third_party_f2fs-tools/mkfs/f2fs_format.c

/**
 * f2fs_format.c
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2012 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
 *             http://www.samsung.com/
 *
 * Dual licensed under the GPL or LGPL version 2 licenses.
 */
#ifndef _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE
#define _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE
#endif

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <f2fs_fs.h>

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_STAT_H
#include <sys/stat.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SYS_MOUNT_H
#include <sys/mount.h>
#endif
#include <time.h>

#ifdef HAVE_UUID_UUID_H
#include <uuid/uuid.h>
#endif
#ifndef HAVE_LIBUUID
#define uuid_parse(a, b) -1
#define uuid_generate(a)
#endif

#include "quota.h"
#include "f2fs_format_utils.h"

extern struct f2fs_configuration c;
struct f2fs_super_block raw_sb;
struct f2fs_super_block *sb = &raw_sb;
struct f2fs_checkpoint *cp;

/* Return first segment number of each area */
#define prev_zone(cur)		(c.cur_seg[cur] - c.segs_per_zone)
#define next_zone(cur)		(c.cur_seg[cur] + c.segs_per_zone)
#define last_zone(cur)		((cur - 1) * c.segs_per_zone)
#define last_section(cur)	(cur + (c.secs_per_zone - 1) * c.segs_per_sec)

/* Return time fixed by the user or current time by default */
#define mkfs_time ((c.fixed_time == -1) ? time(NULL) : c.fixed_time)

const char *media_ext_lists[] = {
	/* common prefix */
	"mp", // Covers mp3, mp4, mpeg, mpg
	"wm", // Covers wma, wmb, wmv
	"og", // Covers oga, ogg, ogm, ogv
	"jp", // Covers jpg, jpeg, jp2

	/* video */
	"avi",
	"m4v",
	"m4p",
	"mkv",
	"mov",
	"webm",

	/* audio */
	"wav",
	"m4a",
	"3gp",
	"opus",
	"flac",

	/* image */
	"gif",
	"png",
	"svg",
	"webp",

	/* archives */
	"jar",
	"deb",
	"iso",
	"gz",
	"xz",
	"zst",

	/* others */
	"pdf",
	"pyc", // Python bytecode
	"ttc",
	"ttf",
	"exe",

	/* android */
	"apk",
	"cnt", // Image alias
	"exo", // YouTube
	"odex", // Android RunTime
	"vdex", // Android RunTime
	"so",

	NULL
};

const char *hot_ext_lists[] = {
	"db",

#ifndef WITH_ANDROID
	/* Virtual machines */
	"vmdk", // VMware or VirtualBox
	"vdi", // VirtualBox
	"qcow2", // QEMU
#endif
	NULL
};

const char **default_ext_list[] = {
	media_ext_lists,
	hot_ext_lists
};

static bool is_extension_exist(const char *name)
{
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < F2FS_MAX_EXTENSION; i++) {
		char *ext = (char *)sb->extension_list[i];
		if (!strcmp(ext, name))
			return 1;
	}

	return 0;
}

static void cure_extension_list(void)
{
	const char **extlist;
	char *ext_str;
	char *ue;
	int name_len;
	int i, pos = 0;

	set_sb(extension_count, 0);
	memset(sb->extension_list, 0, sizeof(sb->extension_list));

	for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
		ext_str = c.extension_list[i];
		extlist = default_ext_list[i];

		while (*extlist) {
			name_len = strlen(*extlist);
			memcpy(sb->extension_list[pos++], *extlist, name_len);
			extlist++;
		}
		if (i == 0)
			set_sb(extension_count, pos);
		else
			sb->hot_ext_count = pos - get_sb(extension_count);;

		if (!ext_str)
			continue;

		/* add user ext list */
		ue = strtok(ext_str, ", ");
		while (ue != NULL) {
			name_len = strlen(ue);
			if (name_len >= F2FS_EXTENSION_LEN) {
				MSG(0, "\tWarn: Extension name (%s) is too long\n", ue);
				goto next;
			}
			if (!is_extension_exist(ue))
				memcpy(sb->extension_list[pos++], ue, name_len);
next:
			ue = strtok(NULL, ", ");
			if (pos >= F2FS_MAX_EXTENSION)
				break;
		}

		if (i == 0)
			set_sb(extension_count, pos);
		else
			sb->hot_ext_count = pos - get_sb(extension_count);

		free(c.extension_list[i]);
	}
}

static void verify_cur_segs(void)
{
	int i, j;
	int reorder = 0;

	for (i = 0; i < NR_CURSEG_TYPE; i++) {
		for (j = i + 1; j < NR_CURSEG_TYPE; j++) {
			if (c.cur_seg[i] == c.cur_seg[j]) {
				reorder = 1;
				break;
			}
		}
	}

	if (!reorder)
		return;

	c.cur_seg[0] = 0;
	for (i = 1; i < NR_CURSEG_TYPE; i++)
		c.cur_seg[i] = next_zone(i - 1);
}

static int f2fs_prepare_super_block(void)
{
	uint32_t blk_size_bytes;
	uint32_t log_sectorsize, log_sectors_per_block;
	uint32_t log_blocksize, log_blks_per_seg;
	uint32_t segment_size_bytes, zone_size_bytes;
	uint32_t sit_segments, nat_segments;
	uint32_t blocks_for_sit, blocks_for_nat, blocks_for_ssa;
	uint32_t total_valid_blks_available;
	uint64_t zone_align_start_offset, diff;
	uint64_t total_meta_zones, total_meta_segments;
	uint32_t sit_bitmap_size, max_sit_bitmap_size;
	uint32_t max_nat_bitmap_size, max_nat_segments;
	uint32_t total_zones, avail_zones;
	enum quota_type qtype;
	int i;

	set_sb(magic, F2FS_SUPER_MAGIC);
	set_sb(major_ver, F2FS_MAJOR_VERSION);
	set_sb(minor_ver, F2FS_MINOR_VERSION);

	log_sectorsize = log_base_2(c.sector_size);
	log_sectors_per_block = log_base_2(c.sectors_per_blk);
	log_blocksize = log_sectorsize + log_sectors_per_block;
	log_blks_per_seg = log_base_2(c.blks_per_seg);

	set_sb(log_sectorsize, log_sectorsize);
	set_sb(log_sectors_per_block, log_sectors_per_block);

	set_sb(log_blocksize, log_blocksize);
	set_sb(log_blocks_per_seg, log_blks_per_seg);

	set_sb(segs_per_sec, c.segs_per_sec);
	set_sb(secs_per_zone, c.secs_per_zone);

	blk_size_bytes = 1 << log_blocksize;
	segment_size_bytes = blk_size_bytes * c.blks_per_seg;
	zone_size_bytes =
		blk_size_bytes * c.secs_per_zone *
		c.segs_per_sec * c.blks_per_seg;

	set_sb(checksum_offset, 0);

	set_sb(block_count, c.total_sectors >> log_sectors_per_block);

	zone_align_start_offset =
		((uint64_t) c.start_sector * DEFAULT_SECTOR_SIZE +
		2 * F2FS_BLKSIZE + zone_size_bytes - 1) /
		zone_size_bytes * zone_size_bytes -
		(uint64_t) c.start_sector * DEFAULT_SECTOR_SIZE;

	if (c.feature & cpu_to_le32(F2FS_FEATURE_RO))
		zone_align_start_offset = 8192;

	if (c.start_sector % DEFAULT_SECTORS_PER_BLOCK) {
		MSG(1, "\t%s: Align start sector number to the page unit\n",
				c.zoned_mode ? "FAIL" : "WARN");
		MSG(1, "\ti.e., start sector: %d, ofs:%d (sects/page: %d)\n",
				c.start_sector,
				c.start_sector % DEFAULT_SECTORS_PER_BLOCK,
				DEFAULT_SECTORS_PER_BLOCK);
		if (c.zoned_mode)
			return -1;
	}

	if (c.zoned_mode && c.ndevs > 1)
		zone_align_start_offset +=
			(c.devices[0].total_sectors * c.sector_size) % zone_size_bytes;

	set_sb(segment0_blkaddr, zone_align_start_offset / blk_size_bytes);
	sb->cp_blkaddr = sb->segment0_blkaddr;

	MSG(0, "Info: zone aligned segment0 blkaddr: %u\n",
					get_sb(segment0_blkaddr));

	if (c.zoned_mode &&
		((c.ndevs == 1 &&
			(get_sb(segment0_blkaddr) + c.start_sector /
			DEFAULT_SECTORS_PER_BLOCK) % c.zone_blocks) ||
		(c.ndevs > 1 &&
			c.devices[1].start_blkaddr % c.zone_blocks))) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: Unaligned segment0 block address %u\n",
				get_sb(segment0_blkaddr));
		return -1;
	}

	for (i = 0; i < c.ndevs; i++) {
		if (i == 0) {
			c.devices[i].total_segments =
				(c.devices[i].total_sectors *
				c.sector_size - zone_align_start_offset) /
				segment_size_bytes;
			c.devices[i].start_blkaddr = 0;
			c.devices[i].end_blkaddr = c.devices[i].total_segments *
						c.blks_per_seg - 1 +
						sb->segment0_blkaddr;
		} else {
			c.devices[i].total_segments =
				c.devices[i].total_sectors /
				(c.sectors_per_blk * c.blks_per_seg);
			c.devices[i].start_blkaddr =
					c.devices[i - 1].end_blkaddr + 1;
			c.devices[i].end_blkaddr = c.devices[i].start_blkaddr +
					c.devices[i].total_segments *
					c.blks_per_seg - 1;
		}
		if (c.ndevs > 1) {
			memcpy(sb->devs[i].path, c.devices[i].path, MAX_PATH_LEN);
			sb->devs[i].total_segments =
					cpu_to_le32(c.devices[i].total_segments);
		}

		c.total_segments += c.devices[i].total_segments;
	}
	set_sb(segment_count, (c.total_segments / c.segs_per_zone *
						c.segs_per_zone));
	set_sb(segment_count_ckpt, F2FS_NUMBER_OF_CHECKPOINT_PACK);

	set_sb(sit_blkaddr, get_sb(segment0_blkaddr) +
			get_sb(segment_count_ckpt) * c.blks_per_seg);

	blocks_for_sit = SIZE_ALIGN(get_sb(segment_count), SIT_ENTRY_PER_BLOCK);

	sit_segments = SEG_ALIGN(blocks_for_sit);

	set_sb(segment_count_sit, sit_segments * 2);

	set_sb(nat_blkaddr, get_sb(sit_blkaddr) + get_sb(segment_count_sit) *
			c.blks_per_seg);

	total_valid_blks_available = (get_sb(segment_count) -
			(get_sb(segment_count_ckpt) +
			get_sb(segment_count_sit))) * c.blks_per_seg;

	blocks_for_nat = SIZE_ALIGN(total_valid_blks_available,
			NAT_ENTRY_PER_BLOCK);

	if (c.large_nat_bitmap) {
		nat_segments = SEG_ALIGN(blocks_for_nat) *
						DEFAULT_NAT_ENTRY_RATIO / 100;
		set_sb(segment_count_nat, nat_segments ? nat_segments : 1);
		max_nat_bitmap_size = (get_sb(segment_count_nat) <<
						log_blks_per_seg) / 8;
		set_sb(segment_count_nat, get_sb(segment_count_nat) * 2);
	} else {
		set_sb(segment_count_nat, SEG_ALIGN(blocks_for_nat));
		max_nat_bitmap_size = 0;
	}

	/*
	 * The number of node segments should not be exceeded a "Threshold".
	 * This number resizes NAT bitmap area in a CP page.
	 * So the threshold is determined not to overflow one CP page
	 */
	sit_bitmap_size = ((get_sb(segment_count_sit) / 2) <<
				log_blks_per_seg) / 8;

	if (sit_bitmap_size > MAX_SIT_BITMAP_SIZE)
		max_sit_bitmap_size = MAX_SIT_BITMAP_SIZE;
	else
		max_sit_bitmap_size = sit_bitmap_size;

	if (c.large_nat_bitmap) {
		/* use cp_payload if free space of f2fs_checkpoint is not enough */
		if (max_sit_bitmap_size + max_nat_bitmap_size >
						MAX_BITMAP_SIZE_IN_CKPT) {
			uint32_t diff =  max_sit_bitmap_size +
						max_nat_bitmap_size -
						MAX_BITMAP_SIZE_IN_CKPT;
			set_sb(cp_payload, F2FS_BLK_ALIGN(diff));
		} else {
			set_sb(cp_payload, 0);
		}
	} else {
		/*
		 * It should be reserved minimum 1 segment for nat.
		 * When sit is too large, we should expand cp area.
		 * It requires more pages for cp.
		 */
		if (max_sit_bitmap_size > MAX_SIT_BITMAP_SIZE_IN_CKPT) {
			max_nat_bitmap_size = MAX_BITMAP_SIZE_IN_CKPT;
			set_sb(cp_payload, F2FS_BLK_ALIGN(max_sit_bitmap_size));
	        } else {
			max_nat_bitmap_size = MAX_BITMAP_SIZE_IN_CKPT -
							max_sit_bitmap_size;
			set_sb(cp_payload, 0);
		}
		max_nat_segments = (max_nat_bitmap_size * 8) >> log_blks_per_seg;

		if (get_sb(segment_count_nat) > max_nat_segments)
			set_sb(segment_count_nat, max_nat_segments);

		set_sb(segment_count_nat, get_sb(segment_count_nat) * 2);
	}

	set_sb(ssa_blkaddr, get_sb(nat_blkaddr) + get_sb(segment_count_nat) *
			c.blks_per_seg);

	total_valid_blks_available = (get_sb(segment_count) -
			(get_sb(segment_count_ckpt) +
			get_sb(segment_count_sit) +
			get_sb(segment_count_nat))) *
			c.blks_per_seg;

	if (c.feature & cpu_to_le32(F2FS_FEATURE_RO))
		blocks_for_ssa = 0;
	else
		blocks_for_ssa = total_valid_blks_available /
				c.blks_per_seg + 1;

	set_sb(segment_count_ssa, SEG_ALIGN(blocks_for_ssa));

	total_meta_segments = get_sb(segment_count_ckpt) +
		get_sb(segment_count_sit) +
		get_sb(segment_count_nat) +
		get_sb(segment_count_ssa);
	diff = total_meta_segments % (c.segs_per_zone);
	if (diff)
		set_sb(segment_count_ssa, get_sb(segment_count_ssa) +
			(c.segs_per_zone - diff));

	total_meta_zones = ZONE_ALIGN(total_meta_segments *
						c.blks_per_seg);

	set_sb(main_blkaddr, get_sb(segment0_blkaddr) + total_meta_zones *
				c.segs_per_zone * c.blks_per_seg);

	if (c.zoned_mode) {
		/*
		 * Make sure there is enough randomly writeable
		 * space at the beginning of the disk.
		 */
		unsigned long main_blkzone = get_sb(main_blkaddr) / c.zone_blocks;

		if (c.devices[0].zoned_model == F2FS_ZONED_HM &&
				c.devices[0].nr_rnd_zones < main_blkzone) {
			MSG(0, "\tError: Device does not have enough random "
					"write zones for F2FS volume (%lu needed)\n",
					main_blkzone);
			return -1;
		}
		/*
		 * Check if conventional device has enough space
		 * to accommodate all metadata, zoned device should
		 * not overlap to metadata area.
		 */
		for (i = 1; i < c.ndevs; i++) {
			if (c.devices[i].zoned_model != F2FS_ZONED_NONE &&
				c.devices[i].start_blkaddr < get_sb(main_blkaddr)) {
				MSG(0, "\tError: Conventional device %s is too small,"
					" (%"PRIu64" MiB needed).\n", c.devices[0].path,
					(get_sb(main_blkaddr) -
					c.devices[i].start_blkaddr) >> 8);
				return -1;
			}
		}
	}

	total_zones = get_sb(segment_count) / (c.segs_per_zone) -
							total_meta_zones;
	if (total_zones == 0)
		goto too_small;
	set_sb(section_count, total_zones * c.secs_per_zone);

	set_sb(segment_count_main, get_sb(section_count) * c.segs_per_sec);

	/*
	 * Let's determine the best reserved and overprovisioned space.
	 * For Zoned device, if zone capacity less than zone size, the segments
	 * starting after the zone capacity are unusable in each zone. So get
	 * overprovision ratio and reserved seg count based on avg usable
	 * segs_per_sec.
	 */
	if (c.overprovision == 0)
		c.overprovision = get_best_overprovision(sb);

	c.reserved_segments =
			(100 / c.overprovision + 1 + NR_CURSEG_TYPE) *
			round_up(f2fs_get_usable_segments(sb), get_sb(section_count));

	if (c.feature & cpu_to_le32(F2FS_FEATURE_RO)) {
		c.overprovision = 0;
		c.reserved_segments = 0;
	}
	if ((!(c.feature & cpu_to_le32(F2FS_FEATURE_RO)) &&
		c.overprovision == 0) ||
		c.total_segments < F2FS_MIN_SEGMENTS ||
		(c.devices[0].total_sectors *
			c.sector_size < zone_align_start_offset) ||
		(get_sb(segment_count_main) - NR_CURSEG_TYPE) <
						c.reserved_segments) {
		goto too_small;
	}

	if (c.vol_uuid) {
		if (uuid_parse(c.vol_uuid, sb->uuid)) {
			MSG(0, "\tError: supplied string is not a valid UUID\n");
			return -1;
		}
	} else {
		uuid_generate(sb->uuid);
	}

	/* precompute checksum seed for metadata */
	if (c.feature & cpu_to_le32(F2FS_FEATURE_INODE_CHKSUM))
		c.chksum_seed = f2fs_cal_crc32(~0, sb->uuid, sizeof(sb->uuid));

	utf8_to_utf16(sb->volume_name, (const char *)c.vol_label,
				MAX_VOLUME_NAME, strlen(c.vol_label));
	set_sb(node_ino, 1);
	set_sb(meta_ino, 2);
	set_sb(root_ino, 3);
	c.next_free_nid = 4;

	for (qtype = 0; qtype < F2FS_MAX_QUOTAS; qtype++) {
		if (!((1 << qtype) & c.quota_bits))
			continue;
		sb->qf_ino[qtype] = cpu_to_le32(c.next_free_nid++);
		MSG(0, "Info: add quota type = %u => %u\n",
					qtype, c.next_free_nid - 1);
	}

	if (c.feature & cpu_to_le32(F2FS_FEATURE_LOST_FOUND))
		c.lpf_ino = c.next_free_nid++;

	if (c.feature & cpu_to_le32(F2FS_FEATURE_RO))
		avail_zones = 2;
	else
		avail_zones = 6;

	if (total_zones <= avail_zones) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: %d zones: Need more zones "
			"by shrinking zone size\n", total_zones);
		return -1;
	}

	if (c.feature & cpu_to_le32(F2FS_FEATURE_RO)) {
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_HOT_NODE] = last_section(last_zone(total_zones));
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_WARM_NODE] = 0;
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_COLD_NODE] = 0;
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_HOT_DATA] = 0;
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_COLD_DATA] = 0;
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_WARM_DATA] = 0;
	} else if (c.heap) {
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_HOT_NODE] =
				last_section(last_zone(total_zones));
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_WARM_NODE] = prev_zone(CURSEG_HOT_NODE);
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_COLD_NODE] = prev_zone(CURSEG_WARM_NODE);
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_HOT_DATA] = prev_zone(CURSEG_COLD_NODE);
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_COLD_DATA] = 0;
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_WARM_DATA] = next_zone(CURSEG_COLD_DATA);
	} else if (c.zoned_mode) {
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_HOT_NODE] = 0;
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_WARM_NODE] = next_zone(CURSEG_HOT_NODE);
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_COLD_NODE] = next_zone(CURSEG_WARM_NODE);
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_HOT_DATA] = next_zone(CURSEG_COLD_NODE);
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_WARM_DATA] = next_zone(CURSEG_HOT_DATA);
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_COLD_DATA] = next_zone(CURSEG_WARM_DATA);
	} else {
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_HOT_NODE] = 0;
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_WARM_NODE] = next_zone(CURSEG_HOT_NODE);
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_COLD_NODE] = next_zone(CURSEG_WARM_NODE);
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_HOT_DATA] = next_zone(CURSEG_COLD_NODE);
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_COLD_DATA] =
				max(last_zone((total_zones >> 2)),
					next_zone(CURSEG_HOT_DATA));
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_WARM_DATA] =
				max(last_zone((total_zones >> 1)),
					next_zone(CURSEG_COLD_DATA));
	}

	/* if there is redundancy, reassign it */
	if (!(c.feature & cpu_to_le32(F2FS_FEATURE_RO)))
		verify_cur_segs();

	cure_extension_list();

	/* get kernel version */
	if (c.kd >= 0) {
		dev_read_version(c.version, 0, VERSION_LEN);
		get_kernel_version(c.version);
	} else {
		get_kernel_uname_version(c.version);
	}
	MSG(0, "Info: format version with\n  \"%s\"\n", c.version);

	memcpy(sb->version, c.version, VERSION_LEN);
	memcpy(sb->init_version, c.version, VERSION_LEN);

	if (c.feature & cpu_to_le32(F2FS_FEATURE_CASEFOLD)) {
		set_sb(s_encoding, c.s_encoding);
		set_sb(s_encoding_flags, c.s_encoding_flags);
	}

	sb->feature = c.feature;

	if (get_sb(feature) & F2FS_FEATURE_SB_CHKSUM) {
		set_sb(checksum_offset, SB_CHKSUM_OFFSET);
		set_sb(crc, f2fs_cal_crc32(F2FS_SUPER_MAGIC, sb,
						SB_CHKSUM_OFFSET));
		MSG(1, "Info: SB CRC is set: offset (%d), crc (0x%x)\n",
					get_sb(checksum_offset), get_sb(crc));
	}

	return 0;

too_small:
	MSG(0, "\tError: Device size is not sufficient for F2FS volume\n");
	return -1;
}

static int f2fs_init_sit_area(void)
{
	uint32_t blk_size, seg_size;
	uint32_t index = 0;
	uint64_t sit_seg_addr = 0;
	uint8_t *zero_buf = NULL;

	blk_size = 1 << get_sb(log_blocksize);
	seg_size = (1 << get_sb(log_blocks_per_seg)) * blk_size;

	zero_buf = calloc(sizeof(uint8_t), seg_size);
	if(zero_buf == NULL) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: Calloc Failed for sit_zero_buf!!!\n");
		return -1;
	}

	sit_seg_addr = get_sb(sit_blkaddr);
	sit_seg_addr *= blk_size;

	DBG(1, "\tFilling sit area at offset 0x%08"PRIx64"\n", sit_seg_addr);
	for (index = 0; index < (get_sb(segment_count_sit) / 2); index++) {
		if (dev_fill(zero_buf, sit_seg_addr, seg_size)) {
			MSG(1, "\tError: While zeroing out the sit area "
					"on disk!!!\n");
			free(zero_buf);
			return -1;
		}
		sit_seg_addr += seg_size;
	}

	free(zero_buf);
	return 0 ;
}

static int f2fs_init_nat_area(void)
{
	uint32_t blk_size, seg_size;
	uint32_t index = 0;
	uint64_t nat_seg_addr = 0;
	uint8_t *nat_buf = NULL;

	blk_size = 1 << get_sb(log_blocksize);
	seg_size = (1 << get_sb(log_blocks_per_seg)) * blk_size;

	nat_buf = calloc(sizeof(uint8_t), seg_size);
	if (nat_buf == NULL) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: Calloc Failed for nat_zero_blk!!!\n");
		return -1;
	}

	nat_seg_addr = get_sb(nat_blkaddr);
	nat_seg_addr *= blk_size;

	DBG(1, "\tFilling nat area at offset 0x%08"PRIx64"\n", nat_seg_addr);
	for (index = 0; index < get_sb(segment_count_nat) / 2; index++) {
		if (dev_fill(nat_buf, nat_seg_addr, seg_size)) {
			MSG(1, "\tError: While zeroing out the nat area "
					"on disk!!!\n");
			free(nat_buf);
			return -1;
		}
		nat_seg_addr = nat_seg_addr + (2 * seg_size);
	}

	free(nat_buf);
	return 0 ;
}

static int f2fs_write_check_point_pack(void)
{
	struct f2fs_summary_block *sum = NULL;
	struct f2fs_journal *journal;
	uint32_t blk_size_bytes;
	uint32_t nat_bits_bytes, nat_bits_blocks;
	unsigned char *nat_bits = NULL, *empty_nat_bits;
	uint64_t cp_seg_blk = 0;
	uint32_t crc = 0, flags;
	unsigned int i;
	char *cp_payload = NULL;
	char *sum_compact, *sum_compact_p;
	struct f2fs_summary *sum_entry;
	enum quota_type qtype;
	int off;
	int ret = -1;

	cp = calloc(F2FS_BLKSIZE, 1);
	if (cp == NULL) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: Calloc failed for f2fs_checkpoint!!!\n");
		return ret;
	}

	sum = calloc(F2FS_BLKSIZE, 1);
	if (sum == NULL) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: Calloc failed for summary_node!!!\n");
		goto free_cp;
	}

	sum_compact = calloc(F2FS_BLKSIZE, 1);
	if (sum_compact == NULL) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: Calloc failed for summary buffer!!!\n");
		goto free_sum;
	}
	sum_compact_p = sum_compact;

	nat_bits_bytes = get_sb(segment_count_nat) << 5;
	nat_bits_blocks = F2FS_BYTES_TO_BLK((nat_bits_bytes << 1) + 8 +
						F2FS_BLKSIZE - 1);
	nat_bits = calloc(F2FS_BLKSIZE, nat_bits_blocks);
	if (nat_bits == NULL) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: Calloc failed for nat bits buffer!!!\n");
		goto free_sum_compact;
	}

	cp_payload = calloc(F2FS_BLKSIZE, 1);
	if (cp_payload == NULL) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: Calloc failed for cp_payload!!!\n");
		goto free_nat_bits;
	}

	/* 1. cp page 1 of checkpoint pack 1 */
	srand((c.fake_seed) ? 0 : time(NULL));
	cp->checkpoint_ver = cpu_to_le64(rand() | 0x1);
	set_cp(cur_node_segno[0], c.cur_seg[CURSEG_HOT_NODE]);
	set_cp(cur_node_segno[1], c.cur_seg[CURSEG_WARM_NODE]);
	set_cp(cur_node_segno[2], c.cur_seg[CURSEG_COLD_NODE]);
	set_cp(cur_data_segno[0], c.cur_seg[CURSEG_HOT_DATA]);
	set_cp(cur_data_segno[1], c.cur_seg[CURSEG_WARM_DATA]);
	set_cp(cur_data_segno[2], c.cur_seg[CURSEG_COLD_DATA]);
	for (i = 3; i < MAX_ACTIVE_NODE_LOGS; i++) {
		set_cp(cur_node_segno[i], 0xffffffff);
		set_cp(cur_data_segno[i], 0xffffffff);
	}

	set_cp(cur_node_blkoff[0], 1 + c.quota_inum + c.lpf_inum);
	set_cp(cur_data_blkoff[0], 1 + c.quota_dnum + c.lpf_dnum);
	set_cp(valid_block_count, 2 + c.quota_inum + c.quota_dnum +
			c.lpf_inum + c.lpf_dnum);
	set_cp(rsvd_segment_count, c.reserved_segments);

	/*
	 * For zoned devices, if zone capacity less than zone size, get
	 * overprovision segment count based on usable segments in the device.
	 */
	set_cp(overprov_segment_count, (f2fs_get_usable_segments(sb) -
			get_cp(rsvd_segment_count)) *
			c.overprovision / 100);

	if (get_cp(overprov_segment_count) < get_cp(rsvd_segment_count))
		set_cp(overprov_segment_count, get_cp(rsvd_segment_count));

	set_cp(overprov_segment_count, get_cp(overprov_segment_count) +
			2 * get_sb(segs_per_sec));

	if (f2fs_get_usable_segments(sb) <= get_cp(overprov_segment_count)) {
		MSG(0, "\tError: Not enough segments to create F2FS Volume\n");
		goto free_cp_payload;
	}
	MSG(0, "Info: Overprovision ratio = %.3lf%%\n", c.overprovision);
	MSG(0, "Info: Overprovision segments = %u (GC reserved = %u)\n",
					get_cp(overprov_segment_count),
					c.reserved_segments);

	/* main segments - reserved segments - (node + data segments) */
	if (c.feature & cpu_to_le32(F2FS_FEATURE_RO)) {
		set_cp(free_segment_count, f2fs_get_usable_segments(sb) - 2);
		set_cp(user_block_count, ((get_cp(free_segment_count) + 2 -
			get_cp(overprov_segment_count)) * c.blks_per_seg));
	} else {
		set_cp(free_segment_count, f2fs_get_usable_segments(sb) - 6);
		set_cp(user_block_count, ((get_cp(free_segment_count) + 6 -
			get_cp(overprov_segment_count)) * c.blks_per_seg));
	}
	/* cp page (2), data summaries (1), node summaries (3) */
	set_cp(cp_pack_total_block_count, 6 + get_sb(cp_payload));
	flags = CP_UMOUNT_FLAG | CP_COMPACT_SUM_FLAG;
	if (get_cp(cp_pack_total_block_count) <=
			(1 << get_sb(log_blocks_per_seg)) - nat_bits_blocks)
		flags |= CP_NAT_BITS_FLAG;

	if (c.trimmed)
		flags |= CP_TRIMMED_FLAG;

	if (c.large_nat_bitmap)
		flags |= CP_LARGE_NAT_BITMAP_FLAG;

	set_cp(ckpt_flags, flags);
	set_cp(cp_pack_start_sum, 1 + get_sb(cp_payload));
	set_cp(valid_node_count, 1 + c.quota_inum + c.lpf_inum);
	set_cp(valid_inode_count, 1 + c.quota_inum + c.lpf_inum);
	set_cp(next_free_nid, c.next_free_nid);
	set_cp(sit_ver_bitmap_bytesize, ((get_sb(segment_count_sit) / 2) <<
			get_sb(log_blocks_per_seg)) / 8);

	set_cp(nat_ver_bitmap_bytesize, ((get_sb(segment_count_nat) / 2) <<
			 get_sb(log_blocks_per_seg)) / 8);

	if (c.large_nat_bitmap)
		set_cp(checksum_offset, CP_MIN_CHKSUM_OFFSET);
	else
		set_cp(checksum_offset, CP_CHKSUM_OFFSET);

	crc = f2fs_checkpoint_chksum(cp);
	*((__le32 *)((unsigned char *)cp + get_cp(checksum_offset))) =
							cpu_to_le32(crc);

	blk_size_bytes = 1 << get_sb(log_blocksize);

	if (blk_size_bytes != F2FS_BLKSIZE) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: Wrong block size %d / %d!!!\n",
					blk_size_bytes, F2FS_BLKSIZE);
		goto free_cp_payload;
	}

	cp_seg_blk = get_sb(segment0_blkaddr);

	DBG(1, "\tWriting main segments, cp at offset 0x%08"PRIx64"\n",
						cp_seg_blk);
	if (dev_write_block(cp, cp_seg_blk)) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: While writing the cp to disk!!!\n");
		goto free_cp_payload;
	}

	for (i = 0; i < get_sb(cp_payload); i++) {
		cp_seg_blk++;
		if (dev_fill_block(cp_payload, cp_seg_blk)) {
			MSG(1, "\tError: While zeroing out the sit bitmap area "
					"on disk!!!\n");
			goto free_cp_payload;
		}
	}

	/* Prepare and write Segment summary for HOT/WARM/COLD DATA
	 *
	 * The structure of compact summary
	 * +-------------------+
	 * | nat_journal       |
	 * +-------------------+
	 * | sit_journal       |
	 * +-------------------+
	 * | hot data summary  |
	 * +-------------------+
	 * | warm data summary |
	 * +-------------------+
	 * | cold data summary |
	 * +-------------------+
	*/
	memset(sum, 0, sizeof(struct f2fs_summary_block));
	SET_SUM_TYPE((&sum->footer), SUM_TYPE_DATA);

	journal = &sum->journal;
	journal->n_nats = cpu_to_le16(1 + c.quota_inum + c.lpf_inum);
	journal->nat_j.entries[0].nid = sb->root_ino;
	journal->nat_j.entries[0].ne.version = 0;
	journal->nat_j.entries[0].ne.ino = sb->root_ino;
	journal->nat_j.entries[0].ne.block_addr = cpu_to_le32(
			get_sb(main_blkaddr) +
			get_cp(cur_node_segno[0]) * c.blks_per_seg);

	for (qtype = 0, i = 1; qtype < F2FS_MAX_QUOTAS; qtype++) {
		if (!((1 << qtype) & c.quota_bits))
			continue;
		journal->nat_j.entries[i].nid = sb->qf_ino[qtype];
		journal->nat_j.entries[i].ne.version = 0;
		journal->nat_j.entries[i].ne.ino = sb->qf_ino[qtype];
		journal->nat_j.entries[i].ne.block_addr = cpu_to_le32(
				get_sb(main_blkaddr) +
				get_cp(cur_node_segno[0]) *
				c.blks_per_seg + i);
		i++;
	}

	if (c.lpf_inum) {
		journal->nat_j.entries[i].nid = cpu_to_le32(c.lpf_ino);
		journal->nat_j.entries[i].ne.version = 0;
		journal->nat_j.entries[i].ne.ino = cpu_to_le32(c.lpf_ino);
		journal->nat_j.entries[i].ne.block_addr = cpu_to_le32(
				get_sb(main_blkaddr) +
				get_cp(cur_node_segno[0]) *
				c.blks_per_seg + i);
	}

	memcpy(sum_compact_p, &journal->n_nats, SUM_JOURNAL_SIZE);
	sum_compact_p += SUM_JOURNAL_SIZE;

	memset(sum, 0, sizeof(struct f2fs_summary_block));

	/* inode sit for root */
	if (c.feature & cpu_to_le32(F2FS_FEATURE_RO))
		journal->n_sits = cpu_to_le16(2);
	else
		journal->n_sits = cpu_to_le16(6);

	journal->sit_j.entries[0].segno = cp->cur_node_segno[0];
	journal->sit_j.entries[0].se.vblocks =
				cpu_to_le16((CURSEG_HOT_NODE << 10) |
						(1 + c.quota_inum + c.lpf_inum));
	f2fs_set_bit(0, (char *)journal->sit_j.entries[0].se.valid_map);
	for (i = 1; i <= c.quota_inum; i++)
		f2fs_set_bit(i, (char *)journal->sit_j.entries[0].se.valid_map);
	if (c.lpf_inum)
		f2fs_set_bit(i, (char *)journal->sit_j.entries[0].se.valid_map);

	if (c.feature & cpu_to_le32(F2FS_FEATURE_RO)) {
		/* data sit for root */
		journal->sit_j.entries[1].segno = cp->cur_data_segno[0];
		journal->sit_j.entries[1].se.vblocks =
					cpu_to_le16((CURSEG_HOT_DATA << 10) |
							(1 + c.quota_dnum + c.lpf_dnum));
		f2fs_set_bit(0, (char *)journal->sit_j.entries[1].se.valid_map);
		for (i = 1; i <= c.quota_dnum; i++)
			f2fs_set_bit(i, (char *)journal->sit_j.entries[1].se.valid_map);
		if (c.lpf_dnum)
			f2fs_set_bit(i, (char *)journal->sit_j.entries[1].se.valid_map);
	} else {
		journal->sit_j.entries[1].segno = cp->cur_node_segno[1];
		journal->sit_j.entries[1].se.vblocks =
					cpu_to_le16((CURSEG_WARM_NODE << 10));
		journal->sit_j.entries[2].segno = cp->cur_node_segno[2];
		journal->sit_j.entries[2].se.vblocks =
					cpu_to_le16((CURSEG_COLD_NODE << 10));

		/* data sit for root */
		journal->sit_j.entries[3].segno = cp->cur_data_segno[0];
		journal->sit_j.entries[3].se.vblocks =
					cpu_to_le16((CURSEG_HOT_DATA << 10) |
							(1 + c.quota_dnum + c.lpf_dnum));
		f2fs_set_bit(0, (char *)journal->sit_j.entries[3].se.valid_map);
		for (i = 1; i <= c.quota_dnum; i++)
			f2fs_set_bit(i, (char *)journal->sit_j.entries[3].se.valid_map);
		if (c.lpf_dnum)
			f2fs_set_bit(i, (char *)journal->sit_j.entries[3].se.valid_map);

		journal->sit_j.entries[4].segno = cp->cur_data_segno[1];
		journal->sit_j.entries[4].se.vblocks =
					cpu_to_le16((CURSEG_WARM_DATA << 10));
		journal->sit_j.entries[5].segno = cp->cur_data_segno[2];
		journal->sit_j.entries[5].se.vblocks =
					cpu_to_le16((CURSEG_COLD_DATA << 10));
	}

	memcpy(sum_compact_p, &journal->n_sits, SUM_JOURNAL_SIZE);
	sum_compact_p += SUM_JOURNAL_SIZE;

	/* hot data summary */
	sum_entry = (struct f2fs_summary *)sum_compact_p;
	sum_entry->nid = sb->root_ino;
	sum_entry->ofs_in_node = 0;

	off = 1;
	for (qtype = 0; qtype < F2FS_MAX_QUOTAS; qtype++) {
		int j;

		if (!((1 << qtype) & c.quota_bits))
			continue;

		for (j = 0; j < QUOTA_DATA(qtype); j++) {
			(sum_entry + off + j)->nid = sb->qf_ino[qtype];
			(sum_entry + off + j)->ofs_in_node = cpu_to_le16(j);
		}
		off += QUOTA_DATA(qtype);
	}

	if (c.lpf_dnum) {
		(sum_entry + off)->nid = cpu_to_le32(c.lpf_ino);
		(sum_entry + off)->ofs_in_node = 0;
	}

	/* warm data summary, nothing to do */
	/* cold data summary, nothing to do */

	cp_seg_blk++;
	DBG(1, "\tWriting Segment summary for HOT/WARM/COLD_DATA, at offset 0x%08"PRIx64"\n",
			cp_seg_blk);
	if (dev_write_block(sum_compact, cp_seg_blk)) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: While writing the sum_blk to disk!!!\n");
		goto free_cp_payload;
	}

	/* Prepare and write Segment summary for HOT_NODE */
	memset(sum, 0, sizeof(struct f2fs_summary_block));
	SET_SUM_TYPE((&sum->footer), SUM_TYPE_NODE);

	sum->entries[0].nid = sb->root_ino;
	sum->entries[0].ofs_in_node = 0;
	for (qtype = i = 0; qtype < F2FS_MAX_QUOTAS; qtype++) {
		if (!((1 << qtype) & c.quota_bits))
			continue;
		sum->entries[1 + i].nid = sb->qf_ino[qtype];
		sum->entries[1 + i].ofs_in_node = 0;
		i++;
	}
	if (c.lpf_inum) {
		i++;
		sum->entries[i].nid = cpu_to_le32(c.lpf_ino);
		sum->entries[i].ofs_in_node = 0;
	}

	cp_seg_blk++;
	DBG(1, "\tWriting Segment summary for HOT_NODE, at offset 0x%08"PRIx64"\n",
			cp_seg_blk);
	if (dev_write_block(sum, cp_seg_blk)) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: While writing the sum_blk to disk!!!\n");
		goto free_cp_payload;
	}

	/* Fill segment summary for WARM_NODE to zero. */
	memset(sum, 0, sizeof(struct f2fs_summary_block));
	SET_SUM_TYPE((&sum->footer), SUM_TYPE_NODE);

	cp_seg_blk++;
	DBG(1, "\tWriting Segment summary for WARM_NODE, at offset 0x%08"PRIx64"\n",
			cp_seg_blk);
	if (dev_write_block(sum, cp_seg_blk)) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: While writing the sum_blk to disk!!!\n");
		goto free_cp_payload;
	}

	/* Fill segment summary for COLD_NODE to zero. */
	memset(sum, 0, sizeof(struct f2fs_summary_block));
	SET_SUM_TYPE((&sum->footer), SUM_TYPE_NODE);
	cp_seg_blk++;
	DBG(1, "\tWriting Segment summary for COLD_NODE, at offset 0x%08"PRIx64"\n",
			cp_seg_blk);
	if (dev_write_block(sum, cp_seg_blk)) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: While writing the sum_blk to disk!!!\n");
		goto free_cp_payload;
	}

	/* cp page2 */
	cp_seg_blk++;
	DBG(1, "\tWriting cp page2, at offset 0x%08"PRIx64"\n", cp_seg_blk);
	if (dev_write_block(cp, cp_seg_blk)) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: While writing the cp to disk!!!\n");
		goto free_cp_payload;
	}

	/* write NAT bits, if possible */
	if (flags & CP_NAT_BITS_FLAG) {
		uint32_t i;

		*(__le64 *)nat_bits = get_cp_crc(cp);
		empty_nat_bits = nat_bits + 8 + nat_bits_bytes;
		memset(empty_nat_bits, 0xff, nat_bits_bytes);
		test_and_clear_bit_le(0, empty_nat_bits);

		/* write the last blocks in cp pack */
		cp_seg_blk = get_sb(segment0_blkaddr) + (1 <<
				get_sb(log_blocks_per_seg)) - nat_bits_blocks;

		DBG(1, "\tWriting NAT bits pages, at offset 0x%08"PRIx64"\n",
					cp_seg_blk);

		for (i = 0; i < nat_bits_blocks; i++) {
			if (dev_write_block(nat_bits + i *
						F2FS_BLKSIZE, cp_seg_blk + i)) {
				MSG(1, "\tError: write NAT bits to disk!!!\n");
				goto free_cp_payload;
			}
		}
	}

	/* cp page 1 of check point pack 2
	 * Initialize other checkpoint pack with version zero
	 */
	cp->checkpoint_ver = 0;

	crc = f2fs_checkpoint_chksum(cp);
	*((__le32 *)((unsigned char *)cp + get_cp(checksum_offset))) =
							cpu_to_le32(crc);
	cp_seg_blk = get_sb(segment0_blkaddr) + c.blks_per_seg;
	DBG(1, "\tWriting cp page 1 of checkpoint pack 2, at offset 0x%08"PRIx64"\n",
				cp_seg_blk);
	if (dev_write_block(cp, cp_seg_blk)) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: While writing the cp to disk!!!\n");
		goto free_cp_payload;
	}

	for (i = 0; i < get_sb(cp_payload); i++) {
		cp_seg_blk++;
		if (dev_fill_block(cp_payload, cp_seg_blk)) {
			MSG(1, "\tError: While zeroing out the sit bitmap area "
					"on disk!!!\n");
			goto free_cp_payload;
		}
	}

	/* cp page 2 of check point pack 2 */
	cp_seg_blk += (le32_to_cpu(cp->cp_pack_total_block_count) -
					get_sb(cp_payload) - 1);
	DBG(1, "\tWriting cp page 2 of checkpoint pack 2, at offset 0x%08"PRIx64"\n",
				cp_seg_blk);
	if (dev_write_block(cp, cp_seg_blk)) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: While writing the cp to disk!!!\n");
		goto free_cp_payload;
	}

	ret = 0;

free_cp_payload:
	free(cp_payload);
free_nat_bits:
	free(nat_bits);
free_sum_compact:
	free(sum_compact);
free_sum:
	free(sum);
free_cp:
	free(cp);
	return ret;
}

static int f2fs_write_super_block(void)
{
	int index;
	uint8_t *zero_buff;

	zero_buff = calloc(F2FS_BLKSIZE, 1);
	if (zero_buff == NULL) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: Calloc Failed for super_blk_zero_buf!!!\n");
		return -1;
	}

	memcpy(zero_buff + F2FS_SUPER_OFFSET, sb, sizeof(*sb));
	DBG(1, "\tWriting super block, at offset 0x%08x\n", 0);
	for (index = 0; index < 2; index++) {
		if (dev_write_block(zero_buff, index)) {
			MSG(1, "\tError: While while writing super_blk "
					"on disk!!! index : %d\n", index);
			free(zero_buff);
			return -1;
		}
	}

	free(zero_buff);
	return 0;
}

#ifndef WITH_ANDROID
static int f2fs_discard_obsolete_dnode(void)
{
	struct f2fs_node *raw_node;
	uint64_t next_blkaddr = 0, offset;
	u64 end_blkaddr = (get_sb(segment_count_main) <<
			get_sb(log_blocks_per_seg)) + get_sb(main_blkaddr);
	uint64_t start_inode_pos = get_sb(main_blkaddr);
	uint64_t last_inode_pos;

	if (c.zoned_mode || c.feature & cpu_to_le32(F2FS_FEATURE_RO))
		return 0;

	raw_node = calloc(sizeof(struct f2fs_node), 1);
	if (raw_node == NULL) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: Calloc Failed for discard_raw_node!!!\n");
		return -1;
	}

	/* avoid power-off-recovery based on roll-forward policy */
	offset = get_sb(main_blkaddr);
	offset += c.cur_seg[CURSEG_WARM_NODE] * c.blks_per_seg;

	last_inode_pos = start_inode_pos +
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_HOT_NODE] * c.blks_per_seg + c.quota_inum + c.lpf_inum;

	do {
		if (offset < get_sb(main_blkaddr) || offset >= end_blkaddr)
			break;

		if (dev_read_block(raw_node, offset)) {
			MSG(1, "\tError: While traversing direct node!!!\n");
			free(raw_node);
			return -1;
		}

		next_blkaddr = le32_to_cpu(raw_node->footer.next_blkaddr);
		memset(raw_node, 0, F2FS_BLKSIZE);

		DBG(1, "\tDiscard dnode, at offset 0x%08"PRIx64"\n", offset);
		if (dev_write_block(raw_node, offset)) {
			MSG(1, "\tError: While discarding direct node!!!\n");
			free(raw_node);
			return -1;
		}
		offset = next_blkaddr;
		/* should avoid recursive chain due to stale data */
		if (offset >= start_inode_pos || offset <= last_inode_pos)
			break;
	} while (1);

	free(raw_node);
	return 0;
}
#endif

static int f2fs_write_root_inode(void)
{
	struct f2fs_node *raw_node = NULL;
	uint64_t blk_size_bytes, data_blk_nor;
	uint64_t main_area_node_seg_blk_offset = 0;

	raw_node = calloc(F2FS_BLKSIZE, 1);
	if (raw_node == NULL) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: Calloc Failed for raw_node!!!\n");
		return -1;
	}

	raw_node->footer.nid = sb->root_ino;
	raw_node->footer.ino = sb->root_ino;
	raw_node->footer.cp_ver = cpu_to_le64(1);
	raw_node->footer.next_blkaddr = cpu_to_le32(
			get_sb(main_blkaddr) +
			c.cur_seg[CURSEG_HOT_NODE] *
			c.blks_per_seg + 1);

	raw_node->i.i_mode = cpu_to_le16(0x41ed);
	if (c.lpf_ino)
		raw_node->i.i_links = cpu_to_le32(3);
	else
		raw_node->i.i_links = cpu_to_le32(2);
	raw_node->i.i_uid = cpu_to_le32(c.root_uid);
	raw_node->i.i_gid = cpu_to_le32(c.root_gid);

	blk_size_bytes = 1 << get_sb(log_blocksize);
	raw_node->i.i_size = cpu_to_le64(1 * blk_size_bytes); /* dentry */
	raw_node->i.i_blocks = cpu_to_le64(2);

	raw_node->i.i_atime = cpu_to_le32(mkfs_time);
	raw_node->i.i_atime_nsec = 0;
	raw_node->i.i_ctime = cpu_to_le32(mkfs_time);
	raw_node->i.i_ctime_nsec = 0;
	raw_node->i.i_mtime = cpu_to_le32(mkfs_time);
	raw_node->i.i_mtime_nsec = 0;
	raw_node->i.i_generation = 0;
	raw_node->i.i_xattr_nid = 0;
	raw_node->i.i_flags = 0;
	raw_node->i.i_current_depth = cpu_to_le32(1);
	raw_node->i.i_dir_level = DEF_DIR_LEVEL;

	if (c.feature & cpu_to_le32(F2FS_FEATURE_EXTRA_ATTR)) {
		raw_node->i.i_inline = F2FS_EXTRA_ATTR;
		raw_node->i.i_extra_isize = cpu_to_le16(calc_extra_isize());
	}

	if (c.feature & cpu_to_le32(F2FS_FEATURE_PRJQUOTA))
		raw_node->i.i_projid = cpu_to_le32(F2FS_DEF_PROJID);

	if (c.feature & cpu_to_le32(F2FS_FEATURE_INODE_CRTIME)) {
		raw_node->i.i_crtime = cpu_to_le32(mkfs_time);
		raw_node->i.i_crtime_nsec = 0;
	}

	if (c.feature & cpu_to_le32(F2FS_FEATURE_COMPRESSION)) {
		raw_node->i.i_compress_algrithm = 0;
		raw_node->i.i_log_cluster_size = 0;
		raw_node->i.i_padding = 0;
	}

	data_blk_nor = get_sb(main_blkaddr) +
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_HOT_DATA] * c.blks_per_seg;
	raw_node->i.i_addr[get_extra_isize(raw_node)] = cpu_to_le32(data_blk_nor);

	raw_node->i.i_ext.fofs = 0;
	raw_node->i.i_ext.blk_addr = 0;
	raw_node->i.i_ext.len = 0;

	main_area_node_seg_blk_offset = get_sb(main_blkaddr);
	main_area_node_seg_blk_offset += c.cur_seg[CURSEG_HOT_NODE] *
					c.blks_per_seg;

	DBG(1, "\tWriting root inode (hot node), %x %x %x at offset 0x%08"PRIu64"\n",
			get_sb(main_blkaddr),
			c.cur_seg[CURSEG_HOT_NODE],
			c.blks_per_seg, main_area_node_seg_blk_offset);
	if (write_inode(raw_node, main_area_node_seg_blk_offset) < 0) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: While writing the raw_node to disk!!!\n");
		free(raw_node);
		return -1;
	}

	free(raw_node);
	return 0;
}

static int f2fs_write_default_quota(int qtype, unsigned int blkaddr,
						__le32 raw_id)
{
	char *filebuf = calloc(F2FS_BLKSIZE, 2);
	int file_magics[] = INITQMAGICS;
	struct v2_disk_dqheader ddqheader;
	struct v2_disk_dqinfo ddqinfo;
	struct v2r1_disk_dqblk dqblk;

	if (filebuf == NULL) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: Calloc Failed for filebuf!!!\n");
		return -1;
	}

	/* Write basic quota header */
	ddqheader.dqh_magic = cpu_to_le32(file_magics[qtype]);
	/* only support QF_VFSV1 */
	ddqheader.dqh_version = cpu_to_le32(1);

	memcpy(filebuf, &ddqheader, sizeof(ddqheader));

	/* Fill Initial quota file content */
	ddqinfo.dqi_bgrace = cpu_to_le32(MAX_DQ_TIME);
	ddqinfo.dqi_igrace = cpu_to_le32(MAX_IQ_TIME);
	ddqinfo.dqi_flags = cpu_to_le32(0);
	ddqinfo.dqi_blocks = cpu_to_le32(QT_TREEOFF + 5);
	ddqinfo.dqi_free_blk = cpu_to_le32(0);
	ddqinfo.dqi_free_entry = cpu_to_le32(5);

	memcpy(filebuf + V2_DQINFOOFF, &ddqinfo, sizeof(ddqinfo));

	filebuf[1024] = 2;
	filebuf[2048] = 3;
	filebuf[3072] = 4;
	filebuf[4096] = 5;

	filebuf[5120 + 8] = 1;

	dqblk.dqb_id = raw_id;
	dqblk.dqb_pad = cpu_to_le32(0);
	dqblk.dqb_ihardlimit = cpu_to_le64(0);
	dqblk.dqb_isoftlimit = cpu_to_le64(0);
	if (c.lpf_ino)
		dqblk.dqb_curinodes = cpu_to_le64(2);
	else
		dqblk.dqb_curinodes = cpu_to_le64(1);
	dqblk.dqb_bhardlimit = cpu_to_le64(0);
	dqblk.dqb_bsoftlimit = cpu_to_le64(0);
	if (c.lpf_ino)
		dqblk.dqb_curspace = cpu_to_le64(8192);
	else
		dqblk.dqb_curspace = cpu_to_le64(4096);
	dqblk.dqb_btime = cpu_to_le64(0);
	dqblk.dqb_itime = cpu_to_le64(0);

	memcpy(filebuf + 5136, &dqblk, sizeof(struct v2r1_disk_dqblk));

	/* Write two blocks */
	if (dev_write_block(filebuf, blkaddr) ||
	    dev_write_block(filebuf + F2FS_BLKSIZE, blkaddr + 1)) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: While writing the quota_blk to disk!!!\n");
		free(filebuf);
		return -1;
	}
	DBG(1, "\tWriting quota data, at offset %08x, %08x\n",
					blkaddr, blkaddr + 1);
	free(filebuf);
	c.quota_dnum += QUOTA_DATA(qtype);
	return 0;
}

static int f2fs_write_qf_inode(int qtype, int offset)
{
	struct f2fs_node *raw_node = NULL;
	uint64_t data_blk_nor;
	uint64_t main_area_node_seg_blk_offset = 0;
	__le32 raw_id;
	int i;

	raw_node = calloc(F2FS_BLKSIZE, 1);
	if (raw_node == NULL) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: Calloc Failed for raw_node!!!\n");
		return -1;
	}
	f2fs_init_qf_inode(sb, raw_node, qtype, mkfs_time);

	raw_node->footer.next_blkaddr = cpu_to_le32(
			get_sb(main_blkaddr) +
			c.cur_seg[CURSEG_HOT_NODE] *
			c.blks_per_seg + 1 + qtype + 1);
	raw_node->i.i_blocks = cpu_to_le64(1 + QUOTA_DATA(qtype));

	data_blk_nor = get_sb(main_blkaddr) +
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_HOT_DATA] * c.blks_per_seg + 1
		+ offset * QUOTA_DATA(i);

	if (qtype == 0)
		raw_id = raw_node->i.i_uid;
	else if (qtype == 1)
		raw_id = raw_node->i.i_gid;
	else if (qtype == 2)
		raw_id = raw_node->i.i_projid;
	else
		ASSERT(0);

	/* write two blocks */
	if (f2fs_write_default_quota(qtype, data_blk_nor, raw_id)) {
		free(raw_node);
		return -1;
	}

	for (i = 0; i < QUOTA_DATA(qtype); i++)
		raw_node->i.i_addr[get_extra_isize(raw_node) + i] =
					cpu_to_le32(data_blk_nor + i);

	main_area_node_seg_blk_offset = get_sb(main_blkaddr);
	main_area_node_seg_blk_offset += c.cur_seg[CURSEG_HOT_NODE] *
					c.blks_per_seg + offset + 1;

	DBG(1, "\tWriting quota inode (hot node), %x %x %x at offset 0x%08"PRIu64"\n",
			get_sb(main_blkaddr),
			c.cur_seg[CURSEG_HOT_NODE],
			c.blks_per_seg, main_area_node_seg_blk_offset);
	if (write_inode(raw_node, main_area_node_seg_blk_offset) < 0) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: While writing the raw_node to disk!!!\n");
		free(raw_node);
		return -1;
	}

	free(raw_node);
	c.quota_inum++;
	return 0;
}

static int f2fs_update_nat_root(void)
{
	struct f2fs_nat_block *nat_blk = NULL;
	uint64_t nat_seg_blk_offset = 0;
	enum quota_type qtype;
	int i;

	nat_blk = calloc(F2FS_BLKSIZE, 1);
	if(nat_blk == NULL) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: Calloc Failed for nat_blk!!!\n");
		return -1;
	}

	/* update quota */
	for (qtype = i = 0; qtype < F2FS_MAX_QUOTAS; qtype++) {
		if (!((1 << qtype) & c.quota_bits))
			continue;
		nat_blk->entries[sb->qf_ino[qtype]].block_addr =
				cpu_to_le32(get_sb(main_blkaddr) +
				c.cur_seg[CURSEG_HOT_NODE] *
				c.blks_per_seg + i + 1);
		nat_blk->entries[sb->qf_ino[qtype]].ino = sb->qf_ino[qtype];
		i++;
	}

	/* update root */
	nat_blk->entries[get_sb(root_ino)].block_addr = cpu_to_le32(
		get_sb(main_blkaddr) +
		c.cur_seg[CURSEG_HOT_NODE] * c.blks_per_seg);
	nat_blk->entries[get_sb(root_ino)].ino = sb->root_ino;

	/* update node nat */
	nat_blk->entries[get_sb(node_ino)].block_addr = cpu_to_le32(1);
	nat_blk->entries[get_sb(node_ino)].ino = sb->node_ino;

	/* update meta nat */
	nat_blk->entries[get_sb(meta_ino)].block_addr = cpu_to_le32(1);
	nat_blk->entries[get_sb(meta_ino)].ino = sb->meta_ino;

	nat_seg_blk_offset = get_sb(nat_blkaddr);

	DBG(1, "\tWriting nat root, at offset 0x%08"PRIx64"\n",
					nat_seg_blk_offset);
	if (dev_write_block(nat_blk, nat_seg_blk_offset)) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: While writing the nat_blk set0 to disk!\n");
		free(nat_blk);
		return -1;
	}

	free(nat_blk);
	return 0;
}

static block_t f2fs_add_default_dentry_lpf(void)
{
	struct f2fs_dentry_block *dent_blk;
	uint64_t data_blk_offset;

	dent_blk = calloc(F2FS_BLKSIZE, 1);
	if (dent_blk == NULL) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: Calloc Failed for dent_blk!!!\n");
		return 0;
	}

	dent_blk->dentry[0].hash_code = 0;
	dent_blk->dentry[0].ino = cpu_to_le32(c.lpf_ino);
	dent_blk->dentry[0].name_len = cpu_to_le16(1);
	dent_blk->dentry[0].file_type = F2FS_FT_DIR;
	memcpy(dent_blk->filename[0], ".", 1);

	dent_blk->dentry[1].hash_code = 0;
	dent_blk->dentry[1].ino = sb->root_ino;
	dent_blk->dentry[1].name_len = cpu_to_le16(2);
	dent_blk->dentry[1].file_type = F2FS_FT_DIR;
	memcpy(dent_blk->filename[1], "..", 2);

	test_and_set_bit_le(0, dent_blk->dentry_bitmap);
	test_and_set_bit_le(1, dent_blk->dentry_bitmap);

	data_blk_offset = get_sb(main_blkaddr);
	data_blk_offset += c.cur_seg[CURSEG_HOT_DATA] * c.blks_per_seg +
		1 + c.quota_dnum;

	DBG(1, "\tWriting default dentry lost+found, at offset 0x%08"PRIx64"\n",
			data_blk_offset);
	if (dev_write_block(dent_blk, data_blk_offset)) {
		MSG(1, "\tError While writing the dentry_blk to disk!!!\n");
		free(dent_blk);
		return 0;
	}

	free(dent_blk);
	c.lpf_dnum++;
	return data_blk_offset;
}

static int f2fs_write_lpf_inode(void)
{
	struct f2fs_node *raw_node;
	uint64_t blk_size_bytes, main_area_node_seg_blk_offset;
	block_t data_blk_nor;
	int err = 0;

	ASSERT(c.lpf_ino);

	raw_node = calloc(F2FS_BLKSIZE, 1);
	if (raw_node == NULL) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: Calloc Failed for raw_node!!!\n");
		return -1;
	}

	raw_node->footer.nid = cpu_to_le32(c.lpf_ino);
	raw_node->footer.ino = raw_node->footer.nid;
	raw_node->footer.cp_ver = cpu_to_le64(1);
	raw_node->footer.next_blkaddr = cpu_to_le32(
			get_sb(main_blkaddr) +
			c.cur_seg[CURSEG_HOT_NODE] * c.blks_per_seg +
			1 + c.quota_inum + 1);

	raw_node->i.i_mode = cpu_to_le16(0x41c0); /* 0700 */
	raw_node->i.i_links = cpu_to_le32(2);
	raw_node->i.i_uid = cpu_to_le32(c.root_uid);
	raw_node->i.i_gid = cpu_to_le32(c.root_gid);

	blk_size_bytes = 1 << get_sb(log_blocksize);
	raw_node->i.i_size = cpu_to_le64(1 * blk_size_bytes);
	raw_node->i.i_blocks = cpu_to_le64(2);

	raw_node->i.i_atime = cpu_to_le32(mkfs_time);
	raw_node->i.i_atime_nsec = 0;
	raw_node->i.i_ctime = cpu_to_le32(mkfs_time);
	raw_node->i.i_ctime_nsec = 0;
	raw_node->i.i_mtime = cpu_to_le32(mkfs_time);
	raw_node->i.i_mtime_nsec = 0;
	raw_node->i.i_generation = 0;
	raw_node->i.i_xattr_nid = 0;
	raw_node->i.i_flags = 0;
	raw_node->i.i_pino = le32_to_cpu(sb->root_ino);
	raw_node->i.i_namelen = le32_to_cpu(strlen(LPF));
	memcpy(raw_node->i.i_name, LPF, strlen(LPF));
	raw_node->i.i_current_depth = cpu_to_le32(1);
	raw_node->i.i_dir_level = DEF_DIR_LEVEL;

	if (c.feature & cpu_to_le32(F2FS_FEATURE_EXTRA_ATTR)) {
		raw_node->i.i_inline = F2FS_EXTRA_ATTR;
		raw_node->i.i_extra_isize = cpu_to_le16(calc_extra_isize());
	}

	if (c.feature & cpu_to_le32(F2FS_FEATURE_PRJQUOTA))
		raw_node->i.i_projid = cpu_to_le32(F2FS_DEF_PROJID);

	if (c.feature & cpu_to_le32(F2FS_FEATURE_INODE_CRTIME)) {
		raw_node->i.i_crtime = cpu_to_le32(mkfs_time);
		raw_node->i.i_crtime_nsec = 0;
	}

	if (c.feature & cpu_to_le32(F2FS_FEATURE_COMPRESSION)) {
		raw_node->i.i_compress_algrithm = 0;
		raw_node->i.i_log_cluster_size = 0;
		raw_node->i.i_padding = 0;
	}

	data_blk_nor = f2fs_add_default_dentry_lpf();
	if (data_blk_nor == 0) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: Failed to add default dentries for lost+found!!!\n");
		err = -1;
		goto exit;
	}
	raw_node->i.i_addr[get_extra_isize(raw_node)] = cpu_to_le32(data_blk_nor);

	main_area_node_seg_blk_offset = get_sb(main_blkaddr);
	main_area_node_seg_blk_offset += c.cur_seg[CURSEG_HOT_NODE] *
		c.blks_per_seg + c.quota_inum + 1;

	DBG(1, "\tWriting lost+found inode (hot node), %x %x %x at offset 0x%08"PRIu64"\n",
			get_sb(main_blkaddr),
			c.cur_seg[CURSEG_HOT_NODE],
			c.blks_per_seg, main_area_node_seg_blk_offset);
	if (write_inode(raw_node, main_area_node_seg_blk_offset) < 0) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: While writing the raw_node to disk!!!\n");
		err = -1;
		goto exit;
	}

	c.lpf_inum++;
exit:
	free(raw_node);
	return err;
}

static int f2fs_add_default_dentry_root(void)
{
	struct f2fs_dentry_block *dent_blk = NULL;
	uint64_t data_blk_offset = 0;

	dent_blk = calloc(F2FS_BLKSIZE, 1);
	if(dent_blk == NULL) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: Calloc Failed for dent_blk!!!\n");
		return -1;
	}

	dent_blk->dentry[0].hash_code = 0;
	dent_blk->dentry[0].ino = sb->root_ino;
	dent_blk->dentry[0].name_len = cpu_to_le16(1);
	dent_blk->dentry[0].file_type = F2FS_FT_DIR;
	memcpy(dent_blk->filename[0], ".", 1);

	dent_blk->dentry[1].hash_code = 0;
	dent_blk->dentry[1].ino = sb->root_ino;
	dent_blk->dentry[1].name_len = cpu_to_le16(2);
	dent_blk->dentry[1].file_type = F2FS_FT_DIR;
	memcpy(dent_blk->filename[1], "..", 2);

	/* bitmap for . and .. */
	test_and_set_bit_le(0, dent_blk->dentry_bitmap);
	test_and_set_bit_le(1, dent_blk->dentry_bitmap);

	if (c.lpf_ino) {
		int len = strlen(LPF);
		f2fs_hash_t hash = f2fs_dentry_hash(0, 0, (unsigned char *)LPF, len);

		dent_blk->dentry[2].hash_code = cpu_to_le32(hash);
		dent_blk->dentry[2].ino = cpu_to_le32(c.lpf_ino);
		dent_blk->dentry[2].name_len = cpu_to_le16(len);
		dent_blk->dentry[2].file_type = F2FS_FT_DIR;
		memcpy(dent_blk->filename[2], LPF, F2FS_SLOT_LEN);

		memcpy(dent_blk->filename[3], &LPF[F2FS_SLOT_LEN],
				len - F2FS_SLOT_LEN);

		test_and_set_bit_le(2, dent_blk->dentry_bitmap);
		test_and_set_bit_le(3, dent_blk->dentry_bitmap);
	}

	data_blk_offset = get_sb(main_blkaddr);
	data_blk_offset += c.cur_seg[CURSEG_HOT_DATA] *
				c.blks_per_seg;

	DBG(1, "\tWriting default dentry root, at offset 0x%08"PRIx64"\n",
				data_blk_offset);
	if (dev_write_block(dent_blk, data_blk_offset)) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: While writing the dentry_blk to disk!!!\n");
		free(dent_blk);
		return -1;
	}

	free(dent_blk);
	return 0;
}

static int f2fs_create_root_dir(void)
{
	enum quota_type qtype;
	int err = 0, i = 0;

	err = f2fs_write_root_inode();
	if (err < 0) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: Failed to write root inode!!!\n");
		goto exit;
	}

	for (qtype = 0; qtype < F2FS_MAX_QUOTAS; qtype++)  {
		if (!((1 << qtype) & c.quota_bits))
			continue;
		err = f2fs_write_qf_inode(qtype, i++);
		if (err < 0) {
			MSG(1, "\tError: Failed to write quota inode!!!\n");
			goto exit;
		}
	}

	if (c.feature & cpu_to_le32(F2FS_FEATURE_LOST_FOUND)) {
		err = f2fs_write_lpf_inode();
		if (err < 0) {
			MSG(1, "\tError: Failed to write lost+found inode!!!\n");
			goto exit;
		}
	}

#ifndef WITH_ANDROID
	err = f2fs_discard_obsolete_dnode();
	if (err < 0) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: Failed to discard obsolete dnode!!!\n");
		goto exit;
	}
#endif

	err = f2fs_update_nat_root();
	if (err < 0) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: Failed to update NAT for root!!!\n");
		goto exit;
	}

	err = f2fs_add_default_dentry_root();
	if (err < 0) {
		MSG(1, "\tError: Failed to add default dentries for root!!!\n");
		goto exit;
	}
exit:
	if (err)
		MSG(1, "\tError: Could not create the root directory!!!\n");

	return err;
}

int f2fs_format_device(void)
{
	int err = 0;

	err= f2fs_prepare_super_block();
	if (err < 0) {
		MSG(0, "\tError: Failed to prepare a super block!!!\n");
		goto exit;
	}

	if (c.trim) {
		err = f2fs_trim_devices();
		if (err < 0) {
			MSG(0, "\tError: Failed to trim whole device!!!\n");
			goto exit;
		}
	}

	err = f2fs_init_sit_area();
	if (err < 0) {
		MSG(0, "\tError: Failed to initialise the SIT AREA!!!\n");
		goto exit;
	}

	err = f2fs_init_nat_area();
	if (err < 0) {
		MSG(0, "\tError: Failed to initialise the NAT AREA!!!\n");
		goto exit;
	}

	err = f2fs_create_root_dir();
	if (err < 0) {
		MSG(0, "\tError: Failed to create the root directory!!!\n");
		goto exit;
	}

	err = f2fs_write_check_point_pack();
	if (err < 0) {
		MSG(0, "\tError: Failed to write the check point pack!!!\n");
		goto exit;
	}

	err = f2fs_write_super_block();
	if (err < 0) {
		MSG(0, "\tError: Failed to write the super block!!!\n");
		goto exit;
	}
exit:
	if (err)
		MSG(0, "\tError: Could not format the device!!!\n");

	return err;
}