syzkaller - linux syscall fuzzer

syzkaller is an unsupervised, coverage-guided Linux syscall fuzzer. It is meant to be used with KASAN (CONFIG_KASAN=y), KTSAN (CONFIG_KTSAN=y), or KUBSAN.

Project mailing list: syzkaller@googlegroups.com, which you can subscribe to either with an google account or by sending an email to syzkaller+subscribe@googlegroups.com.

List of found bugs.

Usage

Various components are needed to build and run syzkaller.

• C compiler with coverage support
• Linux kernel with coverage additions
• QEMU and disk image
• The syzkaller components

Setting each of these up is discussed in the following sections.

C Compiler

Syzkaller is a coverage-guided fuzzer and so needs the kernel to be built with coverage support. Therefore, a recent version of GCC is needed. Coverage support is submitted to gcc in revision 231296, released in gcc6.

Linux Kernel

As well as adding coverage support to the C compiler, the Linux kernel itself needs to be modified to:

• add support in the build system for the coverage options (under CONFIG_KCOV)
• add extra instrumentation on system call entry/exit (for a CONFIG_KCOV build)
• add code to track and report per-task coverage information.

KCOV is upstreamed in linux 4.6. For older kernels you need to backport commit 5c9a8750a6409c63a0f01d51a9024861022f6593. The kernel should be configured with CONFIG_KCOV.

See Kernel configs for details on configuring kernel.

QEMU Setup

Syzkaller runs its fuzzer processes inside QEMU virtual machines, so a working QEMU system is needed – see QEMU docs for details.

In particular:

• The fuzzing processes communicate with the outside world, so the VM image needs to include networking support.
• The program files for the fuzzer processes are transmitted into the VM using SSH, so the VM image needs a running SSH server.
• The VM's SSH configuration should be set up to allow root access for the identity that is included in the syz-manager's configuration. In other words, you should be able to do ssh -i $SSHID -p $PORT root@localhost without being prompted for a password (where SSHID is the SSH identification file and PORT is the port that are specified in the syz-manager configuration file).
• The kernel exports coverage information via a debugfs entry, so the VM image needs to mount the debugfs filesystem at /sys/kernel/debug.

create-image.sh script can be used to create a suitable Linux image.

Syzkaller also supports kvmtool VMs, GCE VMs and running on real android devices. TODO: Describe how to support other types of VMs.

Syzkaller

The syzkaller tools are written in Go, so a Go compiler (>= 1.7) is needed to build them.

Go distribution can be downloaded from https://golang.org/dl/. Unpack Go into a directory, say, $HOME/go. Then, set GOROOT=$HOME/go env var. Then, add Go binaries to PATH, PATH=$HOME/go/bin:$PATH. Then, set GOPATH env var to some empty dir, say GOPATH=$HOME/gopath. Then, run go get github.com/google/syzkaller/... to checkout syzkaller sources with all dependencies. Then, cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/google/syzkaller and build with make, which generates compiled binaries in the bin/ folder.

Configuration

The operation of the syzkaller syz-manager process is governed by a configuration file, passed at invocation time with the -config option. This configuration can be based on the syz-manager/example.cfg; the file is in JSON format with the following keys in its top-level object:

• http: URL that will display information about the running syz-manager process.
• workdir: Location of a working directory for the syz-manager process. Outputs here include:
  • <workdir>/instance-x: per VM instance temporary files
  • <workdir>/crashes/*: crash output files (see Crash Reports)
  • <workdir>/corpus/*: corpus with interesting programs
• syzkaller: Location of the syzkaller checkout.
• vmlinux: Location of the vmlinux file that corresponds to the kernel being tested.
• type: Type of virtual machine to use, e.g. qemu or kvm.
• count: Number of VMs to run in parallel.
• procs: Number of parallel test processes in each VM (4 or 8 would be a reasonable number).
• leak: Detect memory leaks with kmemleak (very slow).
• kernel: Location of the bzImage file for the kernel to be tested; this is passed as the -kernel option to qemu-system-x86_64.
• cmdline: Additional command line options for the booting kernel, for example root=/dev/sda1.
• image: Location of the disk image file for the QEMU instance; a copy of this file is passed as the -hda option to qemu-system-x86_64.
• sshkey: Location (on the host machine) of an SSH identity to use for communicating with the virtual machine.
• cpu: Number of CPUs to simulate in the VM (not currently used).
• mem: Amount of memory (in MiB) for the VM; this is passed as the -m option to qemu-system-x86_64.
• sandbox : Sandboxing mode, one of "none", "setuid", "namespace". "none": don't do anything special (has false positives, e.g. due to killing init) "setuid": impersonate into user nobody (65534), default "namespace": use namespaces to drop privileges, (requires a kernel built with CONFIG_NAMESPACES, CONFIG_UTS_NS, CONFIG_USER_NS, CONFIG_PID_NS and CONFIG_NET_NS).
• enable_syscalls: List of syscalls to test (optional).
• disable_syscalls: List of system calls that should be treated as disabled (optional).
• suppressions: List of regexps for known bugs.

See also config/config.go for all config parameters.

Running syzkaller

Start the syz-manager process as:

./bin/syz-manager -config my.cfg

The -config command line option gives the location of the configuration file described above.

The syz-manager process will wind up qemu virtual machines and start fuzzing in them. It also reports some statistics on the HTTP address.

Process Structure

The process structure for the syzkaller system is shown in the following diagram; red labels indicate corresponding configuration options.

The syz-manager process starts, monitors and restarts several VM instances (support for physical machines is not implemented yet), and starts a syz-fuzzer process inside of the VMs. It is responsible for persistent corpus and crash storage. As opposed to syz-fuzzer processes, it runs on a host with stable kernel which does not experience white-noise fuzzer load.

The syz-fuzzer process runs inside of presumably unstable VMs (or physical machines under test). The syz-fuzzer guides fuzzing process itself (input generation, mutation, minimization, etc) and sends inputs that trigger new coverage back to the syz-manager process via RPC. It also starts transient syz-executor processes.

Each syz-executor process executes a single input (a sequence of syscalls). It accepts the program to execute from the syz-fuzzer process and sends results back. It is designed to be as simple as possible (to not interfere with fuzzing process), written in C++, compiled as static binary and uses shared memory for communication.

Crash Reports

When syzkaller finds a crasher, it saves information about it into workdir/crashes directory. The directory contains one subdirectory per unique crash type. Each subdirectory contains a description file with a unique string identifying the crash (intended for bug identification and deduplication); and up to 100 logN and reportN files, one pair per test machine crash:

 - crashes/
   - 6e512290efa36515a7a27e53623304d20d1c3e
     - description
     - log0
     - report0
     - log1
     - report1
     ...
   - 77c578906abe311d06227b9dc3bffa4c52676f
     - description
     - log0
     - report0
     ...

Descriptions are extracted using a set of regular expressions. This set may need to be extended if you are using a different kernel architecture, or are just seeing a previously unseen kernel error messages.

logN files contain raw syzkaller logs and include kernel console output as well as programs executed before the crash. These logs can be fed to syz-repro tool for crash location and minimization, or to syz-execprog tool for manual localization. reportN files contain post-processed and symbolized kernel crash reports (e.g. a KASAN report). Normally you need just 1 pair of these files (i.e. log0 and report0), because they all presumably describe the same kernel bug. However, syzkaller saves up to 100 of them for the case when the crash is poorly reproducible, or if you just want to look at a set of crash reports to infer some similarities or differences.

There are 3 special types of crashes:

• no output from test machine: the test machine produces no output whatsoever
• lost connection to test machine: the ssh connection to the machine was unexpectedly closed
• test machine is not executing programs: the machine looks alive, but no test programs were executed for long period of time Most likely you won't see reportN files for these crashes (e.g. if there is no output from the test machine, there is nothing to put into report). Sometimes these crashes indicate a bug in syzkaller itself (especially if you see a Go panic message in the logs). However, frequently they mean a kernel lockup or something similarly bad (here are just a few examples of bugs found this way: 1, 2, 3).

Syscall description

syzkaller uses declarative description of syscalls to generate, mutate, minimize, serialize and deserialize programs (sequences of syscalls). See details about the format and extending the descriptions in sys/README.md.

Troubleshooting

Here are some things to check if there are problems running syzkaller.

• Check that QEMU can successfully boot the virtual machine. For example, if IMAGE is set to the VM's disk image (as per the image config value) and KERNEL is set to the test kernel (as per the kernel config value) then something like the following command should start the VM successfully:

  ```qemu-system-x86_64 -hda $IMAGE -m 256 -net nic -net user,host=10.0.2.10,hostfwd=tcp::23505-:22 -enable-kvm -kernel $KERNEL -append root=/dev/sda```
  

• Check that inbound SSH to the running virtual machine works. For example, with a VM running and with SSHKEY set to the SSH identity (as per the sshkey config value) the following command should connect:

  ```ssh -i $SSHKEY -p 23505 root@localhost```
  

• Check that the CONFIG_KCOV option is available inside the VM:

  • ls /sys/kernel/debug # Check debugfs mounted
  • ls /sys/kernel/debug/kcov # Check kcov enabled
  • Build the test program from Documentation/kcov.txt and run it inside the VM.

• Check that debug information (from the CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO option) is available

  • Pass the hex output from the kcov test program to addr2line -a -i -f -e $VMLINUX (where VMLINUX is the vmlinux file, as per the vmlinux config value), to confirm that symbols for the kernel are available.

• Use the -v N command line option to increase the amount of logging output, from both the syz-manager top-level program and the syz-fuzzer instances (which go to the output files in the crashes subdirectory of the working directory). Higher values of N give more output.

• If logging indicates problems with the executor program (e.g. executor failure), try manually running a short sequence of system calls:

  • Build additional tools with make all-tools
  • Copy syz-executor and syz-execprog into a running VM.
  • In the VM run ./syz-execprog -executor ./syz-executor -debug sampleprog where sampleprog is a simple system call script (e.g. just containing getpid()).
  • For example, if this reports that clone has failed, this probably indicates that the test kernel does not include support for all of the required namespaces. In this case, running the syz-execprog test with the -nobody=0 option fixes the problem, so the main configuration needs to be updated to set dropprivs to false.

External Articles

• Coverage-guided kernel fuzzing with syzkaller (by David Drysdale)
• ubsan, kasan, syzkaller und co (video) (by Florian Westphal)
• Debugging a kernel crash found by syzkaller (by Quentin Casasnovas)
• Linux Plumbers 2016 talk slides

Contributing

If you want to contribute to the project, you need to sign Google CLA and add yourself to AUTHORS/CONTRIBUTORS files in the first pull request. Extending/improving system call descriptions is always a good idea. If you want to work on something non-trivial, please briefly describe it on syzkaller@googlegroups.com mailing list first so that there is agreement on high level approach and no duplication of work between contributors.

Disclaimer

This is not an official Google product.