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uncompyle6
==========

A native Python cross-version decompiler and fragment decompiler.
The successor to decompyle, uncompyle, and uncompyle2.


Introduction
------------

*uncompyle6* translates Python bytecode back into equivalent Python
source code. It accepts bytecodes from Python version 1.0 to version
3.8, spanning over 24 years of Python releases. We include Dropbox's
Python 2.5 bytecode and some PyPy bytecodes.

Why this?
---------

Ok, I'll say it: this software is amazing. It is more than your
normal hacky decompiler. Using compiler_ technology, the program
creates a parse tree of the program from the instructions; nodes at
the upper levels that look a little like what might come from a Python
AST. So we can really classify and understand what's going on in
sections of Python bytecode.

Building on this, another thing that makes this different from other
CPython bytecode decompilers is the ability to deparse just
*fragments* of source code and give source-code information around a
given bytecode offset.

I use the tree fragments to deparse fragments of code *at run time*
inside my trepan_ debuggers_. For that, bytecode offsets are recorded
and associated with fragments of the source code. This purpose,
although compatible with the original intention, is yet a little bit
different.  See this_ for more information.

Python fragment deparsing given an instruction offset is useful in
showing stack traces and can be encorporated into any program that
wants to show a location in more detail than just a line number at
runtime.  This code can be also used when source-code information does
not exist and there is just bytecode. Again, my debuggers make use of
this.

There were (and still are) a number of decompyle, uncompyle,
uncompyle2, uncompyle3 forks around. Many of them come basically from
the same code base, and (almost?) all of them are no longer actively
maintained. One was really good at decompiling Python 1.5-2.3, another
really good at Python 2.7, but that only. Another handles Python 3.2
only; another patched that and handled only 3.3.  You get the
idea. This code pulls all of these forks together and *moves
forward*. There is some serious refactoring and cleanup in this code
base over those old forks. Even more experimental refactoring is going
on in decompyle3_.

This demonstrably does the best in decompiling Python across all
Python versions. And even when there is another project that only
provides decompilation for subset of Python versions, we generally do
demonstrably better for those as well.

How can we tell? By taking Python bytecode that comes distributed with
that version of Python and decompiling these.  Among those that
successfully decompile, we can then make sure the resulting programs
are syntactically correct by running the Python interpreter for that
bytecode version.  Finally, in cases where the program has a test for
itself, we can run the check on the decompiled code.

We use an automated processes to find bugs. In the issue trackers for
other decompilers, you will find a number of bugs we've found along
the way. Very few to none of them are fixed in the other decompilers.

Requirements
------------

The code here can be run on Python versions 2.6 or later, PyPy 3-2.4
and later.  Python versions 2.4-2.7 are supported in the python-2.4
branch.  The bytecode files it can read have been tested on Python
bytecodes from versions 1.4, 2.1-2.7, and 3.0-3.8 and later PyPy
versions.

Installation
------------

This uses setup.py, so it follows the standard Python routine:

::

    $ pip install -e .  # set up to run from source tree
                        # Or if you want to install instead
    $ python setup.py install # may need sudo

A GNU makefile is also provided so :code:`make install` (possibly as root or
sudo) will do the steps above.

Running Tests
-------------

::

   make check

A GNU makefile has been added to smooth over setting running the right
command, and running tests from fastest to slowest.

If you have remake_ installed, you can see the list of all tasks
including tests via :code:`remake --tasks`


Usage
-----

Run

::

$ uncompyle6 *compiled-python-file-pyc-or-pyo*

For usage help:

::

   $ uncompyle6 -h

Verification
------------

In older versions of Python it was possible to verify bytecode by
decompiling bytecode, and then compiling using the Python interpreter
for that bytecode version. Having done this the bytecode produced
could be compared with the original bytecode. However as Python's code
generation got better, this no longer was feasible.

If you want Python syntax verification of the correctness of the
decompilation process, add the :code:`--syntax-verify` option. However since
Python syntax changes, you should use this option if the bytecode is
the right bytecode for the Python interpreter that will be checking
the syntax.

You can also cross compare the results with either another version of
`uncompyle6` since there are are sometimes regressions in decompiling
specific bytecode as the overall quality improves.

For Python 3.7 and above, the code in decompyle3_ is generally
better.

Or try specific another python decompiler like uncompyle2_, unpyc37_,
or pycdc_.  Since the later two work differently, bugs here often
aren't in that, and vice versa.

There is an interesting class of these programs that is readily
available give stronger verification: those programs that when run
test themselves. Our test suite includes these.

And Python comes with another a set of programs like this: its test
suite for the standard library. We have some code in :code:`test/stdlib` to
facilitate this kind of checking too.

Known Bugs/Restrictions
-----------------------

The biggest known and possibly fixable (but hard) problem has to do
with handling control flow. (Python has probably the most diverse and
screwy set of compound statements I've ever seen; there
are "else" clauses on loops and try blocks that I suspect many
programmers don't know about.)

All of the Python decompilers that I have looked at have problems
decompiling Python's control flow. In some cases we can detect an
erroneous decompilation and report that.

Python support is pretty good for Python 2

On the lower end of Python versions, decompilation seems pretty good although
we don't have any automated testing in place for Python's distributed tests.
Also, we don't have a Python interpreter for versions 1.6, and 2.0.

In the Python 3 series, Python support is is strongest around 3.4 or
3.3 and drops off as you move further away from those versions. Python
3.0 is weird in that it in some ways resembles 2.6 more than it does
3.1 or 2.7. Python 3.6 changes things drastically by using word codes
rather than byte codes. As a result, the jump offset field in a jump
instruction argument has been reduced. This makes the :code:`EXTENDED_ARG`
instructions are now more prevalent in jump instruction; previously
they had been rare.  Perhaps to compensate for the additional
:code:`EXTENDED_ARG` instructions, additional jump optimization has been
added. So in sum handling control flow by ad hoc means as is currently
done is worse.

Between Python 3.5, 3.6, 3.7 there have been major changes to the
:code:`MAKE_FUNCTION` and :code:`CALL_FUNCTION` instructions.

Python 3.8 removes :code:`SETUP_LOOP`, :code:`SETUP_EXCEPT`,
:code:`BREAK_LOOP`, and :code:`CONTINUE_LOOP`, instructions which may
make control-flow detection harder, lacking the more sophisticated
control-flow analysis that is planned. We'll see.

Currently not all Python magic numbers are supported. Specifically in
some versions of Python, notably Python 3.6, the magic number has
changes several times within a version.

**We support only released versions, not candidate versions.** Note
however that the magic of a released version is usually the same as
the *last* candidate version prior to release.

There are also customized Python interpreters, notably Dropbox,
which use their own magic and encrypt bytecode. With the exception of
the Dropbox's old Python 2.5 interpreter this kind of thing is not
handled.

We also don't handle PJOrion_ or otherwise obfuscated code. For
PJOrion try: PJOrion Deobfuscator_ to unscramble the bytecode to get
valid bytecode before trying this tool. This program can't decompile
Microsoft Windows EXE files created by Py2EXE_, although we can
probably decompile the code after you extract the bytecode
properly. Handling pathologically long lists of expressions or
statements is slow. We don't handle Cython_ or MicroPython which don't
use bytecode.

There are numerous bugs in decompilation. And that's true for every
other CPython decompiler I have encountered, even the ones that
claimed to be "perfect" on some particular version like 2.4.

As Python progresses decompilation also gets harder because the
compilation is more sophisticated and the language itself is more
sophisticated. I suspect that attempts there will be fewer ad-hoc
attempts like unpyc37_ (which is based on a 3.3 decompiler) simply
because it is harder to do so. The good news, at least from my
standpoint, is that I think I understand what's needed to address the
problems in a more robust way. But right now until such time as
project is better funded, I do not intend to make any serious effort
to support Python versions 3.8 or 3.9, including bugs that might come
in. I imagine at some point I may be interested in it.

You can easily find bugs by running the tests against the standard
test suite that Python uses to check itself. At any given time, there are
dozens of known problems that are pretty well isolated and that could
be solved if one were to put in the time to do so. The problem is that
there aren't that many people who have been working on bug fixing.

Some of the bugs in 3.7 and 3.8 are simply a matter of back-porting
the fixes in decompyle3.

You may run across a bug, that you want to report. Please do so. But
be aware that it might not get my attention for a while. If you
sponsor or support the project in some way, I'll prioritize your
issues above the queue of other things I might be doing instead.

See Also
--------

* https://github.com/rocky/python-decompile3 : Much smaller and more modern code, focusing on 3.7+. Changes in that will get migrated back here.
* https://code.google.com/archive/p/unpyc3/ : supports Python 3.2 only. The above projects use a different decompiling technique than what is used here. Currently unmaintained.
* https://github.com/figment/unpyc3/ : fork of above, but supports Python 3.3 only. Includes some fixes like supporting function annotations. Currently unmaintained.
* https://github.com/wibiti/uncompyle2 : supports Python 2.7 only, but does that fairly well. There are situations where :code:`uncompyle6` results are incorrect while :code:`uncompyle2` results are not, but more often uncompyle6 is correct when uncompyle2 is not. Because :code:`uncompyle6` adheres to accuracy over idiomatic Python, :code:`uncompyle2` can produce more natural-looking code when it is correct. Currently :code:`uncompyle2` is lightly maintained. See its issue `tracker <https://github.com/wibiti/uncompyle2/issues>`_ for more details
* `How to report a bug <https://github.com/rocky/python-uncompyle6/blob/master/HOW-TO-REPORT-A-BUG.md>`_
* The HISTORY_ file.
* https://github.com/rocky/python-xdis : Cross Python version disassembler
* https://github.com/rocky/python-xasm : Cross Python version assembler
* https://github.com/rocky/python-uncompyle6/wiki : Wiki Documents which describe the code and aspects of it in more detail
* https://github.com/zrax/pycdc : The README for this C++ code says it aims to support all versions of Python. It is best for Python versions around 2.7 and 3.3 when the code was initially developed. Accuracy for current versions of Python3 and early versions of Python is lacking. Without major effort, it is unlikely it can be made to support current Python 3. See its `issue tracker <https://github.com/zrax/pycdc/issues>`_ for details. Currently lightly maintained.


.. _Cython: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cython
.. _trepan: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/trepan2g
.. _compiler: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/spark_parser
.. _HISTORY: https://github.com/rocky/python-uncompyle6/blob/master/HISTORY.md
.. _debuggers: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/trepan3k
.. _remake: https://bashdb.sf.net/remake
.. _pycdc: https://github.com/zrax/pycdc
.. _decompyle3: https://github.com/rocky/python-decompile3
.. _uncompyle2: https://github.com/wibiti/uncompyle2
.. _unpyc37: https://github.com/andrew-tavera/unpyc37
.. _this: https://github.com/rocky/python-uncompyle6/wiki/Deparsing-technology-and-its-use-in-exact-location-reporting
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		 :target: https://travis-ci.org/rocky/python-uncompyle6
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.. _PJOrion: http://www.koreanrandom.com/forum/topic/15280-pjorion-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%84
.. _Deobfuscator: https://github.com/extremecoders-re/PjOrion-Deobfuscator
.. _Py2EXE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Py2exe
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