syzkaller/prog/prio.go

// Copyright 2015/2016 syzkaller project authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by Apache 2 LICENSE that can be found in the LICENSE file.

package prog

import (
	"fmt"
	"math/rand"
	"sort"
)

// Calulation of call-to-call priorities.
// For a given pair of calls X and Y, the priority is our guess as to whether
// additional of call Y into a program containing call X is likely to give
// new coverage or not.
// The current algorithm has two components: static and dynamic.
// The static component is based on analysis of argument types. For example,
// if call X and call Y both accept fd[sock], then they are more likely to give
// new coverage together.
// The dynamic component is based on frequency of occurrence of a particular
// pair of syscalls in a single program in corpus. For example, if socket and
// connect frequently occur in programs together, we give higher priority to
// this pair of syscalls.
// Note: the current implementation is very basic, there is no theory behind any
// constants.

func (target *Target) CalculatePriorities(corpus []*Prog) [][]float32 {
	static := target.calcStaticPriorities()
	dynamic := target.calcDynamicPrio(corpus)
	for i, prios := range static {
		for j, p := range prios {
			dynamic[i][j] *= p
		}
	}
	return dynamic
}

func (target *Target) calcStaticPriorities() [][]float32 {
	uses := target.calcResourceUsage()
	prios := make([][]float32, len(target.Syscalls))
	for i := range prios {
		prios[i] = make([]float32, len(target.Syscalls))
	}
	for _, calls := range uses {
		for c0, w0 := range calls {
			for c1, w1 := range calls {
				if c0 == c1 {
					// Self-priority is assigned below.
					continue
				}
				// The static priority is assigned based on the direction of arguments. A higher priority will be
				// assigned when c0 is a call that produces a resource and c1 a call that uses that resource.
				prios[c0][c1] += w0.inout*w1.in + 0.7*w0.inout*w1.inout
			}
		}
	}
	normalizePrio(prios)
	// The value assigned for self-priority (call wrt itself) have to be high, but not too high.
	for c0, pp := range prios {
		pp[c0] = 0.9
	}
	return prios
}

func (target *Target) calcResourceUsage() map[string]map[int]weights {
	uses := make(map[string]map[int]weights)
	for _, c := range target.Syscalls {
		ForeachType(c, func(t Type) {
			switch a := t.(type) {
			case *ResourceType:
				if a.Desc.Name == "pid" || a.Desc.Name == "uid" || a.Desc.Name == "gid" {
					// Pid/uid/gid usually play auxiliary role,
					// but massively happen in some structs.
					noteUsage(uses, c, 0.1, a.Dir(), "res%v", a.Desc.Name)
				} else {
					str := "res"
					for i, k := range a.Desc.Kind {
						str += "-" + k
						w := 1.0
						if i < len(a.Desc.Kind)-1 {
							w = 0.2
						}
						noteUsage(uses, c, float32(w), a.Dir(), str)
					}
				}
			case *PtrType:
				if _, ok := a.Type.(*StructType); ok {
					noteUsage(uses, c, 1.0, a.Dir(), "ptrto-%v", a.Type.Name())
				}
				if _, ok := a.Type.(*UnionType); ok {
					noteUsage(uses, c, 1.0, a.Dir(), "ptrto-%v", a.Type.Name())
				}
				if arr, ok := a.Type.(*ArrayType); ok {
					noteUsage(uses, c, 1.0, a.Dir(), "ptrto-%v", arr.Type.Name())
				}
			case *BufferType:
				switch a.Kind {
				case BufferBlobRand, BufferBlobRange, BufferText:
				case BufferString:
					if a.SubKind != "" {
						noteUsage(uses, c, 0.2, a.Dir(), fmt.Sprintf("str-%v", a.SubKind))
					}
				case BufferFilename:
					noteUsage(uses, c, 1.0, DirIn, "filename")
				default:
					panic("unknown buffer kind")
				}
			case *VmaType:
				noteUsage(uses, c, 0.5, a.Dir(), "vma")
			case *IntType:
				switch a.Kind {
				case IntPlain, IntFileoff, IntRange:
				default:
					panic("unknown int kind")
				}
			}
		})
	}
	return uses
}

type weights struct {
	in    float32
	inout float32
}

func noteUsage(uses map[string]map[int]weights, c *Syscall, weight float32, dir Dir, str string, args ...interface{}) {
	id := fmt.Sprintf(str, args...)
	if uses[id] == nil {
		uses[id] = make(map[int]weights)
	}
	callWeight := uses[id][c.ID]
	if dir != DirOut {
		if weight > uses[id][c.ID].in {
			callWeight.in = weight
		}
	}
	if weight > uses[id][c.ID].inout {
		callWeight.inout = weight
	}
	uses[id][c.ID] = callWeight
}

func (target *Target) calcDynamicPrio(corpus []*Prog) [][]float32 {
	prios := make([][]float32, len(target.Syscalls))
	for i := range prios {
		prios[i] = make([]float32, len(target.Syscalls))
	}
	for _, p := range corpus {
		for idx0, c0 := range p.Calls {
			for _, c1 := range p.Calls[idx0+1:] {
				id0 := c0.Meta.ID
				id1 := c1.Meta.ID
				prios[id0][id1] += 1.0
			}
		}
	}
	normalizePrio(prios)
	return prios
}

// normalizePrio assigns some minimal priorities to calls with zero priority,
// and then normalizes priorities to 0.1..1 range.
func normalizePrio(prios [][]float32) {
	for _, prio := range prios {
		max := float32(0)
		min := float32(1e10)
		nzero := 0
		for _, p := range prio {
			if max < p {
				max = p
			}
			if p != 0 && min > p {
				min = p
			}
			if p == 0 {
				nzero++
			}
		}
		if nzero != 0 {
			min /= 2 * float32(nzero)
		}
		if min == max {
			max = 0
		}
		for i, p := range prio {
			if max == 0 {
				prio[i] = 1
				continue
			}
			if p == 0 {
				p = min
			}
			p = (p-min)/(max-min)*0.9 + 0.1
			if p > 1 {
				p = 1
			}
			prio[i] = p
		}
	}
}

// ChooseTable allows to do a weighted choice of a syscall for a given syscall
// based on call-to-call priorities and a set of enabled syscalls.
type ChoiceTable struct {
	target       *Target
	run          [][]int
	enabledCalls []*Syscall
	enabled      map[*Syscall]bool
}

func (target *Target) BuildChoiceTable(prios [][]float32, enabled map[*Syscall]bool) *ChoiceTable {
	if enabled == nil {
		enabled = make(map[*Syscall]bool)
		for _, c := range target.Syscalls {
			enabled[c] = true
		}
	}
	var enabledCalls []*Syscall
	for c := range enabled {
		enabledCalls = append(enabledCalls, c)
	}
	if len(enabledCalls) == 0 {
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("empty enabledCalls, len(target.Syscalls)=%v", len(target.Syscalls)))
	}
	run := make([][]int, len(target.Syscalls))
	for i := range run {
		if !enabled[target.Syscalls[i]] {
			continue
		}
		run[i] = make([]int, len(target.Syscalls))
		sum := 0
		for j := range run[i] {
			if enabled[target.Syscalls[j]] {
				w := 1
				if prios != nil {
					w = int(prios[i][j] * 1000)
				}
				sum += w
			}
			run[i][j] = sum
		}
	}
	return &ChoiceTable{target, run, enabledCalls, enabled}
}

func (ct *ChoiceTable) Choose(r *rand.Rand, call int) int {
	if call < 0 {
		return ct.enabledCalls[r.Intn(len(ct.enabledCalls))].ID
	}
	run := ct.run[call]
	if run == nil {
		return ct.enabledCalls[r.Intn(len(ct.enabledCalls))].ID
	}
	for {
		x := r.Intn(run[len(run)-1]) + 1
		i := sort.SearchInts(run, x)
		if ct.enabled[ct.target.Syscalls[i]] {
			return i
		}
	}
}