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599 lines
18 KiB
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599 lines
18 KiB
Plaintext
@c Copyright 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004
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@c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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@c This is part of the GAS manual.
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@c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
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@ifset GENERIC
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@page
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@node ARM-Dependent
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@chapter ARM Dependent Features
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@end ifset
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@ifclear GENERIC
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@node Machine Dependencies
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@chapter ARM Dependent Features
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@end ifclear
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@cindex ARM support
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@cindex Thumb support
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@menu
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* ARM Options:: Options
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* ARM Syntax:: Syntax
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* ARM Floating Point:: Floating Point
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* ARM Directives:: ARM Machine Directives
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* ARM Opcodes:: Opcodes
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* ARM Mapping Symbols:: Mapping Symbols
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@end menu
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@node ARM Options
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@section Options
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@cindex ARM options (none)
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@cindex options for ARM (none)
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@table @code
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@cindex @code{-mcpu=} command line option, ARM
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@item -mcpu=@var{processor}[+@var{extension}@dots{}]
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This option specifies the target processor. The assembler will issue an
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error message if an attempt is made to assemble an instruction which
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will not execute on the target processor. The following processor names are
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recognized:
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@code{arm1},
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@code{arm2},
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@code{arm250},
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@code{arm3},
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@code{arm6},
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@code{arm60},
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@code{arm600},
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@code{arm610},
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@code{arm620},
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@code{arm7},
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@code{arm7m},
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@code{arm7d},
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@code{arm7dm},
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@code{arm7di},
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@code{arm7dmi},
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@code{arm70},
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@code{arm700},
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@code{arm700i},
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@code{arm710},
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@code{arm710t},
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@code{arm720},
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@code{arm720t},
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@code{arm740t},
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@code{arm710c},
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@code{arm7100},
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@code{arm7500},
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@code{arm7500fe},
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@code{arm7t},
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@code{arm7tdmi},
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@code{arm7tdmi-s},
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@code{arm8},
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@code{arm810},
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@code{strongarm},
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@code{strongarm1},
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@code{strongarm110},
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@code{strongarm1100},
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@code{strongarm1110},
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@code{arm9},
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@code{arm920},
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@code{arm920t},
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@code{arm922t},
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@code{arm940t},
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@code{arm9tdmi},
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@code{arm9e},
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@code{arm926e},
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@code{arm926ej-s},
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@code{arm946e-r0},
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@code{arm946e},
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@code{arm966e-r0},
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@code{arm966e},
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@code{arm10t},
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@code{arm10e},
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@code{arm1020},
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@code{arm1020t},
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@code{arm1020e},
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@code{arm1026ej-s},
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@code{arm1136j-s},
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@code{arm1136jf-s},
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@code{arm1176jz-s},
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@code{arm1176jzf-s},
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@code{mpcore},
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@code{mpcorenovfp},
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@code{ep9312} (ARM920 with Cirrus Maverick coprocessor),
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@code{i80200} (Intel XScale processor)
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@code{iwmmxt} (Intel(r) XScale processor with Wireless MMX(tm) technology coprocessor)
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and
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@code{xscale}.
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The special name @code{all} may be used to allow the
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assembler to accept instructions valid for any ARM processor.
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In addition to the basic instruction set, the assembler can be told to
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accept various extension mnemonics that extend the processor using the
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co-processor instruction space. For example, @code{-mcpu=arm920+maverick}
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is equivalent to specifying @code{-mcpu=ep9312}. The following extensions
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are currently supported:
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@code{+maverick}
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@code{+iwmmxt}
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and
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@code{+xscale}.
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@cindex @code{-march=} command line option, ARM
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@item -march=@var{architecture}[+@var{extension}@dots{}]
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This option specifies the target architecture. The assembler will issue
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an error message if an attempt is made to assemble an instruction which
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will not execute on the target architecture. The following architecture
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names are recognized:
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@code{armv1},
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@code{armv2},
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@code{armv2a},
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@code{armv2s},
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@code{armv3},
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@code{armv3m},
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@code{armv4},
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@code{armv4xm},
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@code{armv4t},
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@code{armv4txm},
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@code{armv5},
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@code{armv5t},
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@code{armv5txm},
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@code{armv5te},
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@code{armv5texp},
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@code{armv6},
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@code{armv6j},
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@code{armv6k},
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@code{armv6z},
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@code{armv6zk},
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@code{iwmmxt}
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and
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@code{xscale}.
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If both @code{-mcpu} and
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@code{-march} are specified, the assembler will use
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the setting for @code{-mcpu}.
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The architecture option can be extended with the same instruction set
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extension options as the @code{-mcpu} option.
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@cindex @code{-mfpu=} command line option, ARM
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@item -mfpu=@var{floating-point-format}
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This option specifies the floating point format to assemble for. The
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assembler will issue an error message if an attempt is made to assemble
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an instruction which will not execute on the target floating point unit.
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The following format options are recognized:
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@code{softfpa},
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@code{fpe},
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@code{fpe2},
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@code{fpe3},
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@code{fpa},
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@code{fpa10},
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@code{fpa11},
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@code{arm7500fe},
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@code{softvfp},
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@code{softvfp+vfp},
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@code{vfp},
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@code{vfp10},
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@code{vfp10-r0},
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@code{vfp9},
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@code{vfpxd},
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@code{arm1020t},
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@code{arm1020e},
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@code{arm1136jf-s}
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and
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@code{maverick}.
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In addition to determining which instructions are assembled, this option
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also affects the way in which the @code{.double} assembler directive behaves
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when assembling little-endian code.
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The default is dependent on the processor selected. For Architecture 5 or
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later, the default is to assembler for VFP instructions; for earlier
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architectures the default is to assemble for FPA instructions.
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@cindex @code{-mthumb} command line option, ARM
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@item -mthumb
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This option specifies that the assembler should start assembling Thumb
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instructions; that is, it should behave as though the file starts with a
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@code{.code 16} directive.
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@cindex @code{-mthumb-interwork} command line option, ARM
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@item -mthumb-interwork
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This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should
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be marked as supporting interworking.
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@cindex @code{-mapcs} command line option, ARM
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@item -mapcs @code{[26|32]}
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This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should
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be marked as supporting the indicated version of the Arm Procedure.
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Calling Standard.
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@cindex @code{-matpcs} command line option, ARM
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@item -matpcs
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This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should
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be marked as supporting the Arm/Thumb Procedure Calling Standard. If
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enabled this option will cause the assembler to create an empty
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debugging section in the object file called .arm.atpcs. Debuggers can
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use this to determine the ABI being used by.
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@cindex @code{-mapcs-float} command line option, ARM
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@item -mapcs-float
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This indicates the floating point variant of the APCS should be
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used. In this variant floating point arguments are passed in FP
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registers rather than integer registers.
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@cindex @code{-mapcs-reentrant} command line option, ARM
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@item -mapcs-reentrant
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This indicates that the reentrant variant of the APCS should be used.
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This variant supports position independent code.
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@cindex @code{-mfloat-abi=} command line option, ARM
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@item -mfloat-abi=@var{abi}
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This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should be
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marked as using specified floating point ABI.
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The following values are recognized:
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@code{soft},
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@code{softfp}
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and
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@code{hard}.
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@cindex @code{-eabi=} command line option, ARM
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@item -meabi=@var{ver}
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This option specifies which EABI version the produced object files should
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conform to.
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The following values are recognised:
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@code{gnu}
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and
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@code{4}.
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@cindex @code{-EB} command line option, ARM
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@item -EB
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This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should
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be marked as being encoded for a big-endian processor.
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@cindex @code{-EL} command line option, ARM
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@item -EL
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This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should
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be marked as being encoded for a little-endian processor.
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@cindex @code{-k} command line option, ARM
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@cindex PIC code generation for ARM
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@item -k
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This option specifies that the output of the assembler should be marked
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as position-independent code (PIC).
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@end table
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@node ARM Syntax
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@section Syntax
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@menu
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* ARM-Chars:: Special Characters
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* ARM-Regs:: Register Names
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@end menu
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@node ARM-Chars
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@subsection Special Characters
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@cindex line comment character, ARM
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@cindex ARM line comment character
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The presence of a @samp{@@} on a line indicates the start of a comment
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that extends to the end of the current line. If a @samp{#} appears as
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the first character of a line, the whole line is treated as a comment.
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@cindex line separator, ARM
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@cindex statement separator, ARM
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@cindex ARM line separator
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The @samp{;} character can be used instead of a newline to separate
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statements.
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@cindex immediate character, ARM
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@cindex ARM immediate character
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Either @samp{#} or @samp{$} can be used to indicate immediate operands.
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@cindex identifiers, ARM
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@cindex ARM identifiers
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*TODO* Explain about /data modifier on symbols.
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@node ARM-Regs
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@subsection Register Names
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@cindex ARM register names
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@cindex register names, ARM
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*TODO* Explain about ARM register naming, and the predefined names.
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@node ARM Floating Point
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@section Floating Point
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@cindex floating point, ARM (@sc{ieee})
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@cindex ARM floating point (@sc{ieee})
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The ARM family uses @sc{ieee} floating-point numbers.
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@node ARM Directives
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@section ARM Machine Directives
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@cindex machine directives, ARM
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@cindex ARM machine directives
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@table @code
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@cindex @code{align} directive, ARM
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@item .align @var{expression} [, @var{expression}]
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This is the generic @var{.align} directive. For the ARM however if the
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first argument is zero (ie no alignment is needed) the assembler will
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behave as if the argument had been 2 (ie pad to the next four byte
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boundary). This is for compatibility with ARM's own assembler.
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@cindex @code{req} directive, ARM
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@item @var{name} .req @var{register name}
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This creates an alias for @var{register name} called @var{name}. For
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example:
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@smallexample
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foo .req r0
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@end smallexample
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@cindex @code{unreq} directive, ARM
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@item .unreq @var{alias-name}
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This undefines a register alias which was previously defined using the
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@code{req} directive. For example:
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@smallexample
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foo .req r0
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.unreq foo
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@end smallexample
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An error occurs if the name is undefined. Note - this pseudo op can
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be used to delete builtin in register name aliases (eg 'r0'). This
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should only be done if it is really necessary.
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@cindex @code{code} directive, ARM
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@item .code @code{[16|32]}
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This directive selects the instruction set being generated. The value 16
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selects Thumb, with the value 32 selecting ARM.
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@cindex @code{thumb} directive, ARM
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@item .thumb
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This performs the same action as @var{.code 16}.
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@cindex @code{arm} directive, ARM
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@item .arm
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This performs the same action as @var{.code 32}.
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@cindex @code{force_thumb} directive, ARM
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@item .force_thumb
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This directive forces the selection of Thumb instructions, even if the
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target processor does not support those instructions
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@cindex @code{thumb_func} directive, ARM
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@item .thumb_func
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This directive specifies that the following symbol is the name of a
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Thumb encoded function. This information is necessary in order to allow
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the assembler and linker to generate correct code for interworking
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between Arm and Thumb instructions and should be used even if
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interworking is not going to be performed. The presence of this
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directive also implies @code{.thumb}
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@cindex @code{thumb_set} directive, ARM
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@item .thumb_set
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This performs the equivalent of a @code{.set} directive in that it
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creates a symbol which is an alias for another symbol (possibly not yet
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defined). This directive also has the added property in that it marks
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the aliased symbol as being a thumb function entry point, in the same
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way that the @code{.thumb_func} directive does.
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@cindex @code{.ltorg} directive, ARM
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@item .ltorg
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This directive causes the current contents of the literal pool to be
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dumped into the current section (which is assumed to be the .text
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section) at the current location (aligned to a word boundary).
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@code{GAS} maintains a separate literal pool for each section and each
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sub-section. The @code{.ltorg} directive will only affect the literal
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pool of the current section and sub-section. At the end of assembly
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all remaining, un-empty literal pools will automatically be dumped.
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Note - older versions of @code{GAS} would dump the current literal
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pool any time a section change occurred. This is no longer done, since
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it prevents accurate control of the placement of literal pools.
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@cindex @code{.pool} directive, ARM
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@item .pool
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This is a synonym for .ltorg.
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@cindex @code{.fnstart} directive, ARM
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@item .unwind_fnstart
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Marks the start of a function with an unwind table entry.
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@cindex @code{.fnend} directive, ARM
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@item .unwind_fnend
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Marks the end of a function with an unwind table entry. The unwind index
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table entry is created when this directive is processed.
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If no personality routine has been specified then standard personality
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routine 0 or 1 will be used, depending on the number of unwind opcodes
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required.
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@cindex @code{.cantunwind} directive, ARM
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@item .cantunwind
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Prevents unwinding through the current function. No personality routine
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or exception table data is required or permitted.
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@cindex @code{.personality} directive, ARM
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@item .personality @var{name}
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Sets the personality routine for the current function to @var{name}.
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@cindex @code{.personalityindex} directive, ARM
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@item .personalityindex @var{index}
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Sets the personality routine for the current function to the EABI standard
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routine number @var{index}
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@cindex @code{.handlerdata} directive, ARM
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@item .handlerdata
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Marks the end of the current function, and the start of the exception table
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entry for that function. Anything between this directive and the
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@code{.fnend} directive will be added to the exception table entry.
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Must be preceded by a @code{.personality} or @code{.personalityindex}
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directive.
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@cindex @code{.save} directive, ARM
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@item .save @var{reglist}
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Generate unwinder annotations to restore the registers in @var{reglist}.
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The format of @var{reglist} is the same as the corresponding store-multiple
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instruction.
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@smallexample
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@exdent @emph{core registers}
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.save @{r4, r5, r6, lr@}
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stmfd sp!, @{r4, r5, r6, lr@}
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@exdent @emph{FPA registers}
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.save f4, 2
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sfmfd f4, 2, [sp]!
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@exdent @emph{VFP registers}
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.save @{d8, d9, d10@}
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fstmdf sp!, @{d8, d9, d10@}
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@exdent @emph{iWMMXt registers}
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.save @{wr10, wr11@}
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wstrd wr11, [sp, #-8]!
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wstrd wr10, [sp, #-8]!
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or
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.save wr11
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wstrd wr11, [sp, #-8]!
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.save wr10
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wstrd wr10, [sp, #-8]!
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@end smallexample
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@cindex @code{.pad} directive, ARM
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@item .pad #@var{count}
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Generate unwinder annotations for a stack adjustment of @var{count} bytes.
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A positive value indicates the function prologue allocated stack space by
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decrementing the stack pointer.
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@cindex @code{.movsp} directive, ARM
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@item .movsp @var{reg}
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Tell the unwinder that @var{reg} contains the current stack pointer.
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@cindex @code{.setfp} directive, ARM
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@item .setfp @var{fpreg}, @var{spreg} [, #@var{offset}]
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Make all unwinder annotations relaive to a frame pointer. Without this
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the unwinder will use offsets from the stack pointer.
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The syntax of this directive is the same as the @code{sub} or @code{mov}
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instruction used to set the frame pointer. @var{spreg} must be either
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@code{sp} or mentioned in a previous @code{.movsp} directive.
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@smallexample
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.movsp ip
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mov ip, sp
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@dots{}
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.setfp fp, ip, #4
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sub fp, ip, #4
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@end smallexample
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@cindex @code{.unwind_raw} directive, ARM
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@item .raw @var{offset}, @var{byte1}, @dots{}
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Insert one of more arbitary unwind opcode bytes, which are known to adjust
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the stack pointer by @var{offset} bytes.
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For example @code{.unwind_raw 4, 0xb1, 0x01} is equivalent to
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@code{.save @{r0@}}
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@end table
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@node ARM Opcodes
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@section Opcodes
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@cindex ARM opcodes
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@cindex opcodes for ARM
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@code{@value{AS}} implements all the standard ARM opcodes. It also
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implements several pseudo opcodes, including several synthetic load
|
|
instructions.
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
|
|
@cindex @code{NOP} pseudo op, ARM
|
|
@item NOP
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
nop
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
This pseudo op will always evaluate to a legal ARM instruction that does
|
|
nothing. Currently it will evaluate to MOV r0, r0.
|
|
|
|
@cindex @code{LDR reg,=<label>} pseudo op, ARM
|
|
@item LDR
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
ldr <register> , = <expression>
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
If expression evaluates to a numeric constant then a MOV or MVN
|
|
instruction will be used in place of the LDR instruction, if the
|
|
constant can be generated by either of these instructions. Otherwise
|
|
the constant will be placed into the nearest literal pool (if it not
|
|
already there) and a PC relative LDR instruction will be generated.
|
|
|
|
@cindex @code{ADR reg,<label>} pseudo op, ARM
|
|
@item ADR
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
adr <register> <label>
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
This instruction will load the address of @var{label} into the indicated
|
|
register. The instruction will evaluate to a PC relative ADD or SUB
|
|
instruction depending upon where the label is located. If the label is
|
|
out of range, or if it is not defined in the same file (and section) as
|
|
the ADR instruction, then an error will be generated. This instruction
|
|
will not make use of the literal pool.
|
|
|
|
@cindex @code{ADRL reg,<label>} pseudo op, ARM
|
|
@item ADRL
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
adrl <register> <label>
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
This instruction will load the address of @var{label} into the indicated
|
|
register. The instruction will evaluate to one or two PC relative ADD
|
|
or SUB instructions depending upon where the label is located. If a
|
|
second instruction is not needed a NOP instruction will be generated in
|
|
its place, so that this instruction is always 8 bytes long.
|
|
|
|
If the label is out of range, or if it is not defined in the same file
|
|
(and section) as the ADRL instruction, then an error will be generated.
|
|
This instruction will not make use of the literal pool.
|
|
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
For information on the ARM or Thumb instruction sets, see @cite{ARM
|
|
Software Development Toolkit Reference Manual}, Advanced RISC Machines
|
|
Ltd.
|
|
|
|
@node ARM Mapping Symbols
|
|
@section Mapping Symbols
|
|
|
|
The ARM ELF specification requires that special symbols be inserted
|
|
into object files to mark certain features:
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
|
|
@cindex @code{$a}
|
|
@item $a
|
|
At the start of a region of code containing ARM instructions.
|
|
|
|
@cindex @code{$t}
|
|
@item $t
|
|
At the start of a region of code containing THUMB instructions.
|
|
|
|
@cindex @code{$d}
|
|
@item $d
|
|
At the start of a region of data.
|
|
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
The assembler will automatically insert these symbols for you - there
|
|
is no need to code them yourself. Support for tagging symbols ($b,
|
|
$f, $p and $m) which is also mentioned in the current ARM ELF
|
|
specification is not implemented. This is because they have been
|
|
dropped from the new EABI and so tools cannot rely upon their
|
|
presence.
|
|
|