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=======================================
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The Often Misunderstood GEP Instruction
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=======================================
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.. contents::
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:local:
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Introduction
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============
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This document seeks to dispel the mystery and confusion surrounding LLVM's
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`GetElementPtr <LangRef.html#i_getelementptr>`_ (GEP) instruction. Questions
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about the wily GEP instruction are probably the most frequently occurring
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questions once a developer gets down to coding with LLVM. Here we lay out the
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sources of confusion and show that the GEP instruction is really quite simple.
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Address Computation
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===================
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When people are first confronted with the GEP instruction, they tend to relate
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it to known concepts from other programming paradigms, most notably C array
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indexing and field selection. GEP closely resembles C array indexing and field
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selection, however it is a little different and this leads to the following
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questions.
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What is the first index of the GEP instruction?
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-----------------------------------------------
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Quick answer: The index stepping through the first operand.
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The confusion with the first index usually arises from thinking about the
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GetElementPtr instruction as if it was a C index operator. They aren't the
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same. For example, when we write, in "C":
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.. code-block:: c++
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AType *Foo;
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...
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X = &Foo->F;
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it is natural to think that there is only one index, the selection of the field
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``F``. However, in this example, ``Foo`` is a pointer. That pointer
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must be indexed explicitly in LLVM. C, on the other hand, indices through it
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transparently. To arrive at the same address location as the C code, you would
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provide the GEP instruction with two index operands. The first operand indexes
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through the pointer; the second operand indexes the field ``F`` of the
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structure, just as if you wrote:
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.. code-block:: c++
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X = &Foo[0].F;
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Sometimes this question gets rephrased as:
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.. _GEP index through first pointer:
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*Why is it okay to index through the first pointer, but subsequent pointers
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won't be dereferenced?*
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The answer is simply because memory does not have to be accessed to perform the
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computation. The first operand to the GEP instruction must be a value of a
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pointer type. The value of the pointer is provided directly to the GEP
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instruction as an operand without any need for accessing memory. It must,
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therefore be indexed and requires an index operand. Consider this example:
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.. code-block:: c++
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struct munger_struct {
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int f1;
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int f2;
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};
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void munge(struct munger_struct *P) {
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P[0].f1 = P[1].f1 + P[2].f2;
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}
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...
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munger_struct Array[3];
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...
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munge(Array);
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In this "C" example, the front end compiler (Clang) will generate three GEP
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instructions for the three indices through "P" in the assignment statement. The
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function argument ``P`` will be the first operand of each of these GEP
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instructions. The second operand indexes through that pointer. The third
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operand will be the field offset into the ``struct munger_struct`` type, for
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either the ``f1`` or ``f2`` field. So, in LLVM assembly the ``munge`` function
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looks like:
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.. code-block:: llvm
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void %munge(%struct.munger_struct* %P) {
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entry:
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%tmp = getelementptr %struct.munger_struct, %struct.munger_struct* %P, i32 1, i32 0
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%tmp = load i32* %tmp
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%tmp6 = getelementptr %struct.munger_struct, %struct.munger_struct* %P, i32 2, i32 1
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%tmp7 = load i32* %tmp6
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%tmp8 = add i32 %tmp7, %tmp
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%tmp9 = getelementptr %struct.munger_struct, %struct.munger_struct* %P, i32 0, i32 0
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store i32 %tmp8, i32* %tmp9
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ret void
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}
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In each case the first operand is the pointer through which the GEP instruction
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starts. The same is true whether the first operand is an argument, allocated
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memory, or a global variable.
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To make this clear, let's consider a more obtuse example:
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.. code-block:: text
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%MyVar = uninitialized global i32
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...
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%idx1 = getelementptr i32, i32* %MyVar, i64 0
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%idx2 = getelementptr i32, i32* %MyVar, i64 1
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%idx3 = getelementptr i32, i32* %MyVar, i64 2
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These GEP instructions are simply making address computations from the base
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address of ``MyVar``. They compute, as follows (using C syntax):
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.. code-block:: c++
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idx1 = (char*) &MyVar + 0
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idx2 = (char*) &MyVar + 4
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idx3 = (char*) &MyVar + 8
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Since the type ``i32`` is known to be four bytes long, the indices 0, 1 and 2
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translate into memory offsets of 0, 4, and 8, respectively. No memory is
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accessed to make these computations because the address of ``%MyVar`` is passed
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directly to the GEP instructions.
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The obtuse part of this example is in the cases of ``%idx2`` and ``%idx3``. They
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result in the computation of addresses that point to memory past the end of the
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``%MyVar`` global, which is only one ``i32`` long, not three ``i32``\s long.
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While this is legal in LLVM, it is inadvisable because any load or store with
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the pointer that results from these GEP instructions would produce undefined
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results.
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Why is the extra 0 index required?
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----------------------------------
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Quick answer: there are no superfluous indices.
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This question arises most often when the GEP instruction is applied to a global
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variable which is always a pointer type. For example, consider this:
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.. code-block:: text
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%MyStruct = uninitialized global { float*, i32 }
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...
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%idx = getelementptr { float*, i32 }, { float*, i32 }* %MyStruct, i64 0, i32 1
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The GEP above yields an ``i32*`` by indexing the ``i32`` typed field of the
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structure ``%MyStruct``. When people first look at it, they wonder why the ``i64
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0`` index is needed. However, a closer inspection of how globals and GEPs work
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reveals the need. Becoming aware of the following facts will dispel the
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confusion:
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#. The type of ``%MyStruct`` is *not* ``{ float*, i32 }`` but rather ``{ float*,
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i32 }*``. That is, ``%MyStruct`` is a pointer to a structure containing a
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pointer to a ``float`` and an ``i32``.
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#. Point #1 is evidenced by noticing the type of the first operand of the GEP
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instruction (``%MyStruct``) which is ``{ float*, i32 }*``.
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#. The first index, ``i64 0`` is required to step over the global variable
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``%MyStruct``. Since the first argument to the GEP instruction must always
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be a value of pointer type, the first index steps through that pointer. A
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value of 0 means 0 elements offset from that pointer.
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#. The second index, ``i32 1`` selects the second field of the structure (the
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``i32``).
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What is dereferenced by GEP?
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----------------------------
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Quick answer: nothing.
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The GetElementPtr instruction dereferences nothing. That is, it doesn't access
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memory in any way. That's what the Load and Store instructions are for. GEP is
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only involved in the computation of addresses. For example, consider this:
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.. code-block:: text
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%MyVar = uninitialized global { [40 x i32 ]* }
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...
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%idx = getelementptr { [40 x i32]* }, { [40 x i32]* }* %MyVar, i64 0, i32 0, i64 0, i64 17
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In this example, we have a global variable, ``%MyVar`` that is a pointer to a
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structure containing a pointer to an array of 40 ints. The GEP instruction seems
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to be accessing the 18th integer of the structure's array of ints. However, this
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is actually an illegal GEP instruction. It won't compile. The reason is that the
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pointer in the structure *must* be dereferenced in order to index into the
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array of 40 ints. Since the GEP instruction never accesses memory, it is
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illegal.
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In order to access the 18th integer in the array, you would need to do the
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following:
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.. code-block:: text
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%idx = getelementptr { [40 x i32]* }, { [40 x i32]* }* %, i64 0, i32 0
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%arr = load [40 x i32]** %idx
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%idx = getelementptr [40 x i32], [40 x i32]* %arr, i64 0, i64 17
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In this case, we have to load the pointer in the structure with a load
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instruction before we can index into the array. If the example was changed to:
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.. code-block:: text
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%MyVar = uninitialized global { [40 x i32 ] }
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...
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%idx = getelementptr { [40 x i32] }, { [40 x i32] }*, i64 0, i32 0, i64 17
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then everything works fine. In this case, the structure does not contain a
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pointer and the GEP instruction can index through the global variable, into the
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first field of the structure and access the 18th ``i32`` in the array there.
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Why don't GEP x,0,0,1 and GEP x,1 alias?
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----------------------------------------
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Quick Answer: They compute different address locations.
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If you look at the first indices in these GEP instructions you find that they
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are different (0 and 1), therefore the address computation diverges with that
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index. Consider this example:
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.. code-block:: llvm
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%MyVar = global { [10 x i32] }
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%idx1 = getelementptr { [10 x i32] }, { [10 x i32] }* %MyVar, i64 0, i32 0, i64 1
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%idx2 = getelementptr { [10 x i32] }, { [10 x i32] }* %MyVar, i64 1
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In this example, ``idx1`` computes the address of the second integer in the
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array that is in the structure in ``%MyVar``, that is ``MyVar+4``. The type of
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``idx1`` is ``i32*``. However, ``idx2`` computes the address of *the next*
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structure after ``%MyVar``. The type of ``idx2`` is ``{ [10 x i32] }*`` and its
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value is equivalent to ``MyVar + 40`` because it indexes past the ten 4-byte
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integers in ``MyVar``. Obviously, in such a situation, the pointers don't
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alias.
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Why do GEP x,1,0,0 and GEP x,1 alias?
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-------------------------------------
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Quick Answer: They compute the same address location.
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These two GEP instructions will compute the same address because indexing
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through the 0th element does not change the address. However, it does change the
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type. Consider this example:
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.. code-block:: llvm
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%MyVar = global { [10 x i32] }
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%idx1 = getelementptr { [10 x i32] }, { [10 x i32] }* %MyVar, i64 1, i32 0, i64 0
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%idx2 = getelementptr { [10 x i32] }, { [10 x i32] }* %MyVar, i64 1
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In this example, the value of ``%idx1`` is ``%MyVar+40`` and its type is
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``i32*``. The value of ``%idx2`` is also ``MyVar+40`` but its type is ``{ [10 x
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i32] }*``.
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Can GEP index into vector elements?
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-----------------------------------
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This hasn't always been forcefully disallowed, though it's not recommended. It
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leads to awkward special cases in the optimizers, and fundamental inconsistency
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in the IR. In the future, it will probably be outright disallowed.
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What effect do address spaces have on GEPs?
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-------------------------------------------
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None, except that the address space qualifier on the first operand pointer type
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always matches the address space qualifier on the result type.
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How is GEP different from ``ptrtoint``, arithmetic, and ``inttoptr``?
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---------------------------------------------------------------------
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It's very similar; there are only subtle differences.
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With ptrtoint, you have to pick an integer type. One approach is to pick i64;
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this is safe on everything LLVM supports (LLVM internally assumes pointers are
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never wider than 64 bits in many places), and the optimizer will actually narrow
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the i64 arithmetic down to the actual pointer size on targets which don't
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support 64-bit arithmetic in most cases. However, there are some cases where it
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doesn't do this. With GEP you can avoid this problem.
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Also, GEP carries additional pointer aliasing rules. It's invalid to take a GEP
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from one object, address into a different separately allocated object, and
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dereference it. IR producers (front-ends) must follow this rule, and consumers
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(optimizers, specifically alias analysis) benefit from being able to rely on
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it. See the `Rules`_ section for more information.
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And, GEP is more concise in common cases.
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However, for the underlying integer computation implied, there is no
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difference.
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I'm writing a backend for a target which needs custom lowering for GEP. How do I do this?
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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You don't. The integer computation implied by a GEP is target-independent.
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Typically what you'll need to do is make your backend pattern-match expressions
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trees involving ADD, MUL, etc., which are what GEP is lowered into. This has the
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advantage of letting your code work correctly in more cases.
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GEP does use target-dependent parameters for the size and layout of data types,
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which targets can customize.
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If you require support for addressing units which are not 8 bits, you'll need to
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fix a lot of code in the backend, with GEP lowering being only a small piece of
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the overall picture.
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How does VLA addressing work with GEPs?
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---------------------------------------
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GEPs don't natively support VLAs. LLVM's type system is entirely static, and GEP
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address computations are guided by an LLVM type.
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VLA indices can be implemented as linearized indices. For example, an expression
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like ``X[a][b][c]``, must be effectively lowered into a form like
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``X[a*m+b*n+c]``, so that it appears to the GEP as a single-dimensional array
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reference.
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This means if you want to write an analysis which understands array indices and
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you want to support VLAs, your code will have to be prepared to reverse-engineer
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the linearization. One way to solve this problem is to use the ScalarEvolution
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library, which always presents VLA and non-VLA indexing in the same manner.
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.. _Rules:
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Rules
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=====
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What happens if an array index is out of bounds?
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------------------------------------------------
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There are two senses in which an array index can be out of bounds.
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First, there's the array type which comes from the (static) type of the first
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operand to the GEP. Indices greater than the number of elements in the
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corresponding static array type are valid. There is no problem with out of
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bounds indices in this sense. Indexing into an array only depends on the size of
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the array element, not the number of elements.
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A common example of how this is used is arrays where the size is not known.
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It's common to use array types with zero length to represent these. The fact
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that the static type says there are zero elements is irrelevant; it's perfectly
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valid to compute arbitrary element indices, as the computation only depends on
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the size of the array element, not the number of elements. Note that zero-sized
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arrays are not a special case here.
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This sense is unconnected with ``inbounds`` keyword. The ``inbounds`` keyword is
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designed to describe low-level pointer arithmetic overflow conditions, rather
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than high-level array indexing rules.
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Analysis passes which wish to understand array indexing should not assume that
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the static array type bounds are respected.
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The second sense of being out of bounds is computing an address that's beyond
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the actual underlying allocated object.
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With the ``inbounds`` keyword, the result value of the GEP is undefined if the
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address is outside the actual underlying allocated object and not the address
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one-past-the-end.
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Without the ``inbounds`` keyword, there are no restrictions on computing
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out-of-bounds addresses. Obviously, performing a load or a store requires an
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address of allocated and sufficiently aligned memory. But the GEP itself is only
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concerned with computing addresses.
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Can array indices be negative?
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------------------------------
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Yes. This is basically a special case of array indices being out of bounds.
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Can I compare two values computed with GEPs?
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--------------------------------------------
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Yes. If both addresses are within the same allocated object, or
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one-past-the-end, you'll get the comparison result you expect. If either is
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outside of it, integer arithmetic wrapping may occur, so the comparison may not
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be meaningful.
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Can I do GEP with a different pointer type than the type of the underlying object?
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Yes. There are no restrictions on bitcasting a pointer value to an arbitrary
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pointer type. The types in a GEP serve only to define the parameters for the
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underlying integer computation. They need not correspond with the actual type of
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the underlying object.
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Furthermore, loads and stores don't have to use the same types as the type of
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the underlying object. Types in this context serve only to specify memory size
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and alignment. Beyond that there are merely a hint to the optimizer indicating
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how the value will likely be used.
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Can I cast an object's address to integer and add it to null?
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-------------------------------------------------------------
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You can compute an address that way, but if you use GEP to do the add, you can't
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use that pointer to actually access the object, unless the object is managed
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outside of LLVM.
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The underlying integer computation is sufficiently defined; null has a defined
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value --- zero --- and you can add whatever value you want to it.
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However, it's invalid to access (load from or store to) an LLVM-aware object
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with such a pointer. This includes ``GlobalVariables``, ``Allocas``, and objects
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pointed to by noalias pointers.
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If you really need this functionality, you can do the arithmetic with explicit
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integer instructions, and use inttoptr to convert the result to an address. Most
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of GEP's special aliasing rules do not apply to pointers computed from ptrtoint,
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arithmetic, and inttoptr sequences.
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Can I compute the distance between two objects, and add that value to one address to compute the other address?
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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As with arithmetic on null, you can use GEP to compute an address that way, but
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you can't use that pointer to actually access the object if you do, unless the
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object is managed outside of LLVM.
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Also as above, ptrtoint and inttoptr provide an alternative way to do this which
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do not have this restriction.
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Can I do type-based alias analysis on LLVM IR?
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----------------------------------------------
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You can't do type-based alias analysis using LLVM's built-in type system,
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because LLVM has no restrictions on mixing types in addressing, loads or stores.
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LLVM's type-based alias analysis pass uses metadata to describe a different type
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system (such as the C type system), and performs type-based aliasing on top of
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that. Further details are in the `language reference <LangRef.html#tbaa>`_.
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What happens if a GEP computation overflows?
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--------------------------------------------
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If the GEP lacks the ``inbounds`` keyword, the value is the result from
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evaluating the implied two's complement integer computation. However, since
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there's no guarantee of where an object will be allocated in the address space,
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such values have limited meaning.
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If the GEP has the ``inbounds`` keyword, the result value is undefined (a "trap
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value") if the GEP overflows (i.e. wraps around the end of the address space).
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As such, there are some ramifications of this for inbounds GEPs: scales implied
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by array/vector/pointer indices are always known to be "nsw" since they are
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signed values that are scaled by the element size. These values are also
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allowed to be negative (e.g. "``gep i32 *%P, i32 -1``") but the pointer itself
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is logically treated as an unsigned value. This means that GEPs have an
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asymmetric relation between the pointer base (which is treated as unsigned) and
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the offset applied to it (which is treated as signed). The result of the
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additions within the offset calculation cannot have signed overflow, but when
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applied to the base pointer, there can be signed overflow.
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How can I tell if my front-end is following the rules?
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------------------------------------------------------
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There is currently no checker for the getelementptr rules. Currently, the only
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way to do this is to manually check each place in your front-end where
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GetElementPtr operators are created.
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It's not possible to write a checker which could find all rule violations
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statically. It would be possible to write a checker which works by instrumenting
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the code with dynamic checks though. Alternatively, it would be possible to
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write a static checker which catches a subset of possible problems. However, no
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such checker exists today.
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Rationale
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=========
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Why is GEP designed this way?
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-----------------------------
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The design of GEP has the following goals, in rough unofficial order of
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priority:
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* Support C, C-like languages, and languages which can be conceptually lowered
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into C (this covers a lot).
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* Support optimizations such as those that are common in C compilers. In
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particular, GEP is a cornerstone of LLVM's `pointer aliasing
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model <LangRef.html#pointeraliasing>`_.
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* Provide a consistent method for computing addresses so that address
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computations don't need to be a part of load and store instructions in the IR.
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* Support non-C-like languages, to the extent that it doesn't interfere with
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other goals.
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* Minimize target-specific information in the IR.
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Why do struct member indices always use ``i32``?
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------------------------------------------------
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The specific type i32 is probably just a historical artifact, however it's wide
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enough for all practical purposes, so there's been no need to change it. It
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doesn't necessarily imply i32 address arithmetic; it's just an identifier which
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identifies a field in a struct. Requiring that all struct indices be the same
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reduces the range of possibilities for cases where two GEPs are effectively the
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same but have distinct operand types.
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What's an uglygep?
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------------------
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Some LLVM optimizers operate on GEPs by internally lowering them into more
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primitive integer expressions, which allows them to be combined with other
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integer expressions and/or split into multiple separate integer expressions. If
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they've made non-trivial changes, translating back into LLVM IR can involve
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reverse-engineering the structure of the addressing in order to fit it into the
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static type of the original first operand. It isn't always possibly to fully
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reconstruct this structure; sometimes the underlying addressing doesn't
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correspond with the static type at all. In such cases the optimizer instead will
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emit a GEP with the base pointer casted to a simple address-unit pointer, using
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the name "uglygep". This isn't pretty, but it's just as valid, and it's
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sufficient to preserve the pointer aliasing guarantees that GEP provides.
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Summary
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=======
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In summary, here's some things to always remember about the GetElementPtr
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instruction:
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#. The GEP instruction never accesses memory, it only provides pointer
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computations.
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#. The first operand to the GEP instruction is always a pointer and it must be
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indexed.
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#. There are no superfluous indices for the GEP instruction.
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#. Trailing zero indices are superfluous for pointer aliasing, but not for the
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types of the pointers.
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#. Leading zero indices are not superfluous for pointer aliasing nor the types
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of the pointers.
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