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Begun writing a guide on how to use D-Bus with GNUstep.

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\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
@c %**start of header
@setfilename DBusKit.info
@settitle GNUstep D-Bus Programming Manual
@c %**end of header
@ifinfo
@format
INFO-DIR-SECTION GNUstep
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* DBusKit: (DBusKit). DBusKit library and D-Bus Programming Manual
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
@end format
@end ifinfo
@ifinfo
Copyright @copyright{} 2010 Free Software Foundation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts and
no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
@end ifinfo
@setchapternewpage odd
@titlepage
@title GNUstep
@title DBusKit and D-Bus
@title Programming Manual
@author Niels Grewe
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
Copyright @copyright{} 2010 Free Software Foundation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts and
no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
@end titlepage
@contents
@ifinfo
@node Top
@top GNUstep D-Bus Programming Manual
@menu
* Introduction:: An introduction to the Distributed Objects and D-Bus IPC mechanisms
* GNU Free Documentation License::The license terms of this document
@end menu
@end ifinfo
@c Chapter 1: Introduction
@include Introduction.texi
@c Appendix A: GNU Free Documentation License
@include fdl-1.3.texi
@unnumbered Concept Index
@printindex cp
@bye

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include $(GNUSTEP_MAKEFILES)/common.make
DOCUMENT_NAME = DBusKit
DBusKit_TEXI_FILES = DBusKit.texi \
Introduction.texi \
fdl-1.3.texi
AppKit_DOC_INSTALL_DIR = Developer/DBusKit/ProgrammingManual
include $(GNUSTEP_MAKEFILES)/documentation.make

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@c This file is part of the GNUstep DBusKit and D-Bus Programming Manual
@c Copyright (C) 2010
@c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c See the file DBusKit.texi for copying conditions.
@paragraphindent 0
@node Introduction
@chapter Introduction
The aim of this manual is to familiarise the reader with the concepts
and tools necessary to successfully integrate a GNUstep application into
a desktop environment based around message exchange through the D-Bus
messaging bus facilities. It tries to give succinct explanation of the
concepts involved, providing illustrative examples whenever possibles.
This manual will be most useful to a reader who has basic working
knowledge of the Objective-C programming language and the OpenStep APIs
(either from the GNUstep implementation or from Apple's Cocoa). In depth
knowledge of the Distributed Objects system or D-Bus is also beneficial,
but not required.
@section An IPC primer
@cindex IPC
@cindex inter-process communication
A typical modern computer system executes multiple units of computation
at the same time. Even with a single-core CPU, the operating system will
constantly switch between different units of computation by employing
different multitasking strategies. This approach has a number of
advantages, e.g.:
@itemize @bullet
@item
It makes it easy to isolate processes from one another: A
malignant process cannot easily modify the memory of other processes on
the system.
@item
It allows privilege separation: It is not necessary that a
web-browser has the same rights as a partitioning utility. Running both
in different processes allows the operating system to assign different
privileges to both.
@item
It increases modularity: You can easily change one part of the
software on your computer without disturbing the other parts.
@item
If the computer has more than one CPU, computation can be sped up
by running more than one process (or thread) in parallel.
@end itemize
To leverage these advantages effectively, different processes or
applications need a mechanism for inter-process communication (IPC) that
allows them to exchange information (and ensure synchronisation if
needed).
@cindex Message passing
One way to implement an IPC mechanism is by use of the message passing
paradigm. Entities in a message passing system communicate by exchanging
messages with each other, which makes it a natural fit for object
oriented languages, where the basic abstraction is the object.
The message passing paradigm is also used in Objective-C (actually
Objective-C inherited it from Smalltalk), where you interact with
objects by sending messages to them. E.g. the intended meaning of
@example
[alice greet];
@end example
would be sending the @code{-greet} message to the @code{alice} object,
which is referred to as the @emph{receiver} of the message. This idiom
can be quite easily extended beyond the single process case, which the
NeXT did by including the @emph{Distributed Objects} system in the
OpenStep specification that GNUstep implements. The message passing
paradigm is also employed by D-Bus an we will look at the similarities
and differences of both systems in the following sections.
@section Distributed Objects
@cindex Distributed Objects
@cindex DO
The GNUstep Distributed Objects (DO) System is designed to go out of a
programmer's way. Since ordinary (intra-process) usage Objective-C
already has message passing semantics, Distributed Objects simply
extends these semantics to objects in other processes.
This works by usage of the proxy design pattern. A proxy is a stand-in
object that receives messages @emph{in lieu} of another object and
forwards them (most likely after processing them as it sees fit). In the
case of Distributed Objects, the proxy will take the message that is
being sent to the remote object, encode it an @code{NSInvocation}
object and send a serialised version of the invocation to the remote
process where it is invoked on the receiver it was initially intended
for.
Establishing a connection to a remote object using DO is thus a simple
three step process:
@enumerate
@item Look up a process that exposes ('vends', in DO parlance) an object.
@item Establish a communications channel to the process.
@item Create a proxy object to send messages to the remote object.
@end enumerate
Afterwards, the generated proxy can be used just like any in-process
object.
Task 1. involves the @code{NSPortNameServer} class which can be used to
obtain a communication endpoint (@code{NSPort}) to a service with a
specific name:
@example
NSPort *sendPort = [[NSPortNameServer systemDefaultPortNameServer]
portForName: @@"MyService"];
@end example
Task 2. involves @code{NSPort} and @code{NSConnection}. While the former
is concerned with the low-level details of encoding messages to a wire
format, the latter manages sending messages over ports. A connection to
the above @code{MyService} using the created @code{sendPort} could be
obtained like this:
@example
NSConnection *c = [NSConnection connectionWithReceivePort: [NSPort port]
sendPort: sendPort];
@end example
3. is done by calling @code{-rootProxy} on the @code{NSConnection}
object. This will return an instance of @code{NSDistantObject}: A proxy
that will use @code{NSConnection} and @code{NSPort} to forward messages
to the remote object.
@example
id *remoteObject = [c rootProxy];
@end example
The DO mode of operation has a few notable advantages:
@itemize @bullet
@item Usual message passing semantics apply.
@item The native Objective-C type system is used in both processes. No
type conversion is necessary.
@item New objects can be vended implicitly by returning them from the
root proxy. New proxies will be created automatically for them.
@item DO can make intelligent decisions about the remote objects: If
process @emph{A} has vended object @emph{O} to process @emph{B}
(yielding the proxy @emph{P(O)}, and @emph{B} latter vends
@emph{P(O)} to @emph{A}, @emph{A} will not use @emph{P(P(O))}, but its
local reference to @emph{O}.
@end itemize
It goes without saying that DO is pretty useful and GNUstep uses it in
many places. It drives, for example, the services architecture, the pasteboard
server, or the distributed notification system. For further information
about DO, please consult the
@uref{../../Base/ProgrammingManual/manual_7.html, Objective-C GNUstep
Base Programming Manual}. We will now turn our attention to the D-Bus
IPC system.
@section D-Bus
@cindex D-Bus
Distributed Objects has already been part of NeXT's OpenStep
Specification, which appeared in 1994 and thus predates the D-Bus IPC
system for quite some time. But while DO is only useful in an
Objective-C context, D-Bus was created to suit the needs of desktop
environments such as KDE or GNOME, which are (among others) using C or
C++ as their core programming languages.
@subsection Message Busses
One core concept of D-Bus is that of the message bus, which manages
name resolution and message exchange between applications. On a standard
desktop system, there usually are two message busses active, dubbed the
@emph{well-known busses}. One is the @emph{system bus}, to which
system-wide services connect, the other is the @emph{session bus} which
is started per user session and allows applications on the user's
desktop to communicate.
@subsection Services
@subsection Object Paths
@subsection Interfaces

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@node GNU Free Documentation License
@appendix The GNU Free Documentation License
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@end enumerate
@page
@heading ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and
license notices just after the title page:
@smallexample
@group
Copyright (C) @var{year} @var{your name}.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.
@end group
@end smallexample
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
replace the ``with@dots{}Texts.'' line with this:
@smallexample
@group
with the Invariant Sections being @var{list their titles}, with
the Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being @var{list}.
@end group
@end smallexample
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
to permit their use in free software.
@c Local Variables:
@c ispell-local-pdict: "ispell-dict"
@c End: