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530 lines
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HTML
530 lines
25 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>Ghidra Java Coding Standards</title>
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</style>
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<body>
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<H1> Ghidra's Java Style Guide </H1>
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<H6> Ver 1.1 - 20190307 </H6>
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<H2> Introduction </H2>
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<P> The purpose of this document is to record the Ghidra team's accepted rules for code formatting, naming
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conventions, code complexity, and other best practices. Many of the rules listed in this document
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are not universal absolutes and many blur into areas of personal preferences. The purpose of these
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types of rules is not to definitely state that one way is better than another, but that we
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are consistent throughout the team.</P>
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<P> Most of these rules came from one or more of the listed references at the end of this document. Many of
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these rules were listed in just about every guide. Where they disagreed, We generally went with the majority.
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Some rules seem arbitrary as to the actual value used, but that a value was needed seemed universal.
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For example, just about every reference stated a maximum character line length. We think all were either
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80 or 100. So everyone seems to think it is important to have some limit, but they don't agree to the actual number.</P>
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<H3> Most Important Rules of All </H3>
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<H4> Any of the rules or suggestions in this document can be broken, but you must document why breaking
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the rule makes the code better. </H4>
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<H4> Program for people, not machines. The primary goal of your development efforts should be that
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your code is easy for other people to understand. </H4>
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<H2> Naming Conventions </H2>
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<H3> General Naming Rules </H3>
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<H4> Names for classes, interfaces, methods, parameters, instance variables and long-lived local
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variables should not contain abbreviations or acronyms except for well known ones (the abbreviation
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is more commonly used than the full name) like URL and HTML. </H4>
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<P> The following exceptions are allowed (The list can be expanded with majority approval) </P>
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<UL>
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<LI> Utils - can be used as a suffix for the name of a class of static utility methods (e.g., StringUtils) </LI>
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</UL>
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<H4> If an abbreviation or acronym is used, only the first letter should be capitalized. (Unless it
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is the beginning of a method or variable name, in which case the first letter is also lower case.) </H4>
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<P> For example, use fooUrl, not fooURL. </P>
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<H3> Package Naming </H3>
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<H4> Package names should start with ghidra.<module group>.<module name>. (e.g., ghidra.framework.docking.)</H4>
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<H4> Package names should be all lower case, preferably one word and no abbreviations. </H4>
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<H3> Class Naming </H3>
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<H4> Class names should be nouns.</H4>
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<H4> Class names should use upper CamelCase where the first letter of each word is capitalized.</H4>
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<P> Examples: Table, FoldingTable, WoodTable </P>
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<H4> Classes that extend other classes should use the base class name as a base and prepend it with what is more
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specific about the extended class. </H4>
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<P>For example, if the base class is "Truck", the subclasses would have names
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like "DumpTruck", "DeliveryTruck", or "FlyingTruck". </P>
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<H4> The design pattern of an interface with one or more implementations should use the following naming conventions:</H4>
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<UL>
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<LI> Foo - The interface should be named the fundamental thing. </LI>
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<LI> AbstractFoo - An abstract implementation intended to be used as the base of a hierarchy of classes. </LI>
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<LI> DefaultFoo - A "default" implementation that would be appropriate for the majority of use cases. </LI>
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<LI> {descriptive}Foo - Other implementations should describe what makes them unique. </LI>
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</UL>
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<H4> The design pattern for using an <u>abstract base class</u> without a corresponding interface should use the following naming conventions:</H4>
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<UL>
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<LI> Foo - The abstract base class should be named the fundamental thing. EXCEPTION: if the abstract
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base class does not represent a "fundamental thing" whose type will be
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referred to in other code as parameters, return types, etc., then the class
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should be named AbstractFoo.</LI>
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<LI> {descriptive}Foo - subclasses that provide different flavors of Foo. </LI>
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</UL>
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<H4> Test class names should end with "Test" (e.g., FooTest).</H4>
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<H4> Test doubles or stub objects should use the following naming rules: </H4>
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<UL>
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<LI> DummyFoo - a stub that returns empty or null values because they are irrelevant to the test. </LI>
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<LI> SpyFoo - may provide values to the environment, but also records statistics. </LI>
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<LI> MockFoo - provides values to the environment and usually has some form of expectations. </LI>
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<LI> FakeFoo - replaces real functionality with a simplified version (like replacing Database access with in-memory data). </LI>
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</UL>
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<H3> Interface Naming </H3>
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<H4> Interface names should be nouns, or adjectives ending with "able" such as Runnable or Serializable.</H4>
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<H4> Interface names should use upper CamelCase where the first letter of each word is capitalized.</H4>
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<H3> Method Naming </H3>
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<H4> Method names should use lower CamelCase where the first letter of each word is capitalized except for the first word.</H4>
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<H4> Method names should generally be verbs or other descriptions of actions. </H4>
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<H4> Specific naming conventions: </H4>
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<UL>
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<LI> Methods that access a class's attributes should start with "get" or "set". </LI>
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<LI> Methods that return a boolean should start with "is". Sometimes "has", "can", or "should" are more appropriate. </LI>
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<LI> Methods that look something up should start with "find" </LI>
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</UL>
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<H4> Methods that return a value should be named based on what they return. Void methods should be named based on what they do. </H4>
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<PRE>
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public Foo buildFoo() { // returns a Foo so method name is based on Foo
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...
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}
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public int getSize() { // returns a primitive, which is the size, so name is based on "size"
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...
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}
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public void startServer() { // doesn't return anything so name it based on what it does
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...
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}
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public boolean installHandler(Handler handler) { // even though it returns a boolean, its not about returning
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... // a boolean, so name it based on what it does
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}
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</PRE>
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<H3> Instance Variable Naming </H3>
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<H4> Instance Variable names should use lower CamelCase where the first letter of each word is capitalized except for the first word.</H4>
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<H3> Local Variable and Parameter Naming </H3>
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<H4> Local Variable names should use lower CamelCase where the first letter of each word is capitalized except for the first word.</H4>
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<H4> Variable names should be proportional in length to their scope. </H4>
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<UL>
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<LI> Names that live throughout large blocks or methods should have very descriptive names and avoid abbreviations. </LI>
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<LI> Names that exist in small blocks can use short or abbreviated names. </LI>
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<LI> Names that exist in tiny blocks can use one letter names (e.g., lambdas). </LI>
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</UL>
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<H4> Variable names should generally have the same name as their class (e.g., Person person or Button button). </H4>
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<UL>
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<LI> If for some reason, this rule doesn't seem to fit, then that is a strong indication that the type is badly named. </LI>
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<LI> Some variables have a role. These variables can often be named {role}Type. For example, Button openButton or
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Point startPoint, endPoint. </LI>
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</UL>
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<H4> Collections should be named the plural form of the type without the collection type name. For example, use List<Dog> dogs, not List<Dog> dogList. </H4>
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<H3> Enum Naming </H3>
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<H4> Enum class names should be like any other class (UpperCamelCase). </H4>
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<H4> Enum value names should be all upper case.</H4>
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<PRE>
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public enum AnalyzerStatus {
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ENABLED, DELAYED, DISABLED
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}
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</PRE>
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<H3> Loop Counters </H3>
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<H4> Use of i, j, k, etc. is acceptable as generic loop counters, unless a more descriptive name would greatly enhance the readability. </H4>
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<H3> Constants (static final fields) </H3>
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<H4> Constants should be all upper case with words separated by "_" (underscore char). </H4>
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<P> Examples: MAXIMUM_VELOCITY, or DEFAULT_COLOR </P>
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<H3> Generic Types </H3>
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<H4> Generic type names should be named in one of two styles: </H4>
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<UL>
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<LI> A single Capital Letter, optionally followed by a single number (e.g., T, X, V, T2) </LI>
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<UL>
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<LI> T is used most often for single parameter types. </LI>
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<LI> R is commonly used for return type. </LI>
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<LI> K,V is commonly used for key,value types. </LI>
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</UL>
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<LI> A name in the form used for classes followed by the capital letter T (e.g., ActionT, RowT, ColumnT). Try to
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avoid using this full name form unless it greatly enhances readability. </LI>
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</UL>
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<H3> Utility Classes </H3>
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<H4>Utility class names should end in "Utils".</H4>
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<H2> Source File Structure </H2>
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<H3> File Order </H3>
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<H4> A Java File should be organized in the following order </H4>
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<UL>
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<LI> Header </LI>
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<LI> Package statement </LI>
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<LI> Import statements </LI>
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<LI> Class javadocs </LI>
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<LI> Class declaration </LI>
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<LI> Static variables </LI>
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<LI> Instance variables </LI>
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<LI> Static factory methods </LI>
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<LI> Constructors </LI>
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<LI> Methods </LI>
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<LI> Private classes </LI>
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</UL>
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<H4> Local variables should be declared when first needed and not at the top of the method and should be
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initialized as close to the declaration as possible (preferably at the same time). </H4>
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<H4> Overloaded methods should be next to each other. </H4>
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<H4> Modifiers should appear in the following order: </H4>
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<UL>
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<LI> access modifier (public/private/protected) </LI>
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<LI> abstract </LI>
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<LI> static </LI>
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<LI> final </LI>
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<LI> transient </LI>
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<LI> volatile </LI>
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<LI> default </LI>
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<LI> synchronized </LI>
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<LI> native </LI>
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<LI> strictfp </LI>
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</UL>
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<H2> Formatting </H2>
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<P> Most of these are handled by the Eclipse formatter and are here to document the Ghidra
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formatting style. The Eclipse formatter can be found in the <I><B>support/eclipse/</B></I>
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directory of a Ghidra release, or in the <I><B>eclipse/</B><I> directory of the Ghidra
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source repository.
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<H3> Line Length </H3>
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<H4> Java code will have a character limit of 100 characters per line. </H4>
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<H3> Indenting </H3>
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<H4> New blocks are indented using a tab character (the tab should be 4 spaces wide).</H4>
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<H4> Line continuation should be indented the same as a new block. </H4>
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<H3> Special Formatting </H3>
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<H4> If special formatting is required to make code readable, you may surround the
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statement or code block with the eclipse formatter tags. For example,
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<pre>
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public String toString() {
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<b>//@formatter:off</b>
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return "{\n" +
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"\tname: " + name + ",\n" +
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"\tmodelColumn" + modelIndex + ",\n" +
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"\tviewColumn: " + viewIndex + ",\n" +
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"\tconstraints: " +
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CollectionUtils.collect(applicableConstraints, c -> c.asString()) +"\n" +
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"}";
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<b>//@formatter:on</b>
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}
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</pre>
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</H4>
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<H4> Do not use empty end-of-line comments "//" to trick eclipse into not formatting the line.</H4>
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<H3> Braces </H3>
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<H4> Braces should always be used where optional.
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<H4> Braces should follow the Kernighan and Ritchie style for nonempty blocks and block-like structures. </H4>
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<UL>
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<LI> No line break before the opening brace. </LI>
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<LI> Line break after the opening brace. </LI>
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<LI> Line break before the closing brace. </LI>
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<LI> Line break after the closing brace. </LI>
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</UL>
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<H4> Empty blocks should look as follows. </H4>
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<PRE>
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void doNothing() {
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// comment as to why we are doing nothing
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}
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</PRE>
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<H3> White Space </H3>
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<H4> A single blank line should be used to separate the following sections: </H4>
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<UL>
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<LI> Copyright notice</LI>
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<LI> Package statement </LI>
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<LI> Import section </LI>
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<LI> Class declarations </LI>
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<LI> Methods </LI>
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<LI> Constructors </LI>
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</UL>
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<H4> A single blank line should be used: </H4>
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<UL>
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<LI> Between statements as needed to break code into logical sections. </LI>
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<LI> Between import statements as needed to break into logical groups. </LI>
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<LI> Between fields as needed to break into logical groups. </LI>
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<LI> Between the javadoc description and the javadoc tag section. </LI>
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</UL>
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<H4> A single space should be used: </H4>
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<UL>
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<LI> To separate keywords from neighboring opening or closing brackets and braces. </LI>
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<LI> Before and after all binary operators </LI>
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<LI> After a // that starts a comment </LI>
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<LI> Before a // that starts an end of line comment </LI>
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<LI> After semicolons separating parts of a "for" loop </LI>
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</UL>
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<H3> Variable Assignment </H3>
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<H4> Each variable should be declared on its own line. </H4>
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<PRE>
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don't:
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int i,j;
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do:
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int i;
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int j;
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</PRE>
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<H2> Comments </H2>
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<H3> Javadoc </H3>
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<H4> Javadoc blocks are normally of the form </H4>
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<PRE>
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/**
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* Some description with normal
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* wrapping.
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*/
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</PRE>
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<H4> Javadoc paragraphs should be separated by a single blank line (Starts with an aligned *) and
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each paragraph other than the initial description should start with <p>. </H4>
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<H4> When referencing other methods, use links (e.g., {@link #method(type1, type2, ...} or {@link Classname#method(type1, type2, ...}). </H4>
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<H4> Block tags should never appear without a description. </H4>
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<H4> Descriptions in block tags should not end in a period, unless followed by another sentence. </H4>
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<H4> Block tags that are used should appear in the following order: </H4>
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<UL>
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<LI> @param </LI>
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<LI> @return </LI>
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<LI> @throws </LI>
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<LI> @see </LI>
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<LI> @deprecated </LI>
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</UL>
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<H4> The Javadoc block should begin with a brief summary fragment. This fragment should be
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a noun phrase or a verb phrase and not a complete sentence. However, the fragment is
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capitalized and punctuated as if it were a complete sentence. </H4>
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<PRE>
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For example, do
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/**
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* Sets the warning level for the messaging system.
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*/
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not
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/**
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* This method sets the warning level for the messaging system.
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*/
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</PRE>
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<H4> Javadoc should be present for every public class and every public or protected method with
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the following exceptions: </H4>
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<UL>
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<LI> Methods that override a super method. </LI>
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</UL>
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<H3> Code Comments </H3>
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<H4>Block comments are indented at the same level as the surrounding code.</H4>
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<H4>Block comments should be preceded by a blank line unless it is the first line of the block.</H4>
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<H4>Block comments should be one of the following forms: </H4>
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<PRE>
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/*
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* This is // I like this
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* nice. // also.
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*/
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</PRE>
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<H4> Any empty code block should have a comment so that the reader will know it was intentional. Also,
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the comment should not be something like "// empty" or "don't care", but instead should state why it
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is empty or why you don't care.</H4>
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<H4> Comments should indicate the 'why' you are doing something, not just 'what' you are doing. The code
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tells us what it is doing. Comments should not be pseudo code.</H4>
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<H4> Prefer creating a descriptive method to using a block comment. So if you feel that a block
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comment is needed to explain the next block of code, then it probably would be better off moved
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to a method with a name that says what the code does.</H4>
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<H4> Use of comments in code should be minimized by making the code self-documenting by appropriate name choices
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and an explicit logical structure. </H4>
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<H4> Tricky code should not be commented. Instead, it should be rewritten. </H4>
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<H2> Complexity </H2>
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<H3> Method Size </H3>
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<H4> Avoid long methods. </H4>
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<UL>
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<LI> Methods should perform one clearly defined task. </LI>
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<LI> Methods should generally fit on one page (approximately 30 lines). </LI>
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</UL>
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<H3> Method Complexity </H3>
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<H4>A method should be completely understandable (what, how, why) in about 30 seconds. </H4>
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<H4> Method Complexity should be kept low, according to the following scale:</H4>
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<UL>
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<LI><TT>0-5</TT>: The method is *probably* fine</LI>
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<LI><TT>6-10</TT>: The method is questionable; seek to simplify</LI>
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<LI><TT>11+</TT>: OMG! Unacceptable!</LI>
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</UL>
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<P>Calculating Complexity:</P>
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<UL>
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<LI> Start with one. </LI>
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<LI> Add one for each of the following. </LI>
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<UL>
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<LI> Returns: Each return other than a simple early guard condition or the last statement in the method. </LI>
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<LI> Selection: if, else if, case, default. </LI>
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<LI> Loops: for, while, do-while, break, and continue. </LI>
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<LI> Operators: &&, ||, ? </LI>
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<LI> Exceptions: catch, finally, throw. </LI>
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</UL>
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</UL>
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<H4>Methods should avoid deep nesting. </H4>
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<UL>
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<LI> 2 or less - good </LI>
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<LI> 3 or 4 - questionable </LI>
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<LI> 5 or more - unacceptable </LI>
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</UL>
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<H4>Methods and constructors should avoid large numbers of parameters.</H4>
|
|
<UL>
|
|
<LI> 3 or less - good </LI>
|
|
<LI> 4 or 5 - questionable </LI>
|
|
<LI> 6 or 7 - bad, should consider redesign </LI>
|
|
<LI> 8 or more - unacceptable </LI>
|
|
</UL>
|
|
<H4>All blocks of code in a method should be at the same level of abstraction </H4>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
// example of mixed levels:
|
|
void doDailyChores() {
|
|
dust();
|
|
vacuum();
|
|
mopFloor();
|
|
addDirtyClothesToWashingMachine();
|
|
placeDetergentInWashingMachine();
|
|
closeWashingMachineDoor();
|
|
startWashingMachine();
|
|
cleanToilet();
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
// fixed
|
|
void doDailyChores() {
|
|
dust();
|
|
vacuum();
|
|
mopFloor();
|
|
washClothes();
|
|
cleanToilet();
|
|
}
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<H4>Methods and constructors should generally avoid multiple parameters of the same type, unless the method's purpose
|
|
is to process multiple instances of the same type (e.g., comparator, math functions). This is especially egregious
|
|
for boolean parameters.</H4>
|
|
<H4>Tips for lowering complexity </H4>
|
|
<UL>
|
|
<LI> Keep the number of nesting levels low </LI>
|
|
<LI> Keep the number of variables used low </LI>
|
|
<LI> Keep the lines of code low </LI>
|
|
<LI> Keep 'span' low (the number of lines between successive references to variables) </LI>
|
|
<LI> Keep 'live time' low (the number of lines that a variable is in use) </LI>
|
|
</UL>
|
|
|
|
<H2> Testing </H2>
|
|
<H3> Unit testing </H3>
|
|
<H4>A single test case should only test one result. If there are more than 2 or 3 asserts in
|
|
a single test, consider breaking into multiple tests. </H4>
|
|
<H4>Unit tests should run fast (a single test case (method) should be less than a second) </H4>
|
|
|
|
<H2> Miscellaneous </H2>
|
|
<H3> @Override </H3>
|
|
<H4> Methods that override a method in a parent class should use the @Override tag. </H4>
|
|
<H4> Methods that implement an interface method should use the @Override tag. </H4>
|
|
<H4> Methods that use the @Override tag do not need a Javadoc comment. </H4>
|
|
<H3> Use of Tuple Objects<A,B> </H3>
|
|
<H4> Use of Pair<A,B>, Triple<A,B,C>, etc. should be avoided. If the multiple values being returned
|
|
are related, then the method is conceptually returning a higher level object and so should return that.
|
|
Otherwise, the method should be redesigned. </H4>
|
|
<H3> Exception Handling </H3>
|
|
<H4> Exceptions should never have empty code blocks. There should at least be a comment explaining
|
|
why there is no code for the exception. </H4>
|
|
<H4> If the caught exception is believed to be impossible to happen, the correct action is to throw an AssertException
|
|
with a message explaining that it should never happen. </H4>
|
|
<H3> Final </H3>
|
|
<H4> Instance variables that are immutable should be declared final unless there is a compelling reason not to. </H4>
|
|
<H3> Shadowing </H3>
|
|
<H4> Avoid hiding/shadowing methods, variables, and type variables in outer scopes. </H4>
|
|
<H3> Access modifiers </H3>
|
|
<H4> Class instance fields should not be public. They should be private whenever possible, but protected and package are acceptable.</H4>
|
|
<H3> Java-specific constructs</H3>
|
|
<H4> Use the try-with-resources pattern whenever possible. </H4>
|
|
<H4> Always parameterize types when possible (e.g., JComboBox<String> vs. JComboBox). </H4>
|
|
<H4> If an object has an isEmpty() method, use it instead of checking its size == 0. </H4>
|
|
<H3> Miscellaneous </H3>
|
|
<H4> Mutating method parameters is discouraged. </H4>
|
|
<H4> Magic numbers should not appear in the code. Other than 0, or 1, the number should be declared as a constant. </H4>
|
|
<H4> Avoid creating a new Utilities class <B>*every time you need to share code*</B>. Try to add to
|
|
an existing utilities class OR take advantage of code re-use via inheritance. </H4>
|
|
<H3> Rules that shouldn't need to be stated, but do</H3>
|
|
<H4> Test your feature yourself before submitting for review and make sure the tests pass. </H4>
|
|
|
|
<div class="info">
|
|
Notes:
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<H5>Complexity</H5>
|
|
<P>
|
|
'The McCabe measure of complexity isn't the only sound measure, but it's the measure most
|
|
discussed in computing literature and it's especially helpful when you're thinking about control flow.
|
|
Other measures include the amount of data used, the number of nesting levels in control
|
|
constructs, the number of lines of code, the number of lines between successive references
|
|
to variables ("span"), the number of lines that a variable is in use ("live time"), and the
|
|
amount of input and output. Some researchers have developed composite metrics based on
|
|
combinations of these simpler ones.' (McCabe)
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
'Moving part of a routine into another routine doesn't reduce the overall complexity of the
|
|
program; it just moves the decision points around. But it reduces the amount of complexity
|
|
you have to deal with at any one time. Since the important goal is to minimize the number of
|
|
items you have to juggle mentally, reducing the complexity of a given routine is worthwhile.' (McCabe)
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
'Excessive indentation, or "nesting," has been pilloried in computing literature for 25 years and is
|
|
still one of the chief culprits in confusing code. Studies by Noam Chomsky and Gerald
|
|
Weinberg suggest that few people can understand more than three levels of nested ifs
|
|
(Yourdon 1986a), and many researchers recommend avoiding nesting to more than three or four
|
|
levels (Myers 1976, Marca 1981, and Ledgard and Tauer 1987a). Deep nesting works against what
|
|
Chapter 5, describes as Software's Primary Technical Imperative: Managing Complexity. That is reason
|
|
enough to avoid deep nesting.' (McCabe)
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
'There is no code so big, twisted, or complex that maintenance can't make it worse.'<BR>
|
|
- Gerald Weinberg
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<div class="info">
|
|
References:
|
|
</div>
|
|
<UL>
|
|
<LI> Google Java Style Guide </LI>
|
|
<LI> OpenJDK Style Guide </LI>
|
|
<LI> Java Programming Style Guidelines - Geotechnical Software Services </LI>
|
|
<LI> Code Complete, Steve McConnell </LI>
|
|
<LI> Java Code Conventions </LI>
|
|
<LI> Netscapes Software Coding Standards for Java </LI>
|
|
<LI> C / C++ / Java Coding Standards from NASA </LI>
|
|
<LI> Coding Standards for Java from AmbySoft </LI>
|
|
<LI> Clean Code, Robert Martin (Uncle Bob) </LI>
|
|
</UL>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|