesn't exceed a certain limit.
UBI supports dynamic volumes and static volumes. Static volumes are
read-only and their contents are protected by CRC check sums.
Bad eraseblocks handling
UBI transparently handles bad eraseblocks. When a physical
eraseblock becomes bad, it is substituted by a good physical
eraseblock, and the user does not even notice this.
Scrubbing
On a NAND flash bit flips can occur on any write operation,
sometimes also on read. If bit flips persist on the device, at first
they can still be corrected by ECC, but once they accumulate,
correction will become impossible. Thus it is best to actively scrub
the affected eraseblock, by first copying it to a free eraseblock
and then erasing the original. The UBI layer performs this type of
scrubbing under the covers, transparently to the UBI volume users.
Erase Counts
UBI maintains an erase count header per eraseblock. This frees
higher-level layers (like file systems) from doing this and allows
for centralized erase count management instead. The erase counts are
used by the wear-levelling algorithm in the UBI layer. The algorithm
itself is exchangeable.
Booting from NAND
For booting directly from NAND flash the hardware must at least be
capable of fetching and executing a small portion of the NAND
flash. Some NAND flash controllers have this kind of support. They
usually limit the window to a few kilobytes in erase block 0. This
"initial program loader" (IPL) must then contain sufficient logic to
load and execute the next boot phase.
Due to bad eraseblocks, which may be randomly scattered over the
flash device, it is problematic to store the "secondary program
loader" (SPL) statically. Also, due to bit-flips it may become
corrupted over time. UBI allows to solve this problem gracefully by
storing the SPL in a small static UBI volume.
UBI volumes vs. static partitions
UBI volumes are still very similar to static MTD partitions:
* both consist of eraseblocks (logical eraseblocks in case of UBI
volumes, and physical eraseblocks in case of static partitions;
* both support three basic operations - read, write, erase.
But UBI volumes have the following advantages over traditional
static MTD partitions:
* there are no eraseblock wear-leveling constraints in case of UBI
volumes, so the user should not care about this;
* there are no bit-flips and bad eraseblocks in case of UBI volumes.
So, UBI volumes may be considered as flash devices with relaxed
restrictions.
Where can it be found?
Documentation, kernel code and applications can be found in the MTD
gits.
What are the applications for?
The applications help to create binary flash images for two purposes: pfi
files (partial flash images) for in-system update of UBI volumes, and plain
binary images, with or without OOB data in case of NAND, for a manufacturing
step. Furthermore some tools are/and will be created that allow flash content
analysis after a system has crashed..
Who did UBI?
The original ideas, where UBI is based on, were developed by Andreas
Arnez, Frank Haverkamp and Thomas Gleixner. Josh W. Boyer and some others
were involved too. The implementation of the kernel layer was done by Artem
B. Bityutskiy. The user-space applications and tools were written by Oliver
Lohmann with contributions from Frank Haverkamp, Andreas Arnez, and Artem.
Joern Engel contributed a patch which modifies JFFS2 so that it can be run on
a UBI volume. Thomas Gleixner did modifications to the NAND layer. Alexander
Schmidt made some testing work as well as core functionality improvements.
Signed-off-by: Artem B. Bityutskiy <dedekind@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Frank Haverkamp <haver@vnet.ibm.com>
Classify the page data and oob buffer
and it prevents the memory fragementation (writesize + oobsize)
Signed-off-by: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
When transferring/filling of the oob is finished in OOB_AUTO, we exit the loop
Signed-off-by: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
add Nokia Copyright and a credit
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <ext-adrian.hunter@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
In oob functions, it is used main buffer instead of oob one. So fix it.
Signed-off-by: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
If an erase operation fails, the address at which the
failure occurred is returned by the driver. The MTD
partition must adjust this address (by subtracting the
partition offset) before returning to the caller.
This was not happening, which caused JFFS2 to mark
the wrong block bad!
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <ext-adrian.hunter@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Replace the apparently misspelled preprocessor variable
"MTD_NAND_DISKONCHIP_BBTWRITE" with the correct form
"CONFIG_MTD_NAND_DISKONCHIP_BBTWRITE".
Signed-off-by: Robert P. J. Day <rpjday@mindspring.com>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
The type of a resource could be 32 or 64bit depending upon platform or
option so cast it explicitly.
Signed-off-by: Alan Cox <alan@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
The files cfi_cmdset_0002.c and cfi_cmdset_0020.c do not initialize their
wait queues like is done in cfi_cmdset_0001.c. This causes an oops when
the wait queue is accessed. I have copied the code from cfi_cmdset_0001.c
that is pertinent to initialization of the wait queue.
Signed-off-by: Vijay Sampath <vsampath@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Joern Engel <joern@lazybastard.org>
Acked-by: Josh Boyer <jwboyer@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Add checking for closed ROM window on Intel ESB2 Southbridge.
Signed-off-by: Cyrill Gorcunov <gorcunov@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
During the MTD rework the oobavail parameter of mtd_info structure has become
private. This is not quite correct in terms of integrity and logic. If we have
means to write to OOB area, then we'd like to know upfront how many bytes out
of OOB are spare per page to be able to adapt to specific cases.
The patch inlined adds the public oobavail parameter.
Signed-off-by: Vitaly Wool <vwool@ru.mvista.com>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Noticed while building a s3c2410 kernel :
drivers/mtd/nand/s3c2410.c: In function 's3c2440_nand_calculate_ecc':
drivers/mtd/nand/s3c2410.c:476: warning: format '%06x' expects type 'unsigned int', but argument 3 has type 'long unsigned int'
This patch fixes it.
Signed-off-by: Arnaud Patard <arnaud.patard@rtp-net.org>
Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
S3C2412 use differents registers than s3c2440 for hw ecc handling.
Signed-off-by: Matthieu CASTET <matthieu.castet@parrot.fr>
Acked-by: Ben Dooks <ben-linux@fluff.org>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
drivers/mtd/nand/cafe.c: In function 'cafe_nand_cmdfunc':
drivers/mtd/nand/cafe.c:269: warning: 'irqs' may be used uninitialized in this function
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
drivers/mtd/maps/ichxrom.c: In function 'ichxrom_init_one':
drivers/mtd/maps/ichxrom.c:231: warning: format '%08lx' expects type 'long unsigned int', but argument 4 has type 'resource_size_t'
drivers/mtd/maps/ichxrom.c:231: warning: format '%08lx' expects type 'long unsigned int', but argument 4 has type 'resource_size_t'
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
drivers/mtd/maps/amd76xrom.c: In function 'amd76xrom_init_one':
drivers/mtd/maps/amd76xrom.c:209: warning: format '%08lx' expects type 'long unsigned int', but argument 4 has type 'resource_size_t'
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
drivers/mtd/maps/esb2rom.c: In function 'esb2rom_init_one':
drivers/mtd/maps/esb2rom.c:293: warning: format '%08lx' expects type 'long unsigned int', but argument 4 has type 'resource_size_t'
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
drivers/mtd/maps/ck804xrom.c: In function 'ck804xrom_init_one':
drivers/mtd/maps/ck804xrom.c:211: warning: format '%08lx' expects type 'long unsigned int', but argument 4 has type 'resource_size_t'
drivers/mtd/maps/ck804xrom.c:211: warning: format '%08lx' expects type 'long unsigned int', but argument 4 has type 'resource_size_t'
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
drivers/mtd/maps/netsc520.c: In function 'init_netsc520':
drivers/mtd/maps/netsc520.c:97: warning: format '%lx' expects type 'long unsigned int', but argument 3 has type 'resource_size_t'
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
drivers/mtd/maps/sc520cdp.c:241: warning: format '%lx' expects type 'long unsigned int', but argument 3 has type 'resource_size_t'
drivers/mtd/maps/netsc520.c: In function 'init_netsc520':
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
drivers/mtd/onenand/onenand_base.c: In function 'onenand_bbt_read_oob':
drivers/mtd/onenand/onenand_base.c:1033: warning: format '%i' expects type 'int', but argument 3 has type 'size_t'
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
The obsolete SA_xxx interrupt flags have been used despite the scheduled
removal. Fixup the remaining users in -mm.
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Acked-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
After Al Viro (finally) succeeded in removing the sched.h #include in module.h
recently, it makes sense again to remove other superfluous sched.h includes.
There are quite a lot of files which include it but don't actually need
anything defined in there. Presumably these includes were once needed for
macros that used to live in sched.h, but moved to other header files in the
course of cleaning it up.
To ease the pain, this time I did not fiddle with any header files and only
removed #includes from .c-files, which tend to cause less trouble.
Compile tested against 2.6.20-rc2 and 2.6.20-rc2-mm2 (with offsets) on alpha,
arm, i386, ia64, mips, powerpc, and x86_64 with allnoconfig, defconfig,
allmodconfig, and allyesconfig as well as a few randconfigs on x86_64 and all
configs in arch/arm/configs on arm. I also checked that no new warnings were
introduced by the patch (actually, some warnings are removed that were emitted
by unnecessarily included header files).
Signed-off-by: Tim Schmielau <tim@physik3.uni-rostock.de>
Acked-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Many struct file_operations in the kernel can be "const". Marking them const
moves these to the .rodata section, which avoids false sharing with potential
dirty data. In addition it'll catch accidental writes at compile time to
these shared resources.
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Convert all calls to invalidate_inode_pages() into open-coded calls to
invalidate_mapping_pages().
Leave the invalidate_inode_pages() wrapper in place for now, marked as
deprecated.
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This is a nand flash driver for the eXcite series of intelligent
cameras manufactured by Basler Vision Technologies AG.
Signed-off-by: Thomas Koeller <thomas.koeller@baslerweb.com>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Correct the location of the recalculation of the FIS directory size,
and also add the same recalculation for the byte-swapped case.
Signed-off-by: Rod Whitby <rod@whitby.id.au>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Add support for correcting errors detected by the
hardware ECC.
Signed-off-by: Ben Dooks <ben-linux@fluff.org>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Remove unused and broken mtd->ecctype and mtd->eccsize fields
from struct mtd_info. Do not remove them from userspace API
data structures (don't want to breake userspace) but mark them
as obsolete by a comment. Any userspace program which uses them
should be half-broken anyway, so this is more about saving
data structure size.
Signed-off-by: Artem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Remove ugly and weird MTD_PROGREGION_CTRLMODE_VALID() and
MTD_PROGREGION_CTRLMODE_INVALID() macros. There is only one
user of them and they are used locally just for printing.
Anyway, this patch is a preparation for removing mtd->ecctype
and mtd->eccsize, but these macros use them. Fix this.
Signed-off-by: Artem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
The cfi_staa_write_buffers() uses mtd->eccsize but means mtd->writesize.
BTW, mtd-eccsize is broken and is not initialized, which means the code
fixed by this patch is broken/unused anyway.
Signed-off-by: Artem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
OneNAND has internal bufferRAMs. The driver keeps track of
what is in the bufferRAM to save having to load from the
NAND core. After an erase operation, the driver must
mark bufferRAM invalid if it refers to the erased block.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <ext-adrian.hunter@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
This fixes a regression with the RedBoot parsing code introduced by
commit 0b47d65408
Signed-off-by: Martin Michlmayr <tbm@cyrius.com>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
err_pos_lut[4096] of an array with 4096 elements is a bug.
Spotted by the Coverity checker.
While I was at it, I also converted it to ARRAY_SIZE().
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Add checks to ensure that out-of-band reads and writes are
not attempted with an invalid offset or length. Specifically,
the offset must be less than the size of oob for a page
and the length must not go beyond the size of the device.
Additionally the checks must adjust for auto-placement
(MTD_OOB_AUTO) of oob data.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <ext-adrian.hunter@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
In commit c172471b78 Nico switched to using
common code for polling for command completion. Unfortunately he also used
a common default timeout for both write and erase commands, despite the
fact that erases can take a _whole_ lot longer. Use a more sensible
default for erase timeout.
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
CONFIG_MTD_CK804XROM=y, CONFIG_PCI=n results in the following compile
error:
CC drivers/mtd/maps/ck804xrom.o
ck804xrom.c: In function 'ck804xrom_init_one':
ck804xrom.c:114: error: implicit declaration of function 'pci_dev_get'
ck804xrom.c:114: warning: assignment makes pointer from integer without a cast
make[4]: *** [drivers/mtd/maps/ck804xrom.o] Error 1
Considering what hardware this driver is driving, a dependency on PCI
also seems logical.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Cc: Ryan Jackson <rjackson@lnxi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
OneNAND double-density package (DDP) has two chips, each with
their own bufferRAM. The driver will skip loading data from
the NAND core if the data can be found in a bufferRAM, however
in that case, the correct chip's bufferRAM must be selected
before reading from bufferRAM.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <ext-adrian.hunter@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Provide the bad block scan with its own read function so that important error
messages that are not from the the bad block scan, can always be printed.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <ext-adrian.hunter@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
When a write is done, the length written is returned. When a
single subpage is written the length returned should be the
subpage size, however the page size was being returned.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <ext-adrian.hunter@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
OneNAND can write oob to successive pages, but NAND
does not do that. For compatibility, disallow OneNAND
from writing past the end of the page.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <ext-adrian.hunter@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
It use blockpage instead of a pair (block, page). It can also cover a small chunk access. 0x00, 0x20, 0x40 and so on.
And in JFFS2 behavior, sometimes it reads two pages alternatively.
e.g., It first reads A page, B page and A page.
So we check another bufferram to find requested page.
Signed-off-by: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
- Iterations of the patch to add oob auto-placement support to OneNAND left a line of code that was meant to have been deleted.
- read mtd->oobsize in onenand_transfer_auto_oob to optimized memcpy
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <ext-adrian.hunter@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
