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ndk-busybox/docs/busybox.pod
Eric Andersen ffde8673fe Add in spoon's watchdog timer app. 
-Erik
2001-01-25 23:40:32 +00:00

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# vi: set sw=4 ts=4:
=head1 NAME
BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux
=head1 SYNTAX
BusyBox <function> [arguments...] # or
<function> [arguments...] # if symlinked
=head1 DESCRIPTION
BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single
small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the utilities
you usually find in fileutils, shellutils, findutils, textutils, grep, gzip,
tar, etc. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment for any small
or embedded system. The utilities in BusyBox generally have fewer options than
their full-featured GNU cousins; however, the options that are included provide
the expected functionality and behave very much like their GNU counterparts.
BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in mind.
It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude commands (or
features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize your embedded
systems. To create a working system, just add a kernel, a shell (such as ash),
and an editor (such as elvis-tiny or ae).
=head1 USAGE
When you create a link to BusyBox for the function you wish to use, when BusyBox
is called using that link it will behave as if the command itself has been invoked.
For example, entering
ln -s ./BusyBox ls
./ls
will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled
into BusyBox).
You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing the command as an argument on the
command line. For example, entering
./BusyBox ls
will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.
=head1 COMMON OPTIONS
Most BusyBox commands support the B<--help> option to provide a
terse runtime description of their behavior.
=head1 COMMANDS
Currently defined functions include:
ar, basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, chvt, clear, cp, cut, date, dc,
dd, deallocvt, df, dirname, dmesg, dos2unix, dpkg-deb, du, dumpkmap, dutmp,
echo, false, fbset, fdflush, find, free, freeramdisk, fsck.minix, getopt, grep,
gunzip, gzip, halt, head, hostid, hostname, id, init, insmod, kill, killall,
length, ln, loadacm, loadfont, loadkmap, logger, logname, ls, lsmod, makedevs,
mkdir, mkfifo, mkfs.minix, mknod, mkswap, mktemp, more, mount, mt, mv, nc,
nslookup, ping, poweroff, printf, ps, pwd, rdate, reboot, renice, reset, rm,
rmdir, rmmod, sed, setkeycodes, sh, sleep, sort, swapoff, swapon, sync,
syslogd, tail, tar, tee, telnet, test, touch, tr, true, tty, umount, uname,
uniq, unix2dos, unrpm, update, uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode, watchdog,
wc, which, whoami, xargs, yes, zcat, [
-------------------------------
=over 4
=item ar
Usage: ar [optxvV] archive [filenames]
Extract or list files from an ar archive.
Options:
o preserve original dates
p extract to stdout
t list
x extract
v verbosely list files processed
-------------------------------
=item basename
Usage: basename FILE [SUFFIX]
Strips directory path and suffixes from FILE.
If specified, also removes any trailing SUFFIX.
Example:
$ basename /usr/local/bin/foo
foo
$ basename /usr/local/bin/
bin
$ basename /foo/bar.txt .txt
bar
-------------------------------
=item cat
Usage: cat [FILE ...]
Concatenates FILE(s) and prints them to the standard output.
Example:
$ cat /proc/uptime
110716.72 17.67
-------------------------------
=item chgrp
Usage: chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...
Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP.
Options:
-R change files and directories recursively
Example:
$ ls -l /tmp/foo
-r--r--r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
$ chgrp root /tmp/foo
$ ls -l /tmp/foo
-r--r--r-- 1 andersen root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
-------------------------------
=item chmod
Usage: chmod [B<-R>] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
Changes file access permissions for the specified FILE(s) (or directories).
Each MODE is defined by combining the letters for WHO has access to the file,
an OPERATOR for selecting how the permissions should be changed, and a
PERMISSION for FILE(s) (or directories).
WHO may be chosen from
u User who owns the file
g Users in the file's Group
o Other users not in the file's group
a All users
OPERATOR may be chosen from
+ Add a permission
- Remove a permission
= Assign a permission
PERMISSION may be chosen from
r Read
w Write
x Execute (or access for directories)
s Set user (or group) ID bit
t Sticky bit (for directories prevents removing files by non-owners)
Alternately, permissions can be set numerically where the first three
numbers are calculated by adding the octal values, such as
4 Read
2 Write
1 Execute
An optional fourth digit can also be used to specify
4 Set user ID
2 Set group ID
1 Sticky bit
Options:
-R Change files and directories recursively.
Example:
$ ls -l /tmp/foo
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
$ chmod u+x /tmp/foo
$ ls -l /tmp/foo
-rwxrw-r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo*
$ chmod 444 /tmp/foo
$ ls -l /tmp/foo
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
-------------------------------
=item chown
Usage: chown [OPTION]... OWNER[<.|:>[GROUP] FILE...
Changes the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP.
Options:
-R Changes files and directories recursively
Example:
$ ls -l /tmp/foo
-r--r--r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
$ chown root /tmp/foo
$ ls -l /tmp/foo
-r--r--r-- 1 root andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
$ chown root.root /tmp/foo
ls -l /tmp/foo
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
-------------------------------
=item chroot
Usage: chroot NEWROOT [COMMAND...]
Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT.
Example:
$ ls -l /bin/ls
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Apr 13 00:46 /bin/ls -> /BusyBox
$ mount /dev/hdc1 /mnt -t minix
$ chroot /mnt
$ ls -l /bin/ls
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 40816 Feb 5 07:45 /bin/ls*
-------------------------------
=item chvt
Usage: chvt N
Changes the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN
-------------------------------
=item clear
Clears the screen.
-------------------------------
=item cp
Usage: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
or: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
Copies SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
Options:
-a Same as -dpR
-d Preserves links
-p Preserves file attributes if possible
-R Copies directories recursively
-------------------------------
=item cut
Usage: cut [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Prints selected fields from each input FILE to standard output.
Options:
-b LIST Output only bytes from LIST
-c LIST Output only characters from LIST
-d CHAR Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter
-s Output only the lines containing delimiter
-f N Print only these fields
-n Ignored
Example:
$ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 1 -d ' '
Hello
$ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 2 -d ' '
world
-------------------------------
=item date
Usage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
or: date [OPTION] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
Displays the current time in the given FORMAT, or sets the system date.
Options:
-R Outputs RFC-822 compliant date string
-s Sets time described by STRING
-u Prints or sets Coordinated Universal Time
Example:
$ date
Wed Apr 12 18:52:41 MDT 2000
-------------------------------
=item dc
Usage: dc expression ...
This is a Tiny RPN calculator that understands the
following operations: +, -, /, *, and, or, not, eor.
If no arguments are given, dc will process input from STDIN.
The behaviour of BusyBox/dc deviates (just a little ;-) from
GNU/dc, but this will be remedied in the future.
Example:
$ dc 2 2 +
4
$ dc 8 8 \* 2 2 + /
16
$ dc 0 1 and
0
$ dc 0 1 or
1
$ echo 72 9 div 8 mul | dc
64
-------------------------------
=item dd
Usage: dd [if=name] [of=name] [bs=n] [count=n] [skip=n] [seek=n]
Copy a file, converting and formatting according to options
if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin
of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout
bs=n read and write n bytes at a time
count=n copy only n input blocks
skip=n skip n input blocks
seek=n skip n output blocks
Numbers may be suffixed by w (x2), k (x1024), b (x512), or M (x1024^2)
Example:
$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram1 bs=1M count=4
4+0 records in
4+0 records out
-------------------------------
=item deallocvt
Usage: deallocvt N
Deallocates unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN
-------------------------------
=item df
Usage: df [filesystem ...]
Prints the filesystem space used and space available.
Example:
$ df
Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 8690864 8553540 137324 98% /
/dev/sda1 64216 36364 27852 57% /boot
$ df /dev/sda3
Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 8690864 8553540 137324 98% /
-------------------------------
=item dirname
Usage: dirname NAME
Strip non-directory suffix from file name
Example:
$ dirname /tmp/foo
/tmp
$ dirname /tmp/foo/
/tmp
-------------------------------
=item dmesg
Usage: dmesg [B<-c>] [B<-n> level] [B<-s> bufsize]
Print or controls the kernel ring buffer.
-------------------------------
=item dos2unix
Usage: dos2unix < dosfile > unixfile
Converts a text file from dos format to unix format.
-------------------------------
=item dpkg-deb
Usage: dpkg-deb [-cexX] archive-file [directory]
Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool
Options:
-c Lists the contents of the filesystem tree archive
portion of the package archive.
-e Extracts the control information files from a package
archive into the specified directory.
-x Silently extracts the filesystem tree from a package
archive into the specified directory.
-X Extracts the filesystem tree from a package archive
into the specified directory, list files as it goes.
Example:
dpkg-deb -X ./busybox_0.48-1_i386.deb /tmp
-------------------------------
=item du
Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Summarize disk space used for each FILE and/or directory.
Disk space is printed in units of 1k (i.e. 1024 bytes).
Options:
-l count sizes many times if hard linked
-s display only a total for each argument
Example:
$ ./BusyBox du
16 ./CVS
12 ./kernel-patches/CVS
80 ./kernel-patches
12 ./tests/CVS
36 ./tests
12 ./scripts/CVS
16 ./scripts
12 ./docs/CVS
104 ./docs
2417 .
-------------------------------
=item dumpkmap
Usage: dumpkmap
Prints out a binary keyboard translation table to standard output.
Example:
$ dumpkmap > keymap
-------------------------------
=item dutmp
Usage: dutmp [FILE]
Dump utmp file format (pipe delimited) from FILE
or stdin to stdout.
Example:
$ dutmp /var/run/utmp
8|7||si|||0|0|0|955637625|760097|0
2|0|~|~~|reboot||0|0|0|955637625|782235|0
1|20020|~|~~|runlevel||0|0|0|955637625|800089|0
8|125||l4|||0|0|0|955637629|998367|0
6|245|tty1|1|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|998974|0
6|246|tty2|2|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|999498|0
7|336|pts/0|vt00andersen|andersen|:0.0|0|0|0|955637763|0|0
-------------------------------
=item echo
Usage: echo [-neE] [ARG ...]
Prints the specified ARGs to stdout
Options:
-n suppress trailing newline
-e interpret backslash-escaped characters (i.e. \t=tab etc)
-E disable interpretation of backslash-escaped characters
Example:
$ echo "Erik is cool"
Erik is cool
$ echo -e "Erik\nis\ncool"
Erik
is
cool
$ echo "Erik\nis\ncool"
Erik\nis\ncool
-------------------------------
=item expr
Usage: expr EXPRESSION
Prints the value of EXPRESSION to standard output.
EXPRESSION may be:
ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2
ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0
ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 is less than ARG2
ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2
ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 is equal to ARG2
ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 is unequal to ARG2
ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2
ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2
ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2
ARG1 - ARG2 arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2
ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2
ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2
ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2
STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING
match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP
substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1
index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0
length STRING length of STRING
quote TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a
keyword like `match' or an operator like `/'
( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION
Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells.
Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else
lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between
\( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number
of characters matched or 0.
-------------------------------
=item false
Returns an exit code of FALSE (1)
Example:
$ false
$ echo $?
1
-------------------------------
=item fbset
Usage: fbset [options] [mode]
Show and modify frame buffer device settings
Options:
-h
-fb
-db
-a
-i
-g
-t
-accel
-hsync
-vsync
-laced
-double
Example:
$ fbset
mode "1024x768-76"
# D: 78.653 MHz, H: 59.949 kHz, V: 75.694 Hz
geometry 1024 768 1024 768 16
timings 12714 128 32 16 4 128 4
accel false
rgba 5/11,6/5,5/0,0/0
endmode
-------------------------------
=item fdflush
Usage: fdflush device
Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change
-------------------------------
=item find
Usage: find [PATH...] [EXPRESSION]
Search for files in a directory hierarchy. The default PATH is
the current directory; default EXPRESSION is '-print'
EXPRESSION may consist of:
-follow Dereference symbolic links.
-name PATTERN File name (leading directories removed) matches PATTERN.
-print print the full file name followed by a newline to stdout.
Example:
$ find / -name /etc/passwd
/etc/passwd
-------------------------------
=item free
Usage: free
Displays the amount of free and used system memory.
Example:
$ free
total used free shared buffers
Mem: 257628 248724 8904 59644 93124
Swap: 128516 8404 120112
Total: 386144 257128 129016
-------------------------------
=item freeramdisk
Usage: freeramdisk DEVICE
Frees all memory used by the specified ramdisk.
Example:
$ freeramdisk /dev/ram2
-------------------------------
=item fsck.minix
Usage: fsck.minix [B<-larvsmf>] /dev/name
Performs a consistency check for MINIX filesystems.
Options:
-l Lists all filenames
-r Perform interactive repairs
-a Perform automatic repairs
-v verbose
-s Outputs super-block information
-m Activates MINIX-like "mode not cleared" warnings
-f Force file system check.
-------------------------------
=item getopt
Usage: getopt [OPTIONS]...
Parse command options
Options:
-a, --alternative Allow long options starting with single -\n"
-l, --longoptions=longopts Long options to be recognized\n"
-n, --name=progname The name under which errors are reported\n"
-o, --options=optstring Short options to be recognized\n"
-q, --quiet Disable error reporting by getopt(3)\n"
-Q, --quiet-output No normal output\n"
-s, --shell=shell Set shell quoting conventions\n"
-T, --test Test for getopt(1) version\n"
-u, --unqote Do not quote the output\n"
Example:
$ cat getopt.test
#!/bin/sh
GETOPT=`getopt -o ab:c:: --long a-long,b-long:,c-long:: \
-n 'example.busybox' -- "$@"`
if [ $? != 0 ] ; then exit 1 ; fi
eval set -- "$GETOPT"
while true ; do
case $1 in
-a|--a-long) echo "Option a" ; shift ;;
-b|--b-long) echo "Option b, argument \`$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
-c|--c-long)
case "$2" in
"") echo "Option c, no argument"; shift 2 ;;
*) echo "Option c, argument \`$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
esac ;;
--) shift ; break ;;
*) echo "Internal error!" ; exit 1 ;;
esac
done
-------------------------------
=item grep
Usage: grep [OPTIONS]... PATTERN [FILE]...
Search for PATTERN in each FILE or standard input.
Options:
-h suppress the prefixing filename on output
-i ignore case distinctions
-n print line number with output lines
-q be quiet. Returns 0 if result was found, 1 otherwise
-v select non-matching lines
This version of grep matches full regular expressions.
Example:
$ grep root /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
$ grep ^[rR]oo. /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
-------------------------------
=item gunzip
Usage: gunzip [OPTION]... FILE
Uncompress FILE (or standard input if FILE is '-').
Options:
-c Write output to standard output
-t Test compressed file integrity
Example:
$ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 557009 Apr 11 10:55 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
$ gunzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
$ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
-------------------------------
=item gzip
Usage: gzip [OPTION]... FILE
Compress FILE with maximum compression.
When FILE is '-', reads standard input. Implies B<-c>.
Options:
-c Write output to standard output instead of FILE.gz
-d decompress
Example:
$ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
$ gzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
$ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 554058 Apr 14 17:49 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
-------------------------------
=item halt
Usage: halt
This command halts the system.
-------------------------------
=item head
Usage: head [OPTION] [FILE]...
Print first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the
file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
Options:
-n NUM Print first NUM lines instead of first 10
Example:
$ head -n 2 /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
-------------------------------
=item hostid
Usage: hostid
Prints out a unique 32-bit identifier for the current
machine. The 32-bit identifier is intended to be unique
among all UNIX systems in existence.
-------------------------------
=item hostname
Usage: hostname [OPTION] {hostname | B<-F> file}
Get or set the hostname or DNS domain name. If a hostname is given
(or a file with the B<-F> parameter), the host name will be set.
Options:
-s Short
-i Addresses for the hostname
-d DNS domain name
-F, --file FILE Use the contents of FILE to specify the hostname
Example:
$ hostname
slag
-------------------------------
=item id
Print information for USERNAME or the current user
Options:
-g prints only the group ID
-u prints only the user ID
-n print a name instead of a number (with for -ug)
-r prints the real user ID instead of the effective ID (with -ug)
Example:
$ id
uid=1000(andersen) gid=1000(andersen)
-------------------------------
=item init
Usage: init
Init is the parent of all processes.
This version of init is designed to be run only by the kernel.
BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels. The runlevels field of
the /etc/inittab file is completely ignored by BusyBox init. If you want
runlevels, use sysvinit.
BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab. If no inittab is found,
it has the following default behavior:
::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
::askfirst:/bin/sh
if it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial console, it will also run:
tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab entry format is as follows:
<id>:<runlevels>:<action>:<process>
<id>:
WARNING: This field has a non-traditional meaning for BusyBox init!
The id field is used by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty for
the specified process to run on. The contents of this field are
appended to "/dev/" and used as-is. There is no need for this field to
be unique, although if it isn't you may have strange results. If this
field is left blank, the controlling tty is set to the console. Also
note that if BusyBox detects that a serial console is in use, then only
entries whose controlling tty is either the serial console or /dev/null
will be run. BusyBox init does nothing with utmp. We don't need no
stinkin' utmp.
<runlevels>:
The runlevels field is completely ignored.
<action>:
Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait,
once, and ctrlaltdel.
The available actions can be classified into two groups: actions
that are run only once, and actions that are re-run when the specified
process exits.
Run only-once actions:
'sysinit' is the first item run on boot. init waits until all
sysinit actions are completed before continuing. Following the
completion of all sysinit actions, all 'wait' actions are run.
'wait' actions, like 'sysinit' actions, cause init to wait until
the specified task completes. 'once' actions are asyncronous,
therefore, init does not wait for them to complete. 'ctrlaltdel'
actions are run immediately before init causes the system to reboot
(unmounting filesystems with a 'ctrlaltdel' action is a very good
idea).
Run repeatedly actions:
'respawn' actions are run after the 'once' actions. When a process
started with a 'respawn' action exits, init automatically restarts
it. Unlike sysvinit, BusyBox init does not stop processes from
respawning out of control. The 'askfirst' actions acts just like
respawn, except that before running the specified process it
displays the line "Please press Enter to activate this console."
and then waits for the user to press enter before starting the
specified process.
Unrecognized actions (like initdefault) will cause init to emit an
error message, and then go along with its business. All actions are
run in the reverse order from how they appear in /etc/inittab.
<process>:
Specifies the process to be executed and it's command line.
Example /etc/inittab file:
# This is run first except when booting in single-user mode.
#
::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
# /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys
#
# Start an "askfirst" shell on the console (whatever that may be)
::askfirst:-/bin/sh
# Start an "askfirst" shell on /dev/tty2-4
tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh
tty3::askfirst:-/bin/sh
tty4::askfirst:-/bin/sh
# /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys
#
tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5
tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty6
# Example of how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal)
#
#::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100
#::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100
#
# Example how to put a getty on a modem line.
#::respawn:/sbin/getty 57600 ttyS2
# Stuff to do before rebooting
::ctrlaltdel:/bin/umount -a -r
::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/swapoff -a
-------------------------------
=item insmod
Usage: insmod [OPTION]... MODULE [symbol=value]...
Loads the specified kernel modules into the kernel.
Options:
-f Force module to load into the wrong kernel version.
-k Make module autoclean-able.
-v verbose output
-x do not export externs
-L Prevent simultaneous loads of the same module
-------------------------------
=item kill
Usage: kill [B<-signal>] process-id [process-id ...]
Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified process(es).
Options:
-l List all signal names and numbers.
Example:
$ ps | grep apache
252 root root S [apache]
263 www-data www-data S [apache]
264 www-data www-data S [apache]
265 www-data www-data S [apache]
266 www-data www-data S [apache]
267 www-data www-data S [apache]
$ kill 252
-------------------------------
=item killall
Usage: killall [B<-signal>] process-name [process-name ...]
Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified process(es).
Options:
-l List all signal names and numbers.
Example:
$ killall apache
-------------------------------
=item length
Usage: length STRING
Prints out the length of the specified STRING.
Example:
$ length "Hello"
5
-------------------------------
=item ln
Usage: ln [OPTION] TARGET... LINK_NAME|DIRECTORY
Create a link named LINK_NAME or DIRECTORY to the specified TARGET
You may use '--' to indicate that all following arguments are non-options.
Options:
-s make symbolic links instead of hard links
-f remove existing destination files
Example:
$ ln -s BusyBox /tmp/ls
$ ls -l /tmp/ls
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Apr 12 18:39 ls -> BusyBox*
-------------------------------
=item loadacm
Usage: loadacm
Loads an acm from standard input.
Example:
$ loadacm < /etc/i18n/acmname
-------------------------------
=item loadfont
Usage: loadfont
Loads a console font from standard input.
Example:
$ loadfont < /etc/i18n/fontname
-------------------------------
=item loadkmap
Usage: loadkmap
Loads a binary keyboard translation table from standard input.
Example:
$ loadkmap < /etc/i18n/lang-keymap
-------------------------------
=item logger
Usage: logger [OPTION]... [MESSAGE]
Write MESSAGE to the system log. If MESSAGE is omitted, log stdin.
Options:
-s Log to stderr as well as the system log.
-t Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name).
-p Enter the message with the specified priority.
This may be numerical or a ``facility.level'' pair.
Example:
$ logger "hello"
-------------------------------
=item logname
Usage: logname
Print the name of the current user.
Example:
$ logname
root
-------------------------------
=item ls
Usage: ls [B<-1acdelnpuxACFLR>] [filenames...]
Options:
-a do not hide entries starting with .
-c with -l: show ctime (the time of last
modification of file status information)
-d list directory entries instead of contents
-e list both full date and full time
-l use a long listing format
-n list numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
-p append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
-u with -l: show access time (the time of last
access of the file)
-x list entries by lines instead of by columns
-A do not list implied . and ..
-C list entries by columns
-F append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
-R list subdirectories recursively
-L list entries pointed to by symbolic links
-------------------------------
=item lsmod
Usage: lsmod
Shows a list of all currently loaded kernel modules.
-------------------------------
=item makedevs
Usage: makedevs NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR FIRST LAST [s]
Creates a range of block or character special files
TYPEs include:
b: Make a block (buffered) device.
c or u: Make a character (un-buffered) device.
p: Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes.
FIRST specifies the number appended to NAME to create the first device.
LAST specifies the number of the last item that should be created.
If 's' is the last argument, the base device is created as well.
Example:
$ makedevs /dev/ttyS c 4 66 2 63
[creates ttyS2-ttyS63]
$ makedevs /dev/hda b 3 0 0 8 s
[creates hda,hda1-hda8]
-------------------------------
=item md5sum
Usage: md5sum [OPTION] [file ...]
Print or check MD5 checksums.
Options:
-b read files in binary mode
-c check MD5 sums against given list
-t read files in text mode (default)
-g read a string
The following two options are useful only when verifying checksums:
-s don't output anything, status code shows success
-w warn about improperly formated MD5 checksum lines
Example:
$ md5sum busybox
6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003 busybox
$ md5sum -c -
6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003 busybox
busybox: OK
^D
-------------------------------
=item mkdir
Usage: mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY...
Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist
Options:
-m set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask
-p no error if directory exists, make parent directories as needed
Example:
$ mkdir /tmp/foo
$ mkdir /tmp/foo
/tmp/foo: File exists
$ mkdir /tmp/foo/bar/baz
/tmp/foo/bar/baz: No such file or directory
$ mkdir -p /tmp/foo/bar/baz
-------------------------------
=item mkfifo
Usage: mkfifo [OPTIONS] name
Creates a named pipe (identical to 'mknod name p')
Options:
-m create the pipe using the specified mode (default a=rw)
-------------------------------
=item mkfs.minix
Usage: mkfs.minix [B<-c> | B<-l> filename] [B<-nXX>] [B<-iXX>] /dev/name [blocks]
Make a MINIX filesystem.
Options:
-c Check the device for bad blocks
-n [14|30] Specify the maximum length of filenames
-i Specify the number of inodes for the filesystem
-l FILENAME Read the bad blocks list from FILENAME
-v Make a Minix version 2 filesystem
-------------------------------
=item mknod
Usage: mknod [OPTIONS] NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR
Create a special file (block, character, or pipe).
Options:
-m create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw)
TYPEs include:
b: Make a block (buffered) device.
c or u: Make a character (un-buffered) device.
p: Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes.
Example:
$ mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0
$ mknod -m 644 /tmp/pipe p
-------------------------------
=item mkswap
Usage: mkswap [B<-c>] [B<-v0>|B<-v1>] device [block-count]
Prepare a disk partition to be used as a swap partition.
Options:
-c Check for read-ability.
-v0 Make version 0 swap [max 128 Megs].
-v1 Make version 1 swap [big!] (default for kernels > 2.1.117).
block-count Number of block to use (default is entire partition).
-------------------------------
=item mktemp
Usage: mktemp [B<-q>] TEMPLATE
Creates a temporary file with its name based on TEMPLATE.
TEMPLATE is any name with six `Xs' (i.e. /tmp/temp.XXXXXX).
Example:
$ mktemp /tmp/temp.XXXXXX
/tmp/temp.mWiLjM
$ ls -la /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
-rw------- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 25 17:10 /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
-------------------------------
=item more
Usage: more [file ...]
More is a filter for paging through text one screenful at a time.
Example:
$ dmesg | more
-------------------------------
=item mount
Usage: mount [flags]
mount [flags] device directory [B<-o> options,more-options]
Flags:
-a: Mount all file systems in fstab.
-o option: One of many filesystem options, listed below.
-r: Mount the filesystem read-only.
-t fs-type: Specify the filesystem type.
-w: Mount for reading and writing (default).
Options for use with the "B<-o>" flag:
async/sync: Writes are asynchronous / synchronous.
atime/noatime: Enable / disable updates to inode access times.
dev/nodev: Allow use of special device files / disallow them.
exec/noexec: Allow use of executable files / disallow them.
loop: Mounts a file via loop device.
suid/nosuid: Allow set-user-id-root programs / disallow them.
remount: Re-mount a currently-mounted filesystem, changing its flags.
ro/rw: Mount for read-only / read-write.
There are EVEN MORE flags that are specific to each filesystem.
You'll have to see the written documentation for those.
Example:
$ mount
/dev/hda3 on / type minix (rw)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw)
$ mount /dev/fd0 /mnt -t msdos -o ro
$ mount /tmp/diskimage /opt -t ext2 -o loop
-------------------------------
=item mt
Usage: mt [B<-f> device] opcode value
Control magnetic tape drive operation
-------------------------------
=item mv
Usage: mv SOURCE DEST
or: mv SOURCE... DIRECTORY
Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
Example:
$ mv /tmp/foo /bin/bar
-------------------------------
=item nc
Usage: nc [IP] [port]
Netcat opens a pipe to IP:port
Example:
$ nc foobar.somedomain.com 25
220 foobar ESMTP Exim 3.12 #1 Sat, 15 Apr 2000 00:03:02 -0600
help
214-Commands supported:
214- HELO EHLO MAIL RCPT DATA AUTH
214 NOOP QUIT RSET HELP
quit
221 foobar closing connection
-------------------------------
=item nslookup
Usage: nslookup [HOST]
Queries the nameserver for the IP address of the given HOST
Example:
$ nslookup localhost
Server: default
Address: default
Name: debian
Address: 127.0.0.1
-------------------------------
=item ping
Usage: ping [OPTION]... host
Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts.
Options:
-c COUNT Send only COUNT pings.
-s SIZE Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default=56).
-q Quiet mode, only displays output at start
and when finished.
Example:
$ ping localhost
PING slag (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=20.1 ms
--- debian ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms
-------------------------------
=item poweroff
Shuts down the system, and requests that the kernel turn off power upon halting.
-------------------------------
=item printf
Usage: printf format [argument...]
Formats and prints the given data in a manner similar to the C printf command.
Example:
$ printf "Val=%d\n" 5
Val=5
-------------------------------
=item ps
Usage: ps
Report process status
This version of ps accepts no options.
Example:
$ ps
PID Uid Gid State Command
1 root root S init
2 root root S [kflushd]
3 root root S [kupdate]
4 root root S [kpiod]
5 root root S [kswapd]
742 andersen andersen S [bash]
743 andersen andersen S -bash
745 root root S [getty]
2990 andersen andersen R ps
-------------------------------
=item pwd
Prints the full filename of the current working directory.
Example:
$ pwd
/root
-------------------------------
=item rdate
Usage: rdate [OPTION] HOST
Get and possibly set the system date and time from a remote HOST.
Options:
-s Set the system date and time (default).
-p Print the date and time.
-------------------------------
=item reboot
Instructs the kernel to reboot the system.
-------------------------------
=item renice
Usage: renice priority pid [pid ...]
Changes priority of running processes. Allowed priorities range
from 20 (the process runs only when nothing else is running) to 0
(default priority) to -20 (almost nothing else ever gets to run).
-------------------------------
=item reset
Usage: reset
Resets the screen.
-------------------------------
=item rm
Usage: rm [OPTION]... FILE...
Remove (unlink) the FILE(s). You may use '--' to
indicate that all following arguments are non-options.
Options:
-f remove existing destinations, never prompt
-r or -R remove the contents of directories recursively
Example:
$ rm -rf /tmp/foo
-------------------------------
=item rmdir
Usage: rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty.
Example:
# rmdir /tmp/foo
-------------------------------
=item rmmod
Usage: rmmod [OPTION]... [MODULE]...
Unloads the specified kernel modules from the kernel.
Options:
-a Try to remove all unused kernel modules.
Example:
$ rmmod tulip
-------------------------------
=item sed
Usage: sed [B<-n>] B<-e> script [file...]
Allowed sed scripts come in the following form:
'ADDR [!] COMMAND'
where address ADDR can be:
NUMBER Match specified line number
$ Match last line
/REGEXP/ Match specified regexp
(! inverts the meaning of the match)
and COMMAND can be:
s/regexp/replacement/[igp]
which attempt to match regexp against the pattern space
and if successful replaces the matched portion with replacement.
aTEXT
which appends TEXT after the pattern space
Options:
-e add the script to the commands to be executed
-n suppress automatic printing of pattern space
This version of sed matches full regular expressions.
Example:
$ echo "foo" | sed -e 's/f[a-zA-Z]o/bar/g'
bar
-------------------------------
=item setkeycodes
Usage: setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE ...
Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map,
allowing unusual keyboards to generate usable keycodes.
SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal),
and KEYCODE is given in decimal
Example:
# setkeycodes e030 127
-------------------------------
=item sh
Usage: sh
lash -- the BusyBox LAme SHell (command interpreter)
This command does not yet have proper documentation.
Use lash just as you would use any other shell. It properly handles pipes,
redirects, job control, can be used as the shell for scripts (#!/bin/sh), and
has a sufficient set of builtins to do what is needed. It does not (yet)
support Bourne Shell syntax. If you need things like "if-then-else", "while",
and such, use ash or bash. If you just need a very simple and extremely small
shell, this will do the job.
-------------------------------
=item sleep
Usage: sleep N
Pause for N seconds.
Example:
$ sleep 2
[2 second delay results]
-------------------------------
=item sort
Usage: sort [B<-n>] [B<-r>] [FILE]...
Sorts lines of text in the specified files
Example:
$ echo -e "e\nf\nb\nd\nc\na" | sort
a
b
c
d
e
f
-------------------------------
=item swapoff
Usage: swapoff [OPTION] [device]
Stop swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.
Options:
-a Stop swapping on all swap devices
-------------------------------
=item swapon
Usage: swapon [OPTION] [device]
Start swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.
Options:
-a Start swapping on all swap devices
-------------------------------
=item sync
Usage: sync
Write all buffered filesystem blocks to disk.
-------------------------------
=item syslogd
Usage: syslogd [OPTION]...
Linux system and kernel (provides klogd) logging utility.
Note that this version of syslogd/klogd ignores /etc/syslog.conf.
Options:
-m NUM Interval between MARK lines (default=20min, 0=off)
-n Run as a foreground process
-K Do not start up the klogd process
-O FILE Use an alternate log file (default=/var/log/messages)
-R HOST[:PORT] Log remotely to IP or hostname on PORT (default PORT=514/UDP)
-L Log locally as well as network logging (default is network only)
Example:
$ syslogd -R masterlog:514
$ syslogd -R 192.168.1.1:601
-------------------------------
=item tail
Usage: tail [OPTION] [FILE]...
Print last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the
file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
Options:
-n NUM Print last NUM lines instead of first 10
-f Output data as the file grows. This version
of 'tail -f' supports only one file at a time.
Example:
$ tail -n 1 /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 10.0.0.1
-------------------------------
=item tar
Usage: tar -[cxtvO] [B<--exclude> File] [B<-f> tarFile] [FILE] ...
Create, extract, or list files from a tar file. Note that
this version of tar treats hard links as separate files.
Main operation mode:
c create
x extract
t list
File selection:
f name of tarfile or "-" for stdin
O extract to stdout
exclude file to exclude
Informative output:
v verbosely list files processed
Example:
$ zcat /tmp/tarball.tar.gz | tar -xf -
$ tar -cf /tmp/tarball.tar /usr/local
-------------------------------
=item tee
Usage: tee [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output.
Options:
-a append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite
Example:
$ echo "Hello" | tee /tmp/foo
$ cat /tmp/foo
Hello
-------------------------------
=item telnet
Usage: telnet host [port]
Telnet is used to establish interactive communication with another
computer over a network using the TELNET protocol.
-------------------------------
=item test, [
Usage: test EXPRESSION
or [ EXPRESSION ]
Checks file types and compares values returning an exit
code determined by the value of EXPRESSION.
Example:
$ test 1 -eq 2
$ echo $?
1
$ test 1 -eq 1
$ echo $?
0
$ [ -d /etc ]
$ echo $?
0
$ [ -d /junk ]
$ echo $?
1
-------------------------------
=item touch
Usage: touch [B<-c>] file [file ...]
Update the last-modified date on (or create) the selected file[s].
Example:
$ ls -l /tmp/foo
/bin/ls: /tmp/foo: No such file or directory
$ touch /tmp/foo
$ ls -l /tmp/foo
-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 15 01:11 /tmp/foo
-------------------------------
=item tr
Usage: tr [-cds] STRING1 [STRING2]
Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from
standard input, writing to standard output.
Options:
-c take complement of STRING1
-d delete input characters coded STRING1
-s squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character
Example:
$ echo "gdkkn vnqkc" | tr [a-y] [b-z]
hello world
-------------------------------
=item true
Returns an exit code of TRUE (0)
Example:
$ true
$ echo $?
0
-------------------------------
=item tty
Usage: tty
Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input.
Options:
-s print nothing, only return an exit status
Example:
$ tty
/dev/tty2
-------------------------------
=item umount
Usage: umount [flags] filesystem|directory
Flags:
-a: Unmount all file systems
-r: Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
-f: Force filesystem umount (i.e. unreachable NFS server)
-l: Do not free loop device (if a loop device has been used)
Example:
$ umount /dev/hdc1
-------------------------------
=item uname
Usage: uname [OPTION]...
Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as B<-s>.
Options:
-a print all information
-m the machine (hardware) type
-n print the machine's network node hostname
-r print the operating system release
-s print the operating system name
-p print the host processor type
-v print the operating system version
Example:
$ uname -a
Linux debian 2.2.15pre13 #5 Tue Mar 14 16:03:50 MST 2000 i686 unknown
-------------------------------
=item uniq
Usage: uniq [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]]
Discard all but one of successive identical lines from INPUT
(or standard input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output).
Options:
-c prefix lines by the number of occurrences
-d only print duplicate lines
-u only print unique lines
Example:
$ echo -e "a\na\nb\nc\nc\na" | sort | uniq
a
b
c
-------------------------------
=item unix2dos
Usage: unix2dos < unixfile > dosfile
Converts a text file from unix format to dos format.
-------------------------------
=item unrpm
Usage: unrpm < package.rpm | gzip B<-d> | cpio -idmuv
Extracts an rpm archive.
-------------------------------
=item update
Usage: update [options]
Periodically flushes filesystem buffers.
Options:
-S force use of sync(2) instead of flushing
-s SECS call sync this often (default 30)
-f SECS flush some buffers this often (default 5)
-------------------------------
=item uptime
Usage: uptime
Tells how long the system has been running since boot.
Example:
$ uptime
1:55pm up 2:30, load average: 0.09, 0.04, 0.00
-------------------------------
=item usleep
Usage: usleep N
Pauses for N microseconds.
Example:
$ usleep 1000000
[pauses for 1 second]
-------------------------------
=item uuencode
Usage: uuencode [OPTION] [INFILE] REMOTEFILE
Uuencode a file.
Options:
-m use base64 encoding as of RFC1521
Example:
$ uuencode busybox busybox
begin 755 busybox
M?T5,1@$!`0````````````(``P`!````L+@$"#0```!0N@,``````#0`(``&
.....
$ uudecode busybox busybox > busybox.uu
$
-------------------------------
=item uudecode
Usage: uudecode [OPTION] [FILE]
Uudecode a uuencoded file
Options:
-o FILE direct output to FILE
Example:
$ uudecode -o busybox busybox.uu
$ ls -l busybox
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ams ams 245264 Jun 7 21:35 busybox
-------------------------------
=item watchdog
Usage: watchdog device
Periodically writes to watchdog device B<device>.
-------------------------------
=item wc
Usage: wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Print line, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line if
more than one FILE is specified. With no FILE, read standard input.
Options:
-c print the byte counts
-l print the newline counts
-L print the length of the longest line
-w print the word counts
Example:
$ wc /etc/passwd
31 46 1365 /etc/passwd
-------------------------------
=item which
Usage: which [COMMAND ...]
Locates a COMMAND.
Example:
$ which login
/bin/login
-------------------------------
=item whoami
Usage: whoami
Prints the user name associated with the current effective user id.
Example:
$ whoami
andersen
-------------------------------
=item xargs
Usage: xargs [OPTIONS] [COMMAND] [ARGS...]
Executes COMMAND on every item given by standard input.
Options:
-t Print the command just before it is run
Example:
$ ls | xargs gzip
$ find . -name '*.c' -print | xargs rm
-------------------------------
=item yes
Usage: yes [OPTION]... [STRING]...
Repeatedly outputs a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'.
-------------------------------
=item zcat
This is essentially an alias for invoking "gunzip B<-c>", where
it decompresses the file in question and send the output to stdout.
-------------------------------
=back
=head1 LIBC NSS
GNU Libc uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the behavior of the C
library for the local environment, and to configure how it reads system data,
such as passwords and group information. BusyBox has made it Policy that it
will never use NSS, and will never use and libc calls that make use of NSS.
This allows you to run an embedded system without the need for installing an
/etc/nsswitch.conf file and without and /lib/libnss_* libraries installed.
If you are using a system that is using a remote LDAP server for authentication
via GNU libc NSS, and you want to use BusyBox, then you will need to adjust the
BusyBox source. Chances are though, that if you have enough space to install
of that stuff on your system, then you probably want the full GNU utilities.
=head1 SEE ALSO
textutils(1), shellutils(1), etc...
=head1 MAINTAINER
Erik Andersen <andersee@debian.org> <andersen@lineo.com>
=head1 AUTHORS
The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether
they know it or not.
=for html <br>
Erik Andersen <andersen@lineo.com>, <andersee@debian.org>
Tons of new stuff, major rewrite of most of the
core apps, tons of new apps as noted in header files.
=for html <br>
Edward Betts <edward@debian.org>
expr, hostid, logname, tty, wc, whoami, yes
=for html <br>
John Beppu <beppu@lineo.com>
du, head, nslookup, sort, tee, uniq
=for html <br>
Brian Candler <B.Candler@pobox.com>
tiny-ls(ls)
=for html <br>
Randolph Chung <tausq@debian.org>
fbset, ping, hostname, and mkfifo
=for html <br>
Dave Cinege <dcinege@psychosis.com>
more(v2), makedevs, dutmp, modularization, auto links file,
various fixes, Linux Router Project maintenance
=for html <br>
Karl M. Hegbloom <karlheg@debian.org>
cp_mv.c, the test suite, various fixes to utility.c, &c.
=for html <br>
Daniel Jacobowitz <dan@debian.org>
mktemp.c
=for html <br>
Matt Kraai <kraai@alumni.carnegiemellon.edu>
documentation, bugfixes
=for html <br>
John Lombardo <john@deltanet.com>
dirname, tr
=for html <br>
Glenn McGrath <bug1@netconnect.com.au>
ar.c
=for html <br>
Bruce Perens <bruce@pixar.com>
Original author of BusyBox. His code is still in many apps.
=for html <br>
Chip Rosenthal <chip@unicom.com>, <crosenth@covad.com>
wget - Contributed by permission of Covad Communications
=for html <br>
Pavel Roskin <proski@gnu.org>
Lots of bugs fixes and patches.
=for html <br>
Gyepi Sam <gyepi@praxis-sw.com>
Remote logging feature for syslogd
=for html <br>
Linus Torvalds <torvalds@transmeta.com>
mkswap, fsck.minix, mkfs.minix
=for html <br>
Mark Whitley <markw@lineo.com>
sed remix, bug fixes, style-guide, etc.
=for html <br>
Charles P. Wright <cpwright@villagenet.com>
gzip, mini-netcat(nc)
=for html <br>
Enrique Zanardi <ezanardi@ull.es>
tarcat (since removed), loadkmap, various fixes, Debian maintenance
=cut
# $Id: busybox.pod,v 1.89 2001/01/25 23:40:32 andersen Exp $
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