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doc/sources/tutorial-client.rst
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@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
Tutorial: HTTP/2 client
=========================
In this tutorial, we are going to write very primitive HTTP/2
In this tutorial, we are going to write a very primitive HTTP/2
client. The complete source code, `libevent-client.c`_, is attached at
the end of this page. It also resides in examples directory in the
archive or repository.
the end of this page. It also resides in the examples directory in
the archive or repository.
This simple client takes 1 argument, HTTPS URI, and retrieves the
resource denoted by the URI. Its synopsis is like this::
This simple client takes a single HTTPS URI and retrieves the resource
at the URI. The synopsis is::
$ libevent-client HTTPS_URI
We use libevent in this tutorial to handle networking I/O. Please
note that nghttp2 itself does not depend on libevent.
First we do some setup routine for libevent and OpenSSL library in
function ``main()`` and ``run()``, which is not so relevant to nghttp2
library use. The one thing you should look at is setup NPN callback.
The NPN callback is used for the client to select the next application
protocol over the SSL/TLS transport. In this tutorial, we use
`nghttp2_select_next_protocol()` function to select the HTTP/2
The client starts with some libevent and OpenSSL setup in the
``main()`` and ``run()`` functions. This setup isn't specific to
nghttp2, but one thing you should look at is setup of the NPN
callback. The NPN callback is used by the client to select the next
application protocol over TLS. In this tutorial, we use the
`nghttp2_select_next_protocol()` helper function to select the HTTP/2
protocol the library supports::
static int select_next_proto_cb(SSL *ssl _U_, unsigned char **out,
@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ protocol the library supports::
return SSL_TLSEXT_ERR_OK;
}
The callback is set to the SSL_CTX object using
``SSL_CTX_set_next_proto_select_cb()`` function::
The callback is added to the SSL_CTX object using
``SSL_CTX_set_next_proto_select_cb()``::
static SSL_CTX *create_ssl_ctx(void) {
SSL_CTX *ssl_ctx;
@ -49,8 +49,10 @@ The callback is set to the SSL_CTX object using
return ssl_ctx;
}
We use ``http2_session_data`` structure to store the data related to
the HTTP/2 session::
The example client defines a couple of structs:
We define and use a ``http2_session_data`` structure to store data
related to the HTTP/2 session::
typedef struct {
nghttp2_session *session;
@ -59,10 +61,10 @@ the HTTP/2 session::
http2_stream_data *stream_data;
} http2_session_data;
Since this program only handles 1 URI, it uses only 1 stream. We store
its stream specific data in ``http2_stream_data`` structure and the
``stream_data`` points to it. The ``struct http2_stream_data`` is
defined as follows::
Since this program only handles one URI, it uses only one stream. We
store the single stream's data in a ``http2_stream_data`` structure
and the ``stream_data`` points to it. The ``http2_stream_data``
structure is defined as follows::
typedef struct {
/* The NULL-terminated URI string to retrieve. */
@ -82,12 +84,12 @@ defined as follows::
int32_t stream_id;
} http2_stream_data;
We creates and initializes these structures in
We create and initialize these structures in
``create_http2_session_data()`` and ``create_http2_stream_data()``
respectively.
Then we call function ``initiate_connection()`` to start connecting to
the remote server::
``initiate_connection()`` is called to start the connection to the
remote server. It's defined as::
static void initiate_connection(struct event_base *evbase, SSL_CTX *ssl_ctx,
const char *host, uint16_t port,
@ -110,11 +112,11 @@ the remote server::
session_data->bev = bev;
}
We set 3 callbacks for the bufferevent: ``reacb``, ``writecb`` and
``eventcb``.
``initiate_connection()`` creates a bufferevent for the connection and
sets up three callbacks: ``readcb``, ``writecb``, and ``eventcb``.
The ``eventcb()`` is invoked by libevent event loop when an event
(e.g., connection has been established, timeout, etc) happens on the
The ``eventcb()`` is invoked by the libevent event loop when an event
(e.g. connection has been established, timeout, etc.) occurs on the
underlying network socket::
static void eventcb(struct bufferevent *bev, short events, void *ptr) {
@ -142,11 +144,15 @@ underlying network socket::
delete_http2_session_data(session_data);
}
For ``BEV_EVENT_EOF``, ``BEV_EVENT_ERROR`` and ``BEV_EVENT_TIMEOUT``
event, we just simply tear down the connection. The
``BEV_EVENT_CONNECTED`` event is invoked when SSL/TLS handshake is
finished successfully. We first initialize nghttp2 session object in
``initialize_nghttp2_session()`` function::
For ``BEV_EVENT_EOF``, ``BEV_EVENT_ERROR``, and ``BEV_EVENT_TIMEOUT``
events, we just simply tear down the connection.
The ``BEV_EVENT_CONNECTED`` event is invoked when the SSL/TLS
handshake has completed successfully. After this we're ready to begin
communicating via HTTP/2.
The ``initialize_nghttp2_session()`` function initializes the nghttp2
session object and several callbacks::
static void initialize_nghttp2_session(http2_session_data *session_data) {
nghttp2_session_callbacks *callbacks;
@ -175,18 +181,19 @@ finished successfully. We first initialize nghttp2 session object in
nghttp2_session_callbacks_del(callbacks);
}
Since we are creating client, we use `nghttp2_session_client_new()` to
initialize nghttp2 session object. We setup 7 callbacks for the
nghttp2 session. We'll explain these callbacks later.
Since we are creating a client, we use `nghttp2_session_client_new()`
to initialize the nghttp2 session object. The callbacks setup are
explained later.
The `delete_http2_session_data()` destroys ``session_data`` and frees
its bufferevent, so it closes underlying connection as well. It also
calls `nghttp2_session_del()` to delete nghttp2 session object.
The `delete_http2_session_data()` function destroys ``session_data``
and frees its bufferevent, so the underlying connection is closed. It
also calls `nghttp2_session_del()` to delete the nghttp2 session
object.
We begin HTTP/2 communication by sending client connection preface,
which is 24 bytes magic byte string (:macro:`NGHTTP2_CLIENT_MAGIC`)
followed by SETTINGS frame. First 24 bytes magic string is
automatically sent by nghttp2 library. We send SETTINGS frame in
A HTTP/2 connection begins by sending the client connection preface,
which is a 24 byte magic byte string (:macro:`NGHTTP2_CLIENT_MAGIC`),
followed by a SETTINGS frame. The 24 byte magic string is sent
automatically by nghttp2. We send the SETTINGS frame in
``send_client_connection_header()``::
static void send_client_connection_header(http2_session_data *session_data) {
@ -202,17 +209,17 @@ automatically sent by nghttp2 library. We send SETTINGS frame in
}
}
Here we specify SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS to 100, which is
really not needed for this tiny example program, but we are
demonstrating the use of SETTINGS frame. To queue the SETTINGS frame
for the transmission, we use `nghttp2_submit_settings()`. Note that
`nghttp2_submit_settings()` function only queues the frame and not
actually send it. All ``nghttp2_submit_*()`` family functions have
this property. To actually send the frame, `nghttp2_session_send()` is
used, which is described about later.
Here we specify SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS as 100. This is not
needed for this tiny example program, it just demonstrates use of the
SETTINGS frame. To queue the SETTINGS frame for transmission, we call
`nghttp2_submit_settings()`. Note that `nghttp2_submit_settings()`
only queues the frame for transmission, and doesn't actually send it.
All ``nghttp2_submit_*()`` family functions have this property. To
actually send the frame, `nghttp2_session_send()` has to be called,
which is described (and called) later.
After the transmission of client connection header, we enqueue HTTP
request in ``submit_request()`` function::
After the transmission of the client connection header, we enqueue the
HTTP request in the ``submit_request()`` function::
static void submit_request(http2_session_data *session_data) {
int32_t stream_id;
@ -236,17 +243,18 @@ request in ``submit_request()`` function::
stream_data->stream_id = stream_id;
}
We build HTTP request header fields in ``hdrs`` which is an array of
:type:`nghttp2_nv`. There are 4 header fields to be sent: ``:method``,
``:scheme``, ``:authority`` and ``:path``. To queue this HTTP request,
we use `nghttp2_submit_request()` function. The `stream_data` is
passed in *stream_user_data* parameter. It is used in nghttp2
callbacks which we'll describe about later.
We build the HTTP request header fields in ``hdrs``, which is an array
of :type:`nghttp2_nv`. There are four header fields to be sent:
``:method``, ``:scheme``, ``:authority``, and ``:path``. To queue the
HTTP request, we call `nghttp2_submit_request()`. The ``stream_data``
is passed via the *stream_user_data* parameter, which is helpfully
later passed back to callback functions.
`nghttp2_submit_request()` returns the newly assigned stream ID for
this request.
the request.
The next bufferevent callback is ``readcb()``, which is invoked when
data is available to read in the bufferevent input buffer::
data is available to read from the bufferevent input buffer::
static void readcb(struct bufferevent *bev, void *ptr) {
http2_session_data *session_data = (http2_session_data *)ptr;
@ -272,12 +280,13 @@ data is available to read in the bufferevent input buffer::
}
}
In this function, we feed all unprocessed, received data to nghttp2
session object using `nghttp2_session_mem_recv()` function. The
In this function we feed all unprocessed, received data to the nghttp2
session object using the `nghttp2_session_mem_recv()` function.
`nghttp2_session_mem_recv()` processes the received data and may
invoke nghttp2 callbacks and also queue frames. Since there may be
pending frames, we call ``session_send()`` function to send those
frames. The ``session_send()`` function is defined as follows::
invoke nghttp2 callbacks and queue frames for transmission. Since
there may be pending frames for transmission, we call immediately
``session_send()`` to send them. ``session_send()`` is defined as
follows::
static int session_send(http2_session_data *session_data) {
int rv;
@ -290,10 +299,10 @@ frames. The ``session_send()`` function is defined as follows::
return 0;
}
The `nghttp2_session_send()` function serializes the frame into wire
format and call ``send_callback()`` function of type
:type:`nghttp2_send_callback`. The ``send_callback()`` is defined as
follows::
The `nghttp2_session_send()` function serializes pending frames into
wire format and calls the ``send_callback()`` function to send them.
``send_callback()`` has type :type:`nghttp2_send_callback` and is
defined as::
static ssize_t send_callback(nghttp2_session *session _U_, const uint8_t *data,
size_t length, int flags _U_, void *user_data) {
@ -306,18 +315,18 @@ follows::
Since we use bufferevent to abstract network I/O, we just write the
data to the bufferevent object. Note that `nghttp2_session_send()`
continues to write all frames queued so far. If we were writing the
data to the non-blocking socket directly using ``write()`` system call
in the ``send_callback()``, we will surely get ``EAGAIN`` or
``EWOULDBLOCK`` since the socket has limited send buffer. If that
happens, we can return :macro:`NGHTTP2_ERR_WOULDBLOCK` to signal the
nghttp2 library to stop sending further data. But writing to the
bufferevent, we have to regulate the amount data to be buffered by
ourselves to avoid possible huge memory consumption. In this example
client, we do not limit anything. To see how to regulate the amount of
buffered data, see the ``send_callback()`` in the server tutorial.
data to the non-blocking socket directly using the ``write()`` system
call, we'd soon receive an ``EAGAIN`` or ``EWOULDBLOCK`` error, since
sockets have a limited send buffer. If that happens, it's possible to
return :macro:`NGHTTP2_ERR_WOULDBLOCK` to signal the nghttp2 library
to stop sending further data. When writing to a bufferevent, you
should regulate the amount of data written, to avoid possible huge
memory consumption. In this example client however we don't implement
a limit. To see how to regulate the amount of buffered data, see the
``send_callback()`` in the server tutorial.
The third bufferevent callback is ``writecb()``, which is invoked when
all data written in the bufferevent output buffer have been sent::
all data written in the bufferevent output buffer has been sent::
static void writecb(struct bufferevent *bev _U_, void *ptr) {
http2_session_data *session_data = (http2_session_data *)ptr;
@ -329,25 +338,25 @@ all data written in the bufferevent output buffer have been sent::
}
As described earlier, we just write off all data in `send_callback()`,
we have no data to write in this function. All we have to do is check
we have to drop connection or not. The nghttp2 session object keeps
track of reception and transmission of GOAWAY frame and other error
conditions as well. Using these information, nghttp2 session object
will tell whether the connection should be dropped or not. More
specifically, both `nghttp2_session_want_read()` and
`nghttp2_session_want_write()` return 0, we have no business in the
connection. But since we are using bufferevent and its deferred
callback option, the bufferevent output buffer may contain the pending
data when the ``writecb()`` is called. To handle this situation, we
also check whether the output buffer is empty or not. If these
conditions are met, we drop connection.
so there is no data to write in this function. All we have to do is
check if the connection should be dropped or not. The nghttp2 session
object keeps track of reception and transmission of GOAWAY frames and
other error conditions. Using this information, the nghttp2 session
object can state whether the connection should be dropped or not.
More specifically, when both `nghttp2_session_want_read()` and
`nghttp2_session_want_write()` return 0, the connection is no-longer
required and can be closed. Since we're using bufferevent and its
deferred callback option, the bufferevent output buffer may still
contain pending data when the ``writecb()`` is called. To handle this
situation, we also check whether the output buffer is empty or not. If
all of these conditions are met, then we drop the connection.
We have already described about nghttp2 callback ``send_callback()``.
Let's describe remaining nghttp2 callbacks we setup in
Now let's look at the remaining nghttp2 callbacks setup in the
``initialize_nghttp2_setup()`` function.
Each request header name/value pair is emitted via
``on_header_callback`` function::
A server responds to the request by first sending a HEADERS frame.
The HEADERS frame consists of response header name/value pairs, and
the ``on_header_callback()`` is called for each name/value pair::
static int on_header_callback(nghttp2_session *session _U_,
const nghttp2_frame *frame, const uint8_t *name,
@ -367,10 +376,11 @@ Each request header name/value pair is emitted via
return 0;
}
In this tutorial, we just print the name/value pair.
In this tutorial, we just print the name/value pairs on stdout.
After all name/value pairs are emitted for a frame,
``on_frame_recv_callback`` function is called::
After the HEADERS frame has been fully received (and thus all response
header name/value pairs have been received), the
``on_frame_recv_callback()`` function is called::
static int on_frame_recv_callback(nghttp2_session *session _U_,
const nghttp2_frame *frame, void *user_data) {
@ -386,13 +396,16 @@ After all name/value pairs are emitted for a frame,
return 0;
}
In this tutorial, we are just interested in the HTTP response
HEADERS. We check the frame type and its category (it should be
:macro:`NGHTTP2_HCAT_RESPONSE` for HTTP response HEADERS). Also check
its stream ID.
``on_frame_recv_callback()`` is called for other frame types too.
The ``on_data_chunk_recv_callback()`` function is invoked when a chunk
of data is received from the remote peer::
In this tutorial, we are just interested in the HTTP response HEADERS
frame. We check the frame type and its category (it should be
:macro:`NGHTTP2_HCAT_RESPONSE` for HTTP response HEADERS). We also
check its stream ID.
Next, zero or more DATA frames can be received. The
``on_data_chunk_recv_callback()`` function is invoked when a chunk of
data is received from the remote peer::
static int on_data_chunk_recv_callback(nghttp2_session *session _U_,
uint8_t flags _U_, int32_t stream_id,
@ -405,10 +418,10 @@ of data is received from the remote peer::
return 0;
}
In our case, a chunk of data is response body. After checking stream
ID, we just write the received data to the stdout. Note that the
output in the terminal may be corrupted if the response body contains
some binary data.
In our case, a chunk of data is HTTP response body. After checking the
stream ID, we just write the received data to stdout. Note the output
in the terminal may be corrupted if the response body contains some
binary data.
The ``on_stream_close_callback()`` function is invoked when the stream
is about to close::
@ -431,9 +444,9 @@ is about to close::
}
If the stream ID matches the one we initiated, it means that its
stream is going to be closed. Since we have finished to get the
resource we want (or the stream was reset by RST_STREAM from the
stream is going to be closed. Since we have finished receiving
resource we wanted (or the stream was reset by RST_STREAM from the
remote peer), we call `nghttp2_session_terminate_session()` to
commencing the closure of the HTTP/2 session gracefully. If you have
commence closure of the HTTP/2 session gracefully. If you have
some data associated for the stream to be closed, you may delete it
here.