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That's Apple's Python version; but it's actually Python 2.7.16 (no version for 2.6; it's been dropped by Apple)
This commit is contained in:
Ariel Abreu 2020-07-26 08:53:06 -04:00
parent 7654060c81
commit 5a405172d6
No known key found for this signature in database
GPG Key ID: ECF8C2B9E8AD3E6B
9835 changed files with 1009142 additions and 2448125 deletions
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5
.gitignore vendored Normal file
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*~
*.rej
*.orig
.DS_Store
*.swp

205
2.6/GNUmakefile
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##---------------------------------------------------------------------
# GNUmakefile for python
# Call Makefile to do the work, but for the install case, unpack the
# tarball to create the project source directory
##---------------------------------------------------------------------
PROJECT = python
VERSION = 2.6.9
PWD := $(shell pwd)
ifeq ($(MAKECMDGOALS),)
MAKECMDGOALS = no_target
endif
ifneq ($(filter no_target install,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),)
ifndef DSTROOT
ifdef DESTDIR
export DSTROOT := $(shell mkdir -p '$(DESTDIR)' && echo '$(DESTDIR)')
else
export DSTROOT := /
endif
endif
ifndef OBJROOT
export OBJROOT := $(shell mkdir -p '$(PWD)/OBJROOT' && echo '$(PWD)/OBJROOT')
endif
ifndef SYMROOT
export SYMROOT := $(shell mkdir -p '$(PWD)/SYMROOT' && echo '$(PWD)/SYMROOT')
endif
endif
ifndef SRCROOT
export SRCROOT := $(PWD)
endif
ifndef RC_ARCHS
export RC_ARCHS := $(shell arch)
export RC_$(RC_ARCHS) := YES
endif
ifndef RC_CFLAGS
export RC_CFLAGS := $(foreach A,$(RC_ARCHS),-arch $(A)) $(RC_NONARCH_CFLAGS)
endif
ifndef RC_NONARCH_CFLAGS
export RC_NONARCH_CFLAGS = -pipe
endif
ifndef RC_ProjectName
export RC_ProjectName = $(PROJECT)
endif
NAME = Python
export PYTHON_CURRENT_VERSION = $(shell echo $(VERSION) | sed 's/[a-z].*$$//')
NAMEVERS = $(NAME)-$(VERSION)
TARBALL = $(NAMEVERS).tar.xz
FIX = '$(OBJROOT)/fix'
VERS := $(shell echo $(VERSION) | sed 's/\(^[0-9]*\.[0-9]*\).*/\1/')
FRAMEWORKS = /System/Library/Frameworks
PYFRAMEWORK = $(FRAMEWORKS)/Python.framework
VERSIONSVERS = $(PYFRAMEWORK)/Versions/$(VERS)
INCLUDEPYTHONVERS = $(VERSIONSVERS)/include/$(PROJECT)$(VERS)
LIBPYTHONVERS = $(VERSIONSVERS)/lib/$(PROJECT)$(VERS)
DYLIB = lib$(PROJECT)$(VERS).dylib
USRINCLUDE = /usr/include
USRLIB = /usr/lib
EXTRAS = $(VERSIONSVERS)/Extras
LIBRARYPYTHON = /Library/Python/$(VERS)
SITEPACKAGES = $(LIBRARYPYTHON)/site-packages
EXTRASPYTHON = '$(DSTROOT)$(EXTRAS)/lib/python'
PYTHON = '$(OBJROOT)/$(PROJECT)/$(PROJECT).exe'
PYTHONENV = DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH='$(DSTROOT)$(FRAMEWORKS)' DYLD_NEW_LOCAL_SHARED_REGIONS=1 PYTHONPATH='$(DSTROOT)$(LIBPYTHONVERS)':$(EXTRASPYTHON)
PYDTRACE_H = $(OBJROOT)/$(PROJECT)/Python/pydtrace.h
no_target: python
python: $(OBJROOT)/$(PROJECT)
DSTROOT='$(DSTROOT)' OBJROOT='$(OBJROOT)/$(PROJECT)' \
SRCROOT='$(OBJROOT)' SYMROOT='$(SYMROOT)' RC_ARCHS='$(RC_ARCHS)' \
DYLD_NEW_LOCAL_SHARED_REGIONS=1 \
$(MAKE) -C '$(OBJROOT)' -f Makefile \
DSTROOT='$(DSTROOT)' OBJROOT='$(OBJROOT)/$(PROJECT)' \
SRCROOT='$(OBJROOT)' SYMROOT='$(SYMROOT)' RC_ARCHS='$(RC_ARCHS)' \
VERS=$(VERS)
##---------------------------------------------------------------------
# We patch configure to remove the "-arch_only ppc" option, since we
# build fat. We also set DYLD_NEW_LOCAL_SHARED_REGIONS or else python.exe
# will crash. And patch unixccompiler for wxWidgets (submit back to python).
#
# autoconf is now (normally) unavailable. So we save the output of autoconf
# in fix/autoconf and use it to overwrite the original files. If we need
# to update the version of python, we will need to install autoconf, and then
# we run:
#
# % make `pwd`/python OBJROOT=`pwd` PYTHON_AUTOCONF=NO
# % mv python python.bak
# % make `pwd`/python OBJROOT=`pwd` PYTHON_AUTOCONF=YES
# % diff -r --brief python.bak python
#
# Make a tarball out of the differences and put in $(FIX)/autoconf.tar.bz2
##---------------------------------------------------------------------
defarchflags = $(foreach u,$(RC_ARCHS),-arch $(u))
$(OBJROOT)/$(PROJECT):
@set -x && \
cd '$(OBJROOT)' && \
tar -xof $(TARBALL) && \
rm -rf $(PROJECT) && \
mv $(NAMEVERS) $(PROJECT) && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Include/py_curses.h < $(FIX)/py_curses.h.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Include/pymactoolbox.h < $(FIX)/pymactoolbox.h.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Lib/ctypes/__init__.py < $(FIX)/Lib_ctypes___init__.py.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Lib/xml/__init__.py < $(FIX)/Lib_xml___init__.py.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Lib/distutils/command/install.py < $(FIX)/install.py.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Lib/distutils/config.py < $(FIX)/Lib_distutils_config.py.ed && \
sed 's/@DEFARCHFLAGS@/$(defarchflags)/' $(FIX)/sysconfig.py.ed | ed - $(PROJECT)/Lib/distutils/sysconfig.py && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Lib/distutils/unixccompiler.py < $(FIX)/unixccompiler.py.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Lib/distutils/util.py < $(FIX)/Lib_distutils_util.py.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Lib/locale.py < $(FIX)/locale.py.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Lib/logging/handlers.py < $(FIX)/Lib_logging_handlers.py.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Lib/os.py < $(FIX)/Lib_os.py.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Lib/plat-mac/bundlebuilder.py < $(FIX)/bundlebuilder.py.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Lib/plat-mac/Carbon/AppleEvents.py < $(FIX)/AppleEvents.py.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Lib/platform.py < $(FIX)/Lib_platform.py.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Lib/pydoc.py < $(FIX)/pydoc.py.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Lib/rlcompleter.py < $(FIX)/rlcompleter.py.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Lib/site.py < $(FIX)/site.py.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Lib/test/test__locale.py < $(FIX)/Lib_test_test__locale.py.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Lib/test/test_httpservers.py < $(FIX)/Lib_test_test_httpservers.py.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Lib/test/test_platform.py < $(FIX)/Lib_test_test_platform.py.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Mac/Makefile.in < $(FIX)/Mac_Makefile.in.ed && \
patch $(PROJECT)/Mac/Modules/cf/_CFmodule.c $(FIX)/_CFmodule.c.patch && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Mac/Modules/cg/_CGmodule.c < $(FIX)/_CGmodule.c.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Mac/Tools/pythonw.c < $(FIX)/pythonw.c.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Makefile.pre.in < $(FIX)/Makefile.pre.in.ed && \
patch $(PROJECT)/Misc/python.man $(FIX)/python.man.patch && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Modules/_cursesmodule.c < $(FIX)/_cursesmodule.c.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Modules/dlmodule.c < $(FIX)/dlmodule.c.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Modules/errnomodule.c < $(FIX)/errnomodule.c.ed && \
rm $(PROJECT)/Modules/expat/expat.h $(PROJECT)/Modules/expat/expat_external.h && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Modules/getpath.c < $(FIX)/getpath.c.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Modules/_localemodule.c < $(FIX)/_localemodule.c.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Modules/posixmodule.c < $(FIX)/posixmodule.c.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Modules/pwdmodule.c < $(FIX)/pwdmodule.c.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Modules/pyexpat.c < $(FIX)/Modules_pyexpat.c.ed && \
sed 's/@VERSION@/$(VERS)/' $(FIX)/python.c.ed | ed - $(PROJECT)/Modules/python.c && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Modules/readline.c < $(FIX)/readline.c.ed && \
ex - $(PROJECT)/Modules/selectmodule.c < $(FIX)/selectmodule.c.ex && \
patch $(PROJECT)/Objects/bufferobject.c $(FIX)/bufferobject.c.patch && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/pyconfig.h.in < $(FIX)/pyconfig.h.in.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Python/ceval.c < $(FIX)/ceval.c.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Python/dynload_shlib.c < $(FIX)/dynload_shlib.c.ed && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/Python/mactoolboxglue.c < $(FIX)/mactoolboxglue.c.ed && \
patch $(PROJECT)/setup.py $(FIX)/setup.py-21106613.patch && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/setup.py < $(FIX)/setup.py.ed && \
for i in `find $(PROJECT)/Mac -name setup.py | xargs fgrep -l "'-framework', 'Carbon'"`; do \
ed - $$i < $(FIX)/Mac_setup.py.ed || exit 1; \
done && \
for i in `find $(PROJECT)/Lib -name __init__.py -size 0c`; do \
echo '#' > $$i; \
done && \
echo > $(PROJECT)/Lib/test/nullcert.pem
ifdef PYTHON_AUTOCONF
@set -x && \
cd '$(OBJROOT)' && \
ed - $(PROJECT)/configure.in < $(FIX)/configure.in.ed
ifeq ($(PYTHON_AUTOCONF),YES)
cd '$(OBJROOT)/$(PROJECT)' && autoconf
endif
else # !PYTHON_AUTOCONF
tar -xof $(FIX)/autoconf.tar.bz2 -C '$(OBJROOT)/$(PROJECT)'
endif
dtrace -h -s $(FIX)/pydtrace.d -o '$(PYDTRACE_H)'
install: installpython
install $(FIX)/audiotest.au $(DSTROOT)$(LIBPYTHONVERS)/email/test/data/audiotest.au
install $(FIX)/audiotest.au $(DSTROOT)$(LIBPYTHONVERS)/test/audiotest.au
##---------------------------------------------------------------------
# PR-3478215 - for backwards compatibility with non-framework python, we
# create symbolic links in /usr/include and /usr/lib. We now create the
# links w.r.t. multiple versioning. In addition, the PYTHON_DEFAULT
# environment variable will be set to YES if this version is the default
# version of python.
##---------------------------------------------------------------------
installpython: $(OBJROOT)/$(PROJECT)
install -d '$(DSTROOT)/usr/bin'
DSTROOT='$(DSTROOT)' OBJROOT='$(OBJROOT)/$(PROJECT)' \
SRCROOT='$(OBJROOT)' SYMROOT='$(SYMROOT)' RC_ARCHS='$(RC_ARCHS)' \
DYLD_NEW_LOCAL_SHARED_REGIONS=1 \
$(MAKE) -C '$(OBJROOT)' -f Makefile install \
DSTROOT='$(DSTROOT)' OBJROOT='$(OBJROOT)/$(PROJECT)' \
SRCROOT='$(OBJROOT)' SYMROOT='$(SYMROOT)' RC_ARCHS='$(RC_ARCHS)' \
VERS=$(VERS)
@obj= && \
install -d '$(DSTROOT)$(USRINCLUDE)'
ln -sf ../..$(INCLUDEPYTHONVERS) '$(DSTROOT)$(USRINCLUDE)/$(PROJECT)$(VERS)'
install -d '$(DSTROOT)$(USRLIB)'
ln -sf ../..$(LIBPYTHONVERS) '$(DSTROOT)$(USRLIB)/$(PROJECT)$(VERS)'
ln -sf ../..$(VERSIONSVERS)/Python '$(DSTROOT)$(USRLIB)/$(DYLIB)'
ifeq ($(PYTHON_DEFAULT),YES)
ln -sf $(DYLIB) '$(DSTROOT)$(USRLIB)/lib$(PROJECT).dylib'
endif
install -d '$(DSTROOT)$(SITEPACKAGES)'
.DEFAULT:
@$(MAKE) -f Makefile $@

172
2.6/Makefile
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##
# Makefile for python
##
Project = python
Extra_Configure_Flags = --enable-ipv6 --with-threads --enable-framework=/System/Library/Frameworks --enable-toolbox-glue --enable-dtrace --with-system-ffi
# Define the environment variable DEBUG to YES, to build without optimization
ifeq ($(DEBUG),YES)
Extra_Configure_Flags += --with-pydebug
endif
##---------------------------------------------------------------------
# Extra_CC_Flags and Extra_LD_Flags are needed because CFLAGS gets overridden
# by the RC_* variables. These values would normally be set by the default
# python Makefile
##---------------------------------------------------------------------
Extra_CC_Flags += -fno-common -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv -DENABLE_DTRACE -DMACOSX -DNDEBUG -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -Wshorten-64-to-32
Extra_LD_Flags += -Wl,-F.
Extra_Install_Flags = DESTDIR='$(DSTROOT)'
GnuAfterInstall = fixup-after-install install-plist
Extra_Environment = CCSHARED='$(RC_CFLAGS)'
# It's a GNU Source project
include $(MAKEFILEPATH)/CoreOS/ReleaseControl/GNUSource.make
# Override compiler setting from GNUSource.make to use those set in GNUmakefile
override CC = $(MY_CC)
override CXX = $(MY_CXX)
Install_Flags := $(shell echo $(Install_Flags) | sed 's/prefix=[^ ]* *//')
Install_Target = frameworkinstall
FIX = '$(SRCROOT)/fix'
##---------------------------------------------------------------------
# Patch Makefiles and pyconfig.h just after running configure
##---------------------------------------------------------------------
ConfigStamp2 = $(ConfigStamp)2
configure:: $(ConfigStamp2)
$(ConfigStamp2): $(ConfigStamp)
ed - '$(OBJROOT)/Makefile' < $(FIX)/Makefile.ed
ed - '$(OBJROOT)/pyconfig.h' < $(FIX)/pyconfig.ed
$(TOUCH) $(ConfigStamp2)
##---------------------------------------------------------------------
# Fixup a lot of problems after the install
##---------------------------------------------------------------------
APPS = /Applications
USRBIN = /usr/bin
PYTHONAPPNAME = Python.app
FRAMEWORKS = /System/Library/Frameworks
PYFRAMEWORK = $(FRAMEWORKS)/Python.framework
VERSIONSVERS = $(PYFRAMEWORK)/Versions/$(VERS)
RESOURCESVERS = $(VERSIONSVERS)/Resources
LIBPYTHONVERS = $(VERSIONSVERS)/lib/python$(VERS)
PYTHONAPP = $(RESOURCESVERS)/$(PYTHONAPPNAME)
PACONTENTS = $(PYTHONAPP)/Contents
PAMACOS = $(PACONTENTS)/MacOS
RUNPYTHON = DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH='$(OBJROOT)' '$(OBJROOT)/python.exe'
BYTE2UTF16 = $(RUNPYTHON) $(FIX)/byte2utf16.py
UTF162BYTE = $(RUNPYTHON) $(FIX)/utf162byte.py
fixup-after-install: delete-stuff \
strip-installed-files \
fix-PInfo \
fix-paths \
fix-usr-local-bin \
fix-usr-bin \
fix-permissions \
fix-config-Makefile \
additional-man-pages
# We leave "Build Applet.app" in $(APPS) to be deleted, because it uses
# Carbon, and doesn't work in 64-bit. We also leave "Python Launcher.app"
# in $(APPS) to be deleted (10692664).
delete-stuff:
rm -rf '$(DSTROOT)/usr/local' '$(DSTROOT)$(APPS)'
# We now need to create the .dSYM bundles ourselves
# ($(DSTROOT)$(PYTHONAPP) is already stripped, so copy an unstripped binary)
strip-installed-files:
ditto '$(DSTROOT)$(PYTHONAPP)' '$(SYMROOT)/$(PYTHONAPPNAME)'
ditto '$(OBJROOT)/python.exe' '$(SYMROOT)/$(PYTHONAPPNAME)/Contents/MacOS/Python'
$(DSYMUTIL) -o '$(SYMROOT)/$(PYTHONAPPNAME).dSYM' '$(SYMROOT)/$(PYTHONAPPNAME)/Contents/MacOS/Python'
$(STRIP) -x '$(DSTROOT)$(PAMACOS)/Python'
ditto '$(OBJROOT)/Python.framework' '$(SYMROOT)/Python.framework'
$(DSYMUTIL) -o '$(SYMROOT)/Python.framework.dSYM' '$(SYMROOT)/Python.framework/Python'
$(STRIP) -x '$(DSTROOT)$(VERSIONSVERS)/Python'
ditto '$(DSTROOT)$(LIBPYTHONVERS)'/lib-dynload/*.so '$(SYMROOT)/lib-dynload/'
cd '$(SYMROOT)/lib-dynload' && \
for so in *.so; do \
$(DSYMUTIL) $$so || exit 1; \
done
$(STRIP) -x '$(DSTROOT)$(LIBPYTHONVERS)'/lib-dynload/*.so
fix-PInfo:
ed - '$(DSTROOT)$(RESOURCESVERS)/Info.plist' < $(FIX)/pinfo.ed
MAN1 = /usr/share/man/man1
additional-man-pages:
install -m 0644 $(FIX)/pydoc.1 '$(DSTROOT)$(MAN1)'
install -m 0644 $(FIX)/pythonw.1 '$(DSTROOT)$(MAN1)'
ln -sf pydoc.1 '$(DSTROOT)$(MAN1)/pydoc$(VERS).1'
ln -sf python.1 '$(DSTROOT)$(MAN1)/python$(VERS).1'
ln -sf pythonw.1 '$(DSTROOT)$(MAN1)/pythonw$(VERS).1'
PYDOC = $(USRBIN)/pydoc
PYDOCORIG = $(VERSIONSVERS)/bin/pydoc
##---------------------------------------------------------------------
# The scripts exec $(VERSIONSVERS)/bin/python$(VERS), which execs
# $(PAMACOS)/Python. We skip the extra exec by changing the scripts
# to exec $(PAMACOS)/Python directly.
##---------------------------------------------------------------------
fix-paths:
@set -x && \
cd '$(DSTROOT)$(VERSIONSVERS)/bin' && \
for i in `find . -type f | sed 's,^\./,,'`; do \
if [ -n "`file $$i | fgrep script`" ]; then \
ed - $$i < $(FIX)/skipextraexec.ed; \
fi || exit 1; \
done
CGIPY = $(LIBPYTHONVERS)/cgi.py
fix-usr-local-bin:
@set -x && \
cd '$(DSTROOT)$(VERSIONSVERS)' && \
patch -p0 < $(FIX)/usrlocalbin.patch && \
$(RUNPYTHON) -c "from py_compile import compile;compile('$(DSTROOT)$(CGIPY)', dfile='$(CGIPY)', doraise=True)" && \
$(RUNPYTHON) -O -c "from py_compile import compile;compile('$(DSTROOT)$(CGIPY)', dfile='$(CGIPY)', doraise=True)"
##---------------------------------------------------------------------
# config/Makefile needs the following changes:
# remove -arch xxx flags
# 4144521 - correct LINKFORSHARED
# 3488297 - point BINDIR to /usr/local/bin
##---------------------------------------------------------------------
INSTALLPY = $(LIBPYTHONVERS)/distutils/command/install.py
fix-config-Makefile:
ed - '$(DSTROOT)$(LIBPYTHONVERS)/config/Makefile' < $(FIX)/config_Makefile.ed
fix-usr-bin:
@set -x && \
cd '$(DSTROOT)$(USRBIN)' && \
rm -f idle* && \
for i in *; do \
rm -f $$i && \
ln -s ../..$(VERSIONSVERS)/bin/$$i || exit 1; \
done
LIBRARYPYTHON = /Library/Python
LIBRARYPYTHONVERS = $(LIBRARYPYTHON)/$(VERS)
fix-permissions:
ifeq ($(shell id -u), 0)
@set -x && \
for i in Applications Developer Library; do \
chgrp -Rf admin $(DSTROOT)/$$i && \
chmod -Rf g+w $(DSTROOT)/$$i; \
done
endif
OSV = /usr/local/OpenSourceVersions
OSL = /usr/local/OpenSourceLicenses
install-plist:
$(MKDIR) '$(DSTROOT)$(OSV)'
$(INSTALL_FILE) '$(SRCROOT)/$(Project).plist' '$(DSTROOT)$(OSV)/$(Project).plist'
$(MKDIR) '$(DSTROOT)$(OSL)'
$(INSTALL_FILE) '$(OBJROOT)/LICENSE' '$(DSTROOT)$(OSL)/$(Project).txt'

322
2.6/Python-2.6.9/CMakeLists.txt
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@ -1,322 +0,0 @@
project(python26)
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.4.0)
if(COMMAND cmake_policy)
cmake_policy(SET CMP0003 NEW)
cmake_policy(SET CMP0005 NEW)
endif(COMMAND cmake_policy)
add_definitions(-DMACOSX)
add_definitions(-DNDEBUG -DHAVE_NDBM_H -DHAVE_SEM_OPEN -DOBJC2RUNTIME)
add_definitions(-DVERSION="2.6" -DPREFIX="/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6" -DSUFFIX="${BITS}")
add_definitions(-DPLATFORM="darwin" -DPYTHONPATH=":plat-darwin:plat-mac:plat-mac/lib-scriptpackages:lib-tk:lib-old")
add_definitions(
-w
-nostdinc
)
set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -fwrapv")
include_directories(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}
${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/Include
${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/Modules/_ctypes/libffi_osx/include
)
set(python_sources
Python/asdl.c
Python/ast.c
Python/atof.c
Python/bltinmodule.c
Python/ceval.c
Python/codecs.c
Python/compile.c
Python/dup2.c
Python/dynload_shlib.c
Python/errors.c
Python/formatter_string.c
Python/formatter_unicode.c
Python/frozen.c
Python/frozenmain.c
Python/future.c
Python/getargs.c
Python/getcompiler.c
Python/getcopyright.c
Python/getmtime.c
Python/getopt.c
Python/getplatform.c
Python/getversion.c
Python/graminit.c
Python/import.c
Python/importdl.c
# Python/mactoolboxglue.c # Needs Carbon and similar stuff
Python/marshal.c
Python/modsupport.c
Python/mysnprintf.c
Python/mystrtoul.c
Python/peephole.c
Python/pyarena.c
Python/pyfpe.c
Python/pymath.c
Python/pystate.c
Python/pystrcmp.c
Python/pystrtod.c
Python/Python-ast.c
Python/pythonrun.c
Python/random.c
#Python/sigcheck.c
Python/strdup.c
Python/strtod.c
Python/structmember.c
Python/symtable.c
Python/sysmodule.c
Python/thread.c
Python/traceback.c
Python/_warnings.c
Parser/acceler.c
Parser/bitset.c
Parser/firstsets.c
Parser/grammar1.c
Parser/grammar.c
#Parser/intrcheck.c
Parser/listnode.c
Parser/metagrammar.c
Parser/myreadline.c
Parser/node.c
Parser/parser.c
Parser/parsetok.c
Parser/pgen.c
#Parser/pgenmain.c
Parser/printgrammar.c
Parser/tokenizer.c
#Parser/tokenizer_pgen.c
Objects/abstract.c
Objects/boolobject.c
Objects/bufferobject.c
Objects/bytearrayobject.c
Objects/bytes_methods.c
Objects/cellobject.c
Objects/classobject.c
Objects/cobject.c
Objects/codeobject.c
Objects/complexobject.c
Objects/descrobject.c
Objects/dictobject.c
Objects/enumobject.c
Objects/exceptions.c
Objects/fileobject.c
Objects/floatobject.c
Objects/frameobject.c
Objects/funcobject.c
Objects/genobject.c
Objects/intobject.c
Objects/iterobject.c
Objects/listobject.c
Objects/longobject.c
Objects/methodobject.c
Objects/moduleobject.c
Objects/object.c
Objects/obmalloc.c
Objects/rangeobject.c
Objects/setobject.c
Objects/sliceobject.c
Objects/stringobject.c
Objects/structseq.c
Objects/tupleobject.c
Objects/typeobject.c
Objects/unicodectype.c
Objects/unicodeobject.c
Objects/weakrefobject.c
Modules/gcmodule.c
Modules/getpath.c
Modules/config.c
Modules/threadmodule.c
Modules/signalmodule.c
Modules/posixmodule.c
Modules/errnomodule.c
Modules/pwdmodule.c
Modules/_sre.c
Modules/_codecsmodule.c
Modules/zipimport.c
Modules/symtablemodule.c
Modules/getbuildinfo.c
Modules/xxsubtype.c
)
set(DYLIB_COMPAT_VERSION "2.6.0")
set(DYLIB_CURRENT_VERSION "2.6.9")
add_framework(Python
FAT
SOURCES
${python_sources}
VERSION "2.6"
DEPENDENCIES
system
)
unset(DYLIB_COMPAT_VERSION)
unset(DYLIB_CURRENT_VERSION)
include(darling_exe)
include(darling_bundle)
include(InstallSymlink)
add_darling_executable(python26exe Modules/main.c Modules/python.c)
target_link_libraries(python26exe Python_2.6)
set_target_properties(python26exe PROPERTIES OUTPUT_NAME python2.6)
make_fat(python26exe)
install(TARGETS python26exe DESTINATION libexec/darling/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/bin)
install(FILES python2.6 DESTINATION libexec/darling/usr/bin)
function(pymodule modname)
foreach(f IN LISTS ARGN)
set(files ${files} ${f})
endforeach(f)
add_darling_bundle("py26_${modname}" "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/python2.6" ${files})
target_link_libraries("py26_${modname}" system) # Python_2.6)
set_property(TARGET "py26_${modname}" APPEND_STRING PROPERTY LINK_FLAGS " -Wl,-flat_namespace ")
set_target_properties("py26_${modname}" PROPERTIES OUTPUT_NAME ${modname}
PREFIX ""
SUFFIX ".so")
make_fat("py26_${modname}")
add_dependencies("py26_${modname}" python26exe)
install(TARGETS "py26_${modname}" DESTINATION libexec/darling/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/lib-dynload)
endfunction(pymodule)
set(sqlite_sources
Modules/_sqlite/cache.c
Modules/_sqlite/connection.c
Modules/_sqlite/cursor.c
Modules/_sqlite/microprotocols.c
Modules/_sqlite/module.c
Modules/_sqlite/prepare_protocol.c
Modules/_sqlite/row.c
Modules/_sqlite/statement.c
Modules/_sqlite/util.c
)
pymodule(zlib Modules/zlibmodule.c)
target_link_libraries(py26_zlib z)
pymodule(unicodedata Modules/unicodedata.c)
pymodule(time Modules/timemodule.c)
pymodule(termios Modules/termios.c)
pymodule(syslog Modules/syslogmodule.c)
pymodule(strop Modules/stropmodule.c)
pymodule(select Modules/selectmodule.c)
pymodule(resource Modules/resource.c)
pymodule(readline Modules/readline.c)
target_link_libraries(py26_readline ncurses edit)
pymodule(pyexpat Modules/pyexpat.c)
target_link_libraries(py26_pyexpat expat)
pymodule(parser Modules/parsermodule.c)
pymodule(operator Modules/operator.c)
#pymodule(nis Modules/nismodule.c)
pymodule(mmap Modules/mmapmodule.c)
pymodule(math Modules/mathmodule.c)
pymodule(itertools Modules/itertoolsmodule.c)
pymodule(imageop Modules/imageop.c)
pymodule(grp Modules/grpmodule.c)
pymodule(future_builtins Modules/future_builtins.c)
pymodule(fcntl Modules/fcntlmodule.c)
pymodule(dl Modules/dlmodule.c)
pymodule(dbm Modules/dbmmodule.c)
pymodule(datetime Modules/datetimemodule.c Modules/timemodule.c)
pymodule(crypt Modules/cryptmodule.c)
pymodule(cmath Modules/cmathmodule.c)
pymodule(cStringIO Modules/cStringIO.c)
pymodule(cPickle Modules/cPickle.c)
pymodule(bz2 Modules/bz2module.c)
target_link_libraries(py26_bz2 bz2)
pymodule(bsddb185 Modules/bsddbmodule.c)
pymodule(binascii Modules/binascii.c)
pymodule(audioop Modules/audioop.c)
pymodule(array Modules/arraymodule.c)
pymodule(_bisect Modules/_bisectmodule.c)
pymodule(_bytesio Modules/_bytesio.c)
pymodule(_collections Modules/_collectionsmodule.c)
pymodule(_csv Modules/_csv.c)
pymodule(_ctypes Modules/_ctypes/callbacks.c Modules/_ctypes/callproc.c Modules/_ctypes/cfield.c Modules/_ctypes/_ctypes.c Modules/_ctypes/malloc_closure.c Modules/_ctypes/stgdict.c Modules/_ctypes/darwin/dlfcn_simple.c
Modules/_ctypes/libffi_osx/ffi.c Modules/_ctypes/libffi_osx/x86/darwin64.S Modules/_ctypes/libffi_osx/x86/x86-darwin.S Modules/_ctypes/libffi_osx/x86/x86-ffi64.c Modules/_ctypes/libffi_osx/x86/x86-ffi_darwin.c)
pymodule(_ctypes_test Modules/_ctypes/_ctypes_test.c)
pymodule(_curses_panel Modules/_curses_panel.c)
target_link_libraries(py26__curses_panel ncurses panel)
pymodule(_elementtree Modules/_elementtree.c) # USE_PYEXPAT_CAPI
set_target_properties(py26__elementtree PROPERTIES COMPILE_FLAGS "-DUSE_PYEXPAT_CAPI")
pymodule(_fileio Modules/_fileio.c)
pymodule(_functools Modules/_functoolsmodule.c)
pymodule(_hashlib Modules/_hashopenssl.c)
target_link_libraries(py26__hashlib ssl098)
target_include_directories(py26__hashlib BEFORE PRIVATE ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/src/external/openssl/src/include)
pymodule(_heapq Modules/_heapqmodule.c)
pymodule(_hotshot Modules/_hotshot.c)
pymodule(_json Modules/_json.c)
pymodule(_locale Modules/_localemodule.c)
target_link_libraries(py26__locale CoreFoundation)
pymodule(_lsprof Modules/_lsprof.c Modules/rotatingtree.c)
pymodule(_multiprocessing Modules/_multiprocessing/multiprocessing.c Modules/_multiprocessing/semaphore.c Modules/_multiprocessing/socket_connection.c)
pymodule(_random Modules/_randommodule.c)
pymodule(_socket Modules/socketmodule.c)
pymodule(_ssl Modules/_ssl.c)
target_link_libraries(py26__ssl ssl098)
target_include_directories(py26__ssl BEFORE PRIVATE ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/src/external/openssl/src/include)
pymodule(_struct Modules/_struct.c)
pymodule(_testcapi Modules/_testcapimodule.c)
pymodule(_weakref Modules/_weakref.c)
pymodule(_sqlite ${sqlite_sources})
target_link_libraries(py26__sqlite sqlite3)
target_compile_definitions(py26__sqlite PRIVATE -DMODULE_NAME="sqlite3")
pymodule(_scproxy Mac/Modules/_scproxy.c)
target_link_libraries(py26__scproxy SystemConfiguration)
function(install_lib subdir)
file(GLOB py_files Lib/${subdir}/*.py)
install(FILES ${py_files} DESTINATION libexec/darling/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/${subdir})
string(REGEX REPLACE "/" "_" target_name "py26_${subdir}")
pyc("${target_name}" SOURCES ${py_files} DESTINATION libexec/darling/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/${subdir})
endfunction(install_lib)
install_lib(.)
install_lib(bsddb)
install_lib(compiler)
install_lib(ctypes)
install_lib(ctypes/macholib)
install_lib(curses)
install_lib(distutils)
install_lib(distutils/command)
install_lib(email)
install_lib(email/mime)
install_lib(encodings)
install_lib(hotshot)
install_lib(importlib)
install_lib(json)
install_lib(logging)
install_lib(multiprocessing)
install_lib(multiprocessing/dummy)
install_lib(plat-darwin)
install_lib(plat-mac)
install_lib(sqlite3)
install_lib(wsgiref)
install_lib(xml)
install_lib(xml/dom)
install_lib(xml/etree)
install_lib(xml/parsers)
install_lib(xml/sax)
install(FILES Lib/site-packages/README DESTINATION libexec/darling/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages)
set(EXENAME "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/bin/python2.6")
configure_file(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/Misc/python-config.in python-config)
install(PROGRAMS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/python-config DESTINATION libexec/darling/usr/bin RENAME python2.6-config)

14
2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/cgi/cgi1.py
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@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
#!/usr/local/bin/python
"""CGI test 1 - check server setup."""
# Until you get this to work, your web server isn't set up right or
# your Python isn't set up right.
# If cgi0.sh works but cgi1.py doesn't, check the #! line and the file
# permissions. The docs for the cgi.py module have debugging tips.
print "Content-type: text/html"
print
print "<h1>Hello world</h1>"
print "<p>This is cgi1.py"

22
2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/cgi/cgi2.py
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@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
#!/usr/local/bin/python
"""CGI test 2 - basic use of cgi module."""
import cgitb; cgitb.enable()
import cgi
def main():
form = cgi.FieldStorage()
print "Content-type: text/html"
print
if not form:
print "<h1>No Form Keys</h1>"
else:
print "<h1>Form Keys</h1>"
for key in form.keys():
value = form[key].value
print "<p>", cgi.escape(key), ":", cgi.escape(value)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

10
2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/cgi/cgi3.py
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@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
#!/usr/local/bin/python
"""CGI test 3 (persistent data)."""
import cgitb; cgitb.enable()
from wiki import main
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

54
2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/classes/Vec.py
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@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
# A simple vector class
def vec(*v):
return Vec(*v)
class Vec:
def __init__(self, *v):
self.v = list(v)
def fromlist(self, v):
if not isinstance(v, list):
raise TypeError
self.v = v[:]
return self
def __repr__(self):
return 'vec(' + repr(self.v)[1:-1] + ')'
def __len__(self):
return len(self.v)
def __getitem__(self, i):
return self.v[i]
def __add__(self, other):
# Element-wise addition
v = map(lambda x, y: x+y, self, other)
return Vec().fromlist(v)
def __sub__(self, other):
# Element-wise subtraction
v = map(lambda x, y: x-y, self, other)
return Vec().fromlist(v)
def __mul__(self, scalar):
# Multiply by scalar
v = map(lambda x: x*scalar, self.v)
return Vec().fromlist(v)
def test():
a = vec(1, 2, 3)
b = vec(3, 2, 1)
print a
print b
print a+b
print a-b
print a*3.0
test()

57
2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/embed/Makefile
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@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
# Makefile for embedded Python use demo.
# (This version tailored for my Red Hat Linux 6.1 setup;
# edit lines marked with XXX.)
# XXX The compiler you are using
CC= gcc
# XXX Top of the build tree and source tree
blddir= ../..
srcdir= ../..
# Python version
VERSION= 2.6
# Compiler flags
OPT= -g
INCLUDES= -I$(srcdir)/Include -I$(blddir)
CFLAGS= $(OPT)
CPPFLAGS= $(INCLUDES)
# The Python library
LIBPYTHON= $(blddir)/libpython$(VERSION).a
# XXX edit LIBS (in particular) to match $(blddir)/Modules/Makefile
LIBS= -lnsl -ldl -lreadline -ltermcap -lieee -lpthread -lutil
LDFLAGS= -Xlinker -export-dynamic
SYSLIBS= -lm
MODLIBS=
ALLLIBS= $(LIBPYTHON) $(MODLIBS) $(LIBS) $(SYSLIBS)
# Build the demo applications
all: demo loop importexc
demo: demo.o
$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) demo.o $(ALLLIBS) -o demo
loop: loop.o
$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) loop.o $(ALLLIBS) -o loop
importexc: importexc.o
$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) importexc.o $(ALLLIBS) -o importexc
# Administrative targets
test: demo
./demo
COMMAND="print 'hello world'"
looptest: loop
./loop $(COMMAND)
clean:
-rm -f *.o core
clobber: clean
-rm -f *~ @* '#'* demo loop importexc
realclean: clobber

65
2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/embed/demo.c
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@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
/* Example of embedding Python in another program */
#include "Python.h"
void initxyzzy(void); /* Forward */
main(int argc, char **argv)
{
/* Pass argv[0] to the Python interpreter */
Py_SetProgramName(argv[0]);
/* Initialize the Python interpreter. Required. */
Py_Initialize();
/* Add a static module */
initxyzzy();
/* Define sys.argv. It is up to the application if you
want this; you can also let it undefined (since the Python
code is generally not a main program it has no business
touching sys.argv...) */
PySys_SetArgv(argc, argv);
/* Do some application specific code */
printf("Hello, brave new world\n\n");
/* Execute some Python statements (in module __main__) */
PyRun_SimpleString("import sys\n");
PyRun_SimpleString("print sys.builtin_module_names\n");
PyRun_SimpleString("print sys.modules.keys()\n");
PyRun_SimpleString("print sys.executable\n");
PyRun_SimpleString("print sys.argv\n");
/* Note that you can call any public function of the Python
interpreter here, e.g. call_object(). */
/* Some more application specific code */
printf("\nGoodbye, cruel world\n");
/* Exit, cleaning up the interpreter */
Py_Exit(0);
/*NOTREACHED*/
}
/* A static module */
/* 'self' is not used */
static PyObject *
xyzzy_foo(PyObject *self, PyObject* args)
{
return PyInt_FromLong(42L);
}
static PyMethodDef xyzzy_methods[] = {
{"foo", xyzzy_foo, METH_NOARGS,
"Return the meaning of everything."},
{NULL, NULL} /* sentinel */
};
void
initxyzzy(void)
{
PyImport_AddModule("xyzzy");
Py_InitModule("xyzzy", xyzzy_methods);
}

248
2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/imputil/importers.py
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@ -1,248 +0,0 @@
#
# importers.py
#
# Demonstration subclasses of imputil.Importer
#
# There should be consideration for the imports below if it is desirable
# to have "all" modules be imported through the imputil system.
# these are C extensions
import sys
import imp
import struct
import marshal
# these are .py modules
import imputil
import os
######################################################################
_TupleType = type(())
_StringType = type('')
######################################################################
# byte-compiled file suffic character
_suffix_char = __debug__ and 'c' or 'o'
# byte-compiled file suffix
_suffix = '.py' + _suffix_char
# the C_EXTENSION suffixes
_c_suffixes = filter(lambda x: x[2] == imp.C_EXTENSION, imp.get_suffixes())
def _timestamp(pathname):
"Return the file modification time as a Long."
try:
s = os.stat(pathname)
except OSError:
return None
return long(s[8])
def _fs_import(dir, modname, fqname):
"Fetch a module from the filesystem."
pathname = os.path.join(dir, modname)
if os.path.isdir(pathname):
values = { '__pkgdir__' : pathname, '__path__' : [ pathname ] }
ispkg = 1
pathname = os.path.join(pathname, '__init__')
else:
values = { }
ispkg = 0
# look for dynload modules
for desc in _c_suffixes:
file = pathname + desc[0]
try:
fp = open(file, desc[1])
except IOError:
pass
else:
module = imp.load_module(fqname, fp, file, desc)
values['__file__'] = file
return 0, module, values
t_py = _timestamp(pathname + '.py')
t_pyc = _timestamp(pathname + _suffix)
if t_py is None and t_pyc is None:
return None
code = None
if t_py is None or (t_pyc is not None and t_pyc >= t_py):
file = pathname + _suffix
f = open(file, 'rb')
if f.read(4) == imp.get_magic():
t = struct.unpack('<I', f.read(4))[0]
if t == t_py:
code = marshal.load(f)
f.close()
if code is None:
file = pathname + '.py'
code = _compile(file, t_py)
values['__file__'] = file
return ispkg, code, values
######################################################################
#
# Simple function-based importer
#
class FuncImporter(imputil.Importer):
"Importer subclass to delegate to a function rather than method overrides."
def __init__(self, func):
self.func = func
def get_code(self, parent, modname, fqname):
return self.func(parent, modname, fqname)
def install_with(func):
FuncImporter(func).install()
######################################################################
#
# Base class for archive-based importing
#
class PackageArchiveImporter(imputil.Importer):
"""Importer subclass to import from (file) archives.
This Importer handles imports of the style <archive>.<subfile>, where
<archive> can be located using a subclass-specific mechanism and the
<subfile> is found in the archive using a subclass-specific mechanism.
This class defines two hooks for subclasses: one to locate an archive
(and possibly return some context for future subfile lookups), and one
to locate subfiles.
"""
def get_code(self, parent, modname, fqname):
if parent:
# the Importer._finish_import logic ensures that we handle imports
# under the top level module (package / archive).
assert parent.__importer__ == self
# if a parent "package" is provided, then we are importing a
# sub-file from the archive.
result = self.get_subfile(parent.__archive__, modname)
if result is None:
return None
if isinstance(result, _TupleType):
assert len(result) == 2
return (0,) + result
return 0, result, {}
# no parent was provided, so the archive should exist somewhere on the
# default "path".
archive = self.get_archive(modname)
if archive is None:
return None
return 1, "", {'__archive__':archive}
def get_archive(self, modname):
"""Get an archive of modules.
This method should locate an archive and return a value which can be
used by get_subfile to load modules from it. The value may be a simple
pathname, an open file, or a complex object that caches information
for future imports.
Return None if the archive was not found.
"""
raise RuntimeError, "get_archive not implemented"
def get_subfile(self, archive, modname):
"""Get code from a subfile in the specified archive.
Given the specified archive (as returned by get_archive()), locate
and return a code object for the specified module name.
A 2-tuple may be returned, consisting of a code object and a dict
of name/values to place into the target module.
Return None if the subfile was not found.
"""
raise RuntimeError, "get_subfile not implemented"
class PackageArchive(PackageArchiveImporter):
"PackageArchiveImporter subclass that refers to a specific archive."
def __init__(self, modname, archive_pathname):
self.__modname = modname
self.__path = archive_pathname
def get_archive(self, modname):
if modname == self.__modname:
return self.__path
return None
# get_subfile is passed the full pathname of the archive
######################################################################
#
# Emulate the standard directory-based import mechanism
#
class DirectoryImporter(imputil.Importer):
"Importer subclass to emulate the standard importer."
def __init__(self, dir):
self.dir = dir
def get_code(self, parent, modname, fqname):
if parent:
dir = parent.__pkgdir__
else:
dir = self.dir
# Return the module (and other info) if found in the specified
# directory. Otherwise, return None.
return _fs_import(dir, modname, fqname)
def __repr__(self):
return '<%s.%s for "%s" at 0x%x>' % (self.__class__.__module__,
self.__class__.__name__,
self.dir,
id(self))
######################################################################
#
# Emulate the standard path-style import mechanism
#
class PathImporter(imputil.Importer):
def __init__(self, path=sys.path):
self.path = path
def get_code(self, parent, modname, fqname):
if parent:
# we are looking for a module inside of a specific package
return _fs_import(parent.__pkgdir__, modname, fqname)
# scan sys.path, looking for the requested module
for dir in self.path:
if isinstance(dir, _StringType):
result = _fs_import(dir, modname, fqname)
if result:
return result
# not found
return None
######################################################################
def _test_dir():
"Debug/test function to create DirectoryImporters from sys.path."
imputil.ImportManager().install()
path = sys.path[:]
path.reverse()
for d in path:
sys.path.insert(0, DirectoryImporter(d))
sys.path.insert(0, imputil.BuiltinImporter())
def _test_revamp():
"Debug/test function for the revamped import system."
imputil.ImportManager().install()
sys.path.insert(0, PathImporter())
sys.path.insert(0, imputil.BuiltinImporter())

126
2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/imputil/knee.py
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@ -1,126 +0,0 @@
"""An Python re-implementation of hierarchical module import.
This code is intended to be read, not executed. However, it does work
-- all you need to do to enable it is "import knee".
(The name is a pun on the klunkier predecessor of this module, "ni".)
"""
import sys, imp, __builtin__
# Replacement for __import__()
def import_hook(name, globals=None, locals=None, fromlist=None):
parent = determine_parent(globals)
q, tail = find_head_package(parent, name)
m = load_tail(q, tail)
if not fromlist:
return q
if hasattr(m, "__path__"):
ensure_fromlist(m, fromlist)
return m
def determine_parent(globals):
if not globals or not globals.has_key("__name__"):
return None
pname = globals['__name__']
if globals.has_key("__path__"):
parent = sys.modules[pname]
assert globals is parent.__dict__
return parent
if '.' in pname:
i = pname.rfind('.')
pname = pname[:i]
parent = sys.modules[pname]
assert parent.__name__ == pname
return parent
return None
def find_head_package(parent, name):
if '.' in name:
i = name.find('.')
head = name[:i]
tail = name[i+1:]
else:
head = name
tail = ""
if parent:
qname = "%s.%s" % (parent.__name__, head)
else:
qname = head
q = import_module(head, qname, parent)
if q: return q, tail
if parent:
qname = head
parent = None
q = import_module(head, qname, parent)
if q: return q, tail
raise ImportError, "No module named " + qname
def load_tail(q, tail):
m = q
while tail:
i = tail.find('.')
if i < 0: i = len(tail)
head, tail = tail[:i], tail[i+1:]
mname = "%s.%s" % (m.__name__, head)
m = import_module(head, mname, m)
if not m:
raise ImportError, "No module named " + mname
return m
def ensure_fromlist(m, fromlist, recursive=0):
for sub in fromlist:
if sub == "*":
if not recursive:
try:
all = m.__all__
except AttributeError:
pass
else:
ensure_fromlist(m, all, 1)
continue
if sub != "*" and not hasattr(m, sub):
subname = "%s.%s" % (m.__name__, sub)
submod = import_module(sub, subname, m)
if not submod:
raise ImportError, "No module named " + subname
def import_module(partname, fqname, parent):
try:
return sys.modules[fqname]
except KeyError:
pass
try:
fp, pathname, stuff = imp.find_module(partname,
parent and parent.__path__)
except ImportError:
return None
try:
m = imp.load_module(fqname, fp, pathname, stuff)
finally:
if fp: fp.close()
if parent:
setattr(parent, partname, m)
return m
# Replacement for reload()
def reload_hook(module):
name = module.__name__
if '.' not in name:
return import_module(name, name, None)
i = name.rfind('.')
pname = name[:i]
parent = sys.modules[pname]
return import_module(name[i+1:], name, parent)
# Save the original hooks
original_import = __builtin__.__import__
original_reload = __builtin__.reload
# Now install our hooks
__builtin__.__import__ = import_hook
__builtin__.reload = reload_hook

605
2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/metaclasses/index.html
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@ -1,605 +0,0 @@
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Metaclasses in Python 1.5</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR="FFFFFF">
<H1>Metaclasses in Python 1.5</H1>
<H2>(A.k.a. The Killer Joke :-)</H2>
<HR>
(<i>Postscript:</i> reading this essay is probably not the best way to
understand the metaclass hook described here. See a <A
HREF="meta-vladimir.txt">message posted by Vladimir Marangozov</A>
which may give a gentler introduction to the matter. You may also
want to search Deja News for messages with "metaclass" in the subject
posted to comp.lang.python in July and August 1998.)
<HR>
<P>In previous Python releases (and still in 1.5), there is something
called the ``Don Beaudry hook'', after its inventor and champion.
This allows C extensions to provide alternate class behavior, thereby
allowing the Python class syntax to be used to define other class-like
entities. Don Beaudry has used this in his infamous <A
HREF="http://maigret.cog.brown.edu/pyutil/">MESS</A> package; Jim
Fulton has used it in his <A
HREF="http://www.digicool.com/releases/ExtensionClass/">Extension
Classes</A> package. (It has also been referred to as the ``Don
Beaudry <i>hack</i>,'' but that's a misnomer. There's nothing hackish
about it -- in fact, it is rather elegant and deep, even though
there's something dark to it.)
<P>(On first reading, you may want to skip directly to the examples in
the section "Writing Metaclasses in Python" below, unless you want
your head to explode.)
<P>
<HR>
<P>Documentation of the Don Beaudry hook has purposefully been kept
minimal, since it is a feature of incredible power, and is easily
abused. Basically, it checks whether the <b>type of the base
class</b> is callable, and if so, it is called to create the new
class.
<P>Note the two indirection levels. Take a simple example:
<PRE>
class B:
pass
class C(B):
pass
</PRE>
Take a look at the second class definition, and try to fathom ``the
type of the base class is callable.''
<P>(Types are not classes, by the way. See questions 4.2, 4.19 and in
particular 6.22 in the <A
HREF="http://www.python.org/cgi-bin/faqw.py" >Python FAQ</A>
for more on this topic.)
<P>
<UL>
<LI>The <b>base class</b> is B; this one's easy.<P>
<LI>Since B is a class, its type is ``class''; so the <b>type of the
base class</b> is the type ``class''. This is also known as
types.ClassType, assuming the standard module <code>types</code> has
been imported.<P>
<LI>Now is the type ``class'' <b>callable</b>? No, because types (in
core Python) are never callable. Classes are callable (calling a
class creates a new instance) but types aren't.<P>
</UL>
<P>So our conclusion is that in our example, the type of the base
class (of C) is not callable. So the Don Beaudry hook does not apply,
and the default class creation mechanism is used (which is also used
when there is no base class). In fact, the Don Beaudry hook never
applies when using only core Python, since the type of a core object
is never callable.
<P>So what do Don and Jim do in order to use Don's hook? Write an
extension that defines at least two new Python object types. The
first would be the type for ``class-like'' objects usable as a base
class, to trigger Don's hook. This type must be made callable.
That's why we need a second type. Whether an object is callable
depends on its type. So whether a type object is callable depends on
<i>its</i> type, which is a <i>meta-type</i>. (In core Python there
is only one meta-type, the type ``type'' (types.TypeType), which is
the type of all type objects, even itself.) A new meta-type must
be defined that makes the type of the class-like objects callable.
(Normally, a third type would also be needed, the new ``instance''
type, but this is not an absolute requirement -- the new class type
could return an object of some existing type when invoked to create an
instance.)
<P>Still confused? Here's a simple device due to Don himself to
explain metaclasses. Take a simple class definition; assume B is a
special class that triggers Don's hook:
<PRE>
class C(B):
a = 1
b = 2
</PRE>
This can be though of as equivalent to:
<PRE>
C = type(B)('C', (B,), {'a': 1, 'b': 2})
</PRE>
If that's too dense for you, here's the same thing written out using
temporary variables:
<PRE>
creator = type(B) # The type of the base class
name = 'C' # The name of the new class
bases = (B,) # A tuple containing the base class(es)
namespace = {'a': 1, 'b': 2} # The namespace of the class statement
C = creator(name, bases, namespace)
</PRE>
This is analogous to what happens without the Don Beaudry hook, except
that in that case the creator function is set to the default class
creator.
<P>In either case, the creator is called with three arguments. The
first one, <i>name</i>, is the name of the new class (as given at the
top of the class statement). The <i>bases</i> argument is a tuple of
base classes (a singleton tuple if there's only one base class, like
the example). Finally, <i>namespace</i> is a dictionary containing
the local variables collected during execution of the class statement.
<P>Note that the contents of the namespace dictionary is simply
whatever names were defined in the class statement. A little-known
fact is that when Python executes a class statement, it enters a new
local namespace, and all assignments and function definitions take
place in this namespace. Thus, after executing the following class
statement:
<PRE>
class C:
a = 1
def f(s): pass
</PRE>
the class namespace's contents would be {'a': 1, 'f': &lt;function f
...&gt;}.
<P>But enough already about writing Python metaclasses in C; read the
documentation of <A
HREF="http://maigret.cog.brown.edu/pyutil/">MESS</A> or <A
HREF="http://www.digicool.com/papers/ExtensionClass.html" >Extension
Classes</A> for more information.
<P>
<HR>
<H2>Writing Metaclasses in Python</H2>
<P>In Python 1.5, the requirement to write a C extension in order to
write metaclasses has been dropped (though you can still do
it, of course). In addition to the check ``is the type of the base
class callable,'' there's a check ``does the base class have a
__class__ attribute.'' If so, it is assumed that the __class__
attribute refers to a class.
<P>Let's repeat our simple example from above:
<PRE>
class C(B):
a = 1
b = 2
</PRE>
Assuming B has a __class__ attribute, this translates into:
<PRE>
C = B.__class__('C', (B,), {'a': 1, 'b': 2})
</PRE>
This is exactly the same as before except that instead of type(B),
B.__class__ is invoked. If you have read <A HREF=
"http://www.python.org/cgi-bin/faqw.py?req=show&file=faq06.022.htp"
>FAQ question 6.22</A> you will understand that while there is a big
technical difference between type(B) and B.__class__, they play the
same role at different abstraction levels. And perhaps at some point
in the future they will really be the same thing (at which point you
would be able to derive subclasses from built-in types).
<P>At this point it may be worth mentioning that C.__class__ is the
same object as B.__class__, i.e., C's metaclass is the same as B's
metaclass. In other words, subclassing an existing class creates a
new (meta)inststance of the base class's metaclass.
<P>Going back to the example, the class B.__class__ is instantiated,
passing its constructor the same three arguments that are passed to
the default class constructor or to an extension's metaclass:
<i>name</i>, <i>bases</i>, and <i>namespace</i>.
<P>It is easy to be confused by what exactly happens when using a
metaclass, because we lose the absolute distinction between classes
and instances: a class is an instance of a metaclass (a
``metainstance''), but technically (i.e. in the eyes of the python
runtime system), the metaclass is just a class, and the metainstance
is just an instance. At the end of the class statement, the metaclass
whose metainstance is used as a base class is instantiated, yielding a
second metainstance (of the same metaclass). This metainstance is
then used as a (normal, non-meta) class; instantiation of the class
means calling the metainstance, and this will return a real instance.
And what class is that an instance of? Conceptually, it is of course
an instance of our metainstance; but in most cases the Python runtime
system will see it as an instance of a a helper class used by the
metaclass to implement its (non-meta) instances...
<P>Hopefully an example will make things clearer. Let's presume we
have a metaclass MetaClass1. It's helper class (for non-meta
instances) is callled HelperClass1. We now (manually) instantiate
MetaClass1 once to get an empty special base class:
<PRE>
BaseClass1 = MetaClass1("BaseClass1", (), {})
</PRE>
We can now use BaseClass1 as a base class in a class statement:
<PRE>
class MySpecialClass(BaseClass1):
i = 1
def f(s): pass
</PRE>
At this point, MySpecialClass is defined; it is a metainstance of
MetaClass1 just like BaseClass1, and in fact the expression
``BaseClass1.__class__ == MySpecialClass.__class__ == MetaClass1''
yields true.
<P>We are now ready to create instances of MySpecialClass. Let's
assume that no constructor arguments are required:
<PRE>
x = MySpecialClass()
y = MySpecialClass()
print x.__class__, y.__class__
</PRE>
The print statement shows that x and y are instances of HelperClass1.
How did this happen? MySpecialClass is an instance of MetaClass1
(``meta'' is irrelevant here); when an instance is called, its
__call__ method is invoked, and presumably the __call__ method defined
by MetaClass1 returns an instance of HelperClass1.
<P>Now let's see how we could use metaclasses -- what can we do
with metaclasses that we can't easily do without them? Here's one
idea: a metaclass could automatically insert trace calls for all
method calls. Let's first develop a simplified example, without
support for inheritance or other ``advanced'' Python features (we'll
add those later).
<PRE>
import types
class Tracing:
def __init__(self, name, bases, namespace):
"""Create a new class."""
self.__name__ = name
self.__bases__ = bases
self.__namespace__ = namespace
def __call__(self):
"""Create a new instance."""
return Instance(self)
class Instance:
def __init__(self, klass):
self.__klass__ = klass
def __getattr__(self, name):
try:
value = self.__klass__.__namespace__[name]
except KeyError:
raise AttributeError, name
if type(value) is not types.FunctionType:
return value
return BoundMethod(value, self)
class BoundMethod:
def __init__(self, function, instance):
self.function = function
self.instance = instance
def __call__(self, *args):
print "calling", self.function, "for", self.instance, "with", args
return apply(self.function, (self.instance,) + args)
Trace = Tracing('Trace', (), {})
class MyTracedClass(Trace):
def method1(self, a):
self.a = a
def method2(self):
return self.a
aninstance = MyTracedClass()
aninstance.method1(10)
print "the answer is %d" % aninstance.method2()
</PRE>
Confused already? The intention is to read this from top down. The
Tracing class is the metaclass we're defining. Its structure is
really simple.
<P>
<UL>
<LI>The __init__ method is invoked when a new Tracing instance is
created, e.g. the definition of class MyTracedClass later in the
example. It simply saves the class name, base classes and namespace
as instance variables.<P>
<LI>The __call__ method is invoked when a Tracing instance is called,
e.g. the creation of aninstance later in the example. It returns an
instance of the class Instance, which is defined next.<P>
</UL>
<P>The class Instance is the class used for all instances of classes
built using the Tracing metaclass, e.g. aninstance. It has two
methods:
<P>
<UL>
<LI>The __init__ method is invoked from the Tracing.__call__ method
above to initialize a new instance. It saves the class reference as
an instance variable. It uses a funny name because the user's
instance variables (e.g. self.a later in the example) live in the same
namespace.<P>
<LI>The __getattr__ method is invoked whenever the user code
references an attribute of the instance that is not an instance
variable (nor a class variable; but except for __init__ and
__getattr__ there are no class variables). It will be called, for
example, when aninstance.method1 is referenced in the example, with
self set to aninstance and name set to the string "method1".<P>
</UL>
<P>The __getattr__ method looks the name up in the __namespace__
dictionary. If it isn't found, it raises an AttributeError exception.
(In a more realistic example, it would first have to look through the
base classes as well.) If it is found, there are two possibilities:
it's either a function or it isn't. If it's not a function, it is
assumed to be a class variable, and its value is returned. If it's a
function, we have to ``wrap'' it in instance of yet another helper
class, BoundMethod.
<P>The BoundMethod class is needed to implement a familiar feature:
when a method is defined, it has an initial argument, self, which is
automatically bound to the relevant instance when it is called. For
example, aninstance.method1(10) is equivalent to method1(aninstance,
10). In the example if this call, first a temporary BoundMethod
instance is created with the following constructor call: temp =
BoundMethod(method1, aninstance); then this instance is called as
temp(10). After the call, the temporary instance is discarded.
<P>
<UL>
<LI>The __init__ method is invoked for the constructor call
BoundMethod(method1, aninstance). It simply saves away its
arguments.<P>
<LI>The __call__ method is invoked when the bound method instance is
called, as in temp(10). It needs to call method1(aninstance, 10).
However, even though self.function is now method1 and self.instance is
aninstance, it can't call self.function(self.instance, args) directly,
because it should work regardless of the number of arguments passed.
(For simplicity, support for keyword arguments has been omitted.)<P>
</UL>
<P>In order to be able to support arbitrary argument lists, the
__call__ method first constructs a new argument tuple. Conveniently,
because of the notation *args in __call__'s own argument list, the
arguments to __call__ (except for self) are placed in the tuple args.
To construct the desired argument list, we concatenate a singleton
tuple containing the instance with the args tuple: (self.instance,) +
args. (Note the trailing comma used to construct the singleton
tuple.) In our example, the resulting argument tuple is (aninstance,
10).
<P>The intrinsic function apply() takes a function and an argument
tuple and calls the function for it. In our example, we are calling
apply(method1, (aninstance, 10)) which is equivalent to calling
method(aninstance, 10).
<P>From here on, things should come together quite easily. The output
of the example code is something like this:
<PRE>
calling &lt;function method1 at ae8d8&gt; for &lt;Instance instance at 95ab0&gt; with (10,)
calling &lt;function method2 at ae900&gt; for &lt;Instance instance at 95ab0&gt; with ()
the answer is 10
</PRE>
<P>That was about the shortest meaningful example that I could come up
with. A real tracing metaclass (for example, <A
HREF="#Trace">Trace.py</A> discussed below) needs to be more
complicated in two dimensions.
<P>First, it needs to support more advanced Python features such as
class variables, inheritance, __init__ methods, and keyword arguments.
<P>Second, it needs to provide a more flexible way to handle the
actual tracing information; perhaps it should be possible to write
your own tracing function that gets called, perhaps it should be
possible to enable and disable tracing on a per-class or per-instance
basis, and perhaps a filter so that only interesting calls are traced;
it should also be able to trace the return value of the call (or the
exception it raised if an error occurs). Even the Trace.py example
doesn't support all these features yet.
<P>
<HR>
<H1>Real-life Examples</H1>
<P>Have a look at some very preliminary examples that I coded up to
teach myself how to write metaclasses:
<DL>
<DT><A HREF="Enum.py">Enum.py</A>
<DD>This (ab)uses the class syntax as an elegant way to define
enumerated types. The resulting classes are never instantiated --
rather, their class attributes are the enumerated values. For
example:
<PRE>
class Color(Enum):
red = 1
green = 2
blue = 3
print Color.red
</PRE>
will print the string ``Color.red'', while ``Color.red==1'' is true,
and ``Color.red + 1'' raise a TypeError exception.
<P>
<DT><A NAME=Trace></A><A HREF="Trace.py">Trace.py</A>
<DD>The resulting classes work much like standard
classes, but by setting a special class or instance attribute
__trace_output__ to point to a file, all calls to the class's methods
are traced. It was a bit of a struggle to get this right. This
should probably redone using the generic metaclass below.
<P>
<DT><A HREF="Meta.py">Meta.py</A>
<DD>A generic metaclass. This is an attempt at finding out how much
standard class behavior can be mimicked by a metaclass. The
preliminary answer appears to be that everything's fine as long as the
class (or its clients) don't look at the instance's __class__
attribute, nor at the class's __dict__ attribute. The use of
__getattr__ internally makes the classic implementation of __getattr__
hooks tough; we provide a similar hook _getattr_ instead.
(__setattr__ and __delattr__ are not affected.)
(XXX Hm. Could detect presence of __getattr__ and rename it.)
<P>
<DT><A HREF="Eiffel.py">Eiffel.py</A>
<DD>Uses the above generic metaclass to implement Eiffel style
pre-conditions and post-conditions.
<P>
<DT><A HREF="Synch.py">Synch.py</A>
<DD>Uses the above generic metaclass to implement synchronized
methods.
<P>
<DT><A HREF="Simple.py">Simple.py</A>
<DD>The example module used above.
<P>
</DL>
<P>A pattern seems to be emerging: almost all these uses of
metaclasses (except for Enum, which is probably more cute than useful)
mostly work by placing wrappers around method calls. An obvious
problem with that is that it's not easy to combine the features of
different metaclasses, while this would actually be quite useful: for
example, I wouldn't mind getting a trace from the test run of the
Synch module, and it would be interesting to add preconditions to it
as well. This needs more research. Perhaps a metaclass could be
provided that allows stackable wrappers...
<P>
<HR>
<H2>Things You Could Do With Metaclasses</H2>
<P>There are lots of things you could do with metaclasses. Most of
these can also be done with creative use of __getattr__, but
metaclasses make it easier to modify the attribute lookup behavior of
classes. Here's a partial list.
<P>
<UL>
<LI>Enforce different inheritance semantics, e.g. automatically call
base class methods when a derived class overrides<P>
<LI>Implement class methods (e.g. if the first argument is not named
'self')<P>
<LI>Implement that each instance is initialized with <b>copies</b> of
all class variables<P>
<LI>Implement a different way to store instance variables (e.g. in a
list kept outside the instance but indexed by the instance's id())<P>
<LI>Automatically wrap or trap all or certain methods
<UL>
<LI>for tracing
<LI>for precondition and postcondition checking
<LI>for synchronized methods
<LI>for automatic value caching
</UL>
<P>
<LI>When an attribute is a parameterless function, call it on
reference (to mimic it being an instance variable); same on assignment<P>
<LI>Instrumentation: see how many times various attributes are used<P>
<LI>Different semantics for __setattr__ and __getattr__ (e.g. disable
them when they are being used recursively)<P>
<LI>Abuse class syntax for other things<P>
<LI>Experiment with automatic type checking<P>
<LI>Delegation (or acquisition)<P>
<LI>Dynamic inheritance patterns<P>
<LI>Automatic caching of methods<P>
</UL>
<P>
<HR>
<H4>Credits</H4>
<P>Many thanks to David Ascher and Donald Beaudry for their comments
on earlier draft of this paper. Also thanks to Matt Conway and Tommy
Burnette for putting a seed for the idea of metaclasses in my
mind, nearly three years ago, even though at the time my response was
``you can do that with __getattr__ hooks...'' :-)
<P>
<HR>
</BODY>
</HTML>

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@ -1,141 +0,0 @@
"""Support Eiffel-style preconditions and postconditions."""
from types import FunctionType as function
class EiffelBaseMetaClass(type):
def __new__(meta, name, bases, dict):
meta.convert_methods(dict)
return super(EiffelBaseMetaClass, meta).__new__(meta, name, bases,
dict)
@classmethod
def convert_methods(cls, dict):
"""Replace functions in dict with EiffelMethod wrappers.
The dict is modified in place.
If a method ends in _pre or _post, it is removed from the dict
regardless of whether there is a corresponding method.
"""
# find methods with pre or post conditions
methods = []
for k, v in dict.iteritems():
if k.endswith('_pre') or k.endswith('_post'):
assert isinstance(v, function)
elif isinstance(v, function):
methods.append(k)
for m in methods:
pre = dict.get("%s_pre" % m)
post = dict.get("%s_post" % m)
if pre or post:
dict[k] = cls.make_eiffel_method(dict[m], pre, post)
class EiffelMetaClass1(EiffelBaseMetaClass):
# an implementation of the "eiffel" meta class that uses nested functions
@staticmethod
def make_eiffel_method(func, pre, post):
def method(self, *args, **kwargs):
if pre:
pre(self, *args, **kwargs)
x = func(self, *args, **kwargs)
if post:
post(self, x, *args, **kwargs)
return x
if func.__doc__:
method.__doc__ = func.__doc__
return method
class EiffelMethodWrapper:
def __init__(self, inst, descr):
self._inst = inst
self._descr = descr
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
return self._descr.callmethod(self._inst, args, kwargs)
class EiffelDescriptor(object):
def __init__(self, func, pre, post):
self._func = func
self._pre = pre
self._post = post
self.__name__ = func.__name__
self.__doc__ = func.__doc__
def __get__(self, obj, cls):
return EiffelMethodWrapper(obj, self)
def callmethod(self, inst, args, kwargs):
if self._pre:
self._pre(inst, *args, **kwargs)
x = self._func(inst, *args, **kwargs)
if self._post:
self._post(inst, x, *args, **kwargs)
return x
class EiffelMetaClass2(EiffelBaseMetaClass):
# an implementation of the "eiffel" meta class that uses descriptors
make_eiffel_method = EiffelDescriptor
def _test(metaclass):
class Eiffel:
__metaclass__ = metaclass
class Test(Eiffel):
def m(self, arg):
"""Make it a little larger"""
return arg + 1
def m2(self, arg):
"""Make it a little larger"""
return arg + 1
def m2_pre(self, arg):
assert arg > 0
def m2_post(self, result, arg):
assert result > arg
class Sub(Test):
def m2(self, arg):
return arg**2
def m2_post(self, Result, arg):
super(Sub, self).m2_post(Result, arg)
assert Result < 100
t = Test()
t.m(1)
t.m2(1)
try:
t.m2(0)
except AssertionError:
pass
else:
assert False
s = Sub()
try:
s.m2(1)
except AssertionError:
pass # result == arg
else:
assert False
try:
s.m2(10)
except AssertionError:
pass # result == 100
else:
assert False
s.m2(5)
if __name__ == "__main__":
_test(EiffelMetaClass1)
_test(EiffelMetaClass2)

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@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
These files are from the large example of using the `parser' module. Refer
to the Python Library Reference for more information.
It also contains examples for the AST parser.
Files:
------
FILES -- list of files associated with the parser module.
README -- this file.
example.py -- module that uses the `parser' module to extract
information from the parse tree of Python source
code.
docstring.py -- sample source file containing only a module docstring.
simple.py -- sample source containing a "short form" definition.
source.py -- sample source code used to demonstrate ability to
handle nested constructs easily using the functions
and classes in example.py.
test_parser.py program to put the parser module through its paces.
unparse.py AST (2.5) based example to recreate source code
from an AST. This is incomplete; contributions
are welcome.
Enjoy!

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@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
#! /usr/bin/env python
# (Force the script to use the latest build.)
#
# test_parser.py
import parser, traceback
_numFailed = 0
def testChunk(t, fileName):
global _numFailed
print '----', fileName,
try:
ast = parser.suite(t)
tup = parser.ast2tuple(ast)
# this discards the first AST; a huge memory savings when running
# against a large source file like Tkinter.py.
ast = None
new = parser.tuple2ast(tup)
except parser.ParserError, err:
print
print 'parser module raised exception on input file', fileName + ':'
traceback.print_exc()
_numFailed = _numFailed + 1
else:
if tup != parser.ast2tuple(new):
print
print 'parser module failed on input file', fileName
_numFailed = _numFailed + 1
else:
print 'o.k.'
def testFile(fileName):
t = open(fileName).read()
testChunk(t, fileName)
def test():
import sys
args = sys.argv[1:]
if not args:
import glob
args = glob.glob("*.py")
args.sort()
map(testFile, args)
sys.exit(_numFailed != 0)
if __name__ == '__main__':
test()

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@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
@c %**start of header
@setfilename parser.info
@settitle Python Parser Module Reference
@setchapternewpage odd
@footnotestyle end
@c %**end of header
@ifinfo
This file describes the interfaces
published by the optional @code{parser} module and gives examples of
how they may be used. It contains the same text as the chapter on the
@code{parser} module in the @cite{Python Library Reference}, but is
presented as a separate document.
Copyright 1995-1996 by Fred L. Drake, Jr., Reston, Virginia, USA, and
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg,
Virginia, USA. Portions of the software copyright 1991-1995 by
Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Copying is
permitted under the terms associated with the main Python distribution,
with the additional restriction that this additional notice be included
and maintained on all distributed copies.
All Rights Reserved
Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
supporting documentation, and that the names of Fred L. Drake, Jr. and
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University not be used in
advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software
without specific, written prior permission.
FRED L. DRAKE, JR. AND VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE
UNIVERSITY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE,
INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO
EVENT SHALL FRED L. DRAKE, JR. OR VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND
STATE UNIVERSITY BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
@end ifinfo
@titlepage
@title Python Parser Module Reference
@author Fred L. Drake, Jr.
@c The following two commands start the copyright page.
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
Copyright 1995-1996 by Fred L. Drake, Jr., Reston, Virginia, USA, and
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg,
Virginia, USA. Portions of the software copyright 1991-1995 by
Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Copying is
permitted under the terms associated with the main Python distribution,
with the additional restriction that this additional notice be included
and maintained on all distributed copies.
@center All Rights Reserved
Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
supporting documentation, and that the names of Fred L. Drake, Jr. and
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University not be used in
advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software
without specific, written prior permission.
FRED L. DRAKE, JR. AND VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE
UNIVERSITY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE,
INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO
EVENT SHALL FRED L. DRAKE, JR. OR VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND
STATE UNIVERSITY BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
@end titlepage
@node Top, Overview, (dir), (dir)
@top The Python Parser Module
@ifinfo
This file describes the interfaces
published by the optional @code{parser} module and gives examples of
how they may be used. It contains the same text as the chapter on the
@code{parser} module in the @cite{Python Library Reference}, but is
presented as a separate document.
This version corresponds to Python version 1.4 (1 Sept. 1996).
@end ifinfo
@c placeholder for the master menu -- patched by texinfo-all-menus-update
@menu
@end menu

518
2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/parser/unparse.py
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@ -1,518 +0,0 @@
"Usage: unparse.py <path to source file>"
import sys
import _ast
import cStringIO
import os
def interleave(inter, f, seq):
"""Call f on each item in seq, calling inter() in between.
"""
seq = iter(seq)
try:
f(seq.next())
except StopIteration:
pass
else:
for x in seq:
inter()
f(x)
class Unparser:
"""Methods in this class recursively traverse an AST and
output source code for the abstract syntax; original formatting
is disregarged. """
def __init__(self, tree, file = sys.stdout):
"""Unparser(tree, file=sys.stdout) -> None.
Print the source for tree to file."""
self.f = file
self._indent = 0
self.dispatch(tree)
print >>self.f,""
self.f.flush()
def fill(self, text = ""):
"Indent a piece of text, according to the current indentation level"
self.f.write("\n"+" "*self._indent + text)
def write(self, text):
"Append a piece of text to the current line."
self.f.write(text)
def enter(self):
"Print ':', and increase the indentation."
self.write(":")
self._indent += 1
def leave(self):
"Decrease the indentation level."
self._indent -= 1
def dispatch(self, tree):
"Dispatcher function, dispatching tree type T to method _T."
if isinstance(tree, list):
for t in tree:
self.dispatch(t)
return
meth = getattr(self, "_"+tree.__class__.__name__)
meth(tree)
############### Unparsing methods ######################
# There should be one method per concrete grammar type #
# Constructors should be grouped by sum type. Ideally, #
# this would follow the order in the grammar, but #
# currently doesn't. #
########################################################
def _Module(self, tree):
for stmt in tree.body:
self.dispatch(stmt)
# stmt
def _Expr(self, tree):
self.fill()
self.dispatch(tree.value)
def _Import(self, t):
self.fill("import ")
interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.dispatch, t.names)
def _ImportFrom(self, t):
self.fill("from ")
self.write(t.module)
self.write(" import ")
interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.dispatch, t.names)
# XXX(jpe) what is level for?
def _Assign(self, t):
self.fill()
for target in t.targets:
self.dispatch(target)
self.write(" = ")
self.dispatch(t.value)
def _AugAssign(self, t):
self.fill()
self.dispatch(t.target)
self.write(" "+self.binop[t.op.__class__.__name__]+"= ")
self.dispatch(t.value)
def _Return(self, t):
self.fill("return")
if t.value:
self.write(" ")
self.dispatch(t.value)
def _Pass(self, t):
self.fill("pass")
def _Break(self, t):
self.fill("break")
def _Continue(self, t):
self.fill("continue")
def _Delete(self, t):
self.fill("del ")
self.dispatch(t.targets)
def _Assert(self, t):
self.fill("assert ")
self.dispatch(t.test)
if t.msg:
self.write(", ")
self.dispatch(t.msg)
def _Exec(self, t):
self.fill("exec ")
self.dispatch(t.body)
if t.globals:
self.write(" in ")
self.dispatch(t.globals)
if t.locals:
self.write(", ")
self.dispatch(t.locals)
def _Print(self, t):
self.fill("print ")
do_comma = False
if t.dest:
self.write(">>")
self.dispatch(t.dest)
do_comma = True
for e in t.values:
if do_comma:self.write(", ")
else:do_comma=True
self.dispatch(e)
if not t.nl:
self.write(",")
def _Global(self, t):
self.fill("global ")
interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.write, t.names)
def _Yield(self, t):
self.write("(")
self.write("yield")
if t.value:
self.write(" ")
self.dispatch(t.value)
self.write(")")
def _Raise(self, t):
self.fill('raise ')
if t.type:
self.dispatch(t.type)
if t.inst:
self.write(", ")
self.dispatch(t.inst)
if t.tback:
self.write(", ")
self.dispatch(t.tback)
def _TryExcept(self, t):
self.fill("try")
self.enter()
self.dispatch(t.body)
self.leave()
for ex in t.handlers:
self.dispatch(ex)
if t.orelse:
self.fill("else")
self.enter()
self.dispatch(t.orelse)
self.leave()
def _TryFinally(self, t):
self.fill("try")
self.enter()
self.dispatch(t.body)
self.leave()
self.fill("finally")
self.enter()
self.dispatch(t.finalbody)
self.leave()
def _ExceptHandler(self, t):
self.fill("except")
if t.type:
self.write(" ")
self.dispatch(t.type)
if t.name:
self.write(", ")
self.dispatch(t.name)
self.enter()
self.dispatch(t.body)
self.leave()
def _ClassDef(self, t):
self.write("\n")
self.fill("class "+t.name)
if t.bases:
self.write("(")
for a in t.bases:
self.dispatch(a)
self.write(", ")
self.write(")")
self.enter()
self.dispatch(t.body)
self.leave()
def _FunctionDef(self, t):
self.write("\n")
for deco in t.decorator_list:
self.fill("@")
self.dispatch(deco)
self.fill("def "+t.name + "(")
self.dispatch(t.args)
self.write(")")
self.enter()
self.dispatch(t.body)
self.leave()
def _For(self, t):
self.fill("for ")
self.dispatch(t.target)
self.write(" in ")
self.dispatch(t.iter)
self.enter()
self.dispatch(t.body)
self.leave()
if t.orelse:
self.fill("else")
self.enter()
self.dispatch(t.orelse)
self.leave
def _If(self, t):
self.fill("if ")
self.dispatch(t.test)
self.enter()
# XXX elif?
self.dispatch(t.body)
self.leave()
if t.orelse:
self.fill("else")
self.enter()
self.dispatch(t.orelse)
self.leave()
def _While(self, t):
self.fill("while ")
self.dispatch(t.test)
self.enter()
self.dispatch(t.body)
self.leave()
if t.orelse:
self.fill("else")
self.enter()
self.dispatch(t.orelse)
self.leave
def _With(self, t):
self.fill("with ")
self.dispatch(t.context_expr)
if t.optional_vars:
self.write(" as ")
self.dispatch(t.optional_vars)
self.enter()
self.dispatch(t.body)
self.leave()
# expr
def _Str(self, tree):
self.write(repr(tree.s))
def _Name(self, t):
self.write(t.id)
def _Repr(self, t):
self.write("`")
self.dispatch(t.value)
self.write("`")
def _Num(self, t):
self.write(repr(t.n))
def _List(self, t):
self.write("[")
interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.dispatch, t.elts)
self.write("]")
def _ListComp(self, t):
self.write("[")
self.dispatch(t.elt)
for gen in t.generators:
self.dispatch(gen)
self.write("]")
def _GeneratorExp(self, t):
self.write("(")
self.dispatch(t.elt)
for gen in t.generators:
self.dispatch(gen)
self.write(")")
def _comprehension(self, t):
self.write(" for ")
self.dispatch(t.target)
self.write(" in ")
self.dispatch(t.iter)
for if_clause in t.ifs:
self.write(" if ")
self.dispatch(if_clause)
def _IfExp(self, t):
self.write("(")
self.dispatch(t.body)
self.write(" if ")
self.dispatch(t.test)
self.write(" else ")
self.dispatch(t.orelse)
self.write(")")
def _Dict(self, t):
self.write("{")
def writem((k, v)):
self.dispatch(k)
self.write(": ")
self.dispatch(v)
interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), writem, zip(t.keys, t.values))
self.write("}")
def _Tuple(self, t):
self.write("(")
if len(t.elts) == 1:
(elt,) = t.elts
self.dispatch(elt)
self.write(",")
else:
interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.dispatch, t.elts)
self.write(")")
unop = {"Invert":"~", "Not": "not", "UAdd":"+", "USub":"-"}
def _UnaryOp(self, t):
self.write(self.unop[t.op.__class__.__name__])
self.write("(")
self.dispatch(t.operand)
self.write(")")
binop = { "Add":"+", "Sub":"-", "Mult":"*", "Div":"/", "Mod":"%",
"LShift":">>", "RShift":"<<", "BitOr":"|", "BitXor":"^", "BitAnd":"&",
"FloorDiv":"//", "Pow": "**"}
def _BinOp(self, t):
self.write("(")
self.dispatch(t.left)
self.write(" " + self.binop[t.op.__class__.__name__] + " ")
self.dispatch(t.right)
self.write(")")
cmpops = {"Eq":"==", "NotEq":"!=", "Lt":"<", "LtE":"<=", "Gt":">", "GtE":">=",
"Is":"is", "IsNot":"is not", "In":"in", "NotIn":"not in"}
def _Compare(self, t):
self.write("(")
self.dispatch(t.left)
for o, e in zip(t.ops, t.comparators):
self.write(" " + self.cmpops[o.__class__.__name__] + " ")
self.dispatch(e)
self.write(")")
boolops = {_ast.And: 'and', _ast.Or: 'or'}
def _BoolOp(self, t):
self.write("(")
s = " %s " % self.boolops[t.op.__class__]
interleave(lambda: self.write(s), self.dispatch, t.values)
self.write(")")
def _Attribute(self,t):
self.dispatch(t.value)
self.write(".")
self.write(t.attr)
def _Call(self, t):
self.dispatch(t.func)
self.write("(")
comma = False
for e in t.args:
if comma: self.write(", ")
else: comma = True
self.dispatch(e)
for e in t.keywords:
if comma: self.write(", ")
else: comma = True
self.dispatch(e)
if t.starargs:
if comma: self.write(", ")
else: comma = True
self.write("*")
self.dispatch(t.starargs)
if t.kwargs:
if comma: self.write(", ")
else: comma = True
self.write("**")
self.dispatch(t.kwargs)
self.write(")")
def _Subscript(self, t):
self.dispatch(t.value)
self.write("[")
self.dispatch(t.slice)
self.write("]")
# slice
def _Ellipsis(self, t):
self.write("...")
def _Index(self, t):
self.dispatch(t.value)
def _Slice(self, t):
if t.lower:
self.dispatch(t.lower)
self.write(":")
if t.upper:
self.dispatch(t.upper)
if t.step:
self.write(":")
self.dispatch(t.step)
def _ExtSlice(self, t):
interleave(lambda: self.write(', '), self.dispatch, t.dims)
# others
def _arguments(self, t):
first = True
nonDef = len(t.args)-len(t.defaults)
for a in t.args[0:nonDef]:
if first:first = False
else: self.write(", ")
self.dispatch(a)
for a,d in zip(t.args[nonDef:], t.defaults):
if first:first = False
else: self.write(", ")
self.dispatch(a),
self.write("=")
self.dispatch(d)
if t.vararg:
if first:first = False
else: self.write(", ")
self.write("*"+t.vararg)
if t.kwarg:
if first:first = False
else: self.write(", ")
self.write("**"+t.kwarg)
def _keyword(self, t):
self.write(t.arg)
self.write("=")
self.dispatch(t.value)
def _Lambda(self, t):
self.write("lambda ")
self.dispatch(t.args)
self.write(": ")
self.dispatch(t.body)
def _alias(self, t):
self.write(t.name)
if t.asname:
self.write(" as "+t.asname)
def roundtrip(filename, output=sys.stdout):
source = open(filename).read()
tree = compile(source, filename, "exec", _ast.PyCF_ONLY_AST)
Unparser(tree, output)
def testdir(a):
try:
names = [n for n in os.listdir(a) if n.endswith('.py')]
except OSError:
print >> sys.stderr, "Directory not readable: %s" % a
else:
for n in names:
fullname = os.path.join(a, n)
if os.path.isfile(fullname):
output = cStringIO.StringIO()
print 'Testing %s' % fullname
try:
roundtrip(fullname, output)
except Exception, e:
print ' Failed to compile, exception is %s' % repr(e)
elif os.path.isdir(fullname):
testdir(fullname)
def main(args):
if args[0] == '--testdir':
for a in args[1:]:
testdir(a)
else:
for a in args:
roundtrip(a)
if __name__=='__main__':
main(sys.argv[1:])

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2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/pdist/FSProxy.py
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@ -1,322 +0,0 @@
"""File System Proxy.
Provide an OS-neutral view on a file system, locally or remotely.
The functionality is geared towards implementing some sort of
rdist-like utility between a Mac and a UNIX system.
The module defines three classes:
FSProxyLocal -- used for local access
FSProxyServer -- used on the server side of remote access
FSProxyClient -- used on the client side of remote access
The remote classes are instantiated with an IP address and an optional
verbosity flag.
"""
import server
import client
import md5
import os
import fnmatch
from stat import *
import time
import fnmatch
if os.name == 'mac':
import macfs
maxnamelen = 31
else:
macfs = None
maxnamelen = 255
skipnames = (os.curdir, os.pardir)
class FSProxyLocal:
def __init__(self):
self._dirstack = []
self._ignore = ['*.pyc'] + self._readignore()
def _close(self):
while self._dirstack:
self.back()
def _readignore(self):
file = self._hide('ignore')
try:
f = open(file)
except IOError:
file = self._hide('synctree.ignorefiles')
try:
f = open(file)
except IOError:
return []
ignore = []
while 1:
line = f.readline()
if not line: break
if line[-1] == '\n': line = line[:-1]
ignore.append(line)
f.close()
return ignore
def _hidden(self, name):
if os.name == 'mac':
return name[0] == '(' and name[-1] == ')'
else:
return name[0] == '.'
def _hide(self, name):
if os.name == 'mac':
return '(%s)' % name
else:
return '.%s' % name
def visible(self, name):
if len(name) > maxnamelen: return 0
if name[-1] == '~': return 0
if name in skipnames: return 0
if self._hidden(name): return 0
head, tail = os.path.split(name)
if head or not tail: return 0
if macfs:
if os.path.exists(name) and not os.path.isdir(name):
try:
fs = macfs.FSSpec(name)
c, t = fs.GetCreatorType()
if t != 'TEXT': return 0
except macfs.error, msg:
print "***", name, msg
return 0
else:
if os.path.islink(name): return 0
if '\0' in open(name, 'rb').read(512): return 0
for ign in self._ignore:
if fnmatch.fnmatch(name, ign): return 0
return 1
def check(self, name):
if not self.visible(name):
raise os.error, "protected name %s" % repr(name)
def checkfile(self, name):
self.check(name)
if not os.path.isfile(name):
raise os.error, "not a plain file %s" % repr(name)
def pwd(self):
return os.getcwd()
def cd(self, name):
self.check(name)
save = os.getcwd(), self._ignore
os.chdir(name)
self._dirstack.append(save)
self._ignore = self._ignore + self._readignore()
def back(self):
if not self._dirstack:
raise os.error, "empty directory stack"
dir, ignore = self._dirstack[-1]
os.chdir(dir)
del self._dirstack[-1]
self._ignore = ignore
def _filter(self, files, pat = None):
if pat:
def keep(name, pat = pat):
return fnmatch.fnmatch(name, pat)
files = filter(keep, files)
files = filter(self.visible, files)
files.sort()
return files
def list(self, pat = None):
files = os.listdir(os.curdir)
return self._filter(files, pat)
def listfiles(self, pat = None):
files = os.listdir(os.curdir)
files = filter(os.path.isfile, files)
return self._filter(files, pat)
def listsubdirs(self, pat = None):
files = os.listdir(os.curdir)
files = filter(os.path.isdir, files)
return self._filter(files, pat)
def exists(self, name):
return self.visible(name) and os.path.exists(name)
def isdir(self, name):
return self.visible(name) and os.path.isdir(name)
def islink(self, name):
return self.visible(name) and os.path.islink(name)
def isfile(self, name):
return self.visible(name) and os.path.isfile(name)
def sum(self, name):
self.checkfile(name)
BUFFERSIZE = 1024*8
f = open(name)
sum = md5.new()
while 1:
buffer = f.read(BUFFERSIZE)
if not buffer:
break
sum.update(buffer)
return sum.digest()
def size(self, name):
self.checkfile(name)
return os.stat(name)[ST_SIZE]
def mtime(self, name):
self.checkfile(name)
return time.localtime(os.stat(name)[ST_MTIME])
def stat(self, name):
self.checkfile(name)
size = os.stat(name)[ST_SIZE]
mtime = time.localtime(os.stat(name)[ST_MTIME])
return size, mtime
def info(self, name):
sum = self.sum(name)
size = os.stat(name)[ST_SIZE]
mtime = time.localtime(os.stat(name)[ST_MTIME])
return sum, size, mtime
def _list(self, function, list):
if list is None:
list = self.listfiles()
res = []
for name in list:
try:
res.append((name, function(name)))
except (os.error, IOError):
res.append((name, None))
return res
def sumlist(self, list = None):
return self._list(self.sum, list)
def statlist(self, list = None):
return self._list(self.stat, list)
def mtimelist(self, list = None):
return self._list(self.mtime, list)
def sizelist(self, list = None):
return self._list(self.size, list)
def infolist(self, list = None):
return self._list(self.info, list)
def _dict(self, function, list):
if list is None:
list = self.listfiles()
dict = {}
for name in list:
try:
dict[name] = function(name)
except (os.error, IOError):
pass
return dict
def sumdict(self, list = None):
return self.dict(self.sum, list)
def sizedict(self, list = None):
return self.dict(self.size, list)
def mtimedict(self, list = None):
return self.dict(self.mtime, list)
def statdict(self, list = None):
return self.dict(self.stat, list)
def infodict(self, list = None):
return self._dict(self.info, list)
def read(self, name, offset = 0, length = -1):
self.checkfile(name)
f = open(name)
f.seek(offset)
if length == 0:
data = ''
elif length < 0:
data = f.read()
else:
data = f.read(length)
f.close()
return data
def create(self, name):
self.check(name)
if os.path.exists(name):
self.checkfile(name)
bname = name + '~'
try:
os.unlink(bname)
except os.error:
pass
os.rename(name, bname)
f = open(name, 'w')
f.close()
def write(self, name, data, offset = 0):
self.checkfile(name)
f = open(name, 'r+')
f.seek(offset)
f.write(data)
f.close()
def mkdir(self, name):
self.check(name)
os.mkdir(name, 0777)
def rmdir(self, name):
self.check(name)
os.rmdir(name)
class FSProxyServer(FSProxyLocal, server.Server):
def __init__(self, address, verbose = server.VERBOSE):
FSProxyLocal.__init__(self)
server.Server.__init__(self, address, verbose)
def _close(self):
server.Server._close(self)
FSProxyLocal._close(self)
def _serve(self):
server.Server._serve(self)
# Retreat into start directory
while self._dirstack: self.back()
class FSProxyClient(client.Client):
def __init__(self, address, verbose = client.VERBOSE):
client.Client.__init__(self, address, verbose)
def test():
import string
import sys
if sys.argv[1:]:
port = string.atoi(sys.argv[1])
else:
port = 4127
proxy = FSProxyServer(('', port))
proxy._serverloop()
if __name__ == '__main__':
test()

23
2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/scripts/README
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@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
This directory contains a collection of executable Python scripts.
See also the Tools/scripts directory!
beer.py Print the classic 'bottles of beer' list.
eqfix.py Fix .py files to use the correct equality test operator
fact.py Factorize numbers
find-uname.py Search for Unicode characters using regexps.
from.py Summarize mailbox
ftpstats.py Summarize ftp daemon log file
lpwatch.py Watch BSD line printer queues
makedir.py Like mkdir -p
markov.py Markov chain simulation of words or characters
mboxconvvert.py Convert MH or MMDF mailboxes to unix mailbox format
mkrcs.py Fix symlinks named RCS into parallel tree
morse.py Produce morse code (audible or on AIFF file)
pi.py Print all digits of pi -- given enough time and memory
pp.py Emulate some Perl command line options
primes.py Print prime numbers
queens.py Dijkstra's solution to Wirth's "N Queens problem"
script.py Equivalent to BSD script(1) -- by Steen Lumholt
unbirthday.py Print unbirthday count
update.py Update a bunch of files according to a script.

14
2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/scripts/beer.py
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@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
#! /usr/bin/env python
# By GvR, demystified after a version by Fredrik Lundh.
import sys
n = 100
if sys.argv[1:]: n = int(sys.argv[1])
def bottle(n):
if n == 0: return "no more bottles of beer"
if n == 1: return "one bottle of beer"
return str(n) + " bottles of beer"
for i in range(n):
print bottle(n-i), "on the wall,"
print bottle(n-i) + "."
print "Take one down, pass it around,"
print bottle(n-i-1), "on the wall."

47
2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/scripts/fact.py
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@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
#! /usr/bin/env python
# Factorize numbers.
# The algorithm is not efficient, but easy to understand.
# If there are large factors, it will take forever to find them,
# because we try all odd numbers between 3 and sqrt(n)...
import sys
from math import sqrt
def fact(n):
if n < 1: raise ValueError # fact() argument should be >= 1
if n == 1: return [] # special case
res = []
# Treat even factors special, so we can use i = i+2 later
while n%2 == 0:
res.append(2)
n = n//2
# Try odd numbers up to sqrt(n)
limit = sqrt(float(n+1))
i = 3
while i <= limit:
if n%i == 0:
res.append(i)
n = n//i
limit = sqrt(n+1)
else:
i = i+2
if n != 1:
res.append(n)
return res
def main():
if len(sys.argv) > 1:
for arg in sys.argv[1:]:
n = eval(arg)
print n, fact(n)
else:
try:
while 1:
n = input()
print n, fact(n)
except EOFError:
pass
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

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#!/usr/bin/env python
"""
For each argument on the command line, look for it in the set of all Unicode
names. Arguments are treated as case-insensitive regular expressions, e.g.:
% find-uname 'small letter a$' 'horizontal line'
*** small letter a$ matches ***
LATIN SMALL LETTER A (97)
COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER A (867)
CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A (1072)
PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER A (9372)
CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER A (9424)
FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER A (65345)
*** horizontal line matches ***
HORIZONTAL LINE EXTENSION (9135)
"""
import unicodedata
import sys
import re
def main(args):
unicode_names= []
for ix in range(sys.maxunicode+1):
try:
unicode_names.append( (ix, unicodedata.name(unichr(ix))) )
except ValueError: # no name for the character
pass
for arg in args:
pat = re.compile(arg, re.I)
matches = [(x,y) for (x,y) in unicode_names
if pat.search(y) is not None]
if matches:
print "***", arg, "matches", "***"
for (x,y) in matches:
print "%s (%d)" % (y,x)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main(sys.argv[1:])

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2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/scripts/ftpstats.py
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#! /usr/bin/env python
# Extract statistics from ftp daemon log.
# Usage:
# ftpstats [-m maxitems] [-s search] [file]
# -m maxitems: restrict number of items in "top-N" lists, default 25.
# -s string: restrict statistics to lines containing this string.
# Default file is /usr/adm/ftpd; a "-" means read standard input.
# The script must be run on the host where the ftp daemon runs.
# (At CWI this is currently buizerd.)
import os
import sys
import re
import string
import getopt
pat = '^([a-zA-Z0-9 :]*)!(.*)!(.*)!([<>].*)!([0-9]+)!([0-9]+)$'
prog = re.compile(pat)
def main():
maxitems = 25
search = None
try:
opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'm:s:')
except getopt.error, msg:
print msg
print 'usage: ftpstats [-m maxitems] [file]'
sys.exit(2)
for o, a in opts:
if o == '-m':
maxitems = string.atoi(a)
if o == '-s':
search = a
file = '/usr/adm/ftpd'
if args: file = args[0]
if file == '-':
f = sys.stdin
else:
try:
f = open(file, 'r')
except IOError, msg:
print file, ':', msg
sys.exit(1)
bydate = {}
bytime = {}
byfile = {}
bydir = {}
byhost = {}
byuser = {}
bytype = {}
lineno = 0
try:
while 1:
line = f.readline()
if not line: break
lineno = lineno + 1
if search and string.find(line, search) < 0:
continue
if prog.match(line) < 0:
print 'Bad line', lineno, ':', repr(line)
continue
items = prog.group(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
(logtime, loguser, loghost, logfile, logbytes,
logxxx2) = items
## print logtime
## print '-->', loguser
## print '--> -->', loghost
## print '--> --> -->', logfile
## print '--> --> --> -->', logbytes
## print '--> --> --> --> -->', logxxx2
## for i in logtime, loghost, logbytes, logxxx2:
## if '!' in i: print '???', i
add(bydate, logtime[-4:] + ' ' + logtime[:6], items)
add(bytime, logtime[7:9] + ':00-59', items)
direction, logfile = logfile[0], logfile[1:]
# The real path probably starts at the last //...
while 1:
i = string.find(logfile, '//')
if i < 0: break
logfile = logfile[i+1:]
add(byfile, logfile + ' ' + direction, items)
logdir = os.path.dirname(logfile)
## logdir = os.path.normpath(logdir) + '/.'
while 1:
add(bydir, logdir + ' ' + direction, items)
dirhead = os.path.dirname(logdir)
if dirhead == logdir: break
logdir = dirhead
add(byhost, loghost, items)
add(byuser, loguser, items)
add(bytype, direction, items)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
print 'Interrupted at line', lineno
show(bytype, 'by transfer direction', maxitems)
show(bydir, 'by directory', maxitems)
show(byfile, 'by file', maxitems)
show(byhost, 'by host', maxitems)
show(byuser, 'by user', maxitems)
showbar(bydate, 'by date')
showbar(bytime, 'by time of day')
def showbar(dict, title):
n = len(title)
print '='*((70-n)//2), title, '='*((71-n)//2)
list = []
keys = dict.keys()
keys.sort()
for key in keys:
n = len(str(key))
list.append((len(dict[key]), key))
maxkeylength = 0
maxcount = 0
for count, key in list:
maxkeylength = max(maxkeylength, len(key))
maxcount = max(maxcount, count)
maxbarlength = 72 - maxkeylength - 7
for count, key in list:
barlength = int(round(maxbarlength*float(count)/maxcount))
bar = '*'*barlength
print '%5d %-*s %s' % (count, maxkeylength, key, bar)
def show(dict, title, maxitems):
if len(dict) > maxitems:
title = title + ' (first %d)'%maxitems
n = len(title)
print '='*((70-n)//2), title, '='*((71-n)//2)
list = []
keys = dict.keys()
for key in keys:
list.append((-len(dict[key]), key))
list.sort()
for count, key in list[:maxitems]:
print '%5d %s' % (-count, key)
def add(dict, key, item):
if dict.has_key(key):
dict[key].append(item)
else:
dict[key] = [item]
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

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#! /usr/bin/env python
# Watch line printer queue(s).
# Intended for BSD 4.3 lpq.
import posix
import sys
import time
import string
DEF_PRINTER = 'psc'
DEF_DELAY = 10
def main():
delay = DEF_DELAY # XXX Use getopt() later
try:
thisuser = posix.environ['LOGNAME']
except:
thisuser = posix.environ['USER']
printers = sys.argv[1:]
if printers:
# Strip '-P' from printer names just in case
# the user specified it...
for i in range(len(printers)):
if printers[i][:2] == '-P':
printers[i] = printers[i][2:]
else:
if posix.environ.has_key('PRINTER'):
printers = [posix.environ['PRINTER']]
else:
printers = [DEF_PRINTER]
#
clearhome = posix.popen('clear', 'r').read()
#
while 1:
text = clearhome
for name in printers:
text = text + makestatus(name, thisuser) + '\n'
print text
time.sleep(delay)
def makestatus(name, thisuser):
pipe = posix.popen('lpq -P' + name + ' 2>&1', 'r')
lines = []
users = {}
aheadbytes = 0
aheadjobs = 0
userseen = 0
totalbytes = 0
totaljobs = 0
while 1:
line = pipe.readline()
if not line: break
fields = string.split(line)
n = len(fields)
if len(fields) >= 6 and fields[n-1] == 'bytes':
rank = fields[0]
user = fields[1]
job = fields[2]
files = fields[3:-2]
bytes = eval(fields[n-2])
if user == thisuser:
userseen = 1
elif not userseen:
aheadbytes = aheadbytes + bytes
aheadjobs = aheadjobs + 1
totalbytes = totalbytes + bytes
totaljobs = totaljobs + 1
if users.has_key(user):
ujobs, ubytes = users[user]
else:
ujobs, ubytes = 0, 0
ujobs = ujobs + 1
ubytes = ubytes + bytes
users[user] = ujobs, ubytes
else:
if fields and fields[0] <> 'Rank':
line = string.strip(line)
if line == 'no entries':
line = name + ': idle'
elif line[-22:] == ' is ready and printing':
line = name
lines.append(line)
#
if totaljobs:
line = '%d K' % ((totalbytes+1023)//1024)
if totaljobs <> len(users):
line = line + ' (%d jobs)' % totaljobs
if len(users) == 1:
line = line + ' for %s' % (users.keys()[0],)
else:
line = line + ' for %d users' % len(users)
if userseen:
if aheadjobs == 0:
line = line + ' (%s first)' % thisuser
else:
line = line + ' (%d K before %s)' % (
(aheadbytes+1023)//1024, thisuser)
lines.append(line)
#
sts = pipe.close()
if sts:
lines.append('lpq exit status %r' % (sts,))
return string.joinfields(lines, ': ')
if __name__ == "__main__":
try:
main()
except KeyboardInterrupt:
pass

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#! /usr/bin/env python
class Markov:
def __init__(self, histsize, choice):
self.histsize = histsize
self.choice = choice
self.trans = {}
def add(self, state, next):
if not self.trans.has_key(state):
self.trans[state] = [next]
else:
self.trans[state].append(next)
def put(self, seq):
n = self.histsize
add = self.add
add(None, seq[:0])
for i in range(len(seq)):
add(seq[max(0, i-n):i], seq[i:i+1])
add(seq[len(seq)-n:], None)
def get(self):
choice = self.choice
trans = self.trans
n = self.histsize
seq = choice(trans[None])
while 1:
subseq = seq[max(0, len(seq)-n):]
options = trans[subseq]
next = choice(options)
if not next: break
seq = seq + next
return seq
def test():
import sys, string, random, getopt
args = sys.argv[1:]
try:
opts, args = getopt.getopt(args, '0123456789cdw')
except getopt.error:
print 'Usage: markov [-#] [-cddqw] [file] ...'
print 'Options:'
print '-#: 1-digit history size (default 2)'
print '-c: characters (default)'
print '-w: words'
print '-d: more debugging output'
print '-q: no debugging output'
print 'Input files (default stdin) are split in paragraphs'
print 'separated blank lines and each paragraph is split'
print 'in words by whitespace, then reconcatenated with'
print 'exactly one space separating words.'
print 'Output consists of paragraphs separated by blank'
print 'lines, where lines are no longer than 72 characters.'
histsize = 2
do_words = 0
debug = 1
for o, a in opts:
if '-0' <= o <= '-9': histsize = eval(o[1:])
if o == '-c': do_words = 0
if o == '-d': debug = debug + 1
if o == '-q': debug = 0
if o == '-w': do_words = 1
if not args: args = ['-']
m = Markov(histsize, random.choice)
try:
for filename in args:
if filename == '-':
f = sys.stdin
if f.isatty():
print 'Sorry, need stdin from file'
continue
else:
f = open(filename, 'r')
if debug: print 'processing', filename, '...'
text = f.read()
f.close()
paralist = string.splitfields(text, '\n\n')
for para in paralist:
if debug > 1: print 'feeding ...'
words = string.split(para)
if words:
if do_words: data = tuple(words)
else: data = string.joinfields(words, ' ')
m.put(data)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
print 'Interrupted -- continue with data read so far'
if not m.trans:
print 'No valid input files'
return
if debug: print 'done.'
if debug > 1:
for key in m.trans.keys():
if key is None or len(key) < histsize:
print repr(key), m.trans[key]
if histsize == 0: print repr(''), m.trans['']
print
while 1:
data = m.get()
if do_words: words = data
else: words = string.split(data)
n = 0
limit = 72
for w in words:
if n + len(w) > limit:
print
n = 0
print w,
n = n + len(w) + 1
print
print
def tuple(list):
if len(list) == 0: return ()
if len(list) == 1: return (list[0],)
i = len(list)//2
return tuple(list[:i]) + tuple(list[i:])
if __name__ == "__main__":
test()

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#! /usr/bin/env python
# A rather specialized script to make sure that a symbolic link named
# RCS exists pointing to a real RCS directory in a parallel tree
# referenced as RCStree in an ancestor directory.
# (I use this because I like my RCS files to reside on a physically
# different machine).
import os
def main():
rcstree = 'RCStree'
rcs = 'RCS'
if os.path.islink(rcs):
print '%r is a symlink to %r' % (rcs, os.readlink(rcs))
return
if os.path.isdir(rcs):
print '%r is an ordinary directory' % (rcs,)
return
if os.path.exists(rcs):
print '%r is a file?!?!' % (rcs,)
return
#
p = os.getcwd()
up = ''
down = ''
# Invariants:
# (1) join(p, down) is the current directory
# (2) up is the same directory as p
# Ergo:
# (3) join(up, down) is the current directory
#print 'p =', repr(p)
while not os.path.isdir(os.path.join(p, rcstree)):
head, tail = os.path.split(p)
#print 'head = %r; tail = %r' % (head, tail)
if not tail:
print 'Sorry, no ancestor dir contains %r' % (rcstree,)
return
p = head
up = os.path.join(os.pardir, up)
down = os.path.join(tail, down)
#print 'p = %r; up = %r; down = %r' % (p, up, down)
there = os.path.join(up, rcstree)
there = os.path.join(there, down)
there = os.path.join(there, rcs)
if os.path.isdir(there):
print '%r already exists' % (there, )
else:
print 'making %r' % (there,)
makedirs(there)
print 'making symlink %r -> %r' % (rcs, there)
os.symlink(there, rcs)
def makedirs(p):
if not os.path.isdir(p):
head, tail = os.path.split(p)
makedirs(head)
os.mkdir(p, 0777)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

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# DAH should be three DOTs.
# Space between DOTs and DAHs should be one DOT.
# Space between two letters should be one DAH.
# Space between two words should be DOT DAH DAH.
import sys, math, audiodev
DOT = 30
DAH = 3 * DOT
OCTAVE = 2 # 1 == 441 Hz, 2 == 882 Hz, ...
morsetab = {
'A': '.-', 'a': '.-',
'B': '-...', 'b': '-...',
'C': '-.-.', 'c': '-.-.',
'D': '-..', 'd': '-..',
'E': '.', 'e': '.',
'F': '..-.', 'f': '..-.',
'G': '--.', 'g': '--.',
'H': '....', 'h': '....',
'I': '..', 'i': '..',
'J': '.---', 'j': '.---',
'K': '-.-', 'k': '-.-',
'L': '.-..', 'l': '.-..',
'M': '--', 'm': '--',
'N': '-.', 'n': '-.',
'O': '---', 'o': '---',
'P': '.--.', 'p': '.--.',
'Q': '--.-', 'q': '--.-',
'R': '.-.', 'r': '.-.',
'S': '...', 's': '...',
'T': '-', 't': '-',
'U': '..-', 'u': '..-',
'V': '...-', 'v': '...-',
'W': '.--', 'w': '.--',
'X': '-..-', 'x': '-..-',
'Y': '-.--', 'y': '-.--',
'Z': '--..', 'z': '--..',
'0': '-----',
'1': '.----',
'2': '..---',
'3': '...--',
'4': '....-',
'5': '.....',
'6': '-....',
'7': '--...',
'8': '---..',
'9': '----.',
',': '--..--',
'.': '.-.-.-',
'?': '..--..',
';': '-.-.-.',
':': '---...',
"'": '.----.',
'-': '-....-',
'/': '-..-.',
'(': '-.--.-',
')': '-.--.-',
'_': '..--.-',
' ': ' '
}
# If we play at 44.1 kHz (which we do), then if we produce one sine
# wave in 100 samples, we get a tone of 441 Hz. If we produce two
# sine waves in these 100 samples, we get a tone of 882 Hz. 882 Hz
# appears to be a nice one for playing morse code.
def mkwave(octave):
global sinewave, nowave
sinewave = ''
for i in range(100):
val = int(math.sin(math.pi * float(i) * octave / 50.0) * 30000)
sinewave = sinewave + chr((val >> 8) & 255) + chr(val & 255)
nowave = '\0' * 200
mkwave(OCTAVE)
def main():
import getopt, string
try:
opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'o:p:')
except getopt.error:
sys.stderr.write('Usage ' + sys.argv[0] +
' [ -o outfile ] [ args ] ...\n')
sys.exit(1)
dev = None
for o, a in opts:
if o == '-o':
import aifc
dev = aifc.open(a, 'w')
dev.setframerate(44100)
dev.setsampwidth(2)
dev.setnchannels(1)
if o == '-p':
mkwave(string.atoi(a))
if not dev:
import audiodev
dev = audiodev.AudioDev()
dev.setoutrate(44100)
dev.setsampwidth(2)
dev.setnchannels(1)
dev.close = dev.stop
dev.writeframesraw = dev.writeframes
if args:
line = string.join(args)
else:
line = sys.stdin.readline()
while line:
mline = morse(line)
play(mline, dev)
if hasattr(dev, 'wait'):
dev.wait()
if not args:
line = sys.stdin.readline()
else:
line = ''
dev.close()
# Convert a string to morse code with \001 between the characters in
# the string.
def morse(line):
res = ''
for c in line:
try:
res = res + morsetab[c] + '\001'
except KeyError:
pass
return res
# Play a line of morse code.
def play(line, dev):
for c in line:
if c == '.':
sine(dev, DOT)
elif c == '-':
sine(dev, DAH)
else: # space
pause(dev, DAH + DOT)
pause(dev, DOT)
def sine(dev, length):
for i in range(length):
dev.writeframesraw(sinewave)
def pause(dev, length):
for i in range(length):
dev.writeframesraw(nowave)
if __name__ == '__main__' or sys.argv[0] == __name__:
main()

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2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/scripts/newslist.doc
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NEWSLIST
========
A program to assist HTTP browsing of newsgroups
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
WWW browsers such as NCSA Mosaic allow the user to read newsgroup
articles by specifying the group name in a URL eg 'news:comp.answers'.
To browse through many groups, though, (and there are several thousand
of them) you really need a page or pages containing links to all the
groups. There are some good ones out there, for example,
http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/DataSources/News/Groups/Overview.html
is the standard one at CERN, but it only shows the groups available there,
which may be rather different from those available on your machine.
Newslist is a program which creates a hierarchy of pages for you based
on the groups available from YOUR server. It is written in python - a
splendid interpreted object-oriented language which I suggest you get
right now from the directory /pub/python at ftp.cwi.nl, if you haven't
already got it.
You should be able to see some sample output by looking at:
http://pelican.cl.cam.ac.uk/newspage/root.html
Descriptions of newsgroups can be added from a file with one group
per line. eg:
alt.foo Articles about foo
comp.bar Programming in 'bar' and related languages
A suitable list detailing most groups can be found at ftp.uu.net in
/uunet-info/newsgroups.gz.
Make sure you read the information at the beginning of the program source and
configure the variables before running.
In addition to python, you need:
An NNTP-based news feed.
A directory in which to put the pages.
The programming is not very beautiful, but it works! It comes with no
warranty, express or implied, but with the hope that some others may
find it useful.
Comments, improvements & suggestions welcomed.
Quentin Stafford-Fraser
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Quentin Stafford-Fraser
http://pelican.cl.cam.ac.uk/people/qs101/me.html
Cambridge University Computer Lab Rank Xerox Cambridge EuroPARC
qs101@cl.cam.ac.uk fraser@europarc.xerox.com
Tel: +44 223 334411 Tel: +44 223 341521
Fax: +44 223 334679 Fax: +44 223 341510
----------------------------------------------------------------------

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#! /usr/bin/env python
#######################################################################
# Newslist $Revision$
#
# Syntax:
# newslist [ -a ]
#
# This is a program to create a directory full of HTML pages
# which between them contain links to all the newsgroups available
# on your server.
#
# The -a option causes a complete list of all groups to be read from
# the server rather than just the ones which have appeared since last
# execution. This recreates the local list from scratch. Use this on
# the first invocation of the program, and from time to time thereafter.
# When new groups are first created they may appear on your server as
# empty groups. By default, empty groups are ignored by the -a option.
# However, these new groups will not be created again, and so will not
# appear in the server's list of 'new groups' at a later date. Hence it
# won't appear until you do a '-a' after some articles have appeared.
#
# I should really keep a list of ignored empty groups and re-check them
# for articles on every run, but I haven't got around to it yet.
#
# This assumes an NNTP news feed.
#
# Feel free to copy, distribute and modify this code for
# non-commercial use. If you make any useful modifications, let me
# know!
#
# (c) Quentin Stafford-Fraser 1994
# fraser@europarc.xerox.com qs101@cl.cam.ac.uk
# #
#######################################################################
import sys,nntplib, string, marshal, time, os, posix, string
#######################################################################
# Check these variables before running! #
# Top directory.
# Filenames which don't start with / are taken as being relative to this.
topdir='/anfs/qsbigdisc/web/html/newspage'
# The name of your NNTP host
# eg.
# newshost = 'nntp-serv.cl.cam.ac.uk'
# or use following to get the name from the NNTPSERVER environment
# variable:
# newshost = posix.environ['NNTPSERVER']
newshost = 'nntp-serv.cl.cam.ac.uk'
# The filename for a local cache of the newsgroup list
treefile = 'grouptree'
# The filename for descriptions of newsgroups
# I found a suitable one at ftp.uu.net in /uunet-info/newgroups.gz
# You can set this to '' if you don't wish to use one.
descfile = 'newsgroups'
# The directory in which HTML pages should be created
# eg.
# pagedir = '/usr/local/lib/html/newspage'
# pagedir = 'pages'
pagedir = topdir
# The html prefix which will refer to this directory
# eg.
# httppref = '/newspage/',
# or leave blank for relative links between pages: (Recommended)
# httppref = ''
httppref = ''
# The name of the 'root' news page in this directory.
# A .html suffix will be added.
rootpage = 'root'
# Set skipempty to 0 if you wish to see links to empty groups as well.
# Only affects the -a option.
skipempty = 1
# pagelinkicon can contain html to put an icon after links to
# further pages. This helps to make important links stand out.
# Set to '' if not wanted, or '...' is quite a good one.
pagelinkicon='... <img src="http://pelican.cl.cam.ac.uk/icons/page.xbm"> '
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
# Less important personal preferences:
# Sublistsize controls the maximum number of items the will appear as
# an indented sub-list before the whole thing is moved onto a different
# page. The smaller this is, the more pages you will have, but the
# shorter each will be.
sublistsize = 4
# That should be all. #
#######################################################################
for dir in os.curdir, os.environ['HOME']:
rcfile = os.path.join(dir, '.newslistrc.py')
if os.path.exists(rcfile):
print rcfile
execfile(rcfile)
break
from nntplib import NNTP
from stat import *
rcsrev = '$Revision$'
rcsrev = string.join(filter(lambda s: '$' not in s, string.split(rcsrev)))
desc = {}
# Make (possibly) relative filenames into absolute ones
treefile = os.path.join(topdir,treefile)
descfile = os.path.join(topdir,descfile)
page = os.path.join(topdir,pagedir)
# First the bits for creating trees ---------------------------
# Addtotree creates/augments a tree from a list of group names
def addtotree(tree, groups):
print 'Updating tree...'
for i in groups:
parts = string.splitfields(i,'.')
makeleaf(tree, parts)
# Makeleaf makes a leaf and the branch leading to it if necessary
def makeleaf(tree,path):
j = path[0]
l = len(path)
if not tree.has_key(j):
tree[j] = {}
if l == 1:
tree[j]['.'] = '.'
if l > 1:
makeleaf(tree[j],path[1:])
# Then the bits for outputting trees as pages ----------------
# Createpage creates an HTML file named <root>.html containing links
# to those groups beginning with <root>.
def createpage(root, tree, p):
filename = os.path.join(pagedir,root+'.html')
if root == rootpage:
detail = ''
else:
detail = ' under ' + root
f = open(filename,'w')
# f.write('Content-Type: text/html\n')
f.write('<TITLE>Newsgroups available' + detail + '</TITLE>\n')
f.write('<H1>Newsgroups available' + detail +'</H1>\n')
f.write('<A HREF="'+httppref+rootpage+'.html">Back to top level</A><P>\n')
printtree(f,tree,0,p)
f.write('<I>This page automatically created by \'newslist\' v. '+rcsrev+'.')
f.write(time.ctime(time.time()) + '</I><P>')
f.close()
# Printtree prints the groups as a bulleted list. Groups with
# more than <sublistsize> subgroups will be put on a separate page.
# Other sets of subgroups are just indented.
def printtree(f, tree, indent, p):
global desc
l = len(tree)
if l > sublistsize and indent>0:
# Create a new page and a link to it
f.write('<LI><B><A HREF="'+httppref+p[1:]+'.html">')
f.write(p[1:]+'.*')
f.write('</A></B>'+pagelinkicon+'\n')
createpage(p[1:], tree, p)
return
kl = tree.keys()
if l > 1:
kl.sort()
if indent > 0:
# Create a sub-list
f.write('<LI>'+p[1:]+'\n<UL>')
else:
# Create a main list
f.write('<UL>')
indent = indent + 1
for i in kl:
if i == '.':
# Output a newsgroup
f.write('<LI><A HREF="news:' + p[1:] + '">'+ p[1:] + '</A> ')
if desc.has_key(p[1:]):
f.write(' <I>'+desc[p[1:]]+'</I>\n')
else:
f.write('\n')
else:
# Output a hierarchy
printtree(f,tree[i], indent, p+'.'+i)
if l > 1:
f.write('\n</UL>')
# Reading descriptions file ---------------------------------------
# This returns an array mapping group name to its description
def readdesc(descfile):
global desc
desc = {}
if descfile == '':
return
try:
d = open(descfile, 'r')
print 'Reading descriptions...'
except (IOError):
print 'Failed to open description file ' + descfile
return
l = d.readline()
while l != '':
bits = string.split(l)
try:
grp = bits[0]
dsc = string.join(bits[1:])
if len(dsc)>1:
desc[grp] = dsc
except (IndexError):
pass
l = d.readline()
# Check that ouput directory exists, ------------------------------
# and offer to create it if not
def checkopdir(pagedir):
if not os.path.isdir(pagedir):
print 'Directory '+pagedir+' does not exist.'
print 'Shall I create it for you? (y/n)'
if sys.stdin.readline()[0] == 'y':
try:
os.mkdir(pagedir,0777)
except:
print 'Sorry - failed!'
sys.exit(1)
else:
print 'OK. Exiting.'
sys.exit(1)
# Read and write current local tree ----------------------------------
def readlocallist(treefile):
print 'Reading current local group list...'
tree = {}
try:
treetime = time.localtime(os.stat(treefile)[ST_MTIME])
except:
print '\n*** Failed to open local group cache '+treefile
print 'If this is the first time you have run newslist, then'
print 'use the -a option to create it.'
sys.exit(1)
treedate = '%02d%02d%02d' % (treetime[0] % 100 ,treetime[1], treetime[2])
try:
dump = open(treefile,'r')
tree = marshal.load(dump)
dump.close()
except (IOError):
print 'Cannot open local group list ' + treefile
return (tree, treedate)
def writelocallist(treefile, tree):
try:
dump = open(treefile,'w')
groups = marshal.dump(tree,dump)
dump.close()
print 'Saved list to '+treefile+'\n'
except:
print 'Sorry - failed to write to local group cache '+treefile
print 'Does it (or its directory) have the correct permissions?'
sys.exit(1)
# Return list of all groups on server -----------------------------
def getallgroups(server):
print 'Getting list of all groups...'
treedate='010101'
info = server.list()[1]
groups = []
print 'Processing...'
if skipempty:
print '\nIgnoring following empty groups:'
for i in info:
grpname = string.split(i[0])[0]
if skipempty and string.atoi(i[1]) < string.atoi(i[2]):
print grpname+' ',
else:
groups.append(grpname)
print '\n'
if skipempty:
print '(End of empty groups)'
return groups
# Return list of new groups on server -----------------------------
def getnewgroups(server, treedate):
print 'Getting list of new groups since start of '+treedate+'...',
info = server.newgroups(treedate,'000001')[1]
print 'got %d.' % len(info)
print 'Processing...',
groups = []
for i in info:
grpname = string.split(i)[0]
groups.append(grpname)
print 'Done'
return groups
# Now the main program --------------------------------------------
def main():
global desc
tree={}
# Check that the output directory exists
checkopdir(pagedir)
try:
print 'Connecting to '+newshost+'...'
if sys.version[0] == '0':
s = NNTP.init(newshost)
else:
s = NNTP(newshost)
connected = 1
except (nntplib.error_temp, nntplib.error_perm), x:
print 'Error connecting to host:', x
print 'I\'ll try to use just the local list.'
connected = 0
# If -a is specified, read the full list of groups from server
if connected and len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1] == '-a':
groups = getallgroups(s)
# Otherwise just read the local file and then add
# groups created since local file last modified.
else:
(tree, treedate) = readlocallist(treefile)
if connected:
groups = getnewgroups(s, treedate)
if connected:
addtotree(tree, groups)
writelocallist(treefile,tree)
# Read group descriptions
readdesc(descfile)
print 'Creating pages...'
createpage(rootpage, tree, '')
print 'Done'
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
# That's all folks
######################################################################

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2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/scripts/pi.py
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#! /usr/bin/env python
# Print digits of pi forever.
#
# The algorithm, using Python's 'long' integers ("bignums"), works
# with continued fractions, and was conceived by Lambert Meertens.
#
# See also the ABC Programmer's Handbook, by Geurts, Meertens & Pemberton,
# published by Prentice-Hall (UK) Ltd., 1990.
import sys
def main():
k, a, b, a1, b1 = 2L, 4L, 1L, 12L, 4L
while 1:
# Next approximation
p, q, k = k*k, 2L*k+1L, k+1L
a, b, a1, b1 = a1, b1, p*a+q*a1, p*b+q*b1
# Print common digits
d, d1 = a//b, a1//b1
while d == d1:
output(d)
a, a1 = 10L*(a%b), 10L*(a1%b1)
d, d1 = a//b, a1//b1
def output(d):
# Use write() to avoid spaces between the digits
# Use str() to avoid the 'L'
sys.stdout.write(str(d))
# Flush so the output is seen immediately
sys.stdout.flush()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

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#! /usr/bin/env python
# Emulate some Perl command line options.
# Usage: pp [-a] [-c] [-d] [-e scriptline] [-F fieldsep] [-n] [-p] [file] ...
# Where the options mean the following:
# -a : together with -n or -p, splits each line into list F
# -c : check syntax only, do not execute any code
# -d : run the script under the debugger, pdb
# -e scriptline : gives one line of the Python script; may be repeated
# -F fieldsep : sets the field separator for the -a option [not in Perl]
# -n : runs the script for each line of input
# -p : prints the line after the script has run
# When no script lines have been passed, the first file argument
# contains the script. With -n or -p, the remaining arguments are
# read as input to the script, line by line. If a file is '-'
# or missing, standard input is read.
# XXX To do:
# - add -i extension option (change files in place)
# - make a single loop over the files and lines (changes effect of 'break')?
# - add an option to specify the record separator
# - except for -n/-p, run directly from the file if at all possible
import sys
import string
import getopt
FS = ''
SCRIPT = []
AFLAG = 0
CFLAG = 0
DFLAG = 0
NFLAG = 0
PFLAG = 0
try:
optlist, ARGS = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'acde:F:np')
except getopt.error, msg:
sys.stderr.write(sys.argv[0] + ': ' + msg + '\n')
sys.exit(2)
for option, optarg in optlist:
if option == '-a':
AFLAG = 1
elif option == '-c':
CFLAG = 1
elif option == '-d':
DFLAG = 1
elif option == '-e':
for line in string.splitfields(optarg, '\n'):
SCRIPT.append(line)
elif option == '-F':
FS = optarg
elif option == '-n':
NFLAG = 1
PFLAG = 0
elif option == '-p':
NFLAG = 1
PFLAG = 1
else:
print option, 'not recognized???'
if not ARGS: ARGS.append('-')
if not SCRIPT:
if ARGS[0] == '-':
fp = sys.stdin
else:
fp = open(ARGS[0], 'r')
while 1:
line = fp.readline()
if not line: break
SCRIPT.append(line[:-1])
del fp
del ARGS[0]
if not ARGS: ARGS.append('-')
if CFLAG:
prologue = ['if 0:']
epilogue = []
elif NFLAG:
# Note that it is on purpose that AFLAG and PFLAG are
# tested dynamically each time through the loop
prologue = [ \
'LINECOUNT = 0', \
'for FILE in ARGS:', \
' \tif FILE == \'-\':', \
' \t \tFP = sys.stdin', \
' \telse:', \
' \t \tFP = open(FILE, \'r\')', \
' \tLINENO = 0', \
' \twhile 1:', \
' \t \tLINE = FP.readline()', \
' \t \tif not LINE: break', \
' \t \tLINENO = LINENO + 1', \
' \t \tLINECOUNT = LINECOUNT + 1', \
' \t \tL = LINE[:-1]', \
' \t \taflag = AFLAG', \
' \t \tif aflag:', \
' \t \t \tif FS: F = string.splitfields(L, FS)', \
' \t \t \telse: F = string.split(L)' \
]
epilogue = [ \
' \t \tif not PFLAG: continue', \
' \t \tif aflag:', \
' \t \t \tif FS: print string.joinfields(F, FS)', \
' \t \t \telse: print string.join(F)', \
' \t \telse: print L', \
]
else:
prologue = ['if 1:']
epilogue = []
# Note that we indent using tabs only, so that any indentation style
# used in 'command' will come out right after re-indentation.
program = string.joinfields(prologue, '\n') + '\n'
for line in SCRIPT:
program = program + (' \t \t' + line + '\n')
program = program + (string.joinfields(epilogue, '\n') + '\n')
import tempfile
fp = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile()
fp.write(program)
fp.flush()
if DFLAG:
import pdb
pdb.run('execfile(%r)' % (tfn,))
else:
execfile(tfn)

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2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/scripts/primes.py
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#! /usr/bin/env python
# Print prime numbers in a given range
def main():
import sys
min, max = 2, 0x7fffffff
if sys.argv[1:]:
min = int(eval(sys.argv[1]))
if sys.argv[2:]:
max = int(eval(sys.argv[2]))
primes(min, max)
def primes(min, max):
if 2 >= min: print 2
primes = [2]
i = 3
while i <= max:
for p in primes:
if i%p == 0 or p*p > i: break
if i%p <> 0:
primes.append(i)
if i >= min: print i
i = i+2
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

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2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/scripts/queens.py
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#! /usr/bin/env python
"""N queens problem.
The (well-known) problem is due to Niklaus Wirth.
This solution is inspired by Dijkstra (Structured Programming). It is
a classic recursive backtracking approach.
"""
N = 8 # Default; command line overrides
class Queens:
def __init__(self, n=N):
self.n = n
self.reset()
def reset(self):
n = self.n
self.y = [None]*n # Where is the queen in column x
self.row = [0]*n # Is row[y] safe?
self.up = [0] * (2*n-1) # Is upward diagonal[x-y] safe?
self.down = [0] * (2*n-1) # Is downward diagonal[x+y] safe?
self.nfound = 0 # Instrumentation
def solve(self, x=0): # Recursive solver
for y in range(self.n):
if self.safe(x, y):
self.place(x, y)
if x+1 == self.n:
self.display()
else:
self.solve(x+1)
self.remove(x, y)
def safe(self, x, y):
return not self.row[y] and not self.up[x-y] and not self.down[x+y]
def place(self, x, y):
self.y[x] = y
self.row[y] = 1
self.up[x-y] = 1
self.down[x+y] = 1
def remove(self, x, y):
self.y[x] = None
self.row[y] = 0
self.up[x-y] = 0
self.down[x+y] = 0
silent = 0 # If set, count solutions only
def display(self):
self.nfound = self.nfound + 1
if self.silent:
return
print '+-' + '--'*self.n + '+'
for y in range(self.n-1, -1, -1):
print '|',
for x in range(self.n):
if self.y[x] == y:
print "Q",
else:
print ".",
print '|'
print '+-' + '--'*self.n + '+'
def main():
import sys
silent = 0
n = N
if sys.argv[1:2] == ['-n']:
silent = 1
del sys.argv[1]
if sys.argv[1:]:
n = int(sys.argv[1])
q = Queens(n)
q.silent = silent
q.solve()
print "Found", q.nfound, "solutions."
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

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2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/scripts/script.py
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#! /usr/bin/env python
# script.py -- Make typescript of terminal session.
# Usage:
# -a Append to typescript.
# -p Use Python as shell.
# Author: Steen Lumholt.
import os, time, sys
import pty
def read(fd):
data = os.read(fd, 1024)
file.write(data)
return data
shell = 'sh'
filename = 'typescript'
mode = 'w'
if os.environ.has_key('SHELL'):
shell = os.environ['SHELL']
if '-a' in sys.argv:
mode = 'a'
if '-p' in sys.argv:
shell = 'python'
file = open(filename, mode)
sys.stdout.write('Script started, file is %s\n' % filename)
file.write('Script started on %s\n' % time.ctime(time.time()))
pty.spawn(shell, read)
file.write('Script done on %s\n' % time.ctime(time.time()))
sys.stdout.write('Script done, file is %s\n' % filename)

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#! /usr/bin/env python
# Calculate your unbirthday count (see Alice in Wonderland).
# This is defined as the number of days from your birth until today
# that weren't your birthday. (The day you were born is not counted).
# Leap years make it interesting.
import sys
import time
import calendar
def main():
# Note that the range checks below also check for bad types,
# e.g. 3.14 or (). However syntactically invalid replies
# will raise an exception.
if sys.argv[1:]:
year = int(sys.argv[1])
else:
year = int(raw_input('In which year were you born? '))
if 0<=year<100:
print "I'll assume that by", year,
year = year + 1900
print 'you mean', year, 'and not the early Christian era'
elif not (1850<=year<=2002):
print "It's hard to believe you were born in", year
return
#
if sys.argv[2:]:
month = int(sys.argv[2])
else:
month = int(raw_input('And in which month? (1-12) '))
if not (1<=month<=12):
print 'There is no month numbered', month
return
#
if sys.argv[3:]:
day = int(sys.argv[3])
else:
day = int(raw_input('And on what day of that month? (1-31) '))
if month == 2 and calendar.isleap(year):
maxday = 29
else:
maxday = calendar.mdays[month]
if not (1<=day<=maxday):
print 'There are no', day, 'days in that month!'
return
#
bdaytuple = (year, month, day)
bdaydate = mkdate(bdaytuple)
print 'You were born on', format(bdaytuple)
#
todaytuple = time.localtime()[:3]
todaydate = mkdate(todaytuple)
print 'Today is', format(todaytuple)
#
if bdaytuple > todaytuple:
print 'You are a time traveler. Go back to the future!'
return
#
if bdaytuple == todaytuple:
print 'You were born today. Have a nice life!'
return
#
days = todaydate - bdaydate
print 'You have lived', days, 'days'
#
age = 0
for y in range(year, todaytuple[0] + 1):
if bdaytuple < (y, month, day) <= todaytuple:
age = age + 1
#
print 'You are', age, 'years old'
#
if todaytuple[1:] == bdaytuple[1:]:
print 'Congratulations! Today is your', nth(age), 'birthday'
print 'Yesterday was your',
else:
print 'Today is your',
print nth(days - age), 'unbirthday'
def format((year, month, day)):
return '%d %s %d' % (day, calendar.month_name[month], year)
def nth(n):
if n == 1: return '1st'
if n == 2: return '2nd'
if n == 3: return '3rd'
return '%dth' % n
def mkdate((year, month, day)):
# Januari 1st, in 0 A.D. is arbitrarily defined to be day 1,
# even though that day never actually existed and the calendar
# was different then...
days = year*365 # years, roughly
days = days + (year+3)//4 # plus leap years, roughly
days = days - (year+99)//100 # minus non-leap years every century
days = days + (year+399)//400 # plus leap years every 4 centirues
for i in range(1, month):
if i == 2 and calendar.isleap(year):
days = days + 29
else:
days = days + calendar.mdays[i]
days = days + day
return days
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

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2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/scripts/wh.py
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# This is here so I can use 'wh' instead of 'which' in '~/bin/generic_python'
import which

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2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/sockets/README
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This directory contains some demonstrations of the socket module:
broadcast.py Broadcast the time to radio.py.
echosvr.py About the simplest TCP server possible.
finger.py Client for the 'finger' protocol.
ftp.py A very simple ftp client.
gopher.py A simple gopher client.
radio.py Receive time broadcasts from broadcast.py.
telnet.py Client for the 'telnet' protocol.
throughput.py Client and server to measure TCP throughput.
unixclient.py Unix socket example, client side
unixserver.py Unix socket example, server side
udpecho.py Client and server for the UDP echo protocol.
The following file is only relevant on SGI machines (or other systems
that support multicast):
mcast.py A Python translation of
/usr/people/4Dgifts/examples/network/mcast.c
(Note that IN.py is in ../../lib/sgi.)

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# Send/receive UDP multicast packets.
# Requires that your OS kernel supports IP multicast.
# This is built-in on SGI, still optional for most other vendors.
#
# Usage:
# mcast -s (sender)
# mcast -b (sender, using broadcast instead multicast)
# mcast (receivers)
MYPORT = 8123
MYGROUP = '225.0.0.250'
import sys
import time
import struct
from socket import *
# Main program
def main():
flags = sys.argv[1:]
#
if flags:
sender(flags[0])
else:
receiver()
# Sender subroutine (only one per local area network)
def sender(flag):
s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM)
if flag == '-b':
s.setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_BROADCAST, 1)
mygroup = '<broadcast>'
else:
mygroup = MYGROUP
ttl = struct.pack('b', 1) # Time-to-live
s.setsockopt(IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_TTL, ttl)
while 1:
data = repr(time.time())
## data = data + (1400 - len(data)) * '\0'
s.sendto(data, (mygroup, MYPORT))
time.sleep(1)
# Receiver subroutine (as many as you like)
def receiver():
# Open and initialize the socket
s = openmcastsock(MYGROUP, MYPORT)
#
# Loop, printing any data we receive
while 1:
data, sender = s.recvfrom(1500)
while data[-1:] == '\0': data = data[:-1] # Strip trailing \0's
print sender, ':', repr(data)
# Open a UDP socket, bind it to a port and select a multicast group
def openmcastsock(group, port):
# Import modules used only here
import string
import struct
#
# Create a socket
s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM)
#
# Allow multiple copies of this program on one machine
# (not strictly needed)
s.setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
#
# Bind it to the port
s.bind(('', port))
#
# Look up multicast group address in name server
# (doesn't hurt if it is already in ddd.ddd.ddd.ddd format)
group = gethostbyname(group)
#
# Construct binary group address
bytes = map(int, string.split(group, "."))
grpaddr = 0
for byte in bytes: grpaddr = (grpaddr << 8) | byte
#
# Construct struct mreq from grpaddr and ifaddr
ifaddr = INADDR_ANY
mreq = struct.pack('ll', htonl(grpaddr), htonl(ifaddr))
#
# Add group membership
s.setsockopt(IPPROTO_IP, IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, mreq)
#
return s
main()

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# Defines classes that provide synchronization objects. Note that use of
# this module requires that your Python support threads.
#
# condition(lock=None) # a POSIX-like condition-variable object
# barrier(n) # an n-thread barrier
# event() # an event object
# semaphore(n=1) # a semaphore object, with initial count n
# mrsw() # a multiple-reader single-writer lock
#
# CONDITIONS
#
# A condition object is created via
# import this_module
# your_condition_object = this_module.condition(lock=None)
#
# As explained below, a condition object has a lock associated with it,
# used in the protocol to protect condition data. You can specify a
# lock to use in the constructor, else the constructor will allocate
# an anonymous lock for you. Specifying a lock explicitly can be useful
# when more than one condition keys off the same set of shared data.
#
# Methods:
# .acquire()
# acquire the lock associated with the condition
# .release()
# release the lock associated with the condition
# .wait()
# block the thread until such time as some other thread does a
# .signal or .broadcast on the same condition, and release the
# lock associated with the condition. The lock associated with
# the condition MUST be in the acquired state at the time
# .wait is invoked.
# .signal()
# wake up exactly one thread (if any) that previously did a .wait
# on the condition; that thread will awaken with the lock associated
# with the condition in the acquired state. If no threads are
# .wait'ing, this is a nop. If more than one thread is .wait'ing on
# the condition, any of them may be awakened.
# .broadcast()
# wake up all threads (if any) that are .wait'ing on the condition;
# the threads are woken up serially, each with the lock in the
# acquired state, so should .release() as soon as possible. If no
# threads are .wait'ing, this is a nop.
#
# Note that if a thread does a .wait *while* a signal/broadcast is
# in progress, it's guaranteeed to block until a subsequent
# signal/broadcast.
#
# Secret feature: `broadcast' actually takes an integer argument,
# and will wake up exactly that many waiting threads (or the total
# number waiting, if that's less). Use of this is dubious, though,
# and probably won't be supported if this form of condition is
# reimplemented in C.
#
# DIFFERENCES FROM POSIX
#
# + A separate mutex is not needed to guard condition data. Instead, a
# condition object can (must) be .acquire'ed and .release'ed directly.
# This eliminates a common error in using POSIX conditions.
#
# + Because of implementation difficulties, a POSIX `signal' wakes up
# _at least_ one .wait'ing thread. Race conditions make it difficult
# to stop that. This implementation guarantees to wake up only one,
# but you probably shouldn't rely on that.
#
# PROTOCOL
#
# Condition objects are used to block threads until "some condition" is
# true. E.g., a thread may wish to wait until a producer pumps out data
# for it to consume, or a server may wish to wait until someone requests
# its services, or perhaps a whole bunch of threads want to wait until a
# preceding pass over the data is complete. Early models for conditions
# relied on some other thread figuring out when a blocked thread's
# condition was true, and made the other thread responsible both for
# waking up the blocked thread and guaranteeing that it woke up with all
# data in a correct state. This proved to be very delicate in practice,
# and gave conditions a bad name in some circles.
#
# The POSIX model addresses these problems by making a thread responsible
# for ensuring that its own state is correct when it wakes, and relies
# on a rigid protocol to make this easy; so long as you stick to the
# protocol, POSIX conditions are easy to "get right":
#
# A) The thread that's waiting for some arbitrarily-complex condition
# (ACC) to become true does:
#
# condition.acquire()
# while not (code to evaluate the ACC):
# condition.wait()
# # That blocks the thread, *and* releases the lock. When a
# # condition.signal() happens, it will wake up some thread that
# # did a .wait, *and* acquire the lock again before .wait
# # returns.
# #
# # Because the lock is acquired at this point, the state used
# # in evaluating the ACC is frozen, so it's safe to go back &
# # reevaluate the ACC.
#
# # At this point, ACC is true, and the thread has the condition
# # locked.
# # So code here can safely muck with the shared state that
# # went into evaluating the ACC -- if it wants to.
# # When done mucking with the shared state, do
# condition.release()
#
# B) Threads that are mucking with shared state that may affect the
# ACC do:
#
# condition.acquire()
# # muck with shared state
# condition.release()
# if it's possible that ACC is true now:
# condition.signal() # or .broadcast()
#
# Note: You may prefer to put the "if" clause before the release().
# That's fine, but do note that anyone waiting on the signal will
# stay blocked until the release() is done (since acquiring the
# condition is part of what .wait() does before it returns).
#
# TRICK OF THE TRADE
#
# With simpler forms of conditions, it can be impossible to know when
# a thread that's supposed to do a .wait has actually done it. But
# because this form of condition releases a lock as _part_ of doing a
# wait, the state of that lock can be used to guarantee it.
#
# E.g., suppose thread A spawns thread B and later wants to wait for B to
# complete:
#
# In A: In B:
#
# B_done = condition() ... do work ...
# B_done.acquire() B_done.acquire(); B_done.release()
# spawn B B_done.signal()
# ... some time later ... ... and B exits ...
# B_done.wait()
#
# Because B_done was in the acquire'd state at the time B was spawned,
# B's attempt to acquire B_done can't succeed until A has done its
# B_done.wait() (which releases B_done). So B's B_done.signal() is
# guaranteed to be seen by the .wait(). Without the lock trick, B
# may signal before A .waits, and then A would wait forever.
#
# BARRIERS
#
# A barrier object is created via
# import this_module
# your_barrier = this_module.barrier(num_threads)
#
# Methods:
# .enter()
# the thread blocks until num_threads threads in all have done
# .enter(). Then the num_threads threads that .enter'ed resume,
# and the barrier resets to capture the next num_threads threads
# that .enter it.
#
# EVENTS
#
# An event object is created via
# import this_module
# your_event = this_module.event()
#
# An event has two states, `posted' and `cleared'. An event is
# created in the cleared state.
#
# Methods:
#
# .post()
# Put the event in the posted state, and resume all threads
# .wait'ing on the event (if any).
#
# .clear()
# Put the event in the cleared state.
#
# .is_posted()
# Returns 0 if the event is in the cleared state, or 1 if the event
# is in the posted state.
#
# .wait()
# If the event is in the posted state, returns immediately.
# If the event is in the cleared state, blocks the calling thread
# until the event is .post'ed by another thread.
#
# Note that an event, once posted, remains posted until explicitly
# cleared. Relative to conditions, this is both the strength & weakness
# of events. It's a strength because the .post'ing thread doesn't have to
# worry about whether the threads it's trying to communicate with have
# already done a .wait (a condition .signal is seen only by threads that
# do a .wait _prior_ to the .signal; a .signal does not persist). But
# it's a weakness because .clear'ing an event is error-prone: it's easy
# to mistakenly .clear an event before all the threads you intended to
# see the event get around to .wait'ing on it. But so long as you don't
# need to .clear an event, events are easy to use safely.
#
# SEMAPHORES
#
# A semaphore object is created via
# import this_module
# your_semaphore = this_module.semaphore(count=1)
#
# A semaphore has an integer count associated with it. The initial value
# of the count is specified by the optional argument (which defaults to
# 1) passed to the semaphore constructor.
#
# Methods:
#
# .p()
# If the semaphore's count is greater than 0, decrements the count
# by 1 and returns.
# Else if the semaphore's count is 0, blocks the calling thread
# until a subsequent .v() increases the count. When that happens,
# the count will be decremented by 1 and the calling thread resumed.
#
# .v()
# Increments the semaphore's count by 1, and wakes up a thread (if
# any) blocked by a .p(). It's an (detected) error for a .v() to
# increase the semaphore's count to a value larger than the initial
# count.
#
# MULTIPLE-READER SINGLE-WRITER LOCKS
#
# A mrsw lock is created via
# import this_module
# your_mrsw_lock = this_module.mrsw()
#
# This kind of lock is often useful with complex shared data structures.
# The object lets any number of "readers" proceed, so long as no thread
# wishes to "write". When a (one or more) thread declares its intention
# to "write" (e.g., to update a shared structure), all current readers
# are allowed to finish, and then a writer gets exclusive access; all
# other readers & writers are blocked until the current writer completes.
# Finally, if some thread is waiting to write and another is waiting to
# read, the writer takes precedence.
#
# Methods:
#
# .read_in()
# If no thread is writing or waiting to write, returns immediately.
# Else blocks until no thread is writing or waiting to write. So
# long as some thread has completed a .read_in but not a .read_out,
# writers are blocked.
#
# .read_out()
# Use sometime after a .read_in to declare that the thread is done
# reading. When all threads complete reading, a writer can proceed.
#
# .write_in()
# If no thread is writing (has completed a .write_in, but hasn't yet
# done a .write_out) or reading (similarly), returns immediately.
# Else blocks the calling thread, and threads waiting to read, until
# the current writer completes writing or all the current readers
# complete reading; if then more than one thread is waiting to
# write, one of them is allowed to proceed, but which one is not
# specified.
#
# .write_out()
# Use sometime after a .write_in to declare that the thread is done
# writing. Then if some other thread is waiting to write, it's
# allowed to proceed. Else all threads (if any) waiting to read are
# allowed to proceed.
#
# .write_to_read()
# Use instead of a .write_in to declare that the thread is done
# writing but wants to continue reading without other writers
# intervening. If there are other threads waiting to write, they
# are allowed to proceed only if the current thread calls
# .read_out; threads waiting to read are only allowed to proceed
# if there are are no threads waiting to write. (This is a
# weakness of the interface!)
import thread
class condition:
def __init__(self, lock=None):
# the lock actually used by .acquire() and .release()
if lock is None:
self.mutex = thread.allocate_lock()
else:
if hasattr(lock, 'acquire') and \
hasattr(lock, 'release'):
self.mutex = lock
else:
raise TypeError, 'condition constructor requires ' \
'a lock argument'
# lock used to block threads until a signal
self.checkout = thread.allocate_lock()
self.checkout.acquire()
# internal critical-section lock, & the data it protects
self.idlock = thread.allocate_lock()
self.id = 0
self.waiting = 0 # num waiters subject to current release
self.pending = 0 # num waiters awaiting next signal
self.torelease = 0 # num waiters to release
self.releasing = 0 # 1 iff release is in progress
def acquire(self):
self.mutex.acquire()
def release(self):
self.mutex.release()
def wait(self):
mutex, checkout, idlock = self.mutex, self.checkout, self.idlock
if not mutex.locked():
raise ValueError, \
"condition must be .acquire'd when .wait() invoked"
idlock.acquire()
myid = self.id
self.pending = self.pending + 1
idlock.release()
mutex.release()
while 1:
checkout.acquire(); idlock.acquire()
if myid < self.id:
break
checkout.release(); idlock.release()
self.waiting = self.waiting - 1
self.torelease = self.torelease - 1
if self.torelease:
checkout.release()
else:
self.releasing = 0
if self.waiting == self.pending == 0:
self.id = 0
idlock.release()
mutex.acquire()
def signal(self):
self.broadcast(1)
def broadcast(self, num = -1):
if num < -1:
raise ValueError, '.broadcast called with num %r' % (num,)
if num == 0:
return
self.idlock.acquire()
if self.pending:
self.waiting = self.waiting + self.pending
self.pending = 0
self.id = self.id + 1
if num == -1:
self.torelease = self.waiting
else:
self.torelease = min( self.waiting,
self.torelease + num )
if self.torelease and not self.releasing:
self.releasing = 1
self.checkout.release()
self.idlock.release()
class barrier:
def __init__(self, n):
self.n = n
self.togo = n
self.full = condition()
def enter(self):
full = self.full
full.acquire()
self.togo = self.togo - 1
if self.togo:
full.wait()
else:
self.togo = self.n
full.broadcast()
full.release()
class event:
def __init__(self):
self.state = 0
self.posted = condition()
def post(self):
self.posted.acquire()
self.state = 1
self.posted.broadcast()
self.posted.release()
def clear(self):
self.posted.acquire()
self.state = 0
self.posted.release()
def is_posted(self):
self.posted.acquire()
answer = self.state
self.posted.release()
return answer
def wait(self):
self.posted.acquire()
if not self.state:
self.posted.wait()
self.posted.release()
class semaphore:
def __init__(self, count=1):
if count <= 0:
raise ValueError, 'semaphore count %d; must be >= 1' % count
self.count = count
self.maxcount = count
self.nonzero = condition()
def p(self):
self.nonzero.acquire()
while self.count == 0:
self.nonzero.wait()
self.count = self.count - 1
self.nonzero.release()
def v(self):
self.nonzero.acquire()
if self.count == self.maxcount:
raise ValueError, '.v() tried to raise semaphore count above ' \
'initial value %r' % self.maxcount
self.count = self.count + 1
self.nonzero.signal()
self.nonzero.release()
class mrsw:
def __init__(self):
# critical-section lock & the data it protects
self.rwOK = thread.allocate_lock()
self.nr = 0 # number readers actively reading (not just waiting)
self.nw = 0 # number writers either waiting to write or writing
self.writing = 0 # 1 iff some thread is writing
# conditions
self.readOK = condition(self.rwOK) # OK to unblock readers
self.writeOK = condition(self.rwOK) # OK to unblock writers
def read_in(self):
self.rwOK.acquire()
while self.nw:
self.readOK.wait()
self.nr = self.nr + 1
self.rwOK.release()
def read_out(self):
self.rwOK.acquire()
if self.nr <= 0:
raise ValueError, \
'.read_out() invoked without an active reader'
self.nr = self.nr - 1
if self.nr == 0:
self.writeOK.signal()
self.rwOK.release()
def write_in(self):
self.rwOK.acquire()
self.nw = self.nw + 1
while self.writing or self.nr:
self.writeOK.wait()
self.writing = 1
self.rwOK.release()
def write_out(self):
self.rwOK.acquire()
if not self.writing:
raise ValueError, \
'.write_out() invoked without an active writer'
self.writing = 0
self.nw = self.nw - 1
if self.nw:
self.writeOK.signal()
else:
self.readOK.broadcast()
self.rwOK.release()
def write_to_read(self):
self.rwOK.acquire()
if not self.writing:
raise ValueError, \
'.write_to_read() invoked without an active writer'
self.writing = 0
self.nw = self.nw - 1
self.nr = self.nr + 1
if not self.nw:
self.readOK.broadcast()
self.rwOK.release()
# The rest of the file is a test case, that runs a number of parallelized
# quicksorts in parallel. If it works, you'll get about 600 lines of
# tracing output, with a line like
# test passed! 209 threads created in all
# as the last line. The content and order of preceding lines will
# vary across runs.
def _new_thread(func, *args):
global TID
tid.acquire(); id = TID = TID+1; tid.release()
io.acquire(); alive.append(id); \
print 'starting thread', id, '--', len(alive), 'alive'; \
io.release()
thread.start_new_thread( func, (id,) + args )
def _qsort(tid, a, l, r, finished):
# sort a[l:r]; post finished when done
io.acquire(); print 'thread', tid, 'qsort', l, r; io.release()
if r-l > 1:
pivot = a[l]
j = l+1 # make a[l:j] <= pivot, and a[j:r] > pivot
for i in range(j, r):
if a[i] <= pivot:
a[j], a[i] = a[i], a[j]
j = j + 1
a[l], a[j-1] = a[j-1], pivot
l_subarray_sorted = event()
r_subarray_sorted = event()
_new_thread(_qsort, a, l, j-1, l_subarray_sorted)
_new_thread(_qsort, a, j, r, r_subarray_sorted)
l_subarray_sorted.wait()
r_subarray_sorted.wait()
io.acquire(); print 'thread', tid, 'qsort done'; \
alive.remove(tid); io.release()
finished.post()
def _randarray(tid, a, finished):
io.acquire(); print 'thread', tid, 'randomizing array'; \
io.release()
for i in range(1, len(a)):
wh.acquire(); j = randint(0,i); wh.release()
a[i], a[j] = a[j], a[i]
io.acquire(); print 'thread', tid, 'randomizing done'; \
alive.remove(tid); io.release()
finished.post()
def _check_sort(a):
if a != range(len(a)):
raise ValueError, ('a not sorted', a)
def _run_one_sort(tid, a, bar, done):
# randomize a, and quicksort it
# for variety, all the threads running this enter a barrier
# at the end, and post `done' after the barrier exits
io.acquire(); print 'thread', tid, 'randomizing', a; \
io.release()
finished = event()
_new_thread(_randarray, a, finished)
finished.wait()
io.acquire(); print 'thread', tid, 'sorting', a; io.release()
finished.clear()
_new_thread(_qsort, a, 0, len(a), finished)
finished.wait()
_check_sort(a)
io.acquire(); print 'thread', tid, 'entering barrier'; \
io.release()
bar.enter()
io.acquire(); print 'thread', tid, 'leaving barrier'; \
io.release()
io.acquire(); alive.remove(tid); io.release()
bar.enter() # make sure they've all removed themselves from alive
## before 'done' is posted
bar.enter() # just to be cruel
done.post()
def test():
global TID, tid, io, wh, randint, alive
import random
randint = random.randint
TID = 0 # thread ID (1, 2, ...)
tid = thread.allocate_lock() # for changing TID
io = thread.allocate_lock() # for printing, and 'alive'
wh = thread.allocate_lock() # for calls to random
alive = [] # IDs of active threads
NSORTS = 5
arrays = []
for i in range(NSORTS):
arrays.append( range( (i+1)*10 ) )
bar = barrier(NSORTS)
finished = event()
for i in range(NSORTS):
_new_thread(_run_one_sort, arrays[i], bar, finished)
finished.wait()
print 'all threads done, and checking results ...'
if alive:
raise ValueError, ('threads still alive at end', alive)
for i in range(NSORTS):
a = arrays[i]
if len(a) != (i+1)*10:
raise ValueError, ('length of array', i, 'screwed up')
_check_sort(a)
print 'test passed!', TID, 'threads created in all'
if __name__ == '__main__':
test()
# end of module

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$Id$
Installing Tix.py
----------------
0) To use Tix.py, you need Tcl/Tk (V8.3.3), Tix (V8.1.1) and Python (V2.1.1).
Tix.py has been written and tested on a Intel Pentium running RH Linux 5.2
and Mandrake Linux 7.0 and Windows with the above mentioned packages.
Older versions, e.g. Tix 4.1 and Tk 8.0, might also work.
There is nothing OS-specific in Tix.py itself so it should work on
any machine with Tix and Python installed. You can get Tcl and Tk
from http://dev.scriptics.com and Tix from http://tix.sourceforge.net.
1) Build and install Tcl/Tk 8.3. Build and install Tix 8.1.
Ensure that Tix is properly installed by running tixwish and executing
the demo programs. Under Unix, use the --enable-shared configure option
for all three. We recommend tcl8.3.3 for this release of Tix.py.
2a) If you have a distribution like ActiveState with a tcl subdirectory
of $PYTHONHOME, which contains the directories tcl8.3 and tk8.3,
make a directory tix8.1 as well. Recursively copy the files from
<tix>/library to $PYTHONHOME/lib/tix8.1, and copy the dynamic library
(tix8183.dll or libtix8.1.8.3.so) to the same place as the tcl dynamic
libraries ($PYTHONHOME/Dlls or lib/python-2.1/lib-dynload). In this
case you are all installed, and you can skip to the end.
2b) Modify Modules/Setup.dist and setup.py to change the version of the
tix library from tix4.1.8.0 to tix8.1.8.3
These modified files can be used for Tkinter with or without Tix.
3) The default is to build dynamically, and use the Tcl 'package require'.
To build statically, modify the Modules/Setup file to link in the Tix
library according to the comments in the file. On Linux this looks like:
# *** Always uncomment this (leave the leading underscore in!):
_tkinter _tkinter.c tkappinit.c -DWITH_APPINIT \
# *** Uncomment and edit to reflect where your Tcl/Tk libraries are:
-L/usr/local/lib \
# *** Uncomment and edit to reflect where your Tcl/Tk headers are:
-I/usr/local/include \
# *** Uncomment and edit to reflect where your X11 header files are:
-I/usr/X11R6/include \
# *** Or uncomment this for Solaris:
# -I/usr/openwin/include \
# *** Uncomment and edit for BLT extension only:
# -DWITH_BLT -I/usr/local/blt/blt8.0-unoff/include -lBLT8.0 \
# *** Uncomment and edit for PIL (TkImaging) extension only:
# (See http://www.pythonware.com/products/pil/ for more info)
# -DWITH_PIL -I../Extensions/Imaging/libImaging tkImaging.c \
# *** Uncomment and edit for TOGL extension only:
# -DWITH_TOGL togl.c \
# *** Uncomment and edit for Tix extension only:
-DWITH_TIX -ltix8.1.8.3 \
# *** Uncomment and edit to reflect your Tcl/Tk versions:
-ltk8.3 -ltcl8.3 \
# *** Uncomment and edit to reflect where your X11 libraries are:
-L/usr/X11R6/lib \
# *** Or uncomment this for Solaris:
# -L/usr/openwin/lib \
# *** Uncomment these for TOGL extension only:
# -lGL -lGLU -lXext -lXmu \
# *** Uncomment for AIX:
# -lld \
# *** Always uncomment this; X11 libraries to link with:
-lX11
4) Rebuild Python and reinstall.
You should now have a working Tix implementation in Python. To see if all
is as it should be, run the 'tixwidgets.py' script in the Demo/tix directory.
Under X windows, do
/usr/local/bin/python Demo/tix/tixwidgets.py
If this does not work, you may need to tell python where to find
the Tcl, Tk and Tix library files. This is done by setting the
TCL_LIBRARY, TK_LIBRARY and TIX_LIBRARY environment variables. Try this:
env TCL_LIBRARY=/usr/local/lib/tcl8.3 \
TK_LIBRARY=/usr/local/lib/tk8.3 \
TIX_LIBRARY=/usr/local/lib/tix8.1 \
/usr/local/bin/python Demo/tix/tixwidgets.py
If you find any bugs or have suggestions for improvement, please report them
via http://tix.sourceforge.net

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# -*-mode: python; fill-column: 75; tab-width: 8; coding: iso-latin-1-unix -*-
#
# $Id$
#
# Tix Demostration Program
#
# This sample program is structured in such a way so that it can be
# executed from the Tix demo program "tixwidgets.py": it must have a
# procedure called "RunSample". It should also have the "if" statment
# at the end of this file so that it can be run as a standalone
# program.
# This file demonstrates the use of the tixBalloon widget, which provides
# a interesting way to give help tips about elements in your user interface.
# Your can display the help message in a "balloon" and a status bar widget.
#
import Tix
TCL_ALL_EVENTS = 0
def RunSample (root):
balloon = DemoBalloon(root)
balloon.mainloop()
balloon.destroy()
class DemoBalloon:
def __init__(self, w):
self.root = w
self.exit = -1
z = w.winfo_toplevel()
z.wm_protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", lambda self=self: self.quitcmd())
status = Tix.Label(w, width=40, relief=Tix.SUNKEN, bd=1)
status.pack(side=Tix.BOTTOM, fill=Tix.Y, padx=2, pady=1)
# Create two mysterious widgets that need balloon help
button1 = Tix.Button(w, text='Something Unexpected',
command=self.quitcmd)
button2 = Tix.Button(w, text='Something Else Unexpected')
button2['command'] = lambda w=button2: w.destroy()
button1.pack(side=Tix.TOP, expand=1)
button2.pack(side=Tix.TOP, expand=1)
# Create the balloon widget and associate it with the widgets that we want
# to provide tips for:
b = Tix.Balloon(w, statusbar=status)
b.bind_widget(button1, balloonmsg='Close Window',
statusmsg='Press this button to close this window')
b.bind_widget(button2, balloonmsg='Self-destruct button',
statusmsg='Press this button and it will destroy itself')
def quitcmd (self):
self.exit = 0
def mainloop(self):
foundEvent = 1
while self.exit < 0 and foundEvent > 0:
foundEvent = self.root.tk.dooneevent(TCL_ALL_EVENTS)
def destroy (self):
self.root.destroy()
if __name__ == '__main__':
root = Tix.Tk()
RunSample(root)

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# -*-mode: python; fill-column: 75; tab-width: 8; coding: iso-latin-1-unix -*-
#
# $Id$
#
# Tix Demostration Program
#
# This sample program is structured in such a way so that it can be
# executed from the Tix demo program "tixwidgets.py": it must have a
# procedure called "RunSample". It should also have the "if" statment
# at the end of this file so that it can be run as a standalone
# program.
# This file demonstrates the use of the tixButtonBox widget, which is a
# group of TK buttons. You can use it to manage the buttons in a dialog box,
# for example.
#
import Tix
def RunSample(w):
# Create the label on the top of the dialog box
#
top = Tix.Label(w, padx=20, pady=10, bd=1, relief=Tix.RAISED,
anchor=Tix.CENTER, text='This dialog box is\n a demonstration of the\n tixButtonBox widget')
# Create the button box and add a few buttons in it. Set the
# -width of all the buttons to the same value so that they
# appear in the same size.
#
# Note that the -text, -underline, -command and -width options are all
# standard options of the button widgets.
#
box = Tix.ButtonBox(w, orientation=Tix.HORIZONTAL)
box.add('ok', text='OK', underline=0, width=5,
command=lambda w=w: w.destroy())
box.add('close', text='Cancel', underline=0, width=5,
command=lambda w=w: w.destroy())
box.pack(side=Tix.BOTTOM, fill=Tix.X)
top.pack(side=Tix.TOP, fill=Tix.BOTH, expand=1)
if __name__ == '__main__':
root = Tix.Tk()
RunSample(root)
root.mainloop()

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# -*-mode: python; fill-column: 75; tab-width: 8; coding: iso-latin-1-unix -*-
#
# $Id$
#
# Tix Demostration Program
#
# This sample program is structured in such a way so that it can be
# executed from the Tix demo program "tixwidgets.py": it must have a
# procedure called "RunSample". It should also have the "if" statment
# at the end of this file so that it can be run as a standalone
# program.
# This file demonstrates the use of the compound images: it uses compound
# images to display a text string together with a pixmap inside
# buttons
#
import Tix
network_pixmap = """/* XPM */
static char * netw_xpm[] = {
/* width height ncolors chars_per_pixel */
"32 32 7 1",
/* colors */
" s None c None",
". c #000000000000",
"X c white",
"o c #c000c000c000",
"O c #404040",
"+ c blue",
"@ c red",
/* pixels */
" ",
" .............. ",
" .XXXXXXXXXXXX. ",
" .XooooooooooO. ",
" .Xo.......XoO. ",
" .Xo.++++o+XoO. ",
" .Xo.++++o+XoO. ",
" .Xo.++oo++XoO. ",
" .Xo.++++++XoO. ",
" .Xo.+o++++XoO. ",
" .Xo.++++++XoO. ",
" .Xo.XXXXXXXoO. ",
" .XooooooooooO. ",
" .Xo@ooo....oO. ",
" .............. .XooooooooooO. ",
" .XXXXXXXXXXXX. .XooooooooooO. ",
" .XooooooooooO. .OOOOOOOOOOOO. ",
" .Xo.......XoO. .............. ",
" .Xo.++++o+XoO. @ ",
" .Xo.++++o+XoO. @ ",
" .Xo.++oo++XoO. @ ",
" .Xo.++++++XoO. @ ",
" .Xo.+o++++XoO. @ ",
" .Xo.++++++XoO. ..... ",
" .Xo.XXXXXXXoO. .XXX. ",
" .XooooooooooO.@@@@@@.X O. ",
" .Xo@ooo....oO. .OOO. ",
" .XooooooooooO. ..... ",
" .XooooooooooO. ",
" .OOOOOOOOOOOO. ",
" .............. ",
" "};
"""
hard_disk_pixmap = """/* XPM */
static char * drivea_xpm[] = {
/* width height ncolors chars_per_pixel */
"32 32 5 1",
/* colors */
" s None c None",
". c #000000000000",
"X c white",
"o c #c000c000c000",
"O c #800080008000",
/* pixels */
" ",
" ",
" ",
" ",
" ",
" ",
" ",
" ",
" ",
" .......................... ",
" .XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXo. ",
" .XooooooooooooooooooooooO. ",
" .Xooooooooooooooooo..oooO. ",
" .Xooooooooooooooooo..oooO. ",
" .XooooooooooooooooooooooO. ",
" .Xoooooooo.......oooooooO. ",
" .Xoo...................oO. ",
" .Xoooooooo.......oooooooO. ",
" .XooooooooooooooooooooooO. ",
" .XooooooooooooooooooooooO. ",
" .XooooooooooooooooooooooO. ",
" .XooooooooooooooooooooooO. ",
" .oOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. ",
" .......................... ",
" ",
" ",
" ",
" ",
" ",
" ",
" ",
" "};
"""
network_bitmap = """
#define netw_width 32
#define netw_height 32
static unsigned char netw_bits[] = {
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x40,
0x00, 0x00, 0xfa, 0x5f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0a, 0x50, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0a, 0x52,
0x00, 0x00, 0x0a, 0x52, 0x00, 0x00, 0x8a, 0x51, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0a, 0x50,
0x00, 0x00, 0x4a, 0x50, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0a, 0x50, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0a, 0x50,
0x00, 0x00, 0xfa, 0x5f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x40, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0x52, 0x55,
0x02, 0x40, 0xaa, 0x6a, 0xfa, 0x5f, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0x0a, 0x50, 0xfe, 0x7f,
0x0a, 0x52, 0x80, 0x00, 0x0a, 0x52, 0x80, 0x00, 0x8a, 0x51, 0x80, 0x00,
0x0a, 0x50, 0x80, 0x00, 0x4a, 0x50, 0x80, 0x00, 0x0a, 0x50, 0xe0, 0x03,
0x0a, 0x50, 0x20, 0x02, 0xfa, 0xdf, 0x3f, 0x03, 0x02, 0x40, 0xa0, 0x02,
0x52, 0x55, 0xe0, 0x03, 0xaa, 0x6a, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0x00, 0x00,
0xfe, 0x7f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00};
"""
hard_disk_bitmap = """
#define drivea_width 32
#define drivea_height 32
static unsigned char drivea_bits[] = {
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
0xf8, 0xff, 0xff, 0x1f, 0x08, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0xa8, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0x1a,
0x48, 0x55, 0xd5, 0x1d, 0xa8, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0x1b, 0x48, 0x55, 0x55, 0x1d,
0xa8, 0xfa, 0xaf, 0x1a, 0xc8, 0xff, 0xff, 0x1d, 0xa8, 0xfa, 0xaf, 0x1a,
0x48, 0x55, 0x55, 0x1d, 0xa8, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0x1a, 0x48, 0x55, 0x55, 0x1d,
0xa8, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0x1a, 0xf8, 0xff, 0xff, 0x1f, 0xf8, 0xff, 0xff, 0x1f,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00};
"""
def RunSample(w):
w.img0 = Tix.Image('pixmap', data=network_pixmap)
if not w.img0:
w.img0 = Tix.Image('bitmap', data=network_bitmap)
w.img1 = Tix.Image('pixmap', data=hard_disk_pixmap)
if not w.img0:
w.img1 = Tix.Image('bitmap', data=hard_disk_bitmap)
hdd = Tix.Button(w, padx=4, pady=1, width=120)
net = Tix.Button(w, padx=4, pady=1, width=120)
# Create the first image: we create a line, then put a string,
# a space and a image into this line, from left to right.
# The result: we have a one-line image that consists of three
# individual items
#
# The tk.calls should be methods in Tix ...
w.hdd_img = Tix.Image('compound', window=hdd)
w.hdd_img.tk.call(str(w.hdd_img), 'add', 'line')
w.hdd_img.tk.call(str(w.hdd_img), 'add', 'text', '-text', 'Hard Disk',
'-underline', '0')
w.hdd_img.tk.call(str(w.hdd_img), 'add', 'space', '-width', '7')
w.hdd_img.tk.call(str(w.hdd_img), 'add', 'image', '-image', w.img1)
# Put this image into the first button
#
hdd['image'] = w.hdd_img
# Next button
w.net_img = Tix.Image('compound', window=net)
w.net_img.tk.call(str(w.net_img), 'add', 'line')
w.net_img.tk.call(str(w.net_img), 'add', 'text', '-text', 'Network',
'-underline', '0')
w.net_img.tk.call(str(w.net_img), 'add', 'space', '-width', '7')
w.net_img.tk.call(str(w.net_img), 'add', 'image', '-image', w.img0)
# Put this image into the first button
#
net['image'] = w.net_img
close = Tix.Button(w, pady=1, text='Close',
command=lambda w=w: w.destroy())
hdd.pack(side=Tix.LEFT, padx=10, pady=10, fill=Tix.Y, expand=1)
net.pack(side=Tix.LEFT, padx=10, pady=10, fill=Tix.Y, expand=1)
close.pack(side=Tix.LEFT, padx=10, pady=10, fill=Tix.Y, expand=1)
if __name__ == '__main__':
root = Tix.Tk()
RunSample(root)
root.mainloop()

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# -*-mode: python; fill-column: 75; tab-width: 8; coding: iso-latin-1-unix -*-
#
# $Id$
#
# Tix Demostration Program
#
# This sample program is structured in such a way so that it can be
# executed from the Tix demo program "tixwidgets.py": it must have a
# procedure called "RunSample". It should also have the "if" statment
# at the end of this file so that it can be run as a standalone
# program.
# This file demonstrates the use of the tixComboBox widget, which is close
# to the MS Window Combo Box control.
#
import Tix
def RunSample(w):
global demo_month, demo_year
top = Tix.Frame(w, bd=1, relief=Tix.RAISED)
demo_month = Tix.StringVar()
demo_year = Tix.StringVar()
# $w.top.a is a drop-down combo box. It is not editable -- who wants
# to invent new months?
#
# [Hint] The -options switch sets the options of the subwidgets.
# [Hint] We set the label.width subwidget option of both comboboxes to
# be 10 so that their labels appear to be aligned.
#
a = Tix.ComboBox(top, label="Month: ", dropdown=1,
command=select_month, editable=0, variable=demo_month,
options='listbox.height 6 label.width 10 label.anchor e')
# $w.top.b is a non-drop-down combo box. It is not editable: we provide
# four choices for the user, but he can enter an alternative year if he
# wants to.
#
# [Hint] Use the padY and anchor options of the label subwidget to
# align the label with the entry subwidget.
# [Hint] Notice that you should use padY (the NAME of the option) and not
# pady (the SWITCH of the option).
#
b = Tix.ComboBox(top, label="Year: ", dropdown=0,
command=select_year, editable=1, variable=demo_year,
options='listbox.height 4 label.padY 5 label.width 10 label.anchor ne')
a.pack(side=Tix.TOP, anchor=Tix.W)
b.pack(side=Tix.TOP, anchor=Tix.W)
a.insert(Tix.END, 'January')
a.insert(Tix.END, 'February')
a.insert(Tix.END, 'March')
a.insert(Tix.END, 'April')
a.insert(Tix.END, 'May')
a.insert(Tix.END, 'June')
a.insert(Tix.END, 'July')
a.insert(Tix.END, 'August')
a.insert(Tix.END, 'September')
a.insert(Tix.END, 'October')
a.insert(Tix.END, 'November')
a.insert(Tix.END, 'December')
b.insert(Tix.END, '1992')
b.insert(Tix.END, '1993')
b.insert(Tix.END, '1994')
b.insert(Tix.END, '1995')
b.insert(Tix.END, '1996')
# Use "tixSetSilent" to set the values of the combo box if you
# don't want your -command procedures (cbx:select_month and
# cbx:select_year) to be called.
#
a.set_silent('January')
b.set_silent('1995')
box = Tix.ButtonBox(w, orientation=Tix.HORIZONTAL)
box.add('ok', text='Ok', underline=0, width=6,
command=lambda w=w: ok_command(w))
box.add('cancel', text='Cancel', underline=0, width=6,
command=lambda w=w: w.destroy())
box.pack(side=Tix.BOTTOM, fill=Tix.X)
top.pack(side=Tix.TOP, fill=Tix.BOTH, expand=1)
def select_month(event=None):
# tixDemo:Status "Month = %s" % demo_month.get()
pass
def select_year(event=None):
# tixDemo:Status "Year = %s" % demo_year.get()
pass
def ok_command(w):
# tixDemo:Status "Month = %s, Year= %s" % (demo_month.get(), demo_year.get())
w.destroy()
if __name__ == '__main__':
root = Tix.Tk()
RunSample(root)
root.mainloop()

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# -*-mode: python; fill-column: 75; tab-width: 8; coding: iso-latin-1-unix -*-
#
# $Id$
#
# Tix Demostration Program
#
# This sample program is structured in such a way so that it can be
# executed from the Tix demo program "tixwidgets.py": it must have a
# procedure called "RunSample". It should also have the "if" statment
# at the end of this file so that it can be run as a standalone
# program.
# This file demonstrates the use of the tixControl widget -- it is an
# entry widget with up/down arrow buttons. You can use the arrow buttons
# to adjust the value inside the entry widget.
#
# This example program uses three Control widgets. One lets you select
# integer values; one lets you select floating point values and the last
# one lets you select a few names.
import Tix
TCL_ALL_EVENTS = 0
def RunSample (root):
control = DemoControl(root)
control.mainloop()
control.destroy()
class DemoControl:
def __init__(self, w):
self.root = w
self.exit = -1
global demo_maker, demo_thrust, demo_num_engines
demo_maker = Tix.StringVar()
demo_thrust = Tix.DoubleVar()
demo_num_engines = Tix.IntVar()
demo_maker.set('P&W')
demo_thrust.set(20000.0)
demo_num_engines.set(2)
top = Tix.Frame(w, bd=1, relief=Tix.RAISED)
# $w.top.a allows only integer values
#
# [Hint] The -options switch sets the options of the subwidgets.
# [Hint] We set the label.width subwidget option of the Controls to
# be 16 so that their labels appear to be aligned.
#
a = Tix.Control(top, label='Number of Engines: ', integer=1,
variable=demo_num_engines, min=1, max=4,
options='entry.width 10 label.width 20 label.anchor e')
b = Tix.Control(top, label='Thrust: ', integer=0,
min='10000.0', max='60000.0', step=500,
variable=demo_thrust,
options='entry.width 10 label.width 20 label.anchor e')
c = Tix.Control(top, label='Engine Maker: ', value='P&W',
variable=demo_maker,
options='entry.width 10 label.width 20 label.anchor e')
# We can't define these in the init because the widget 'c' doesn't
# exist yet and we need to reference it
c['incrcmd'] = lambda w=c: adjust_maker(w, 1)
c['decrcmd'] = lambda w=c: adjust_maker(w, -1)
c['validatecmd'] = lambda w=c: validate_maker(w)
a.pack(side=Tix.TOP, anchor=Tix.W)
b.pack(side=Tix.TOP, anchor=Tix.W)
c.pack(side=Tix.TOP, anchor=Tix.W)
box = Tix.ButtonBox(w, orientation=Tix.HORIZONTAL)
box.add('ok', text='Ok', underline=0, width=6,
command=self.okcmd)
box.add('cancel', text='Cancel', underline=0, width=6,
command=self.quitcmd)
box.pack(side=Tix.BOTTOM, fill=Tix.X)
top.pack(side=Tix.TOP, fill=Tix.BOTH, expand=1)
def okcmd (self):
# tixDemo:Status "Selected %d of %s engines each of thrust %d", (demo_num_engines.get(), demo_maker.get(), demo_thrust.get())
self.quitcmd()
def quitcmd (self):
self.exit = 0
def mainloop(self):
while self.exit < 0:
self.root.tk.dooneevent(TCL_ALL_EVENTS)
def destroy (self):
self.root.destroy()
maker_list = ['P&W', 'GE', 'Rolls Royce']
def adjust_maker(w, inc):
i = maker_list.index(demo_maker.get())
i = i + inc
if i >= len(maker_list):
i = 0
elif i < 0:
i = len(maker_list) - 1
# In Tcl/Tix we should return the string maker_list[i]. We can't
# do that in Tkinter so we set the global variable. (This works).
demo_maker.set(maker_list[i])
def validate_maker(w):
try:
i = maker_list.index(demo_maker.get())
except ValueError:
# Works here though. Why ? Beats me.
return maker_list[0]
# Works here though. Why ? Beats me.
return maker_list[i]
if __name__ == '__main__':
root = Tix.Tk()
RunSample(root)

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# -*-mode: python; fill-column: 75; tab-width: 8; coding: iso-latin-1-unix -*-
#
# $Id$
#
# Tix Demostration Program
#
# This sample program is structured in such a way so that it can be
# executed from the Tix demo program "tixwidgets.py": it must have a
# procedure called "RunSample". It should also have the "if" statment
# at the end of this file so that it can be run as a standalone
# program using tixwish.
# This file demonstrates the use of the tixDirList widget -- you can
# use it for the user to select a directory. For example, an installation
# program can use the tixDirList widget to ask the user to select the
# installation directory for an application.
#
import Tix, os, copy
from Tkconstants import *
TCL_ALL_EVENTS = 0
def RunSample (root):
dirlist = DemoDirList(root)
dirlist.mainloop()
dirlist.destroy()
class DemoDirList:
def __init__(self, w):
self.root = w
self.exit = -1
z = w.winfo_toplevel()
z.wm_protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", lambda self=self: self.quitcmd())
# Create the tixDirList and the tixLabelEntry widgets on the on the top
# of the dialog box
# bg = root.tk.eval('tix option get bg')
# adding bg=bg crashes Windows pythonw tk8.3.3 Python 2.1.0
top = Tix.Frame( w, relief=RAISED, bd=1)
# Create the DirList widget. By default it will show the current
# directory
#
#
top.dir = Tix.DirList(top)
top.dir.hlist['width'] = 40
# When the user presses the ".." button, the selected directory
# is "transferred" into the entry widget
#
top.btn = Tix.Button(top, text = " >> ", pady = 0)
# We use a LabelEntry to hold the installation directory. The user
# can choose from the DirList widget, or he can type in the directory
# manually
#
top.ent = Tix.LabelEntry(top, label="Installation Directory:",
labelside = 'top',
options = '''
entry.width 40
label.anchor w
''')
font = self.root.tk.eval('tix option get fixed_font')
# font = self.root.master.tix_option_get('fixed_font')
top.ent.entry['font'] = font
self.dlist_dir = copy.copy(os.curdir)
# This should work setting the entry's textvariable
top.ent.entry['textvariable'] = self.dlist_dir
top.btn['command'] = lambda dir=top.dir, ent=top.ent, self=self: \
self.copy_name(dir,ent)
# top.ent.entry.insert(0,'tix'+repr(self))
top.ent.entry.bind('<Return>', lambda self=self: self.okcmd () )
top.pack( expand='yes', fill='both', side=TOP)
top.dir.pack( expand=1, fill=BOTH, padx=4, pady=4, side=LEFT)
top.btn.pack( anchor='s', padx=4, pady=4, side=LEFT)
top.ent.pack( expand=1, fill=X, anchor='s', padx=4, pady=4, side=LEFT)
# Use a ButtonBox to hold the buttons.
#
box = Tix.ButtonBox (w, orientation='horizontal')
box.add ('ok', text='Ok', underline=0, width=6,
command = lambda self=self: self.okcmd () )
box.add ('cancel', text='Cancel', underline=0, width=6,
command = lambda self=self: self.quitcmd () )
box.pack( anchor='s', fill='x', side=BOTTOM)
def copy_name (self, dir, ent):
# This should work as it is the entry's textvariable
self.dlist_dir = dir.cget('value')
# but it isn't so I'll do it manually
ent.entry.delete(0,'end')
ent.entry.insert(0, self.dlist_dir)
def okcmd (self):
# tixDemo:Status "You have selected the directory" + self.dlist_dir
self.quitcmd()
def quitcmd (self):
self.exit = 0
def mainloop(self):
while self.exit < 0:
self.root.tk.dooneevent(TCL_ALL_EVENTS)
def destroy (self):
self.root.destroy()
# This "if" statement makes it possible to run this script file inside or
# outside of the main demo program "tixwidgets.py".
#
if __name__== '__main__' :
import tkMessageBox, traceback
try:
root=Tix.Tk()
RunSample(root)
except:
t, v, tb = sys.exc_info()
text = "Error running the demo script:\n"
for line in traceback.format_exception(t,v,tb):
text = text + line + '\n'
d = tkMessageBox.showerror ( 'Tix Demo Error', text)

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# -*-mode: python; fill-column: 75; tab-width: 8; coding: iso-latin-1-unix -*-
#
# $Id$
#
# Tix Demostration Program
#
# This sample program is structured in such a way so that it can be
# executed from the Tix demo program "tixwidgets.py": it must have a
# procedure called "RunSample". It should also have the "if" statment
# at the end of this file so that it can be run as a standalone
# program using tixwish.
# This file demonstrates the use of the tixDirTree widget -- you can
# use it for the user to select a directory. For example, an installation
# program can use the tixDirTree widget to ask the user to select the
# installation directory for an application.
#
import Tix, os, copy
from Tkconstants import *
TCL_ALL_EVENTS = 0
def RunSample (root):
dirtree = DemoDirTree(root)
dirtree.mainloop()
dirtree.destroy()
class DemoDirTree:
def __init__(self, w):
self.root = w
self.exit = -1
z = w.winfo_toplevel()
z.wm_protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", lambda self=self: self.quitcmd())
# Create the tixDirTree and the tixLabelEntry widgets on the on the top
# of the dialog box
# bg = root.tk.eval('tix option get bg')
# adding bg=bg crashes Windows pythonw tk8.3.3 Python 2.1.0
top = Tix.Frame( w, relief=RAISED, bd=1)
# Create the DirTree widget. By default it will show the current
# directory
#
#
top.dir = Tix.DirTree(top)
top.dir.hlist['width'] = 40
# When the user presses the ".." button, the selected directory
# is "transferred" into the entry widget
#
top.btn = Tix.Button(top, text = " >> ", pady = 0)
# We use a LabelEntry to hold the installation directory. The user
# can choose from the DirTree widget, or he can type in the directory
# manually
#
top.ent = Tix.LabelEntry(top, label="Installation Directory:",
labelside = 'top',
options = '''
entry.width 40
label.anchor w
''')
self.dlist_dir = copy.copy(os.curdir)
top.ent.entry['textvariable'] = self.dlist_dir
top.btn['command'] = lambda dir=top.dir, ent=top.ent, self=self: \
self.copy_name(dir,ent)
top.ent.entry.bind('<Return>', lambda self=self: self.okcmd () )
top.pack( expand='yes', fill='both', side=TOP)
top.dir.pack( expand=1, fill=BOTH, padx=4, pady=4, side=LEFT)
top.btn.pack( anchor='s', padx=4, pady=4, side=LEFT)
top.ent.pack( expand=1, fill=X, anchor='s', padx=4, pady=4, side=LEFT)
# Use a ButtonBox to hold the buttons.
#
box = Tix.ButtonBox (w, orientation='horizontal')
box.add ('ok', text='Ok', underline=0, width=6,
command = lambda self=self: self.okcmd () )
box.add ('cancel', text='Cancel', underline=0, width=6,
command = lambda self=self: self.quitcmd () )
box.pack( anchor='s', fill='x', side=BOTTOM)
def copy_name (self, dir, ent):
# This should work as it is the entry's textvariable
self.dlist_dir = dir.cget('value')
# but it isn't so I'll do it manually
ent.entry.delete(0,'end')
ent.entry.insert(0, self.dlist_dir)
def okcmd (self):
# tixDemo:Status "You have selected the directory" + self.dlist_dir
self.quitcmd()
def quitcmd (self):
# tixDemo:Status "You have selected the directory" + self.dlist_dir
self.exit = 0
def mainloop(self):
while self.exit < 0:
self.root.tk.dooneevent(TCL_ALL_EVENTS)
def destroy (self):
self.root.destroy()
# This "if" statement makes it possible to run this script file inside or
# outside of the main demo program "tixwidgets.py".
#
if __name__== '__main__' :
root=Tix.Tk()
RunSample(root)

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# -*-mode: python; fill-column: 75; tab-width: 8; coding: iso-latin-1-unix -*-
#
# $Id$
#
# Tix Demostration Program
#
# This sample program is structured in such a way so that it can be
# executed from the Tix demo program "tixwidgets.py": it must have a
# procedure called "RunSample". It should also have the "if" statment
# at the end of this file so that it can be run as a standalone
# program.
# This file demonstrates the use of the tixNoteBook widget, which allows
# you to lay out your interface using a "notebook" metaphore
#
import Tix
def RunSample(w):
global root
root = w
# We use these options to set the sizes of the subwidgets inside the
# notebook, so that they are well-aligned on the screen.
prefix = Tix.OptionName(w)
if prefix:
prefix = '*'+prefix
else:
prefix = ''
w.option_add(prefix+'*TixControl*entry.width', 10)
w.option_add(prefix+'*TixControl*label.width', 18)
w.option_add(prefix+'*TixControl*label.anchor', Tix.E)
w.option_add(prefix+'*TixNoteBook*tagPadX', 8)
# Create the notebook widget and set its backpagecolor to gray.
# Note that the -backpagecolor option belongs to the "nbframe"
# subwidget.
nb = Tix.NoteBook(w, name='nb', ipadx=6, ipady=6)
nb['bg'] = 'gray'
nb.nbframe['backpagecolor'] = 'gray'
# Create the two tabs on the notebook. The -underline option
# puts a underline on the first character of the labels of the tabs.
# Keyboard accelerators will be defined automatically according
# to the underlined character.
nb.add('hard_disk', label="Hard Disk", underline=0)
nb.add('network', label="Network", underline=0)
nb.pack(expand=1, fill=Tix.BOTH, padx=5, pady=5 ,side=Tix.TOP)
#----------------------------------------
# Create the first page
#----------------------------------------
# Create two frames: one for the common buttons, one for the
# other widgets
#
tab=nb.hard_disk
f = Tix.Frame(tab)
common = Tix.Frame(tab)
f.pack(side=Tix.LEFT, padx=2, pady=2, fill=Tix.BOTH, expand=1)
common.pack(side=Tix.RIGHT, padx=2, fill=Tix.Y)
a = Tix.Control(f, value=12, label='Access time: ')
w = Tix.Control(f, value=400, label='Write Throughput: ')
r = Tix.Control(f, value=400, label='Read Throughput: ')
c = Tix.Control(f, value=1021, label='Capacity: ')
a.pack(side=Tix.TOP, padx=20, pady=2)
w.pack(side=Tix.TOP, padx=20, pady=2)
r.pack(side=Tix.TOP, padx=20, pady=2)
c.pack(side=Tix.TOP, padx=20, pady=2)
# Create the common buttons
createCommonButtons(common)
#----------------------------------------
# Create the second page
#----------------------------------------
tab = nb.network
f = Tix.Frame(tab)
common = Tix.Frame(tab)
f.pack(side=Tix.LEFT, padx=2, pady=2, fill=Tix.BOTH, expand=1)
common.pack(side=Tix.RIGHT, padx=2, fill=Tix.Y)
a = Tix.Control(f, value=12, label='Access time: ')
w = Tix.Control(f, value=400, label='Write Throughput: ')
r = Tix.Control(f, value=400, label='Read Throughput: ')
c = Tix.Control(f, value=1021, label='Capacity: ')
u = Tix.Control(f, value=10, label='Users: ')
a.pack(side=Tix.TOP, padx=20, pady=2)
w.pack(side=Tix.TOP, padx=20, pady=2)
r.pack(side=Tix.TOP, padx=20, pady=2)
c.pack(side=Tix.TOP, padx=20, pady=2)
u.pack(side=Tix.TOP, padx=20, pady=2)
createCommonButtons(common)
def doDestroy():
global root
root.destroy()
def createCommonButtons(master):
ok = Tix.Button(master, name='ok', text='OK', width=6,
command=doDestroy)
cancel = Tix.Button(master, name='cancel',
text='Cancel', width=6,
command=doDestroy)
ok.pack(side=Tix.TOP, padx=2, pady=2)
cancel.pack(side=Tix.TOP, padx=2, pady=2)
if __name__ == '__main__':
root = Tix.Tk()
RunSample(root)
root.mainloop()

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2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/tix/samples/OptMenu.py
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# -*-mode: python; fill-column: 75; tab-width: 8; coding: iso-latin-1-unix -*-
#
# $Id$
#
# Tix Demostration Program
#
# This sample program is structured in such a way so that it can be
# executed from the Tix demo program "tixwidgets.py": it must have a
# procedure called "RunSample". It should also have the "if" statment
# at the end of this file so that it can be run as a standalone
# program.
# This file demonstrates the use of the tixOptionMenu widget -- you can
# use it for the user to choose from a fixed set of options
#
import Tix
options = {'text':'Plain Text', 'post':'PostScript', 'html':'HTML',
'tex':'LaTeX', 'rtf':'Rich Text Format'}
def RunSample(w):
global demo_opt_from, demo_opt_to
demo_opt_from = Tix.StringVar()
demo_opt_to = Tix.StringVar()
top = Tix.Frame(w, bd=1, relief=Tix.RAISED)
from_file = Tix.OptionMenu(top, label="From File Format : ",
variable=demo_opt_from,
options = 'label.width 19 label.anchor e menubutton.width 15')
to_file = Tix.OptionMenu(top, label="To File Format : ",
variable=demo_opt_to,
options='label.width 19 label.anchor e menubutton.width 15')
# Add the available options to the two OptionMenu widgets
#
# [Hint] You have to add the options first before you set the
# global variables "demo_opt_from" and "demo_opt_to". Otherwise
# the OptionMenu widget will complain about "unknown options"!
#
for opt in options.keys():
from_file.add_command(opt, label=options[opt])
to_file.add_command(opt, label=options[opt])
demo_opt_from.set('html')
demo_opt_to.set('post')
from_file.pack(side=Tix.TOP, anchor=Tix.W, pady=3, padx=6)
to_file.pack(side=Tix.TOP, anchor=Tix.W, pady=3, padx=6)
box = Tix.ButtonBox(w, orientation=Tix.HORIZONTAL)
box.add('ok', text='Ok', underline=0, width=6,
command=lambda w=w: ok_command(w))
box.add('cancel', text='Cancel', underline=0, width=6,
command=lambda w=w: w.destroy())
box.pack(side=Tix.BOTTOM, fill=Tix.X)
top.pack(side=Tix.TOP, fill=Tix.BOTH, expand=1)
def ok_command(w):
# tixDemo:Status "Convert file from %s to %s" % ( demo_opt_from.get(), demo_opt_to.get())
w.destroy()
if __name__ == '__main__':
root = Tix.Tk()
RunSample(root)
root.mainloop()

98
2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/tix/samples/PanedWin.py
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# -*-mode: python; fill-column: 75; tab-width: 8; coding: iso-latin-1-unix -*-
#
# $Id$
#
# Tix Demostration Program
#
# This sample program is structured in such a way so that it can be
# executed from the Tix demo program "tixwidgets.py": it must have a
# procedure called "RunSample". It should also have the "if" statment
# at the end of this file so that it can be run as a standalone
# program.
# This file demonstrates the use of the tixPanedWindow widget. This program
# is a dummy news reader: the user can adjust the sizes of the list
# of artical names and the size of the text widget that shows the body
# of the article.
import Tix
TCL_ALL_EVENTS = 0
def RunSample (root):
panedwin = DemoPanedwin(root)
panedwin.mainloop()
panedwin.destroy()
class DemoPanedwin:
def __init__(self, w):
self.root = w
self.exit = -1
z = w.winfo_toplevel()
z.wm_protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", lambda self=self: self.quitcmd())
group = Tix.LabelEntry(w, label='Newsgroup:', options='entry.width 25')
group.entry.insert(0,'comp.lang.python')
pane = Tix.PanedWindow(w, orientation='vertical')
p1 = pane.add('list', min=70, size=100)
p2 = pane.add('text', min=70)
list = Tix.ScrolledListBox(p1)
list.listbox['width'] = 80
list.listbox['height'] = 5
text = Tix.ScrolledText(p2)
text.text['width'] = 80
text.text['height'] = 20
list.listbox.insert(Tix.END, " 12324 Re: Tkinter is good for your health")
list.listbox.insert(Tix.END, "+ 12325 Re: Tkinter is good for your health")
list.listbox.insert(Tix.END, "+ 12326 Re: Tix is even better for your health (Was: Tkinter is good...)")
list.listbox.insert(Tix.END, " 12327 Re: Tix is even better for your health (Was: Tkinter is good...)")
list.listbox.insert(Tix.END, "+ 12328 Re: Tix is even better for your health (Was: Tkinter is good...)")
list.listbox.insert(Tix.END, " 12329 Re: Tix is even better for your health (Was: Tkinter is good...)")
list.listbox.insert(Tix.END, "+ 12330 Re: Tix is even better for your health (Was: Tkinter is good...)")
text.text['bg'] = list.listbox['bg']
text.text['wrap'] = 'none'
text.text.insert(Tix.END, """
Mon, 19 Jun 1995 11:39:52 comp.lang.python Thread 34 of 220
Lines 353 A new way to put text and bitmaps together iNo responses
ioi@blue.seas.upenn.edu Ioi K. Lam at University of Pennsylvania
Hi,
I have implemented a new image type called "compound". It allows you
to glue together a bunch of bitmaps, images and text strings together
to form a bigger image. Then you can use this image with widgets that
support the -image option. For example, you can display a text string string
together with a bitmap, at the same time, inside a TK button widget.
""")
text.text['state'] = 'disabled'
list.pack(expand=1, fill=Tix.BOTH, padx=4, pady=6)
text.pack(expand=1, fill=Tix.BOTH, padx=4, pady=6)
group.pack(side=Tix.TOP, padx=3, pady=3, fill=Tix.BOTH)
pane.pack(side=Tix.TOP, padx=3, pady=3, fill=Tix.BOTH, expand=1)
box = Tix.ButtonBox(w, orientation=Tix.HORIZONTAL)
box.add('ok', text='Ok', underline=0, width=6,
command=self.quitcmd)
box.add('cancel', text='Cancel', underline=0, width=6,
command=self.quitcmd)
box.pack(side=Tix.BOTTOM, fill=Tix.X)
def quitcmd (self):
self.exit = 0
def mainloop(self):
while self.exit < 0:
self.root.tk.dooneevent(TCL_ALL_EVENTS)
def destroy (self):
self.root.destroy()
if __name__ == '__main__':
root = Tix.Tk()
RunSample(root)

57
2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/tix/samples/PopMenu.py
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# -*-mode: python; fill-column: 75; tab-width: 8; coding: iso-latin-1-unix -*-
#
# $Id$
#
# Tix Demostration Program
#
# This sample program is structured in such a way so that it can be
# executed from the Tix demo program "tixwidgets.py": it must have a
# procedure called "RunSample". It should also have the "if" statment
# at the end of this file so that it can be run as a standalone
# program using tixwish.
# This file demonstrates the use of the tixPopupMenu widget.
#
import Tix
def RunSample(w):
# We create the frame and the button, then we'll bind the PopupMenu
# to both widgets. The result is, when you press the right mouse
# button over $w.top or $w.top.but, the PopupMenu will come up.
#
top = Tix.Frame(w, relief=Tix.RAISED, bd=1)
but = Tix.Button(top, text='Press the right mouse button over this button or its surrounding area')
but.pack(expand=1, fill=Tix.BOTH, padx=50, pady=50)
p = Tix.PopupMenu(top, title='Popup Test')
p.bind_widget(top)
p.bind_widget(but)
# Set the entries inside the PopupMenu widget.
# [Hint] You have to manipulate the "menu" subwidget.
# $w.top.p itself is NOT a menu widget.
# [Hint] Watch carefully how the sub-menu is created
#
p.menu.add_command(label='Desktop', underline=0)
p.menu.add_command(label='Select', underline=0)
p.menu.add_command(label='Find', underline=0)
p.menu.add_command(label='System', underline=1)
p.menu.add_command(label='Help', underline=0)
m1 = Tix.Menu(p.menu)
m1.add_command(label='Hello')
p.menu.add_cascade(label='More', menu=m1)
but.pack(side=Tix.TOP, padx=40, pady=50)
box = Tix.ButtonBox(w, orientation=Tix.HORIZONTAL)
box.add('ok', text='Ok', underline=0, width=6,
command=lambda w=w: w.destroy())
box.add('cancel', text='Cancel', underline=0, width=6,
command=lambda w=w: w.destroy())
box.pack(side=Tix.BOTTOM, fill=Tix.X)
top.pack(side=Tix.TOP, fill=Tix.BOTH, expand=1)
if __name__ == '__main__':
root = Tix.Tk()
RunSample(root)
root.mainloop()

131
2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/tix/samples/SHList1.py
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# -*-mode: python; fill-column: 75; tab-width: 8; coding: iso-latin-1-unix -*-
#
# $Id$
#
# Tix Demostration Program
#
# This sample program is structured in such a way so that it can be
# executed from the Tix demo program "tixwidgets.py": it must have a
# procedure called "RunSample". It should also have the "if" statment
# at the end of this file so that it can be run as a standalone
# program using tixwish.
# This file demonstrates the use of the tixScrolledHList widget.
#
import Tix
TCL_ALL_EVENTS = 0
def RunSample (root):
shlist = DemoSHList(root)
shlist.mainloop()
shlist.destroy()
class DemoSHList:
def __init__(self, w):
self.root = w
self.exit = -1
z = w.winfo_toplevel()
z.wm_protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", lambda self=self: self.quitcmd())
# We create the frame and the ScrolledHList widget
# at the top of the dialog box
#
top = Tix.Frame( w, relief=Tix.RAISED, bd=1)
# Put a simple hierachy into the HList (two levels). Use colors and
# separator widgets (frames) to make the list look fancy
#
top.a = Tix.ScrolledHList(top)
top.a.pack( expand=1, fill=Tix.BOTH, padx=10, pady=10, side=Tix.TOP)
# This is our little relational database
#
bosses = [
('jeff', 'Jeff Waxman'),
('john', 'John Lee'),
('peter', 'Peter Kenson')
]
employees = [
('alex', 'john', 'Alex Kellman'),
('alan', 'john', 'Alan Adams'),
('andy', 'peter', 'Andreas Crawford'),
('doug', 'jeff', 'Douglas Bloom'),
('jon', 'peter', 'Jon Baraki'),
('chris', 'jeff', 'Chris Geoffrey'),
('chuck', 'jeff', 'Chuck McLean')
]
hlist=top.a.hlist
# Let configure the appearance of the HList subwidget
#
hlist.config( separator='.', width=25, drawbranch=0, indent=10)
count=0
for boss,name in bosses :
if count :
f=Tix.Frame(hlist, name='sep%d' % count, height=2, width=150,
bd=2, relief=Tix.SUNKEN )
hlist.add_child( itemtype=Tix.WINDOW,
window=f, state=Tix.DISABLED )
hlist.add(boss, itemtype=Tix.TEXT, text=name)
count = count+1
for person,boss,name in employees :
# '.' is the separator character we chose above
#
key= boss + '.' + person
# ^^^^ ^^^^^^
# parent entryPath / child's name
hlist.add( key, text=name )
# [Hint] Make sure the keys (e.g. 'boss.person') you choose
# are unique names. If you cannot be sure of this (because of
# the structure of your database, e.g.) you can use the
# "add_child" command instead:
#
# hlist.addchild( boss, text=name)
# ^^^^
# parent entryPath
# Use a ButtonBox to hold the buttons.
#
box= Tix.ButtonBox(top, orientation=Tix.HORIZONTAL )
box.add( 'ok', text='Ok', underline=0, width=6,
command = self.okcmd)
box.add( 'cancel', text='Cancel', underline=0, width=6,
command = self.quitcmd)
box.pack( side=Tix.BOTTOM, fill=Tix.X)
top.pack( side=Tix.TOP, fill=Tix.BOTH, expand=1 )
def okcmd (self):
self.quitcmd()
def quitcmd (self):
self.exit = 0
def mainloop(self):
while self.exit < 0:
self.root.tk.dooneevent(TCL_ALL_EVENTS)
def destroy (self):
self.root.destroy()
# This "if" statement makes it possible to run this script file inside or
# outside of the main demo program "tixwidgets.py".
#
if __name__== '__main__' :
root=Tix.Tk()
RunSample(root)

168
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# -*-mode: python; fill-column: 75; tab-width: 8; coding: iso-latin-1-unix -*-
#
# $Id$
#
# Tix Demostration Program
#
# This sample program is structured in such a way so that it can be
# executed from the Tix demo program "tixwidget": it must have a
# procedure called "RunSample". It should also have the "if" statment
# at the end of this file so that it can be run as a standalone
# program using tixwish.
# This file demonstrates how to use multiple columns and multiple styles
# in the tixHList widget
#
# In a tixHList widget, you can have one ore more columns.
#
import Tix
TCL_ALL_EVENTS = 0
def RunSample (root):
shlist = DemoSHList(root)
shlist.mainloop()
shlist.destroy()
class DemoSHList:
def __init__(self, w):
self.root = w
self.exit = -1
z = w.winfo_toplevel()
z.wm_protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", lambda self=self: self.quitcmd())
# We create the frame and the ScrolledHList widget
# at the top of the dialog box
#
top = Tix.Frame( w, relief=Tix.RAISED, bd=1)
# Put a simple hierachy into the HList (two levels). Use colors and
# separator widgets (frames) to make the list look fancy
#
top.a = Tix.ScrolledHList(top, options='hlist.columns 3 hlist.header 1' )
top.a.pack( expand=1, fill=Tix.BOTH, padx=10, pady=10, side=Tix.TOP)
hlist=top.a.hlist
# Create the title for the HList widget
# >> Notice that we have set the hlist.header subwidget option to true
# so that the header is displayed
#
boldfont=hlist.tk.call('tix','option','get','bold_font')
# First some styles for the headers
style={}
style['header'] = Tix.DisplayStyle(Tix.TEXT, refwindow=hlist,
anchor=Tix.CENTER, padx=8, pady=2, font = boldfont )
hlist.header_create(0, itemtype=Tix.TEXT, text='Name',
style=style['header'])
hlist.header_create(1, itemtype=Tix.TEXT, text='Position',
style=style['header'])
# Notice that we use 3 columns in the hlist widget. This way when the user
# expands the windows wide, the right side of the header doesn't look
# chopped off. The following line ensures that the 3 column header is
# not shown unless the hlist window is wider than its contents.
#
hlist.column_width(2,0)
# This is our little relational database
#
boss = ('doe', 'John Doe', 'Director')
managers = [
('jeff', 'Jeff Waxman', 'Manager'),
('john', 'John Lee', 'Manager'),
('peter', 'Peter Kenson', 'Manager')
]
employees = [
('alex', 'john', 'Alex Kellman', 'Clerk'),
('alan', 'john', 'Alan Adams', 'Clerk'),
('andy', 'peter', 'Andreas Crawford', 'Salesman'),
('doug', 'jeff', 'Douglas Bloom', 'Clerk'),
('jon', 'peter', 'Jon Baraki', 'Salesman'),
('chris', 'jeff', 'Chris Geoffrey', 'Clerk'),
('chuck', 'jeff', 'Chuck McLean', 'Cleaner')
]
style['mgr_name'] = Tix.DisplayStyle(Tix.TEXT, refwindow=hlist)
style['mgr_posn'] = Tix.DisplayStyle(Tix.TEXT, padx=8, refwindow=hlist)
style['empl_name'] = Tix.DisplayStyle(Tix.TEXT, refwindow=hlist)
style['empl_posn'] = Tix.DisplayStyle(Tix.TEXT, padx=8, refwindow=hlist)
# Let configure the appearance of the HList subwidget
#
hlist.config(separator='.', width=25, drawbranch=0, indent=10)
hlist.column_width(0, chars=20)
# Create the boss
#
hlist.add ('.', itemtype=Tix.TEXT, text=boss[1],
style=style['mgr_name'])
hlist.item_create('.', 1, itemtype=Tix.TEXT, text=boss[2],
style=style['mgr_posn'])
# Create the managers
#
for key,name,posn in managers :
e= '.'+ key
hlist.add(e, itemtype=Tix.TEXT, text=name,
style=style['mgr_name'])
hlist.item_create(e, 1, itemtype=Tix.TEXT, text=posn,
style=style['mgr_posn'])
for key,mgr,name,posn in employees :
# "." is the separator character we chose above
entrypath = '.' + mgr + '.' + key
# ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
# parent entryPath / child's name
hlist.add(entrypath, text=name, style=style['empl_name'])
hlist.item_create(entrypath, 1, itemtype=Tix.TEXT,
text = posn, style = style['empl_posn'] )
# Use a ButtonBox to hold the buttons.
#
box= Tix.ButtonBox(top, orientation=Tix.HORIZONTAL )
box.add( 'ok', text='Ok', underline=0, width=6,
command = self.okcmd )
box.add( 'cancel', text='Cancel', underline=0, width=6,
command = self.quitcmd )
box.pack( side=Tix.BOTTOM, fill=Tix.X)
top.pack( side=Tix.TOP, fill=Tix.BOTH, expand=1 )
def okcmd (self):
self.quitcmd()
def quitcmd (self):
self.exit = 0
def mainloop(self):
while self.exit < 0:
self.root.tk.dooneevent(TCL_ALL_EVENTS)
def destroy (self):
self.root.destroy()
# This "if" statement makes it possible to run this script file inside or
# outside of the main demo program "tixwidgets.py".
#
if __name__== '__main__' :
root=Tix.Tk()
RunSample(root)

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# -*-mode: python; fill-column: 75; tab-width: 8; coding: iso-latin-1-unix -*-
#
# $Id$
#
# Tix Demostration Program
#
# This sample program is structured in such a way so that it can be
# executed from the Tix demo program "tixwidgets.py": it must have a
# procedure called "RunSample". It should also have the "if" statment
# at the end of this file so that it can be run as a standalone
# program.
# This file demonstrates how to use the TixTree widget to display
# dynamic hierachical data (the files in the Unix file system)
#
import Tix, os
def RunSample(w):
top = Tix.Frame(w, relief=Tix.RAISED, bd=1)
tree = Tix.Tree(top, options='separator "/"')
tree.pack(expand=1, fill=Tix.BOTH, padx=10, pady=10, side=Tix.LEFT)
tree['opencmd'] = lambda dir=None, w=tree: opendir(w, dir)
# The / directory is added in the "open" mode. The user can open it
# and then browse its subdirectories ...
adddir(tree, "/")
box = Tix.ButtonBox(w, orientation=Tix.HORIZONTAL)
box.add('ok', text='Ok', underline=0, command=w.destroy, width=6)
box.add('cancel', text='Cancel', underline=0, command=w.destroy, width=6)
box.pack(side=Tix.BOTTOM, fill=Tix.X)
top.pack(side=Tix.TOP, fill=Tix.BOTH, expand=1)
def adddir(tree, dir):
if dir == '/':
text = '/'
else:
text = os.path.basename(dir)
tree.hlist.add(dir, itemtype=Tix.IMAGETEXT, text=text,
image=tree.tk.call('tix', 'getimage', 'folder'))
try:
os.listdir(dir)
tree.setmode(dir, 'open')
except os.error:
# No read permission ?
pass
# This function is called whenever the user presses the (+) indicator or
# double clicks on a directory whose mode is "open". It loads the files
# inside that directory into the Tree widget.
#
# Note we didn't specify the closecmd option for the Tree widget, so it
# performs the default action when the user presses the (-) indicator or
# double clicks on a directory whose mode is "close": hide all of its child
# entries
def opendir(tree, dir):
entries = tree.hlist.info_children(dir)
if entries:
# We have already loaded this directory. Let's just
# show all the child entries
#
# Note: since we load the directory only once, it will not be
# refreshed if the you add or remove files from this
# directory.
#
for entry in entries:
tree.hlist.show_entry(entry)
files = os.listdir(dir)
for file in files:
if os.path.isdir(dir + '/' + file):
adddir(tree, dir + '/' + file)
else:
tree.hlist.add(dir + '/' + file, itemtype=Tix.IMAGETEXT, text=file,
image=tree.tk.call('tix', 'getimage', 'file'))
if __name__ == '__main__':
root = Tix.Tk()
RunSample(root)
root.mainloop()

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Several collections of example code for Tkinter.
See the toplevel README for an explanation of the difference between
Tkinter and _tkinter, how to enable the Python Tk interface, and where
to get Matt Conway's lifesaver document.
Subdirectories:
guido my original example set (fairly random collection)
matt Matt Conway's examples, to go with his lifesaver document

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2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/tkinter/guido/canvasevents.py
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#! /usr/bin/env python
from Tkinter import *
from Canvas import Oval, Group, CanvasText
# Fix a bug in Canvas.Group as distributed in Python 1.4. The
# distributed bind() method is broken. This is what should be used:
class Group(Group):
def bind(self, sequence=None, command=None):
return self.canvas.tag_bind(self.id, sequence, command)
class Object:
"""Base class for composite graphical objects.
Objects belong to a canvas, and can be moved around on the canvas.
They also belong to at most one ``pile'' of objects, and can be
transferred between piles (or removed from their pile).
Objects have a canonical ``x, y'' position which is moved when the
object is moved. Where the object is relative to this position
depends on the object; for simple objects, it may be their center.
Objects have mouse sensitivity. They can be clicked, dragged and
double-clicked. The behavior may actually determined by the pile
they are in.
All instance attributes are public since the derived class may
need them.
"""
def __init__(self, canvas, x=0, y=0, fill='red', text='object'):
self.canvas = canvas
self.x = x
self.y = y
self.pile = None
self.group = Group(self.canvas)
self.createitems(fill, text)
def __str__(self):
return str(self.group)
def createitems(self, fill, text):
self.__oval = Oval(self.canvas,
self.x-20, self.y-10, self.x+20, self.y+10,
fill=fill, width=3)
self.group.addtag_withtag(self.__oval)
self.__text = CanvasText(self.canvas,
self.x, self.y, text=text)
self.group.addtag_withtag(self.__text)
def moveby(self, dx, dy):
if dx == dy == 0:
return
self.group.move(dx, dy)
self.x = self.x + dx
self.y = self.y + dy
def moveto(self, x, y):
self.moveby(x - self.x, y - self.y)
def transfer(self, pile):
if self.pile:
self.pile.delete(self)
self.pile = None
self.pile = pile
if self.pile:
self.pile.add(self)
def tkraise(self):
self.group.tkraise()
class Bottom(Object):
"""An object to serve as the bottom of a pile."""
def createitems(self, *args):
self.__oval = Oval(self.canvas,
self.x-20, self.y-10, self.x+20, self.y+10,
fill='gray', outline='')
self.group.addtag_withtag(self.__oval)
class Pile:
"""A group of graphical objects."""
def __init__(self, canvas, x, y, tag=None):
self.canvas = canvas
self.x = x
self.y = y
self.objects = []
self.bottom = Bottom(self.canvas, self.x, self.y)
self.group = Group(self.canvas, tag=tag)
self.group.addtag_withtag(self.bottom.group)
self.bindhandlers()
def bindhandlers(self):
self.group.bind('<1>', self.clickhandler)
self.group.bind('<Double-1>', self.doubleclickhandler)
def add(self, object):
self.objects.append(object)
self.group.addtag_withtag(object.group)
self.position(object)
def delete(self, object):
object.group.dtag(self.group)
self.objects.remove(object)
def position(self, object):
object.tkraise()
i = self.objects.index(object)
object.moveto(self.x + i*4, self.y + i*8)
def clickhandler(self, event):
pass
def doubleclickhandler(self, event):
pass
class MovingPile(Pile):
def bindhandlers(self):
Pile.bindhandlers(self)
self.group.bind('<B1-Motion>', self.motionhandler)
self.group.bind('<ButtonRelease-1>', self.releasehandler)
movethis = None
def clickhandler(self, event):
tags = self.canvas.gettags('current')
for i in range(len(self.objects)):
o = self.objects[i]
if o.group.tag in tags:
break
else:
self.movethis = None
return
self.movethis = self.objects[i:]
for o in self.movethis:
o.tkraise()
self.lastx = event.x
self.lasty = event.y
doubleclickhandler = clickhandler
def motionhandler(self, event):
if not self.movethis:
return
dx = event.x - self.lastx
dy = event.y - self.lasty
self.lastx = event.x
self.lasty = event.y
for o in self.movethis:
o.moveby(dx, dy)
def releasehandler(self, event):
objects = self.movethis
if not objects:
return
self.movethis = None
self.finishmove(objects)
def finishmove(self, objects):
for o in objects:
self.position(o)
class Pile1(MovingPile):
x = 50
y = 50
tag = 'p1'
def __init__(self, demo):
self.demo = demo
MovingPile.__init__(self, self.demo.canvas, self.x, self.y, self.tag)
def doubleclickhandler(self, event):
try:
o = self.objects[-1]
except IndexError:
return
o.transfer(self.other())
MovingPile.doubleclickhandler(self, event)
def other(self):
return self.demo.p2
def finishmove(self, objects):
o = objects[0]
p = self.other()
x, y = o.x, o.y
if (x-p.x)**2 + (y-p.y)**2 < (x-self.x)**2 + (y-self.y)**2:
for o in objects:
o.transfer(p)
else:
MovingPile.finishmove(self, objects)
class Pile2(Pile1):
x = 150
y = 50
tag = 'p2'
def other(self):
return self.demo.p1
class Demo:
def __init__(self, master):
self.master = master
self.canvas = Canvas(master,
width=200, height=200,
background='yellow',
relief=SUNKEN, borderwidth=2)
self.canvas.pack(expand=1, fill=BOTH)
self.p1 = Pile1(self)
self.p2 = Pile2(self)
o1 = Object(self.canvas, fill='red', text='o1')
o2 = Object(self.canvas, fill='green', text='o2')
o3 = Object(self.canvas, fill='light blue', text='o3')
o1.transfer(self.p1)
o2.transfer(self.p1)
o3.transfer(self.p2)
# Main function, run when invoked as a stand-alone Python program.
def main():
root = Tk()
demo = Demo(root)
root.protocol('WM_DELETE_WINDOW', root.quit)
root.mainloop()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()

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2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/tkinter/matt/canvas-with-scrollbars.py
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from Tkinter import *
# This example program creates a scroling canvas, and demonstrates
# how to tie scrollbars and canvses together. The mechanism
# is analogus for listboxes and other widgets with
# "xscroll" and "yscroll" configuration options.
class Test(Frame):
def printit(self):
print "hi"
def createWidgets(self):
self.question = Label(self, text="Can Find The BLUE Square??????")
self.question.pack()
self.QUIT = Button(self, text='QUIT', background='red',
height=3, command=self.quit)
self.QUIT.pack(side=BOTTOM, fill=BOTH)
spacer = Frame(self, height="0.25i")
spacer.pack(side=BOTTOM)
# notice that the scroll region (20" x 20") is larger than
# displayed size of the widget (5" x 5")
self.draw = Canvas(self, width="5i", height="5i",
background="white",
scrollregion=(0, 0, "20i", "20i"))
self.draw.scrollX = Scrollbar(self, orient=HORIZONTAL)
self.draw.scrollY = Scrollbar(self, orient=VERTICAL)
# now tie the three together. This is standard boilerplate text
self.draw['xscrollcommand'] = self.draw.scrollX.set
self.draw['yscrollcommand'] = self.draw.scrollY.set
self.draw.scrollX['command'] = self.draw.xview
self.draw.scrollY['command'] = self.draw.yview
# draw something. Note that the first square
# is visible, but you need to scroll to see the second one.
self.draw.create_rectangle(0, 0, "3.5i", "3.5i", fill="black")
self.draw.create_rectangle("10i", "10i", "13.5i", "13.5i", fill="blue")
# pack 'em up
self.draw.scrollX.pack(side=BOTTOM, fill=X)
self.draw.scrollY.pack(side=RIGHT, fill=Y)
self.draw.pack(side=LEFT)
def scrollCanvasX(self, *args):
print "scrolling", args
print self.draw.scrollX.get()
def __init__(self, master=None):
Frame.__init__(self, master)
Pack.config(self)
self.createWidgets()
test = Test()
test.mainloop()

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========================================================
A new turtle module for Python
========================================================
Turtle graphics is a popular way for introducing programming to
kids. It was part of the original Logo programming language developed
by Wally Feurzig and Seymour Papert in 1966.
Imagine a robotic turtle starting at (0, 0) in the x-y plane. Give it
the command turtle.forward(15), and it moves (on-screen!) 15 pixels in
the direction it is facing, drawing a line as it moves. Give it the
command turtle.left(25), and it rotates in-place 25 degrees clockwise.
By combining together these and similar commands, intricate shapes and
pictures can easily be drawn.
----- turtle.py
This module is an extended reimplementation of turtle.py from the
Python standard distribution up to Python 2.5. (See: http:\\www.python.org)
It tries to keep the merits of turtle.py and to be (nearly) 100%
compatible with it. This means in the first place to enable the
learning programmer to use all the commands, classes and methods
interactively when using the module from within IDLE run with
the -n switch.
Roughly it has the following features added:
- Better animation of the turtle movements, especially of turning the
turtle. So the turtles can more easily be used as a visual feedback
instrument by the (beginning) programmer.
- Different turtle shapes, gif-images as turtle shapes, user defined
and user controllable turtle shapes, among them compound
(multicolored) shapes. Turtle shapes can be stgretched and tilted, which
makes turtles zu very versatile geometrical objects.
- Fine control over turtle movement and screen updates via delay(),
and enhanced tracer() and speed() methods.
- Aliases for the most commonly used commands, like fd for forward etc.,
following the early Logo traditions. This reduces the boring work of
typing long sequences of commands, which often occur in a natural way
when kids try to program fancy pictures on their first encounter with
turtle graphcis.
- Turtles now have an undo()-method with configurable undo-buffer.
- Some simple commands/methods for creating event driven programs
(mouse-, key-, timer-events). Especially useful for programming games.
- A scrollable Canvas class. The default scrollable Canvas can be
extended interactively as needed while playing around with the turtle(s).
- A TurtleScreen class with methods controlling background color or
background image, window and canvas size and other properties of the
TurtleScreen.
- There is a method, setworldcoordinates(), to install a user defined
coordinate-system for the TurtleScreen.
- The implementation uses a 2-vector class named Vec2D, derived from tuple.
This class is public, so it can be imported by the application programmer,
which makes certain types of computations very natural and compact.
- Appearance of the TurtleScreen and the Turtles at startup/import can be
configured by means of a turtle.cfg configuration file.
The default configuration mimics the appearance of the old turtle module.
- If configured appropriately the module reads in docstrings from a docstring
dictionary in some different language, supplied separately and replaces
the english ones by those read in. There is a utility function
write_docstringdict() to write a dictionary with the original (english)
docstrings to disc, so it can serve as a template for translations.

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2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/turtle/demohelp.txt
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----------------------------------------------
xturtleDemo - Help
----------------------------------------------
This document has two sections:
(1) How to use the demo viewer
(2) How to add your own demos to the demo repository
(1) How to use the demo viewer.
Select a demoscript from the example menu.
The (syntax coloured) source code appears in the left
source code window. IT CANNOT BE EDITED, but ONLY VIEWED!
- Press START button to start the demo.
- Stop execution by pressing the STOP button.
- Clear screen by pressing the CLEAR button.
- Restart by pressing the START button again.
SPECIAL demos are those which run EVENTDRIVEN.
(For example clock.py - or oldTurtleDemo.py which
in the end expects a mouse click.):
Press START button to start the demo.
- Until the EVENTLOOP is entered everything works
as in an ordinary demo script.
- When the EVENTLOOP is entered, you control the
application by using the mouse and/or keys (or it's
controlled by some timer events)
To stop it you can and must press the STOP button.
While the EVENTLOOP is running, the examples menu is disabled.
- Only after having pressed the STOP button, you may
restart it or choose another example script.
* * * * * * * *
In some rare situations there may occur interferences/conflicts
between events concerning the demo script and those concerning the
demo-viewer. (They run in the same process.) Strange behaviour may be
the consequence and in the worst case you must close and restart the
viewer.
* * * * * * * *
(2) How to add your own demos to the demo repository
- scriptname: must begin with tdemo_ ,
so it must have the form tdemo_<your-script-name>.py
- place: same directory as xturtleDemo.py or some
subdirectory, the name of which must also begin with
tdemo_.....
- requirements on source code:
code must contain a main() function which will
be executed by the viewer (see provided example scripts)
main() may return a string which will be displayed
in the Label below the source code window (when execution
has finished.)
!! For programs, which are EVENT DRIVEN, main must return
!! the string "EVENTLOOP". This informs the viewer, that the
!! script is still running and must be stopped by the user!

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2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/turtle/tdemo_I_dontlike_tiltdemo.py
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#!/usr/bin/python
""" turtle-example-suite:
tdemo-I_dont_like_tiltdemo.py
Demostrates
(a) use of a tilted ellipse as
turtle shape
(b) stamping that shape
We can remove it, if you don't like it.
Without using reset() ;-)
---------------------------------------
"""
from turtle import *
import time
def main():
reset()
shape("circle")
resizemode("user")
pu(); bk(24*18/6.283); rt(90); pd()
tilt(45)
pu()
turtlesize(16,10,5)
color("red", "violet")
for i in range(18):
fd(24)
lt(20)
stamp()
color("red", "")
for i in range(18):
fd(24)
lt(20)
stamp()
tilt(-15)
turtlesize(3, 1, 4)
color("blue", "yellow")
for i in range(17):
fd(24)
lt(20)
if i%2 == 0:
stamp()
time.sleep(1)
while undobufferentries():
undo()
ht()
write("OK, OVER!", align="center", font=("Courier", 18, "bold"))
return "Done!"
if __name__=="__main__":
msg = main()
print msg
mainloop()

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2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/turtle/tdemo_bytedesign.py
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#!/usr/bin/python
""" turtle-example-suite:
tdemo_bytedesign.py
An example adapted from the example-suite
of PythonCard's turtle graphcis.
It's based on an article in BYTE magazine
Problem Solving with Logo: Using Turtle
Graphics to Redraw a Design
November 1982, p. 118 - 134
-------------------------------------------
Due to the statement
t.delay(0)
in line 152, which sets the animation delay
to 0, this animation runs in "line per line"
mode as fast as possible.
"""
import math
from turtle import Turtle, mainloop
from time import clock
# wrapper for any additional drawing routines
# that need to know about each other
class Designer(Turtle):
def design(self, homePos, scale):
self.up()
for i in range(5):
self.forward(64.65 * scale)
self.down()
self.wheel(self.position(), scale)
self.up()
self.backward(64.65 * scale)
self.right(72)
self.up()
self.goto(homePos)
self.right(36)
self.forward(24.5 * scale)
self.right(198)
self.down()
self.centerpiece(46 * scale, 143.4, scale)
self.tracer(True)
def wheel(self, initpos, scale):
self.right(54)
for i in range(4):
self.pentpiece(initpos, scale)
self.down()
self.left(36)
for i in range(5):
self.tripiece(initpos, scale)
self.left(36)
for i in range(5):
self.down()
self.right(72)
self.forward(28 * scale)
self.up()
self.backward(28 * scale)
self.left(54)
self.getscreen().update()
def tripiece(self, initpos, scale):
oldh = self.heading()
self.down()
self.backward(2.5 * scale)
self.tripolyr(31.5 * scale, scale)
self.up()
self.goto(initpos)
self.setheading(oldh)
self.down()
self.backward(2.5 * scale)
self.tripolyl(31.5 * scale, scale)
self.up()
self.goto(initpos)
self.setheading(oldh)
self.left(72)
self.getscreen().update()
def pentpiece(self, initpos, scale):
oldh = self.heading()
self.up()
self.forward(29 * scale)
self.down()
for i in range(5):
self.forward(18 * scale)
self.right(72)
self.pentr(18 * scale, 75, scale)
self.up()
self.goto(initpos)
self.setheading(oldh)
self.forward(29 * scale)
self.down()
for i in range(5):
self.forward(18 * scale)
self.right(72)
self.pentl(18 * scale, 75, scale)
self.up()
self.goto(initpos)
self.setheading(oldh)
self.left(72)
self.getscreen().update()
def pentl(self, side, ang, scale):
if side < (2 * scale): return
self.forward(side)
self.left(ang)
self.pentl(side - (.38 * scale), ang, scale)
def pentr(self, side, ang, scale):
if side < (2 * scale): return
self.forward(side)
self.right(ang)
self.pentr(side - (.38 * scale), ang, scale)
def tripolyr(self, side, scale):
if side < (4 * scale): return
self.forward(side)
self.right(111)
self.forward(side / 1.78)
self.right(111)
self.forward(side / 1.3)
self.right(146)
self.tripolyr(side * .75, scale)
def tripolyl(self, side, scale):
if side < (4 * scale): return
self.forward(side)
self.left(111)
self.forward(side / 1.78)
self.left(111)
self.forward(side / 1.3)
self.left(146)
self.tripolyl(side * .75, scale)
def centerpiece(self, s, a, scale):
self.forward(s); self.left(a)
if s < (7.5 * scale):
return
self.centerpiece(s - (1.2 * scale), a, scale)
def main():
t = Designer()
t.speed(0)
t.hideturtle()
t.getscreen().delay(0)
t.tracer(0)
at = clock()
t.design(t.position(), 2)
et = clock()
return "runtime: %.2f sec." % (et-at)
if __name__ == '__main__':
msg = main()
print msg
mainloop()

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2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/turtle/tdemo_chaos.py
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# File: tdemo_chaos.py
# Author: Gregor Lingl
# Date: 2009-06-24
# A demonstration of chaos
from turtle import *
N = 80
def f(x):
return 3.9*x*(1-x)
def g(x):
return 3.9*(x-x**2)
def h(x):
return 3.9*x-3.9*x*x
def jumpto(x, y):
penup(); goto(x,y)
def line(x1, y1, x2, y2):
jumpto(x1, y1)
pendown()
goto(x2, y2)
def coosys():
line(-1, 0, N+1, 0)
line(0, -0.1, 0, 1.1)
def plot(fun, start, colour):
pencolor(colour)
x = start
jumpto(0, x)
pendown()
dot(5)
for i in range(N):
x=fun(x)
goto(i+1,x)
dot(5)
def main():
reset()
setworldcoordinates(-1.0,-0.1, N+1, 1.1)
speed(0)
hideturtle()
coosys()
plot(f, 0.35, "blue")
plot(g, 0.35, "green")
plot(h, 0.35, "red")
# Now zoom in:
for s in range(100):
setworldcoordinates(0.5*s,-0.1, N+1, 1.1)
return "Done!"
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
mainloop()

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#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: cp1252 -*-
""" turtle-example-suite:
tdemo_clock.py
Enhanced clock-program, showing date
and time
------------------------------------
Press STOP to exit the program!
------------------------------------
"""
from turtle import *
from datetime import datetime
mode("logo")
def jump(distanz, winkel=0):
penup()
right(winkel)
forward(distanz)
left(winkel)
pendown()
def hand(laenge, spitze):
fd(laenge*1.15)
rt(90)
fd(spitze/2.0)
lt(120)
fd(spitze)
lt(120)
fd(spitze)
lt(120)
fd(spitze/2.0)
def make_hand_shape(name, laenge, spitze):
reset()
jump(-laenge*0.15)
begin_poly()
hand(laenge, spitze)
end_poly()
hand_form = get_poly()
register_shape(name, hand_form)
def clockface(radius):
reset()
pensize(7)
for i in range(60):
jump(radius)
if i % 5 == 0:
fd(25)
jump(-radius-25)
else:
dot(3)
jump(-radius)
rt(6)
def setup():
global second_hand, minute_hand, hour_hand, writer
mode("logo")
make_hand_shape("second_hand", 125, 25)
make_hand_shape("minute_hand", 130, 25)
make_hand_shape("hour_hand", 90, 25)
clockface(160)
second_hand = Turtle()
second_hand.shape("second_hand")
second_hand.color("gray20", "gray80")
minute_hand = Turtle()
minute_hand.shape("minute_hand")
minute_hand.color("blue1", "red1")
hour_hand = Turtle()
hour_hand.shape("hour_hand")
hour_hand.color("blue3", "red3")
for hand in second_hand, minute_hand, hour_hand:
hand.resizemode("user")
hand.shapesize(1, 1, 3)
hand.speed(0)
ht()
writer = Turtle()
#writer.mode("logo")
writer.ht()
writer.pu()
writer.bk(85)
def wochentag(t):
wochentag = ["Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday",
"Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday", "Sunday"]
return wochentag[t.weekday()]
def datum(z):
monat = ["Jan.", "Feb.", "Mar.", "Apr.", "May", "June",
"July", "Aug.", "Sep.", "Oct.", "Nov.", "Dec."]
j = z.year
m = monat[z.month - 1]
t = z.day
return "%s %d %d" % (m, t, j)
def tick():
t = datetime.today()
sekunde = t.second + t.microsecond*0.000001
minute = t.minute + sekunde/60.0
stunde = t.hour + minute/60.0
tracer(False)
writer.clear()
writer.home()
writer.forward(65)
writer.write(wochentag(t),
align="center", font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))
writer.back(150)
writer.write(datum(t),
align="center", font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))
writer.forward(85)
tracer(True)
second_hand.setheading(6*sekunde)
minute_hand.setheading(6*minute)
hour_hand.setheading(30*stunde)
tracer(True)
ontimer(tick, 100)
def main():
tracer(False)
setup()
tracer(True)
tick()
return "EVENTLOOP"
if __name__ == "__main__":
msg = main()
print msg
mainloop()

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#!/usr/bin/python
""" turtle-example-suite:
tdemo_fractalCurves.py
This program draws two fractal-curve-designs:
(1) A hilbert curve (in a box)
(2) A combination of Koch-curves.
The CurvesTurtle class and the fractal-curve-
methods are taken from the PythonCard example
scripts for turtle-graphics.
"""
from turtle import *
from time import sleep, clock
class CurvesTurtle(Pen):
# example derived from
# Turtle Geometry: The Computer as a Medium for Exploring Mathematics
# by Harold Abelson and Andrea diSessa
# p. 96-98
def hilbert(self, size, level, parity):
if level == 0:
return
# rotate and draw first subcurve with opposite parity to big curve
self.left(parity * 90)
self.hilbert(size, level - 1, -parity)
# interface to and draw second subcurve with same parity as big curve
self.forward(size)
self.right(parity * 90)
self.hilbert(size, level - 1, parity)
# third subcurve
self.forward(size)
self.hilbert(size, level - 1, parity)
# fourth subcurve
self.right(parity * 90)
self.forward(size)
self.hilbert(size, level - 1, -parity)
# a final turn is needed to make the turtle
# end up facing outward from the large square
self.left(parity * 90)
# Visual Modeling with Logo: A Structural Approach to Seeing
# by James Clayson
# Koch curve, after Helge von Koch who introduced this geometric figure in 1904
# p. 146
def fractalgon(self, n, rad, lev, dir):
import math
# if dir = 1 turn outward
# if dir = -1 turn inward
edge = 2 * rad * math.sin(math.pi / n)
self.pu()
self.fd(rad)
self.pd()
self.rt(180 - (90 * (n - 2) / n))
for i in range(n):
self.fractal(edge, lev, dir)
self.rt(360 / n)
self.lt(180 - (90 * (n - 2) / n))
self.pu()
self.bk(rad)
self.pd()
# p. 146
def fractal(self, dist, depth, dir):
if depth < 1:
self.fd(dist)
return
self.fractal(dist / 3, depth - 1, dir)
self.lt(60 * dir)
self.fractal(dist / 3, depth - 1, dir)
self.rt(120 * dir)
self.fractal(dist / 3, depth - 1, dir)
self.lt(60 * dir)
self.fractal(dist / 3, depth - 1, dir)
def main():
ft = CurvesTurtle()
ft.reset()
ft.speed(0)
ft.ht()
ft.tracer(1,0)
ft.pu()
size = 6
ft.setpos(-33*size, -32*size)
ft.pd()
ta=clock()
ft.fillcolor("red")
ft.fill(True)
ft.fd(size)
ft.hilbert(size, 6, 1)
# frame
ft.fd(size)
for i in range(3):
ft.lt(90)
ft.fd(size*(64+i%2))
ft.pu()
for i in range(2):
ft.fd(size)
ft.rt(90)
ft.pd()
for i in range(4):
ft.fd(size*(66+i%2))
ft.rt(90)
ft.fill(False)
tb=clock()
res = "Hilbert: %.2fsec. " % (tb-ta)
sleep(3)
ft.reset()
ft.speed(0)
ft.ht()
ft.tracer(1,0)
ta=clock()
ft.color("black", "blue")
ft.fill(True)
ft.fractalgon(3, 250, 4, 1)
ft.fill(True)
ft.color("red")
ft.fractalgon(3, 200, 4, -1)
ft.fill(False)
tb=clock()
res += "Koch: %.2fsec." % (tb-ta)
return res
if __name__ == '__main__':
msg = main()
print msg
mainloop()

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2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/turtle/tdemo_lindenmayer_indian.py
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#!/usr/bin/python
""" turtle-example-suite:
xtx_lindenmayer_indian.py
Each morning women in Tamil Nadu, in southern
India, place designs, created by using rice
flour and known as kolam on the thresholds of
their homes.
These can be described by Lindenmayer systems,
which can easily be implemented with turtle
graphics and Python.
Two examples are shown here:
(1) the snake kolam
(2) anklets of Krishna
Taken from Marcia Ascher: Mathematics
Elsewhere, An Exploration of Ideas Across
Cultures
"""
################################
# Mini Lindenmayer tool
###############################
from turtle import *
def replace( seq, replacementRules, n ):
for i in range(n):
newseq = ""
for element in seq:
newseq = newseq + replacementRules.get(element,element)
seq = newseq
return seq
def draw( commands, rules ):
for b in commands:
try:
rules[b]()
except TypeError:
try:
draw(rules[b], rules)
except:
pass
def main():
################################
# Example 1: Snake kolam
################################
def r():
right(45)
def l():
left(45)
def f():
forward(7.5)
snake_rules = {"-":r, "+":l, "f":f, "b":"f+f+f--f--f+f+f"}
snake_replacementRules = {"b": "b+f+b--f--b+f+b"}
snake_start = "b--f--b--f"
drawing = replace(snake_start, snake_replacementRules, 3)
reset()
speed(3)
tracer(1,0)
ht()
up()
backward(195)
down()
draw(drawing, snake_rules)
from time import sleep
sleep(3)
################################
# Example 2: Anklets of Krishna
################################
def A():
color("red")
circle(10,90)
def B():
from math import sqrt
color("black")
l = 5/sqrt(2)
forward(l)
circle(l, 270)
forward(l)
def F():
color("green")
forward(10)
krishna_rules = {"a":A, "b":B, "f":F}
krishna_replacementRules = {"a" : "afbfa", "b" : "afbfbfbfa" }
krishna_start = "fbfbfbfb"
reset()
speed(0)
tracer(3,0)
ht()
left(45)
drawing = replace(krishna_start, krishna_replacementRules, 3)
draw(drawing, krishna_rules)
tracer(1)
return "Done!"
if __name__=='__main__':
msg = main()
print msg
mainloop()

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2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/turtle/tdemo_minimal_hanoi.py
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#!/usr/bin/python
""" turtle-example-suite:
tdemo_minimal_hanoi.py
A minimal 'Towers of Hanoi' animation:
A tower of 6 discs is transferred from the
left to the right peg.
An imho quite elegant and concise
implementation using a tower class, which
is derived from the built-in type list.
Discs are turtles with shape "square", but
stretched to rectangles by shapesize()
---------------------------------------
To exit press STOP button
---------------------------------------
"""
from turtle import *
class Disc(Turtle):
def __init__(self, n):
Turtle.__init__(self, shape="square", visible=False)
self.pu()
self.shapesize(1.5, n*1.5, 2) # square-->rectangle
self.fillcolor(n/6., 0, 1-n/6.)
self.st()
class Tower(list):
"Hanoi tower, a subclass of built-in type list"
def __init__(self, x):
"create an empty tower. x is x-position of peg"
self.x = x
def push(self, d):
d.setx(self.x)
d.sety(-150+34*len(self))
self.append(d)
def pop(self):
d = list.pop(self)
d.sety(150)
return d
def hanoi(n, from_, with_, to_):
if n > 0:
hanoi(n-1, from_, to_, with_)
to_.push(from_.pop())
hanoi(n-1, with_, from_, to_)
def play():
onkey(None,"space")
clear()
hanoi(6, t1, t2, t3)
write("press STOP button to exit",
align="center", font=("Courier", 16, "bold"))
def main():
global t1, t2, t3
ht(); penup(); goto(0, -225) # writer turtle
t1 = Tower(-250)
t2 = Tower(0)
t3 = Tower(250)
# make tower of 6 discs
for i in range(6,0,-1):
t1.push(Disc(i))
# prepare spartanic user interface ;-)
write("press spacebar to start game",
align="center", font=("Courier", 16, "bold"))
onkey(play, "space")
listen()
return "EVENTLOOP"
if __name__=="__main__":
msg = main()
print msg
mainloop()

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2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/turtle/tdemo_paint.py
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#!/usr/bin/python
""" turtle-example-suite:
tdemo_paint.py
A simple eventdriven paint program
- use left mouse button to move turtle
- middle mouse button to change color
- right mouse button do turn filling on/off
-------------------------------------------
Play around by clicking into the canvas
using all three mouse buttons.
-------------------------------------------
To exit press STOP button
-------------------------------------------
"""
from turtle import *
def switchupdown(x=0, y=0):
if pen()["pendown"]:
end_fill()
up()
else:
down()
begin_fill()
def changecolor(x=0, y=0):
global colors
colors = colors[1:]+colors[:1]
color(colors[0])
def main():
global colors
shape("circle")
resizemode("user")
shapesize(.5)
width(3)
colors=["red", "green", "blue", "yellow"]
color(colors[0])
switchupdown()
onscreenclick(goto,1)
onscreenclick(changecolor,2)
onscreenclick(switchupdown,3)
return "EVENTLOOP"
if __name__ == "__main__":
msg = main()
print msg
mainloop()

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2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/turtle/tdemo_peace.py
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#!/usr/bin/python
""" turtle-example-suite:
tdemo_peace.py
A very simple drawing suitable as a beginner's
programming example.
Uses only commands, which are also available in
old turtle.py.
Intentionally no variables are used except for the
colorloop:
"""
from turtle import *
def main():
peacecolors = ("red3", "orange", "yellow",
"seagreen4", "orchid4",
"royalblue1", "dodgerblue4")
reset()
s = Screen()
up()
goto(-320,-195)
width(70)
for pcolor in peacecolors:
color(pcolor)
down()
forward(640)
up()
backward(640)
left(90)
forward(66)
right(90)
width(25)
color("white")
goto(0,-170)
down()
circle(170)
left(90)
forward(340)
up()
left(180)
forward(170)
right(45)
down()
forward(170)
up()
backward(170)
left(90)
down()
forward(170)
up()
goto(0,300) # vanish if hideturtle() is not available ;-)
return "Done!!"
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
mainloop()

181
2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/turtle/tdemo_penrose.py
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#!/usr/bin/python
""" xturtle-example-suite:
xtx_kites_and_darts.py
Constructs two aperiodic penrose-tilings,
consisting of kites and darts, by the method
of inflation in six steps.
Starting points are the patterns "sun"
consisting of five kites and "star"
consisting of five darts.
For more information see:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose_tiling
-------------------------------------------
"""
from turtle import *
from math import cos, pi
from time import clock, sleep
f = (5**0.5-1)/2.0 # (sqrt(5)-1)/2 -- golden ratio
d = 2 * cos(3*pi/10)
def kite(l):
fl = f * l
lt(36)
fd(l)
rt(108)
fd(fl)
rt(36)
fd(fl)
rt(108)
fd(l)
rt(144)
def dart(l):
fl = f * l
lt(36)
fd(l)
rt(144)
fd(fl)
lt(36)
fd(fl)
rt(144)
fd(l)
rt(144)
def inflatekite(l, n):
if n == 0:
px, py = pos()
h, x, y = int(heading()), round(px,3), round(py,3)
tiledict[(h,x,y)] = True
return
fl = f * l
lt(36)
inflatedart(fl, n-1)
fd(l)
rt(144)
inflatekite(fl, n-1)
lt(18)
fd(l*d)
rt(162)
inflatekite(fl, n-1)
lt(36)
fd(l)
rt(180)
inflatedart(fl, n-1)
lt(36)
def inflatedart(l, n):
if n == 0:
px, py = pos()
h, x, y = int(heading()), round(px,3), round(py,3)
tiledict[(h,x,y)] = False
return
fl = f * l
inflatekite(fl, n-1)
lt(36)
fd(l)
rt(180)
inflatedart(fl, n-1)
lt(54)
fd(l*d)
rt(126)
inflatedart(fl, n-1)
fd(l)
rt(144)
def draw(l, n, th=2):
clear()
l = l * f**n
shapesize(l/100.0, l/100.0, th)
for k in tiledict:
h, x, y = k
setpos(x, y)
setheading(h)
if tiledict[k]:
shape("kite")
color("black", (0, 0.75, 0))
else:
shape("dart")
color("black", (0.75, 0, 0))
stamp()
def sun(l, n):
for i in range(5):
inflatekite(l, n)
lt(72)
def star(l,n):
for i in range(5):
inflatedart(l, n)
lt(72)
def makeshapes():
tracer(0)
begin_poly()
kite(100)
end_poly()
register_shape("kite", get_poly())
begin_poly()
dart(100)
end_poly()
register_shape("dart", get_poly())
tracer(1)
def start():
reset()
ht()
pu()
makeshapes()
resizemode("user")
def test(l=200, n=4, fun=sun, startpos=(0,0), th=2):
global tiledict
goto(startpos)
setheading(0)
tiledict = {}
a = clock()
tracer(0)
fun(l, n)
b = clock()
draw(l, n, th)
tracer(1)
c = clock()
print "Calculation: %7.4f s" % (b - a)
print "Drawing: %7.4f s" % (c - b)
print "Together: %7.4f s" % (c - a)
nk = len([x for x in tiledict if tiledict[x]])
nd = len([x for x in tiledict if not tiledict[x]])
print "%d kites and %d darts = %d pieces." % (nk, nd, nk+nd)
def demo(fun=sun):
start()
for i in range(8):
a = clock()
test(300, i, fun)
b = clock()
t = b - a
if t < 2:
sleep(2 - t)
def main():
#title("Penrose-tiling with kites and darts.")
mode("logo")
bgcolor(0.3, 0.3, 0)
demo(sun)
sleep(2)
demo(star)
pencolor("black")
goto(0,-200)
pencolor(0.7,0.7,1)
write("Please wait...",
align="center", font=('Arial Black', 36, 'bold'))
test(600, 8, startpos=(70, 117))
return "Done"
if __name__ == "__main__":
msg = main()
mainloop()

113
2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/turtle/tdemo_planet_and_moon.py
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#!/usr/bin/python
""" turtle-example-suite:
tdemo_planets_and_moon.py
Gravitational system simulation using the
approximation method from Feynman-lectures,
p.9-8, using turtlegraphics.
Example: heavy central body, light planet,
very light moon!
Planet has a circular orbit, moon a stable
orbit around the planet.
You can hold the movement temporarily by pressing
the left mouse button with mouse over the
scrollbar of the canvas.
"""
from turtle import Shape, Turtle, mainloop, Vec2D as Vec
from time import sleep
G = 8
class GravSys(object):
def __init__(self):
self.planets = []
self.t = 0
self.dt = 0.01
def init(self):
for p in self.planets:
p.init()
def start(self):
for i in range(10000):
self.t += self.dt
for p in self.planets:
p.step()
class Star(Turtle):
def __init__(self, m, x, v, gravSys, shape):
Turtle.__init__(self, shape=shape)
self.penup()
self.m = m
self.setpos(x)
self.v = v
gravSys.planets.append(self)
self.gravSys = gravSys
self.resizemode("user")
self.pendown()
def init(self):
dt = self.gravSys.dt
self.a = self.acc()
self.v = self.v + 0.5*dt*self.a
def acc(self):
a = Vec(0,0)
for planet in self.gravSys.planets:
if planet != self:
v = planet.pos()-self.pos()
a += (G*planet.m/abs(v)**3)*v
return a
def step(self):
dt = self.gravSys.dt
self.setpos(self.pos() + dt*self.v)
if self.gravSys.planets.index(self) != 0:
self.setheading(self.towards(self.gravSys.planets[0]))
self.a = self.acc()
self.v = self.v + dt*self.a
## create compound yellow/blue turtleshape for planets
def main():
s = Turtle()
s.reset()
s.tracer(0,0)
s.ht()
s.pu()
s.fd(6)
s.lt(90)
s.begin_poly()
s.circle(6, 180)
s.end_poly()
m1 = s.get_poly()
s.begin_poly()
s.circle(6,180)
s.end_poly()
m2 = s.get_poly()
planetshape = Shape("compound")
planetshape.addcomponent(m1,"orange")
planetshape.addcomponent(m2,"blue")
s.getscreen().register_shape("planet", planetshape)
s.tracer(1,0)
## setup gravitational system
gs = GravSys()
sun = Star(1000000, Vec(0,0), Vec(0,-2.5), gs, "circle")
sun.color("yellow")
sun.shapesize(1.8)
sun.pu()
earth = Star(12500, Vec(210,0), Vec(0,195), gs, "planet")
earth.pencolor("green")
earth.shapesize(0.8)
moon = Star(1, Vec(220,0), Vec(0,295), gs, "planet")
moon.pencolor("blue")
moon.shapesize(0.5)
gs.init()
gs.start()
return "Done!"
if __name__ == '__main__':
msg = main()
print msg
mainloop()

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2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/turtle/tdemo_tree.py
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#!/usr/bin/python
""" turtle-example-suite:
tdemo_tree.py
Displays a 'breadth-first-tree' - in contrast
to the classical Logo tree drawing programs,
which use a depth-first-algorithm.
Uses:
(1) a tree-generator, where the drawing is
quasi the side-effect, whereas the generator
always yields None.
(2) Turtle-cloning: At each branching point the
current pen is cloned. So in the end there
are 1024 turtles.
"""
from turtle import Turtle, mainloop
from time import clock
def tree(plist, l, a, f):
""" plist is list of pens
l is length of branch
a is half of the angle between 2 branches
f is factor by which branch is shortened
from level to level."""
if l > 3:
lst = []
for p in plist:
p.forward(l)
q = p.clone()
p.left(a)
q.right(a)
lst.append(p)
lst.append(q)
for x in tree(lst, l*f, a, f):
yield None
def maketree():
p = Turtle()
p.setundobuffer(None)
p.hideturtle()
p.speed(0)
p.tracer(30,0)
p.left(90)
p.penup()
p.forward(-210)
p.pendown()
t = tree([p], 200, 65, 0.6375)
for x in t:
pass
print len(p.getscreen().turtles())
def main():
a=clock()
maketree()
b=clock()
return "done: %.2f sec." % (b-a)
if __name__ == "__main__":
msg = main()
print msg
mainloop()

49
2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/turtle/tdemo_yinyang.py
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#!/usr/bin/python
""" turtle-example-suite:
tdemo_yinyang.py
Another drawing suitable as a beginner's
programming example.
The small circles are drawn by the circle
command.
"""
from turtle import *
def yin(radius, color1, color2):
width(3)
color("black")
fill(True)
circle(radius/2., 180)
circle(radius, 180)
left(180)
circle(-radius/2., 180)
color(color1)
fill(True)
color(color2)
left(90)
up()
forward(radius*0.375)
right(90)
down()
circle(radius*0.125)
left(90)
fill(False)
up()
backward(radius*0.375)
down()
left(90)
def main():
reset()
yin(200, "white", "black")
yin(200, "black", "white")
ht()
return "Done!"
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
mainloop()

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#!/usr/bin/python
import sys
import os
from Tkinter import *
from idlelib.Percolator import Percolator
from idlelib.ColorDelegator import ColorDelegator
from idlelib.textView import TextViewer
import turtle
import time
STARTUP = 1
READY = 2
RUNNING = 3
DONE = 4
EVENTDRIVEN = 5
menufont = ("Arial", 12, NORMAL)
btnfont = ("Arial", 12, 'bold')
txtfont = ('Lucida Console', 8, 'normal')
def getExampleEntries():
cwd = os.getcwd()
if "turtleDemo.py" not in os.listdir(cwd):
print "Directory of turtleDemo must be current working directory!"
print "But in your case this is", cwd
sys.exit()
entries1 = [entry for entry in os.listdir(cwd) if
entry.startswith("tdemo_") and
not entry.endswith(".pyc")]
entries2 = []
for entry in entries1:
if entry.endswith(".py"):
entries2.append(entry)
else:
path = os.path.join(cwd,entry)
sys.path.append(path)
subdir = [entry]
scripts = [script for script in os.listdir(path) if
script.startswith("tdemo_") and
script.endswith(".py")]
entries2.append(subdir+scripts)
return entries2
def showDemoHelp():
TextViewer(demo.root, "Help on turtleDemo", "demohelp.txt")
def showAboutDemo():
TextViewer(demo.root, "About turtleDemo", "about_turtledemo.txt")
def showAboutTurtle():
TextViewer(demo.root, "About the new turtle module", "about_turtle.txt")
class DemoWindow(object):
def __init__(self, filename=None): #, root=None):
self.root = root = turtle._root = Tk()
root.wm_protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", self._destroy)
#################
self.mBar = Frame(root, relief=RAISED, borderwidth=2)
self.mBar.pack(fill=X)
self.ExamplesBtn = self.makeLoadDemoMenu()
self.OptionsBtn = self.makeHelpMenu()
self.mBar.tk_menuBar(self.ExamplesBtn, self.OptionsBtn) #, QuitBtn)
root.title('Python turtle-graphics examples')
#################
self.left_frame = left_frame = Frame(root)
self.text_frame = text_frame = Frame(left_frame)
self.vbar = vbar =Scrollbar(text_frame, name='vbar')
self.text = text = Text(text_frame,
name='text', padx=5, wrap='none',
width=45)
vbar['command'] = text.yview
vbar.pack(side=LEFT, fill=Y)
#####################
self.hbar = hbar =Scrollbar(text_frame, name='hbar', orient=HORIZONTAL)
hbar['command'] = text.xview
hbar.pack(side=BOTTOM, fill=X)
#####################
text['yscrollcommand'] = vbar.set
text.config(font=txtfont)
text.config(xscrollcommand=hbar.set)
text.pack(side=LEFT, fill=Y, expand=1)
#####################
self.output_lbl = Label(left_frame, height= 1,text=" --- ", bg = "#ddf",
font = ("Arial", 16, 'normal'))
self.output_lbl.pack(side=BOTTOM, expand=0, fill=X)
#####################
text_frame.pack(side=LEFT, fill=BOTH, expand=0)
left_frame.pack(side=LEFT, fill=BOTH, expand=0)
self.graph_frame = g_frame = Frame(root)
turtle._Screen._root = g_frame
turtle._Screen._canvas = turtle.ScrolledCanvas(g_frame, 800, 600, 1000, 800)
#xturtle.Screen._canvas.pack(expand=1, fill="both")
self.screen = _s_ = turtle.Screen()
turtle.TurtleScreen.__init__(_s_, _s_._canvas)
self.scanvas = _s_._canvas
#xturtle.RawTurtle.canvases = [self.scanvas]
turtle.RawTurtle.screens = [_s_]
self.scanvas.pack(side=TOP, fill=BOTH, expand=1)
self.btn_frame = btn_frame = Frame(g_frame, height=100)
self.start_btn = Button(btn_frame, text=" START ", font=btnfont, fg = "white",
disabledforeground = "#fed", command=self.startDemo)
self.start_btn.pack(side=LEFT, fill=X, expand=1)
self.stop_btn = Button(btn_frame, text=" STOP ", font=btnfont, fg = "white",
disabledforeground = "#fed", command = self.stopIt)
self.stop_btn.pack(side=LEFT, fill=X, expand=1)
self.clear_btn = Button(btn_frame, text=" CLEAR ", font=btnfont, fg = "white",
disabledforeground = "#fed", command = self.clearCanvas)
self.clear_btn.pack(side=LEFT, fill=X, expand=1)
self.btn_frame.pack(side=TOP, fill=BOTH, expand=0)
self.graph_frame.pack(side=TOP, fill=BOTH, expand=1)
Percolator(text).insertfilter(ColorDelegator())
self.dirty = False
self.exitflag = False
if filename:
self.loadfile(filename)
self.configGUI(NORMAL, DISABLED, DISABLED, DISABLED,
"Choose example from menu", "black")
self.state = STARTUP
def _destroy(self):
self.root.destroy()
sys.exit()
def configGUI(self, menu, start, stop, clear, txt="", color="blue"):
self.ExamplesBtn.config(state=menu)
self.start_btn.config(state=start)
if start==NORMAL:
self.start_btn.config(bg="#d00")
else:
self.start_btn.config(bg="#fca")
self.stop_btn.config(state=stop)
if stop==NORMAL:
self.stop_btn.config(bg="#d00")
else:
self.stop_btn.config(bg="#fca")
self.clear_btn.config(state=clear)
self.clear_btn.config(state=clear)
if clear==NORMAL:
self.clear_btn.config(bg="#d00")
else:
self.clear_btn.config(bg="#fca")
self.output_lbl.config(text=txt, fg=color)
def makeLoadDemoMenu(self):
CmdBtn = Menubutton(self.mBar, text='Examples', underline=0, font=menufont)
CmdBtn.pack(side=LEFT, padx="2m")
CmdBtn.menu = Menu(CmdBtn)
for entry in getExampleEntries():
def loadexample(x):
def emit():
self.loadfile(x)
return emit
if isinstance(entry,str):
CmdBtn.menu.add_command(label=entry[6:-3], underline=0, font=menufont,
command=loadexample(entry))
else:
_dir, entries = entry[0], entry[1:]
CmdBtn.menu.choices = Menu(CmdBtn.menu)
for e in entries:
CmdBtn.menu.choices.add_command(label=e[6:-3], underline=0, font=menufont,
command = loadexample(os.path.join(_dir,e)))
CmdBtn.menu.add_cascade(label=_dir[6:],
menu = CmdBtn.menu.choices, font=menufont )
CmdBtn['menu'] = CmdBtn.menu
return CmdBtn
def makeHelpMenu(self):
CmdBtn = Menubutton(self.mBar, text='Help', underline=0, font = menufont)
CmdBtn.pack(side=LEFT, padx='2m')
CmdBtn.menu = Menu(CmdBtn)
CmdBtn.menu.add_command(label='About turtle.py', font=menufont, command=showAboutTurtle)
CmdBtn.menu.add_command(label='turtleDemo - Help', font=menufont, command=showDemoHelp)
CmdBtn.menu.add_command(label='About turtleDemo', font=menufont, command=showAboutDemo)
CmdBtn['menu'] = CmdBtn.menu
return CmdBtn
def refreshCanvas(self):
if not self.dirty: return
self.screen.clear()
#self.screen.mode("standard")
self.dirty=False
def loadfile(self,filename):
self.refreshCanvas()
if os.path.exists(filename) and not os.path.isdir(filename):
# load and display file text
f = open(filename,'r')
chars = f.read()
f.close()
self.text.delete("1.0", "end")
self.text.insert("1.0",chars)
direc, fname = os.path.split(filename)
self.root.title(fname[6:-3]+" - an xturtle example")
self.module = __import__(fname[:-3])
reload(self.module)
self.configGUI(NORMAL, NORMAL, DISABLED, DISABLED,
"Press start button", "red")
self.state = READY
def startDemo(self):
self.refreshCanvas()
self.dirty = True
turtle.TurtleScreen._RUNNING = True
self.configGUI(DISABLED, DISABLED, NORMAL, DISABLED,
"demo running...", "black")
self.screen.clear()
self.screen.mode("standard")
self.state = RUNNING
try:
result = self.module.main()
if result == "EVENTLOOP":
self.state = EVENTDRIVEN
else:
self.state = DONE
except turtle.Terminator:
self.state = DONE
result = "stopped!"
if self.state == DONE:
self.configGUI(NORMAL, NORMAL, DISABLED, NORMAL,
result)
elif self.state == EVENTDRIVEN:
self.exitflag = True
self.configGUI(DISABLED, DISABLED, NORMAL, DISABLED,
"use mouse/keys or STOP", "red")
def clearCanvas(self):
self.refreshCanvas()
self.scanvas.config(cursor="")
self.configGUI(NORMAL, NORMAL, DISABLED, DISABLED)
def stopIt(self):
if self.exitflag:
self.clearCanvas()
self.exitflag = False
self.configGUI(NORMAL, NORMAL, DISABLED, DISABLED,
"STOPPED!", "red")
turtle.TurtleScreen._RUNNING = False
#print "stopIT: exitflag = True"
else:
turtle.TurtleScreen._RUNNING = False
#print "stopIt: exitflag = False"
if __name__ == '__main__':
demo = DemoWindow()
RUN = True
while RUN:
try:
print "ENTERING mainloop"
demo.root.mainloop()
except AttributeError:
print "CRASH!!!- WAIT A MOMENT!"
time.sleep(0.3)
print "GOING ON .."
demo.refreshCanvas()
## time.sleep(1)
except:
RUN = FALSE

49
2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/turtle/turtledemo_two_canvases.py
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@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
#!/usr/bin/python
## DEMONSTRATES USE OF 2 CANVASES, SO CANNOT BE RUN IN DEMOVIEWER!
"""turtle example: Using TurtleScreen and RawTurtle
for drawing on two distinct canvases.
"""
from turtle import TurtleScreen, RawTurtle, TK
root = TK.Tk()
cv1 = TK.Canvas(root, width=300, height=200, bg="#ddffff")
cv2 = TK.Canvas(root, width=300, height=200, bg="#ffeeee")
cv1.pack()
cv2.pack()
s1 = TurtleScreen(cv1)
s1.bgcolor(0.85, 0.85, 1)
s2 = TurtleScreen(cv2)
s2.bgcolor(1, 0.85, 0.85)
p = RawTurtle(s1)
q = RawTurtle(s2)
p.color("red", "white")
p.width(3)
q.color("blue", "black")
q.width(3)
for t in p,q:
t.shape("turtle")
t.lt(36)
q.lt(180)
for i in range(5):
for t in p, q:
t.fd(50)
t.lt(72)
for t in p,q:
t.lt(54)
t.pu()
t.bk(50)
## Want to get some info?
print s1, s2
print p, q
print s1.turtles()
print s2.turtles()
TK.mainloop()

36
2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/xml/elem_count.py
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@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
import sys
from xml.sax import make_parser, handler
class FancyCounter(handler.ContentHandler):
def __init__(self):
self._elems = 0
self._attrs = 0
self._elem_types = {}
self._attr_types = {}
def startElement(self, name, attrs):
self._elems = self._elems + 1
self._attrs = self._attrs + len(attrs)
self._elem_types[name] = self._elem_types.get(name, 0) + 1
for name in attrs.keys():
self._attr_types[name] = self._attr_types.get(name, 0) + 1
def endDocument(self):
print "There were", self._elems, "elements."
print "There were", self._attrs, "attributes."
print "---ELEMENT TYPES"
for pair in self._elem_types.items():
print "%20s %d" % pair
print "---ATTRIBUTE TYPES"
for pair in self._attr_types.items():
print "%20s %d" % pair
parser = make_parser()
parser.setContentHandler(FancyCounter())
parser.parse(sys.argv[1])

45
2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/xml/roundtrip.py
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@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
"""
A simple demo that reads in an XML document and spits out an equivalent,
but not necessarily identical, document.
"""
import sys, string
from xml.sax import saxutils, handler, make_parser
# --- The ContentHandler
class ContentGenerator(handler.ContentHandler):
def __init__(self, out = sys.stdout):
handler.ContentHandler.__init__(self)
self._out = out
# ContentHandler methods
def startDocument(self):
self._out.write('<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>\n')
def startElement(self, name, attrs):
self._out.write('<' + name)
for (name, value) in attrs.items():
self._out.write(' %s="%s"' % (name, saxutils.escape(value)))
self._out.write('>')
def endElement(self, name):
self._out.write('</%s>' % name)
def characters(self, content):
self._out.write(saxutils.escape(content))
def ignorableWhitespace(self, content):
self._out.write(content)
def processingInstruction(self, target, data):
self._out.write('<?%s %s?>' % (target, data))
# --- The main program
parser = make_parser()
parser.setContentHandler(ContentGenerator())
parser.parse(sys.argv[1])

91
2.6/Python-2.6.9/Demo/xml/rss2html.py
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@ -1,91 +0,0 @@
import sys
from xml.sax import make_parser, handler
# --- Templates
top = \
"""
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>%s</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<H1>%s</H1>
"""
bottom = \
"""
</ul>
<HR>
<ADDRESS>
Converted to HTML by sax_rss2html.py.
</ADDRESS>
</BODY>
</HTML>
"""
# --- The ContentHandler
class RSSHandler(handler.ContentHandler):
def __init__(self, out = sys.stdout):
handler.ContentHandler.__init__(self)
self._out = out
self._text = ""
self._parent = None
self._list_started = 0
self._title = None
self._link = None
self._descr = ""
# ContentHandler methods
def startElement(self, name, attrs):
if name == "channel" or name == "image" or name == "item":
self._parent = name
self._text = ""
def endElement(self, name):
if self._parent == "channel":
if name == "title":
self._out.write(top % (self._text, self._text))
elif name == "description":
self._out.write("<p>%s</p>\n" % self._text)
elif self._parent == "item":
if name == "title":
self._title = self._text
elif name == "link":
self._link = self._text
elif name == "description":
self._descr = self._text
elif name == "item":
if not self._list_started:
self._out.write("<ul>\n")
self._list_started = 1
self._out.write(' <li><a href="%s">%s</a> %s\n' %
(self._link, self._title, self._descr))
self._title = None
self._link = None
self._descr = ""
if name == "rss":
self._out.write(bottom)
def characters(self, content):
self._text = self._text + content
# --- Main program
parser = make_parser()
parser.setContentHandler(RSSHandler())
parser.parse(sys.argv[1])

217
2.6/Python-2.6.9/Doc/ACKS.txt
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@ -1,217 +0,0 @@
Contributors to the Python Documentation
----------------------------------------
This section lists people who have contributed in some way to the Python
documentation. It is probably not complete -- if you feel that you or
anyone else should be on this list, please let us know (send email to
docs@python.org), and we'll be glad to correct the problem.
.. acks::
* Aahz
* Michael Abbott
* Steve Alexander
* Jim Ahlstrom
* Fred Allen
* A. Amoroso
* Pehr Anderson
* Oliver Andrich
* Heidi Annexstad
* Jesús Cea Avión
* Daniel Barclay
* Chris Barker
* Don Bashford
* Anthony Baxter
* Alexander Belopolsky
* Bennett Benson
* Jonathan Black
* Robin Boerdijk
* Michal Bozon
* Aaron Brancotti
* Georg Brandl
* Keith Briggs
* Ian Bruntlett
* Lee Busby
* Lorenzo M. Catucci
* Carl Cerecke
* Mauro Cicognini
* Gilles Civario
* Mike Clarkson
* Steve Clift
* Dave Cole
* Matthew Cowles
* Jeremy Craven
* Andrew Dalke
* Ben Darnell
* L. Peter Deutsch
* Robert Donohue
* Fred L. Drake, Jr.
* Josip Dzolonga
* Jeff Epler
* Michael Ernst
* Blame Andy Eskilsson
* Carey Evans
* Martijn Faassen
* Carl Feynman
* Dan Finnie
* Hernán Martínez Foffani
* Stefan Franke
* Jim Fulton
* Peter Funk
* Lele Gaifax
* Matthew Gallagher
* Gabriel Genellina
* Ben Gertzfield
* Nadim Ghaznavi
* Jonathan Giddy
* Shelley Gooch
* Nathaniel Gray
* Grant Griffin
* Thomas Guettler
* Anders Hammarquist
* Mark Hammond
* Harald Hanche-Olsen
* Manus Hand
* Gerhard Häring
* Travis B. Hartwell
* Tim Hatch
* Janko Hauser
* Thomas Heller
* Bernhard Herzog
* Magnus L. Hetland
* Konrad Hinsen
* Stefan Hoffmeister
* Albert Hofkamp
* Gregor Hoffleit
* Steve Holden
* Thomas Holenstein
* Gerrit Holl
* Rob Hooft
* Brian Hooper
* Randall Hopper
* Michael Hudson
* Eric Huss
* Jeremy Hylton
* Roger Irwin
* Jack Jansen
* Philip H. Jensen
* Pedro Diaz Jimenez
* Kent Johnson
* Lucas de Jonge
* Andreas Jung
* Robert Kern
* Jim Kerr
* Jan Kim
* Greg Kochanski
* Guido Kollerie
* Peter A. Koren
* Daniel Kozan
* Andrew M. Kuchling
* Dave Kuhlman
* Erno Kuusela
* Thomas Lamb
* Detlef Lannert
* Piers Lauder
* Glyph Lefkowitz
* Robert Lehmann
* Marc-André Lemburg
* Ross Light
* Ulf A. Lindgren
* Everett Lipman
* Mirko Liss
* Martin von Löwis
* Fredrik Lundh
* Jeff MacDonald
* John Machin
* Andrew MacIntyre
* Vladimir Marangozov
* Vincent Marchetti
* Laura Matson
* Daniel May
* Rebecca McCreary
* Doug Mennella
* Paolo Milani
* Skip Montanaro
* Paul Moore
* Ross Moore
* Sjoerd Mullender
* Dale Nagata
* Ng Pheng Siong
* Koray Oner
* Tomas Oppelstrup
* Denis S. Otkidach
* Zooko O'Whielacronx
* Shriphani Palakodety
* William Park
* Joonas Paalasmaa
* Harri Pasanen
* Bo Peng
* Tim Peters
* Benjamin Peterson
* Christopher Petrilli
* Justin D. Pettit
* Chris Phoenix
* François Pinard
* Paul Prescod
* Eric S. Raymond
* Edward K. Ream
* Sean Reifschneider
* Bernhard Reiter
* Armin Rigo
* Wes Rishel
* Armin Ronacher
* Jim Roskind
* Guido van Rossum
* Donald Wallace Rouse II
* Mark Russell
* Nick Russo
* Chris Ryland
* Constantina S.
* Hugh Sasse
* Bob Savage
* Scott Schram
* Neil Schemenauer
* Barry Scott
* Joakim Sernbrant
* Justin Sheehy
* Charlie Shepherd
* Michael Simcich
* Ionel Simionescu
* Michael Sloan
* Gregory P. Smith
* Roy Smith
* Clay Spence
* Nicholas Spies
* Tage Stabell-Kulo
* Frank Stajano
* Anthony Starks
* Greg Stein
* Peter Stoehr
* Mark Summerfield
* Reuben Sumner
* Kalle Svensson
* Jim Tittsler
* David Turner
* Ville Vainio
* Martijn Vries
* Charles G. Waldman
* Greg Ward
* Barry Warsaw
* Corran Webster
* Glyn Webster
* Bob Weiner
* Eddy Welbourne
* Jeff Wheeler
* Mats Wichmann
* Gerry Wiener
* Timothy Wild
* Collin Winter
* Blake Winton
* Dan Wolfe
* Steven Work
* Thomas Wouters
* Ka-Ping Yee
* Rory Yorke
* Moshe Zadka
* Milan Zamazal
* Cheng Zhang

175
2.6/Python-2.6.9/Doc/Makefile
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@ -1,175 +0,0 @@
#
# Makefile for Python documentation
# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
#
# You can set these variables from the command line.
PYTHON = python
SVNROOT = http://svn.python.org/projects
SPHINXOPTS =
PAPER =
SOURCES =
DISTVERSION = $(shell $(PYTHON) tools/sphinxext/patchlevel.py)
ALLSPHINXOPTS = -b $(BUILDER) -d build/doctrees -D latex_paper_size=$(PAPER) \
$(SPHINXOPTS) . build/$(BUILDER) $(SOURCES)
.PHONY: help checkout update build html htmlhelp latex text changes linkcheck \
suspicious coverage doctest pydoc-topics htmlview clean dist check serve \
autobuild-dev autobuild-stable
help:
@echo "Please use \`make <target>' where <target> is one of"
@echo " clean to remove build files"
@echo " update to update build tools"
@echo " html to make standalone HTML files"
@echo " htmlhelp to make HTML files and a HTML help project"
@echo " latex to make LaTeX files, you can set PAPER=a4 or PAPER=letter"
@echo " text to make plain text files"
@echo " changes to make an overview over all changed/added/deprecated items"
@echo " linkcheck to check all external links for integrity"
@echo " coverage to check documentation coverage for library and C API"
@echo " doctest to run doctests in the documentation"
@echo " pydoc-topics to regenerate the pydoc topics file"
@echo " dist to create a \"dist\" directory with archived docs for download"
@echo " suspicious to check for suspicious markup in output text"
@echo " check to run a check for frequent markup errors"
# Note: if you update versions here, do the same in make.bat and README.txt
checkout:
@if [ ! -d tools/sphinx ]; then \
echo "Checking out Sphinx..."; \
svn checkout $(SVNROOT)/external/Sphinx-0.6.5/sphinx tools/sphinx; \
fi
@if [ ! -d tools/docutils ]; then \
echo "Checking out Docutils..."; \
svn checkout $(SVNROOT)/external/docutils-0.6/docutils tools/docutils; \
fi
@if [ ! -d tools/jinja2 ]; then \
echo "Checking out Jinja..."; \
svn checkout $(SVNROOT)/external/Jinja-2.3.1/jinja2 tools/jinja2; \
fi
@if [ ! -d tools/pygments ]; then \
echo "Checking out Pygments..."; \
svn checkout $(SVNROOT)/external/Pygments-1.3.1/pygments tools/pygments; \
fi
update: clean checkout
build: checkout
mkdir -p build/$(BUILDER) build/doctrees
$(PYTHON) tools/sphinx-build.py $(ALLSPHINXOPTS)
@echo
html: BUILDER = html
html: build
@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in build/html."
htmlhelp: BUILDER = htmlhelp
htmlhelp: build
@echo "Build finished; now you can run HTML Help Workshop with the" \
"build/htmlhelp/pydoc.hhp project file."
latex: BUILDER = latex
latex: build
@echo "Build finished; the LaTeX files are in build/latex."
@echo "Run \`make all-pdf' or \`make all-ps' in that directory to" \
"run these through (pdf)latex."
text: BUILDER = text
text: build
@echo "Build finished; the text files are in build/text."
changes: BUILDER = changes
changes: build
@echo "The overview file is in build/changes."
linkcheck: BUILDER = linkcheck
linkcheck: build
@echo "Link check complete; look for any errors in the above output " \
"or in build/$(BUILDER)/output.txt"
suspicious: BUILDER = suspicious
suspicious: build
@echo "Suspicious check complete; look for any errors in the above output " \
"or in build/$(BUILDER)/suspicious.txt"
coverage: BUILDER = coverage
coverage: build
@echo "Coverage finished; see c.txt and python.txt in build/coverage"
doctest: BUILDER = doctest
doctest: build
@echo "Testing of doctests in the sources finished, look at the " \
"results in build/doctest/output.txt"
pydoc-topics: BUILDER = pydoc-topics
pydoc-topics: build
@echo "Building finished; now copy build/pydoc-topics/pydoc_topics.py " \
"into the Lib/ directory"
htmlview: html
$(PYTHON) -c "import webbrowser; webbrowser.open('build/html/index.html')"
clean:
-rm -rf build/*
-rm -rf tools/sphinx
-rm -rf tools/pygments
-rm -rf tools/jinja2
-rm -rf tools/docutils
dist:
-rm -rf dist
mkdir -p dist
# archive the HTML
make html
cp -pPR build/html dist/python-$(DISTVERSION)-docs-html
tar -C dist -cf dist/python-$(DISTVERSION)-docs-html.tar python-$(DISTVERSION)-docs-html
bzip2 -9 -k dist/python-$(DISTVERSION)-docs-html.tar
(cd dist; zip -q -r -9 python-$(DISTVERSION)-docs-html.zip python-$(DISTVERSION)-docs-html)
rm -r dist/python-$(DISTVERSION)-docs-html
rm dist/python-$(DISTVERSION)-docs-html.tar
# archive the text build
make text
cp -pPR build/text dist/python-$(DISTVERSION)-docs-text
tar -C dist -cf dist/python-$(DISTVERSION)-docs-text.tar python-$(DISTVERSION)-docs-text
bzip2 -9 -k dist/python-$(DISTVERSION)-docs-text.tar
(cd dist; zip -q -r -9 python-$(DISTVERSION)-docs-text.zip python-$(DISTVERSION)-docs-text)
rm -r dist/python-$(DISTVERSION)-docs-text
rm dist/python-$(DISTVERSION)-docs-text.tar
# archive the A4 latex
-rm -r build/latex
make latex PAPER=a4
-sed -i 's/makeindex/makeindex -q/' build/latex/Makefile
(cd build/latex; make clean && make all-pdf && make FMT=pdf zip bz2)
cp build/latex/docs-pdf.zip dist/python-$(DISTVERSION)-docs-pdf-a4.zip
cp build/latex/docs-pdf.tar.bz2 dist/python-$(DISTVERSION)-docs-pdf-a4.tar.bz2
# archive the letter latex
rm -r build/latex
make latex PAPER=letter
-sed -i 's/makeindex/makeindex -q/' build/latex/Makefile
(cd build/latex; make clean && make all-pdf && make FMT=pdf zip bz2)
cp build/latex/docs-pdf.zip dist/python-$(DISTVERSION)-docs-pdf-letter.zip
cp build/latex/docs-pdf.tar.bz2 dist/python-$(DISTVERSION)-docs-pdf-letter.tar.bz2
check:
$(PYTHON) tools/rstlint.py -i tools
# Targets for daily automated doc build
# for development releases: always build
autobuild-dev:
make update
make dist SPHINXOPTS='-A daily=1 -A versionswitcher=1'
# for stable releases: only build if not in pre-release stage (alpha, beta, rc)
autobuild-stable:
@case $(DISTVERSION) in *[abc]*) \
echo "Not building; $(DISTVERSION) is not a release version."; \
exit 1;; \
esac
@make autobuild-dev

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Python Documentation README
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This directory contains the reStructuredText (reST) sources to the Python
documentation. You don't need to build them yourself, prebuilt versions are
available at http://docs.python.org/download/.
Documentation on the authoring Python documentation, including information about
both style and markup, is available in the "Documenting Python" chapter of the
documentation. There's also a chapter intended to point out differences to
those familiar with the previous docs written in LaTeX.
Building the docs
=================
You need to have Python 2.4 or higher installed; the toolset used to build the
docs is written in Python. It is called *Sphinx*, it is not included in this
tree, but maintained separately. Also needed are the docutils, supplying the
base markup that Sphinx uses, Jinja, a templating engine, and optionally
Pygments, a code highlighter.
Using make
----------
Luckily, a Makefile has been prepared so that on Unix, provided you have
installed Python and Subversion, you can just run ::
make html
to check out the necessary toolset in the `tools/` subdirectory and build the
HTML output files. To view the generated HTML, point your favorite browser at
the top-level index `build/html/index.html` after running "make".
Available make targets are:
* "html", which builds standalone HTML files for offline viewing.
* "htmlhelp", which builds HTML files and a HTML Help project file usable to
convert them into a single Compiled HTML (.chm) file -- these are popular
under Microsoft Windows, but very handy on every platform.
To create the CHM file, you need to run the Microsoft HTML Help Workshop over
the generated project (.hhp) file.
* "latex", which builds LaTeX source files as input to "pdflatex" to produce
PDF documents.
* "text", which builds a plain text file for each source file.
* "linkcheck", which checks all external references to see whether they are
broken, redirected or malformed, and outputs this information to stdout as
well as a plain-text (.txt) file.
* "changes", which builds an overview over all versionadded/versionchanged/
deprecated items in the current version. This is meant as a help for the
writer of the "What's New" document.
* "coverage", which builds a coverage overview for standard library modules and
C API.
* "pydoc-topics", which builds a Python module containing a dictionary with
plain text documentation for the labels defined in
`tools/sphinxext/pyspecific.py` -- pydoc needs these to show topic and
keyword help.
A "make update" updates the Subversion checkouts in `tools/`.
Without make
------------
You'll need to install the Sphinx package, either by checking it out via ::
svn co http://svn.python.org/projects/external/Sphinx-0.6.5/sphinx tools/sphinx
or by installing it from PyPI.
Then, you need to install Docutils, either by checking it out via ::
svn co http://svn.python.org/projects/external/docutils-0.6/docutils tools/docutils
or by installing it from http://docutils.sf.net/.
You also need Jinja2, either by checking it out via ::
svn co http://svn.python.org/projects/external/Jinja-2.3.1/jinja2 tools/jinja2
or by installing it from PyPI.
You can optionally also install Pygments, either as a checkout via ::
svn co http://svn.python.org/projects/external/Pygments-1.3.1/pygments tools/pygments
or from PyPI at http://pypi.python.org/pypi/Pygments.
Then, make an output directory, e.g. under `build/`, and run ::
python tools/sphinx-build.py -b<builder> . build/<outputdirectory>
where `<builder>` is one of html, text, latex, or htmlhelp (for explanations see
the make targets above).
Contributing
============
Bugs in the content should be reported to the Python bug tracker at
http://bugs.python.org.
Bugs in the toolset should be reported in the Sphinx bug tracker at
http://www.bitbucket.org/birkenfeld/sphinx/issues/.
You can also send a mail to the Python Documentation Team at docs@python.org,
and we will process your request as soon as possible.
If you want to help the Documentation Team, you are always welcome. Just send
a mail to docs@python.org.
Copyright notice
================
The Python source is copyrighted, but you can freely use and copy it
as long as you don't change or remove the copyright notice:
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Copyright (c) 2000-2013 Python Software Foundation.
All rights reserved.
Copyright (c) 2000 BeOpen.com.
All rights reserved.
Copyright (c) 1995-2000 Corporation for National Research Initiatives.
All rights reserved.
Copyright (c) 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum.
All rights reserved.
See the file "license.rst" for information on usage and redistribution
of this file, and for a DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

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=====================
About these documents
=====================
These documents are generated from `reStructuredText`_ sources by `Sphinx`_, a
document processor specifically written for the Python documentation.
.. _reStructuredText: http://docutils.sf.net/rst.html
.. _Sphinx: http://sphinx.pocoo.org/
.. In the online version of these documents, you can submit comments and suggest
changes directly on the documentation pages.
Development of the documentation and its toolchain takes place on the
docs@python.org mailing list. We're always looking for volunteers wanting
to help with the docs, so feel free to send a mail there!
Many thanks go to:
* Fred L. Drake, Jr., the creator of the original Python documentation toolset
and writer of much of the content;
* the `Docutils <http://docutils.sf.net/>`_ project for creating
reStructuredText and the Docutils suite;
* Fredrik Lundh for his `Alternative Python Reference
<http://effbot.org/zone/pyref.htm>`_ project from which Sphinx got many good
ideas.
See :ref:`reporting-bugs` for information how to report bugs in this
documentation, or Python itself.
.. including the ACKS file here so that it can be maintained separately
.. include:: ACKS.txt
It is only with the input and contributions of the Python community
that Python has such wonderful documentation -- Thank You!

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.. _reporting-bugs:
**************
Reporting Bugs
**************
Python is a mature programming language which has established a reputation for
stability. In order to maintain this reputation, the developers would like to
know of any deficiencies you find in Python.
Documentation bugs
==================
If you find a bug in this documentation or would like to propose an improvement,
please send an e-mail to docs@python.org describing the bug and where you found
it. If you have a suggestion how to fix it, include that as well.
docs@python.org is a mailing list run by volunteers; your request will be
noticed, even if it takes a while to be processed.
Of course, if you want a more persistent record of your issue, you can use the
issue tracker for documentation bugs as well.
Using the Python issue tracker
==============================
Bug reports for Python itself should be submitted via the Python Bug Tracker
(http://bugs.python.org/). The bug tracker offers a Web form which allows
pertinent information to be entered and submitted to the developers.
The first step in filing a report is to determine whether the problem has
already been reported. The advantage in doing so, aside from saving the
developers time, is that you learn what has been done to fix it; it may be that
the problem has already been fixed for the next release, or additional
information is needed (in which case you are welcome to provide it if you can!).
To do this, search the bug database using the search box on the top of the page.
If the problem you're reporting is not already in the bug tracker, go back to
the Python Bug Tracker and log in. If you don't already have a tracker account,
select the "Register" link or, if you use OpenID, one of the OpenID provider
logos in the sidebar. It is not possible to submit a bug report anonymously.
Being now logged in, you can submit a bug. Select the "Create New" link in the
sidebar to open the bug reporting form.
The submission form has a number of fields. For the "Title" field, enter a
*very* short description of the problem; less than ten words is good. In the
"Type" field, select the type of your problem; also select the "Component" and
"Versions" to which the bug relates.
In the "Comment" field, describe the problem in detail, including what you
expected to happen and what did happen. Be sure to include whether any
extension modules were involved, and what hardware and software platform you
were using (including version information as appropriate).
Each bug report will be assigned to a developer who will determine what needs to
be done to correct the problem. You will receive an update each time action is
taken on the bug. See http://www.python.org/dev/workflow/ for a detailed
description of the issue workflow.
.. seealso::
`How to Report Bugs Effectively <http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/bugs.html>`_
Article which goes into some detail about how to create a useful bug report.
This describes what kind of information is useful and why it is useful.
`Bug Writing Guidelines <http://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Bug_writing_guidelines>`_
Information about writing a good bug report. Some of this is specific to the
Mozilla project, but describes general good practices.

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.. highlightlang:: c
.. _abstract:
**********************
Abstract Objects Layer
**********************
The functions in this chapter interact with Python objects regardless of their
type, or with wide classes of object types (e.g. all numerical types, or all
sequence types). When used on object types for which they do not apply, they
will raise a Python exception.
It is not possible to use these functions on objects that are not properly
initialized, such as a list object that has been created by :cfunc:`PyList_New`,
but whose items have not been set to some non-\ ``NULL`` value yet.
.. toctree::
object.rst
number.rst
sequence.rst
mapping.rst
iter.rst
objbuffer.rst

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.. highlightlang:: c
.. _allocating-objects:
Allocating Objects on the Heap
==============================
.. cfunction:: PyObject* _PyObject_New(PyTypeObject *type)
.. cfunction:: PyVarObject* _PyObject_NewVar(PyTypeObject *type, Py_ssize_t size)
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :ctype:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. cfunction:: void _PyObject_Del(PyObject *op)
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyObject_Init(PyObject *op, PyTypeObject *type)
Initialize a newly-allocated object *op* with its type and initial
reference. Returns the initialized object. If *type* indicates that the
object participates in the cyclic garbage detector, it is added to the
detector's set of observed objects. Other fields of the object are not
affected.
.. cfunction:: PyVarObject* PyObject_InitVar(PyVarObject *op, PyTypeObject *type, Py_ssize_t size)
This does everything :cfunc:`PyObject_Init` does, and also initializes the
length information for a variable-size object.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :ctype:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. cfunction:: TYPE* PyObject_New(TYPE, PyTypeObject *type)
Allocate a new Python object using the C structure type *TYPE* and the
Python type object *type*. Fields not defined by the Python object header
are not initialized; the object's reference count will be one. The size of
the memory allocation is determined from the :attr:`tp_basicsize` field of
the type object.
.. cfunction:: TYPE* PyObject_NewVar(TYPE, PyTypeObject *type, Py_ssize_t size)
Allocate a new Python object using the C structure type *TYPE* and the
Python type object *type*. Fields not defined by the Python object header
are not initialized. The allocated memory allows for the *TYPE* structure
plus *size* fields of the size given by the :attr:`tp_itemsize` field of
*type*. This is useful for implementing objects like tuples, which are
able to determine their size at construction time. Embedding the array of
fields into the same allocation decreases the number of allocations,
improving the memory management efficiency.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :ctype:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. cfunction:: void PyObject_Del(PyObject *op)
Releases memory allocated to an object using :cfunc:`PyObject_New` or
:cfunc:`PyObject_NewVar`. This is normally called from the
:attr:`tp_dealloc` handler specified in the object's type. The fields of
the object should not be accessed after this call as the memory is no
longer a valid Python object.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* Py_InitModule(char *name, PyMethodDef *methods)
Create a new module object based on a name and table of functions,
returning the new module object.
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
Older versions of Python did not support *NULL* as the value for the
*methods* argument.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* Py_InitModule3(char *name, PyMethodDef *methods, char *doc)
Create a new module object based on a name and table of functions,
returning the new module object. If *doc* is non-*NULL*, it will be used
to define the docstring for the module.
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
Older versions of Python did not support *NULL* as the value for the
*methods* argument.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* Py_InitModule4(char *name, PyMethodDef *methods, char *doc, PyObject *self, int apiver)
Create a new module object based on a name and table of functions,
returning the new module object. If *doc* is non-*NULL*, it will be used
to define the docstring for the module. If *self* is non-*NULL*, it will
passed to the functions of the module as their (otherwise *NULL*) first
parameter. (This was added as an experimental feature, and there are no
known uses in the current version of Python.) For *apiver*, the only value
which should be passed is defined by the constant
:const:`PYTHON_API_VERSION`.
.. note::
Most uses of this function should probably be using the
:cfunc:`Py_InitModule3` instead; only use this if you are sure you need
it.
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
Older versions of Python did not support *NULL* as the value for the
*methods* argument.
.. cvar:: PyObject _Py_NoneStruct
Object which is visible in Python as ``None``. This should only be
accessed using the ``Py_None`` macro, which evaluates to a pointer to this
object.

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.. highlightlang:: c
.. _arg-parsing:
Parsing arguments and building values
=====================================
These functions are useful when creating your own extensions functions and
methods. Additional information and examples are available in
:ref:`extending-index`.
The first three of these functions described, :cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple`,
:cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords`, and :cfunc:`PyArg_Parse`, all use
*format strings* which are used to tell the function about the expected
arguments. The format strings use the same syntax for each of these
functions.
A format string consists of zero or more "format units." A format unit
describes one Python object; it is usually a single character or a
parenthesized sequence of format units. With a few exceptions, a format unit
that is not a parenthesized sequence normally corresponds to a single address
argument to these functions. In the following description, the quoted form is
the format unit; the entry in (round) parentheses is the Python object type
that matches the format unit; and the entry in [square] brackets is the type
of the C variable(s) whose address should be passed.
``s`` (string or Unicode) [const char \*]
Convert a Python string or Unicode object to a C pointer to a character
string. You must not provide storage for the string itself; a pointer to
an existing string is stored into the character pointer variable whose
address you pass. The C string is NUL-terminated. The Python string must
not contain embedded NUL bytes; if it does, a :exc:`TypeError` exception is
raised. Unicode objects are converted to C strings using the default
encoding. If this conversion fails, a :exc:`UnicodeError` is raised.
``s#`` (string, Unicode or any read buffer compatible object) [const char \*, int (or :ctype:`Py_ssize_t`, see below)]
This variant on ``s`` stores into two C variables, the first one a pointer
to a character string, the second one its length. In this case the Python
string may contain embedded null bytes. Unicode objects pass back a
pointer to the default encoded string version of the object if such a
conversion is possible. All other read-buffer compatible objects pass back
a reference to the raw internal data representation.
Starting with Python 2.5 the type of the length argument can be controlled
by defining the macro :cmacro:`PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN` before including
:file:`Python.h`. If the macro is defined, length is a :ctype:`Py_ssize_t`
rather than an int.
``s*`` (string, Unicode, or any buffer compatible object) [Py_buffer]
Similar to ``s#``, this code fills a Py_buffer structure provided by the
caller. The buffer gets locked, so that the caller can subsequently use
the buffer even inside a ``Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS`` block; the caller is
responsible for calling ``PyBuffer_Release`` with the structure after it
has processed the data.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
``z`` (string, Unicode or ``None``) [const char \*]
Like ``s``, but the Python object may also be ``None``, in which case the C
pointer is set to *NULL*.
``z#`` (string, Unicode, ``None`` or any read buffer compatible object) [const char \*, int]
This is to ``s#`` as ``z`` is to ``s``.
``z*`` (string, Unicode, ``None`` or any buffer compatible object) [Py_buffer]
This is to ``s*`` as ``z`` is to ``s``.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
``u`` (Unicode) [Py_UNICODE \*]
Convert a Python Unicode object to a C pointer to a NUL-terminated buffer
of 16-bit Unicode (UTF-16) data. As with ``s``, there is no need to
provide storage for the Unicode data buffer; a pointer to the existing
Unicode data is stored into the :ctype:`Py_UNICODE` pointer variable whose
address you pass.
``u#`` (Unicode) [Py_UNICODE \*, int]
This variant on ``u`` stores into two C variables, the first one a pointer
to a Unicode data buffer, the second one its length. Non-Unicode objects
are handled by interpreting their read-buffer pointer as pointer to a
:ctype:`Py_UNICODE` array.
``es`` (string, Unicode or character buffer compatible object) [const char \*encoding, char \*\*buffer]
This variant on ``s`` is used for encoding Unicode and objects convertible
to Unicode into a character buffer. It only works for encoded data without
embedded NUL bytes.
This format requires two arguments. The first is only used as input, and
must be a :ctype:`const char\*` which points to the name of an encoding as
a NUL-terminated string, or *NULL*, in which case the default encoding is
used. An exception is raised if the named encoding is not known to Python.
The second argument must be a :ctype:`char\*\*`; the value of the pointer
it references will be set to a buffer with the contents of the argument
text. The text will be encoded in the encoding specified by the first
argument.
:cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple` will allocate a buffer of the needed size, copy
the encoded data into this buffer and adjust *\*buffer* to reference the
newly allocated storage. The caller is responsible for calling
:cfunc:`PyMem_Free` to free the allocated buffer after use.
``et`` (string, Unicode or character buffer compatible object) [const char \*encoding, char \*\*buffer]
Same as ``es`` except that 8-bit string objects are passed through without
recoding them. Instead, the implementation assumes that the string object
uses the encoding passed in as parameter.
``es#`` (string, Unicode or character buffer compatible object) [const char \*encoding, char \*\*buffer, int \*buffer_length]
This variant on ``s#`` is used for encoding Unicode and objects convertible
to Unicode into a character buffer. Unlike the ``es`` format, this variant
allows input data which contains NUL characters.
It requires three arguments. The first is only used as input, and must be
a :ctype:`const char\*` which points to the name of an encoding as a
NUL-terminated string, or *NULL*, in which case the default encoding is
used. An exception is raised if the named encoding is not known to Python.
The second argument must be a :ctype:`char\*\*`; the value of the pointer
it references will be set to a buffer with the contents of the argument
text. The text will be encoded in the encoding specified by the first
argument. The third argument must be a pointer to an integer; the
referenced integer will be set to the number of bytes in the output buffer.
There are two modes of operation:
If *\*buffer* points a *NULL* pointer, the function will allocate a buffer
of the needed size, copy the encoded data into this buffer and set
*\*buffer* to reference the newly allocated storage. The caller is
responsible for calling :cfunc:`PyMem_Free` to free the allocated buffer
after usage.
If *\*buffer* points to a non-*NULL* pointer (an already allocated buffer),
:cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple` will use this location as the buffer and
interpret the initial value of *\*buffer_length* as the buffer size. It
will then copy the encoded data into the buffer and NUL-terminate it. If
the buffer is not large enough, a :exc:`ValueError` will be set.
In both cases, *\*buffer_length* is set to the length of the encoded data
without the trailing NUL byte.
``et#`` (string, Unicode or character buffer compatible object) [const char \*encoding, char \*\*buffer, int \*buffer_length]
Same as ``es#`` except that string objects are passed through without
recoding them. Instead, the implementation assumes that the string object
uses the encoding passed in as parameter.
``b`` (integer) [unsigned char]
Convert a nonnegative Python integer to an unsigned tiny int, stored in a C
:ctype:`unsigned char`.
``B`` (integer) [unsigned char]
Convert a Python integer to a tiny int without overflow checking, stored in
a C :ctype:`unsigned char`.
.. versionadded:: 2.3
``h`` (integer) [short int]
Convert a Python integer to a C :ctype:`short int`.
``H`` (integer) [unsigned short int]
Convert a Python integer to a C :ctype:`unsigned short int`, without
overflow checking.
.. versionadded:: 2.3
``i`` (integer) [int]
Convert a Python integer to a plain C :ctype:`int`.
``I`` (integer) [unsigned int]
Convert a Python integer to a C :ctype:`unsigned int`, without overflow
checking.
.. versionadded:: 2.3
``l`` (integer) [long int]
Convert a Python integer to a C :ctype:`long int`.
``k`` (integer) [unsigned long]
Convert a Python integer or long integer to a C :ctype:`unsigned long`
without overflow checking.
.. versionadded:: 2.3
``L`` (integer) [PY_LONG_LONG]
Convert a Python integer to a C :ctype:`long long`. This format is only
available on platforms that support :ctype:`long long` (or :ctype:`_int64`
on Windows).
``K`` (integer) [unsigned PY_LONG_LONG]
Convert a Python integer or long integer to a C :ctype:`unsigned long long`
without overflow checking. This format is only available on platforms that
support :ctype:`unsigned long long` (or :ctype:`unsigned _int64` on
Windows).
.. versionadded:: 2.3
``n`` (integer) [Py_ssize_t]
Convert a Python integer or long integer to a C :ctype:`Py_ssize_t`.
.. versionadded:: 2.5
``c`` (string of length 1) [char]
Convert a Python character, represented as a string of length 1, to a C
:ctype:`char`.
``f`` (float) [float]
Convert a Python floating point number to a C :ctype:`float`.
``d`` (float) [double]
Convert a Python floating point number to a C :ctype:`double`.
``D`` (complex) [Py_complex]
Convert a Python complex number to a C :ctype:`Py_complex` structure.
``O`` (object) [PyObject \*]
Store a Python object (without any conversion) in a C object pointer. The
C program thus receives the actual object that was passed. The object's
reference count is not increased. The pointer stored is not *NULL*.
``O!`` (object) [*typeobject*, PyObject \*]
Store a Python object in a C object pointer. This is similar to ``O``, but
takes two C arguments: the first is the address of a Python type object,
the second is the address of the C variable (of type :ctype:`PyObject\*`)
into which the object pointer is stored. If the Python object does not
have the required type, :exc:`TypeError` is raised.
``O&`` (object) [*converter*, *anything*]
Convert a Python object to a C variable through a *converter* function.
This takes two arguments: the first is a function, the second is the
address of a C variable (of arbitrary type), converted to :ctype:`void \*`.
The *converter* function in turn is called as follows::
status = converter(object, address);
where *object* is the Python object to be converted and *address* is the
:ctype:`void\*` argument that was passed to the :cfunc:`PyArg_Parse\*`
function. The returned *status* should be ``1`` for a successful
conversion and ``0`` if the conversion has failed. When the conversion
fails, the *converter* function should raise an exception and leave the
content of *address* unmodified.
``S`` (string) [PyStringObject \*]
Like ``O`` but requires that the Python object is a string object. Raises
:exc:`TypeError` if the object is not a string object. The C variable may
also be declared as :ctype:`PyObject\*`.
``U`` (Unicode string) [PyUnicodeObject \*]
Like ``O`` but requires that the Python object is a Unicode object. Raises
:exc:`TypeError` if the object is not a Unicode object. The C variable may
also be declared as :ctype:`PyObject\*`.
``t#`` (read-only character buffer) [char \*, int]
Like ``s#``, but accepts any object which implements the read-only buffer
interface. The :ctype:`char\*` variable is set to point to the first byte
of the buffer, and the :ctype:`int` is set to the length of the buffer.
Only single-segment buffer objects are accepted; :exc:`TypeError` is raised
for all others.
``w`` (read-write character buffer) [char \*]
Similar to ``s``, but accepts any object which implements the read-write
buffer interface. The caller must determine the length of the buffer by
other means, or use ``w#`` instead. Only single-segment buffer objects are
accepted; :exc:`TypeError` is raised for all others.
``w#`` (read-write character buffer) [char \*, Py_ssize_t]
Like ``s#``, but accepts any object which implements the read-write buffer
interface. The :ctype:`char \*` variable is set to point to the first byte
of the buffer, and the :ctype:`Py_ssize_t` is set to the length of the
buffer. Only single-segment buffer objects are accepted; :exc:`TypeError`
is raised for all others.
``w*`` (read-write byte-oriented buffer) [Py_buffer]
This is to ``w`` what ``s*`` is to ``s``.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
``(items)`` (tuple) [*matching-items*]
The object must be a Python sequence whose length is the number of format
units in *items*. The C arguments must correspond to the individual format
units in *items*. Format units for sequences may be nested.
.. note::
Prior to Python version 1.5.2, this format specifier only accepted a
tuple containing the individual parameters, not an arbitrary sequence.
Code which previously caused :exc:`TypeError` to be raised here may now
proceed without an exception. This is not expected to be a problem for
existing code.
It is possible to pass Python long integers where integers are requested;
however no proper range checking is done --- the most significant bits are
silently truncated when the receiving field is too small to receive the value
(actually, the semantics are inherited from downcasts in C --- your mileage
may vary).
A few other characters have a meaning in a format string. These may not occur
inside nested parentheses. They are:
``|``
Indicates that the remaining arguments in the Python argument list are
optional. The C variables corresponding to optional arguments should be
initialized to their default value --- when an optional argument is not
specified, :cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple` does not touch the contents of the
corresponding C variable(s).
``:``
The list of format units ends here; the string after the colon is used as
the function name in error messages (the "associated value" of the
exception that :cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple` raises).
``;``
The list of format units ends here; the string after the semicolon is used
as the error message *instead* of the default error message. ``:`` and
``;`` mutually exclude each other.
Note that any Python object references which are provided to the caller are
*borrowed* references; do not decrement their reference count!
Additional arguments passed to these functions must be addresses of variables
whose type is determined by the format string; these are used to store values
from the input tuple. There are a few cases, as described in the list of
format units above, where these parameters are used as input values; they
should match what is specified for the corresponding format unit in that case.
For the conversion to succeed, the *arg* object must match the format and the
format must be exhausted. On success, the :cfunc:`PyArg_Parse\*` functions
return true, otherwise they return false and raise an appropriate exception.
When the :cfunc:`PyArg_Parse\*` functions fail due to conversion failure in
one of the format units, the variables at the addresses corresponding to that
and the following format units are left untouched.
.. cfunction:: int PyArg_ParseTuple(PyObject *args, const char *format, ...)
Parse the parameters of a function that takes only positional parameters
into local variables. Returns true on success; on failure, it returns
false and raises the appropriate exception.
.. cfunction:: int PyArg_VaParse(PyObject *args, const char *format, va_list vargs)
Identical to :cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple`, except that it accepts a va_list
rather than a variable number of arguments.
.. cfunction:: int PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(PyObject *args, PyObject *kw, const char *format, char *keywords[], ...)
Parse the parameters of a function that takes both positional and keyword
parameters into local variables. Returns true on success; on failure, it
returns false and raises the appropriate exception.
.. cfunction:: int PyArg_VaParseTupleAndKeywords(PyObject *args, PyObject *kw, const char *format, char *keywords[], va_list vargs)
Identical to :cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords`, except that it accepts a
va_list rather than a variable number of arguments.
.. cfunction:: int PyArg_Parse(PyObject *args, const char *format, ...)
Function used to deconstruct the argument lists of "old-style" functions
--- these are functions which use the :const:`METH_OLDARGS` parameter
parsing method. This is not recommended for use in parameter parsing in
new code, and most code in the standard interpreter has been modified to no
longer use this for that purpose. It does remain a convenient way to
decompose other tuples, however, and may continue to be used for that
purpose.
.. cfunction:: int PyArg_UnpackTuple(PyObject *args, const char *name, Py_ssize_t min, Py_ssize_t max, ...)
A simpler form of parameter retrieval which does not use a format string to
specify the types of the arguments. Functions which use this method to
retrieve their parameters should be declared as :const:`METH_VARARGS` in
function or method tables. The tuple containing the actual parameters
should be passed as *args*; it must actually be a tuple. The length of the
tuple must be at least *min* and no more than *max*; *min* and *max* may be
equal. Additional arguments must be passed to the function, each of which
should be a pointer to a :ctype:`PyObject\*` variable; these will be filled
in with the values from *args*; they will contain borrowed references. The
variables which correspond to optional parameters not given by *args* will
not be filled in; these should be initialized by the caller. This function
returns true on success and false if *args* is not a tuple or contains the
wrong number of elements; an exception will be set if there was a failure.
This is an example of the use of this function, taken from the sources for
the :mod:`_weakref` helper module for weak references::
static PyObject *
weakref_ref(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
PyObject *object;
PyObject *callback = NULL;
PyObject *result = NULL;
if (PyArg_UnpackTuple(args, "ref", 1, 2, &object, &callback)) {
result = PyWeakref_NewRef(object, callback);
}
return result;
}
The call to :cfunc:`PyArg_UnpackTuple` in this example is entirely
equivalent to this call to :cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple`::
PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O|O:ref", &object, &callback)
.. versionadded:: 2.2
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :ctype:`int` type for *min* and *max*. This might
require changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* Py_BuildValue(const char *format, ...)
Create a new value based on a format string similar to those accepted by
the :cfunc:`PyArg_Parse\*` family of functions and a sequence of values.
Returns the value or *NULL* in the case of an error; an exception will be
raised if *NULL* is returned.
:cfunc:`Py_BuildValue` does not always build a tuple. It builds a tuple
only if its format string contains two or more format units. If the format
string is empty, it returns ``None``; if it contains exactly one format
unit, it returns whatever object is described by that format unit. To
force it to return a tuple of size 0 or one, parenthesize the format
string.
When memory buffers are passed as parameters to supply data to build
objects, as for the ``s`` and ``s#`` formats, the required data is copied.
Buffers provided by the caller are never referenced by the objects created
by :cfunc:`Py_BuildValue`. In other words, if your code invokes
:cfunc:`malloc` and passes the allocated memory to :cfunc:`Py_BuildValue`,
your code is responsible for calling :cfunc:`free` for that memory once
:cfunc:`Py_BuildValue` returns.
In the following description, the quoted form is the format unit; the entry
in (round) parentheses is the Python object type that the format unit will
return; and the entry in [square] brackets is the type of the C value(s) to
be passed.
The characters space, tab, colon and comma are ignored in format strings
(but not within format units such as ``s#``). This can be used to make
long format strings a tad more readable.
``s`` (string) [char \*]
Convert a null-terminated C string to a Python object. If the C string
pointer is *NULL*, ``None`` is used.
``s#`` (string) [char \*, int]
Convert a C string and its length to a Python object. If the C string
pointer is *NULL*, the length is ignored and ``None`` is returned.
``z`` (string or ``None``) [char \*]
Same as ``s``.
``z#`` (string or ``None``) [char \*, int]
Same as ``s#``.
``u`` (Unicode string) [Py_UNICODE \*]
Convert a null-terminated buffer of Unicode (UCS-2 or UCS-4) data to a
Python Unicode object. If the Unicode buffer pointer is *NULL*,
``None`` is returned.
``u#`` (Unicode string) [Py_UNICODE \*, int]
Convert a Unicode (UCS-2 or UCS-4) data buffer and its length to a
Python Unicode object. If the Unicode buffer pointer is *NULL*, the
length is ignored and ``None`` is returned.
``i`` (integer) [int]
Convert a plain C :ctype:`int` to a Python integer object.
``b`` (integer) [char]
Convert a plain C :ctype:`char` to a Python integer object.
``h`` (integer) [short int]
Convert a plain C :ctype:`short int` to a Python integer object.
``l`` (integer) [long int]
Convert a C :ctype:`long int` to a Python integer object.
``B`` (integer) [unsigned char]
Convert a C :ctype:`unsigned char` to a Python integer object.
``H`` (integer) [unsigned short int]
Convert a C :ctype:`unsigned short int` to a Python integer object.
``I`` (integer/long) [unsigned int]
Convert a C :ctype:`unsigned int` to a Python integer object or a Python
long integer object, if it is larger than ``sys.maxint``.
``k`` (integer/long) [unsigned long]
Convert a C :ctype:`unsigned long` to a Python integer object or a
Python long integer object, if it is larger than ``sys.maxint``.
``L`` (long) [PY_LONG_LONG]
Convert a C :ctype:`long long` to a Python long integer object. Only
available on platforms that support :ctype:`long long`.
``K`` (long) [unsigned PY_LONG_LONG]
Convert a C :ctype:`unsigned long long` to a Python long integer object.
Only available on platforms that support :ctype:`unsigned long long`.
``n`` (int) [Py_ssize_t]
Convert a C :ctype:`Py_ssize_t` to a Python integer or long integer.
.. versionadded:: 2.5
``c`` (string of length 1) [char]
Convert a C :ctype:`int` representing a character to a Python string of
length 1.
``d`` (float) [double]
Convert a C :ctype:`double` to a Python floating point number.
``f`` (float) [float]
Same as ``d``.
``D`` (complex) [Py_complex \*]
Convert a C :ctype:`Py_complex` structure to a Python complex number.
``O`` (object) [PyObject \*]
Pass a Python object untouched (except for its reference count, which is
incremented by one). If the object passed in is a *NULL* pointer, it is
assumed that this was caused because the call producing the argument
found an error and set an exception. Therefore, :cfunc:`Py_BuildValue`
will return *NULL* but won't raise an exception. If no exception has
been raised yet, :exc:`SystemError` is set.
``S`` (object) [PyObject \*]
Same as ``O``.
``N`` (object) [PyObject \*]
Same as ``O``, except it doesn't increment the reference count on the
object. Useful when the object is created by a call to an object
constructor in the argument list.
``O&`` (object) [*converter*, *anything*]
Convert *anything* to a Python object through a *converter* function.
The function is called with *anything* (which should be compatible with
:ctype:`void \*`) as its argument and should return a "new" Python
object, or *NULL* if an error occurred.
``(items)`` (tuple) [*matching-items*]
Convert a sequence of C values to a Python tuple with the same number of
items.
``[items]`` (list) [*matching-items*]
Convert a sequence of C values to a Python list with the same number of
items.
``{items}`` (dictionary) [*matching-items*]
Convert a sequence of C values to a Python dictionary. Each pair of
consecutive C values adds one item to the dictionary, serving as key and
value, respectively.
If there is an error in the format string, the :exc:`SystemError` exception
is set and *NULL* returned.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* Py_VaBuildValue(const char *format, va_list vargs)
Identical to :cfunc:`Py_BuildValue`, except that it accepts a va_list
rather than a variable number of arguments.

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@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
.. highlightlang:: c
.. _boolobjects:
Boolean Objects
---------------
Booleans in Python are implemented as a subclass of integers. There are only
two booleans, :const:`Py_False` and :const:`Py_True`. As such, the normal
creation and deletion functions don't apply to booleans. The following macros
are available, however.
.. cfunction:: int PyBool_Check(PyObject *o)
Return true if *o* is of type :cdata:`PyBool_Type`.
.. versionadded:: 2.3
.. cvar:: PyObject* Py_False
The Python ``False`` object. This object has no methods. It needs to be
treated just like any other object with respect to reference counts.
.. cvar:: PyObject* Py_True
The Python ``True`` object. This object has no methods. It needs to be treated
just like any other object with respect to reference counts.
.. cmacro:: Py_RETURN_FALSE
Return :const:`Py_False` from a function, properly incrementing its reference
count.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cmacro:: Py_RETURN_TRUE
Return :const:`Py_True` from a function, properly incrementing its reference
count.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyBool_FromLong(long v)
Return a new reference to :const:`Py_True` or :const:`Py_False` depending on the
truth value of *v*.
.. versionadded:: 2.3

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.. highlightlang:: c
.. _bufferobjects:
Buffer Objects
--------------
.. sectionauthor:: Greg Stein <gstein@lyra.org>
.. index::
object: buffer
single: buffer interface
Python objects implemented in C can export a group of functions called the
"buffer interface." These functions can be used by an object to expose its
data in a raw, byte-oriented format. Clients of the object can use the buffer
interface to access the object data directly, without needing to copy it
first.
Two examples of objects that support the buffer interface are strings and
arrays. The string object exposes the character contents in the buffer
interface's byte-oriented form. An array can also expose its contents, but it
should be noted that array elements may be multi-byte values.
An example user of the buffer interface is the file object's :meth:`write`
method. Any object that can export a series of bytes through the buffer
interface can be written to a file. There are a number of format codes to
:cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple` that operate against an object's buffer interface,
returning data from the target object.
Starting from version 1.6, Python has been providing Python-level buffer
objects and a C-level buffer API so that any built-in or used-defined type can
expose its characteristics. Both, however, have been deprecated because of
various shortcomings, and have been officially removed in Python 3.0 in favour
of a new C-level buffer API and a new Python-level object named
:class:`memoryview`.
The new buffer API has been backported to Python 2.6, and the
:class:`memoryview` object has been backported to Python 2.7. It is strongly
advised to use them rather than the old APIs, unless you are blocked from
doing so for compatibility reasons.
The new-style Py_buffer struct
==============================
.. ctype:: Py_buffer
.. cmember:: void *buf
A pointer to the start of the memory for the object.
.. cmember:: Py_ssize_t len
:noindex:
The total length of the memory in bytes.
.. cmember:: int readonly
An indicator of whether the buffer is read only.
.. cmember:: const char *format
:noindex:
A *NULL* terminated string in :mod:`struct` module style syntax giving
the contents of the elements available through the buffer. If this is
*NULL*, ``"B"`` (unsigned bytes) is assumed.
.. cmember:: int ndim
The number of dimensions the memory represents as a multi-dimensional
array. If it is 0, :cdata:`strides` and :cdata:`suboffsets` must be
*NULL*.
.. cmember:: Py_ssize_t *shape
An array of :ctype:`Py_ssize_t`\s the length of :cdata:`ndim` giving the
shape of the memory as a multi-dimensional array. Note that
``((*shape)[0] * ... * (*shape)[ndims-1])*itemsize`` should be equal to
:cdata:`len`.
.. cmember:: Py_ssize_t *strides
An array of :ctype:`Py_ssize_t`\s the length of :cdata:`ndim` giving the
number of bytes to skip to get to a new element in each dimension.
.. cmember:: Py_ssize_t *suboffsets
An array of :ctype:`Py_ssize_t`\s the length of :cdata:`ndim`. If these
suboffset numbers are greater than or equal to 0, then the value stored
along the indicated dimension is a pointer and the suboffset value
dictates how many bytes to add to the pointer after de-referencing. A
suboffset value that it negative indicates that no de-referencing should
occur (striding in a contiguous memory block).
Here is a function that returns a pointer to the element in an N-D array
pointed to by an N-dimesional index when there are both non-NULL strides
and suboffsets::
void *get_item_pointer(int ndim, void *buf, Py_ssize_t *strides,
Py_ssize_t *suboffsets, Py_ssize_t *indices) {
char *pointer = (char*)buf;
int i;
for (i = 0; i < ndim; i++) {
pointer += strides[i] * indices[i];
if (suboffsets[i] >=0 ) {
pointer = *((char**)pointer) + suboffsets[i];
}
}
return (void*)pointer;
}
.. cmember:: Py_ssize_t itemsize
This is a storage for the itemsize (in bytes) of each element of the
shared memory. It is technically un-necessary as it can be obtained
using :cfunc:`PyBuffer_SizeFromFormat`, however an exporter may know
this information without parsing the format string and it is necessary
to know the itemsize for proper interpretation of striding. Therefore,
storing it is more convenient and faster.
.. cmember:: void *internal
This is for use internally by the exporting object. For example, this
might be re-cast as an integer by the exporter and used to store flags
about whether or not the shape, strides, and suboffsets arrays must be
freed when the buffer is released. The consumer should never alter this
value.
Buffer related functions
========================
.. cfunction:: int PyObject_CheckBuffer(PyObject *obj)
Return 1 if *obj* supports the buffer interface otherwise 0.
.. cfunction:: int PyObject_GetBuffer(PyObject *obj, Py_buffer *view, int flags)
Export *obj* into a :ctype:`Py_buffer`, *view*. These arguments must
never be *NULL*. The *flags* argument is a bit field indicating what
kind of buffer the caller is prepared to deal with and therefore what
kind of buffer the exporter is allowed to return. The buffer interface
allows for complicated memory sharing possibilities, but some caller may
not be able to handle all the complexity but may want to see if the
exporter will let them take a simpler view to its memory.
Some exporters may not be able to share memory in every possible way and
may need to raise errors to signal to some consumers that something is
just not possible. These errors should be a :exc:`BufferError` unless
there is another error that is actually causing the problem. The
exporter can use flags information to simplify how much of the
:cdata:`Py_buffer` structure is filled in with non-default values and/or
raise an error if the object can't support a simpler view of its memory.
0 is returned on success and -1 on error.
The following table gives possible values to the *flags* arguments.
+------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Flag | Description |
+==============================+===================================================+
| :cmacro:`PyBUF_SIMPLE` | This is the default flag state. The returned |
| | buffer may or may not have writable memory. The |
| | format of the data will be assumed to be unsigned |
| | bytes. This is a "stand-alone" flag constant. It |
| | never needs to be '|'d to the others. The exporter|
| | will raise an error if it cannot provide such a |
| | contiguous buffer of bytes. |
| | |
+------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| :cmacro:`PyBUF_WRITABLE` | The returned buffer must be writable. If it is |
| | not writable, then raise an error. |
+------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| :cmacro:`PyBUF_STRIDES` | This implies :cmacro:`PyBUF_ND`. The returned |
| | buffer must provide strides information (i.e. the |
| | strides cannot be NULL). This would be used when |
| | the consumer can handle strided, discontiguous |
| | arrays. Handling strides automatically assumes |
| | you can handle shape. The exporter can raise an |
| | error if a strided representation of the data is |
| | not possible (i.e. without the suboffsets). |
| | |
+------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| :cmacro:`PyBUF_ND` | The returned buffer must provide shape |
| | information. The memory will be assumed C-style |
| | contiguous (last dimension varies the |
| | fastest). The exporter may raise an error if it |
| | cannot provide this kind of contiguous buffer. If |
| | this is not given then shape will be *NULL*. |
| | |
| | |
| | |
+------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|:cmacro:`PyBUF_C_CONTIGUOUS` | These flags indicate that the contiguity returned |
|:cmacro:`PyBUF_F_CONTIGUOUS` | buffer must be respectively, C-contiguous (last |
|:cmacro:`PyBUF_ANY_CONTIGUOUS`| dimension varies the fastest), Fortran contiguous |
| | (first dimension varies the fastest) or either |
| | one. All of these flags imply |
| | :cmacro:`PyBUF_STRIDES` and guarantee that the |
| | strides buffer info structure will be filled in |
| | correctly. |
| | |
+------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| :cmacro:`PyBUF_INDIRECT` | This flag indicates the returned buffer must have |
| | suboffsets information (which can be NULL if no |
| | suboffsets are needed). This can be used when |
| | the consumer can handle indirect array |
| | referencing implied by these suboffsets. This |
| | implies :cmacro:`PyBUF_STRIDES`. |
| | |
| | |
| | |
+------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| :cmacro:`PyBUF_FORMAT` | The returned buffer must have true format |
| | information if this flag is provided. This would |
| | be used when the consumer is going to be checking |
| | for what 'kind' of data is actually stored. An |
| | exporter should always be able to provide this |
| | information if requested. If format is not |
| | explicitly requested then the format must be |
| | returned as *NULL* (which means ``'B'``, or |
| | unsigned bytes) |
+------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| :cmacro:`PyBUF_STRIDED` | This is equivalent to ``(PyBUF_STRIDES | |
| | PyBUF_WRITABLE)``. |
+------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| :cmacro:`PyBUF_STRIDED_RO` | This is equivalent to ``(PyBUF_STRIDES)``. |
| | |
+------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| :cmacro:`PyBUF_RECORDS` | This is equivalent to ``(PyBUF_STRIDES | |
| | PyBUF_FORMAT | PyBUF_WRITABLE)``. |
+------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| :cmacro:`PyBUF_RECORDS_RO` | This is equivalent to ``(PyBUF_STRIDES | |
| | PyBUF_FORMAT)``. |
+------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| :cmacro:`PyBUF_FULL` | This is equivalent to ``(PyBUF_INDIRECT | |
| | PyBUF_FORMAT | PyBUF_WRITABLE)``. |
+------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| :cmacro:`PyBUF_FULL_RO` | This is equivalent to ``(PyBUF_INDIRECT | |
| | PyBUF_FORMAT)``. |
+------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| :cmacro:`PyBUF_CONTIG` | This is equivalent to ``(PyBUF_ND | |
| | PyBUF_WRITABLE)``. |
+------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| :cmacro:`PyBUF_CONTIG_RO` | This is equivalent to ``(PyBUF_ND)``. |
| | |
+------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
.. cfunction:: void PyBuffer_Release(Py_buffer *view)
Release the buffer *view*. This should be called when the buffer
is no longer being used as it may free memory from it.
.. cfunction:: Py_ssize_t PyBuffer_SizeFromFormat(const char *)
Return the implied :cdata:`~Py_buffer.itemsize` from the struct-stype
:cdata:`~Py_buffer.format`.
.. cfunction:: int PyObject_CopyToObject(PyObject *obj, void *buf, Py_ssize_t len, char fortran)
Copy *len* bytes of data pointed to by the contiguous chunk of memory
pointed to by *buf* into the buffer exported by obj. The buffer must of
course be writable. Return 0 on success and return -1 and raise an error
on failure. If the object does not have a writable buffer, then an error
is raised. If *fortran* is ``'F'``, then if the object is
multi-dimensional, then the data will be copied into the array in
Fortran-style (first dimension varies the fastest). If *fortran* is
``'C'``, then the data will be copied into the array in C-style (last
dimension varies the fastest). If *fortran* is ``'A'``, then it does not
matter and the copy will be made in whatever way is more efficient.
.. cfunction:: int PyBuffer_IsContiguous(Py_buffer *view, char fortran)
Return 1 if the memory defined by the *view* is C-style (*fortran* is
``'C'``) or Fortran-style (*fortran* is ``'F'``) contiguous or either one
(*fortran* is ``'A'``). Return 0 otherwise.
.. cfunction:: void PyBuffer_FillContiguousStrides(int ndim, Py_ssize_t *shape, Py_ssize_t *strides, Py_ssize_t itemsize, char fortran)
Fill the *strides* array with byte-strides of a contiguous (C-style if
*fortran* is ``'C'`` or Fortran-style if *fortran* is ``'F'`` array of the
given shape with the given number of bytes per element.
.. cfunction:: int PyBuffer_FillInfo(Py_buffer *view, PyObject *obj, void *buf, Py_ssize_t len, int readonly, int infoflags)
Fill in a buffer-info structure, *view*, correctly for an exporter that can
only share a contiguous chunk of memory of "unsigned bytes" of the given
length. Return 0 on success and -1 (with raising an error) on error.
Old-style buffer objects
========================
.. index:: single: PyBufferProcs
More information on the buffer interface is provided in the section
:ref:`buffer-structs`, under the description for :ctype:`PyBufferProcs`.
A "buffer object" is defined in the :file:`bufferobject.h` header (included by
:file:`Python.h`). These objects look very similar to string objects at the
Python programming level: they support slicing, indexing, concatenation, and
some other standard string operations. However, their data can come from one
of two sources: from a block of memory, or from another object which exports
the buffer interface.
Buffer objects are useful as a way to expose the data from another object's
buffer interface to the Python programmer. They can also be used as a
zero-copy slicing mechanism. Using their ability to reference a block of
memory, it is possible to expose any data to the Python programmer quite
easily. The memory could be a large, constant array in a C extension, it could
be a raw block of memory for manipulation before passing to an operating
system library, or it could be used to pass around structured data in its
native, in-memory format.
.. ctype:: PyBufferObject
This subtype of :ctype:`PyObject` represents a buffer object.
.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PyBuffer_Type
.. index:: single: BufferType (in module types)
The instance of :ctype:`PyTypeObject` which represents the Python buffer type;
it is the same object as ``buffer`` and ``types.BufferType`` in the Python
layer. .
.. cvar:: int Py_END_OF_BUFFER
This constant may be passed as the *size* parameter to
:cfunc:`PyBuffer_FromObject` or :cfunc:`PyBuffer_FromReadWriteObject`. It
indicates that the new :ctype:`PyBufferObject` should refer to *base*
object from the specified *offset* to the end of its exported buffer.
Using this enables the caller to avoid querying the *base* object for its
length.
.. cfunction:: int PyBuffer_Check(PyObject *p)
Return true if the argument has type :cdata:`PyBuffer_Type`.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyBuffer_FromObject(PyObject *base, Py_ssize_t offset, Py_ssize_t size)
Return a new read-only buffer object. This raises :exc:`TypeError` if
*base* doesn't support the read-only buffer protocol or doesn't provide
exactly one buffer segment, or it raises :exc:`ValueError` if *offset* is
less than zero. The buffer will hold a reference to the *base* object, and
the buffer's contents will refer to the *base* object's buffer interface,
starting as position *offset* and extending for *size* bytes. If *size* is
:const:`Py_END_OF_BUFFER`, then the new buffer's contents extend to the
length of the *base* object's exported buffer data.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :ctype:`int` type for *offset* and *size*. This
might require changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit
systems.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyBuffer_FromReadWriteObject(PyObject *base, Py_ssize_t offset, Py_ssize_t size)
Return a new writable buffer object. Parameters and exceptions are similar
to those for :cfunc:`PyBuffer_FromObject`. If the *base* object does not
export the writeable buffer protocol, then :exc:`TypeError` is raised.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :ctype:`int` type for *offset* and *size*. This
might require changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit
systems.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyBuffer_FromMemory(void *ptr, Py_ssize_t size)
Return a new read-only buffer object that reads from a specified location
in memory, with a specified size. The caller is responsible for ensuring
that the memory buffer, passed in as *ptr*, is not deallocated while the
returned buffer object exists. Raises :exc:`ValueError` if *size* is less
than zero. Note that :const:`Py_END_OF_BUFFER` may *not* be passed for the
*size* parameter; :exc:`ValueError` will be raised in that case.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :ctype:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyBuffer_FromReadWriteMemory(void *ptr, Py_ssize_t size)
Similar to :cfunc:`PyBuffer_FromMemory`, but the returned buffer is
writable.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :ctype:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyBuffer_New(Py_ssize_t size)
Return a new writable buffer object that maintains its own memory buffer of
*size* bytes. :exc:`ValueError` is returned if *size* is not zero or
positive. Note that the memory buffer (as returned by
:cfunc:`PyObject_AsWriteBuffer`) is not specifically aligned.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :ctype:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.

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.. highlightlang:: c
.. _bytearrayobjects:
Byte Array Objects
------------------
.. index:: object: bytearray
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. ctype:: PyByteArrayObject
This subtype of :ctype:`PyObject` represents a Python bytearray object.
.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PyByteArray_Type
This instance of :ctype:`PyTypeObject` represents the Python bytearray type;
it is the same object as ``bytearray`` in the Python layer.
Type check macros
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. cfunction:: int PyByteArray_Check(PyObject *o)
Return true if the object *o* is a bytearray object or an instance of a
subtype of the bytearray type.
.. cfunction:: int PyByteArray_CheckExact(PyObject *o)
Return true if the object *o* is a bytearray object, but not an instance of a
subtype of the bytearray type.
Direct API functions
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyByteArray_FromObject(PyObject *o)
Return a new bytearray object from any object, *o*, that implements the
buffer protocol.
.. XXX expand about the buffer protocol, at least somewhere
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize(const char *string, Py_ssize_t len)
Create a new bytearray object from *string* and its length, *len*. On
failure, *NULL* is returned.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyByteArray_Concat(PyObject *a, PyObject *b)
Concat bytearrays *a* and *b* and return a new bytearray with the result.
.. cfunction:: Py_ssize_t PyByteArray_Size(PyObject *bytearray)
Return the size of *bytearray* after checking for a *NULL* pointer.
.. cfunction:: char* PyByteArray_AsString(PyObject *bytearray)
Return the contents of *bytearray* as a char array after checking for a
*NULL* pointer.
.. cfunction:: int PyByteArray_Resize(PyObject *bytearray, Py_ssize_t len)
Resize the internal buffer of *bytearray* to *len*.
Macros
^^^^^^
These macros trade safety for speed and they don't check pointers.
.. cfunction:: char* PyByteArray_AS_STRING(PyObject *bytearray)
Macro version of :cfunc:`PyByteArray_AsString`.
.. cfunction:: Py_ssize_t PyByteArray_GET_SIZE(PyObject *bytearray)
Macro version of :cfunc:`PyByteArray_Size`.

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.. highlightlang:: c
.. _cell-objects:
Cell Objects
------------
"Cell" objects are used to implement variables referenced by multiple scopes.
For each such variable, a cell object is created to store the value; the local
variables of each stack frame that references the value contains a reference to
the cells from outer scopes which also use that variable. When the value is
accessed, the value contained in the cell is used instead of the cell object
itself. This de-referencing of the cell object requires support from the
generated byte-code; these are not automatically de-referenced when accessed.
Cell objects are not likely to be useful elsewhere.
.. ctype:: PyCellObject
The C structure used for cell objects.
.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PyCell_Type
The type object corresponding to cell objects.
.. cfunction:: int PyCell_Check(ob)
Return true if *ob* is a cell object; *ob* must not be *NULL*.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyCell_New(PyObject *ob)
Create and return a new cell object containing the value *ob*. The parameter may
be *NULL*.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyCell_Get(PyObject *cell)
Return the contents of the cell *cell*.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyCell_GET(PyObject *cell)
Return the contents of the cell *cell*, but without checking that *cell* is
non-*NULL* and a cell object.
.. cfunction:: int PyCell_Set(PyObject *cell, PyObject *value)
Set the contents of the cell object *cell* to *value*. This releases the
reference to any current content of the cell. *value* may be *NULL*. *cell*
must be non-*NULL*; if it is not a cell object, ``-1`` will be returned. On
success, ``0`` will be returned.
.. cfunction:: void PyCell_SET(PyObject *cell, PyObject *value)
Sets the value of the cell object *cell* to *value*. No reference counts are
adjusted, and no checks are made for safety; *cell* must be non-*NULL* and must
be a cell object.

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.. highlightlang:: c
.. _classobjects:
Class and Instance Objects
--------------------------
.. index:: object: class
Note that the class objects described here represent old-style classes, which
will go away in Python 3. When creating new types for extension modules, you
will want to work with type objects (section :ref:`typeobjects`).
.. ctype:: PyClassObject
The C structure of the objects used to describe built-in classes.
.. cvar:: PyObject* PyClass_Type
.. index:: single: ClassType (in module types)
This is the type object for class objects; it is the same object as
``types.ClassType`` in the Python layer.
.. cfunction:: int PyClass_Check(PyObject *o)
Return true if the object *o* is a class object, including instances of types
derived from the standard class object. Return false in all other cases.
.. cfunction:: int PyClass_IsSubclass(PyObject *klass, PyObject *base)
Return true if *klass* is a subclass of *base*. Return false in all other cases.
.. index:: object: instance
There are very few functions specific to instance objects.
.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PyInstance_Type
Type object for class instances.
.. cfunction:: int PyInstance_Check(PyObject *obj)
Return true if *obj* is an instance.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyInstance_New(PyObject *class, PyObject *arg, PyObject *kw)
Create a new instance of a specific class. The parameters *arg* and *kw* are
used as the positional and keyword parameters to the object's constructor.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyInstance_NewRaw(PyObject *class, PyObject *dict)
Create a new instance of a specific class without calling its constructor.
*class* is the class of new object. The *dict* parameter will be used as the
object's :attr:`__dict__`; if *NULL*, a new dictionary will be created for the
instance.

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.. highlightlang:: c
.. _cobjects:
CObjects
--------
.. index:: object: CObject
Refer to :ref:`using-cobjects` for more information on using these objects.
.. ctype:: PyCObject
This subtype of :ctype:`PyObject` represents an opaque value, useful for C
extension modules who need to pass an opaque value (as a :ctype:`void\*`
pointer) through Python code to other C code. It is often used to make a C
function pointer defined in one module available to other modules, so the
regular import mechanism can be used to access C APIs defined in dynamically
loaded modules.
.. cfunction:: int PyCObject_Check(PyObject *p)
Return true if its argument is a :ctype:`PyCObject`.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyCObject_FromVoidPtr(void* cobj, void (*destr)(void *))
Create a :ctype:`PyCObject` from the ``void *`` *cobj*. The *destr* function
will be called when the object is reclaimed, unless it is *NULL*.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyCObject_FromVoidPtrAndDesc(void* cobj, void* desc, void (*destr)(void *, void *))
Create a :ctype:`PyCObject` from the :ctype:`void \*` *cobj*. The *destr*
function will be called when the object is reclaimed. The *desc* argument can
be used to pass extra callback data for the destructor function.
.. cfunction:: void* PyCObject_AsVoidPtr(PyObject* self)
Return the object :ctype:`void \*` that the :ctype:`PyCObject` *self* was
created with.
.. cfunction:: void* PyCObject_GetDesc(PyObject* self)
Return the description :ctype:`void \*` that the :ctype:`PyCObject` *self* was
created with.
.. cfunction:: int PyCObject_SetVoidPtr(PyObject* self, void* cobj)
Set the void pointer inside *self* to *cobj*. The :ctype:`PyCObject` must not
have an associated destructor. Return true on success, false on failure.

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.. highlightlang:: c
.. _complexobjects:
Complex Number Objects
----------------------
.. index:: object: complex number
Python's complex number objects are implemented as two distinct types when
viewed from the C API: one is the Python object exposed to Python programs, and
the other is a C structure which represents the actual complex number value.
The API provides functions for working with both.
Complex Numbers as C Structures
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Note that the functions which accept these structures as parameters and return
them as results do so *by value* rather than dereferencing them through
pointers. This is consistent throughout the API.
.. ctype:: Py_complex
The C structure which corresponds to the value portion of a Python complex
number object. Most of the functions for dealing with complex number objects
use structures of this type as input or output values, as appropriate. It is
defined as::
typedef struct {
double real;
double imag;
} Py_complex;
.. cfunction:: Py_complex _Py_c_sum(Py_complex left, Py_complex right)
Return the sum of two complex numbers, using the C :ctype:`Py_complex`
representation.
.. cfunction:: Py_complex _Py_c_diff(Py_complex left, Py_complex right)
Return the difference between two complex numbers, using the C
:ctype:`Py_complex` representation.
.. cfunction:: Py_complex _Py_c_neg(Py_complex complex)
Return the negation of the complex number *complex*, using the C
:ctype:`Py_complex` representation.
.. cfunction:: Py_complex _Py_c_prod(Py_complex left, Py_complex right)
Return the product of two complex numbers, using the C :ctype:`Py_complex`
representation.
.. cfunction:: Py_complex _Py_c_quot(Py_complex dividend, Py_complex divisor)
Return the quotient of two complex numbers, using the C :ctype:`Py_complex`
representation.
.. cfunction:: Py_complex _Py_c_pow(Py_complex num, Py_complex exp)
Return the exponentiation of *num* by *exp*, using the C :ctype:`Py_complex`
representation.
Complex Numbers as Python Objects
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. ctype:: PyComplexObject
This subtype of :ctype:`PyObject` represents a Python complex number object.
.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PyComplex_Type
This instance of :ctype:`PyTypeObject` represents the Python complex number
type. It is the same object as ``complex`` and ``types.ComplexType``.
.. cfunction:: int PyComplex_Check(PyObject *p)
Return true if its argument is a :ctype:`PyComplexObject` or a subtype of
:ctype:`PyComplexObject`.
.. versionchanged:: 2.2
Allowed subtypes to be accepted.
.. cfunction:: int PyComplex_CheckExact(PyObject *p)
Return true if its argument is a :ctype:`PyComplexObject`, but not a subtype of
:ctype:`PyComplexObject`.
.. versionadded:: 2.2
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyComplex_FromCComplex(Py_complex v)
Create a new Python complex number object from a C :ctype:`Py_complex` value.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyComplex_FromDoubles(double real, double imag)
Return a new :ctype:`PyComplexObject` object from *real* and *imag*.
.. cfunction:: double PyComplex_RealAsDouble(PyObject *op)
Return the real part of *op* as a C :ctype:`double`.
.. cfunction:: double PyComplex_ImagAsDouble(PyObject *op)
Return the imaginary part of *op* as a C :ctype:`double`.
.. cfunction:: Py_complex PyComplex_AsCComplex(PyObject *op)
Return the :ctype:`Py_complex` value of the complex number *op*.
.. versionchanged:: 2.6
If *op* is not a Python complex number object but has a :meth:`__complex__`
method, this method will first be called to convert *op* to a Python complex
number object.

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.. highlightlang:: c
.. _concrete:
**********************
Concrete Objects Layer
**********************
The functions in this chapter are specific to certain Python object types.
Passing them an object of the wrong type is not a good idea; if you receive an
object from a Python program and you are not sure that it has the right type,
you must perform a type check first; for example, to check that an object is a
dictionary, use :cfunc:`PyDict_Check`. The chapter is structured like the
"family tree" of Python object types.
.. warning::
While the functions described in this chapter carefully check the type of the
objects which are passed in, many of them do not check for *NULL* being passed
instead of a valid object. Allowing *NULL* to be passed in can cause memory
access violations and immediate termination of the interpreter.
.. _fundamental:
Fundamental Objects
===================
This section describes Python type objects and the singleton object ``None``.
.. toctree::
type.rst
none.rst
.. _numericobjects:
Numeric Objects
===============
.. index:: object: numeric
.. toctree::
int.rst
bool.rst
long.rst
float.rst
complex.rst
.. _sequenceobjects:
Sequence Objects
================
.. index:: object: sequence
Generic operations on sequence objects were discussed in the previous chapter;
this section deals with the specific kinds of sequence objects that are
intrinsic to the Python language.
.. toctree::
bytearray.rst
string.rst
unicode.rst
buffer.rst
tuple.rst
list.rst
.. _mapobjects:
Mapping Objects
===============
.. index:: object: mapping
.. toctree::
dict.rst
.. _otherobjects:
Other Objects
=============
.. toctree::
class.rst
function.rst
method.rst
file.rst
module.rst
iterator.rst
descriptor.rst
slice.rst
weakref.rst
cobject.rst
cell.rst
gen.rst
datetime.rst
set.rst

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.. highlightlang:: c
.. _string-conversion:
String conversion and formatting
================================
Functions for number conversion and formatted string output.
.. cfunction:: int PyOS_snprintf(char *str, size_t size, const char *format, ...)
Output not more than *size* bytes to *str* according to the format string
*format* and the extra arguments. See the Unix man page :manpage:`snprintf(2)`.
.. cfunction:: int PyOS_vsnprintf(char *str, size_t size, const char *format, va_list va)
Output not more than *size* bytes to *str* according to the format string
*format* and the variable argument list *va*. Unix man page
:manpage:`vsnprintf(2)`.
:cfunc:`PyOS_snprintf` and :cfunc:`PyOS_vsnprintf` wrap the Standard C library
functions :cfunc:`snprintf` and :cfunc:`vsnprintf`. Their purpose is to
guarantee consistent behavior in corner cases, which the Standard C functions do
not.
The wrappers ensure that *str*[*size*-1] is always ``'\0'`` upon return. They
never write more than *size* bytes (including the trailing ``'\0'`` into str.
Both functions require that ``str != NULL``, ``size > 0`` and ``format !=
NULL``.
If the platform doesn't have :cfunc:`vsnprintf` and the buffer size needed to
avoid truncation exceeds *size* by more than 512 bytes, Python aborts with a
*Py_FatalError*.
The return value (*rv*) for these functions should be interpreted as follows:
* When ``0 <= rv < size``, the output conversion was successful and *rv*
characters were written to *str* (excluding the trailing ``'\0'`` byte at
*str*[*rv*]).
* When ``rv >= size``, the output conversion was truncated and a buffer with
``rv + 1`` bytes would have been needed to succeed. *str*[*size*-1] is ``'\0'``
in this case.
* When ``rv < 0``, "something bad happened." *str*[*size*-1] is ``'\0'`` in
this case too, but the rest of *str* is undefined. The exact cause of the error
depends on the underlying platform.
The following functions provide locale-independent string to number conversions.
.. cfunction:: double PyOS_ascii_strtod(const char *nptr, char **endptr)
Convert a string to a :ctype:`double`. This function behaves like the Standard C
function :cfunc:`strtod` does in the C locale. It does this without changing the
current locale, since that would not be thread-safe.
:cfunc:`PyOS_ascii_strtod` should typically be used for reading configuration
files or other non-user input that should be locale independent.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
See the Unix man page :manpage:`strtod(2)` for details.
.. cfunction:: char * PyOS_ascii_formatd(char *buffer, size_t buf_len, const char *format, double d)
Convert a :ctype:`double` to a string using the ``'.'`` as the decimal
separator. *format* is a :cfunc:`printf`\ -style format string specifying the
number format. Allowed conversion characters are ``'e'``, ``'E'``, ``'f'``,
``'F'``, ``'g'`` and ``'G'``.
The return value is a pointer to *buffer* with the converted string or NULL if
the conversion failed.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cfunction:: double PyOS_ascii_atof(const char *nptr)
Convert a string to a :ctype:`double` in a locale-independent way.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
See the Unix man page :manpage:`atof(2)` for details.
.. cfunction:: char * PyOS_stricmp(char *s1, char *s2)
Case insensitive comparison of strings. The function works almost
identically to :cfunc:`strcmp` except that it ignores the case.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. cfunction:: char * PyOS_strnicmp(char *s1, char *s2, Py_ssize_t size)
Case insensitive comparison of strings. The function works almost
identically to :cfunc:`strncmp` except that it ignores the case.
.. versionadded:: 2.6

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.. highlightlang:: c
.. _datetimeobjects:
DateTime Objects
----------------
Various date and time objects are supplied by the :mod:`datetime` module.
Before using any of these functions, the header file :file:`datetime.h` must be
included in your source (note that this is not included by :file:`Python.h`),
and the macro :cmacro:`PyDateTime_IMPORT` must be invoked, usually as part of
the module initialisation function. The macro puts a pointer to a C structure
into a static variable, :cdata:`PyDateTimeAPI`, that is used by the following
macros.
Type-check macros:
.. cfunction:: int PyDate_Check(PyObject *ob)
Return true if *ob* is of type :cdata:`PyDateTime_DateType` or a subtype of
:cdata:`PyDateTime_DateType`. *ob* must not be *NULL*.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cfunction:: int PyDate_CheckExact(PyObject *ob)
Return true if *ob* is of type :cdata:`PyDateTime_DateType`. *ob* must not be
*NULL*.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cfunction:: int PyDateTime_Check(PyObject *ob)
Return true if *ob* is of type :cdata:`PyDateTime_DateTimeType` or a subtype of
:cdata:`PyDateTime_DateTimeType`. *ob* must not be *NULL*.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cfunction:: int PyDateTime_CheckExact(PyObject *ob)
Return true if *ob* is of type :cdata:`PyDateTime_DateTimeType`. *ob* must not
be *NULL*.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cfunction:: int PyTime_Check(PyObject *ob)
Return true if *ob* is of type :cdata:`PyDateTime_TimeType` or a subtype of
:cdata:`PyDateTime_TimeType`. *ob* must not be *NULL*.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cfunction:: int PyTime_CheckExact(PyObject *ob)
Return true if *ob* is of type :cdata:`PyDateTime_TimeType`. *ob* must not be
*NULL*.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cfunction:: int PyDelta_Check(PyObject *ob)
Return true if *ob* is of type :cdata:`PyDateTime_DeltaType` or a subtype of
:cdata:`PyDateTime_DeltaType`. *ob* must not be *NULL*.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cfunction:: int PyDelta_CheckExact(PyObject *ob)
Return true if *ob* is of type :cdata:`PyDateTime_DeltaType`. *ob* must not be
*NULL*.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cfunction:: int PyTZInfo_Check(PyObject *ob)
Return true if *ob* is of type :cdata:`PyDateTime_TZInfoType` or a subtype of
:cdata:`PyDateTime_TZInfoType`. *ob* must not be *NULL*.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cfunction:: int PyTZInfo_CheckExact(PyObject *ob)
Return true if *ob* is of type :cdata:`PyDateTime_TZInfoType`. *ob* must not be
*NULL*.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
Macros to create objects:
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDate_FromDate(int year, int month, int day)
Return a ``datetime.date`` object with the specified year, month and day.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDateTime_FromDateAndTime(int year, int month, int day, int hour, int minute, int second, int usecond)
Return a ``datetime.datetime`` object with the specified year, month, day, hour,
minute, second and microsecond.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyTime_FromTime(int hour, int minute, int second, int usecond)
Return a ``datetime.time`` object with the specified hour, minute, second and
microsecond.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDelta_FromDSU(int days, int seconds, int useconds)
Return a ``datetime.timedelta`` object representing the given number of days,
seconds and microseconds. Normalization is performed so that the resulting
number of microseconds and seconds lie in the ranges documented for
``datetime.timedelta`` objects.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
Macros to extract fields from date objects. The argument must be an instance of
:cdata:`PyDateTime_Date`, including subclasses (such as
:cdata:`PyDateTime_DateTime`). The argument must not be *NULL*, and the type is
not checked:
.. cfunction:: int PyDateTime_GET_YEAR(PyDateTime_Date *o)
Return the year, as a positive int.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cfunction:: int PyDateTime_GET_MONTH(PyDateTime_Date *o)
Return the month, as an int from 1 through 12.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cfunction:: int PyDateTime_GET_DAY(PyDateTime_Date *o)
Return the day, as an int from 1 through 31.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
Macros to extract fields from datetime objects. The argument must be an
instance of :cdata:`PyDateTime_DateTime`, including subclasses. The argument
must not be *NULL*, and the type is not checked:
.. cfunction:: int PyDateTime_DATE_GET_HOUR(PyDateTime_DateTime *o)
Return the hour, as an int from 0 through 23.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cfunction:: int PyDateTime_DATE_GET_MINUTE(PyDateTime_DateTime *o)
Return the minute, as an int from 0 through 59.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cfunction:: int PyDateTime_DATE_GET_SECOND(PyDateTime_DateTime *o)
Return the second, as an int from 0 through 59.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cfunction:: int PyDateTime_DATE_GET_MICROSECOND(PyDateTime_DateTime *o)
Return the microsecond, as an int from 0 through 999999.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
Macros to extract fields from time objects. The argument must be an instance of
:cdata:`PyDateTime_Time`, including subclasses. The argument must not be *NULL*,
and the type is not checked:
.. cfunction:: int PyDateTime_TIME_GET_HOUR(PyDateTime_Time *o)
Return the hour, as an int from 0 through 23.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cfunction:: int PyDateTime_TIME_GET_MINUTE(PyDateTime_Time *o)
Return the minute, as an int from 0 through 59.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cfunction:: int PyDateTime_TIME_GET_SECOND(PyDateTime_Time *o)
Return the second, as an int from 0 through 59.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cfunction:: int PyDateTime_TIME_GET_MICROSECOND(PyDateTime_Time *o)
Return the microsecond, as an int from 0 through 999999.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
Macros for the convenience of modules implementing the DB API:
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDateTime_FromTimestamp(PyObject *args)
Create and return a new ``datetime.datetime`` object given an argument tuple
suitable for passing to ``datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp()``.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDate_FromTimestamp(PyObject *args)
Create and return a new ``datetime.date`` object given an argument tuple
suitable for passing to ``datetime.date.fromtimestamp()``.
.. versionadded:: 2.4

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.. highlightlang:: c
.. _descriptor-objects:
Descriptor Objects
------------------
"Descriptors" are objects that describe some attribute of an object. They are
found in the dictionary of type objects.
.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PyProperty_Type
The type object for the built-in descriptor types.
.. versionadded:: 2.2
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDescr_NewGetSet(PyTypeObject *type, struct PyGetSetDef *getset)
.. versionadded:: 2.2
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDescr_NewMember(PyTypeObject *type, struct PyMemberDef *meth)
.. versionadded:: 2.2
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDescr_NewMethod(PyTypeObject *type, struct PyMethodDef *meth)
.. versionadded:: 2.2
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDescr_NewWrapper(PyTypeObject *type, struct wrapperbase *wrapper, void *wrapped)
.. versionadded:: 2.2
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDescr_NewClassMethod(PyTypeObject *type, PyMethodDef *method)
.. versionadded:: 2.3
.. cfunction:: int PyDescr_IsData(PyObject *descr)
Return true if the descriptor objects *descr* describes a data attribute, or
false if it describes a method. *descr* must be a descriptor object; there is
no error checking.
.. versionadded:: 2.2
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyWrapper_New(PyObject *, PyObject *)
.. versionadded:: 2.2

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.. highlightlang:: c
.. _dictobjects:
Dictionary Objects
------------------
.. index:: object: dictionary
.. ctype:: PyDictObject
This subtype of :ctype:`PyObject` represents a Python dictionary object.
.. cvar:: PyTypeObject PyDict_Type
.. index::
single: DictType (in module types)
single: DictionaryType (in module types)
This instance of :ctype:`PyTypeObject` represents the Python dictionary
type. This is exposed to Python programs as ``dict`` and
``types.DictType``.
.. cfunction:: int PyDict_Check(PyObject *p)
Return true if *p* is a dict object or an instance of a subtype of the dict
type.
.. versionchanged:: 2.2
Allowed subtypes to be accepted.
.. cfunction:: int PyDict_CheckExact(PyObject *p)
Return true if *p* is a dict object, but not an instance of a subtype of
the dict type.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDict_New()
Return a new empty dictionary, or *NULL* on failure.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDictProxy_New(PyObject *dict)
Return a proxy object for a mapping which enforces read-only behavior.
This is normally used to create a proxy to prevent modification of the
dictionary for non-dynamic class types.
.. versionadded:: 2.2
.. cfunction:: void PyDict_Clear(PyObject *p)
Empty an existing dictionary of all key-value pairs.
.. cfunction:: int PyDict_Contains(PyObject *p, PyObject *key)
Determine if dictionary *p* contains *key*. If an item in *p* is matches
*key*, return ``1``, otherwise return ``0``. On error, return ``-1``.
This is equivalent to the Python expression ``key in p``.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDict_Copy(PyObject *p)
Return a new dictionary that contains the same key-value pairs as *p*.
.. versionadded:: 1.6
.. cfunction:: int PyDict_SetItem(PyObject *p, PyObject *key, PyObject *val)
Insert *value* into the dictionary *p* with a key of *key*. *key* must be
:term:`hashable`; if it isn't, :exc:`TypeError` will be raised. Return
``0`` on success or ``-1`` on failure.
.. cfunction:: int PyDict_SetItemString(PyObject *p, const char *key, PyObject *val)
.. index:: single: PyString_FromString()
Insert *value* into the dictionary *p* using *key* as a key. *key* should
be a :ctype:`char\*`. The key object is created using
``PyString_FromString(key)``. Return ``0`` on success or ``-1`` on
failure.
.. cfunction:: int PyDict_DelItem(PyObject *p, PyObject *key)
Remove the entry in dictionary *p* with key *key*. *key* must be hashable;
if it isn't, :exc:`TypeError` is raised. Return ``0`` on success or ``-1``
on failure.
.. cfunction:: int PyDict_DelItemString(PyObject *p, char *key)
Remove the entry in dictionary *p* which has a key specified by the string
*key*. Return ``0`` on success or ``-1`` on failure.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDict_GetItem(PyObject *p, PyObject *key)
Return the object from dictionary *p* which has a key *key*. Return *NULL*
if the key *key* is not present, but *without* setting an exception.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDict_GetItemString(PyObject *p, const char *key)
This is the same as :cfunc:`PyDict_GetItem`, but *key* is specified as a
:ctype:`char\*`, rather than a :ctype:`PyObject\*`.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDict_Items(PyObject *p)
Return a :ctype:`PyListObject` containing all the items from the
dictionary, as in the dictionary method :meth:`dict.items`.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDict_Keys(PyObject *p)
Return a :ctype:`PyListObject` containing all the keys from the dictionary,
as in the dictionary method :meth:`dict.keys`.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyDict_Values(PyObject *p)
Return a :ctype:`PyListObject` containing all the values from the
dictionary *p*, as in the dictionary method :meth:`dict.values`.
.. cfunction:: Py_ssize_t PyDict_Size(PyObject *p)
.. index:: builtin: len
Return the number of items in the dictionary. This is equivalent to
``len(p)`` on a dictionary.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function returned an :ctype:`int` type. This might require changes
in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. cfunction:: int PyDict_Next(PyObject *p, Py_ssize_t *ppos, PyObject **pkey, PyObject **pvalue)
Iterate over all key-value pairs in the dictionary *p*. The
:ctype:`Py_ssize_t` referred to by *ppos* must be initialized to ``0``
prior to the first call to this function to start the iteration; the
function returns true for each pair in the dictionary, and false once all
pairs have been reported. The parameters *pkey* and *pvalue* should either
point to :ctype:`PyObject\*` variables that will be filled in with each key
and value, respectively, or may be *NULL*. Any references returned through
them are borrowed. *ppos* should not be altered during iteration. Its
value represents offsets within the internal dictionary structure, and
since the structure is sparse, the offsets are not consecutive.
For example::
PyObject *key, *value;
Py_ssize_t pos = 0;
while (PyDict_Next(self->dict, &pos, &key, &value)) {
/* do something interesting with the values... */
...
}
The dictionary *p* should not be mutated during iteration. It is safe
(since Python 2.1) to modify the values of the keys as you iterate over the
dictionary, but only so long as the set of keys does not change. For
example::
PyObject *key, *value;
Py_ssize_t pos = 0;
while (PyDict_Next(self->dict, &pos, &key, &value)) {
int i = PyInt_AS_LONG(value) + 1;
PyObject *o = PyInt_FromLong(i);
if (o == NULL)
return -1;
if (PyDict_SetItem(self->dict, key, o) < 0) {
Py_DECREF(o);
return -1;
}
Py_DECREF(o);
}
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :ctype:`int *` type for *ppos*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. cfunction:: int PyDict_Merge(PyObject *a, PyObject *b, int override)
Iterate over mapping object *b* adding key-value pairs to dictionary *a*.
*b* may be a dictionary, or any object supporting :func:`PyMapping_Keys`
and :func:`PyObject_GetItem`. If *override* is true, existing pairs in *a*
will be replaced if a matching key is found in *b*, otherwise pairs will
only be added if there is not a matching key in *a*. Return ``0`` on
success or ``-1`` if an exception was raised.
.. versionadded:: 2.2
.. cfunction:: int PyDict_Update(PyObject *a, PyObject *b)
This is the same as ``PyDict_Merge(a, b, 1)`` in C, or ``a.update(b)`` in
Python. Return ``0`` on success or ``-1`` if an exception was raised.
.. versionadded:: 2.2
.. cfunction:: int PyDict_MergeFromSeq2(PyObject *a, PyObject *seq2, int override)
Update or merge into dictionary *a*, from the key-value pairs in *seq2*.
*seq2* must be an iterable object producing iterable objects of length 2,
viewed as key-value pairs. In case of duplicate keys, the last wins if
*override* is true, else the first wins. Return ``0`` on success or ``-1``
if an exception was raised. Equivalent Python (except for the return
value)::
def PyDict_MergeFromSeq2(a, seq2, override):
for key, value in seq2:
if override or key not in a:
a[key] = value
.. versionadded:: 2.2

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2.6/Python-2.6.9/Doc/c-api/exceptions.rst
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@ -1,591 +0,0 @@
.. highlightlang:: c
.. _exceptionhandling:
******************
Exception Handling
******************
The functions described in this chapter will let you handle and raise Python
exceptions. It is important to understand some of the basics of Python
exception handling. It works somewhat like the Unix :cdata:`errno` variable:
there is a global indicator (per thread) of the last error that occurred. Most
functions don't clear this on success, but will set it to indicate the cause of
the error on failure. Most functions also return an error indicator, usually
*NULL* if they are supposed to return a pointer, or ``-1`` if they return an
integer (exception: the :cfunc:`PyArg_\*` functions return ``1`` for success and
``0`` for failure).
When a function must fail because some function it called failed, it generally
doesn't set the error indicator; the function it called already set it. It is
responsible for either handling the error and clearing the exception or
returning after cleaning up any resources it holds (such as object references or
memory allocations); it should *not* continue normally if it is not prepared to
handle the error. If returning due to an error, it is important to indicate to
the caller that an error has been set. If the error is not handled or carefully
propagated, additional calls into the Python/C API may not behave as intended
and may fail in mysterious ways.
.. index::
single: exc_type (in module sys)
single: exc_value (in module sys)
single: exc_traceback (in module sys)
The error indicator consists of three Python objects corresponding to the
Python variables ``sys.exc_type``, ``sys.exc_value`` and ``sys.exc_traceback``.
API functions exist to interact with the error indicator in various ways. There
is a separate error indicator for each thread.
.. XXX Order of these should be more thoughtful.
Either alphabetical or some kind of structure.
.. cfunction:: void PyErr_PrintEx(int set_sys_last_vars)
Print a standard traceback to ``sys.stderr`` and clear the error indicator.
Call this function only when the error indicator is set. (Otherwise it will
cause a fatal error!)
If *set_sys_last_vars* is nonzero, the variables :data:`sys.last_type`,
:data:`sys.last_value` and :data:`sys.last_traceback` will be set to the
type, value and traceback of the printed exception, respectively.
.. cfunction:: void PyErr_Print()
Alias for ``PyErr_PrintEx(1)``.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyErr_Occurred()
Test whether the error indicator is set. If set, return the exception *type*
(the first argument to the last call to one of the :cfunc:`PyErr_Set\*`
functions or to :cfunc:`PyErr_Restore`). If not set, return *NULL*. You do not
own a reference to the return value, so you do not need to :cfunc:`Py_DECREF`
it.
.. note::
Do not compare the return value to a specific exception; use
:cfunc:`PyErr_ExceptionMatches` instead, shown below. (The comparison could
easily fail since the exception may be an instance instead of a class, in the
case of a class exception, or it may the a subclass of the expected exception.)
.. cfunction:: int PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyObject *exc)
Equivalent to ``PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(PyErr_Occurred(), exc)``. This
should only be called when an exception is actually set; a memory access
violation will occur if no exception has been raised.
.. cfunction:: int PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(PyObject *given, PyObject *exc)
Return true if the *given* exception matches the exception in *exc*. If
*exc* is a class object, this also returns true when *given* is an instance
of a subclass. If *exc* is a tuple, all exceptions in the tuple (and
recursively in subtuples) are searched for a match.
.. cfunction:: void PyErr_NormalizeException(PyObject**exc, PyObject**val, PyObject**tb)
Under certain circumstances, the values returned by :cfunc:`PyErr_Fetch` below
can be "unnormalized", meaning that ``*exc`` is a class object but ``*val`` is
not an instance of the same class. This function can be used to instantiate
the class in that case. If the values are already normalized, nothing happens.
The delayed normalization is implemented to improve performance.
.. cfunction:: void PyErr_Clear()
Clear the error indicator. If the error indicator is not set, there is no
effect.
.. cfunction:: void PyErr_Fetch(PyObject **ptype, PyObject **pvalue, PyObject **ptraceback)
Retrieve the error indicator into three variables whose addresses are passed.
If the error indicator is not set, set all three variables to *NULL*. If it is
set, it will be cleared and you own a reference to each object retrieved. The
value and traceback object may be *NULL* even when the type object is not.
.. note::
This function is normally only used by code that needs to handle exceptions or
by code that needs to save and restore the error indicator temporarily.
.. cfunction:: void PyErr_Restore(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *traceback)
Set the error indicator from the three objects. If the error indicator is
already set, it is cleared first. If the objects are *NULL*, the error
indicator is cleared. Do not pass a *NULL* type and non-*NULL* value or
traceback. The exception type should be a class. Do not pass an invalid
exception type or value. (Violating these rules will cause subtle problems
later.) This call takes away a reference to each object: you must own a
reference to each object before the call and after the call you no longer own
these references. (If you don't understand this, don't use this function. I
warned you.)
.. note::
This function is normally only used by code that needs to save and restore the
error indicator temporarily; use :cfunc:`PyErr_Fetch` to save the current
exception state.
.. cfunction:: void PyErr_SetString(PyObject *type, const char *message)
This is the most common way to set the error indicator. The first argument
specifies the exception type; it is normally one of the standard exceptions,
e.g. :cdata:`PyExc_RuntimeError`. You need not increment its reference count.
The second argument is an error message; it is converted to a string object.
.. cfunction:: void PyErr_SetObject(PyObject *type, PyObject *value)
This function is similar to :cfunc:`PyErr_SetString` but lets you specify an
arbitrary Python object for the "value" of the exception.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyErr_Format(PyObject *exception, const char *format, ...)
This function sets the error indicator and returns *NULL*. *exception* should be
a Python exception (class, not an instance). *format* should be a string,
containing format codes, similar to :cfunc:`printf`. The ``width.precision``
before a format code is parsed, but the width part is ignored.
.. % This should be exactly the same as the table in PyString_FromFormat.
.. % One should just refer to the other.
.. % The descriptions for %zd and %zu are wrong, but the truth is complicated
.. % because not all compilers support the %z width modifier -- we fake it
.. % when necessary via interpolating PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T.
.. % %u, %lu, %zu should have "new in Python 2.5" blurbs.
+-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| Format Characters | Type | Comment |
+===================+===============+================================+
| :attr:`%%` | *n/a* | The literal % character. |
+-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| :attr:`%c` | int | A single character, |
| | | represented as an C int. |
+-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| :attr:`%d` | int | Exactly equivalent to |
| | | ``printf("%d")``. |
+-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| :attr:`%u` | unsigned int | Exactly equivalent to |
| | | ``printf("%u")``. |
+-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| :attr:`%ld` | long | Exactly equivalent to |
| | | ``printf("%ld")``. |
+-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| :attr:`%lu` | unsigned long | Exactly equivalent to |
| | | ``printf("%lu")``. |
+-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| :attr:`%zd` | Py_ssize_t | Exactly equivalent to |
| | | ``printf("%zd")``. |
+-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| :attr:`%zu` | size_t | Exactly equivalent to |
| | | ``printf("%zu")``. |
+-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| :attr:`%i` | int | Exactly equivalent to |
| | | ``printf("%i")``. |
+-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| :attr:`%x` | int | Exactly equivalent to |
| | | ``printf("%x")``. |
+-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| :attr:`%s` | char\* | A null-terminated C character |
| | | array. |
+-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| :attr:`%p` | void\* | The hex representation of a C |
| | | pointer. Mostly equivalent to |
| | | ``printf("%p")`` except that |
| | | it is guaranteed to start with |
| | | the literal ``0x`` regardless |
| | | of what the platform's |
| | | ``printf`` yields. |
+-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
An unrecognized format character causes all the rest of the format string to be
copied as-is to the result string, and any extra arguments discarded.
.. cfunction:: void PyErr_SetNone(PyObject *type)
This is a shorthand for ``PyErr_SetObject(type, Py_None)``.
.. cfunction:: int PyErr_BadArgument()
This is a shorthand for ``PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, message)``, where
*message* indicates that a built-in operation was invoked with an illegal
argument. It is mostly for internal use.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyErr_NoMemory()
This is a shorthand for ``PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_MemoryError)``; it returns *NULL*
so an object allocation function can write ``return PyErr_NoMemory();`` when it
runs out of memory.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyObject *type)
.. index:: single: strerror()
This is a convenience function to raise an exception when a C library function
has returned an error and set the C variable :cdata:`errno`. It constructs a
tuple object whose first item is the integer :cdata:`errno` value and whose
second item is the corresponding error message (gotten from :cfunc:`strerror`),
and then calls ``PyErr_SetObject(type, object)``. On Unix, when the
:cdata:`errno` value is :const:`EINTR`, indicating an interrupted system call,
this calls :cfunc:`PyErr_CheckSignals`, and if that set the error indicator,
leaves it set to that. The function always returns *NULL*, so a wrapper
function around a system call can write ``return PyErr_SetFromErrno(type);``
when the system call returns an error.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename(PyObject *type, const char *filename)
Similar to :cfunc:`PyErr_SetFromErrno`, with the additional behavior that if
*filename* is not *NULL*, it is passed to the constructor of *type* as a third
parameter. In the case of exceptions such as :exc:`IOError` and :exc:`OSError`,
this is used to define the :attr:`filename` attribute of the exception instance.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(int ierr)
This is a convenience function to raise :exc:`WindowsError`. If called with
*ierr* of :cdata:`0`, the error code returned by a call to :cfunc:`GetLastError`
is used instead. It calls the Win32 function :cfunc:`FormatMessage` to retrieve
the Windows description of error code given by *ierr* or :cfunc:`GetLastError`,
then it constructs a tuple object whose first item is the *ierr* value and whose
second item is the corresponding error message (gotten from
:cfunc:`FormatMessage`), and then calls ``PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_WindowsError,
object)``. This function always returns *NULL*. Availability: Windows.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErr(PyObject *type, int ierr)
Similar to :cfunc:`PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr`, with an additional parameter
specifying the exception type to be raised. Availability: Windows.
.. versionadded:: 2.3
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyErr_SetFromWindowsErrWithFilename(int ierr, const char *filename)
Similar to :cfunc:`PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr`, with the additional behavior that
if *filename* is not *NULL*, it is passed to the constructor of
:exc:`WindowsError` as a third parameter. Availability: Windows.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErrWithFilename(PyObject *type, int ierr, char *filename)
Similar to :cfunc:`PyErr_SetFromWindowsErrWithFilename`, with an additional
parameter specifying the exception type to be raised. Availability: Windows.
.. versionadded:: 2.3
.. cfunction:: void PyErr_BadInternalCall()
This is a shorthand for ``PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, message)``,
where *message* indicates that an internal operation (e.g. a Python/C API
function) was invoked with an illegal argument. It is mostly for internal
use.
.. cfunction:: int PyErr_WarnEx(PyObject *category, char *message, int stacklevel)
Issue a warning message. The *category* argument is a warning category (see
below) or *NULL*; the *message* argument is a message string. *stacklevel* is a
positive number giving a number of stack frames; the warning will be issued from
the currently executing line of code in that stack frame. A *stacklevel* of 1
is the function calling :cfunc:`PyErr_WarnEx`, 2 is the function above that,
and so forth.
This function normally prints a warning message to *sys.stderr*; however, it is
also possible that the user has specified that warnings are to be turned into
errors, and in that case this will raise an exception. It is also possible that
the function raises an exception because of a problem with the warning machinery
(the implementation imports the :mod:`warnings` module to do the heavy lifting).
The return value is ``0`` if no exception is raised, or ``-1`` if an exception
is raised. (It is not possible to determine whether a warning message is
actually printed, nor what the reason is for the exception; this is
intentional.) If an exception is raised, the caller should do its normal
exception handling (for example, :cfunc:`Py_DECREF` owned references and return
an error value).
Warning categories must be subclasses of :cdata:`Warning`; the default warning
category is :cdata:`RuntimeWarning`. The standard Python warning categories are
available as global variables whose names are ``PyExc_`` followed by the Python
exception name. These have the type :ctype:`PyObject\*`; they are all class
objects. Their names are :cdata:`PyExc_Warning`, :cdata:`PyExc_UserWarning`,
:cdata:`PyExc_UnicodeWarning`, :cdata:`PyExc_DeprecationWarning`,
:cdata:`PyExc_SyntaxWarning`, :cdata:`PyExc_RuntimeWarning`, and
:cdata:`PyExc_FutureWarning`. :cdata:`PyExc_Warning` is a subclass of
:cdata:`PyExc_Exception`; the other warning categories are subclasses of
:cdata:`PyExc_Warning`.
For information about warning control, see the documentation for the
:mod:`warnings` module and the :option:`-W` option in the command line
documentation. There is no C API for warning control.
.. cfunction:: int PyErr_Warn(PyObject *category, char *message)
Issue a warning message. The *category* argument is a warning category (see
below) or *NULL*; the *message* argument is a message string. The warning will
appear to be issued from the function calling :cfunc:`PyErr_Warn`, equivalent to
calling :cfunc:`PyErr_WarnEx` with a *stacklevel* of 1.
Deprecated; use :cfunc:`PyErr_WarnEx` instead.
.. cfunction:: int PyErr_WarnExplicit(PyObject *category, const char *message, const char *filename, int lineno, const char *module, PyObject *registry)
Issue a warning message with explicit control over all warning attributes. This
is a straightforward wrapper around the Python function
:func:`warnings.warn_explicit`, see there for more information. The *module*
and *registry* arguments may be set to *NULL* to get the default effect
described there.
.. cfunction:: int PyErr_WarnPy3k(char *message, int stacklevel)
Issue a :exc:`DeprecationWarning` with the given *message* and *stacklevel*
if the :cdata:`Py_Py3kWarningFlag` flag is enabled.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. cfunction:: int PyErr_CheckSignals()
.. index::
module: signal
single: SIGINT
single: KeyboardInterrupt (built-in exception)
This function interacts with Python's signal handling. It checks whether a
signal has been sent to the processes and if so, invokes the corresponding
signal handler. If the :mod:`signal` module is supported, this can invoke a
signal handler written in Python. In all cases, the default effect for
:const:`SIGINT` is to raise the :exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` exception. If an
exception is raised the error indicator is set and the function returns ``-1``;
otherwise the function returns ``0``. The error indicator may or may not be
cleared if it was previously set.
.. cfunction:: void PyErr_SetInterrupt()
.. index::
single: SIGINT
single: KeyboardInterrupt (built-in exception)
This function simulates the effect of a :const:`SIGINT` signal arriving --- the
next time :cfunc:`PyErr_CheckSignals` is called, :exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` will
be raised. It may be called without holding the interpreter lock.
.. % XXX This was described as obsolete, but is used in
.. % thread.interrupt_main() (used from IDLE), so it's still needed.
.. cfunction:: int PySignal_SetWakeupFd(int fd)
This utility function specifies a file descriptor to which a ``'\0'`` byte will
be written whenever a signal is received. It returns the previous such file
descriptor. The value ``-1`` disables the feature; this is the initial state.
This is equivalent to :func:`signal.set_wakeup_fd` in Python, but without any
error checking. *fd* should be a valid file descriptor. The function should
only be called from the main thread.
.. cfunction:: PyObject* PyErr_NewException(char *name, PyObject *base, PyObject *dict)
This utility function creates and returns a new exception object. The *name*
argument must be the name of the new exception, a C string of the form
``module.class``. The *base* and *dict* arguments are normally *NULL*. This
creates a class object derived from :exc:`Exception` (accessible in C as
:cdata:`PyExc_Exception`).
The :attr:`__module__` attribute of the new class is set to the first part (up
to the last dot) of the *name* argument, and the class name is set to the last
part (after the last dot). The *base* argument can be used to specify alternate
base classes; it can either be only one class or a tuple of classes. The *dict*
argument can be used to specify a dictionary of class variables and methods.
.. cfunction:: void PyErr_WriteUnraisable(PyObject *obj)
This utility function prints a warning message to ``sys.stderr`` when an
exception has been set but it is impossible for the interpreter to actually
raise the exception. It is used, for example, when an exception occurs in an
:meth:`__del__` method.
The function is called with a single argument *obj* that identifies the context
in which the unraisable exception occurred. The repr of *obj* will be printed in
the warning message.
Recursion Control
=================
These two functions provide a way to perform safe recursive calls at the C
level, both in the core and in extension modules. They are needed if the
recursive code does not necessarily invoke Python code (which tracks its
recursion depth automatically).
.. cfunction:: int Py_EnterRecursiveCall(char *where)
Marks a point where a recursive C-level call is about to be performed.
If :const:`USE_STACKCHECK` is defined, this function checks if the the OS
stack overflowed using :cfunc:`PyOS_CheckStack`. In this is the case, it
sets a :exc:`MemoryError` and returns a nonzero value.
The function then checks if the recursion limit is reached. If this is the
case, a :exc:`RuntimeError` is set and a nonzero value is returned.
Otherwise, zero is returned.
*where* should be a string such as ``" in instance check"`` to be
concatenated to the :exc:`RuntimeError` message caused by the recursion depth
limit.
.. cfunction:: void Py_LeaveRecursiveCall()
Ends a :cfunc:`Py_EnterRecursiveCall`. Must be called once for each
*successful* invocation of :cfunc:`Py_EnterRecursiveCall`.
.. _standardexceptions:
Standard Exceptions
===================
All standard Python exceptions are available as global variables whose names are
``PyExc_`` followed by the Python exception name. These have the type
:ctype:`PyObject\*`; they are all class objects. For completeness, here are all
the variables:
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| C Name | Python Name | Notes |
+====================================+============================+==========+
| :cdata:`PyExc_BaseException` | :exc:`BaseException` | (1), (4) |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_Exception` | :exc:`Exception` | \(1) |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_StandardError` | :exc:`StandardError` | \(1) |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_ArithmeticError` | :exc:`ArithmeticError` | \(1) |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_LookupError` | :exc:`LookupError` | \(1) |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_AssertionError` | :exc:`AssertionError` | |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_AttributeError` | :exc:`AttributeError` | |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_EOFError` | :exc:`EOFError` | |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_EnvironmentError` | :exc:`EnvironmentError` | \(1) |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_FloatingPointError` | :exc:`FloatingPointError` | |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_IOError` | :exc:`IOError` | |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_ImportError` | :exc:`ImportError` | |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_IndexError` | :exc:`IndexError` | |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_KeyError` | :exc:`KeyError` | |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_KeyboardInterrupt` | :exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` | |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_MemoryError` | :exc:`MemoryError` | |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_NameError` | :exc:`NameError` | |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_NotImplementedError` | :exc:`NotImplementedError` | |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_OSError` | :exc:`OSError` | |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_OverflowError` | :exc:`OverflowError` | |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_ReferenceError` | :exc:`ReferenceError` | \(2) |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_RuntimeError` | :exc:`RuntimeError` | |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_SyntaxError` | :exc:`SyntaxError` | |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_SystemError` | :exc:`SystemError` | |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_SystemExit` | :exc:`SystemExit` | |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_TypeError` | :exc:`TypeError` | |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_ValueError` | :exc:`ValueError` | |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_WindowsError` | :exc:`WindowsError` | \(3) |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| :cdata:`PyExc_ZeroDivisionError` | :exc:`ZeroDivisionError` | |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
.. index::
single: PyExc_BaseException
single: PyExc_Exception
single: PyExc_StandardError
single: PyExc_ArithmeticError
single: PyExc_LookupError
single: PyExc_AssertionError
single: PyExc_AttributeError
single: PyExc_EOFError
single: PyExc_EnvironmentError
single: PyExc_FloatingPointError
single: PyExc_IOError
single: PyExc_ImportError
single: PyExc_IndexError
single: PyExc_KeyError
single: PyExc_KeyboardInterrupt
single: PyExc_MemoryError
single: PyExc_NameError
single: PyExc_NotImplementedError
single: PyExc_OSError
single: PyExc_OverflowError
single: PyExc_ReferenceError
single: PyExc_RuntimeError
single: PyExc_SyntaxError
single: PyExc_SystemError
single: PyExc_SystemExit
single: PyExc_TypeError
single: PyExc_ValueError
single: PyExc_WindowsError
single: PyExc_ZeroDivisionError
Notes:
(1)
This is a base class for other standard exceptions.
(2)
This is the same as :exc:`weakref.ReferenceError`.
(3)
Only defined on Windows; protect code that uses this by testing that the
preprocessor macro ``MS_WINDOWS`` is defined.
(4)
.. versionadded:: 2.5
Deprecation of String Exceptions
================================
.. index:: single: BaseException (built-in exception)
All exceptions built into Python or provided in the standard library are derived
from :exc:`BaseException`.
String exceptions are still supported in the interpreter to allow existing code
to run unmodified, but this will also change in a future release.

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