diff --git a/langchain/agents/agent_types.py b/langchain/agents/agent_types.py
index db20f354f..b1409e2f1 100644
--- a/langchain/agents/agent_types.py
+++ b/langchain/agents/agent_types.py
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ from enum import Enum
 
 
 class AgentType(str, Enum):
+    """Enumerator with the Agent types."""
+
     ZERO_SHOT_REACT_DESCRIPTION = "zero-shot-react-description"
     REACT_DOCSTORE = "react-docstore"
     SELF_ASK_WITH_SEARCH = "self-ask-with-search"
diff --git a/langchain/agents/load_tools.py b/langchain/agents/load_tools.py
index 20750fd84..f4a27bd69 100644
--- a/langchain/agents/load_tools.py
+++ b/langchain/agents/load_tools.py
@@ -352,10 +352,23 @@ def load_huggingface_tool(
     remote: bool = False,
     **kwargs: Any,
 ) -> BaseTool:
+    """Loads a tool from the HuggingFace Hub.
+
+    Args:
+        task_or_repo_id: Task or model repo id.
+        model_repo_id: Optional model repo id.
+        token: Optional token.
+        remote: Optional remote. Defaults to False.
+        **kwargs:
+
+    Returns:
+        A tool.
+
+    """
     try:
         from transformers import load_tool
     except ImportError:
-        raise ValueError(
+        raise ImportError(
             "HuggingFace tools require the libraries `transformers>=4.29.0`"
             " and `huggingface_hub>=0.14.1` to be installed."
             " Please install it with"
diff --git a/langchain/callbacks/aim_callback.py b/langchain/callbacks/aim_callback.py
index 87711be10..2cb392560 100644
--- a/langchain/callbacks/aim_callback.py
+++ b/langchain/callbacks/aim_callback.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ from langchain.schema import AgentAction, AgentFinish, LLMResult
 
 
 def import_aim() -> Any:
+    """Import the aim python package and raise an error if it is not installed."""
     try:
         import aim
     except ImportError:
diff --git a/langchain/callbacks/clearml_callback.py b/langchain/callbacks/clearml_callback.py
index 37a8f6c86..0f78d0d28 100644
--- a/langchain/callbacks/clearml_callback.py
+++ b/langchain/callbacks/clearml_callback.py
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ from langchain.schema import AgentAction, AgentFinish, LLMResult
 
 
 def import_clearml() -> Any:
+    """Import the clearml python package and raise an error if it is not installed."""
     try:
         import clearml  # noqa: F401
     except ImportError:
diff --git a/langchain/callbacks/mlflow_callback.py b/langchain/callbacks/mlflow_callback.py
index 32dd70734..34b05e0e3 100644
--- a/langchain/callbacks/mlflow_callback.py
+++ b/langchain/callbacks/mlflow_callback.py
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ from langchain.utils import get_from_dict_or_env
 
 
 def import_mlflow() -> Any:
+    """Import the mlflow python package and raise an error if it is not installed."""
     try:
         import mlflow
     except ImportError:
diff --git a/langchain/callbacks/openai_info.py b/langchain/callbacks/openai_info.py
index 639256317..6dc1a7319 100644
--- a/langchain/callbacks/openai_info.py
+++ b/langchain/callbacks/openai_info.py
@@ -52,6 +52,17 @@ def standardize_model_name(
     model_name: str,
     is_completion: bool = False,
 ) -> str:
+    """
+    Standardize the model name to a format that can be used in the OpenAI API.
+    Args:
+        model_name: Model name to standardize.
+        is_completion: Whether the model is used for completion or not.
+            Defaults to False.
+
+    Returns:
+        Standardized model name.
+
+    """
     model_name = model_name.lower()
     if "ft-" in model_name:
         return model_name.split(":")[0] + "-finetuned"
@@ -66,6 +77,18 @@ def standardize_model_name(
 def get_openai_token_cost_for_model(
     model_name: str, num_tokens: int, is_completion: bool = False
 ) -> float:
+    """
+    Get the cost in USD for a given model and number of tokens.
+
+    Args:
+        model_name: Name of the model
+        num_tokens: Number of tokens.
+        is_completion: Whether the model is used for completion or not.
+            Defaults to False.
+
+    Returns:
+        Cost in USD.
+    """
     model_name = standardize_model_name(model_name, is_completion=is_completion)
     if model_name not in MODEL_COST_PER_1K_TOKENS:
         raise ValueError(
diff --git a/langchain/callbacks/tracers/stdout.py b/langchain/callbacks/tracers/stdout.py
index f8bd6a835..bfdaca4f4 100644
--- a/langchain/callbacks/tracers/stdout.py
+++ b/langchain/callbacks/tracers/stdout.py
@@ -7,6 +7,16 @@ from langchain.input import get_bolded_text, get_colored_text
 
 
 def try_json_stringify(obj: Any, fallback: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Try to stringify an object to JSON.
+    Args:
+        obj: Object to stringify.
+        fallback: Fallback string to return if the object cannot be stringified.
+
+    Returns:
+        A JSON string if the object can be stringified, otherwise the fallback string.
+
+    """
     try:
         return json.dumps(obj, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False)
     except Exception:
@@ -14,6 +24,16 @@ def try_json_stringify(obj: Any, fallback: str) -> str:
 
 
 def elapsed(run: Any) -> str:
+    """Get the elapsed time of a run.
+
+    Args:
+        run: any object with a start_time and end_time attribute.
+
+    Returns:
+        A string with the elapsed time in seconds or
+            milliseconds if time is less than a second.
+
+    """
     elapsed_time = run.end_time - run.start_time
     milliseconds = elapsed_time.total_seconds() * 1000
     if milliseconds < 1000:
@@ -22,6 +42,8 @@ def elapsed(run: Any) -> str:
 
 
 class ConsoleCallbackHandler(BaseTracer):
+    """Tracer that prints to the console."""
+
     name = "console_callback_handler"
 
     def _persist_run(self, run: Run) -> None:
diff --git a/langchain/callbacks/tracers/wandb.py b/langchain/callbacks/tracers/wandb.py
index 4a6bdc89b..8f744e28b 100644
--- a/langchain/callbacks/tracers/wandb.py
+++ b/langchain/callbacks/tracers/wandb.py
@@ -137,6 +137,8 @@ def _replace_type_with_kind(data: Any) -> Any:
 
 
 class WandbRunArgs(TypedDict):
+    """Arguments for the WandbTracer."""
+
     job_type: Optional[str]
     dir: Optional[StrPath]
     config: Union[Dict, str, None]
diff --git a/langchain/callbacks/utils.py b/langchain/callbacks/utils.py
index 6fcdf8640..d84d3f0a7 100644
--- a/langchain/callbacks/utils.py
+++ b/langchain/callbacks/utils.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, Tuple, Union
 
 
 def import_spacy() -> Any:
+    """Import the spacy python package and raise an error if it is not installed."""
     try:
         import spacy
     except ImportError:
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ def import_spacy() -> Any:
 
 
 def import_pandas() -> Any:
+    """Import the pandas python package and raise an error if it is not installed."""
     try:
         import pandas
     except ImportError:
@@ -26,6 +28,7 @@ def import_pandas() -> Any:
 
 
 def import_textstat() -> Any:
+    """Import the textstat python package and raise an error if it is not installed."""
     try:
         import textstat
     except ImportError:
diff --git a/langchain/callbacks/wandb_callback.py b/langchain/callbacks/wandb_callback.py
index cc1a91768..d49805e86 100644
--- a/langchain/callbacks/wandb_callback.py
+++ b/langchain/callbacks/wandb_callback.py
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ from langchain.schema import AgentAction, AgentFinish, LLMResult
 
 
 def import_wandb() -> Any:
+    """Import the wandb python package and raise an error if it is not installed."""
     try:
         import wandb  # noqa: F401
     except ImportError:
diff --git a/langchain/callbacks/whylabs_callback.py b/langchain/callbacks/whylabs_callback.py
index 79adcb646..ff4200fee 100644
--- a/langchain/callbacks/whylabs_callback.py
+++ b/langchain/callbacks/whylabs_callback.py
@@ -18,6 +18,16 @@ def import_langkit(
     toxicity: bool = False,
     themes: bool = False,
 ) -> Any:
+    """Import the langkit python package and raise an error if it is not installed.
+
+    Args:
+        sentiment: Whether to import the langkit.sentiment module. Defaults to False.
+        toxicity: Whether to import the langkit.toxicity module. Defaults to False.
+        themes: Whether to import the langkit.themes module. Defaults to False.
+
+    Returns:
+        The imported langkit module.
+    """
     try:
         import langkit  # noqa: F401
         import langkit.regexes  # noqa: F401
diff --git a/langchain/chains/graph_qa/cypher.py b/langchain/chains/graph_qa/cypher.py
index 456bbad97..95756a49a 100644
--- a/langchain/chains/graph_qa/cypher.py
+++ b/langchain/chains/graph_qa/cypher.py
@@ -18,6 +18,14 @@ INTERMEDIATE_STEPS_KEY = "intermediate_steps"
 
 
 def extract_cypher(text: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Extract Cypher code from a text.
+    Args:
+        text: Text to extract Cypher code from.
+
+    Returns:
+        Cypher code extracted from the text.
+    """
     # The pattern to find Cypher code enclosed in triple backticks
     pattern = r"```(.*?)```"
 
diff --git a/langchain/chains/natbot/crawler.py b/langchain/chains/natbot/crawler.py
index 91f3b8cc3..61f7080e1 100644
--- a/langchain/chains/natbot/crawler.py
+++ b/langchain/chains/natbot/crawler.py
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ black_listed_elements: Set[str] = {
 
 
 class ElementInViewPort(TypedDict):
+    """A typed dictionary containing information about elements in the viewport."""
+
     node_index: str
     backend_node_id: int
     node_name: Optional[str]
@@ -51,7 +53,7 @@ class Crawler:
         try:
             from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright
         except ImportError:
-            raise ValueError(
+            raise ImportError(
                 "Could not import playwright python package. "
                 "Please install it with `pip install playwright`."
             )
diff --git a/langchain/chains/openai_functions/citation_fuzzy_match.py b/langchain/chains/openai_functions/citation_fuzzy_match.py
index 43a8c197b..3e9b8a3be 100644
--- a/langchain/chains/openai_functions/citation_fuzzy_match.py
+++ b/langchain/chains/openai_functions/citation_fuzzy_match.py
@@ -64,6 +64,14 @@ class QuestionAnswer(BaseModel):
 
 
 def create_citation_fuzzy_match_chain(llm: BaseLanguageModel) -> LLMChain:
+    """Create a citation fuzzy match chain.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: Language model to use for the chain.
+
+    Returns:
+        Chain (LLMChain) that can be used to answer questions with citations.
+    """
     output_parser = PydanticOutputFunctionsParser(pydantic_schema=QuestionAnswer)
     schema = QuestionAnswer.schema()
     function = {
diff --git a/langchain/chains/openai_functions/extraction.py b/langchain/chains/openai_functions/extraction.py
index fd195175b..e9286825e 100644
--- a/langchain/chains/openai_functions/extraction.py
+++ b/langchain/chains/openai_functions/extraction.py
@@ -40,6 +40,15 @@ Passage:
 
 
 def create_extraction_chain(schema: dict, llm: BaseLanguageModel) -> Chain:
+    """Creates a chain that extracts information from a passage.
+
+    Args:
+        schema: The schema of the entities to extract.
+        llm: The language model to use.
+
+    Returns:
+        Chain that can be used to extract information from a passage.
+    """
     function = _get_extraction_function(schema)
     prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_template(_EXTRACTION_TEMPLATE)
     output_parser = JsonKeyOutputFunctionsParser(key_name="info")
@@ -56,6 +65,16 @@ def create_extraction_chain(schema: dict, llm: BaseLanguageModel) -> Chain:
 def create_extraction_chain_pydantic(
     pydantic_schema: Any, llm: BaseLanguageModel
 ) -> Chain:
+    """Creates a chain that extracts information from a passage using pydantic schema.
+
+    Args:
+        pydantic_schema: The pydantic schema of the entities to extract.
+        llm: The language model to use.
+
+    Returns:
+        Chain that can be used to extract information from a passage.
+    """
+
     class PydanticSchema(BaseModel):
         info: List[pydantic_schema]  # type: ignore
 
diff --git a/langchain/chains/openai_functions/qa_with_structure.py b/langchain/chains/openai_functions/qa_with_structure.py
index 9f8340b4c..7f022cd1e 100644
--- a/langchain/chains/openai_functions/qa_with_structure.py
+++ b/langchain/chains/openai_functions/qa_with_structure.py
@@ -29,6 +29,18 @@ def create_qa_with_structure_chain(
     output_parser: str = "base",
     prompt: Optional[Union[PromptTemplate, ChatPromptTemplate]] = None,
 ) -> LLMChain:
+    """Create a question answering chain that returns an answer with sources.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: Language model to use for the chain.
+        schema: Pydantic schema to use for the output.
+        output_parser: Output parser to use. Should be one of `pydantic` or `base`.
+            Default to `base`.
+        prompt: Optional prompt to use for the chain.
+
+    Returns:
+
+    """
     if output_parser == "pydantic":
         if not (isinstance(schema, type) and issubclass(schema, BaseModel)):
             raise ValueError(
@@ -79,4 +91,13 @@ def create_qa_with_structure_chain(
 
 
 def create_qa_with_sources_chain(llm: BaseLanguageModel, **kwargs: Any) -> LLMChain:
+    """Create a question answering chain that returns an answer with sources.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: Language model to use for the chain.
+        **kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass to `create_qa_with_structure_chain`.
+
+    Returns:
+        Chain (LLMChain) that can be used to answer questions with citations.
+    """
     return create_qa_with_structure_chain(llm, AnswerWithSources, **kwargs)
diff --git a/langchain/chains/openai_functions/tagging.py b/langchain/chains/openai_functions/tagging.py
index e568eb687..4eeaad552 100644
--- a/langchain/chains/openai_functions/tagging.py
+++ b/langchain/chains/openai_functions/tagging.py
@@ -27,6 +27,15 @@ Passage:
 
 
 def create_tagging_chain(schema: dict, llm: BaseLanguageModel) -> Chain:
+    """Creates a chain that extracts information from a passage.
+
+    Args:
+        schema: The schema of the entities to extract.
+        llm: The language model to use.
+
+    Returns:
+        Chain (LLMChain) that can be used to extract information from a passage.
+    """
     function = _get_tagging_function(schema)
     prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_template(_TAGGING_TEMPLATE)
     output_parser = JsonOutputFunctionsParser()
@@ -43,6 +52,15 @@ def create_tagging_chain(schema: dict, llm: BaseLanguageModel) -> Chain:
 def create_tagging_chain_pydantic(
     pydantic_schema: Any, llm: BaseLanguageModel
 ) -> Chain:
+    """Creates a chain that extracts information from a passage.
+
+    Args:
+        pydantic_schema: The pydantic schema of the entities to extract.
+        llm: The language model to use.
+
+    Returns:
+        Chain (LLMChain) that can be used to extract information from a passage.
+    """
     openai_schema = pydantic_schema.schema()
     function = _get_tagging_function(openai_schema)
     prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_template(_TAGGING_TEMPLATE)
diff --git a/langchain/chains/openai_functions/utils.py b/langchain/chains/openai_functions/utils.py
index 9f5a05918..69f08b119 100644
--- a/langchain/chains/openai_functions/utils.py
+++ b/langchain/chains/openai_functions/utils.py
@@ -29,4 +29,12 @@ def _convert_schema(schema: dict) -> dict:
 
 
 def get_llm_kwargs(function: dict) -> dict:
+    """Returns the kwargs for the LLMChain constructor.
+
+    Args:
+        function: The function to use.
+
+    Returns:
+        The kwargs for the LLMChain constructor.
+    """
     return {"functions": [function], "function_call": {"name": function["name"]}}
diff --git a/langchain/chains/prompt_selector.py b/langchain/chains/prompt_selector.py
index e40e4f8a0..d2660d591 100644
--- a/langchain/chains/prompt_selector.py
+++ b/langchain/chains/prompt_selector.py
@@ -31,8 +31,24 @@ class ConditionalPromptSelector(BasePromptSelector):
 
 
 def is_llm(llm: BaseLanguageModel) -> bool:
+    """Check if the language model is a LLM.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: Language model to check.
+
+    Returns:
+        True if the language model is a BaseLLM model, False otherwise.
+    """
     return isinstance(llm, BaseLLM)
 
 
 def is_chat_model(llm: BaseLanguageModel) -> bool:
+    """Check if the language model is a chat model.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: Language model to check.
+
+    Returns:
+        True if the language model is a BaseChatModel model, False otherwise.
+    """
     return isinstance(llm, BaseChatModel)
diff --git a/langchain/chains/query_constructor/base.py b/langchain/chains/query_constructor/base.py
index fd48b86e2..18452c2cd 100644
--- a/langchain/chains/query_constructor/base.py
+++ b/langchain/chains/query_constructor/base.py
@@ -123,6 +123,22 @@ def load_query_constructor_chain(
     enable_limit: bool = False,
     **kwargs: Any,
 ) -> LLMChain:
+    """
+    Load a query constructor chain.
+    Args:
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel to use for the chain.
+        document_contents: The contents of the document to be queried.
+        attribute_info: A list of AttributeInfo objects describing
+            the attributes of the document.
+        examples: Optional list of examples to use for the chain.
+        allowed_comparators: An optional list of allowed comparators.
+        allowed_operators: An optional list of allowed operators.
+        enable_limit: Whether to enable the limit operator. Defaults to False.
+        **kwargs:
+
+    Returns:
+        A LLMChain that can be used to construct queries.
+    """
     prompt = _get_prompt(
         document_contents,
         attribute_info,
diff --git a/langchain/chains/query_constructor/ir.py b/langchain/chains/query_constructor/ir.py
index 6d7264a90..99d26ce0f 100644
--- a/langchain/chains/query_constructor/ir.py
+++ b/langchain/chains/query_constructor/ir.py
@@ -60,12 +60,16 @@ class Expr(BaseModel):
 
 
 class Operator(str, Enum):
+    """Enumerator of the operations."""
+
     AND = "and"
     OR = "or"
     NOT = "not"
 
 
 class Comparator(str, Enum):
+    """Enumerator of the comparison operators."""
+
     EQ = "eq"
     GT = "gt"
     GTE = "gte"
diff --git a/langchain/chains/query_constructor/parser.py b/langchain/chains/query_constructor/parser.py
index e26206c3e..9326e09e6 100644
--- a/langchain/chains/query_constructor/parser.py
+++ b/langchain/chains/query_constructor/parser.py
@@ -57,6 +57,9 @@ GRAMMAR = """
 
 @v_args(inline=True)
 class QueryTransformer(Transformer):
+    """Transforms a query string into an IR representation
+    (intermediate representation)."""
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         *args: Any,
@@ -136,6 +139,16 @@ def get_parser(
     allowed_comparators: Optional[Sequence[Comparator]] = None,
     allowed_operators: Optional[Sequence[Operator]] = None,
 ) -> Lark:
+    """
+    Returns a parser for the query language.
+
+    Args:
+        allowed_comparators: Optional[Sequence[Comparator]]
+        allowed_operators: Optional[Sequence[Operator]]
+
+    Returns:
+        Lark parser for the query language.
+    """
     transformer = QueryTransformer(
         allowed_comparators=allowed_comparators, allowed_operators=allowed_operators
     )
diff --git a/langchain/chat_models/google_palm.py b/langchain/chat_models/google_palm.py
index 74a1903de..cf27c2bc4 100644
--- a/langchain/chat_models/google_palm.py
+++ b/langchain/chat_models/google_palm.py
@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class ChatGooglePalmError(Exception):
+    """Error raised when there is an issue with the Google PaLM API."""
+
     pass
 
 
diff --git a/langchain/document_loaders/blockchain.py b/langchain/document_loaders/blockchain.py
index 11bdea4ac..b1c6bce71 100644
--- a/langchain/document_loaders/blockchain.py
+++ b/langchain/document_loaders/blockchain.py
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ from langchain.document_loaders.base import BaseLoader
 
 
 class BlockchainType(Enum):
+    """Enumerator of the supported blockchains."""
+
     ETH_MAINNET = "eth-mainnet"
     ETH_GOERLI = "eth-goerli"
     POLYGON_MAINNET = "polygon-mainnet"
diff --git a/langchain/document_loaders/chatgpt.py b/langchain/document_loaders/chatgpt.py
index 34018888f..57a6eed7c 100644
--- a/langchain/document_loaders/chatgpt.py
+++ b/langchain/document_loaders/chatgpt.py
@@ -8,6 +8,15 @@ from langchain.document_loaders.base import BaseLoader
 
 
 def concatenate_rows(message: dict, title: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Combine message information in a readable format ready to be used.
+    Args:
+        message: Message to be concatenated
+        title: Title of the conversation
+
+    Returns:
+        Concatenated message
+    """
     if not message:
         return ""
 
diff --git a/langchain/document_loaders/confluence.py b/langchain/document_loaders/confluence.py
index 36b9180d0..f792238ff 100644
--- a/langchain/document_loaders/confluence.py
+++ b/langchain/document_loaders/confluence.py
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class ContentFormat(str, Enum):
+    """Enumerator of the content formats of Confluence page."""
+
     STORAGE = "body.storage"
     VIEW = "body.view"
 
diff --git a/langchain/document_loaders/embaas.py b/langchain/document_loaders/embaas.py
index 5dc4071e8..34bad0bcf 100644
--- a/langchain/document_loaders/embaas.py
+++ b/langchain/document_loaders/embaas.py
@@ -45,6 +45,8 @@ class EmbaasDocumentExtractionParameters(TypedDict):
 
 
 class EmbaasDocumentExtractionPayload(EmbaasDocumentExtractionParameters):
+    """Payload for the Embaas document extraction API."""
+
     bytes: str
     """The base64 encoded bytes of the document to extract text from."""
 
diff --git a/langchain/document_loaders/fauna.py b/langchain/document_loaders/fauna.py
index e1c8b85d4..3782fb97e 100644
--- a/langchain/document_loaders/fauna.py
+++ b/langchain/document_loaders/fauna.py
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ from langchain.document_loaders.base import BaseLoader
 
 
 class FaunaLoader(BaseLoader):
-    """
+    """FaunaDB Loader.
+
     Attributes:
         query (str): The FQL query string to execute.
         page_content_field (str): The field that contains the content of each page.
diff --git a/langchain/document_loaders/iugu.py b/langchain/document_loaders/iugu.py
index 7fd853c4a..fe2be8674 100644
--- a/langchain/document_loaders/iugu.py
+++ b/langchain/document_loaders/iugu.py
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ IUGU_ENDPOINTS = {
 
 
 class IuguLoader(BaseLoader):
+    """Loader that fetches data from IUGU."""
+
     def __init__(self, resource: str, api_token: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
         self.resource = resource
         api_token = api_token or get_from_env("api_token", "IUGU_API_TOKEN")
diff --git a/langchain/document_loaders/modern_treasury.py b/langchain/document_loaders/modern_treasury.py
index 15cb15889..d981d330f 100644
--- a/langchain/document_loaders/modern_treasury.py
+++ b/langchain/document_loaders/modern_treasury.py
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ incoming_payment_details",
 
 
 class ModernTreasuryLoader(BaseLoader):
+    """Loader that fetches data from Modern Treasury."""
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         resource: str,
diff --git a/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/txt.py b/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/txt.py
index 58bed5680..e506c34b4 100644
--- a/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/txt.py
+++ b/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/txt.py
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ from langchain.schema import Document
 
 
 class TextParser(BaseBlobParser):
+    """Parser for text blobs."""
+
     def lazy_parse(self, blob: Blob) -> Iterator[Document]:
         """Lazily parse the blob."""
         yield Document(page_content=blob.as_string(), metadata={"source": blob.source})
diff --git a/langchain/document_loaders/spreedly.py b/langchain/document_loaders/spreedly.py
index 70add6da4..b471341e7 100644
--- a/langchain/document_loaders/spreedly.py
+++ b/langchain/document_loaders/spreedly.py
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ SPREEDLY_ENDPOINTS = {
 
 
 class SpreedlyLoader(BaseLoader):
+    """Loader that fetches data from Spreedly API."""
+
     def __init__(self, access_token: str, resource: str) -> None:
         self.access_token = access_token
         self.resource = resource
diff --git a/langchain/document_loaders/stripe.py b/langchain/document_loaders/stripe.py
index 6dbab180f..efc55824f 100644
--- a/langchain/document_loaders/stripe.py
+++ b/langchain/document_loaders/stripe.py
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ STRIPE_ENDPOINTS = {
 
 
 class StripeLoader(BaseLoader):
+    """Loader that fetches data from Stripe."""
+
     def __init__(self, resource: str, access_token: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
         self.resource = resource
         access_token = access_token or get_from_env(
diff --git a/langchain/document_transformers.py b/langchain/document_transformers.py
index 7f17cb689..f1290e01a 100644
--- a/langchain/document_transformers.py
+++ b/langchain/document_transformers.py
@@ -30,6 +30,14 @@ class _DocumentWithState(Document):
 def get_stateful_documents(
     documents: Sequence[Document],
 ) -> Sequence[_DocumentWithState]:
+    """Convert a list of documents to a list of documents with state.
+
+    Args:
+        documents: The documents to convert.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of documents with state.
+    """
     return [_DocumentWithState.from_document(doc) for doc in documents]
 
 
diff --git a/langchain/experimental/autonomous_agents/autogpt/output_parser.py b/langchain/experimental/autonomous_agents/autogpt/output_parser.py
index 3ce36afe0..e060495d7 100644
--- a/langchain/experimental/autonomous_agents/autogpt/output_parser.py
+++ b/langchain/experimental/autonomous_agents/autogpt/output_parser.py
@@ -18,8 +18,17 @@ class BaseAutoGPTOutputParser(BaseOutputParser):
 
 
 def preprocess_json_input(input_str: str) -> str:
-    # Replace single backslashes with double backslashes,
-    # while leaving already escaped ones intact
+    """Preprocesses a string to be parsed as json.
+
+    Replace single backslashes with double backslashes,
+    while leaving already escaped ones intact.
+
+    Args:
+        input_str: String to be preprocessed
+
+    Returns:
+        Preprocessed string
+    """
     corrected_str = re.sub(
         r'(?<!\\)\\(?!["\\/bfnrt]|u[0-9a-fA-F]{4})', r"\\\\", input_str
     )
diff --git a/langchain/experimental/plan_and_execute/executors/agent_executor.py b/langchain/experimental/plan_and_execute/executors/agent_executor.py
index 201a25dfa..26abdf2c5 100644
--- a/langchain/experimental/plan_and_execute/executors/agent_executor.py
+++ b/langchain/experimental/plan_and_execute/executors/agent_executor.py
@@ -23,6 +23,18 @@ def load_agent_executor(
     verbose: bool = False,
     include_task_in_prompt: bool = False,
 ) -> ChainExecutor:
+    """
+    Load an agent executor.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel
+        tools: List[BaseTool]
+        verbose: bool. Defaults to False.
+        include_task_in_prompt: bool. Defaults to False.
+
+    Returns:
+        ChainExecutor
+    """
     input_variables = ["previous_steps", "current_step", "agent_scratchpad"]
     template = HUMAN_MESSAGE_TEMPLATE
 
diff --git a/langchain/experimental/plan_and_execute/planners/chat_planner.py b/langchain/experimental/plan_and_execute/planners/chat_planner.py
index 58134d5cb..4b6e9da39 100644
--- a/langchain/experimental/plan_and_execute/planners/chat_planner.py
+++ b/langchain/experimental/plan_and_execute/planners/chat_planner.py
@@ -32,6 +32,15 @@ class PlanningOutputParser(PlanOutputParser):
 def load_chat_planner(
     llm: BaseLanguageModel, system_prompt: str = SYSTEM_PROMPT
 ) -> LLMPlanner:
+    """
+    Load a chat planner.
+    Args:
+        llm: Language model.
+        system_prompt: System prompt.
+
+    Returns:
+        LLMPlanner
+    """
     prompt_template = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
         [
             SystemMessage(content=system_prompt),
diff --git a/langchain/load/dump.py b/langchain/load/dump.py
index d59fb0b2c..151903712 100644
--- a/langchain/load/dump.py
+++ b/langchain/load/dump.py
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ from langchain.load.serializable import Serializable, to_json_not_implemented
 
 
 def default(obj: Any) -> Any:
+    """Return a default value for a Serializable object or
+    a SerializedNotImplemented object."""
     if isinstance(obj, Serializable):
         return obj.to_json()
     else:
@@ -12,6 +14,7 @@ def default(obj: Any) -> Any:
 
 
 def dumps(obj: Any, *, pretty: bool = False) -> str:
+    """Return a json string representation of an object."""
     if pretty:
         return json.dumps(obj, default=default, indent=2)
     else:
@@ -19,4 +22,5 @@ def dumps(obj: Any, *, pretty: bool = False) -> str:
 
 
 def dumpd(obj: Any) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """Return a json dict representation of an object."""
     return json.loads(dumps(obj))
diff --git a/langchain/load/serializable.py b/langchain/load/serializable.py
index dd9ada3a7..8f0e5ccf8 100644
--- a/langchain/load/serializable.py
+++ b/langchain/load/serializable.py
@@ -5,24 +5,34 @@ from pydantic import BaseModel, PrivateAttr
 
 
 class BaseSerialized(TypedDict):
+    """Base class for serialized objects."""
+
     lc: int
     id: List[str]
 
 
 class SerializedConstructor(BaseSerialized):
+    """Serialized constructor."""
+
     type: Literal["constructor"]
     kwargs: Dict[str, Any]
 
 
 class SerializedSecret(BaseSerialized):
+    """Serialized secret."""
+
     type: Literal["secret"]
 
 
 class SerializedNotImplemented(BaseSerialized):
+    """Serialized not implemented."""
+
     type: Literal["not_implemented"]
 
 
 class Serializable(BaseModel, ABC):
+    """Serializable base class."""
+
     @property
     def lc_serializable(self) -> bool:
         """
@@ -130,6 +140,14 @@ def _replace_secrets(
 
 
 def to_json_not_implemented(obj: object) -> SerializedNotImplemented:
+    """Serialize a "not implemented" object.
+
+    Args:
+        obj: object to serialize
+
+    Returns:
+        SerializedNotImplemented
+    """
     _id: List[str] = []
     try:
         if hasattr(obj, "__name__"):
diff --git a/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/postgres.py b/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/postgres.py
index 4080acf9b..1b3ee7200 100644
--- a/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/postgres.py
+++ b/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/postgres.py
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ DEFAULT_CONNECTION_STRING = "postgresql://postgres:mypassword@localhost/chat_his
 
 
 class PostgresChatMessageHistory(BaseChatMessageHistory):
+    """Chat message history stored in a Postgres database."""
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         session_id: str,
diff --git a/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/redis.py b/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/redis.py
index b32ece7b6..33c965ebd 100644
--- a/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/redis.py
+++ b/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/redis.py
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class RedisChatMessageHistory(BaseChatMessageHistory):
+    """Chat message history stored in a Redis database."""
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         session_id: str,
diff --git a/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/sql.py b/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/sql.py
index 94b26c50e..9520d159e 100644
--- a/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/sql.py
+++ b/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/sql.py
@@ -21,6 +21,17 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 def create_message_model(table_name, DynamicBase):  # type: ignore
+    """
+    Create a message model for a given table name.
+    Args:
+        table_name: The name of the table to use.
+        DynamicBase: The base class to use for the model.
+
+    Returns:
+        The model class.
+
+    """
+
     # Model decleared inside a function to have a dynamic table name
     class Message(DynamicBase):
         __tablename__ = table_name
@@ -32,6 +43,8 @@ def create_message_model(table_name, DynamicBase):  # type: ignore
 
 
 class SQLChatMessageHistory(BaseChatMessageHistory):
+    """Chat message history stored in an SQL database."""
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         session_id: str,
diff --git a/langchain/memory/utils.py b/langchain/memory/utils.py
index ecff26241..4e1e7efb9 100644
--- a/langchain/memory/utils.py
+++ b/langchain/memory/utils.py
@@ -4,6 +4,16 @@ from langchain.schema import get_buffer_string  # noqa: 401
 
 
 def get_prompt_input_key(inputs: Dict[str, Any], memory_variables: List[str]) -> str:
+    """
+    Get the prompt input key.
+
+    Args:
+        inputs: Dict[str, Any]
+        memory_variables: List[str]
+
+    Returns:
+        A prompt input key.
+    """
     # "stop" is a special key that can be passed as input but is not used to
     # format the prompt.
     prompt_input_keys = list(set(inputs).difference(memory_variables + ["stop"]))
diff --git a/langchain/output_parsers/json.py b/langchain/output_parsers/json.py
index f7f34b084..7ac22b025 100644
--- a/langchain/output_parsers/json.py
+++ b/langchain/output_parsers/json.py
@@ -8,6 +8,15 @@ from langchain.schema import OutputParserException
 
 
 def parse_json_markdown(json_string: str) -> dict:
+    """
+    Parse a JSON string from a Markdown string.
+
+    Args:
+        json_string: The Markdown string.
+
+    Returns:
+        The parsed JSON object as a Python dictionary.
+    """
     # Try to find JSON string within triple backticks
     match = re.search(r"```(json)?(.*?)```", json_string, re.DOTALL)
 
@@ -28,6 +37,17 @@ def parse_json_markdown(json_string: str) -> dict:
 
 
 def parse_and_check_json_markdown(text: str, expected_keys: List[str]) -> dict:
+    """
+    Parse a JSON string from a Markdown string and check that it
+    contains the expected keys.
+
+    Args:
+        text: The Markdown string.
+        expected_keys: The expected keys in the JSON string.
+
+    Returns:
+        The parsed JSON object as a Python dictionary.
+    """
     try:
         json_obj = parse_json_markdown(text)
     except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
diff --git a/langchain/prompts/base.py b/langchain/prompts/base.py
index 9e1f65158..d8fa2dbdf 100644
--- a/langchain/prompts/base.py
+++ b/langchain/prompts/base.py
@@ -28,6 +28,14 @@ def jinja2_formatter(template: str, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
 
 
 def validate_jinja2(template: str, input_variables: List[str]) -> None:
+    """
+    Validate that the input variables are valid for the template.
+    Raise an exception if missing or extra variables are found.
+
+    Args:
+        template: The template string.
+        input_variables: The input variables.
+    """
     input_variables_set = set(input_variables)
     valid_variables = _get_jinja2_variables_from_template(template)
     missing_variables = valid_variables - input_variables_set
diff --git a/langchain/retrievers/databerry.py b/langchain/retrievers/databerry.py
index 71da972d7..bfc6abaa7 100644
--- a/langchain/retrievers/databerry.py
+++ b/langchain/retrievers/databerry.py
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ from langchain.schema import BaseRetriever, Document
 
 
 class DataberryRetriever(BaseRetriever):
+    """Retriever that uses the Databerry API."""
+
     datastore_url: str
     top_k: Optional[int]
     api_key: Optional[str]
diff --git a/langchain/retrievers/docarray.py b/langchain/retrievers/docarray.py
index 57b5eaafc..ee0896a91 100644
--- a/langchain/retrievers/docarray.py
+++ b/langchain/retrievers/docarray.py
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ from langchain.vectorstores.utils import maximal_marginal_relevance
 
 
 class SearchType(str, Enum):
+    """Enumerator of the types of search to perform."""
+
     similarity = "similarity"
     mmr = "mmr"
 
diff --git a/langchain/retrievers/knn.py b/langchain/retrievers/knn.py
index 362a0ec2a..a7ab478d3 100644
--- a/langchain/retrievers/knn.py
+++ b/langchain/retrievers/knn.py
@@ -15,11 +15,23 @@ from langchain.schema import BaseRetriever, Document
 
 
 def create_index(contexts: List[str], embeddings: Embeddings) -> np.ndarray:
+    """
+    Create an index of embeddings for a list of contexts.
+
+    Args:
+        contexts: List of contexts to embed.
+        embeddings: Embeddings model to use.
+
+    Returns:
+        Index of embeddings.
+    """
     with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor() as executor:
         return np.array(list(executor.map(embeddings.embed_query, contexts)))
 
 
 class KNNRetriever(BaseRetriever, BaseModel):
+    """KNN Retriever."""
+
     embeddings: Embeddings
     index: Any
     texts: List[str]
diff --git a/langchain/retrievers/metal.py b/langchain/retrievers/metal.py
index dcaad005f..561f8dab3 100644
--- a/langchain/retrievers/metal.py
+++ b/langchain/retrievers/metal.py
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ from langchain.schema import BaseRetriever, Document
 
 
 class MetalRetriever(BaseRetriever):
+    """Retriever that uses the Metal API."""
+
     def __init__(self, client: Any, params: Optional[dict] = None):
         from metal_sdk.metal import Metal
 
diff --git a/langchain/retrievers/milvus.py b/langchain/retrievers/milvus.py
index 58f1bf23c..2260aa37b 100644
--- a/langchain/retrievers/milvus.py
+++ b/langchain/retrievers/milvus.py
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ from langchain.vectorstores.milvus import Milvus
 
 
 class MilvusRetriever(BaseRetriever):
+    """Retriever that uses the Milvus API."""
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         embedding_function: Embeddings,
@@ -45,6 +47,15 @@ class MilvusRetriever(BaseRetriever):
 
 
 def MilvusRetreiver(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> MilvusRetriever:
+    """Deprecated MilvusRetreiver. Please use MilvusRetriever ('i' before 'e') instead.
+
+    Args:
+        *args:
+        **kwargs:
+
+    Returns:
+        MilvusRetriever
+    """
     warnings.warn(
         "MilvusRetreiver will be deprecated in the future. "
         "Please use MilvusRetriever ('i' before 'e') instead.",
diff --git a/langchain/retrievers/pinecone_hybrid_search.py b/langchain/retrievers/pinecone_hybrid_search.py
index bd04a296a..ea6c3efcb 100644
--- a/langchain/retrievers/pinecone_hybrid_search.py
+++ b/langchain/retrievers/pinecone_hybrid_search.py
@@ -9,6 +9,14 @@ from langchain.schema import BaseRetriever, Document
 
 
 def hash_text(text: str) -> str:
+    """Hash a text using SHA256.
+
+    Args:
+        text: Text to hash.
+
+    Returns:
+        Hashed text.
+    """
     return str(hashlib.sha256(text.encode("utf-8")).hexdigest())
 
 
@@ -20,6 +28,18 @@ def create_index(
     ids: Optional[List[str]] = None,
     metadatas: Optional[List[dict]] = None,
 ) -> None:
+    """
+    Create a Pinecone index from a list of contexts.
+    Modifies the index argument in-place.
+
+    Args:
+        contexts: List of contexts to embed.
+        index: Pinecone index to use.
+        embeddings: Embeddings model to use.
+        sparse_encoder: Sparse encoder to use.
+        ids: List of ids to use for the documents.
+        metadatas: List of metadata to use for the documents.
+    """
     batch_size = 32
     _iterator = range(0, len(contexts), batch_size)
     try:
diff --git a/langchain/retrievers/self_query/myscale.py b/langchain/retrievers/self_query/myscale.py
index de9ab5b6a..cb6d147f2 100644
--- a/langchain/retrievers/self_query/myscale.py
+++ b/langchain/retrievers/self_query/myscale.py
@@ -13,6 +13,16 @@ from langchain.chains.query_constructor.ir import (
 
 
 def DEFAULT_COMPOSER(op_name: str) -> Callable:
+    """
+    Default composer for logical operators.
+
+    Args:
+        op_name: Name of the operator.
+
+    Returns:
+        Callable that takes a list of arguments and returns a string.
+    """
+
     def f(*args: Any) -> str:
         args_: map[str] = map(str, args)
         return f" {op_name} ".join(args_)
@@ -21,6 +31,15 @@ def DEFAULT_COMPOSER(op_name: str) -> Callable:
 
 
 def FUNCTION_COMPOSER(op_name: str) -> Callable:
+    """
+    Composer for functions.
+    Args:
+        op_name: Name of the function.
+
+    Returns:
+        Callable that takes a list of arguments and returns a string.
+    """
+
     def f(*args: Any) -> str:
         args_: map[str] = map(str, args)
         return f"{op_name}({','.join(args_)})"
diff --git a/langchain/retrievers/svm.py b/langchain/retrievers/svm.py
index 694ac9789..15fe8e7fa 100644
--- a/langchain/retrievers/svm.py
+++ b/langchain/retrievers/svm.py
@@ -15,11 +15,22 @@ from langchain.schema import BaseRetriever, Document
 
 
 def create_index(contexts: List[str], embeddings: Embeddings) -> np.ndarray:
+    """
+    Create an index of embeddings for a list of contexts.
+    Args:
+        contexts: List of contexts to embed.
+        embeddings: Embeddings model to use.
+
+    Returns:
+        Index of embeddings.
+    """
     with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor() as executor:
         return np.array(list(executor.map(embeddings.embed_query, contexts)))
 
 
 class SVMRetriever(BaseRetriever, BaseModel):
+    """SVM Retriever."""
+
     embeddings: Embeddings
     index: Any
     texts: List[str]
diff --git a/langchain/retrievers/vespa_retriever.py b/langchain/retrievers/vespa_retriever.py
index 112f8640a..cd6cd62e7 100644
--- a/langchain/retrievers/vespa_retriever.py
+++ b/langchain/retrievers/vespa_retriever.py
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 
 
 class VespaRetriever(BaseRetriever):
+    """Retriever that uses the Vespa."""
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         app: Vespa,
diff --git a/langchain/retrievers/zilliz.py b/langchain/retrievers/zilliz.py
index d64a49758..52f567e8e 100644
--- a/langchain/retrievers/zilliz.py
+++ b/langchain/retrievers/zilliz.py
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ from langchain.vectorstores.zilliz import Zilliz
 
 
 class ZillizRetriever(BaseRetriever):
+    """Retriever that uses the Zilliz API."""
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         embedding_function: Embeddings,
@@ -45,6 +47,15 @@ class ZillizRetriever(BaseRetriever):
 
 
 def ZillizRetreiver(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> ZillizRetriever:
+    """
+    Deprecated ZillizRetreiver. Please use ZillizRetriever ('i' before 'e') instead.
+    Args:
+        *args:
+        **kwargs:
+
+    Returns:
+        ZillizRetriever
+    """
     warnings.warn(
         "ZillizRetreiver will be deprecated in the future. "
         "Please use ZillizRetriever ('i' before 'e') instead.",
diff --git a/langchain/schema.py b/langchain/schema.py
index b8d75d2b1..b678d10cf 100644
--- a/langchain/schema.py
+++ b/langchain/schema.py
@@ -145,6 +145,14 @@ def _message_to_dict(message: BaseMessage) -> dict:
 
 
 def messages_to_dict(messages: List[BaseMessage]) -> List[dict]:
+    """Convert messages to dict.
+
+    Args:
+        messages: List of messages to convert.
+
+    Returns:
+        List of dicts.
+    """
     return [_message_to_dict(m) for m in messages]
 
 
@@ -163,6 +171,14 @@ def _message_from_dict(message: dict) -> BaseMessage:
 
 
 def messages_from_dict(messages: List[dict]) -> List[BaseMessage]:
+    """Convert messages from dict.
+
+    Args:
+        messages: List of messages (dicts) to convert.
+
+    Returns:
+        List of messages (BaseMessages).
+    """
     return [_message_from_dict(m) for m in messages]
 
 
@@ -308,6 +324,8 @@ class Document(Serializable):
 
 
 class BaseRetriever(ABC):
+    """Base interface for retrievers."""
+
     @abstractmethod
     def get_relevant_documents(self, query: str) -> List[Document]:
         """Get documents relevant for a query.
diff --git a/langchain/text_splitter.py b/langchain/text_splitter.py
index 25fa4bd4d..5fe995c95 100644
--- a/langchain/text_splitter.py
+++ b/langchain/text_splitter.py
@@ -258,11 +258,15 @@ class CharacterTextSplitter(TextSplitter):
 
 
 class LineType(TypedDict):
+    """Line type as typed dict."""
+
     metadata: Dict[str, str]
     content: str
 
 
 class HeaderType(TypedDict):
+    """Header type as typed dict."""
+
     level: int
     name: str
     data: str
diff --git a/langchain/tools/ddg_search/tool.py b/langchain/tools/ddg_search/tool.py
index c0f9b4507..2020b3134 100644
--- a/langchain/tools/ddg_search/tool.py
+++ b/langchain/tools/ddg_search/tool.py
@@ -75,6 +75,16 @@ class DuckDuckGoSearchResults(BaseTool):
 
 
 def DuckDuckGoSearchTool(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> DuckDuckGoSearchRun:
+    """
+    Deprecated. Use DuckDuckGoSearchRun instead.
+
+    Args:
+        *args:
+        **kwargs:
+
+    Returns:
+        DuckDuckGoSearchRun
+    """
     warnings.warn(
         "DuckDuckGoSearchTool will be deprecated in the future. "
         "Please use DuckDuckGoSearchRun instead.",
diff --git a/langchain/tools/gmail/search.py b/langchain/tools/gmail/search.py
index 7040b56e8..48d0d4d25 100644
--- a/langchain/tools/gmail/search.py
+++ b/langchain/tools/gmail/search.py
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ from langchain.tools.gmail.utils import clean_email_body
 
 
 class Resource(str, Enum):
+    """Enumerator of Resources to search."""
+
     THREADS = "threads"
     MESSAGES = "messages"
 
diff --git a/langchain/tools/gmail/utils.py b/langchain/tools/gmail/utils.py
index 2c94b43df..d6e07445b 100644
--- a/langchain/tools/gmail/utils.py
+++ b/langchain/tools/gmail/utils.py
@@ -16,12 +16,17 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 def import_google() -> Tuple[Request, Credentials]:
+    """Import google libraries.
+
+    Returns:
+        Tuple[Request, Credentials]: Request and Credentials classes.
+    """
     # google-auth-httplib2
     try:
         from google.auth.transport.requests import Request  # noqa: F401
         from google.oauth2.credentials import Credentials  # noqa: F401
     except ImportError:
-        raise ValueError(
+        raise ImportError(
             "You need to install google-auth-httplib2 to use this toolkit. "
             "Try running pip install --upgrade google-auth-httplib2"
         )
@@ -29,6 +34,11 @@ def import_google() -> Tuple[Request, Credentials]:
 
 
 def import_installed_app_flow() -> InstalledAppFlow:
+    """Import InstalledAppFlow class.
+
+    Returns:
+        InstalledAppFlow: InstalledAppFlow class.
+    """
     try:
         from google_auth_oauthlib.flow import InstalledAppFlow
     except ImportError:
@@ -40,6 +50,11 @@ def import_installed_app_flow() -> InstalledAppFlow:
 
 
 def import_googleapiclient_resource_builder() -> build_resource:
+    """Import googleapiclient.discovery.build function.
+
+    Returns:
+        build_resource: googleapiclient.discovery.build function.
+    """
     try:
         from googleapiclient.discovery import build
     except ImportError:
diff --git a/langchain/tools/playwright/base.py b/langchain/tools/playwright/base.py
index 1220cbe80..99f9e6cc5 100644
--- a/langchain/tools/playwright/base.py
+++ b/langchain/tools/playwright/base.py
@@ -19,6 +19,13 @@ else:
 
 
 def lazy_import_playwright_browsers() -> Tuple[Type[AsyncBrowser], Type[SyncBrowser]]:
+    """
+    Lazy import playwright browsers.
+
+    Returns:
+        Tuple[Type[AsyncBrowser], Type[SyncBrowser]]:
+            AsyncBrowser and SyncBrowser classes.
+    """
     try:
         from playwright.async_api import Browser as AsyncBrowser  # noqa: F401
         from playwright.sync_api import Browser as SyncBrowser  # noqa: F401
diff --git a/langchain/tools/playwright/utils.py b/langchain/tools/playwright/utils.py
index b48ce1f3d..6bbb62f03 100644
--- a/langchain/tools/playwright/utils.py
+++ b/langchain/tools/playwright/utils.py
@@ -12,6 +12,15 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 
 
 async def aget_current_page(browser: AsyncBrowser) -> AsyncPage:
+    """
+    Asynchronously get the current page of the browser.
+
+    Args:
+        browser: The browser (AsyncBrowser) to get the current page from.
+
+    Returns:
+        AsyncPage: The current page.
+    """
     if not browser.contexts:
         context = await browser.new_context()
         return await context.new_page()
@@ -23,6 +32,14 @@ async def aget_current_page(browser: AsyncBrowser) -> AsyncPage:
 
 
 def get_current_page(browser: SyncBrowser) -> SyncPage:
+    """
+    Get the current page of the browser.
+    Args:
+        browser: The browser to get the current page from.
+
+    Returns:
+        SyncPage: The current page.
+    """
     if not browser.contexts:
         context = browser.new_context()
         return context.new_page()
@@ -34,6 +51,15 @@ def get_current_page(browser: SyncBrowser) -> SyncPage:
 
 
 def create_async_playwright_browser(headless: bool = True) -> AsyncBrowser:
+    """
+    Create a async playwright browser.
+
+    Args:
+        headless: Whether to run the browser in headless mode. Defaults to True.
+
+    Returns:
+        AsyncBrowser: The playwright browser.
+    """
     from playwright.async_api import async_playwright
 
     browser = run_async(async_playwright().start())
@@ -41,6 +67,15 @@ def create_async_playwright_browser(headless: bool = True) -> AsyncBrowser:
 
 
 def create_sync_playwright_browser(headless: bool = True) -> SyncBrowser:
+    """
+    Create a playwright browser.
+
+    Args:
+        headless: Whether to run the browser in headless mode. Defaults to True.
+
+    Returns:
+        SyncBrowser: The playwright browser.
+    """
     from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright
 
     browser = sync_playwright().start()
@@ -51,5 +86,13 @@ T = TypeVar("T")
 
 
 def run_async(coro: Coroutine[Any, Any, T]) -> T:
+    """
+
+    Args:
+        coro: The coroutine to run. Coroutine[Any, Any, T]
+
+    Returns:
+        T: The result of the coroutine.
+    """
     event_loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
     return event_loop.run_until_complete(coro)
diff --git a/langchain/tools/plugin.py b/langchain/tools/plugin.py
index f452890b4..42493efb4 100644
--- a/langchain/tools/plugin.py
+++ b/langchain/tools/plugin.py
@@ -42,7 +42,14 @@ class AIPlugin(BaseModel):
 
 
 def marshal_spec(txt: str) -> dict:
-    """Convert the yaml or json serialized spec to a dict."""
+    """Convert the yaml or json serialized spec to a dict.
+
+    Args:
+        txt: The yaml or json serialized spec.
+
+    Returns:
+        dict: The spec as a dict.
+    """
     try:
         return json.loads(txt)
     except json.JSONDecodeError:
diff --git a/langchain/tools/python/tool.py b/langchain/tools/python/tool.py
index ddc986816..25f46031a 100644
--- a/langchain/tools/python/tool.py
+++ b/langchain/tools/python/tool.py
@@ -22,7 +22,15 @@ def _get_default_python_repl() -> PythonREPL:
 
 
 def sanitize_input(query: str) -> str:
-    # Remove whitespace, backtick & python (if llm mistakes python console as terminal)
+    """Sanitize input to the python REPL.
+    Remove whitespace, backtick & python (if llm mistakes python console as terminal)
+
+    Args:
+        query: The query to sanitize
+
+    Returns:
+        str: The sanitized query
+    """
 
     # Removes `, whitespace & python from start
     query = re.sub(r"^(\s|`)*(?i:python)?\s*", "", query)
diff --git a/langchain/utils.py b/langchain/utils.py
index 60aa3137e..c9c48e2bb 100644
--- a/langchain/utils.py
+++ b/langchain/utils.py
@@ -66,6 +66,14 @@ def raise_for_status_with_text(response: Response) -> None:
 
 
 def stringify_value(val: Any) -> str:
+    """Stringify a value.
+
+    Args:
+        val: The value to stringify.
+
+    Returns:
+        str: The stringified value.
+    """
     if isinstance(val, str):
         return val
     elif isinstance(val, dict):
@@ -77,6 +85,14 @@ def stringify_value(val: Any) -> str:
 
 
 def stringify_dict(data: dict) -> str:
+    """Stringify a dictionary.
+
+    Args:
+        data: The dictionary to stringify.
+
+    Returns:
+        str: The stringified dictionary.
+    """
     text = ""
     for key, value in data.items():
         text += key + ": " + stringify_value(value) + "\n"
diff --git a/langchain/vectorstores/alibabacloud_opensearch.py b/langchain/vectorstores/alibabacloud_opensearch.py
index 38c60955c..10385e568 100644
--- a/langchain/vectorstores/alibabacloud_opensearch.py
+++ b/langchain/vectorstores/alibabacloud_opensearch.py
@@ -72,6 +72,14 @@ class AlibabaCloudOpenSearchSettings:
 
 
 def create_metadata(fields: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """Create metadata from fields.
+
+    Args:
+        fields: The fields of the document. The fields must be a dict.
+
+    Returns:
+        metadata: The metadata of the document. The metadata must be a dict.
+    """
     metadata: Dict[str, Any] = {}
     for key, value in fields.items():
         if key == "id" or key == "document" or key == "embedding":
@@ -81,6 +89,8 @@ def create_metadata(fields: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
 
 
 class AlibabaCloudOpenSearch(VectorStore):
+    """Alibaba Cloud OpenSearch Vector Store"""
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         embedding: Embeddings,
diff --git a/langchain/vectorstores/analyticdb.py b/langchain/vectorstores/analyticdb.py
index b93172a9c..5d422a3be 100644
--- a/langchain/vectorstores/analyticdb.py
+++ b/langchain/vectorstores/analyticdb.py
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ Base = declarative_base()  # type: Any
 
 
 class AnalyticDB(VectorStore):
-    """
-    VectorStore implementation using AnalyticDB.
+    """VectorStore implementation using AnalyticDB.
+
     AnalyticDB is a distributed full PostgresSQL syntax cloud-native database.
     - `connection_string` is a postgres connection string.
     - `embedding_function` any embedding function implementing
diff --git a/langchain/vectorstores/clickhouse.py b/langchain/vectorstores/clickhouse.py
index 62c3a9432..e6e586b2d 100644
--- a/langchain/vectorstores/clickhouse.py
+++ b/langchain/vectorstores/clickhouse.py
@@ -18,6 +18,15 @@ logger = logging.getLogger()
 
 
 def has_mul_sub_str(s: str, *args: Any) -> bool:
+    """
+    Check if a string contains multiple substrings.
+    Args:
+        s: string to check.
+        *args: substrings to check.
+
+    Returns:
+        True if all substrings are in the string, False otherwise.
+    """
     for a in args:
         if a not in s:
             return False
diff --git a/langchain/vectorstores/hologres.py b/langchain/vectorstores/hologres.py
index b19dbbbb8..76fea9562 100644
--- a/langchain/vectorstores/hologres.py
+++ b/langchain/vectorstores/hologres.py
@@ -104,8 +104,8 @@ document text);"""
 
 
 class Hologres(VectorStore):
-    """
-    VectorStore implementation using Hologres.
+    """VectorStore implementation using Hologres.
+
     - `connection_string` is a hologres connection string.
     - `embedding_function` any embedding function implementing
         `langchain.embeddings.base.Embeddings` interface.
diff --git a/langchain/vectorstores/myscale.py b/langchain/vectorstores/myscale.py
index fbea41ae2..bf5897ad1 100644
--- a/langchain/vectorstores/myscale.py
+++ b/langchain/vectorstores/myscale.py
@@ -17,6 +17,15 @@ logger = logging.getLogger()
 
 
 def has_mul_sub_str(s: str, *args: Any) -> bool:
+    """
+    Check if a string contains multiple substrings.
+    Args:
+        s: string to check.
+        *args: substrings to check.
+
+    Returns:
+        True if all substrings are in the string, False otherwise.
+    """
     for a in args:
         if a not in s:
             return False
diff --git a/langchain/vectorstores/pgvector.py b/langchain/vectorstores/pgvector.py
index 0e99f5007..59d1c8f78 100644
--- a/langchain/vectorstores/pgvector.py
+++ b/langchain/vectorstores/pgvector.py
@@ -93,6 +93,8 @@ class QueryResult:
 
 
 class DistanceStrategy(str, enum.Enum):
+    """Enumerator of the Distance strategies."""
+
     EUCLIDEAN = EmbeddingStore.embedding.l2_distance
     COSINE = EmbeddingStore.embedding.cosine_distance
     MAX_INNER_PRODUCT = EmbeddingStore.embedding.max_inner_product
diff --git a/langchain/vectorstores/singlestoredb.py b/langchain/vectorstores/singlestoredb.py
index 65fa52673..2e2f7a98b 100644
--- a/langchain/vectorstores/singlestoredb.py
+++ b/langchain/vectorstores/singlestoredb.py
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ from langchain.vectorstores.base import VectorStore, VectorStoreRetriever
 
 
 class DistanceStrategy(str, enum.Enum):
+    """Enumerator of the Distance strategies for SingleStoreDB."""
+
     EUCLIDEAN_DISTANCE = "EUCLIDEAN_DISTANCE"
     DOT_PRODUCT = "DOT_PRODUCT"
 
@@ -37,6 +39,7 @@ ORDERING_DIRECTIVE: dict = {
 class SingleStoreDB(VectorStore):
     """
     This class serves as a Pythonic interface to the SingleStore DB database.
+
     The prerequisite for using this class is the installation of the ``singlestoredb``
     Python package.
 
@@ -445,6 +448,8 @@ class SingleStoreDB(VectorStore):
 
 
 class SingleStoreDBRetriever(VectorStoreRetriever):
+    """Retriever for SingleStoreDB vector stores."""
+
     vectorstore: SingleStoreDB
     k: int = 4
     allowed_search_types: ClassVar[Collection[str]] = ("similarity",)
diff --git a/langchain/vectorstores/sklearn.py b/langchain/vectorstores/sklearn.py
index a2cf77e68..e13f0d15e 100644
--- a/langchain/vectorstores/sklearn.py
+++ b/langchain/vectorstores/sklearn.py
@@ -119,6 +119,8 @@ SERIALIZER_MAP: Dict[str, Type[BaseSerializer]] = {
 
 
 class SKLearnVectorStoreException(RuntimeError):
+    """Exception raised by SKLearnVectorStore."""
+
     pass
 
 
diff --git a/langchain/vectorstores/starrocks.py b/langchain/vectorstores/starrocks.py
index db2e038fb..add922595 100644
--- a/langchain/vectorstores/starrocks.py
+++ b/langchain/vectorstores/starrocks.py
@@ -19,6 +19,15 @@ DEBUG = False
 
 
 def has_mul_sub_str(s: str, *args: Any) -> bool:
+    """
+    Check if a string has multiple substrings.
+    Args:
+        s: The string to check
+        *args: The substrings to check for in the string
+
+    Returns:
+        bool: True if all substrings are present in the string, False otherwise
+    """
     for a in args:
         if a not in s:
             return False
@@ -26,11 +35,25 @@ def has_mul_sub_str(s: str, *args: Any) -> bool:
 
 
 def debug_output(s: Any) -> None:
+    """
+    Print a debug message if DEBUG is True.
+    Args:
+        s: The message to print
+    """
     if DEBUG:
         print(s)
 
 
 def get_named_result(connection: Any, query: str) -> List[dict[str, Any]]:
+    """
+    Get a named result from a query.
+    Args:
+        connection: The connection to the database
+        query: The query to execute
+
+    Returns:
+        List[dict[str, Any]]: The result of the query
+    """
     cursor = connection.cursor()
     cursor.execute(query)
     columns = cursor.description
diff --git a/langchain/vectorstores/tair.py b/langchain/vectorstores/tair.py
index 75a98aadf..44b01c4f5 100644
--- a/langchain/vectorstores/tair.py
+++ b/langchain/vectorstores/tair.py
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ def _uuid_key() -> str:
 
 
 class Tair(VectorStore):
+    """Wrapper around Tair Vector store."""
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         embedding_function: Embeddings,
@@ -34,7 +36,7 @@ class Tair(VectorStore):
         try:
             from tair import Tair as TairClient
         except ImportError:
-            raise ValueError(
+            raise ImportError(
                 "Could not import tair python package. "
                 "Please install it with `pip install tair`."
             )