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Snapshots were read straight out of the QEMU images by the scripting commands, which only worked while the VM was off and knew nothing beyond the tags in the image. Put a backend behind the operations instead. Which one is chosen depends on whether the VM is running, and each says what it can do in that state: - A running VM goes through the QEMU monitor, which saves and loads the whole machine along with the disks. - A VM that is off goes through qemu-img, which can only save and revert disk contents. Nothing may touch the images while QEMU has them open, so a snapshot of disks alone is left alone until the VM stops. Either way a snapshot spans every writable image, the UEFI variable store included, because QEMU refuses to load one that any of them is missing. A snapshot that some of them lack, such as one taken before a drive was added, is kept but cannot be restored, which is not the same as its state being gone: reverting only some of the drives would leave them at different points in time. Reclaiming space rebuilds an image without its snapshots, so it is refused while there are any. UTMSnapshotService sits above the backend and keeps the manifest and the stored state consistent: it marks entries whose state has disappeared when an operation fails, and the first time a VM is opened it adopts whatever snapshots are already in the images so that snapshots taken by other tools are not lost. Both wait until the VM is stopped, because a running QEMU lists the snapshots of every drive together, removable ones included. Suspending is folded into the same mechanism. A VM now suspends to a snapshot of its own rather than always the same name, so a suspended state can be kept as a snapshot without copying it, and restoring a snapshot makes the VM resume from it. The state is deleted once nothing refers to it, where it used to be left behind in the image. One that cannot be deleted right away stays listed in the manifest and is tried again the next time. Assisted-by: Claude:claude-fable-5-1 Assisted-by: Claude:claude-opus-5