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nghttp2 - HTTP/2 C Library
==========================
This is an implementation of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol version 2
in C.
The framing layer of HTTP/2 is implemented as a reusable C
library. On top of that, we have implemented an HTTP/2 client, server
and proxy. We have also developed load test and benchmarking tools for
HTTP/2 and SPDY.
An HPACK encoder and decoder are available as a public API.
An experimental high level C++ library is also available.
We have Python bindings of this library, but we do not have full
code coverage yet.
Development Status
------------------
We have implemented `RFC 7540 <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7540>`_
HTTP/2 and `RFC 7541 <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7541>`_ HPACK -
Header Compression for HTTP/2
The nghttp2 code base was forked from the spdylay
(https://github.com/tatsuhiro-t/spdylay) project.
Public Test Server
------------------
The following endpoints are available to try out our nghttp2
implementation.
* https://nghttp2.org/ (TLS + ALPN/NPN)
This endpoint supports ``h2``, ``h2-16``, ``h2-14``, ``spdy/3.1``
and ``http/1.1`` via ALPN/NPN and requires TLSv1.2 for HTTP/2
connection.
* http://nghttp2.org/ (HTTP Upgrade and HTTP/2 Direct)
``h2c`` and ``http/1.1``.
Requirements
------------
The following package is required to build the libnghttp2 library:
* pkg-config >= 0.20
To build and run the unit test programs, the following package is
required:
* cunit >= 2.1
To build the documentation, you need to install:
* sphinx (http://sphinx-doc.org/)
To build and run the application programs (``nghttp``, ``nghttpd`` and
``nghttpx``) in the ``src`` directory, the following packages are
required:
* OpenSSL >= 1.0.1
* libev >= 4.15
* zlib >= 1.2.3
ALPN support requires OpenSSL >= 1.0.2 (released 22 January 2015).
LibreSSL >= 2.2.0 can be used instead of OpenSSL, but OpenSSL has more
features than LibreSSL at the time of this writing.
To enable the SPDY protocol in the application program ``nghttpx`` and
``h2load``, the following package is required:
* spdylay >= 1.3.2
To enable ``-a`` option (getting linked assets from the downloaded
resource) in ``nghttp``, the following package is required:
* libxml2 >= 2.7.7
The HPACK tools require the following package:
* jansson >= 2.5
To build sources under the examples directory, libevent is required:
* libevent-openssl >= 2.0.8
To mitigate heap fragmentation in long running server programs
(``nghttpd`` and ``nghttpx``), jemalloc is recommended:
* jemalloc
libnghttp2_asio C++ library requires the following packages:
* libboost-dev >= 1.54.0
* libboost-thread-dev >= 1.54.0
The Python bindings require the following packages:
* cython >= 0.19
* python >= 2.7
* python-setuptools
If you are using Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (trusty) or Debian 7.0 (wheezy) and above run the following to install the needed packages::
sudo apt-get install g++ make binutils autoconf automake autotools-dev libtool pkg-config \
zlib1g-dev libcunit1-dev libssl-dev libxml2-dev libev-dev libevent-dev libjansson-dev \
libjemalloc-dev cython python3-dev python-setuptools
spdylay is not packaged in Ubuntu, so you need to build it yourself:
http://tatsuhiro-t.github.io/spdylay/
To enable mruby support for nghttpx, `mruby
<https://github.com/mruby/mruby>`_ is required. We need to build
mruby with C++ ABI explicitly turned on, and probably need other
mrgems, mruby is manged by git submodule under third-party/mruby
directory. Currently, mruby support for nghttpx is disabled by
default. To enable mruby support, use ``--with-mruby`` configure
option. Note that at the time of this writing, libmruby-dev and mruby
packages in Debian/Ubuntu are not usable for nghttp2, since they do
not enable C++ ABI. To build mruby, the following packages are
required:
* ruby
* bison
nghttpx supports `neverbleed <https://github.com/h2o/neverbleed>`_,
privilege separation engine for OpenSSL / LibreSSL. In short, it
minimizes the risk of private key leakage when serious bug like
Heartbleed is exploited. The neverbleed is disabled by default. To
enable it, use ``--with-neverbleed`` configure option.
Building from git
-----------------
Building from git is easy, but please be sure that at least autoconf 2.68 is
used::
$ autoreconf -i
$ automake
$ autoconf
$ ./configure
$ make
To compile the source code, gcc >= 4.8.3 or clang >= 3.4 is required.
.. note::
To enable mruby support in nghttpx, run ``git submodule update
--init`` before running configure script, and use ``--with-mruby``
configure option.
.. note::
Mac OS X users may need the ``--disable-threads`` configure option to
disable multi-threading in nghttpd, nghttpx and h2load to prevent
them from crashing. A patch is welcome to make multi threading work
on Mac OS X platform.
Notes for building on Windows (Mingw/Cygwin)
--------------------------------------------
Under Mingw environment, you can only compile the library, it's
``libnghttp2-X.dll`` and ``libnghttp2.a``.
If you want to compile the applications(``h2load``, ``nghttp``,
``nghttpx``, ``nghttpd``), you need to use the Cygwin environment.
Under Cygwin environment, to compile the applications you need to
compile and install the libev first.
Secondly, you need to undefine the macro ``__STRICT_ANSI__``, if you
not, the functions ``fdopen``, ``fileno`` and ``strptime`` will not
available.
the sample command like this::
$ export CFLAGS="-U__STRICT_ANSI__ -I$libev_PREFIX/include -L$libev_PREFIX/lib"
$ export CXXFLAGS=$CFLAGS
$ ./configure
$ make
If you want to compile the applications under ``examples/``, you need
to remove or rename the ``event.h`` from libev's installation, because
it conflicts with libevent's installation.
Building the documentation
--------------------------
.. note::
Documentation is still incomplete.
To build the documentation, run::
$ make html
The documents will be generated under ``doc/manual/html/``.
The generated documents will not be installed with ``make install``.
The online documentation is available at
https://nghttp2.org/documentation/
Unit tests
----------
Unit tests are done by simply running ``make check``.
Integration tests
-----------------
We have the integration tests for the nghttpx proxy server. The tests are
written in the `Go programming language <http://golang.org/>`_ and uses
its testing framework. We depend on the following libraries:
* golang.org/x/net/http2
* golang.org/x/net/websocket
* https://github.com/tatsuhiro-t/go-nghttp2
* https://github.com/tatsuhiro-t/spdy
To download the above packages, after settings ``GOPATH``, run the
following command under ``integration-tests`` directory::
$ make itprep
To run the tests, run the following command under
``integration-tests`` directory::
$ make it
Inside the tests, we use port 3009 to run the test subject server.
.. note::
github.com/tatsuhiro-t/spdy is a copy used to be available at
golang.org/x/net/spdy, but it is now gone.
Migration from v0.7.15 or earlier
---------------------------------
nghttp2 v1.0.0 introduced several backward incompatible changes. In
this section, we describe these changes and how to migrate to v1.0.0.
ALPN protocol ID is now ``h2`` and ``h2c``
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Previously we announced ``h2-14`` and ``h2c-14``. v1.0.0 implements
final protocol version, and we changed ALPN ID to ``h2`` and ``h2c``.
The macros ``NGHTTP2_PROTO_VERSION_ID``,
``NGHTTP2_PROTO_VERSION_ID_LEN``,
``NGHTTP2_CLEARTEXT_PROTO_VERSION_ID``, and
``NGHTTP2_CLEARTEXT_PROTO_VERSION_ID_LEN`` have been updated to
reflect this change.
Basically, existing applications do not have to do anything, just
recompiling is enough for this change.
Use word "client magic" where we use "client connection preface"
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
We use "client connection preface" to mean first 24 bytes of client
connection preface. This is technically not correct, since client
connection preface is composed of 24 bytes client magic byte string
followed by SETTINGS frame. For clarification, we call "client magic"
for this 24 bytes byte string and updated API.
* ``NGHTTP2_CLIENT_CONNECTION_PREFACE`` was replaced with
``NGHTTP2_CLIENT_MAGIC``.
* ``NGHTTP2_CLIENT_CONNECTION_PREFACE_LEN`` was replaced with
``NGHTTP2_CLIENT_MAGIC_LEN``.
* ``NGHTTP2_BAD_PREFACE`` was renamed as ``NGHTTP2_BAD_CLIENT_MAGIC``
The already deprecated ``NGHTTP2_CLIENT_CONNECTION_HEADER`` and
``NGHTTP2_CLIENT_CONNECTION_HEADER_LEN`` were removed.
If application uses these macros, just replace old ones with new ones.
Since v1.0.0, client magic is sent by library (see next subsection),
so client application may just remove these macro use.
Client magic is sent by library
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Previously nghttp2 library did not send client magic, which is first
24 bytes byte string of client connection preface, and client
applications have to send it by themselves. Since v1.0.0, client
magic is sent by library via first call of ``nghttp2_session_send()``
or ``nghttp2_session_mem_send()``.
The client applications which send client magic must remove the
relevant code.
Remove HTTP Alternative Services (Alt-Svc) related code
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Alt-Svc specification is not finalized yet. To make our API stable,
we have decided to remove all Alt-Svc related API from nghttp2.
* ``NGHTTP2_EXT_ALTSVC`` was removed.
* ``nghttp2_ext_altsvc`` was removed.
We have already removed the functionality of Alt-Svc in v0.7 series
and they have been essentially noop. The application using these
macro and struct, remove those lines.
Use nghttp2_error in nghttp2_on_invalid_frame_recv_callback
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Previously ``nghttp2_on_invalid_frame_recv_cb_called`` took the
``error_code``, defined in ``nghttp2_error_code``, as parameter. But
they are not detailed enough to debug. Therefore, we decided to use
more detailed ``nghttp2_error`` values instead.
The application using this callback should update the callback
signature. If it treats ``error_code`` as HTTP/2 error code, update
the code so that it is treated as ``nghttp2_error``.
Receive client magic by default
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Previously nghttp2 did not process client magic (24 bytes byte
string). To make it deal with it, we had to use
``nghttp2_option_set_recv_client_preface()``. Since v1.0.0, nghttp2
processes client magic by default and
``nghttp2_option_set_recv_client_preface()`` was removed.
Some application may want to disable this behaviour, so we added
``nghttp2_option_set_no_recv_client_magic()`` to achieve this.
The application using ``nghttp2_option_set_recv_client_preface()``
with nonzero value, just remove it.
The application using ``nghttp2_option_set_recv_client_preface()``
with zero value or not using it must use
``nghttp2_option_set_no_recv_client_magic()`` with nonzero value.
Client, Server and Proxy programs
---------------------------------
The ``src`` directory contains the HTTP/2 client, server and proxy programs.
nghttp - client
+++++++++++++++
``nghttp`` is a HTTP/2 client. It can connect to the HTTP/2 server
with prior knowledge, HTTP Upgrade and NPN/ALPN TLS extension.
It has verbose output mode for framing information. Here is sample
output from ``nghttp`` client::
$ nghttp -nv https://nghttp2.org
[ 0.190] Connected
The negotiated protocol: h2
[ 0.212] recv SETTINGS frame <length=12, flags=0x00, stream_id=0>
(niv=2)
[SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(0x03):100]
[SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE(0x04):65535]
[ 0.212] send SETTINGS frame <length=12, flags=0x00, stream_id=0>
(niv=2)
[SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(0x03):100]
[SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE(0x04):65535]
[ 0.212] send SETTINGS frame <length=0, flags=0x01, stream_id=0>
; ACK
(niv=0)
[ 0.212] send PRIORITY frame <length=5, flags=0x00, stream_id=3>
(dep_stream_id=0, weight=201, exclusive=0)
[ 0.212] send PRIORITY frame <length=5, flags=0x00, stream_id=5>
(dep_stream_id=0, weight=101, exclusive=0)
[ 0.212] send PRIORITY frame <length=5, flags=0x00, stream_id=7>
(dep_stream_id=0, weight=1, exclusive=0)
[ 0.212] send PRIORITY frame <length=5, flags=0x00, stream_id=9>
(dep_stream_id=7, weight=1, exclusive=0)
[ 0.212] send PRIORITY frame <length=5, flags=0x00, stream_id=11>
(dep_stream_id=3, weight=1, exclusive=0)
[ 0.212] send HEADERS frame <length=39, flags=0x25, stream_id=13>
; END_STREAM | END_HEADERS | PRIORITY
(padlen=0, dep_stream_id=11, weight=16, exclusive=0)
; Open new stream
:method: GET
:path: /
:scheme: https
:authority: nghttp2.org
accept: */*
accept-encoding: gzip, deflate
user-agent: nghttp2/1.0.1-DEV
[ 0.221] recv SETTINGS frame <length=0, flags=0x01, stream_id=0>
; ACK
(niv=0)
[ 0.221] recv (stream_id=13) :method: GET
[ 0.221] recv (stream_id=13) :scheme: https
[ 0.221] recv (stream_id=13) :path: /stylesheets/screen.css
[ 0.221] recv (stream_id=13) :authority: nghttp2.org
[ 0.221] recv (stream_id=13) accept-encoding: gzip, deflate
[ 0.222] recv (stream_id=13) user-agent: nghttp2/1.0.1-DEV
[ 0.222] recv PUSH_PROMISE frame <length=50, flags=0x04, stream_id=13>
; END_HEADERS
(padlen=0, promised_stream_id=2)
[ 0.222] recv (stream_id=13) :status: 200
[ 0.222] recv (stream_id=13) date: Thu, 21 May 2015 16:38:14 GMT
[ 0.222] recv (stream_id=13) content-type: text/html
[ 0.222] recv (stream_id=13) last-modified: Fri, 15 May 2015 15:38:06 GMT
[ 0.222] recv (stream_id=13) etag: W/"555612de-19f6"
[ 0.222] recv (stream_id=13) link: </stylesheets/screen.css>; rel=preload; as=stylesheet
[ 0.222] recv (stream_id=13) content-encoding: gzip
[ 0.222] recv (stream_id=13) server: nghttpx nghttp2/1.0.1-DEV
[ 0.222] recv (stream_id=13) via: 1.1 nghttpx
[ 0.222] recv (stream_id=13) strict-transport-security: max-age=31536000
[ 0.222] recv HEADERS frame <length=166, flags=0x04, stream_id=13>
; END_HEADERS
(padlen=0)
; First response header
[ 0.222] recv DATA frame <length=2601, flags=0x01, stream_id=13>
; END_STREAM
[ 0.222] recv (stream_id=2) :status: 200
[ 0.222] recv (stream_id=2) date: Thu, 21 May 2015 16:38:14 GMT
[ 0.222] recv (stream_id=2) content-type: text/css
[ 0.222] recv (stream_id=2) last-modified: Fri, 15 May 2015 15:38:06 GMT
[ 0.222] recv (stream_id=2) etag: W/"555612de-9845"
[ 0.222] recv (stream_id=2) content-encoding: gzip
[ 0.222] recv (stream_id=2) server: nghttpx nghttp2/1.0.1-DEV
[ 0.222] recv (stream_id=2) via: 1.1 nghttpx
[ 0.222] recv (stream_id=2) strict-transport-security: max-age=31536000
[ 0.222] recv HEADERS frame <length=32, flags=0x04, stream_id=2>
; END_HEADERS
(padlen=0)
; First push response header
[ 0.228] recv DATA frame <length=8715, flags=0x01, stream_id=2>
; END_STREAM
[ 0.228] send GOAWAY frame <length=8, flags=0x00, stream_id=0>
(last_stream_id=2, error_code=NO_ERROR(0x00), opaque_data(0)=[])
The HTTP Upgrade is performed like so::
$ nghttp -nvu http://nghttp2.org
[ 0.011] Connected
[ 0.011] HTTP Upgrade request
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: nghttp2.org
Connection: Upgrade, HTTP2-Settings
Upgrade: h2c
HTTP2-Settings: AAMAAABkAAQAAP__
Accept: */*
User-Agent: nghttp2/1.0.1-DEV
[ 0.018] HTTP Upgrade response
HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols
Connection: Upgrade
Upgrade: h2c
[ 0.018] HTTP Upgrade success
[ 0.018] recv SETTINGS frame <length=12, flags=0x00, stream_id=0>
(niv=2)
[SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(0x03):100]
[SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE(0x04):65535]
[ 0.018] send SETTINGS frame <length=12, flags=0x00, stream_id=0>
(niv=2)
[SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(0x03):100]
[SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE(0x04):65535]
[ 0.018] send SETTINGS frame <length=0, flags=0x01, stream_id=0>
; ACK
(niv=0)
[ 0.018] send PRIORITY frame <length=5, flags=0x00, stream_id=3>
(dep_stream_id=0, weight=201, exclusive=0)
[ 0.018] send PRIORITY frame <length=5, flags=0x00, stream_id=5>
(dep_stream_id=0, weight=101, exclusive=0)
[ 0.018] send PRIORITY frame <length=5, flags=0x00, stream_id=7>
(dep_stream_id=0, weight=1, exclusive=0)
[ 0.018] send PRIORITY frame <length=5, flags=0x00, stream_id=9>
(dep_stream_id=7, weight=1, exclusive=0)
[ 0.018] send PRIORITY frame <length=5, flags=0x00, stream_id=11>
(dep_stream_id=3, weight=1, exclusive=0)
[ 0.018] send PRIORITY frame <length=5, flags=0x00, stream_id=1>
(dep_stream_id=11, weight=16, exclusive=0)
[ 0.019] recv (stream_id=1) :method: GET
[ 0.019] recv (stream_id=1) :scheme: http
[ 0.019] recv (stream_id=1) :path: /stylesheets/screen.css
[ 0.019] recv (stream_id=1) host: nghttp2.org
[ 0.019] recv (stream_id=1) user-agent: nghttp2/1.0.1-DEV
[ 0.019] recv PUSH_PROMISE frame <length=49, flags=0x04, stream_id=1>
; END_HEADERS
(padlen=0, promised_stream_id=2)
[ 0.019] recv (stream_id=1) :status: 200
[ 0.019] recv (stream_id=1) date: Thu, 21 May 2015 16:39:16 GMT
[ 0.019] recv (stream_id=1) content-type: text/html
[ 0.019] recv (stream_id=1) content-length: 6646
[ 0.019] recv (stream_id=1) last-modified: Fri, 15 May 2015 15:38:06 GMT
[ 0.019] recv (stream_id=1) etag: "555612de-19f6"
[ 0.019] recv (stream_id=1) link: </stylesheets/screen.css>; rel=preload; as=stylesheet
[ 0.019] recv (stream_id=1) accept-ranges: bytes
[ 0.019] recv (stream_id=1) server: nghttpx nghttp2/1.0.1-DEV
[ 0.019] recv (stream_id=1) via: 1.1 nghttpx
[ 0.019] recv HEADERS frame <length=157, flags=0x04, stream_id=1>
; END_HEADERS
(padlen=0)
; First response header
[ 0.019] recv DATA frame <length=6646, flags=0x01, stream_id=1>
; END_STREAM
[ 0.019] recv (stream_id=2) :status: 200
[ 0.019] recv (stream_id=2) date: Thu, 21 May 2015 16:39:16 GMT
[ 0.019] recv (stream_id=2) content-type: text/css
[ 0.019] recv (stream_id=2) content-length: 38981
[ 0.019] recv (stream_id=2) last-modified: Fri, 15 May 2015 15:38:06 GMT
[ 0.019] recv (stream_id=2) etag: "555612de-9845"
[ 0.019] recv (stream_id=2) accept-ranges: bytes
[ 0.019] recv (stream_id=2) server: nghttpx nghttp2/1.0.1-DEV
[ 0.019] recv (stream_id=2) via: 1.1 nghttpx
[ 0.019] recv HEADERS frame <length=36, flags=0x04, stream_id=2>
; END_HEADERS
(padlen=0)
; First push response header
[ 0.026] recv DATA frame <length=16384, flags=0x00, stream_id=2>
[ 0.027] recv DATA frame <length=7952, flags=0x00, stream_id=2>
[ 0.027] send WINDOW_UPDATE frame <length=4, flags=0x00, stream_id=0>
(window_size_increment=33343)
[ 0.032] send WINDOW_UPDATE frame <length=4, flags=0x00, stream_id=2>
(window_size_increment=33707)
[ 0.032] recv DATA frame <length=14645, flags=0x01, stream_id=2>
; END_STREAM
[ 0.032] recv SETTINGS frame <length=0, flags=0x01, stream_id=0>
; ACK
(niv=0)
[ 0.032] send GOAWAY frame <length=8, flags=0x00, stream_id=0>
(last_stream_id=2, error_code=NO_ERROR(0x00), opaque_data(0)=[])
Using the ``-s`` option, ``nghttp`` prints out some timing information for
requests, sorted by completion time::
$ nghttp -nas https://nghttp2.org/
***** Statistics *****
Request timing:
responseEnd: the time when last byte of response was received
relative to connectEnd
requestStart: the time just before first byte of request was sent
relative to connectEnd. If '*' is shown, this was
pushed by server.
process: responseEnd - requestStart
code: HTTP status code
size: number of bytes received as response body without
inflation.
URI: request URI
see http://www.w3.org/TR/resource-timing/#processing-model
sorted by 'complete'
id responseEnd requestStart process code size request path
13 +37.19ms +280us 36.91ms 200 2K /
2 +72.65ms * +36.38ms 36.26ms 200 8K /stylesheets/screen.css
17 +77.43ms +38.67ms 38.75ms 200 3K /javascripts/octopress.js
15 +78.12ms +38.66ms 39.46ms 200 3K /javascripts/modernizr-2.0.js
Using the ``-r`` option, ``nghttp`` writes more detailed timing data to
the given file in HAR format.
nghttpd - server
++++++++++++++++
``nghttpd`` is a multi-threaded static web server.
By default, it uses SSL/TLS connection. Use ``--no-tls`` option to
disable it.
``nghttpd`` only accepts HTTP/2 connections via NPN/ALPN or direct
HTTP/2 connections. No HTTP Upgrade is supported.
The ``-p`` option allows users to configure server push.
Just like ``nghttp``, it has a verbose output mode for framing
information. Here is sample output from ``nghttpd``::
$ nghttpd --no-tls -v 8080
IPv4: listen 0.0.0.0:8080
IPv6: listen :::8080
[id=1] [ 1.521] send SETTINGS frame <length=6, flags=0x00, stream_id=0>
(niv=1)
[SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(0x03):100]
[id=1] [ 1.521] recv SETTINGS frame <length=12, flags=0x00, stream_id=0>
(niv=2)
[SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(0x03):100]
[SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE(0x04):65535]
[id=1] [ 1.521] recv SETTINGS frame <length=0, flags=0x01, stream_id=0>
; ACK
(niv=0)
[id=1] [ 1.521] recv PRIORITY frame <length=5, flags=0x00, stream_id=3>
(dep_stream_id=0, weight=201, exclusive=0)
[id=1] [ 1.521] recv PRIORITY frame <length=5, flags=0x00, stream_id=5>
(dep_stream_id=0, weight=101, exclusive=0)
[id=1] [ 1.521] recv PRIORITY frame <length=5, flags=0x00, stream_id=7>
(dep_stream_id=0, weight=1, exclusive=0)
[id=1] [ 1.521] recv PRIORITY frame <length=5, flags=0x00, stream_id=9>
(dep_stream_id=7, weight=1, exclusive=0)
[id=1] [ 1.521] recv PRIORITY frame <length=5, flags=0x00, stream_id=11>
(dep_stream_id=3, weight=1, exclusive=0)
[id=1] [ 1.521] recv (stream_id=13) :method: GET
[id=1] [ 1.521] recv (stream_id=13) :path: /
[id=1] [ 1.521] recv (stream_id=13) :scheme: http
[id=1] [ 1.521] recv (stream_id=13) :authority: localhost:8080
[id=1] [ 1.521] recv (stream_id=13) accept: */*
[id=1] [ 1.521] recv (stream_id=13) accept-encoding: gzip, deflate
[id=1] [ 1.521] recv (stream_id=13) user-agent: nghttp2/1.0.0-DEV
[id=1] [ 1.521] recv HEADERS frame <length=41, flags=0x25, stream_id=13>
; END_STREAM | END_HEADERS | PRIORITY
(padlen=0, dep_stream_id=11, weight=16, exclusive=0)
; Open new stream
[id=1] [ 1.521] send SETTINGS frame <length=0, flags=0x01, stream_id=0>
; ACK
(niv=0)
[id=1] [ 1.521] send HEADERS frame <length=86, flags=0x04, stream_id=13>
; END_HEADERS
(padlen=0)
; First response header
:status: 200
server: nghttpd nghttp2/1.0.0-DEV
content-length: 10
cache-control: max-age=3600
date: Fri, 15 May 2015 14:49:04 GMT
last-modified: Tue, 30 Sep 2014 12:40:52 GMT
[id=1] [ 1.522] send DATA frame <length=10, flags=0x01, stream_id=13>
; END_STREAM
[id=1] [ 1.522] stream_id=13 closed
[id=1] [ 1.522] recv GOAWAY frame <length=8, flags=0x00, stream_id=0>
(last_stream_id=0, error_code=NO_ERROR(0x00), opaque_data(0)=[])
[id=1] [ 1.522] closed
nghttpx - proxy
+++++++++++++++
``nghttpx`` is a multi-threaded reverse proxy for HTTP/2, SPDY and
HTTP/1.1, and powers http://nghttp2.org and supports HTTP/2 server
push.
``nghttpx`` implements `important performance-oriented features
<https://istlsfastyet.com/#server-performance>`_ in TLS, such as
session IDs, session tickets (with automatic key rotation), OCSP
stapling, dynamic record sizing, ALPN/NPN, forward secrecy and SPDY &
HTTP/2.
``nghttpx`` has several operational modes:
================== ============================ ============== =============
Mode option Frontend Backend Note
================== ============================ ============== =============
default mode HTTP/2, SPDY, HTTP/1.1 (TLS) HTTP/1.1 Reverse proxy
``--http2-proxy`` HTTP/2, SPDY, HTTP/1.1 (TLS) HTTP/1.1 SPDY proxy
``--http2-bridge`` HTTP/2, SPDY, HTTP/1.1 (TLS) HTTP/2 (TLS)
``--client`` HTTP/2, HTTP/1.1 HTTP/2 (TLS)
``--client-proxy`` HTTP/2, HTTP/1.1 HTTP/2 (TLS) Forward proxy
================== ============================ ============== =============
The interesting mode at the moment is the default mode. It works like
a reverse proxy and listens for HTTP/2, SPDY and HTTP/1.1 and can be
deployed as a SSL/TLS terminator for existing web server.
The default mode, ``--http2-proxy`` and ``--http2-bridge`` modes use
SSL/TLS in the frontend connection by default. To disable SSL/TLS,
use the ``--frontend-no-tls`` option. If that option is used, SPDY is
disabled in the frontend and incoming HTTP/1.1 connections can be
upgraded to HTTP/2 through HTTP Upgrade.
The ``--http2-bridge``, ``--client`` and ``--client-proxy`` modes use
SSL/TLS in the backend connection by default. To disable SSL/TLS, use
the ``--backend-no-tls`` option.
``nghttpx`` supports a configuration file. See the ``--conf`` option and
sample configuration file ``nghttpx.conf.sample``.
In the default mode, (without any of ``--http2-proxy``,
``--http2-bridge``, ``--client-proxy`` and ``--client`` options),
``nghttpx`` works as reverse proxy to the backend server::
Client <-- (HTTP/2, SPDY, HTTP/1.1) --> nghttpx <-- (HTTP/1.1) --> Web Server
[reverse proxy]
With the ``--http2-proxy`` option, it works as a so called secure proxy (aka
SPDY proxy)::
Client <-- (HTTP/2, SPDY, HTTP/1.1) --> nghttpx <-- (HTTP/1.1) --> Proxy
[secure proxy] (e.g., Squid, ATS)
The ``Client`` in the above example needs to be configured to use
``nghttpx`` as secure proxy.
At the time of this writing, Chrome is the only browser which supports
secure proxy. One way to configure Chrome to use a secure proxy is
to create a proxy.pac script like this:
.. code-block:: javascript
function FindProxyForURL(url, host) {
return "HTTPS SERVERADDR:PORT";
}
``SERVERADDR`` and ``PORT`` is the hostname/address and port of the
machine nghttpx is running on. Please note that Chrome requires a valid
certificate for secure proxy.
Then run Chrome with the following arguments::
$ google-chrome --proxy-pac-url=file:///path/to/proxy.pac --use-npn
With ``--http2-bridge``, it accepts HTTP/2, SPDY and HTTP/1.1
connections and communicates with the backend in HTTP/2::
Client <-- (HTTP/2, SPDY, HTTP/1.1) --> nghttpx <-- (HTTP/2) --> Web or HTTP/2 Proxy etc
(e.g., nghttpx -s)
With ``--client-proxy``, it works as a forward proxy and expects
that the backend is an HTTP/2 proxy::
Client <-- (HTTP/2, HTTP/1.1) --> nghttpx <-- (HTTP/2) --> HTTP/2 Proxy
[forward proxy] (e.g., nghttpx -s)
The ``Client`` needs to be configured to use nghttpx as a forward
proxy. The frontend HTTP/1.1 connection can be upgraded to HTTP/2
through HTTP Upgrade. With the above configuration, one can use
HTTP/1.1 client to access and test their HTTP/2 servers.
With ``--client``, it works as a reverse proxy and expects that
the backend is an HTTP/2 Web server::
Client <-- (HTTP/2, HTTP/1.1) --> nghttpx <-- (HTTP/2) --> Web Server
[reverse proxy]
The frontend HTTP/1.1 connection can be upgraded to HTTP/2
through HTTP Upgrade.
For the operation modes which talk to the backend in HTTP/2 over
SSL/TLS, the backend connections can be tunneled through an HTTP proxy.
The proxy is specified using ``--backend-http-proxy-uri``. The
following figure illustrates the example of the ``--http2-bridge`` and
``--backend-http-proxy-uri`` options to talk to the outside HTTP/2
proxy through an HTTP proxy::
Client <-- (HTTP/2, SPDY, HTTP/1.1) --> nghttpx <-- (HTTP/2) --
--===================---> HTTP/2 Proxy
(HTTP proxy tunnel) (e.g., nghttpx -s)
Benchmarking tool
-----------------
The ``h2load`` program is a benchmarking tool for HTTP/2 and SPDY.
The SPDY support is enabled if the program was built with the spdylay
library. The UI of ``h2load`` is heavily inspired by ``weighttp``
(https://github.com/lighttpd/weighttp). The typical usage is as
follows::
$ h2load -n100000 -c100 -m100 https://localhost:8443/
starting benchmark...
spawning thread #0: 100 concurrent clients, 100000 total requests
Protocol: TLSv1.2
Cipher: ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
Server Temp Key: ECDH P-256 256 bits
progress: 10% done
progress: 20% done
progress: 30% done
progress: 40% done
progress: 50% done
progress: 60% done
progress: 70% done
progress: 80% done
progress: 90% done
progress: 100% done
finished in 771.26ms, 129658 req/s, 4.71MB/s
requests: 100000 total, 100000 started, 100000 done, 100000 succeeded, 0 failed, 0 errored
status codes: 100000 2xx, 0 3xx, 0 4xx, 0 5xx
traffic: 3812300 bytes total, 1009900 bytes headers, 1000000 bytes data
min max mean sd +/- sd
time for request: 25.12ms 124.55ms 51.07ms 15.36ms 84.87%
time for connect: 208.94ms 254.67ms 241.38ms 7.95ms 63.00%
time to 1st byte: 209.11ms 254.80ms 241.51ms 7.94ms 63.00%
The above example issued total 100,000 requests, using 100 concurrent
clients (in other words, 100 HTTP/2 sessions), and a maximum of 100 streams
per client. With the ``-t`` option, ``h2load`` will use multiple native
threads to avoid saturating a single core on client side.
.. warning::
**Don't use this tool against publicly available servers.** That is
considered a DOS attack. Please only use it against your private
servers.
HPACK tools
-----------
The ``src`` directory contains the HPACK tools. The ``deflatehd`` program is a
command-line header compression tool. The ``inflatehd`` program is a
command-line header decompression tool. Both tools read input from
stdin and write output to stdout. Errors are written to stderr.
They take JSON as input and output. We (mostly) use the same JSON data
format described at https://github.com/http2jp/hpack-test-case.
deflatehd - header compressor
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
The ``deflatehd`` program reads JSON data or HTTP/1-style header fields from
stdin and outputs compressed header block in JSON.
For the JSON input, the root JSON object must include a ``cases`` key.
Its value has to include the sequence of input header set. They share
the same compression context and are processed in the order they
appear. Each item in the sequence is a JSON object and it must
include a ``headers`` key. Its value is an array of JSON objects,
which includes exactly one name/value pair.
Example:
.. code-block:: json
{
"cases":
[
{
"headers": [
{ ":method": "GET" },
{ ":path": "/" }
]
},
{
"headers": [
{ ":method": "POST" },
{ ":path": "/" }
]
}
]
}
With the ``-t`` option, the program can accept more familiar HTTP/1 style
header field blocks. Each header set is delimited by an empty line:
Example::
:method: GET
:scheme: https
:path: /
:method: POST
user-agent: nghttp2
The output is in JSON object. It should include a ``cases`` key and its
value is an array of JSON objects, which has at least the following keys:
seq
The index of header set in the input.
input_length
The sum of the length of the name/value pairs in the input.
output_length
The length of the compressed header block.
percentage_of_original_size
``input_length`` / ``output_length`` * 100
wire
The compressed header block as a hex string.
headers
The input header set.
header_table_size
The header table size adjusted before deflating the header set.
Examples:
.. code-block:: json
{
"cases":
[
{
"seq": 0,
"input_length": 66,
"output_length": 20,
"percentage_of_original_size": 30.303030303030305,
"wire": "01881f3468e5891afcbf83868a3d856659c62e3f",
"headers": [
{
":authority": "example.org"
},
{
":method": "GET"
},
{
":path": "/"
},
{
":scheme": "https"
},
{
"user-agent": "nghttp2"
}
],
"header_table_size": 4096
}
,
{
"seq": 1,
"input_length": 74,
"output_length": 10,
"percentage_of_original_size": 13.513513513513514,
"wire": "88448504252dd5918485",
"headers": [
{
":authority": "example.org"
},
{
":method": "POST"
},
{
":path": "/account"
},
{
":scheme": "https"
},
{
"user-agent": "nghttp2"
}
],
"header_table_size": 4096
}
]
}
The output can be used as the input for ``inflatehd`` and
``deflatehd``.
With the ``-d`` option, the extra ``header_table`` key is added and its
associated value includes the state of dynamic header table after the
corresponding header set was processed. The value includes at least
the following keys:
entries
The entry in the header table. If ``referenced`` is ``true``, it
is in the reference set. The ``size`` includes the overhead (32
bytes). The ``index`` corresponds to the index of header table.
The ``name`` is the header field name and the ``value`` is the
header field value.
size
The sum of the spaces entries occupied, this includes the
entry overhead.
max_size
The maximum header table size.
deflate_size
The sum of the spaces entries occupied within
``max_deflate_size``.
max_deflate_size
The maximum header table size the encoder uses. This can be smaller
than ``max_size``. In this case, the encoder only uses up to first
``max_deflate_size`` buffer. Since the header table size is still
``max_size``, the encoder has to keep track of entries outside the
``max_deflate_size`` but inside the ``max_size`` and make sure
that they are no longer referenced.
Example:
.. code-block:: json
{
"cases":
[
{
"seq": 0,
"input_length": 66,
"output_length": 20,
"percentage_of_original_size": 30.303030303030305,
"wire": "01881f3468e5891afcbf83868a3d856659c62e3f",
"headers": [
{
":authority": "example.org"
},
{
":method": "GET"
},
{
":path": "/"
},
{
":scheme": "https"
},
{
"user-agent": "nghttp2"
}
],
"header_table_size": 4096,
"header_table": {
"entries": [
{
"index": 1,
"name": "user-agent",
"value": "nghttp2",
"referenced": true,
"size": 49
},
{
"index": 2,
"name": ":scheme",
"value": "https",
"referenced": true,
"size": 44
},
{
"index": 3,
"name": ":path",
"value": "/",
"referenced": true,
"size": 38
},
{
"index": 4,
"name": ":method",
"value": "GET",
"referenced": true,
"size": 42
},
{
"index": 5,
"name": ":authority",
"value": "example.org",
"referenced": true,
"size": 53
}
],
"size": 226,
"max_size": 4096,
"deflate_size": 226,
"max_deflate_size": 4096
}
}
,
{
"seq": 1,
"input_length": 74,
"output_length": 10,
"percentage_of_original_size": 13.513513513513514,
"wire": "88448504252dd5918485",
"headers": [
{
":authority": "example.org"
},
{
":method": "POST"
},
{
":path": "/account"
},
{
":scheme": "https"
},
{
"user-agent": "nghttp2"
}
],
"header_table_size": 4096,
"header_table": {
"entries": [
{
"index": 1,
"name": ":method",
"value": "POST",
"referenced": true,
"size": 43
},
{
"index": 2,
"name": "user-agent",
"value": "nghttp2",
"referenced": true,
"size": 49
},
{
"index": 3,
"name": ":scheme",
"value": "https",
"referenced": true,
"size": 44
},
{
"index": 4,
"name": ":path",
"value": "/",
"referenced": false,
"size": 38
},
{
"index": 5,
"name": ":method",
"value": "GET",
"referenced": false,
"size": 42
},
{
"index": 6,
"name": ":authority",
"value": "example.org",
"referenced": true,
"size": 53
}
],
"size": 269,
"max_size": 4096,
"deflate_size": 269,
"max_deflate_size": 4096
}
}
]
}
inflatehd - header decompressor
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
The ``inflatehd`` program reads JSON data from stdin and outputs decompressed
name/value pairs in JSON.
The root JSON object must include the ``cases`` key. Its value has to
include the sequence of compressed header blocks. They share the same
compression context and are processed in the order they appear. Each
item in the sequence is a JSON object and it must have at least a
``wire`` key. Its value is a compressed header block as a hex string.
Example:
.. code-block:: json
{
"cases":
[
{ "wire": "8285" },
{ "wire": "8583" }
]
}
The output is a JSON object. It should include a ``cases`` key and its
value is an array of JSON objects, which has at least following keys:
seq
The index of the header set in the input.
headers
A JSON array that includes decompressed name/value pairs.
wire
The compressed header block as a hex string.
header_table_size
The header table size adjusted before inflating compressed header
block.
Example:
.. code-block:: json
{
"cases":
[
{
"seq": 0,
"wire": "01881f3468e5891afcbf83868a3d856659c62e3f",
"headers": [
{
":authority": "example.org"
},
{
":method": "GET"
},
{
":path": "/"
},
{
":scheme": "https"
},
{
"user-agent": "nghttp2"
}
],
"header_table_size": 4096
}
,
{
"seq": 1,
"wire": "88448504252dd5918485",
"headers": [
{
":method": "POST"
},
{
":path": "/account"
},
{
"user-agent": "nghttp2"
},
{
":scheme": "https"
},
{
":authority": "example.org"
}
],
"header_table_size": 4096
}
]
}
The output can be used as the input for ``deflatehd`` and
``inflatehd``.
With the ``-d`` option, the extra ``header_table`` key is added and its
associated value includes the state of the dynamic header table after the
corresponding header set was processed. The format is the same as
``deflatehd``.
libnghttp2_asio: High level HTTP/2 C++ library
----------------------------------------------
libnghttp2_asio is C++ library built on top of libnghttp2 and provides
high level abstraction API to build HTTP/2 applications. It depends
on the Boost::ASIO library and OpenSSL. Currently libnghttp2_asio
provides both client and server APIs.
libnghttp2_asio is not built by default. Use the ``--enable-asio-lib``
configure flag to build libnghttp2_asio. The required Boost libraries
are:
* Boost::Asio
* Boost::System
* Boost::Thread
The server API is designed to build an HTTP/2 server very easily to utilize
C++11 anonymous functions and closures. The bare minimum example of
an HTTP/2 server looks like this:
.. code-block:: cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <nghttp2/asio_http2_server.h>
using namespace nghttp2::asio_http2;
using namespace nghttp2::asio_http2::server;
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
boost::system::error_code ec;
http2 server;
server.handle("/", [](const request &req, const response &res) {
res.write_head(200);
res.end("hello, world\n");
});
if (server.listen_and_serve(ec, "localhost", "3000")) {
std::cerr << "error: " << ec.message() << std::endl;
}
}
Here is sample code to use the client API:
.. code-block:: cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <nghttp2/asio_http2_client.h>
using boost::asio::ip::tcp;
using namespace nghttp2::asio_http2;
using namespace nghttp2::asio_http2::client;
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
boost::system::error_code ec;
boost::asio::io_service io_service;
// connect to localhost:3000
session sess(io_service, "localhost", "3000");
sess.on_connect([&sess](tcp::resolver::iterator endpoint_it) {
boost::system::error_code ec;
auto req = sess.submit(ec, "GET", "http://localhost:3000/");
req->on_response([](const response &res) {
// print status code and response header fields.
std::cerr << "HTTP/2 " << res.status_code() << std::endl;
for (auto &kv : res.header()) {
std::cerr << kv.first << ": " << kv.second.value << "\n";
}
std::cerr << std::endl;
res.on_data([](const uint8_t *data, std::size_t len) {
std::cerr.write(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(data), len);
std::cerr << std::endl;
});
});
req->on_close([&sess](uint32_t error_code) {
// shutdown session after first request was done.
sess.shutdown();
});
});
sess.on_error([](const boost::system::error_code &ec) {
std::cerr << "error: " << ec.message() << std::endl;
});
io_service.run();
}
For more details, see the documentation of libnghttp2_asio.
Python bindings
---------------
The ``python`` directory contains nghttp2 Python bindings. The
bindings currently provide HPACK compressor and decompressor classes
and an HTTP/2 server.
The extension module is called ``nghttp2``.
``make`` will build the bindings and target Python version is
determined by the ``configure`` script. If the detected Python version is not
what you expect, specify a path to Python executable in a ``PYTHON``
variable as an argument to configure script (e.g., ``./configure
PYTHON=/usr/bin/python3.4``).
The following example code illustrates basic usage of the HPACK compressor
and decompressor in Python:
.. code-block:: python
import binascii
import nghttp2
deflater = nghttp2.HDDeflater()
inflater = nghttp2.HDInflater()
data = deflater.deflate([(b'foo', b'bar'),
(b'baz', b'buz')])
print(binascii.b2a_hex(data))
hdrs = inflater.inflate(data)
print(hdrs)
The ``nghttp2.HTTP2Server`` class builds on top of the asyncio event
loop. On construction, *RequestHandlerClass* must be given, which
must be a subclass of ``nghttp2.BaseRequestHandler`` class.
The ``BaseRequestHandler`` class is used to handle the HTTP/2 stream.
By default, it does nothing. It must be subclassed to handle each
event callback method.
The first callback method invoked is ``on_headers()``. It is called
when HEADERS frame, which includes the request header fields, has arrived.
If the request has a request body, ``on_data(data)`` is invoked for each
chunk of received data.
Once the entire request is received, ``on_request_done()`` is invoked.
When the stream is closed, ``on_close(error_code)`` is called.
The application can send a response using ``send_response()`` method.
It can be used in ``on_headers()``, ``on_data()`` or
``on_request_done()``.
The application can push resources using the ``push()`` method. It must be
used before the ``send_response()`` call.
The following instance variables are available:
client_address
Contains a tuple of the form (host, port) referring to the
client's address.
stream_id
Stream ID of this stream.
scheme
Scheme of the request URI. This is a value of :scheme header
field.
method
Method of this stream. This is a value of :method header field.
host
This is a value of :authority or host header field.
path
This is a value of :path header field.
The following example illustrates the HTTP2Server and
BaseRequestHandler usage:
.. code-block:: python
#!/usr/bin/env python
import io, ssl
import nghttp2
class Handler(nghttp2.BaseRequestHandler):
def on_headers(self):
self.push(path='/css/bootstrap.css',
request_headers = [('content-length', '3')],
status=200,
body='foo')
self.push(path='/js/bootstrap.js',
method='GET',
request_headers = [('content-length', '10')],
status=200,
body='foobarbuzz')
self.send_response(status=200,
headers = [('content-type', 'text/plain')],
body=io.BytesIO(b'nghttp2-python FTW'))
ctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23)
ctx.options = ssl.OP_ALL | ssl.OP_NO_SSLv2
ctx.load_cert_chain('server.crt', 'server.key')
# give None to ssl to make the server non-SSL/TLS
server = nghttp2.HTTP2Server(('127.0.0.1', 8443), Handler, ssl=ctx)
server.serve_forever()
Contribution
------------
[This text was composed based on 1.2. License section of curl/libcurl
project.]
When contributing with code, you agree to put your changes and new
code under the same license nghttp2 is already using unless stated and
agreed otherwise.
When changing existing source code, do not alter the copyright of
the original file(s). The copyright will still be owned by the
original creator(s) or those who have been assigned copyright by the
original author(s).
By submitting a patch to the nghttp2 project, you (or your employer, as
the case may be) agree to assign the copyright of your submission to us.
.. the above really needs to be reworded to pass legal muster.
We will credit you for your
changes as far as possible, to give credit but also to keep a trace
back to who made what changes. Please always provide us with your
full real name when contributing!
See `Contribution Guidelines
<https://nghttp2.org/documentation/contribute.html>`_ for more
details.
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