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670e9f34ee
Remove many duplicated words under Documentation/ and do other small
cleanups.
Examples:
"and and" --> "and"
"in in" --> "in"
"the the" --> "the"
"the the" --> "to the"
...
Signed-off-by: Paolo Ornati <ornati@fastwebnet.it>
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
114 lines
5.0 KiB
Plaintext
114 lines
5.0 KiB
Plaintext
Locking scheme used for directory operations is based on two
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kinds of locks - per-inode (->i_sem) and per-filesystem (->s_vfs_rename_sem).
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For our purposes all operations fall in 5 classes:
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1) read access. Locking rules: caller locks directory we are accessing.
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2) object creation. Locking rules: same as above.
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3) object removal. Locking rules: caller locks parent, finds victim,
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locks victim and calls the method.
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4) rename() that is _not_ cross-directory. Locking rules: caller locks
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the parent, finds source and target, if target already exists - locks it
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and then calls the method.
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5) link creation. Locking rules:
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* lock parent
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* check that source is not a directory
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* lock source
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* call the method.
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6) cross-directory rename. The trickiest in the whole bunch. Locking
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rules:
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* lock the filesystem
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* lock parents in "ancestors first" order.
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* find source and target.
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* if old parent is equal to or is a descendent of target
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fail with -ENOTEMPTY
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* if new parent is equal to or is a descendent of source
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fail with -ELOOP
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* if target exists - lock it.
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* call the method.
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The rules above obviously guarantee that all directories that are going to be
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read, modified or removed by method will be locked by caller.
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If no directory is its own ancestor, the scheme above is deadlock-free.
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Proof:
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First of all, at any moment we have a partial ordering of the
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objects - A < B iff A is an ancestor of B.
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That ordering can change. However, the following is true:
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(1) if object removal or non-cross-directory rename holds lock on A and
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attempts to acquire lock on B, A will remain the parent of B until we
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acquire the lock on B. (Proof: only cross-directory rename can change
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the parent of object and it would have to lock the parent).
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(2) if cross-directory rename holds the lock on filesystem, order will not
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change until rename acquires all locks. (Proof: other cross-directory
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renames will be blocked on filesystem lock and we don't start changing
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the order until we had acquired all locks).
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(3) any operation holds at most one lock on non-directory object and
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that lock is acquired after all other locks. (Proof: see descriptions
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of operations).
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Now consider the minimal deadlock. Each process is blocked on
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attempt to acquire some lock and already holds at least one lock. Let's
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consider the set of contended locks. First of all, filesystem lock is
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not contended, since any process blocked on it is not holding any locks.
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Thus all processes are blocked on ->i_sem.
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Non-directory objects are not contended due to (3). Thus link
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creation can't be a part of deadlock - it can't be blocked on source
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and it means that it doesn't hold any locks.
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Any contended object is either held by cross-directory rename or
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has a child that is also contended. Indeed, suppose that it is held by
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operation other than cross-directory rename. Then the lock this operation
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is blocked on belongs to child of that object due to (1).
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It means that one of the operations is cross-directory rename.
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Otherwise the set of contended objects would be infinite - each of them
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would have a contended child and we had assumed that no object is its
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own descendent. Moreover, there is exactly one cross-directory rename
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(see above).
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Consider the object blocking the cross-directory rename. One
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of its descendents is locked by cross-directory rename (otherwise we
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would again have an infinite set of contended objects). But that
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means that cross-directory rename is taking locks out of order. Due
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to (2) the order hadn't changed since we had acquired filesystem lock.
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But locking rules for cross-directory rename guarantee that we do not
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try to acquire lock on descendent before the lock on ancestor.
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Contradiction. I.e. deadlock is impossible. Q.E.D.
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These operations are guaranteed to avoid loop creation. Indeed,
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the only operation that could introduce loops is cross-directory rename.
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Since the only new (parent, child) pair added by rename() is (new parent,
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source), such loop would have to contain these objects and the rest of it
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would have to exist before rename(). I.e. at the moment of loop creation
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rename() responsible for that would be holding filesystem lock and new parent
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would have to be equal to or a descendent of source. But that means that
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new parent had been equal to or a descendent of source since the moment when
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we had acquired filesystem lock and rename() would fail with -ELOOP in that
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case.
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While this locking scheme works for arbitrary DAGs, it relies on
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ability to check that directory is a descendent of another object. Current
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implementation assumes that directory graph is a tree. This assumption is
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also preserved by all operations (cross-directory rename on a tree that would
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not introduce a cycle will leave it a tree and link() fails for directories).
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Notice that "directory" in the above == "anything that might have
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children", so if we are going to introduce hybrid objects we will need
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either to make sure that link(2) doesn't work for them or to make changes
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in is_subdir() that would make it work even in presence of such beasts.
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