Align ZAI modality metadata with source conventions

* perf(auth): renew godmode app tokens from cache instead of the primary

Every godmode launch read its token row from the primary and rewrote its
expiry, a few cross-region round trips per launch far from the primary.

- A cache pointer names the row per (user, web session, app). The row is
  read through the uuid cache token auth uses and re-checked (owner,
  session, app, revoked, expired, max age); anything else falls back to the
  primary read. Revoking the row drops the pointer.
- The expiry write is skipped when it would move by under an hour. A
  renewal that hits a revoked or lapsed row mints a new one instead.
- The response carries the row's actual expires_at.

* perf(gui): reuse a just-minted godmode token for repeat launches

A launch of a godmode app reuses the token this page minted for it within
the last ten minutes under the same desktop session, instead of asking
again. The cache is dropped when an app reports its token dead, after a
session revoke from the session manager or an uninstall, and across tabs
via a BroadcastChannel that carries token row ids, never tokens. A mint in
flight during a drop is not remembered.

.env.example

@@ -16,3 +16,8 @@ MARIADB_PASSWORD=replace-with-strong-password
 S3_ACCESS_KEY=puter
 S3_SECRET_KEY=replace-with-strong-secret
 S3_BUCKET=puter-local
+
+# ── Inbound SMTP (compose profile `smtp`) ------------------------------
+# Host port mapped to the receiver's 2525. 25 is what an MX record means;
+# many hosting providers block it.
+SMTP_PORT=25

.github/CODEOWNERS

@@ -1,61 +1,72 @@
 # Default owner, including backend and SDK areas without a specialist below.
+
 # The last matching rule takes precedence.
-* @Salazareo
+
+- @Salazareo
 
 # GUI
+
 /src/gui/ @jelveh @Salazareo
 
 # Documentation, developer site, and CLI
-/doc/ @reynaldichernando
-/src/docs/ @reynaldichernando
-/src/dev-center/ @reynaldichernando
-/src/cli/ @reynaldichernando
+
+/doc/ @reynaldichernando @Salazareo
+/src/docs/ @reynaldichernando @Salazareo
+/src/dev-center/ @reynaldichernando @Salazareo
+/src/cli/ @reynaldichernando @Salazareo
+
+# Backend AI
+
+/src/backend/controllers/puterai/ @404oops @ProgrammerIn-wonderland @Salazareo
+/src/backend/drivers/ai-\*/ @404oops @ProgrammerIn-wonderland @Salazareo
 
 # Backend: AI, hosting, workers, networking, and WebDAV
-/src/backend/controllers/puterai/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland
-/src/backend/controllers/hosting/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland
-/src/backend/controllers/webdav/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland
-/src/backend/controllers/wisp/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland
-/src/backend/drivers/ai-*/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland
-/src/backend/drivers/util/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland
-/src/backend/drivers/workers/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland
-/src/backend/services/localworker/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland
-/src/backend/stores/subdomain/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland
-/extensions/workerSandbox* @ProgrammerIn-wonderland
-/src/worker/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland
-/src/worker-types/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland
-/src/backend/controllers/peer/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland
+
+/src/backend/controllers/hosting/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland @Salazareo
+/src/backend/controllers/webdav/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland @Salazareo
+/src/backend/controllers/wisp/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland @Salazareo
+/src/backend/drivers/util/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland @Salazareo
+/src/backend/drivers/workers/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland @Salazareo
+/src/backend/services/localworker/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland @Salazareo
+/src/backend/stores/subdomain/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland @Salazareo
+/extensions/workerSandbox\* @ProgrammerIn-wonderland @Salazareo
+/src/worker/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland @Salazareo
+/src/worker-types/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland @Salazareo
+/src/backend/controllers/peer/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland @Salazareo
 
 # Backend: sharing, permissions, and teams
-/src/backend/controllers/share/ @jfcastro92
-/src/backend/controllers/team/ @jfcastro92
-/src/backend/services/share/ @jfcastro92
-/src/backend/services/permission/ @jfcastro92
-/src/backend/services/acl/ @jfcastro92
-/src/backend/services/team/ @jfcastro92
-/src/backend/services/apps/AppPermissionService* @jfcastro92
-/src/backend/stores/share/ @jfcastro92
-/src/backend/stores/permission/ @jfcastro92
-/src/backend/stores/group/ @jfcastro92
-/src/backend/stores/team/ @jfcastro92
+
+/src/backend/controllers/share/ @jfcastro92 @Salazareo
+/src/backend/controllers/team/ @jfcastro92 @Salazareo
+/src/backend/services/share/ @jfcastro92 @Salazareo
+/src/backend/services/permission/ @jfcastro92 @Salazareo
+/src/backend/services/acl/ @jfcastro92 @Salazareo
+/src/backend/services/team/ @jfcastro92 @Salazareo
+/src/backend/services/apps/AppPermissionService\* @jfcastro92 @Salazareo
+/src/backend/stores/share/ @jfcastro92 @Salazareo
+/src/backend/stores/permission/ @jfcastro92 @Salazareo
+/src/backend/stores/group/ @jfcastro92 @Salazareo
+/src/backend/stores/team/ @jfcastro92 @Salazareo
 
 # SDK: AI, hosting, workers, and networking
-/src/puter-js/src/modules/ai/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland
-/src/puter-js/src/modules/hosting/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland
-/src/puter-js/src/modules/Workers* @ProgrammerIn-wonderland
-/src/puter-js/src/modules/networking/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland
-/src/puter-js/src/lib/networkUtils* @ProgrammerIn-wonderland
-/src/puter-js/tests/api/suites/ai.suite.ts @ProgrammerIn-wonderland
-/src/puter-js/tests/api/suites/hosting.suite.ts @ProgrammerIn-wonderland
-/src/puter-js/tests/api/suites/workers.suite.ts @ProgrammerIn-wonderland
-/src/puter-js/tests/api/suites/net.suite.ts @ProgrammerIn-wonderland
-/src/puter-js/src/modules/Peer* @ProgrammerIn-wonderland
+
+/src/puter-js/src/modules/ai/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland @Salazareo
+/src/puter-js/src/modules/hosting/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland @Salazareo
+/src/puter-js/src/modules/Workers* @ProgrammerIn-wonderland @Salazareo
+/src/puter-js/src/modules/networking/ @ProgrammerIn-wonderland @Salazareo
+/src/puter-js/src/lib/networkUtils* @ProgrammerIn-wonderland @Salazareo
+/src/puter-js/tests/api/suites/ai.suite.ts @ProgrammerIn-wonderland @Salazareo
+/src/puter-js/tests/api/suites/hosting.suite.ts @ProgrammerIn-wonderland @Salazareo
+/src/puter-js/tests/api/suites/workers.suite.ts @ProgrammerIn-wonderland @Salazareo
+/src/puter-js/tests/api/suites/net.suite.ts @ProgrammerIn-wonderland @Salazareo
+/src/puter-js/src/modules/Peer\* @ProgrammerIn-wonderland @Salazareo
 
 # SDK: sharing and permissions
+
 /src/puter-js/src/modules/perms/ @jfcastro92
-/src/puter-js/src/modules/FileSystem/operations/share* @jfcastro92
-/src/puter-js/src/modules/FileSystem/operations/unshare* @jfcastro92
-/src/puter-js/src/modules/FileSystem/operations/getShares* @jfcastro92
-/src/puter-js/src/modules/FileSystem/operations/listShared* @jfcastro92
-/src/puter-js/tests/api/suites/perms.suite.ts @jfcastro92
-/src/puter-js/tests/api/suites/sharing.suite.ts @jfcastro92
+/src/puter-js/src/modules/FileSystem/operations/share* @jfcastro92 @Salazareo
+/src/puter-js/src/modules/FileSystem/operations/unshare* @jfcastro92 @Salazareo
+/src/puter-js/src/modules/FileSystem/operations/getShares* @jfcastro92 @Salazareo
+/src/puter-js/src/modules/FileSystem/operations/listShared* @jfcastro92 @Salazareo
+/src/puter-js/tests/api/suites/perms.suite.ts @jfcastro92 @Salazareo
+/src/puter-js/tests/api/suites/sharing.suite.ts @jfcastro92 @Salazareo

.github/workflows/backend-tests.yaml

@@ -1,17 +1,21 @@
 name: Backend Tests
 
-# Always triggers so it can be a required PR check; the `changes` job below
+# Always triggers on PRs so it can be a required check; the `changes` job below
 # decides whether backend/extension paths actually changed (test-only changes
-# match the same globs, since tests are co-located with the code), and every
-# other job is skipped — not absent — when they didn't, which still satisfies
-# a required check. puter.js SDK changes are covered by puterjs-tests.yaml.
+# match the same globs, since tests are co-located with the code), and `test`
+# still reports success when they didn't. Pushes to main produce the coverage
+# PRs compare against. puter.js SDK changes are covered by puterjs-tests.yaml.
 on:
   pull_request:
     types: [opened, synchronize, reopened]
+  push:
+    branches: [main]
 
 permissions:
   contents: read
   pull-requests: write
+  # Reads main's coverage artifact for the PR comparison.
+  actions: read
 
 jobs:
   changes:
@@ -42,12 +46,9 @@ jobs:
   # The consuming repo runs an equivalent gate, but only once someone bumps the
   # submodule pointer — too late to keep the error off this repo's default
   # branch. Hence a gate here, on this repo's own pull requests.
-  #
-  # Its own job rather than a step in `test`: that one runs a base/PR matrix for
-  # coverage comparison, and the check only needs the PR ref, once.
   typecheck:
     needs: changes
-    if: needs.changes.outputs.backend == 'true'
+    if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && needs.changes.outputs.backend == 'true'
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
@@ -65,85 +66,146 @@ jobs:
       - name: Type check (new errors only)
         run: npm run typecheck
 
-  # `needs.changes` gates the steps below, not this job, on purpose: a
-  # job-level `if` on a matrix job skips the whole job as one unexpanded
-  # check ("test (${{ matrix.artifact }})", literally, since there's no
-  # matrix context to fill it in) instead of the two real per-artifact
-  # checks a required rule pins to ("test (base)" / "test (pr)") — so the
-  # required check never gets reported and the PR blocks forever. Letting
-  # the matrix always expand keeps the check names stable either way.
-  test:
+  # The suite is CPU-bound, so it's split across runners. Each shard writes a
+  # blob report (results plus coverage) that the `coverage` job merges.
+  test-shard:
     needs: changes
-    # Overrides the default matrix naming, which would otherwise bake the
-    # base/head branch name (matrix.ref) into the check name — making it a
-    # different string on every PR and impossible to pin as a required check.
-    name: test (${{ matrix.artifact }})
+    if: needs.changes.outputs.backend == 'true'
+    name: test shard ${{ matrix.shard }}/${{ strategy.job-total }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        include:
-          - ref: ${{ github.base_ref }}
-            artifact: base
-          - ref: ${{ github.head_ref }}
-            artifact: pr
+        shard: [1, 2, 3, 4]
 
     steps:
-      - name: Checkout ${{ matrix.ref }}
-        if: needs.changes.outputs.backend == 'true'
+      - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v7
         with:
-          ref: ${{ matrix.ref }}
-          repository: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name }}
+          ref: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha || github.sha }}
+          repository: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name || github.repository }}
 
       - name: Set up Node.js
-        if: needs.changes.outputs.backend == 'true'
         uses: actions/setup-node@v7
         with:
           node-version: '24'
           cache: 'npm'
 
       - name: Install dependencies
-        if: needs.changes.outputs.backend == 'true'
         run: npm ci
 
       - name: Run backend tests with coverage
-        if: needs.changes.outputs.backend == 'true'
-        run: npm run test:backend -- --coverage
+        run: >-
+          npm run test:backend --
+          --coverage
+          --shard=${{ matrix.shard }}/${{ strategy.job-total }}
+          --reporter=default
+          --reporter=blob
+        env:
+          CI: 'true'
+
+      - name: Upload blob report
+        if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: backend-blob-${{ matrix.shard }}
+          path: .vitest-reports/
+          include-hidden-files: true
+          retention-days: 1
+
+  # Required check, so its PR name is pinned. A skipped job would satisfy it,
+  # so this always runs and fails on any shard that didn't pass.
+  test:
+    needs: [changes, test-shard]
+    if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
+    name: test (${{ github.event_name == 'push' && 'main' || 'pr' }})
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Check shard results
+        env:
+          CHANGES_RESULT: ${{ needs.changes.result }}
+          BACKEND_CHANGED: ${{ needs.changes.outputs.backend }}
+          SHARDS_RESULT: ${{ needs.test-shard.result }}
+        run: |
+          if [ "$CHANGES_RESULT" != "success" ]; then
+            echo "changes job: $CHANGES_RESULT"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          if [ "$BACKEND_CHANGED" != "true" ]; then
+            echo "No backend changes."
+            exit 0
+          fi
+          if [ "$SHARDS_RESULT" != "success" ]; then
+            echo "test shards: $SHARDS_RESULT"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+
+  coverage:
+    needs: [changes, test-shard]
+    if: ${{ !cancelled() && needs.test-shard.result == 'success' }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with:
+          ref: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha || github.sha }}
+          repository: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name || github.repository }}
+
+      - name: Set up Node.js
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v7
+        with:
+          node-version: '24'
+          cache: 'npm'
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: npm ci
+
+      - name: Download blob reports
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
+        with:
+          pattern: backend-blob-*
+          path: .vitest-reports
+          merge-multiple: true
+
+      - name: Merge shard coverage
+        run: npx vitest run --config src/backend/vitest.config.ts --merge-reports --coverage
         env:
           CI: 'true'
 
       - name: Upload coverage artifact
-        if: needs.changes.outputs.backend == 'true' && !cancelled()
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
-          name: backend-coverage-${{ matrix.artifact }}
+          name: backend-coverage-${{ github.event_name == 'push' && 'main' || 'pr' }}
           path: src/backend/coverage/
-          retention-days: 14
+          retention-days: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && 30 || 14 }}
 
-  report-coverage:
-    needs: [changes, test]
-    if: always() && needs.changes.outputs.backend == 'true'
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v7
-
-      - name: Download PR coverage
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
-        with:
-          name: backend-coverage-pr
-          path: src/backend/coverage
-
-      - name: Download base coverage
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
-        with:
-          name: backend-coverage-base
-          path: coverage-base
+      # Latest main coverage from this repo's own runs; a fork can't publish
+      # under this repository id.
+      - name: Download main coverage
+        id: base
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
+          REPO: ${{ github.repository }}
+        run: |
+          id=$(gh api "repos/$REPO/actions/artifacts?name=backend-coverage-main&per_page=20" --jq '
+            [.artifacts[]
+              | select(.expired | not)
+              | select(.workflow_run.head_branch == "main")
+              | select(.workflow_run.head_repository_id == .workflow_run.repository_id)
+            ][0].id // empty')
+          if [ -z "$id" ]; then
+            echo "No main coverage artifact; reporting without a comparison."
+            exit 0
+          fi
+          gh api "repos/$REPO/actions/artifacts/$id/zip" > coverage-base.zip
+          unzip -q coverage-base.zip -d coverage-base
+          echo "found=true" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
 
       - name: Report coverage on PR
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
         uses: davelosert/vitest-coverage-report-action@v2
         with:
           json-summary-path: src/backend/coverage/coverage-summary.json
           json-final-path: src/backend/coverage/coverage-final.json
-          json-summary-compare-path: coverage-base/coverage-summary.json
+          json-summary-compare-path: ${{ steps.base.outputs.found == 'true' && 'coverage-base/coverage-summary.json' || '' }}

.gitignore

@@ -66,9 +66,13 @@ AGENTS.md
 
 
 coverage/
+.vitest-reports/
 *.log
 undefined
 servers.json
 config.*.json
 
 volatile/
+
+# Local build override
+docker-compose.override.yml

AGENTS.md

@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 # AGENTS.md
 
-Guidance for AI coding agents working in this repository. Read this before making changes. FOLLOW GUIDANCE AS CLOSELY AS POSSIBLE. If you think the guidance is wrong, raise an issue or flag a maintainer — don't just do what you think is right. This is the source of truth for how we write code, tests, and docs in this repo.
+Guidance for AI coding agents working in this repository, and the source of truth for how we write code, tests, and docs here. Read it before making changes. FOLLOW GUIDANCE AS CLOSELY AS POSSIBLE. If you think a rule is wrong, raise an issue or flag a maintainer instead of doing what you think is right.
 
 ## Documentation Index
 
 Use these as the source of truth before exploring further:
 
 - [README.md](README.md) — project overview and quickstart.
-- [doc/architecture.md](doc/architecture.md) — backend layered stack (controllers → drivers → services → stores → clients), `PuterServer` wiring, `Context` (ALS), and extensions.
+- [doc/architecture.md](doc/architecture.md) — backend layered stack (controllers → drivers → services → stores → clients), `PuterServer` wiring, `Context` (ALS), actors, and extensions.
 - [doc/contributing-apis.md](doc/contributing-apis.md) — adding and maintaining public APIs end to end (backend surface → puter.js → types → docs → tests). Follow it for any API work.
 - [doc/pagination.md](doc/pagination.md) — the one pagination convention for list APIs (limit/cursor/offset/includeTotal, envelope shape, cursor semantics).
 - [doc/alarms.md](doc/alarms.md) — raising alarms and picking a severity (what pages, what only gets recorded), plus the config that routes them.
 - [doc/self-hosting.md](doc/self-hosting.md) — running Puter outside hosted infra.
-- [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md) — testing, security, AI-assisted code, PR conventions, Boy Scout Rule.
+- [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md) — contributor entry point and PR conventions.
 - [SECURITY.md](SECURITY.md) — how to report vulnerabilities (do not file them publicly).
 - [BUG-BOUNTY.md](BUG-BOUNTY.md) — bounty program scope.
 - [TRADEMARK.md](TRADEMARK.md) — trademark usage.
@@ -26,16 +26,16 @@ These apply everywhere — backend, puter.js, and GUI.
 ### Language & files
 
 - Write ES modules, not CommonJS — we transpile and build as needed.
-- TypeScript preferred for new files in the backend and extensions; convert existing JS there opportunistically when you're already touching a file. The GUI and puter.js are plain JavaScript — don't introduce TypeScript files in them. In puter.js, type with JSDoc instead (see the puter.js section for what must be typed).
-- **Reuse before adding.** Search for an existing type, helper, or implementation and extend it; only add a new one when nothing suitable exists.
-- Make new types findable: descriptive `PascalCase` names, exported from the obvious entry point. A type used from many places belongs in the owning module's `types.ts` (e.g. [src/backend/controllers/types.ts](src/backend/controllers/types.ts)) rather than bloating a logic file; a type with a single consumer can stay next to it.
-- Naming: `camelCase` for variables/functions, `PascalCase` for classes and files containing a class (`AuthService.ts`). **Prefer `camelCase` for all new code** — new local variables, parameters, functions, and internal object properties. `snake_case` is reserved for identifiers that are part of an external contract: wire/JSON keys sent to or received from the backend, stable API error codes, public option names that already ship as `snake_case`, and established `puter_*` namespaced fields. Don't rename those (it's a breaking change), but don't introduce new `snake_case` alongside them either — a camelCase local can carry a value into a `snake_case` wire key (`{ operation_id: operationId }`).
+- TypeScript preferred for new files in the backend and extensions; convert existing JS there opportunistically when you're already touching a file. The GUI and puter.js are plain JavaScript — don't introduce TypeScript files in them.
+- In plain-JS files, typing with JSDoc (`@type`/`@param`/`@returns`, `@typedef` for shared shapes, using the TypeScript type system) is encouraged. API types must not be `unknown` or untyped `...args`: spell out the real parameter and return shapes, unless the value passes through transparently to an upstream layer that owns its type. puter.js has stricter rules ([below](#types)).
+- Make new types findable: descriptive `PascalCase` names, exported from the obvious entry point. A type used from many places goes in the owning module's `types.ts` (e.g. [src/backend/controllers/types.ts](src/backend/controllers/types.ts)); a type with a single consumer can stay next to it.
+- Naming: `camelCase` for variables and functions, `PascalCase` for classes and files containing a class (`AuthService.ts`). **Prefer `camelCase` for all new code**, including parameters and internal object properties. `snake_case` is reserved for external contracts that already use it: wire/JSON keys, stable API error codes, public option names that already ship as `snake_case`, and established `puter_*` namespaced fields. Don't rename those (it's a breaking change), and don't add new `snake_case` beside them; a camelCase local can carry a value into a wire key (`{ operation_id: operationId }`).
 
 ### Comments
 
-Keep comments light; prefer self-documenting code. Comment only when the _why_ is non-obvious or a usage detail would trip the next reader. Use `//` for single lines and `/** ... */` JSDoc when it genuinely needs more — if a comment runs long, it's probably too long. Don't restate the code and don't reference the current task, PR, or version — those rot. **No ticket references** (`PUT-1234`, `// fix for FOO-99`) in code, comments, or test names; describe the why in domain terms, not project-management terms. Use plain ASCII `-` in comment section dividers (`// -- Section --`), never box-drawing characters.
+Prefer self-documenting code. Comment only when the _why_ is non-obvious or a usage detail would trip the next reader. **A comment is a sentence or two**: one or two lines of `//`, a few of `/** ... */` JSDoc. State the constraint and stop. Don't restate the code, narrate history ("used to swallow the failure, which meant…"), argue the design, or explain parameters the signature already shows. Reasoning that needs paragraphs belongs in a design doc.
 
-**Be concise — a comment is a sentence or two, not a paragraph block.** One or two lines for `//`, a few for JSDoc. Don't narrate the history ("used to swallow the failure, which meant…"), don't argue the design at length, and don't explain each parameter when the signature already does. State the constraint and stop. If the reasoning genuinely needs paragraphs, it belongs in a design doc, not above the function.
+Don't reference the current task, PR, or version; those rot. **No ticket references** (`PUT-1234`, `// fix for FOO-99`) in code, comments, or test names: describe the why in domain terms. Section dividers use plain ASCII (`// -- Section --`), never box-drawing characters.
 
 ### Security & privacy
 
@@ -47,47 +47,59 @@ Before opening a PR, scan the diff for:
 
 When in doubt, return less. Auth-, permission-, or data-export-related changes deserve an explicit callout in the PR description.
 
+Commit messages and PR descriptions never credit anyone or mention a bug report. For security fixes, state what the change does mechanically ("scoped tokens do xyz now"), not the vulnerability or how it could be abused.
+
+### Reuse and abstraction
+
+- **Search before you build.** Before writing a type, helper, cache/TTL map, retry, lock, pagination, validator, serializer, error mapper, host/email normalizer, or provider adapter, grep `src/backend/util/`, the owning layer, and `extensions/` for one that exists, and extend it instead of adding a parallel copy. If you find two copies, consolidate them or flag it. Before opening the PR, check the diff for new helpers that duplicate existing ones.
+- **One path per operation.** Single-item variants call the batch version. Legacy and v2 endpoints share one service method. A second entry point (OIDC, WebDAV, admin, cron) calls the same service as the first instead of re-implementing it.
+- **No abstraction without a second caller.** No base class, interface, factory, registry, decorator, or option bag with one implementation. No wrappers that only forward, no interface methods nobody calls, no methods only tests call.
+- **Variants are data.** Providers or models that differ only in constants (base URL, prices, key names) are entries in a table read by one implementation, not one file each.
+
+### Hot paths
+
+- No per-row queries or awaits in loops: use the store's batch method (add one if missing) or [src/backend/util/concurrency.ts](src/backend/util/concurrency.ts).
+- Bound everything: queries get `LIMIT`/pagination, in-memory maps get eviction, outbound calls get a timeout and a size cap.
+- Build clients, catalogs, and config-derived lookups once, not per request.
+- Listeners on fleet-wide events (`fs.write.file`, route lifecycle) return before any I/O for requests they don't concern.
+
 ### Working rules of thumb
 
 - **Run it, don't just compile it.** "It type-checks" is not "it works." Exercise the code path end-to-end at least once.
 - **Read the neighbors before writing.** Match the shape of similar things already in the tree. If you think the existing pattern is wrong, raise it — don't quietly diverge.
 - **Test new behavior.** Every new function, endpoint, driver method, or logic branch gets a test; every bug fix gets a regression test that fails before the fix. If something is genuinely hard to test, skip it but say so in the PR.
-- **Boy Scout Rule, proportional to the change.** Fix the obvious typo or dead import in files you're already touching; don't ride a refactor along with a bug fix.
-- **Understand what you commit.** AI assistance is fine; shipping code you couldn't defend in review is not.
+- **Boy Scout Rule, proportional to the change.** In files you're already touching, fix the typo, the dead import, the missing test, the bit you had to read twice. Don't ride a refactor along with a bug fix.
+- **Understand what you commit.** AI assistance is fine; shipping code you couldn't have written, debugged, or defended in review is not.
 - **A limit change is not done until the docs change with it.** Every rate limit, concurrency cap, quota, and allowance in the code is published in [src/docs/src/rate-limits-and-quotas.md](src/docs/src/rate-limits-and-quotas.md) — an undisclosed limit is one developers discover as a service failure. If a PR moves any of these numbers, the same PR updates that page. The numbers live in `src/backend/controllers/fs/limits.ts` (filesystem), `src/backend/drivers/util/aiLimits.ts` (all AI drivers), per-driver `rateLimit`/`concurrent` configs, and `src/backend/data/subPolicies/` (free-tier allowances).
 
 ---
 
+## Local development
+
+To test a local Docker build, use the gitignored `docker-compose.override.yml` described in [Self-Hosting → Building from source](doc/self-hosting.md#building-from-source-instead-of-pulling). Keep local build settings there, not in `docker-compose.yml`.
+
+When budget checks block unrelated local API tests, you may set `"unlimitedMetering": true` without further approval. Merge it into the gitignored `config.json` (`npm start`) or `puter/config/config.json` (Docker) and restart Puter. It covers every account on that instance, guests included, and usage is still recorded. Keep normal settings when testing budget or subscription enforcement, and leave shared defaults unchanged.
+
+---
+
 ## Backend
 
-A layered stack with explicit dependency injection: each layer depends only on the layers beneath it, receives them through its constructor, and `PuterServer` ([src/backend/server.ts](src/backend/server.ts)) wires the whole thing together. [doc/architecture.md](doc/architecture.md) is the full reference.
+Controllers → drivers (optional) → services → stores → clients, all configured from `IConfig`. Each layer depends only on the layers beneath it and receives them through its constructor; `PuterServer` ([src/backend/server.ts](src/backend/server.ts)) wires them. [doc/architecture.md](doc/architecture.md) is the full reference.
 
-| Layer (top → bottom) | Lives in                                             | Responsibility                                                                                                                                         |
-| -------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
-| **Controllers**      | [src/backend/controllers/](src/backend/controllers/) | Route handlers: parse/validate input, per-route gates via `RouteOptions` (auth, subdomain, rate limit, body parsers), call services, format responses. |
-| **Drivers**          | [src/backend/drivers/](src/backend/drivers/)         | Optional RPC-style handlers on `/drivers/*`; thin shells that validate inputs and call services/stores.                                                |
-| **Services**         | [src/backend/services/](src/backend/services/)       | Business logic. Assume the caller is already authenticated/authorized.                                                                                 |
-| **Stores**           | [src/backend/stores/](src/backend/stores/)           | Persistence; wraps clients in the domain shapes services consume.                                                                                      |
-| **Clients**          | [src/backend/clients/](src/backend/clients/)         | Adapters for external/internal services (sql, redis, s3, email, event bus). Protocols, not domain concepts.                                            |
-| **Config**           | `config.*.json` → `IConfig`                          | Flat, typed config object every layer receives at construction.                                                                                        |
+A public API can be a controller or a driver. Prefer a controller when you need fine-grained control over routes and gates; [doc/contributing-apis.md](doc/contributing-apis.md#controller-or-driver) has the decision guide.
 
-A public API can be exposed through either a controller or a driver — both are supported; prefer a controller when you need fine-grained control over routes and gates. [doc/contributing-apis.md](doc/contributing-apis.md) has the decision guide with links to the decorators and middleware for each.
+Layer rules:
 
-Cross-layer rules:
-
-- **Don't reach across layers.** Controllers don't poke clients; services don't register routes. If you want to, the abstraction is wrong — fix the abstraction.
+- **Don't reach across layers.** Controllers don't poke clients; services don't register routes; lower layers never import from controllers. If you want to, the abstraction is wrong; fix the abstraction.
+- **Gates run at the edge.** Controllers and drivers validate input and apply auth gates; services assume the caller is already authenticated and authorized.
 - **Don't call sideways within a layer for code reuse.** Two services needing the same logic means a util/helper, not a service-to-service dependency.
-- **Prefer explicit arguments over `Context` (ALS).** Reach for [Context](src/backend/core/context.ts) only for genuinely request-scoped values that would otherwise thread through many layers — today mostly `actor` and `req`.
+- **A table's store owns every query against it.** Services, controllers, and extensions don't run raw SQL/redis against a table that has a store; add the store method so cache invalidation stays with the write.
+- **Drivers and controllers stay thin.** Domain rules a second entry point needs (signup, app CRUD, worker deploy, AI routing/billing) live in a service, not in the first driver or controller that needed them.
+- **Prefer explicit arguments over [`Context`](src/backend/core/context.ts) (ALS).** Use it only for request-scoped values that would otherwise thread through many layers; today that's mostly `actor` and `req`.
 
 ### Extensions
 
-[extensions/](extensions/) parallels the layered stack and is for **non-crucial parts of the system** — Puter still works with the extension removed. If core needs to call it, it belongs in core, not an extension (see [whoami](extensions/whoami.ts) as the cautionary example). The `extension` global ([src/backend/extensions.ts](src/backend/extensions.ts)) exposes:
-
-- `extension.registerClient/Store/Service/Driver/Controller(name, Class)` for first-class additions.
-- `extension.on(event, handler)` and `extension.get/post/put/delete/patch/use(path, opts?, handler)` for the lightweight common case. `opts` is the same `RouteOptions` controllers use.
-- `extension.import('client' | 'store' | 'service' | 'controller' | 'driver')` — lazy proxy to instantiated core objects. `extension.config` exposes live config.
-
-Follow the same layered structure inside an extension — unless it only needs a few route handlers, in which case the lightweight helpers are enough on their own.
+[extensions/](extensions/) is for **non-crucial parts of the system**: Puter must still work with the extension removed. If core needs to call it, it belongs in core ([whoami](extensions/whoami.ts) is the cautionary example). Inside an extension, follow the same layered structure, unless it only needs a few route handlers, in which case the `extension.get/post/...` helpers are enough on their own. The `extension` API is in [doc/architecture.md](doc/architecture.md#extension-api).
 
 ### Backend tests
 
@@ -100,44 +112,82 @@ Follow the same layered structure inside an extension — unless it only needs a
 
 ## puter.js (the SDK)
 
-[src/puter-js/](src/puter-js/) is the public SDK. It ships live from `https://js.puter.com/v2/` with no version pinning — every existing app picks up changes immediately. Treat every observable behavior (signatures, response fields, error codes) as something a production app depends on.
+[src/puter-js/](src/puter-js/) is the public SDK. It ships live from `https://js.puter.com/v2/` with no version pinning, so every change reaches every existing app at once; see [Rule zero](doc/contributing-apis.md#rule-zero-dont-break-callers).
 
 Layout: SDK modules in [src/puter-js/src/modules/](src/puter-js/src/modules/) (one file or directory per area — `FileSystem/`, `kv/`, `ai/`, …), shared plumbing in [src/puter-js/src/lib/](src/puter-js/src/lib/), generated (gitignored) type declarations in `src/puter-js/types/`, API tests in [src/puter-js/tests/api/](src/puter-js/tests/api/), UI e2e tests in [src/puter-js/tests/e2e/](src/puter-js/tests/e2e/), developer docs in [src/docs/](src/docs/).
 
-Language & typing: puter.js source is plain JavaScript — never TypeScript files — typed via JSDoc. **The JSDoc is the source of truth for the SDK's types.** `src/puter-js/types/` is `tsc --emitDeclarationOnly` output: the SDK build (`npm run build` in `src/puter-js`) generates it, the npm tarball ships it so TypeScript consumers get declarations, and git ignores it — it is never committed and never edited by hand. `npm run check:puterjs:types` generates it in CI and type-checks the result without `skipLibCheck`. The one hand-written declaration file is [src/puter-js/index.d.ts](src/puter-js/index.d.ts), which decides what is public and re-exports the generated names.
+Every SDK change carries all five of these, or the PR is incomplete. [doc/contributing-apis.md](doc/contributing-apis.md) has the steps for each.
 
-Declare a shape where it belongs, and reference it with an `import(...)` type from elsewhere. A shape more than one file needs lives in the module's `types.js`; a shape shared across modules lives in [src/puter-js/src/lib/types.js](src/puter-js/src/lib/types.js); a shape with one consumer can stay next to it:
+1. **Backward compatibility**, unless a maintainer explicitly signs off on a break ([rules](doc/contributing-apis.md#maintaining-an-existing-api)).
+2. **Tests** in the cross-platform API suite, or the Playwright harness for desktop-rendered `puter.ui.*` ([steps](doc/contributing-apis.md#6-tests)).
+3. **Docs** in [src/docs/src/](src/docs/src/) that match the implementation exactly ([steps](doc/contributing-apis.md#5-docs), [writing rules](#developer-docs)).
+4. **Types**, per the rules below.
+5. **Error handling**: `{ message, code }` with stable `snake_case` codes, as in [modules/kv/](src/puter-js/src/modules/kv/) ([steps](doc/contributing-apis.md#3-puterjs)).
+
+### Types
+
+puter.js source is plain JavaScript typed via JSDoc, and **the JSDoc is the source of truth for the SDK's types**. `src/puter-js/types/` is `tsc --emitDeclarationOnly` output: the SDK build (`npm run build` in `src/puter-js`) generates it, the npm tarball ships it, and git ignores it. Never commit or hand-edit it. `npm run check:puterjs:types` generates it and type-checks the result without `skipLibCheck`; run it after any type change. The one hand-written declaration file is [src/puter-js/index.d.ts](src/puter-js/index.d.ts): it decides what is public and re-exports the generated names, so name a new type there if consumers should be able to import it.
+
+- Public (exposed) methods carry JSDoc types for parameters and return value, with one `@overload` block per accepted call form; those overloads _are_ the published signature. Typing private helpers is at your discretion; annotate where it helps the next reader.
+- Tag members `@internal`, not `@private`, to strip them from the generated declarations.
+- Declarations must match runtime behavior exactly. A wrong type is worse than a missing one.
+
+Declare a shape where it belongs and reference it elsewhere with an `import(...)` type. A shape more than one file needs lives in the module's `types.js`; one shared across modules lives in [src/puter-js/src/lib/types.js](src/puter-js/src/lib/types.js); one with a single consumer can stay next to it:
 
 ```js
 /** @typedef {import('./types.js').KVOptConfig} KVOptConfig */
 ```
 
-Use `@typedef {Object}` + `@property` for any shape whose fields need documenting — it is the only JSDoc form that carries a doc comment per field into the generated declaration. Keep the inline object-literal form for small internal shapes with nothing to say about each field, and prefer `unknown` over `*`:
+Use `@typedef {Object}` + `@property` for any shape whose fields need documenting; it's the only JSDoc form that carries a per-field doc comment into the generated declarations. Use the inline form for small internal shapes with nothing to say per field, and prefer `unknown` over `*`:
 
 ```js
 /** @typedef {{ key: string; value: unknown }} KVEntry */
 ```
 
-Public (exposed) methods must carry JSDoc types — parameters and return value — with one `@overload` block per accepted call form, since those overloads _are_ the published signature. Unexposed/private helpers are typed at the contributor's discretion: annotate where it helps the next reader, and either way keep them clean. Members tagged `@internal` are stripped from the generated declarations, so use that tag rather than `@private` to keep something off the public surface.
+---
 
-Typing in JS files is encouraged: annotate with JSDoc `@type`/`@param`/`@returns` using the TypeScript type system, and define shared shapes with `@typedef`. API types must not be `unknown` or untyped `...args` — spell out the real parameter and return shapes; the only exception is values passed through transparently to an upstream layer that owns their type. For example:
+## Developer docs
 
-```js
-/** @typedef {{ key: string; value: unknown }} KVEntry */
+[src/docs/src/](src/docs/src/) is the published puter.js documentation: one reference page per method (`<Area>/<method>.md`, [steps](doc/contributing-apis.md#5-docs)) and recipes in [src/docs/src/recipes/](src/docs/src/recipes/).
 
-/** @type {KVEntry[]} */
-let entries = [];
-```
+### Page structure
 
-Every SDK change carries all five of the following — a puter.js PR missing one is incomplete:
+The reference has two kinds of page:
 
-1. **Backward compatibility.** Mandatory unless a maintainer explicitly signs off on a break. Existing call signatures keep working (including both positional and options-object forms where a method supports them); new parameters are optional with defaults that preserve old behavior; never rename or repurpose existing params, response fields, or error codes. New parameter names are `camelCase` (existing `snake_case` stays for compatibility). Say in the PR how existing callers are unaffected.
-2. **Tests.** Add or extend a suite in [tests/api/suites/](src/puter-js/tests/api/suites/) (`<area>.suite.ts`; register new suites in `suites/index.ts` — no globbing). One suite runs unchanged on node, browser, and workerd via `npm run test:puterjs`; never write a per-platform test. The runners execute the **built** bundle — run `npm run build:workerLib` after SDK changes or the suite silently tests stale code. For `puter.ui.*` methods rendered by the desktop, use the Playwright e2e harness instead — see [src/puter-js/TESTING.md](src/puter-js/TESTING.md).
-3. **Docs.** New or changed APIs update [src/docs/src/](src/docs/src/): the method page (`<Area>/<method>.md`, with frontmatter and a runnable example) and the area overview when the surface changes. Docs are the contract users code against — signatures, defaults, and return shapes must match the implementation exactly.
-4. **Types.** Type the change in JSDoc on the implementation, then run `npm run check:puterjs:types` to confirm it still produces declarations that type-check. Name any new type in [src/puter-js/index.d.ts](src/puter-js/index.d.ts) if consumers should be able to import it. Declarations must match runtime behavior exactly — a wrong type is worse than a missing one.
-5. **Error handling.** Reject/throw `{ message, code }` objects with stable `snake_case` codes, matching the existing modules (see `KV.js`). Validate cheap preconditions client-side before making the network call; pass backend errors through unchanged rather than swallowing or re-wrapping them. Error codes are API surface — changing one is a breaking change.
+- **API overview pages** (`<Area>.md`, such as [KV.md](src/docs/src/KV.md)) give a quick top-level picture of what the API is for and what it can do, with short examples and a list of its functions that links every function page in the area. Leave out the details. The first sentence of the intro says what the API is about. This is a judgment call too: when the API depends on a Puter concept the reader may not know, such as Teams, the first sentence can name it and the sentences after it explain it.
+- **Function pages** (`<Area>/<method>.md`) hold the details: parameters, defaults, return values, errors, limits, and edge cases.
 
-[doc/contributing-apis.md](doc/contributing-apis.md) walks the full lifecycle of adding an API across backend + SDK.
+An overview page answers "what is this API and is it what I need?", and a function page answers "how exactly does this call behave?". A change to one function usually only touches that function's page, so a new `kv.list()` option goes in `KV/list.md` without a matching update to `KV.md`. Don't copy a function's options, limits, or edge cases onto the overview page for completeness. Where a detail goes is a judgment call, not a hard rule: update the overview when a change affects how someone would describe the API as a whole.
+
+When you add a page, add it to [src/docs/src/sidebar.js](src/docs/src/sidebar.js) under its area, or it won't show up in the navigation. When you add a runnable example, add its HTML to `src/docs/src/playground/examples/<slug>.html`, register the slug in [src/docs/src/examples.js](src/docs/src/examples.js), and link the code block to it by putting the slug after the language with a semicolon (` ```html;kv-set `).
+
+### Writing docs
+
+These apply to reference pages and recipes alike.
+
+- **Document the developer-facing side only.** The reader is building on top of puter.js, so cover what affects their code: signatures, defaults, return shapes, errors, limits, and behavior they can observe. Leave out internal workings (which service handles the call, storage layout, caching, retries) unless they change what the developer has to do. [rate-limits-and-quotas.md](src/docs/src/rate-limits-and-quotas.md) is the exception: it publishes every limit, including timeouts and caps that come from how the backend works.
+- **Describe the current state.** Docs aren't a changelog. Write how the API behaves now, without "now", "no longer", "existing code is unaffected", or other wording that compares it to an older version.
+- **Verify before you document.** Run the calls you describe against a running Puter instead of inferring behavior from the source.
+- **Write plainly.** Use the literal words a developer would say out loud, with contractions and everyday words. No idioms or figurative verbs ("walk away from something shared with you" → "remove your own access", "nothing to page through" → "without pagination"). No formal register ("present only while more pages remain" → "includes a `cursor` if there are more pages to load"). Prefer dev terms such as atomic, concurrent, and insertion order.
+- **State the rule, then its consequence, in short sentences.** No metaphor in place of a rule. Name a concrete action ("you can create any files and folders inside it") over an abstract permission ("yours to organize freely"). Cut a sentence that only repeats the next one.
+- **Describe behavior directly.** No quoted inner-voice phrases. Write "`isNew` is `true` when the person did not have access before", not "this tells 'I just gave this to someone' from 'they already had it'".
+- **Keep references easy to follow.** Name what a list or code block belongs to in the sentence directly above it. Name a thing once and keep that name. Introduce an actor as "a user" before giving them a role: "A user can create a team. The user who creates the team becomes its owner."
+- **Sentence mechanics.** Never start a sentence with inline code: write "To store data, use the [`set()`](/KV/set/) method." Link every inline mention of an API to its page, every time. No em dashes, and no colons or semicolons mid-sentence; a colon that introduces a code block is fine.
+- **Show the correct way.** No "don't" and no wrong-way-first examples, in recipes and playground examples alike. Mention a wrong approach only when developers already hit it in practice, and state how it fails as a fact: "`add()` reads a plain object as a path map, so the call rejects with …".
+
+### Recipes
+
+Recipes are tested, copy-pasteable patterns for a task, one layer above the per-method reference, often combining several APIs. Agents find them through the `## Recipes` section of `llms.txt`.
+
+- **Files.** One `.md` per recipe in [src/docs/src/recipes/](src/docs/src/recipes/), with `title`, `description`, `tags`, and optional `order` front matter; they're picked up automatically. Tags must exist in [src/docs/src/recipe-tags.js](src/docs/src/recipe-tags.js) or the build fails. Quote a `description` that contains a colon followed by a space. Every top-level `.md` in that directory is built as a recipe, so keep other markdown out of it.
+- **Title.** Short, Title Case, starts with a verb, and leaves out "to Your App" ("Add Team Support", "Deploy Workers Programmatically"). The slug is the title in kebab case, with no API-name prefix. In `llms.txt` an agent sees only the title and description before deciding to open a recipe, so word them to match the task the reader is trying to do.
+- **Description.** Written for someone who has never heard of Puter. Start with "Learn how to", put the action first, and say what the reader's app gains: "Learn how to add file sharing to your app with Puter.js, so users can share files in their Puter account with other people." No API names, no mechanism, no list of example cases, and no "not just …" contrast.
+- **Intro.** Explain the situation and why you'd do this, tied to something the reader already knows ("`puter.kv` is your database in Puter.js"). No "Use this when" bullet list.
+- **Structure.** Get to the first working call as early as possible, then add validation, rate limits, and sign-in after it. Explain a Puter concept the first time it appears, such as what `me.puter` is or that `puter.workers.exec()` opens the Puter sign-in window. Split recipes by what the reader needs, not by technique, and give a family of recipes a shared tag.
+- **Link to the reference for full option lists.** Mention only the options the recipe uses, then link to the function page for the rest ("All the sort options are listed on [`puter.fs.readdir()`](/FS/readdir/)."). A copied list of options, rules, or scopes goes stale when the reference changes.
+- **Code.** Platform-neutral: just the code, with top-level `await`. No `<script>` or `<html>` wrapper, no IIFE.
+- **Tradeoffs.** Justify a choice with one scenario the reader can picture right away, in about two short paragraphs, or fold each point into the section where it matters. The description states the benefit only.
+- **Notes.** Leave out `## Notes` by default. Use it only to point to an architecturally different approach. A limit goes in the section it applies to; other facts belong on the linked reference page.
 
 ---
 
@@ -145,7 +195,7 @@ Every SDK change carries all five of the following — a puter.js PR missing one
 
 [src/gui/](src/gui/) is the Puter desktop: deliberately plain JavaScript + jQuery with HTML-string templates. Don't introduce a UI framework or a new rendering pattern.
 
-The guiding rule here is **conformity over novelty** — match the existing design and code structure even where you'd personally choose differently. A visually or structurally divergent addition is a defect even when it works.
+**Conformity over novelty**: match the existing design and code structure even where you'd choose differently. A visually or structurally divergent addition is a defect even when it works.
 
 - **Reuse existing UI primitives before writing new ones.** Windows and dialogs are `UIWindow*` functions in [src/gui/src/UI/](src/gui/src/UI/); generic pieces already exist (`UIAlert`, `UIPrompt`, `UIContextMenu`, `UINotification`, `UIPopover`, widgets in [UI/Components/](src/gui/src/UI/Components/)). A new window should read like its neighbors: an async function taking an options object, composing an HTML string, wiring behavior with jQuery, delegating to `UIWindow(...)`.
 - **Match the visual language.** Use existing CSS classes (`button`, `button-primary`, window chrome, form styles) and copy the layout patterns of neighboring windows; new styles go in [src/gui/src/css/](src/gui/src/css/) following existing conventions. Verify anything positional (menus, overlays, z-index) on both desktop and mobile viewports.

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -1,46 +1,21 @@
-# Contributing to Puter Backend
+# Contributing to Puter
 
-Thanks for contributing. These rules aren't strictly enforced — but following them makes every PR easier. If anything's unclear, ping a core maintainer or open the PR and ask.
+Thanks for contributing. These rules aren't strictly enforced, but following them makes every PR easier. If anything's unclear, ping a core maintainer or open the PR and ask.
 
-New to the backend? Start with [doc/architecture.md](doc/architecture.md).
+- New to the backend? Start with [doc/architecture.md](doc/architecture.md).
+- Code, test, and docs conventions for the whole repo live in [AGENTS.md](AGENTS.md). It's written for AI agents; the conventions apply to human contributors too.
+- Adding or changing a public API (an endpoint, driver method, or puter.js method)? Follow [doc/contributing-apis.md](doc/contributing-apis.md): backward compatibility, [developer docs](src/docs/), types, and tests all move in the same PR.
+- Found a vulnerability? Report it privately per [SECURITY.md](SECURITY.md).
 
 ---
 
-## 1. Test it. Run it.
+## Before you open a PR
 
-Run the affected code path end-to-end before opening a PR. "It builds" is not "it works."
+Check your diff against these sections of AGENTS.md:
 
-Add tests for new behavior, endpoints, or bug fixes. If something's genuinely hard to test, say so in the PR.
-
-## 2. Follow existing patterns
-
-Match the shape of similar code already in the repo. [doc/architecture.md](doc/architecture.md) is the source of truth for layers, wiring, and naming. If you think a pattern is wrong, raise it — don't quietly diverge.
-
-In plain-JS files, typing is encouraged via JSDoc `@type` annotations using the TypeScript type system, with `@typedef` for shared shapes. Don't type API surfaces as `unknown` or untyped `...args` unless the values are passed through transparently to an upstream layer that owns their type.
-
-## 3. Don't expose system or user information
-
-Scan your diff for stray logs, debug routes, internal paths, secrets, tokens, or user data in errors/responses. When in doubt, return less. Flag any auth, permission, or data-export changes in the PR description.
-
-For private security reports, see [SECURITY.md](SECURITY.md).
-
-## 4. AI-assisted code is fine — understood code is required
-
-Don't commit code you couldn't have written, debugged, or defended yourself. Read the diff, run it, and be ready to explain it in review.
-
-## 5. Adding or changing APIs
-
-If you add or change a public API (an endpoint, driver method, or puter-js method), follow [doc/contributing-apis.md](doc/contributing-apis.md) — backward compatibility, [developer docs](src/docs/), types, and tests all move in the same PR.
-
-The same rule applies to limits: rate limits, concurrency caps, quotas, and allowances are published in [src/docs/src/rate-limits-and-quotas.md](src/docs/src/rate-limits-and-quotas.md), and a PR that changes one of those numbers updates that page in the same PR. A limit nobody published is a limit developers only discover as a service failure.
-
-## 6. Boy Scout Rule — leave it 1% better
-
-![Boy Scout Rule](https://imgs.search.brave.com/DMmIWl5-NuZVtrR9kXBb06AKF8kturkgSW9UMb2-6m4/rs:fit:860:0:0:0/g:ce/aHR0cHM6Ly9sYXdz/b2Zzb2Z0d2FyZWVu/Z2luZWVyaW5nLmNv/bS9pbWFnZXMvbGF3/cy9ib3ktc2NvdXQt/cnVsZS5wbmc)
-
-Fix the typo, the dead import, the missing test, the bit you had to read twice. Keep cleanup proportional to the change — no refactors riding along on bug fixes.
-
----
+- [Working rules of thumb](AGENTS.md#working-rules-of-thumb): run it end to end, test new behavior and bug fixes, understand every line you commit (AI assistance is fine), leave touched files a bit better, and publish limit changes.
+- [Reuse and abstraction](AGENTS.md#reuse-and-abstraction) and [hot paths](AGENTS.md#hot-paths).
+- [Security & privacy](AGENTS.md#security--privacy): expose nothing the caller doesn't need.
 
 ## Opening a PR
 

Dockerfile

@@ -79,6 +79,8 @@ ENV PUTER_CONFIG_PATH=/etc/puter/config.json
 ENV NODE_OPTIONS=--enable-source-maps
 
 EXPOSE 4100
+# The inbound SMTP receiver, when run from this image with the `smtp` profile.
+EXPOSE 2525
 
 USER node
 

README.md

@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@
     ·
     <a href="https://apps.puter.com/">App Store</a>
     ·
+    <a href="https://builder.puter.com/">AI Builder</a>
+    ·
     <a href="https://developer.puter.com" target="_blank">Developers</a>
     ·
     <a href="https://twitter.com/HeyPuter">X</a>
@@ -46,6 +48,8 @@ npm start
 ```
 **→** This should launch Puter at  http://puter.localhost:4100
 
+To run this checkout with Docker, follow [Building from source](./doc/self-hosting.md#building-from-source-instead-of-pulling). Create a local `docker-compose.override.yml` to select the local build; keeping these settings out of `docker-compose.yml` avoids conflicts when pulling updates and keeps local configuration out of pull requests.
+
 
 <br/>
 

config.default.json

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
     "disable_user_signup": false,
     "teams_enabled": false,
     "max_teams_per_user": 1,
-    "max_seats_per_team_free": 4,
+    "max_seats_per_team_free": 3,
     "max_seats_per_team_paid": 40,
     "strict_email_verification_required": false,
     "gui_assets_root": "./src/gui",

config.template.jsonc

@@ -32,6 +32,10 @@
     "port": 4100,
     // Externally-visible port (set this when behind a reverse proxy on 80/443).
     "pub_port": 4100,
+    // Idle keep-alive timeout in ms. Must stay above the idle timeout of any
+    // proxy in front, or the proxy reuses connections this server has closed
+    // and its clients see 502s.
+    "keep_alive_timeout": 620000,
     "protocol": "http",
     "domain": "puter.localhost",
     // Fully-qualified externally-visible URL. Computed from protocol/domain/
@@ -251,6 +255,38 @@
         }
     },
 
+    // ── Inbound mail (separate process) ─────────────────────────────────
+    // Mailboxes addressed at one of your own domains. `secret` gates the
+    // ingress endpoint that files a message into the recipient's ~/.mail.
+    //
+    // `localServer` additionally runs an SMTP listener that accepts mail from
+    // other mail servers and hands each message to that endpoint. It runs as
+    // its own process - `npm run start:smtp`, or the `smtp` compose profile -
+    // and stores nothing itself. Without it, nothing delivers to the endpoint
+    // unless you point something else at it.
+    //
+    // The listener is unauthenticated by nature: anything on the internet may
+    // hand it a message for an address in `localDomains`. It performs no spam,
+    // SPF, DKIM or DMARC checks. Read the self-hosting guide before exposing
+    // it.
+    // "userEmail": {
+    //     "secret": "a long random string",
+    //     "localServer": true,
+    //     "localDomains": ["example.com"],
+    //     // Container-internal by default; publish 25 onto it from outside.
+    //     "localPort": 2525,
+    //     // Defaults to <api_base_url>/email/ingress. The endpoint is served
+    //     // on the `api` subdomain, so when this points somewhere internal,
+    //     // `localIngressHost` has to name that virtual host.
+    //     "localIngressUrl": "http://puter:4100/email/ingress",
+    //     "localIngressHost": "api.example.com",
+    //     "localHostname": "mx.example.com",
+    //     "localMaxRecipients": 50,
+    //     // Concurrent connections. Each message is held in memory while it
+    //     // is delivered, so this also bounds memory use.
+    //     "localMaxClients": 20
+    // },
+
     // ── Sharing ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
     // Email a recipient who already has an account about a new share. On
     // unless set to false; they opt out via the unsubscribe link, or by
@@ -287,12 +323,13 @@
     //
     // Seats one team may provision. Each seat is a real Puter account taking a
     // name from the global username pool, so this is what bounds a team's blast
-    // radius. The owner's plan decides which of the two applies; defaults are 4
-    // and 40. Lowering either below a team's current seat count blocks new
-    // provisioning and disables nobody. Deployments upgrading from the old flat
-    // default of 50: without a billing extension every owner reads as free, so
-    // set `max_seats_per_team` to keep the old behavior.
-    "max_seats_per_team_free": 4,
+    // radius. The owner's plan decides which of the two applies; defaults are 3
+    // and 40. A plan registered with `teamSeatCap` uses that instead. Lowering
+    // a cap below a team's current seat count blocks new provisioning and
+    // disables nobody. Deployments upgrading from the old flat default of 50:
+    // without a billing extension every owner reads as free, so set
+    // `max_seats_per_team` to keep the old behavior.
+    "max_seats_per_team_free": 3,
     "max_seats_per_team_paid": 40,
     //
     // One flat cap for every team, whatever the owner pays. Setting it
@@ -538,4 +575,10 @@
     // what this deployment's normal traffic costs, so it has to be measured
     // rather than guessed, and a stale number here alarms on healthy growth.
     // "maxGlobalUsagePerMinute": 200000000
+
+    // How many full months past its own a monthly usage record is kept before
+    // it expires. Defaults to 3; set to 0 to keep every month's records
+    // forever. Changing it, including to 0, applies to records first written
+    // after the change; records already stamped keep their expiry.
+    // "meteringRetentionMonths": 3
 }

doc/alarms.md

@@ -36,9 +36,10 @@ pass one explicitly unless you really mean "page someone".
 ### Choosing one
 
 - Did the server fail to do its job in a way nobody expected? → `critical`
-- Is a background job, rate, or dependency degraded? → `warning`
-- Is this a user doing something notable (tripping an abuse heuristic,
-  overspending)? → `info`
+- Is a background job, rate, or dependency degraded, or has an account spent
+  far past its credits? → `warning`
+- Is this a user doing something notable (tripping an abuse heuristic)?
+  → `info`
 - Did one of *our own* limits reject a caller — a rate limit, a concurrency
   cap, a quota? → don't alarm at all. The limit doing its job is not an
   event; the 429 is the whole signal, and alarming on it only produces noise
@@ -133,6 +134,11 @@ occurrence is reported up to a small burst, then one per interval. A fault
 recurring hundreds of times a second still counts every occurrence, but it
 does not write a log line or build an alert payload for each one.
 
+The count lasts only as long as the client remembers the alarm. One that
+hasn't recurred for 24 hours is forgotten, and the client holds at most 1000
+at once, dropping the least recently raised first. Either way the next
+occurrence is a new alarm, with its count and burst starting over.
+
 Below that, the chat transport won't repost the same alarm id within
 `repeatThrottleMs` (default 15 minutes). The first occurrence always posts,
 and the next one that gets through reports how many piled up in between —

doc/architecture.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Backend Architecture
 
-Loosely inspired by the Controller–Service–Repository pattern with dependency injection. The backend is organized as a stack of layers where each layer only depends on the layers beneath it, and `PuterServer` ([src/backend/server.ts](../src/backend/server.ts)) instantiates each layer in order and hands the instances down to the next.
+Loosely inspired by the Controller–Service–Repository pattern with dependency injection. The backend is a stack of layers; each depends only on the layers beneath it and receives them through its constructor from `PuterServer` ([src/backend/server.ts](../src/backend/server.ts)), which instantiates the layers in order. The rules for working within the layers are in [AGENTS.md](../AGENTS.md#backend).
 
 ## Layers
 
@@ -31,8 +31,6 @@ block-beta
     style CFG fill:#334155,stroke:#1e293b,color:#fff
 ```
 
-Each layer only depends on the layers beneath it, and every dependency is injected through the constructor by `PuterServer`. Extensions sit alongside this stack and can register into any layer — see [Extensions](#extensions) below.
-
 | Layer | Lives in | Responsibility |
 | --- | --- | --- |
 | **Controllers** | [src/backend/controllers/](../src/backend/controllers/) | Route handlers. Parse + validate input, apply per-route gates (auth, subdomain, rate limit, body parsers — see `RouteOptions`), call into services, format responses. |
@@ -42,7 +40,7 @@ Each layer only depends on the layers beneath it, and every dependency is inject
 | **Clients** | [src/backend/clients/](../src/backend/clients/) | Adapters for external/internal services (sql, redis, s3, dynamodb, email, event bus, …). Knows protocols, not domain concepts. |
 | **Config** | `config.*.json` → `IConfig` | The flat, typed config object every layer receives at construction. |
 
-Each layer receives the layers beneath it through its constructor, so dependencies are explicit and traceable from `PuterServer`. A controller does not reach into a client directly; if it needs one, the right move is usually a service.
+Extensions sit alongside this stack and can register into any layer; see [Extensions](#extensions).
 
 ## Entry point: `PuterServer`
 
@@ -55,13 +53,11 @@ Each layer receives the layers beneath it through its constructor, so dependenci
 
 ## Context (ALS)
 
-We use [`Context`](../src/backend/core/context.ts) — backed by `AsyncLocalStorage` — to carry per-request state without threading it through every function signature. It is used **sparingly**, mostly for `actor` and `req`. The request-context middleware opens a scope per request after the auth probe runs; anything inside a request handler can call `Context.get('actor')` / `Context.get('req')` instead of plumbing it as an argument.
-
-Prefer explicit arguments. Reach for `Context` only when the value is truly request-scoped and would otherwise need to thread through many layers.
+[`Context`](../src/backend/core/context.ts), backed by `AsyncLocalStorage`, carries per-request state without threading it through every function signature. The request-context middleware opens a scope per request after the auth probe runs, so anything inside a request handler can call `Context.get('actor')` / `Context.get('req')`. It's used sparingly, mostly for `actor` and `req`; see the [Context rule](../AGENTS.md#backend).
 
 ## Actors
 
-An [`Actor`](../src/backend/core/actor.ts) is who a request is acting as. It has two app-shaped fields and they are not interchangeable: `app` is the app the actor carries *directly* (an app-under-user token), while `effectiveApp` is the app it ultimately acts as — its own, or the one that issued its access token. An access-token actor has no `app` of its own, so a gate that reads `app` answers "no app" for it and falls open.
+An [`Actor`](../src/backend/core/actor.ts) is who a request is acting as. Its two app fields are not interchangeable: `app` is the app the actor carries *directly* (an app-under-user token), while `effectiveApp` is the app it ultimately acts as — its own, or the one that issued its access token. An access-token actor has no `app` of its own, so a gate that reads `app` answers "no app" for it and falls open.
 
 `makeActor` resolves `effectiveApp` once at construction, and `assertResolvedActor` at the request edge rejects any actor that skipped it — so reading `effectiveApp` needs no fallback. Reach for `app` only where the direct app genuinely is the question, and say why in a comment.
 
@@ -71,11 +67,11 @@ An [`Actor`](../src/backend/core/actor.ts) is who a request is acting as. It has
 
 ## Extensions
 
-Extensions live alongside core ([packages/puter/extensions/](../extensions/)) and parallel the layered stack. They are meant for **non-crucial parts of the system** — things Puter still works without if removed.
+Extensions live in [extensions/](../extensions/), parallel the layered stack, and hold the parts of the system Puter still works without. [AGENTS.md](../AGENTS.md#extensions) has the rule for what belongs in one.
 
 - **Good extensions**: [thumbnails](../extensions/thumbnails.ts), [serverInfo](../extensions/serverInfo.ts), [devWatcher](../extensions/devWatcher.ts) — opt-in features cleanly bolted on.
 - **Should probably be core**: [metering](../extensions/metering.ts), [appTelemetry](../extensions/appTelemetry.ts) — clients now expect these to be present, so the "extension" framing is misleading.
-- **Shouldn't have been an extension**: [whoami](../extensions/whoami.ts) — it's load-bearing for every authenticated client. Keep this one in mind as a cautionary example when deciding whether something belongs in an extension.
+- **Shouldn't have been an extension**: [whoami](../extensions/whoami.ts) — it's load-bearing for every authenticated client.
 
 ### Extension API
 
@@ -98,11 +94,11 @@ import { extension } from '@heyputer/backend/src/extensions';
 const services = extension.import('service');
 
 extension.get('/healthcheck/deep', { subdomain: 'api', adminOnly: true }, async (_req, res) => {
-    res.json({ ok: await services.health.runDeepCheck() });
+    res.json(await services.health.getStatus());
 });
 
-extension.on('user.signup', (_key, data) => {
-    console.log('new user', data.user.username);
+extension.on('puter.signup.success', (_key, data) => {
+    console.log('new user', data.username);
 });
 ```
 
@@ -117,10 +113,3 @@ extension.on('app.recommended', (_key, data) => {
     data.appNames = ['editor', 'camera'];
 });
 ```
-
-## Conventions
-
-- **TypeScript preferred** in new code where feasible. Existing JS is fine; convert opportunistically when you're already touching a file.
-- **`camelCase`** for variable/function names; **`PascalCase`** for classes and for files that contain a class (`AuthService.ts`, `KVStoreDriver.ts`).
-- **Deduplicate**. If two services need the same logic, lift it into a util/helper rather than calling sideways across the same layer — services should not depend on other services for code reuse.
-- **Don't reach across layers.** Controllers do not poke clients directly; services do not register routes. If you find yourself wanting to, that's usually a signal the abstraction is wrong.

doc/contributing-apis.md

@@ -12,21 +12,7 @@ Every change is backward compatible unless a maintainer has explicitly agreed to
 
 ## Core or extension?
 
-The first decision is where the API lives.
-
-If the API is **not crucial to core functionality — nothing in core will call it — prefer an extension** over wiring it into core. Extensions live in [extensions/](../extensions/), parallel the core layered stack, and reach core through `extension.import(...)`:
-
-```js
-const services = extension.import('service');
-const stores = extension.import('store');
-
-extension.registerDriver('myFeature', MyFeatureDriver);  // first-class driver
-extension.post('/my-feature/frobnicate', opts, handler); // or plain routes
-```
-
-Follow the same layered structure inside the extension (driver/controller → service → store) unless it genuinely only needs a couple of route handlers — then the lightweight `extension.get/post/...` helpers are enough on their own.
-
-The test is the direction of dependency: Puter must still work with the extension removed. The moment core needs to call your API, it belongs in core — see [whoami](../extensions/whoami.ts) for the cautionary example of a load-bearing "extension".
+The first decision is where the API lives. If **nothing in core will call it, prefer an extension** over wiring it into core. [AGENTS.md](../AGENTS.md#extensions) has the rule and its test; [architecture.md](architecture.md#extension-api) documents the `extension` API.
 
 ## Adding a new API
 
@@ -35,13 +21,13 @@ Work through all seven steps; the PR is complete when every one is.
 ### 1. Design the surface first
 
 - Sketch the signature, options, return shape, and error cases before writing code. Find the two or three most similar existing APIs and match their conventions.
-- New parameter and field names are `camelCase`. (Existing `snake_case` names stay where they already exist.)
+- New parameter and field names follow the [naming rule](../AGENTS.md#language--files) (`camelCase`).
 - Anything returning a list follows the [pagination convention](pagination.md): `limit`/`cursor` in, `{ items, cursor, total }` envelope out.
 - Prefer an options object over a growing list of positional parameters, but keep the common case callable with a single argument where siblings do.
 
 ### 2. Backend
 
-Follow the layered stack ([architecture.md](architecture.md)): a controller or driver at the edge, business logic in a service, persistence in a store. The edge parses and validates input and applies gates; services assume the caller is already authorized. Return exactly what the caller needs and no more — every response field you ship is permanent — and use stable `snake_case` error codes.
+Follow the layered stack ([architecture.md](architecture.md), [layer rules](../AGENTS.md#backend)): a controller or driver at the edge, business logic in a service, persistence in a store. Return exactly what the caller needs and no more — every response field you ship is permanent — and use stable `snake_case` error codes.
 
 #### Controller or driver?
 
@@ -54,10 +40,10 @@ Both are supported ways to define an API. **Prefer a controller when you need fi
 
 - **Controller routes** (and extension routes — same options) take [`RouteOptions`](../src/backend/core/http/types.ts): auth gates (`requireAuth`, `requireUserActor`, `noUserSession`, `adminOnly`, `allowedAppIds`, and the access-token controls), `subdomain` routing, per-route `rateLimit`, body parsers, and arbitrary extra `middleware`. The auth flavors are subtle and default-deny — read the JSDoc on each field before picking.
 - **Driver methods** get their policies from the `@Driver` options: per-method `rateLimit` (limit/window/backend), `concurrent` in-flight caps (optionally `bySubscription`), `requireSubscription`, `requireReputation`, and `noUserSession`. The `/drivers/call` surface enforces them.
-- **A surface only paying accounts should reach** declares `requireSubscription` — the route option on a controller endpoint, the per-method `@Driver({ requireSubscription })` block on a driver (`/drivers/call` is one shared route, so a driver's requirement can't live in route options). `true` accepts any plan that isn't free, so a plan registered by an extension counts without core naming it; an array of policy ids (`['business', 'pro']`) accepts only those; `false` is "no requirement", the same as leaving it out. An empty array is a boot error rather than a silent no-op — it reads as subscribers-only while admitting everyone. Off unless asked for, and answered from the metering service's cached per-actor subscription, so it costs a map lookup. Distinct from `requireCredits`: this asks which plan the account is on, not whether it has budget left. Deployments with no paid plans (self-hosted installs) turn the whole thing off with `meteringEnforcement.subscriptions: false`.
-- **A surface only a trusted-enough account should reach** declares `requireReputation` — the route option on a controller endpoint, the per-method `@Driver({ requireReputation })` block on a driver. The value names a tier; what that tier takes is `reputationGate.tiers` in config, so the score a surface is worth is a deployment call and can be retuned without editing the surface. A tier the running config doesn't define is inert and everyone passes — an install that doesn't score its accounts must not start turning traffic away on a score it never computed — and `reputationGate.enabled: false` stops every declared gate at once. Opt-in, implies `requireAuth`, and denies with a bare 403 `reputation_required` that names neither the score nor the tier. Nothing in the tree declares one yet: the mechanism ships ahead of the enrollment.
-- **An account must have verified a specific factor** — `requireVerified` (email, and only under `strict_email_verification_required`), `requirePhoneVerified`, `requireCardVerified`. These are opt-in and require the factor to have actually been verified, unlike the default-on gate that turns away accounts still carrying a pending verification the abuse harness asked for. `requireAnyVerified: ['phone', 'card']` is the OR of the last two: any listed factor verified at any point passes, as does a paid plan where `card` is listed (a paying account has a card on file already); otherwise only the factors the deployment can verify are asked for (an SMS provider configured, a card gate an extension reports on), and with none verifiable the gate is inert rather than locking the route on a self-hosted install. It denies with the first verifiable factor's code plus `factors`, the verifiable ones in the route's order, so a client can lead with one flow and offer the other. `verifiedFactorGate.enabled: false` in config stops every declared gate at once, for an SMS-provider outage.
-- **An endpoint that spends metered resources** on the caller's behalf — moving file content, making object-store requests, anything else the account is billed for — also declares `requireCredits: true`, which turns an account with nothing left of its budget away with a 402 before the handler runs. Endpoints that only describe or delete things deliberately don't: an account that has run out still has to be able to see what it has, clear it, and reach its billing pages. Drivers have no route options to declare this on, so they call `assertActorHasCredits` themselves ([src/backend/services/metering/enforcement.ts](../src/backend/services/metering/enforcement.ts)) — see `KVStoreDriver`, which does it once for every method.
+- **Paying accounts only:** `requireSubscription`, as a route option on a controller endpoint or in the per-method `@Driver({ requireSubscription })` block on a driver (`/drivers/call` is one shared route, so a driver's requirement can't live in route options). `true` accepts any plan that isn't free, so a plan an extension registers counts without core naming it; an array of policy ids (`['business', 'pro']`) accepts only those; `false` or leaving it out means no requirement. An empty array is a boot error, since it would read as subscribers-only while admitting everyone. The check is a map lookup on the metering service's cached per-actor subscription. It asks which plan the account is on; `requireCredits` asks whether it has budget left. Deployments with no paid plans (self-hosted installs) turn it off with `meteringEnforcement.subscriptions: false`.
+- **Trusted-enough accounts only:** `requireReputation`, as a route option or in the per-method `@Driver({ requireReputation })` block. Opt-in; implies `requireAuth`. The value names a tier, and `reputationGate.tiers` in config sets the score that tier takes, so a deployment can retune it without editing the surface. A tier the running config doesn't define is inert and everyone passes, so an install that doesn't score its accounts never turns traffic away on a score it never computed. `reputationGate.enabled: false` stops every declared gate at once. Denials are a bare 403 `reputation_required` that names neither the score nor the tier. Nothing in the tree declares one yet.
+- **A specific verified factor:** `requireVerified` (email, and only under `strict_email_verification_required`), `requirePhoneVerified`, `requireCardVerified`. Opt-in, and the factor must actually have been verified, unlike the default-on gate that turns away accounts still carrying a pending verification the abuse harness asked for. `requireAnyVerified: ['phone', 'card']` is the OR of the last two: any listed factor verified at any point passes, as does a paid plan when `card` is listed (a paying account already has a card on file). Otherwise only the factors the deployment can verify are asked for (an SMS provider configured, a card gate an extension reports on); with none verifiable the gate is inert rather than locking the route on a self-hosted install. A denial carries the first verifiable factor's code plus `factors` (the verifiable ones, in the route's order), so a client can lead with one flow and offer the other. `verifiedFactorGate.enabled: false` in config stops every declared gate at once, e.g. during an SMS-provider outage.
+- **Metered spend:** an endpoint that spends metered resources on the caller's behalf (moving file content, object-store requests, anything else the account is billed for) declares `requireCredits: true`, which turns an account with no budget left away with a 402 before the handler runs. Endpoints that only describe or delete things deliberately don't: an account that has run out still has to see what it has, clear it, and reach its billing pages. Drivers have no route options, so they call `assertActorHasCredits` themselves ([src/backend/services/metering/enforcement.ts](../src/backend/services/metering/enforcement.ts)) — see `KVStoreDriver`, which does it once for every method.
 
 ### 3. puter.js
 
@@ -66,33 +52,32 @@ Both are supported ways to define an API. **Prefer a controller when you need fi
 
 ### 4. Types
 
-- Type the method where you wrote it, in JSDoc: `@param`/`@returns` on the implementation, one `@overload` block per accepted call form, and `@typedef {Object}` + `@property` for any new shape. The JSDoc is the source of truth — declarations are generated from it, so there is nothing to keep in sync by hand.
-- Put a shape more than one file needs in the module's `types.js` (e.g. [src/puter-js/src/modules/kv/types.js](../src/puter-js/src/modules/kv/types.js)); anything shared across modules goes in [src/puter-js/src/lib/types.js](../src/puter-js/src/lib/types.js). A shape with one consumer can stay next to it.
-- Run `npm run check:puterjs:types` — it generates the declarations and type-checks the published surface without `skipLibCheck`. **Never edit anything under `src/puter-js/types/`**: it is gitignored build output, produced by the SDK build and shipped in the npm tarball, and the next build overwrites it.
-- Name the new type in [src/puter-js/index.d.ts](../src/puter-js/index.d.ts) if consumers should be able to import it. That file is the one hand-written declaration in the package: it decides what is public and re-exports nothing else.
+Type the method in JSDoc on the implementation, following the [puter.js type rules](../AGENTS.md#types) (overloads, where shapes live, `index.d.ts`), then run `npm run check:puterjs:types`. Declarations are generated from the JSDoc, so there is nothing to keep in sync by hand.
 
 ### 5. Docs
 
 - Add the method page at [src/docs/src/](../src/docs/src/)`<Area>/<method>.md` — frontmatter (`title`, `description`, `platforms`), syntax, parameters, return value, and at least one runnable example — and update the area overview (`<Area>.md`). Copy the structure of an existing page.
+- The docs are the contract users code against: signatures, defaults, and return shapes match the implementation exactly.
 
 ### 6. Tests
 
-- **Backend:** colocated Vitest tests; prefer the in-memory test server (`setupPuterTestEnv` in [src/backend/testUtil.ts](../src/backend/testUtil.ts)) over mocking.
-- **SDK:** add cases to [src/puter-js/tests/api/suites/](../src/puter-js/tests/api/suites/)`<area>.suite.ts` (register new suites in `suites/index.ts`). One suite runs on node, browser, and workerd via `npm run test:puterjs` — never write per-platform tests, and rebuild first with `npm run build:workerLib` since the runners execute the built bundle.
+- **Backend:** see [backend tests](../AGENTS.md#backend-tests).
+- **SDK:** add cases to [src/puter-js/tests/api/suites/](../src/puter-js/tests/api/suites/)`<area>.suite.ts` (register new suites in `suites/index.ts`; there is no globbing). One suite runs on node, browser, and workerd via `npm run test:puterjs`; never write per-platform tests. The runners execute the built bundle, so run `npm run build:workerLib` first or the suite silently tests stale code.
 - **Desktop-rendered UI** (`puter.ui.*`): add a Playwright spec per [src/puter-js/TESTING.md](../src/puter-js/TESTING.md).
 
 ### 7. Security pass
 
-Scan the diff before opening the PR: no internals leaked in errors or logs, no over-broad responses, auth gates present. Flag anything auth-, permission-, or data-export-related in the PR description.
+Run the [security & privacy](../AGENTS.md#security--privacy) check on the diff, and confirm the auth gates are present.
 
 ## Maintaining an existing API
 
 Changes are **additive by default**:
 
+- Existing call signatures keep working, including both positional and options-object forms where a method supports them. Say in the PR how existing callers are unaffected.
 - New parameters are optional, with defaults that reproduce the old behavior exactly.
 - Never rename, repurpose, or remove existing parameters, response fields, or error codes. Don't change types, ordering guarantees, or which fields are present when.
 - New behavior that could surprise existing callers goes behind an opt-in flag.
-- Docs, types, and tests move in the same PR as the behavior. A signature change with stale docs is a bug — the docs are the contract users code against.
+- Docs, types, and tests move in the same PR as the behavior; a signature change with stale docs is a bug.
 - Bug fixes come with a regression test that fails before the fix. Be suspicious of fixes that change observable behavior: someone may depend on the bug. When in doubt, ask a maintainer.
 
 ### Breaking changes

doc/pagination.md

@@ -28,9 +28,6 @@ Paginated responses are an envelope:
   `cursor` is still returned. Never use `items.length < limit` as an
   end-of-list signal.
 
-New request params are camelCase (`includeTotal`, `fetchUntilFull`).
-Pre-existing snake_case params stay for compatibility.
-
 ## Backward compatibility
 
 Requests without pagination params keep returning the full result in the
@@ -48,8 +45,11 @@ The envelope trigger depends on the endpoint's history:
 ## Cursors
 
 Cursors are opaque base64-encoded JSON, produced and consumed only by the
-backend (`src/backend/util/pagination.ts`). What a cursor wraps is an
-implementation detail per store:
+backend (`src/backend/util/pagination.ts`). A cursor over a global sequence
+(an auto-increment `id`) is sealed with `sealCursor`/`openCursor` instead, so
+two pages can't be decoded into how fast the table grows; `openCursor` still
+reads a plain cursor. What a cursor wraps is an implementation detail per
+store:
 
 - DynamoDB-backed lists wrap `LastEvaluatedKey`.
 - SQL-backed lists wrap a keyset position — `(sortValue, id)` of the last
@@ -91,7 +91,8 @@ hit, the response simply carries a cursor — still convention-legal.
 ## Adding pagination to a new endpoint
 
 1. Use `encodeCursor`/`decodeCursor`/`normalizeLimit`/`normalizeOffset` from
-   `src/backend/util/pagination.ts`.
+   `src/backend/util/pagination.ts` — `sealCursor`/`openCursor` when the
+   cursor wraps a global id.
 2. Push equality filters into the query so pages and counts operate on the
    true result set; only genuinely per-actor filtering may remain post-query
    (short-pages rule covers it).

doc/self-hosting.md

@@ -35,6 +35,12 @@ Optional services (compose profile `ai`, opt-in):
 | `puter-ollama`      | `ollama/ollama` | Local LLM provider (CPU; GPU passthrough opt-in)               |
 | `puter-ollama-init` | `ollama/ollama` | One-shot — pulls the default model (`tinyllama`) on first boot |
 
+Optional services (compose profile `smtp`, opt-in):
+
+| Container    | Image                    | Role                                                     |
+| ------------ | ------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `puter-smtp` | `ghcr.io/heyputer/puter` | Receives mail over SMTP and files it into user mailboxes |
+
 State lives under `./puter/data/<service>/`.
 
 ---
@@ -144,6 +150,16 @@ Why these knobs:
 - `providers.ollama.enabled: false` — Puter auto-probes a local Ollama at `127.0.0.1:11434` by default; without one running you'd see `ECONNREFUSED` on every boot. To run a bundled Ollama, see [Optional: local LLM (Ollama)](#optional-local-llm-ollama) below.
 - `s3.s3Config.forcePathStyle: true` — RustFS / MinIO / fauxqs need path-style URLs (`<endpoint>/<bucket>`). Real AWS S3 wants virtual-hosted (`<bucket>.<endpoint>`) — drop this flag (or set `false`) when you swap to real S3.
 - `s3.s3Config.publicEndpoint` — `endpoint` (`http://s3:9000`) only resolves inside the docker network; presigned upload/download URLs handed to the browser need a host-reachable URL. Caddy routes the `s3.<domain>` subdomain to RustFS internally and preserves the Host header end-to-end (required for S3 signature validation), so the browser hits the same port/protocol as the rest of the app — no separate published port, no mixed-content surprises when you turn on TLS. Switch to `https://s3.<your-domain>` once you enable TLS in Step 3. Real AWS S3 doesn't need this — its endpoint is already public; drop the field entirely.
+- **Bucket CORS** — the browser uploads file bytes straight to RustFS with a cross-origin `PUT` to the presigned URL (Dev Center deploy, `puter.fs.upload`). That only works if the bucket answers the `OPTIONS` preflight with `Access-Control-Allow-*` headers. The `s3-init` container applies those rules on every boot (`put-bucket-cors`, origins `*` — the signed URL is the credential, and the SDK sends no cookies). If deploys fail with `No 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' header is present`, re-run it: `docker compose run --rm s3-init`. Verify with:
+
+  ```bash
+  curl -sk -X OPTIONS "https://s3.<domain>/<bucket>/test" \
+    -H "Origin: https://<domain>" \
+    -H "Access-Control-Request-Method: PUT" \
+    -H "Access-Control-Request-Headers: content-type" -D - -o /dev/null | grep -i access-control
+  ```
+
+  You should see `access-control-allow-origin`, `allow-methods: GET, HEAD, PUT, POST, DELETE`, `allow-headers: *`, and `max-age: 3600`.
 - `trust_proxy: 1` — Caddy terminates TLS and forwards `X-Forwarded-For`. Without this, `req.ip` is the docker-network address of the Caddy container instead of the real client IP, which breaks rate limiting and IP-based audit logs. `1` = one trusted hop (Caddy). Bump to `2` if you put Cloudflare in front of Caddy; never set `true` (it trusts every hop and makes XFF forgeable).
 
 > If you ever change `MARIADB_PASSWORD` after first boot, `.env` alone won't update MariaDB — its credentials are baked into `./puter/data/mariadb/` on first init. Either rotate the password inside MariaDB by hand or `docker compose down && rm -rf ./puter/data/mariadb` to start fresh.
@@ -200,7 +216,7 @@ Drop the resulting `fullchain.pem` and `privkey.pem` into `./puter/tls/`.
     ```
     …and update the S3 public endpoint:
     ```json
-    "s3": { "s3Config": { "publicEndpoint": "https://s3.puter.local", ... } }
+    "s3": { "s3Config": { "publicEndpoint": "https://s3.puter.localhost", ... } }
     ```
 
 ## Running behind your own reverse proxy
@@ -247,15 +263,15 @@ Healthy startup:
 
 ```
 [config] override from /etc/puter/config.json
-[mysql] running migrations from /opt/puter/dist/src/backend/clients/database/migrations/mysql: 2 file(s)
+[mysql] running migrations from /opt/puter/dist/src/backend/clients/database/migrations/mysql: <n> file(s)
 [mysql] applied mysql_mig_1.sql (...)
-[mysql] applied mysql_mig_2.sql (9 statements)
+...
 ```
 
-Then open **<https://puter.local>** (or `http://` if you skipped TLS). Login is `admin` — the temp password is printed once in the puter container logs on first boot:
+Then open **<https://puter.localhost>** (or `http://` if you skipped TLS). Login is `admin`; its temporary password is printed in the puter container logs on every boot until you change it:
 
 ```bash
-docker compose logs puter | grep tmp_password
+docker compose logs puter | grep "password for admin"
 ```
 
 Change it in Settings after first login.
@@ -378,14 +394,14 @@ Full provider list (chat, image, video, TTS, OCR) is in the template.
 
 ### Per-user storage quota
 
-Default is 100 MB per user.
+Storage is unlimited by default (bounded by host disk). To cap each user:
 
 ```json
 "storage_capacity": 5368709120,   // 5 GB
 "is_storage_limited": true
 ```
 
-Set `is_storage_limited: false` for unlimited (bounded by host disk).
+`storage_capacity` defaults to 100 MB.
 
 ### Usage metering and budgets
 
@@ -397,8 +413,8 @@ deletion, stay available so an account can always see what it has and clear it.
 
 On a self-hosted install this is almost certainly not what you want. There is
 nowhere to buy more, so accounts are held to the free monthly allowance
-(US$0.25 of measured cost — roughly 2 GiB of downloads) and start being refused
-after that. Turn it off:
+(US$0.50 of measured cost for a registered account, roughly 2.5 GiB of
+downloads) and start being refused after that. Turn it off:
 
 ```json
 "unlimitedMetering": true
@@ -418,6 +434,17 @@ Calls driven by a deployed worker are exempt from enforcement by default,
 because a worker has no prompt to show and nobody watching it fail. Set
 `"meteringEnforcement": { "workers": true }` to include them.
 
+Monthly usage records expire on their own once they're old enough to be of no
+further use — `meteringRetentionMonths` full months past the month they
+belong to, 3 by default. Set it to `0` to keep every month's records forever:
+
+```json
+"meteringRetentionMonths": 6
+```
+
+Changing it, including to `0`, applies to records first written after the
+change; records already stamped keep their expiry.
+
 ### Captcha on signup / login
 
 Built-in proof-of-work captcha — no external service needed.
@@ -437,9 +464,10 @@ temporary or permanent one.
 "disable_user_signup": true
 ```
 
-### Block disposable email TLDs
+### Block disposable email domains
 
-Only enforced when `env: "prod"`.
+Addresses on these domains (suffix match, so subdomains too) can't sign up or be
+set as an account's email.
 
 ```json
 "blockedEmailDomains": ["mailinator.com", "tempmail.com", "guerrillamail.com"]
@@ -486,14 +514,125 @@ Without `--profile ai`, the `ollama` containers stay down and Puter (with `enabl
 
 For GPU acceleration (NVIDIA), uncomment the `deploy:` block under the `ollama` service in [docker-compose.yml](../docker-compose.yml). Requires `nvidia-container-toolkit` on the host.
 
+## Optional: receiving mail over SMTP
+
+Puter can give each account a mailbox at a domain you control. Two pieces are
+involved, and they are configured together under `userEmail`:
+
+- an **ingress endpoint** (`POST /email/ingress`) that files a message into the
+  recipient's `~/.mail`. It exists whenever `userEmail.secret` is set.
+- the **`puter-smtp` receiver**, which accepts mail from other mail servers and
+  hands each message to that endpoint. It runs as its own process, behind the
+  `smtp` compose profile.
+
+> **Read this before you expose it.** An inbound mail server is unauthenticated
+> by nature: anyone on the internet may hand it a message for any address in
+> `localDomains`. Puter performs **no** spam filtering and **no** SPF, DKIM or
+> DMARC checks — whatever is delivered is stored in the recipient's mailbox and
+> counts against their storage. If that is not acceptable, put a filtering relay
+> in front of it and point `localDomains` at that instead.
+
+1. Configure it in `puter/config/config.json`:
+
+    ```json
+    "userEmail": {
+        "secret": "a long random string",
+        "localServer": true,
+        "localDomains": ["example.com"]
+    }
+    ```
+
+    `secret` is shared between the two halves; generate it with
+    `openssl rand -hex 32`. `localDomains` lists the domains this server accepts
+    mail for — anything else is refused at `RCPT TO`, which is what stops it
+    being used as an open relay. It has no default, and the receiver refuses to
+    start without it.
+
+    The receiver posts to `<api_base_url>/email/ingress` unless you set
+    `localIngressUrl`. The endpoint is served on the `api` subdomain, so if you
+    point it at an internal address to skip the reverse proxy, name that virtual
+    host too or the request will 404:
+
+    ```json
+    "localIngressUrl": "http://puter:4100/email/ingress",
+    "localIngressHost": "api.example.com"
+    ```
+
+    `localIngressHost` defaults to the host of `api_base_url`, which is usually
+    what you want.
+
+2. Bring it up with the `smtp` profile:
+
+    ```bash
+    docker compose --profile smtp up -d
+    docker compose logs -f puter-smtp
+    ```
+
+3. Point DNS at it:
+
+    ```dns
+    mx.example.com.   A    203.0.113.10
+    example.com.      MX   10 mx.example.com.
+    ```
+
+    Also set a `PTR` record for the address that resolves back to
+    `mx.example.com` — many senders refuse mail from a server without one.
+
+    Inbound TCP port 25 must reach the host. **Most cloud providers block port
+    25 by default and residential ISPs block it permanently**; if you cannot get
+    it unblocked, this will not work no matter how it is configured. The
+    container itself binds 2525 (it runs unprivileged) and compose publishes
+    `${SMTP_PORT:-25}` onto it, so you can move the host port if you need to.
+
+A message is held in memory while it is being delivered, so peak memory is
+bounded by `localMaxClients` (default 20) times the 25 MiB message ceiling.
+Lower `localMaxClients` on a small host. There is no queue and no retry
+schedule — if delivery fails, the sending server is told to try again later and
+retrying is its job.
+
+Mail is stored as `message/rfc822` objects under `~/.mail/objects/<date>/` and
+read back through `puter.email` in the SDK.
+
+Every setting is documented in
+[config.template.jsonc](../config.template.jsonc). Two deliberate limits, both
+in the name of keeping the self-hosted path simple: it does not offer STARTTLS,
+so mail arrives in the clear, and it applies no per-sender rate limiting. Put a
+filtering relay in front if either matters to you.
+
+Note this is a *receiving* server only: it never sends, and it must not be used
+for authenticated submission. Outbound transactional mail is the separate
+`email` block above.
+
 ## Building from source instead of pulling
 
-If you want to test local Dockerfile changes against the full stack, uncomment the `build:` block in [docker-compose.yml](../docker-compose.yml) under the `puter` service, change `pull_policy: always` → `pull_policy: never`, then:
+To run a local build against the full stack, use a source checkout and complete
+the configuration steps above. Create `docker-compose.override.yml` in the
+repository root, next to [docker-compose.yml](../docker-compose.yml):
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  puter:
+    pull_policy: never
+    build:
+      context: .
+```
+
+If that file already exists, merge these settings into its `puter` service.
+Compose merges the override automatically: `build.context: .` builds this
+checkout, and `pull_policy: never` stops it pulling the published image. Git
+ignores the override, so local build settings stay out of pull requests and
+don't conflict with `docker-compose.yml` when you pull updates.
+
+From the repository root, build and start the stack:
 
 ```bash
 docker compose up -d --build
 ```
 
+Run the same command after changing or pulling source code to rebuild the image.
+To return to the published image, remove the local build settings (or the override
+file if those are its only settings), then run `docker compose up -d`.
+
 ---
 
 ## Managing running backend
@@ -521,11 +660,11 @@ Migrations re-apply idempotently across pulls. Volumes are preserved.
 **Site loads but I get a 502 / "Bad Gateway" from Caddy.**
 The puter container failed to come up. `docker compose logs puter` will tell you which dependency rejected it (most often DB password mismatch between `.env` and `config.json`).
 
-**Login screen says "admin password not set".**
-First-boot temp password is logged once. Find it: `docker compose logs puter | grep "tmp_password"`. After login, change it in Settings.
+**Can't find the admin password.**
+It's logged on every boot until you change it: `docker compose logs puter | grep "password for admin"`. After login, change it in Settings.
 
 **Healthcheck reports unhealthy but the site works.**
-The healthcheck hits `puter.localhost:4100/test` from inside the container. If you changed `domain` or `port`, the check still uses defaults. The site itself is fine.
+The compose healthcheck requests `http://localhost:4100/` from inside the container. If you changed `port` or set `allow_all_host_values: false`, the check fails while the site itself is fine.
 
 **Nothing resolves at `puter.example.com` after DNS changes.**
 DNS propagates slowly. `dig puter.example.com` and `dig api.puter.example.com` should both return your server IP. If not, give it 5–60 minutes.

docker-compose.yml

@@ -139,8 +139,10 @@ services:
       start_period: 5s
 
   s3-init:
-    # One-shot container that creates the `puter-local` bucket on first
-    # boot. Exits 0 once the bucket exists; stays exited 0 thereafter.
+    # One-shot container that creates the `puter-local` bucket and
+    # applies its CORS rules on every boot (put-bucket-cors is
+    # idempotent). Without CORS, browser uploads to presigned URLs
+    # fail the preflight check.
     image: amazon/aws-cli:latest
     container_name: puter-s3-init
     depends_on:
@@ -163,6 +165,26 @@ services:
           echo "creating bucket $$bucket"
           aws --endpoint-url "$$endpoint" s3 mb "s3://$$bucket"
         fi
+        # Browser uploads (Dev Center deploy, puter.fs.upload) PUT to
+        # presigned URLs cross-origin, so the bucket must answer the
+        # OPTIONS preflight. Origins are open because the presigned URL
+        # itself is the credential and the SDK sends no cookies.
+        cat > /tmp/cors.json <<'EOF'
+        {
+          "CORSRules": [
+            {
+              "AllowedOrigins": ["*"],
+              "AllowedMethods": ["GET", "HEAD", "PUT", "POST", "DELETE"],
+              "AllowedHeaders": ["*"],
+              "ExposeHeaders": ["ETag", "x-amz-request-id"],
+              "MaxAgeSeconds": 3600
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+        EOF
+        aws --endpoint-url "$$endpoint" s3api put-bucket-cors \
+          --bucket "$$bucket" --cors-configuration file:///tmp/cors.json
+        echo "bucket CORS configured"
     restart: "no"
 
   # ── Optional: local LLM ───────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -230,15 +252,8 @@ services:
   puter:
     image: ghcr.io/heyputer/puter:main
     pull_policy: always
-    # Uncomment to build from this directory instead of pulling the published
-    # image. Also flip pull_policy to `never` so compose doesn't overwrite
-    # your local build by re-pulling :latest.
-    # build:
-    #   context: .
-    #   # buildx-only: cross-compile to both archs in a single push
-    #   # platforms:
-    #   #   - linux/amd64
-    #   #   - linux/arm64
+    # For local builds, create a docker-compose.override.yml;
+    # see doc/self-hosting.md#building-from-source-instead-of-pulling.
     container_name: puter
     restart: unless-stopped
     depends_on:
@@ -271,6 +286,32 @@ services:
       retries: 3
       start_period: 30s
 
+  # Inbound mail. Behind the `smtp` profile, so it only starts when asked for:
+  #   docker compose --profile smtp up -d
+  # Accepts SMTP from other mail servers and hands each message to the ingress
+  # endpoint, which files it into the recipient's mailbox. Needs `userEmail`
+  # configured — see doc/self-hosting.md#optional-receiving-mail-over-smtp.
+  puter-smtp:
+    profiles: ["smtp"]
+    image: ghcr.io/heyputer/puter:main
+    pull_policy: always
+    container_name: puter-smtp
+    restart: unless-stopped
+    command: ["node", "-r", "./dist/src/backend/telemetry.js", "./dist/src/backend/smtp/index.js"]
+    depends_on:
+      puter:
+        condition: service_healthy
+    ports:
+      # The container runs unprivileged and binds 2525; 25 is what an MX record
+      # means, and many providers block it.
+      - "${SMTP_PORT:-25}:2525"
+    environment:
+      PUID: 1000
+      PGID: 1000
+    volumes:
+      # The same config.json the backend reads; only `userEmail` applies here.
+      - ./puter/config:/etc/puter:z
+
   caddy:
     image: caddy:2.11-alpine
     container_name: puter-caddy

extensions/appTelemetry.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { Context } from '@heyputer/backend/src/core';
-import type { Actor } from '@heyputer/backend/src/core/actor';
 import { HttpError } from '@heyputer/backend/src/core/http';
 import { PuterDriver } from '@heyputer/backend/src/drivers/types';
 import type {
@@ -133,51 +132,30 @@ export class AppTelemetryDriver extends PuterDriver {
         const owner = await this.stores.user.getById(ownerId);
         if (!owner?.uuid) throw new HttpError(404, 'App owner not found');
 
-        const actor = Context.get('actor');
-        if (!actor) throw new HttpError(401, 'Authentication required');
-        const ownsApp = await this.services.permission
-            .check(actor as Actor, `apps-of-user:${owner.uuid}:write`)
-            .catch(() => false);
+        // `/drivers/call` requires auth, so there is always an actor.
+        const actor = Context.get('actor')!;
+        let ownsApp = false;
+        try {
+            ownsApp = await this.services.permission.check(
+                actor,
+                `apps-of-user:${owner.uuid}:write`,
+            );
+        } catch {
+            // A failed check is a denial.
+        }
         if (!ownsApp) throw new HttpError(403, 'Permission denied');
 
-        const appId = (app as { id: number }).id;
-
-        const users = (await this.clients.db.read(
-            `SELECT u.id, u.username, u.uuid, u.email FROM user_to_app_permissions p
-             INNER JOIN ${this.clients.db.quoteIdentifier('user')} u ON p.user_id = u.id
-             WHERE p.permission = 'flag:app-is-authenticated' AND p.app_id = ?
-             ORDER BY (p.dt IS NOT NULL), p.dt, p.user_id
-             LIMIT ? OFFSET ?`,
-            [appId, safeLimit, safeOffset],
-        )) as Array<{
-            id: number;
-            username: string;
-            uuid: string;
-            email: string | null;
-        }>;
-
-        // Only surface a user's email if *that user* granted this app the
-        // `user:<their-uuid>:email:read` permission — the same grant
-        // `puter.perms.requestEmail()` obtains and `whoami` honours. This is a
-        // per-user check keyed on the app (not the calling owner-actor): a
-        // user may have authenticated into the app without sharing their
-        // email. Resolve the whole page in one query.
-        const emailPermitted = new Set<number>();
-        if (users.length > 0) {
-            const permStrings = users.map((u) => `user:${u.uuid}:email:read`);
-            const placeholders = permStrings.map(() => '?').join(', ');
-            const grants = (await this.clients.db.read(
-                `SELECT user_id FROM user_to_app_permissions
-                 WHERE app_id = ? AND permission IN (${placeholders})`,
-                [appId, ...permStrings],
-            )) as Array<{ user_id: number }>;
-            for (const g of grants) emailPermitted.add(g.user_id);
-        }
-
-        return users.map((e) =>
-            emailPermitted.has(e.id)
-                ? { user: e.username, user_uuid: e.uuid, user_email: e.email }
-                : { user: e.username, user_uuid: e.uuid },
+        // An email surfaces only for a user who granted *this app*
+        // `user:<their-uuid>:email:read` — the grant `puter.perms.requestEmail()`
+        // obtains and `whoami` honours. Authenticating alone doesn't share it.
+        const users = await this.stores.permission.listAppAuthenticatedUsers(
+            (app as { id: number }).id,
+            { limit: safeLimit, offset: safeOffset },
+        );
+        return users.map((u) =>
+            u.emailShared
+                ? { user: u.username, user_uuid: u.uuid, user_email: u.email }
+                : { user: u.username, user_uuid: u.uuid },
         );
     }
 
@@ -190,13 +168,7 @@ export class AppTelemetryDriver extends PuterDriver {
         const app = await this.stores.app.getByUid(app_uuid);
         if (!app) throw new HttpError(404, 'App not found');
 
-        const [row] = (await this.clients.db.read(
-            `SELECT COUNT(*) AS n FROM user_to_app_permissions
-             WHERE permission = 'flag:app-is-authenticated' AND app_id = ?`,
-            [(app as { id: number }).id],
-        )) as Array<{ n: number }>;
-
-        return row?.n ?? 0;
+        return this.stores.permission.countAppUsers((app as { id: number }).id);
     }
 }
 

extensions/installedApps.test.ts

@@ -74,15 +74,6 @@ const grantInstalled = async (appId: number, userId: number) => {
 };
 
 describe('installedApps extension — handleInstalledApps', () => {
-    it('throws HttpError(401) when no actor is on the context', async () => {
-        const { res } = makeRes();
-        await expect(
-            runWithContext({ actor: undefined }, () =>
-                handleInstalledApps(makeReq({}), res),
-            ),
-        ).rejects.toMatchObject({ statusCode: 401 });
-    });
-
     it('throws HttpError(400) when orderBy is not in the allowlist', async () => {
         const user = await seedUser();
         const { res } = makeRes();

extensions/installedApps.ts

@@ -2,68 +2,41 @@ import type { Request, Response } from 'express';
 import { Context } from '@heyputer/backend/src/core';
 import { HttpError } from '@heyputer/backend/src/core/http';
 import { extension } from '@heyputer/backend/src/extensions';
+import {
+    INSTALLED_APPS_ORDERS,
+    type InstalledAppsOrder,
+} from '@heyputer/backend/src/stores/permission/PermissionStore.js';
 import {
     getAppIconCdnUrl,
     getAppIconUrl,
 } from '@heyputer/backend/src/util/appIcon.js';
 
-const clients = extension.import('client');
-
-const ALLOWED_ORDER_BY = [
-    'id',
-    'name',
-    'uid',
-    'title',
-    'installed_at',
-] as const;
-const ORDER_BY_FIELD_MAP: Record<string, string> = {
-    id: 'apps.id',
-    name: 'apps.name',
-    uid: 'apps.uid',
-    title: 'apps.title',
-    installed_at: 'installed_at',
-};
+const stores = extension.import('store');
 
 export const handleInstalledApps = async (
     req: Request,
     res: Response,
 ): Promise<void> => {
-    const actor = Context.get('actor');
-    if (!actor?.user?.id) throw new HttpError(401, 'Authentication required');
+    // Behind `requireUserActor`, so there is always an actor.
+    const actor = Context.get('actor')!;
 
-    const orderBy = String(req.query.orderBy ?? 'installed_at');
-    if (!(ALLOWED_ORDER_BY as readonly string[]).includes(orderBy)) {
+    const orderBy = String(
+        req.query.orderBy ?? 'installed_at',
+    ) as InstalledAppsOrder;
+    if (!INSTALLED_APPS_ORDERS.includes(orderBy)) {
         throw new HttpError(
             400,
-            `Invalid orderBy. Allowed: ${ALLOWED_ORDER_BY.join(', ')}`,
+            `Invalid orderBy. Allowed: ${INSTALLED_APPS_ORDERS.join(', ')}`,
         );
     }
 
     const page = Math.max(Number(req.query.page) || 1, 1);
     const limit = Math.min(Math.max(Number(req.query.limit) || 100, 1), 100);
     const offset = (page - 1) * limit;
-    const orderByField = ORDER_BY_FIELD_MAP[orderBy];
-    const sortDirection = req.query.desc ? 'DESC' : 'ASC';
-
-    const installedApps = (await clients.db.read(
-        `SELECT
-            apps.name,
-            apps.uid,
-            apps.title,
-            apps.description,
-            apps.icon,
-            apps.index_url,
-            apps.owner_user_id,
-            MIN(perm.dt) AS installed_at
-        FROM apps
-        LEFT JOIN user_to_app_permissions AS perm ON apps.id = perm.app_id
-        WHERE perm.user_id = ?
-        GROUP BY apps.id, apps.name, apps.uid, apps.title, apps.description
-        ORDER BY ${orderByField} ${sortDirection}
-        LIMIT ?
-        OFFSET ?`,
-        [actor.user.id, limit, offset],
-    )) as Array<Record<string, unknown>>;
+    const installedApps = await stores.permission.listAppsGrantedByUser(
+        actor.user.id!,
+        { orderBy, descending: Boolean(req.query.desc), limit, offset },
+    );
 
     const apiBaseUrl = extension.config.api_base_url as string | undefined;
     res.json(

extensions/metering.test.ts

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import {
     it,
     vi,
 } from 'vitest';
+import { makeActor, type Actor } from '../src/backend/core/actor.ts';
 import { runWithContext } from '../src/backend/core/context.ts';
 import { PuterServer } from '../src/backend/server.ts';
 import { setupTestServer } from '../src/backend/testUtil.ts';
@@ -62,15 +63,6 @@ const seedUser = async () => {
 };
 
 describe('metering extension — handleMeteringUsage', () => {
-    it('throws HttpError(401) when no user actor is on the context', async () => {
-        const { res } = makeRes();
-        await expect(
-            runWithContext({ actor: undefined }, () =>
-                handleMeteringUsage(makeReq(), res),
-            ),
-        ).rejects.toMatchObject({ statusCode: 401 });
-    });
-
     it('returns usage details merged with allowanceInfo for an authenticated user', async () => {
         const user = await seedUser();
         const { res, captured } = makeRes();
@@ -88,21 +80,83 @@ describe('metering extension — handleMeteringUsage', () => {
             (captured.body as Record<string, unknown>).allowanceInfo,
         ).toBeDefined();
     });
+
+    describe('usage split across apps', () => {
+        const seedUsage = async () => {
+            const user = await seedUser();
+            const owner = { uuid: user.uuid, id: user.id as number };
+            const metering = server.services.metering;
+            await metering.incrementUsage(
+                makeActor({ user: owner, app: { uid: 'app-mine' } }),
+                'kv:read',
+                1,
+                10,
+            );
+            await metering.incrementUsage(
+                makeActor({ user: owner, app: { uid: 'app-other' } }),
+                'kv:write',
+                1,
+                20,
+            );
+            await metering.incrementUsage(
+                makeActor({ user: owner }),
+                'kv:list',
+                1,
+                40,
+            );
+            await server.stores.meteringBuffer.flushCycle();
+            return owner;
+        };
+
+        const usageAs = async (actor: Actor) => {
+            const { res, captured } = makeRes();
+            await runWithContext({ actor }, () =>
+                handleMeteringUsage(makeReq(), res),
+            );
+            return captured.body as {
+                usage: Record<string, unknown> & { total: number };
+                appTotals: Record<string, unknown>;
+                allowanceInfo: Record<string, unknown>;
+            };
+        };
+
+        it('reports only the calling app’s own usage to an app actor', async () => {
+            const owner = await seedUsage();
+            const body = await usageAs(
+                makeActor({ user: owner, app: { uid: 'app-mine' } }),
+            );
+
+            expect(body.usage.total).toBe(10);
+            expect(Object.keys(body.usage).sort()).toEqual([
+                'kv:read',
+                'total',
+            ]);
+            expect(body.appTotals).toEqual({
+                'app-mine': { total: 10, count: 1 },
+            });
+            expect(body.allowanceInfo).toMatchObject({
+                remaining: expect.any(Number),
+                monthUsageAllowance: expect.any(Number),
+            });
+        });
+
+        it('still reports the whole account to the user', async () => {
+            const owner = await seedUsage();
+            const body = await usageAs(makeActor({ user: owner }));
+
+            expect(body.usage.total).toBe(70);
+            expect(body.usage).toHaveProperty('kv:read');
+            expect(body.usage).toHaveProperty('kv:write');
+            expect(body.usage).toHaveProperty('kv:list');
+            expect(body.appTotals).toMatchObject({
+                'app-mine': { total: 10, count: 1 },
+                'app-other': { total: 20, count: 1 },
+            });
+        });
+    });
 });
 
 describe('metering extension — handleMeteringUsageForApp', () => {
-    it('throws HttpError(401) when no user actor is on the context', async () => {
-        const { res } = makeRes();
-        await expect(
-            runWithContext({ actor: undefined }, () =>
-                handleMeteringUsageForApp(
-                    makeReq({ params: { appIdOrName: 'any' } }),
-                    res,
-                ),
-            ),
-        ).rejects.toMatchObject({ statusCode: 401 });
-    });
-
     it('throws HttpError(400) when no appId is supplied', async () => {
         const user = await seedUser();
         const { res } = makeRes();
@@ -132,6 +186,96 @@ describe('metering extension — handleMeteringUsageForApp', () => {
             ),
         ).rejects.toMatchObject({ statusCode: 404 });
     });
+
+    describe('scoped to the calling app', () => {
+        const appUsageAs = async (actor: Actor, appIdOrName: string) => {
+            const { res, captured } = makeRes();
+            await runWithContext({ actor }, () =>
+                handleMeteringUsageForApp(
+                    makeReq({ params: { appIdOrName } }),
+                    res,
+                ),
+            );
+            return captured.body as { total: number };
+        };
+
+        const seedApps = async () => {
+            const user = await seedUser();
+            const owner = { uuid: user.uuid, id: user.id as number };
+            const mine = `app-${uuidv4()}`;
+            const other = `app-${uuidv4()}`;
+            await server.services.metering.incrementUsage(
+                makeActor({ user: owner, app: { uid: mine } }),
+                'kv:read',
+                1,
+                10,
+            );
+            await server.services.metering.incrementUsage(
+                makeActor({ user: owner, app: { uid: other } }),
+                'kv:write',
+                1,
+                20,
+            );
+            await server.stores.meteringBuffer.flushCycle();
+            return {
+                owner,
+                mine,
+                other,
+                asMine: makeActor({ user: owner, app: { uid: mine } }),
+            };
+        };
+
+        it('lets an app read its own usage', async () => {
+            const { mine, asMine } = await seedApps();
+            expect((await appUsageAs(asMine, mine)).total).toBe(10);
+        });
+
+        it('refuses an app another app’s usage', async () => {
+            const { other, asMine } = await seedApps();
+            await expect(appUsageAs(asMine, other)).rejects.toMatchObject({
+                statusCode: 403,
+            });
+        });
+
+        it('refuses an app another app’s usage by name', async () => {
+            const { owner, other, asMine } = await seedApps();
+            const name = `other-${uuidv4()}`;
+            await server.clients.db.write(
+                'INSERT INTO `apps` (`uid`, `name`, `title`, `index_url`, `owner_user_id`) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)',
+                [other, name, name, `https://${name}.example/`, owner.id],
+            );
+            await expect(appUsageAs(asMine, name)).rejects.toMatchObject({
+                statusCode: 403,
+            });
+        });
+
+        it('refuses an app the usage outside any app', async () => {
+            const { asMine } = await seedApps();
+            await expect(appUsageAs(asMine, 'os-global')).rejects.toMatchObject(
+                { statusCode: 403 },
+            );
+        });
+
+        it('still lets the user read any of their apps', async () => {
+            const { owner, mine, other } = await seedApps();
+            const asUser = makeActor({ user: owner });
+            expect((await appUsageAs(asUser, mine)).total).toBe(10);
+            expect((await appUsageAs(asUser, other)).total).toBe(20);
+        });
+
+        it('lets the user read their usage outside any app', async () => {
+            const { owner } = await seedApps();
+            const asUser = makeActor({ user: owner });
+            await server.services.metering.incrementUsage(
+                asUser,
+                'kv:read',
+                1,
+                5,
+            );
+            await server.stores.meteringBuffer.flushCycle();
+            expect((await appUsageAs(asUser, 'os-global')).total).toBe(5);
+        });
+    });
 });
 
 describe('metering extension — handleMeteringGlobalUsage', () => {

extensions/metering.ts

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import {
     servicesContainers,
 } from '@heyputer/backend/src/exports';
 import { extension } from '@heyputer/backend/src/extensions';
+import { GLOBAL_APP_KEY } from '@heyputer/backend/src/services/metering/consts';
 import {
     creditMultiplierFrom,
     toCredits,
@@ -13,7 +14,7 @@ import {
 import type { Request, Response } from 'express';
 
 const services = extension.import('service');
-const clients = extension.import('client');
+const stores = extension.import('store');
 
 // Cached on first request — the underlying cost catalogues are baked into
 // driver/controller source so they only change on deploy.
@@ -94,8 +95,8 @@ export const handleMeteringUsage = async (
     _req: Request,
     res: Response,
 ): Promise<void> => {
-    const actor = Context.get('actor');
-    if (!actor?.user) throw new HttpError(401, 'Authentication required');
+    // Behind `requireAuth`, so there is always an actor.
+    const actor = Context.get('actor')!;
 
     const [actorUsage, allowanceInfo] = await Promise.all([
         services.metering.getActorCurrentMonthUsageDetails(actor),
@@ -145,23 +146,18 @@ export const handleMeteringUsageForApp = async (
     req: Request,
     res: Response,
 ): Promise<void> => {
-    const actor = Context.get('actor');
-    if (!actor?.user) throw new HttpError(401, 'Authentication required');
+    // Behind `requireAuth`, so there is always an actor.
+    const actor = Context.get('actor')!;
 
     let appId = String(req.params.appIdOrName ?? '');
     if (!appId) throw new HttpError(400, 'appId parameter is required');
 
-    // If not a UUID-shaped app UID, look up by name
-    if (!appId.startsWith('app-')) {
-        const appRows = (await clients.db.read(
-            'SELECT `uid` FROM `apps` WHERE `name` = ? LIMIT 1',
-            [appId],
-        )) as Array<{ uid: string }>;
-        if (appRows.length > 0) {
-            appId = appRows[0].uid;
-        } else {
-            throw new HttpError(404, 'App not found');
-        }
+    // If not a UUID-shaped app UID or the global sentinel, look up by name.
+    // Which apps an actor may read is MeteringService's call, not this route's.
+    if (!appId.startsWith('app-') && appId !== GLOBAL_APP_KEY) {
+        const app = await stores.app.getByName(appId);
+        if (!app) throw new HttpError(404, 'App not found');
+        appId = app.uid;
     }
 
     const appUsage =

extensions/thumbnails.ts

@@ -1,15 +1,21 @@
 import {
-    CopyObjectCommand,
     DeleteObjectCommand,
     GetObjectCommand,
+    HeadObjectCommand,
     PutObjectCommand,
     S3Client,
 } from '@aws-sdk/client-s3';
 import { getSignedUrl } from '@aws-sdk/s3-request-presigner';
 import { extension } from '@heyputer/backend/src/extensions';
+import type { FSEntryStore } from '@heyputer/backend/src/stores/fs/FSEntryStore';
+import { isMissingObjectError } from '@heyputer/backend/src/stores/fs/S3ObjectStore';
 import crypto from 'node:crypto';
+import type { Readable } from 'node:stream';
 import sharp from 'sharp';
 const clients = extension.import('client');
+const stores = extension.import('store');
+
+type ThumbnailEntryStore = Pick<FSEntryStore, 'updateEntryThumbnailByUuid'>;
 
 const MAX_THUMBNAIL_BYTES = 2 * 1024 * 1024;
 const MAX_THUMBNAIL_PIXELS = 64e6;
@@ -22,8 +28,13 @@ const THUMBNAIL_KEY_PREFIX = 'thumbnails/';
 const UUID_PATTERN =
     /^[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12}$/i;
 
-const mintThumbnailKey = (): string =>
-    `${THUMBNAIL_KEY_PREFIX}${crypto.randomUUID()}`;
+const isUuid = (value: unknown): value is string =>
+    typeof value === 'string' && UUID_PATTERN.test(value);
+
+// `thumbnails/<entry uuid>/<random uuid>`: the entry segment binds the object
+// to the entry it was minted for, which is what writes and deletes check.
+const mintThumbnailKey = (entryUuid: string): string =>
+    `${THUMBNAIL_KEY_PREFIX}${entryUuid}/${crypto.randomUUID()}`;
 
 /**
  * Extract the object key from a stored thumbnail pointer, or null when the
@@ -31,12 +42,13 @@ const mintThumbnailKey = (): string =>
  *
  * `fsentries.thumbnail` is writable through the FS API, so neither half of the
  * stored string is trusted: the bucket is discarded (callers always pass their
- * own) and the key must sit under {@link THUMBNAIL_KEY_PREFIX} with a random
- * uuid. Honouring an arbitrary key would lend this extension's storage
- * credentials to whatever object the caller named — in the shared-bucket layout
- * that is every user's file, since an fs object's key is its fsentry uuid.
- * Legacy bare-uuid thumbnails fail the check and are treated as absent; they
- * are indistinguishable from a planted pointer, so there is nothing safer to do
+ * own) and the key must sit under {@link THUMBNAIL_KEY_PREFIX} as either
+ * `<uuid>` (minted before keys were bound to entries) or `<entry uuid>/<uuid>`.
+ * Honouring an arbitrary key would lend this extension's storage credentials to
+ * whatever object the caller named — in the shared-bucket layout that is every
+ * user's file, since an fs object's key is its fsentry uuid. Bare-uuid keys
+ * from before the prefix fail the check and are treated as absent; they are
+ * indistinguishable from a planted pointer, so there is nothing safer to do
  * with them than stop signing them.
  */
 const resolveThumbnailKey = (pointer: string): string | null => {
@@ -58,10 +70,26 @@ const resolveThumbnailKey = (pointer: string): string | null => {
         key = segments.join('/');
     }
     if (!key.startsWith(THUMBNAIL_KEY_PREFIX)) return null;
-    const id = key.slice(THUMBNAIL_KEY_PREFIX.length);
-    return UUID_PATTERN.test(id) ? key : null;
+    const segments = key.slice(THUMBNAIL_KEY_PREFIX.length).split('/');
+    return segments.length <= 2 && segments.every(isUuid) ? key : null;
 };
 
+// The entry a resolved key was minted for. Null for an unbound key, whose
+// holder can't be told apart from a row that copied or planted the pointer.
+const thumbnailKeyOwner = (key: string): string | null => {
+    const segments = key.slice(THUMBNAIL_KEY_PREFIX.length).split('/');
+    return segments.length === 2 ? segments[0] : null;
+};
+
+// Whether a stored thumbnail names an object in our storage. Anything else is
+// an external image URL the client supplied: shown as given, never copied or
+// deleted.
+const isStoragePointer = (pointer: string, bucketEndpoint: string): boolean =>
+    pointer.startsWith('s3://') ||
+    // Legacy format — remove after full migration
+    (pointer.startsWith('https') &&
+        pointer.includes(new URL(bucketEndpoint).hostname));
+
 // S3 client + bucket config — lazily resolved after boot from config.
 let s3Client: S3Client | null = null;
 let s3PresignClient: S3Client | null = null;
@@ -111,13 +139,6 @@ function getPresignClient(): S3Client {
     return resolveClients().presign;
 }
 
-function base64ParseDataUrl(dataURL: string) {
-    dataURL = dataURL.slice(5);
-    const mimeType = dataURL.split(';')[0];
-    const data = Buffer.from(dataURL.split(',')[1], 'base64');
-    return { mimeType, data };
-}
-
 // Strictly decode a data: URL and validate the decoded image. Encoded-string
 // length lies about decoded byte count (whitespace, padding) and says nothing
 // about pixel count — a 2MB PNG can decompress to hundreds of MB of raster.
@@ -144,16 +165,73 @@ async function decodeAndValidateThumbnail(
     return { mimeType, data };
 }
 
+// A storage pointer a client hands back after a presigned upload is kept only
+// if it names a key minted for this entry and an object within the size bound.
+async function vetUploadedThumbnail(
+    pointer: string,
+    entryUuid: unknown,
+    deps: { s3: S3Client; bucketName: string },
+): Promise<string | null> {
+    const key = resolveThumbnailKey(pointer);
+    if (!key || thumbnailKeyOwner(key) !== entryUuid) return null;
+
+    let size: number | undefined;
+    try {
+        const head = await deps.s3.send(
+            new HeadObjectCommand({ Bucket: deps.bucketName, Key: key }),
+        );
+        size = head.ContentLength;
+    } catch (err) {
+        if (!isMissingObjectError(err)) {
+            console.warn(
+                '[thumbnails] failed to check uploaded thumbnail',
+                err,
+            );
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+    if (typeof size !== 'number') return null;
+    if (size > MAX_THUMBNAIL_BYTES) {
+        // Only reachable on a store that doesn't enforce the signed length.
+        // The key is this entry's own, so removing it is safe.
+        try {
+            await deps.s3.send(
+                new DeleteObjectCommand({ Bucket: deps.bucketName, Key: key }),
+            );
+        } catch (err) {
+            console.warn(
+                '[thumbnails] failed to remove oversized thumbnail',
+                err,
+            );
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+    return `s3://${deps.bucketName}/${key}`;
+}
+
 // -- thumbnail.created -----------------------------------------------
 // Intercept data-URL thumbnails before they hit the DB: upload to S3
-// and replace the URL with an s3:// pointer.
+// and replace the URL with an s3:// pointer bound to the entry.
 
 export async function handleThumbnailCreated(
     event: Record<string, unknown>,
-    deps: { s3: S3Client; bucketName: string },
+    deps: { s3: S3Client; bucketName: string; bucketEndpoint: string },
 ): Promise<void> {
     const url = event.url;
-    if (typeof url !== 'string' || !url.startsWith('data:')) return;
+    if (typeof url !== 'string') return;
+
+    if (!url.startsWith('data:')) {
+        if (isStoragePointer(url, deps.bucketEndpoint)) {
+            event.url = await vetUploadedThumbnail(url, event.uuid, deps);
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const entryUuid = event.uuid;
+    if (!isUuid(entryUuid)) {
+        event.url = null;
+        return;
+    }
 
     const decoded = await decodeAndValidateThumbnail(url);
     if (!decoded) {
@@ -161,7 +239,7 @@ export async function handleThumbnailCreated(
         return;
     }
 
-    const key = mintThumbnailKey();
+    const key = mintThumbnailKey(entryUuid);
     event.url = `s3://${deps.bucketName}/${key}`;
 
     await deps.s3.send(
@@ -190,21 +268,24 @@ export const handleThumbnailUploadPrepare = async (
             typeof item.contentType === 'string' ? item.contentType.trim() : '';
         if (!contentType) continue;
 
-        if (item.size !== undefined) {
-            const size = Number(item.size);
-            if (
-                !Number.isFinite(size) ||
-                size < 0 ||
-                size > MAX_THUMBNAIL_BYTES
-            )
-                continue;
-        }
+        const size = item.size;
+        if (
+            typeof size !== 'number' ||
+            !Number.isInteger(size) ||
+            size < 0 ||
+            size > MAX_THUMBNAIL_BYTES
+        )
+            continue;
+        if (!isUuid(item.item_uid)) continue;
 
-        const key = mintThumbnailKey();
+        const key = mintThumbnailKey(item.item_uid);
         const command = new PutObjectCommand({
             Bucket: deps.bucketName,
             Key: key,
             ContentType: contentType,
+            // Signing covers `content-length`, so a body of any other size
+            // fails the signature instead of landing.
+            ContentLength: size,
         });
         item.uploadUrl = await getSignedUrl(presignClient, command, {
             expiresIn: 900,
@@ -220,19 +301,14 @@ export const handleThumbnailRead = async (
         s3Presign: S3Client;
         bucketName: string;
         bucketEndpoint: string;
-        db: { write: (sql: string, params: unknown[]) => Promise<unknown> };
+        fsEntry: ThumbnailEntryStore;
     },
 ): Promise<void> => {
     const thumb = entry.thumbnail;
     if (typeof thumb !== 'string' || !thumb) return;
     const presignClient = deps.s3Presign;
 
-    if (
-        thumb.startsWith('s3://') ||
-        // Legacy format — remove after full migration
-        (thumb.startsWith('https') &&
-            thumb.includes(new URL(deps.bucketEndpoint).hostname))
-    ) {
+    if (isStoragePointer(thumb, deps.bucketEndpoint)) {
         const key = resolveThumbnailKey(thumb);
         if (!key) {
             // Not a pointer we minted — refuse to sign it rather than hand
@@ -246,31 +322,52 @@ export const handleThumbnailRead = async (
             { expiresIn: 604800 },
         );
     } else if (thumb.startsWith('data')) {
-        // Inline data-URL migration: upload to S3 and update the DB entry.
-        const key = mintThumbnailKey();
-        const { mimeType, data } = base64ParseDataUrl(thumb);
-        const newUrl = `s3://${deps.bucketName}/${key}`;
+        // Move an inline thumbnail into storage. The row only takes the new
+        // pointer while it still holds this data URL, so of concurrent reads
+        // one wins and the rest discard their upload.
+        const uuid = entry.uuid ?? entry.uid;
+        if (!isUuid(uuid)) return;
+        // Same bar as an upload; anything else stays inline, unmigrated.
+        const decoded = await decodeAndValidateThumbnail(thumb);
+        if (!decoded) return;
+        const key = mintThumbnailKey(uuid);
 
         await deps.s3.send(
             new PutObjectCommand({
                 Bucket: deps.bucketName,
                 Key: key,
-                Body: data,
-                ContentType: mimeType,
+                Body: decoded.data,
+                ContentType: decoded.mimeType,
             }),
         );
 
-        // Best-effort async DB update
-        const uuid = entry.uuid ?? entry.uid;
-        if (uuid) {
-            deps.db
-                .write(
-                    'UPDATE `fsentries` SET `thumbnail` = ? WHERE `uuid` = ?',
-                    [newUrl, uuid],
-                )
-                .catch((err: unknown) =>
-                    console.warn('[thumbnails] inline migration failed', err),
+        let migrated: boolean;
+        try {
+            migrated = await deps.fsEntry.updateEntryThumbnailByUuid(
+                uuid,
+                `s3://${deps.bucketName}/${key}`,
+                thumb,
+            );
+        } catch (err) {
+            // The row may or may not point at the object now, so keep it.
+            console.warn('[thumbnails] inline migration failed', err);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (!migrated) {
+            try {
+                await deps.s3.send(
+                    new DeleteObjectCommand({
+                        Bucket: deps.bucketName,
+                        Key: key,
+                    }),
                 );
+            } catch (err) {
+                console.warn(
+                    '[thumbnails] failed to remove unused thumbnail',
+                    err,
+                );
+            }
+            return;
         }
 
         entry.thumbnail = await getSignedUrl(
@@ -286,63 +383,83 @@ export const handleFsCopyNodeThumbnail = async (
     deps: {
         s3: S3Client;
         bucketName: string;
-        db: { write: (sql: string, params: unknown[]) => Promise<unknown> };
+        bucketEndpoint: string;
+        fsEntry: ThumbnailEntryStore;
     },
 ): Promise<void> => {
     const copy = payload.copy;
     const thumbnailUrl = copy?.thumbnail;
-    if (!copy || !copy.uuid || typeof thumbnailUrl !== 'string') return;
+    if (!copy || !isUuid(copy.uuid) || typeof thumbnailUrl !== 'string') return;
+    if (!isStoragePointer(thumbnailUrl, deps.bucketEndpoint)) return;
 
     // Same trust rule as the read and remove paths: only touch objects this
     // extension minted.
     const sourceKey = resolveThumbnailKey(thumbnailUrl);
     if (!sourceKey) return;
 
-    // The copied row points at the SAME S3 object as its source, and
-    // fs.remove.node deletes the pointed-to object — so the first removal
-    // among the sharers (an overwrite, a trash purge) would break every
-    // other sharer's thumbnail. Give the copy an object of its own.
-    const newKey = mintThumbnailKey();
+    // The copied row points at the SAME object as its source. Give the copy
+    // an object of its own, bound to it, so removing either entry leaves the
+    // other's thumbnail alone.
+    const newKey = mintThumbnailKey(copy.uuid);
     try {
+        // Nothing larger than an upload may produce gets duplicated; such an
+        // object came in through an unbounded upload URL.
+        const head = await deps.s3.send(
+            new HeadObjectCommand({ Bucket: deps.bucketName, Key: sourceKey }),
+        );
+        if (
+            typeof head.ContentLength !== 'number' ||
+            head.ContentLength > MAX_THUMBNAIL_BYTES
+        ) {
+            throw new Error('thumbnail exceeds the size bound');
+        }
+        // Read and rewrite rather than CopyObject: a copy source skips any path
+        // in the client's endpoint, so it can miss an object Bucket/Key reach.
+        const source = await deps.s3.send(
+            new GetObjectCommand({ Bucket: deps.bucketName, Key: sourceKey }),
+        );
+        // The object can be replaced after the HEAD; bound what gets buffered.
+        if ((source.ContentLength ?? 0) > MAX_THUMBNAIL_BYTES) {
+            (source.Body as Readable | undefined)?.destroy();
+            throw new Error('thumbnail exceeds the size bound');
+        }
+        const body = await source.Body?.transformToByteArray();
+        if (!body) throw new Error('thumbnail has no body');
         await deps.s3.send(
-            new CopyObjectCommand({
+            new PutObjectCommand({
                 Bucket: deps.bucketName,
-                CopySource: `${deps.bucketName}/${sourceKey}`,
                 Key: newKey,
+                Body: body,
+                ContentType: source.ContentType,
             }),
         );
     } catch (err) {
-        // The shared object is already gone (e.g. a sharer was removed
-        // before this fix existed) — the pointer is dead either way, so
-        // drop it rather than leave the row advertising a thumbnail it
-        // doesn't have.
-        await deps.db.write(
-            'UPDATE `fsentries` SET `thumbnail` = NULL WHERE `uuid` = ?',
-            [copy.uuid],
-        );
+        // The shared object is gone or oversized — drop the pointer rather
+        // than leave the row advertising a thumbnail it doesn't have.
+        await deps.fsEntry.updateEntryThumbnailByUuid(copy.uuid, null);
         console.warn('[thumbnails] failed to duplicate thumbnail on copy', err);
         return;
     }
 
-    await deps.db.write(
-        'UPDATE `fsentries` SET `thumbnail` = ? WHERE `uuid` = ?',
-        [`s3://${deps.bucketName}/${newKey}`, copy.uuid],
+    await deps.fsEntry.updateEntryThumbnailByUuid(
+        copy.uuid,
+        `s3://${deps.bucketName}/${newKey}`,
     );
 };
 
 export const handleFsRemoveNodeThumbnail = async (
-    payload: { target: { thumbnail?: string | null } },
-    deps: { s3: S3Client; bucketName: string },
+    payload: { target: { thumbnail?: string | null; uuid?: string } },
+    deps: { s3: S3Client; bucketName: string; bucketEndpoint: string },
 ): Promise<void> => {
-    const thumbnailUrl = payload.target.thumbnail;
-    if (!thumbnailUrl) return;
+    const { thumbnail: thumbnailUrl, uuid } = payload.target;
+    if (!thumbnailUrl || !isStoragePointer(thumbnailUrl, deps.bucketEndpoint))
+        return;
 
-    // Same trust rule as the read path, and load-bearing for the same reason:
-    // the pointer decides which object gets deleted, so a key we didn't mint
-    // would let the owner of one file destroy an object belonging to someone
-    // else just by naming it here.
+    // The pointer decides which object gets deleted, and a key is visible to
+    // anyone who can list the entry holding it. Only a key minted for this
+    // entry is deleted; an unbound one may be shared or planted, so it stays.
     const key = resolveThumbnailKey(thumbnailUrl);
-    if (!key) return;
+    if (!key || thumbnailKeyOwner(key) !== uuid) return;
 
     await deps.s3.send(
         new DeleteObjectCommand({ Bucket: deps.bucketName, Key: key }),
@@ -355,6 +472,7 @@ extension.on(
         await handleThumbnailCreated(event, {
             s3: getClient(),
             bucketName: thumbnailBucketName,
+            bucketEndpoint: extensionBucketEndpoint,
         });
     },
 );
@@ -381,7 +499,7 @@ extension.on('thumbnail.read', async (_key, entry: Record<string, unknown>) => {
         s3Presign: getPresignClient(),
         bucketName: thumbnailBucketName,
         bucketEndpoint: extensionBucketEndpoint,
-        db: clients.db,
+        fsEntry: stores.fsEntry,
     });
 });
 
@@ -397,7 +515,8 @@ extension.on('fs.copy.node', async (_key, payload) => {
         {
             s3: getClient(),
             bucketName: thumbnailBucketName,
-            db: clients.db,
+            bucketEndpoint: extensionBucketEndpoint,
+            fsEntry: stores.fsEntry,
         },
     );
 });
@@ -409,5 +528,6 @@ extension.on('fs.remove.node', async (_key, payload) => {
     await handleFsRemoveNodeThumbnail(payload, {
         s3: getClient(),
         bucketName: thumbnailBucketName,
+        bucketEndpoint: extensionBucketEndpoint,
     });
 });

extensions/useremailrx/index.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+import { EventEmitter } from 'node:events';
+import { Readable } from 'node:stream';
+import type { Request, Response } from 'express';
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, test, vi } from 'vitest';
+
+const SECRET = 'ingress-secret';
+
+// Only `extension` is stubbed; the secret comparison and the routing are the
+// real code paths, and the fake service/store layer is the boundary.
+const state = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+    config: { userEmail: { secret: 'ingress-secret' } } as Record<
+        string,
+        unknown
+    >,
+    routes: [] as Array<{
+        path: string;
+        handler: (req: unknown, res: unknown) => unknown;
+    }>,
+    users: new Map<string, Record<string, unknown>>(),
+    writes: [] as Array<{
+        userId: number;
+        path: string;
+        homeRegion?: string;
+        content?: unknown;
+    }>,
+    feedback: [] as Array<{ to: string; from: string | null; raw: Buffer }>,
+    takeFeedback: true,
+}));
+
+vi.mock('@heyputer/backend/src/extensions', () => ({
+    extension: {
+        get config() {
+            return state.config;
+        },
+        post(
+            path: string,
+            _opts: unknown,
+            handler: (req: unknown, res: unknown) => unknown,
+        ) {
+            state.routes.push({ path, handler });
+        },
+        import(layer: string) {
+            if (layer === 'client') {
+                return {
+                    event: {
+                        async emitAndWait(
+                            key: string,
+                            data: {
+                                to: string;
+                                from: string | null;
+                                raw: Buffer;
+                                handled: boolean;
+                            },
+                        ) {
+                            if (key !== 'email.ingress.feedback') return;
+                            state.feedback.push(data);
+                            if (state.takeFeedback) data.handled = true;
+                        },
+                    },
+                };
+            }
+            if (layer === 'store') {
+                return {
+                    user: {
+                        getByUsername: async (username: string) =>
+                            state.users.get(username) ?? null,
+                    },
+                };
+            }
+            return {
+                fs: {
+                    async write(
+                        userId: number,
+                        {
+                            fileMetadata,
+                            fileContent,
+                        }: {
+                            fileMetadata: { path: string };
+                            fileContent: unknown;
+                        },
+                        _uploadTracker?: unknown,
+                        _storageAllowanceMax?: number,
+                        homeRegion?: string,
+                    ) {
+                        state.writes.push({
+                            userId,
+                            path: fileMetadata.path,
+                            homeRegion,
+                            content: fileContent,
+                        });
+                        return { fsEntry: { path: fileMetadata.path } };
+                    },
+                },
+            };
+        },
+    },
+}));
+
+import './index.js';
+
+const permanent = (id: number, username: string) => ({
+    id,
+    username,
+    email: `${username}@example.com`,
+    password: '$2b$10$hash',
+});
+/** No password and no email is what makes an account temporary. */
+const temp = (id: number, username: string) => ({
+    id,
+    username,
+    email: null,
+    password: null,
+});
+
+const ingress = async (
+    to: string,
+    over: { secret?: string; contentLength?: string | null } = {},
+) => {
+    const route = state.routes.find((r) => r.path === '/email/ingress');
+    if (!route) throw new Error('route not registered');
+
+    const body = Buffer.from('From: [email protected]\r\n\r\nhello\r\n');
+    const req = Readable.from([body], { objectMode: false }) as unknown as {
+        headers: Record<string, string>;
+        query: Record<string, string>;
+    };
+    // `contentLength: null` sends no length header at all, which is the one
+    // framing the HTTP parser does not bound for us.
+    req.headers =
+        over.contentLength === null
+            ? {}
+            : {
+                  'content-length': over.contentLength ?? String(body.length),
+              };
+    req.query = {
+        SECRET: over.secret ?? SECRET,
+        to,
+        from: '[email protected]',
+        subject: 'hi',
+    };
+
+    let status = 200;
+    let ended = false;
+    // `end` takes (chunk, encoding) and no callback, the way the compression
+    // middleware leaves it, and emits `finish` — which is what the refusal
+    // paths hang their drain/destroy on. A stub that accepts a callback
+    // instead hides the bug that took the 413 path to production as a 500.
+    const emitter = new EventEmitter();
+    const res = {
+        status(code: number) {
+            status = code;
+            return res;
+        },
+        end(chunk?: unknown, encoding?: BufferEncoding) {
+            if (chunk) Buffer.byteLength(chunk as string, encoding);
+            ended = true;
+            emitter.emit('finish');
+        },
+        once(event: string, listener: () => void) {
+            emitter.once(event, listener);
+            return res;
+        },
+    } as unknown as Response;
+
+    await route.handler(req as unknown as Request, res);
+    return {
+        status,
+        ended,
+        drained: (req as unknown as Readable).readableFlowing,
+        destroyed: (req as unknown as Readable).destroyed,
+    };
+};
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+    state.users.clear();
+    state.writes.length = 0;
+    state.feedback.length = 0;
+    state.takeFeedback = true;
+});
+
+describe('temporary accounts cannot receive', () => {
+    test('mail for a temp account is accepted and dropped', async () => {
+        state.users.set('tempy', temp(1, 'tempy'));
+
+        const { status, ended, drained } = await ingress('[email protected]');
+        // Accepted, so the relay neither retries nor bounces to the sender.
+        expect(status).toBe(200);
+        expect(ended).toBe(true);
+        // The body is read off the wire rather than left unconsumed.
+        expect(drained).toBe(true);
+        expect(state.writes).toEqual([]);
+    });
+
+    test('mail for a permanent account still lands in the mailbox', async () => {
+        state.users.set('bob', permanent(2, 'bob'));
+
+        const { status } = await ingress('[email protected]');
+        expect(status).toBe(200);
+        expect(state.writes).toHaveLength(1);
+        expect(state.writes[0].userId).toBe(2);
+        expect(state.writes[0].path).toMatch(/^\/bob\/\.mail\/objects\//);
+    });
+
+    test('an unknown address is still rejected outright', async () => {
+        const { status } = await ingress('[email protected]');
+        expect(status).toBe(404);
+        expect(state.writes).toEqual([]);
+    });
+});
+
+describe('inbound mail is placed in the recipient home region', () => {
+    /** A permanent account with explicit placement columns. */
+    const placed = (
+        id: number,
+        username: string,
+        over: { home?: string | null; signup_server?: string | null },
+    ) => ({
+        ...permanent(id, username),
+        home: null,
+        signup_server: null,
+        ...over,
+    });
+
+    test("uses the recipient's own home region when they have one", async () => {
+        state.users.set('bob', placed(2, 'bob', { home: 'frankfurt' }));
+
+        await ingress('[email protected]');
+        expect(state.writes[0].homeRegion).toBe('frankfurt');
+    });
+
+    test('falls back to the server that served their signup', async () => {
+        // Every account that predates the `home` column is this case.
+        state.users.set(
+            'bob',
+            placed(2, 'bob', { home: null, signup_server: 'london' }),
+        );
+
+        await ingress('[email protected]');
+        expect(state.writes[0].homeRegion).toBe('london');
+    });
+
+    test('falls back to the primary region when neither is set', async () => {
+        state.users.set('bob', placed(2, 'bob', {}));
+
+        await ingress('[email protected]');
+        expect(state.writes[0].homeRegion).toBe('oregon');
+    });
+
+    test('home wins over signup_server when both are set', async () => {
+        state.users.set(
+            'bob',
+            placed(2, 'bob', { home: 'sydney', signup_server: 'london' }),
+        );
+
+        await ingress('[email protected]');
+        expect(state.writes[0].homeRegion).toBe('sydney');
+    });
+});
+
+describe('refusals dispose of the body nobody read', () => {
+    test('an unknown recipient drains it and keeps the connection', async () => {
+        // The secret checked out and the length is under the cap, so the body
+        // was ours to read: discard it rather than resetting a usable socket.
+        const { status, drained, destroyed } =
+            await ingress('[email protected]');
+        expect(status).toBe(404);
+        expect(drained).toBe(true);
+        expect(destroyed).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    test('a bad secret closes rather than reading the upload', async () => {
+        state.users.set('bob', permanent(2, 'bob'));
+
+        const { status, destroyed } = await ingress('[email protected]', {
+            secret: 'not-the-secret',
+        });
+        expect(status).toBe(403);
+        // Nothing authenticated this caller; their bytes are not worth reading.
+        expect(destroyed).toBe(true);
+        expect(state.writes).toEqual([]);
+    });
+
+    test('no content-length is refused with 411', async () => {
+        state.users.set('bob', permanent(2, 'bob'));
+
+        const { status, destroyed } = await ingress('[email protected]', {
+            contentLength: null,
+        });
+        expect(status).toBe(411);
+        expect(destroyed).toBe(true);
+        expect(state.writes).toEqual([]);
+    });
+
+    test('a declared length over the cap is refused with 413', async () => {
+        state.users.set('bob', permanent(2, 'bob'));
+
+        const { status, destroyed } = await ingress('[email protected]', {
+            contentLength: String(25 * 1024 * 1024 + 1),
+        });
+        expect(status).toBe(413);
+        expect(destroyed).toBe(true);
+        expect(state.writes).toEqual([]);
+    });
+});
+
+describe('feedback addresses', () => {
+    test('are handed to a listener and reach no mailbox', async () => {
+        const { status, ended } = await ingress('[email protected]');
+        expect(status).toBe(200);
+        expect(ended).toBe(true);
+        expect(state.feedback).toHaveLength(1);
+        expect(state.feedback[0].to).toBe('[email protected]');
+        expect(state.feedback[0].from).toBe('[email protected]');
+        expect(state.feedback[0].raw.toString()).toContain('hello');
+        expect(state.writes).toEqual([]);
+    });
+
+    test('match the local part case-insensitively', async () => {
+        await ingress('[email protected]');
+        expect(state.feedback).toHaveLength(1);
+    });
+
+    test('fall through to normal routing when nobody takes them', async () => {
+        state.takeFeedback = false;
+        state.users.set('abuse', permanent(3, 'abuse'));
+
+        const { status } = await ingress('[email protected]');
+        expect(status).toBe(200);
+        expect(state.feedback).toHaveLength(1);
+        // The body was already read, so the buffered copy is what is stored.
+        expect(state.writes).toHaveLength(1);
+        expect(Buffer.isBuffer(state.writes[0].content)).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    test('an unclaimed one with no such account is still a 404', async () => {
+        state.takeFeedback = false;
+        const { status } = await ingress('[email protected]');
+        expect(status).toBe(404);
+    });
+
+    test('only count on a Puter mail domain', async () => {
+        state.users.set('abuse', permanent(3, 'abuse'));
+        await ingress('[email protected]');
+        expect(state.feedback).toEqual([]);
+    });
+
+    test('are refused over the feedback size cap without being read', async () => {
+        const { status, destroyed } = await ingress('[email protected]', {
+            contentLength: String(5 * 1024 * 1024 + 1),
+        });
+        expect(status).toBe(413);
+        expect(destroyed).toBe(true);
+        expect(state.feedback).toEqual([]);
+    });
+});

extensions/useremailrx/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+import { extension } from '@heyputer/backend/src/extensions';
+import { createHmac, randomBytes, timingSafeEqual } from 'node:crypto';
+import type { Request } from 'express';
+import {
+    MAX_MESSAGE_BYTES,
+    isPuterEmailAddress,
+    isTempUser,
+    puterEmailUsername,
+    storeInboxMessage,
+} from '@heyputer/backend/src/services/email/mailbox.js';
+
+// copied form peer secrets checker
+const COMPARE_KEY = randomBytes(32);
+const secretsEqual = (a: string, b: string): boolean =>
+    timingSafeEqual(
+        createHmac('sha256', COMPARE_KEY).update(a).digest(),
+        createHmac('sha256', COMPARE_KEY).update(b).digest(),
+    );
+
+const USER_EMAIL_CONFIG = (extension.config as Record<string, unknown>)
+    .userEmail as { secret?: string; feedbackAddresses?: unknown } | undefined;
+
+const INGRESS_SECRET = USER_EMAIL_CONFIG?.secret;
+
+/**
+ * Local parts that take complaint feedback rather than naming a mailbox. The
+ * same names are reserved at signup, so no account can be handed them.
+ */
+const DEFAULT_FEEDBACK_ADDRESSES = ['fbl', 'abuse', 'postmaster'];
+const FEEDBACK_ADDRESSES = new Set(
+    (Array.isArray(USER_EMAIL_CONFIG?.feedbackAddresses)
+        ? USER_EMAIL_CONFIG.feedbackAddresses
+        : DEFAULT_FEEDBACK_ADDRESSES
+    ).map((local) => String(local).toLowerCase()),
+);
+
+/**
+ * Feedback is handed over whole, so it is read into memory; a complaint report
+ * quotes one message and has no business near the mailbox ceiling.
+ */
+const MAX_FEEDBACK_BYTES = 5 * 1024 * 1024;
+
+const isFeedbackAddress = (to: string): boolean =>
+    isPuterEmailAddress(to) &&
+    FEEDBACK_ADDRESSES.has(puterEmailUsername(to).toLowerCase());
+
+const readBody = async (req: Request): Promise<Buffer> => {
+    const chunks: Buffer[] = [];
+    for await (const chunk of req) chunks.push(chunk as Buffer);
+    return Buffer.concat(chunks);
+};
+
+if (!INGRESS_SECRET) {
+    console.warn(
+        '[useremailrx] config.userEmail.secret unset - email ingress disabled',
+    );
+} else {
+    extension.post(
+        '/email/ingress',
+        {
+            subdomain: 'api',
+        },
+        async (req, res) => {
+            // Answer first, then deal with the body nobody read. Touching the
+            // request before the response has flushed takes the response down
+            // with the connection and the caller sees a reset with no status,
+            // so this hangs off `finish` — and it has to be the event rather
+            // than `res.end(cb)`, because the compression middleware replaces
+            // `res.end` with an `(chunk, encoding)` signature that has no
+            // callback parameter, so a callback lands in `chunk` and dies in
+            // `Buffer.byteLength`.
+            //
+            // `drain` discards the rest of a body we were entitled to read and
+            // leaves the connection reusable. `close` is for bodies we do not
+            // want to read at all: an unauthenticated caller's, or one whose
+            // declared length is missing or over the cap.
+            const refuse = (status: number, how: 'drain' | 'close') => {
+                res.once('finish', () =>
+                    how === 'drain' ? req.resume() : req.destroy(),
+                );
+                res.status(status).end();
+            };
+
+            const presented = req.query.SECRET;
+            if (
+                typeof presented !== 'string' ||
+                !secretsEqual(presented, INGRESS_SECRET)
+            ) {
+                // Nothing has authenticated this caller, so refuse to spend
+                // bandwidth reading whatever they were uploading.
+                refuse(403, 'close');
+                return;
+            }
+
+            const size = Number(req.headers['content-length']);
+            if (!Number.isInteger(size) || size <= 0) {
+                refuse(411, 'close');
+                return;
+            }
+            if (size > MAX_MESSAGE_BYTES) {
+                refuse(413, 'close');
+                return;
+            }
+
+            const stores = extension.import('store');
+            const services = extension.import('service');
+
+            const to = String(req.query.to ?? '');
+            let content: Buffer | Request = req;
+            if (isFeedbackAddress(to)) {
+                if (size > MAX_FEEDBACK_BYTES) {
+                    refuse(413, 'close');
+                    return;
+                }
+                const raw = await readBody(req);
+                const event = {
+                    to,
+                    from:
+                        typeof req.query.from === 'string'
+                            ? req.query.from
+                            : null,
+                    raw,
+                    handled: false,
+                };
+                await extension
+                    .import('client')
+                    .event.emitAndWait('email.ingress.feedback', event, {});
+                if (event.handled) {
+                    res.end();
+                    return;
+                }
+                // Nobody took it: route it like any other message.
+                content = raw;
+            }
+
+            const user = await stores.user.getByUsername(
+                puterEmailUsername(to),
+            );
+            if (!user) {
+                refuse(404, 'drain');
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (isTempUser(user)) {
+                if (content === req) req.resume();
+                res.end();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            await storeInboxMessage(services.fs, user, {
+                subject: req.query.subject,
+                content,
+                size: Buffer.isBuffer(content) ? content.length : size,
+            });
+
+            const { SECRET: _secret, ..._loggableQuery } = req.query;
+            // console.log('got email: ', puterUser, loggableQuery, size);
+            res.end();
+        },
+    );
+}

extensions/useremailrx/package-lock.json

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+    "name": "emailrx",
+    "version": "1.0.0",
+    "lockfileVersion": 3,
+    "requires": true,
+    "packages": {
+        "": {
+            "name": "emailrx",
+            "version": "1.0.0"
+        }
+    }
+}

extensions/useremailrx/package.json

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+    "name": "emailrx",
+    "version": "1.0.0",
+    "main": "index.ts",
+    "description": "Internal service which handles routing puter emails to users"
+}

extensions/whoami.test.ts

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
     it,
     vi,
 } from 'vitest';
-import { makeActor } from '../src/backend/core/actor.ts';
+import { makeActor, type Actor } from '../src/backend/core/actor.ts';
 import { runWithContext } from '../src/backend/core/context.ts';
 import { configContainer } from '../src/backend/exports.ts';
 import { PuterServer } from '../src/backend/server.ts';
@@ -285,6 +285,104 @@ describe('whoami extension — handleWhoami', () => {
         expect(body.directories).toBeUndefined();
     });
 
+    describe('fields added by whoami.details listeners', () => {
+        const addAccountDetails = (
+            _key: unknown,
+            event: { details: Record<string, unknown> },
+        ) => {
+            Object.assign(event.details, {
+                subscribed: true,
+                paid_storage: 1024,
+                subscription: { tier: 'pro', status: 'trialing' },
+                accountEligible: true,
+            });
+        };
+
+        const whoamiWithListener = async (
+            actor: Actor,
+            listener: typeof addAccountDetails = addAccountDetails,
+        ) => {
+            const { res, captured } = makeRes();
+            server.clients.event.on('whoami.details', listener);
+            try {
+                await runWithContext({ actor }, () =>
+                    handleWhoami(makeReq(), res),
+                );
+            } finally {
+                server.clients.event.off('whoami.details', listener);
+            }
+            return captured.body as Record<string, unknown>;
+        };
+
+        it('reach an app actor only as the documented subscribed / paid_storage', async () => {
+            const user = await seedUser();
+            const body = await whoamiWithListener(
+                makeActor({
+                    user: { uuid: user.uuid, id: user.id as number },
+                    app: { uid: 'app-test-actor' },
+                }),
+            );
+
+            expect(body.subscribed).toBe(true);
+            expect(body.paid_storage).toBe(1024);
+            expect(body).not.toHaveProperty('subscription');
+            expect(body).not.toHaveProperty('accountEligible');
+            // Fields the handler built itself still ship.
+            expect(body.username).toBe(user.username);
+            expect(body.app_name).toBe('app-test-actor');
+        });
+
+        it('are withheld from an app reached through an access token it issued', async () => {
+            const user = await seedUser();
+            const owner = { uuid: user.uuid, id: user.id as number };
+            const body = await whoamiWithListener(
+                makeActor({
+                    user: owner,
+                    accessToken: {
+                        uid: 'tok-1',
+                        issuer: makeActor({
+                            user: owner,
+                            app: { uid: 'app-issuer' },
+                        }),
+                    },
+                }),
+            );
+
+            expect(body.subscribed).toBe(true);
+            expect(body).not.toHaveProperty('subscription');
+            expect(body).not.toHaveProperty('accountEligible');
+        });
+
+        it('all reach a user actor', async () => {
+            const user = await seedUser();
+            const body = await whoamiWithListener(
+                makeActor({ user: { uuid: user.uuid, id: user.id as number } }),
+            );
+
+            expect(body).toMatchObject({
+                subscribed: true,
+                paid_storage: 1024,
+                subscription: { tier: 'pro', status: 'trialing' },
+                accountEligible: true,
+            });
+        });
+
+        it('cannot add taskbar_items for an app actor, which core omits', async () => {
+            const user = await seedUser();
+            const body = await whoamiWithListener(
+                makeActor({
+                    user: { uuid: user.uuid, id: user.id as number },
+                    app: { uid: 'app-test-actor' },
+                }),
+                (_key, event) => {
+                    event.details.taskbar_items = [{ name: 'injected' }];
+                },
+            );
+
+            expect(body).not.toHaveProperty('taskbar_items');
+        });
+    });
+
     it('redacts tmp_password from metadata for user actors', async () => {
         const user = await seedUser();
         await server.stores.user.updateMetadata(user.id as number, {

extensions/whoami.ts

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 import { Context } from '@heyputer/backend/src/core';
 import { extension } from '@heyputer/backend/src/extensions';
-import {
-    cardFallbackDepsFrom,
-    isCardFallbackEligible,
-} from '@heyputer/backend/src/util/cardFallback.js';
 import { APP_ICON_SIZES } from '@heyputer/backend/src/util/appIcon.js';
-import { getTaskbarItems } from '@heyputer/backend/src/util/taskbarItems.js';
+import {
+    buildUserDetails,
+    scrubSensitive,
+} from '@heyputer/backend/src/util/userDetails.js';
 import type { Request, Response } from 'express';
 import TimeAgo from 'javascript-time-ago';
 import localeEn from 'javascript-time-ago/locale/en';
@@ -19,87 +18,13 @@ const timeago = (() => {
     return new TimeAgo('en-US');
 })();
 
-// User timestamps come off the DB as SQL datetime strings; the wire format
-// for all of them is unix seconds. Unparseable values are dropped rather
-// than sent as NaN.
-const toUnixSeconds = (value: unknown): number | undefined => {
-    if (!value) return undefined;
-    const ms = new Date(value as string | number | Date).getTime();
-    return Number.isNaN(ms) ? undefined : Math.round(ms / 1000);
-};
-
-// Allowlist of `config.feature_flags` keys safe to surface via /whoami.
-// Anything not listed here stays server-side, so internal flags
-// (payment_bypass, staff_only_*, etc.) cannot leak by accident. Add a
-// flag here when, and only when, the client actually needs to read it.
-const CLIENT_VISIBLE_FEATURE_FLAGS: ReadonlySet<string> = new Set([
-    'create_shortcut',
-    'download_directory',
-    'prompt_user_when_navigation_away_from_puter',
+// What an app actor may receive from `whoami.details` listeners. Anything
+// else a listener adds describes the account, and only ships to user actors.
+const APP_VISIBLE_LISTENER_KEYS: ReadonlySet<string> = new Set([
+    'subscribed',
+    'paid_storage',
 ]);
 
-// Keys that must never leave the server, whoever put them on the response.
-// `details` is an explicit pick, but the `whoami.details` event hands
-// listeners the full UserRow next to the object they may write to, and
-// `metadata` is a free-form blob — so any of these can arrive on the
-// response without an edit to the pick above. The scrub runs last, over the
-// whole payload, and is the one place that decides what "sensitive" means.
-//
-// Credentials and single-use tokens, the payment/phone identifiers used for
-// verification (`card_fingerprint` is the Stripe fingerprint, stable per
-// card number), the network identity recorded at signup, and internal
-// anti-abuse bookkeeping. `requires_phone_verification` /
-// `requires_card_verification` stay: they are the flags the GUI acts on, and
-// they carry no identifier.
-const SENSITIVE_KEYS: ReadonlySet<string> = new Set([
-    'password',
-    'tmp_password',
-    'pass_recovery_token',
-    'email_confirm_code',
-    'email_confirm_token',
-    'change_email_confirm_token',
-    'otp_secret',
-    'otp_recovery_codes',
-    'card_fingerprint',
-    'phone',
-    'clean_email',
-    'signup_ip',
-    'signup_ip_forwarded',
-    'signup_user_agent',
-    'signup_origin',
-    'signup_server',
-    'audit_metadata',
-]);
-
-// Depth-limited, cycle-safe walk deleting every SENSITIVE_KEYS entry it finds
-// at any level (`metadata` and `taskbar_items` are both nested structures).
-const scrubSensitive = (
-    value: unknown,
-    seen: Set<object> = new Set(),
-    depth = 0,
-): void => {
-    if (depth > 8 || value === null || typeof value !== 'object') return;
-    if (seen.has(value as object)) return;
-    seen.add(value as object);
-
-    if (Array.isArray(value)) {
-        for (const entry of value) scrubSensitive(entry, seen, depth + 1);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    for (const key of Object.keys(value as Record<string, unknown>)) {
-        if (SENSITIVE_KEYS.has(key)) {
-            delete (value as Record<string, unknown>)[key];
-            continue;
-        }
-        scrubSensitive(
-            (value as Record<string, unknown>)[key],
-            seen,
-            depth + 1,
-        );
-    }
-};
-
 export const handleWhoami = async (
     req: Request,
     res: Response,
@@ -117,7 +42,6 @@ export const handleWhoami = async (
         return;
     }
 
-    const oidcOnly = user.password === null;
     const rawIconSize =
         typeof req.query?.icon_size === 'string'
             ? Number(req.query.icon_size)
@@ -126,146 +50,15 @@ export const handleWhoami = async (
         rawIconSize !== undefined && APP_ICON_SIZES.includes(rawIconSize)
             ? rawIconSize
             : undefined;
-    const noIcons = !iconSize;
 
-    // Feature flags come from `config.feature_flags`. We only forward keys
-    // listed in CLIENT_VISIBLE_FEATURE_FLAGS so internal flags can't leak.
-    // Non-boolean values (e.g. `"true"` as a string) are coerced so the
-    // client never has to guess.
-    const rawFlags = extension.config.feature_flags ?? {};
-    const feature_flags: Record<string, boolean> = {};
-    for (const [k, v] of Object.entries(rawFlags)) {
-        if (CLIENT_VISIBLE_FEATURE_FLAGS.has(k)) {
-            feature_flags[k] = Boolean(v);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Deep-copied (it is decoded JSON) so the scrub below edits the response
-    // and not the cached UserRow. Sensitive keys inside it — tmp_password and
-    // anything else on the denylist — are removed by scrubSensitive.
-    const metadata = user.metadata
-        ? structuredClone(user.metadata)
-        : user.metadata;
-
-    const details: Record<string, unknown> = {
-        username: user.username,
-        uuid: user.uuid,
-        email: user.email,
-        unconfirmed_email: user.email,
-        email_confirmed: user.email_confirmed || user.username === 'admin',
-        requires_email_confirmation: user.requires_email_confirmation,
-        // The phone number itself is deliberately absent: nothing on the
-        // client reads it, and it is PII that would otherwise be handed to
-        // every app actor. Only the verification flag ships.
-        requires_phone_verification: user.requires_phone_verification,
-        requires_card_verification: user.requires_card_verification,
-        // A seat reaches nothing until it replaces its admin's password.
-        requires_password_change: user.requires_password_change,
-        // The SMS-to-card escape hatch: true once this user is out of SMS send
-        // attempts and may verify a card instead. It has to ship from here
-        // because /send-confirm-phone can no longer say so — by the time the
-        // fallback opens, further sends are rejected by that route's own rate
-        // limit before any handler runs, so a page reload would otherwise lose
-        // an offer that stays valid for 24 hours. Only for user actors, and it
-        // costs no KV read unless the account is actually phone-gated.
-        card_fallback_available: isUser
-            ? await isCardFallbackEligible(
-                  extension.config,
-                  user,
-                  async (key) => (await stores.kv.get({ key })).res,
-                  cardFallbackDepsFrom(clients),
-              )
-            : false,
-        desktop_bg_url: user.desktop_bg_url,
-        desktop_bg_color: user.desktop_bg_color,
-        desktop_bg_fit: user.desktop_bg_fit,
-        is_temp: user.password === null && user.email === null,
-        is_user_token: true,
-        // Present only once the account has actually asked for a code (see the
-        // referral extension) — null until then, and never minted from here:
-        // this endpoint is polled, and a mint is a write.
-        referral_code: user.referral_code,
-        oidc_only: oidcOnly,
-        taskbar_items: isUser
-            ? await getTaskbarItems(
-                  user,
-                  {
-                      clients,
-                      stores,
-                      services,
-                      apiBaseUrl: String(extension.config.api_base_url ?? ''),
-                      config: extension.config,
-                  },
-                  { iconSize, noIcons },
-              )
-            : undefined,
-        otp: !!user.otp_enabled,
-        feature_flags,
-        created_ts: toUnixSeconds(user.timestamp),
-        human_readable_age: user.timestamp
-            ? timeago.format(new Date(user.timestamp as string))
-            : null,
-        metadata,
-        hasDevAccountAccess: !!user.metadata?.hasDevAccountAccess,
-    };
-
-    // OIDC revalidate URL for password-less accounts
-    if (oidcOnly) {
-        try {
-            const provider = await services.oidc.getLinkedProviderForUser(
-                user.id as number,
-            );
-            if (provider) {
-                const origin = (extension.config.origin ?? '').replace(
-                    /\/$/,
-                    '',
-                );
-                details.oidc_revalidate_url = `${origin}/auth/oidc/${provider}/start?flow=revalidate&user_uuid=${encodeURIComponent(user.uuid)}`;
-            }
-        } catch {
-            // OIDC not configured
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Directories — only sent to user actors
-    if (isUser) {
-        const directories: Record<string, unknown> = {};
-        const nameToProp: Record<string, string> = {
-            desktop_uuid: `/${user.username}/Desktop`,
-            appdata_uuid: `/${user.username}/AppData`,
-            documents_uuid: `/${user.username}/Documents`,
-            pictures_uuid: `/${user.username}/Pictures`,
-            videos_uuid: `/${user.username}/Videos`,
-            trash_uuid: `/${user.username}/Trash`,
-        };
-        for (const k in nameToProp) {
-            directories[nameToProp[k]] = user[k];
-        }
-        details.directories = directories;
-    }
-
-    // The team an account belongs to, when it is one a team pays for. User
-    // actors only, and only where teams are on.
-    if (isUser && extension.config.teams_enabled === true) {
-        try {
-            const seat = await stores.team.getOrgSeat(user.id);
-            if (seat) {
-                details.team = {
-                    uid: seat.team_uid,
-                    name: seat.team_name ?? null,
-                };
-            }
-        } catch (e) {
-            // Never fail whoami over this; the account still works without it.
-            console.warn('[whoami] team lookup failed:', (e as Error).message);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Last activity
-    const lastActivityTs = toUnixSeconds(user.last_activity_ts);
-    if (lastActivityTs !== undefined) {
-        details.last_activity_ts = lastActivityTs;
-    }
+    const details = await buildUserDetails(
+        user,
+        { config: extension.config, clients, stores, services },
+        { isUser, iconSize, noIcons: !iconSize },
+    );
+    details.human_readable_age = user.timestamp
+        ? timeago.format(new Date(user.timestamp as string))
+        : null;
 
     // Strip sensitive fields for app actors
     if (!isUser) {
@@ -292,6 +85,12 @@ export const handleWhoami = async (
         details.app_name = app.uid;
     }
 
+    // A key core left undefined isn't built, so a listener can't fill it for an app.
+    const builtKeys = isUser
+        ? null
+        : new Set(
+              Object.keys(details).filter((key) => details[key] !== undefined),
+          );
     try {
         await clients.event.emitAndWait(
             'whoami.details',
@@ -301,10 +100,16 @@ export const handleWhoami = async (
     } catch {
         /* best-effort */
     }
+    if (builtKeys) {
+        for (const key of Object.keys(details)) {
+            if (!builtKeys.has(key) && !APP_VISIBLE_LISTENER_KEYS.has(key)) {
+                delete details[key];
+            }
+        }
+    }
 
     const subscription = details.subscription as
-        | { offering?: Record<string, unknown> }
-        | undefined;
+        { offering?: Record<string, unknown> } | undefined;
     if (subscription?.offering) {
         delete subscription.offering.group;
         delete subscription.offering.benefits;

package.json

@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
     "build:workerLib:coverage": "cd src/puter-js && npm run build:coverage && cd ../worker && npm run build",
     "start:gui": "nodemon --exec \"node dev-server.js\" ",
     "start": "node ./tools/start.mjs",
+    "start:smtp": "node ./tools/start.mjs --smtp",
     "dev": "npm start",
     "build": "npm run setupExtensions && npm run build:ts && cd src/gui && node ./build.js && cd ../puter-js && npm run build",
     "build:workerLib": "cd src/puter-js && npm run build && cd ../worker && npm run build",
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@
     "@aws-sdk/s3-request-presigner": "^3.1028.0",
     "dedent": "^1.5.3",
     "javascript-time-ago": "^2.5.11",
-    "libphonenumber-js": "1.13.13",
+    "libphonenumber-js": "1.13.14",
     "miniflare": "^4.20260617.1",
     "open": "^10.1.0"
   },
@@ -96,6 +97,6 @@
     "workerd": true
   },
   "overrides": {
-    "undici": "^7.29.0"
+    "undici": "^7.30.0"
   }
 }

src/backend/clients/alarm/AlarmClient.test.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
-import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
-import { AlarmClient } from './AlarmClient';
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import {
+    ALARM_IDLE_TTL_MS,
+    AlarmClient,
+    MAX_TRACKED_ALARMS,
+} from './AlarmClient';
 import type { IConfig, IPagerConfig } from '../../types';
 import type { AlertPayload } from './types';
 
@@ -342,6 +346,19 @@ describe('AlarmClient alarm registry', () => {
         expect(client.get(shortId)).toBeUndefined();
     });
 
+    it('keeps the short id of another alarm that shares it when one is cleared', () => {
+        const client = makeClient();
+        // These two ids hash to the same short id.
+        client.create('alarm:274', 'first');
+        const shortId = client.get('alarm:274')!.shortId;
+        client.create('alarm:643', 'second');
+        expect(client.get('alarm:643')!.shortId).toBe(shortId);
+
+        client.clear('alarm:274');
+
+        expect(client.get(shortId)?.id).toBe('alarm:643');
+    });
+
     it('ignores a clear for an alarm that is not active', () => {
         const client = makeClient();
         expect(() => client.clear('never-raised')).not.toThrow();
@@ -428,6 +445,110 @@ describe('AlarmClient alarm registry', () => {
     });
 });
 
+describe('AlarmClient alarm eviction', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
+        vi.useFakeTimers();
+        vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => {});
+        vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {});
+        vi.spyOn(console, 'log').mockImplementation(() => {});
+    });
+
+    afterEach(() => {
+        vi.useRealTimers();
+    });
+
+    it('forgets alarms that stay quiet past the idle window, under both ids', () => {
+        const client = makeClient();
+        const ids = Array.from(
+            { length: 50 },
+            (_, i) => `metering_usage_dropped:user-${i}`,
+        );
+        for (const id of ids) client.create(id, 'usage dropped');
+        const shortIds = ids.map((id) => client.get(id)!.shortId);
+
+        vi.advanceTimersByTime(ALARM_IDLE_TTL_MS + 1);
+        client.create('unrelated', 'the next alarm sweeps the registry');
+
+        expect(ids.filter((id) => client.get(id))).toEqual([]);
+        expect(shortIds.filter((shortId) => client.get(shortId))).toEqual([]);
+        expect(client.get('unrelated')).toBeDefined();
+    });
+
+    it('treats a recurrence after the idle window as a new alarm', () => {
+        const client = makeClient();
+        const seen = capture(client);
+
+        client.create('scan:failed', 'first');
+        client.create('scan:failed', 'second');
+        vi.advanceTimersByTime(ALARM_IDLE_TTL_MS + 1);
+        client.create('scan:failed', 'back again');
+
+        expect(seen.at(-1)).toMatchObject({ repeatCount: 1, isRepeat: false });
+        // A fresh start keeps per-occurrence incident keys from colliding.
+        expect(seen.at(-1)!.dedupKey).not.toBe(seen[0].dedupKey);
+    });
+
+    it('still treats a repeat inside the window as a repeat after a sweep', () => {
+        const client = makeClient();
+        const seen = capture(client);
+
+        for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) client.create('flap', 'same fault');
+        vi.advanceTimersByTime(ALARM_IDLE_TTL_MS - 1000);
+        client.create('other', 'sweeps the registry');
+        client.create('flap', 'same fault');
+
+        // Occurrence 11 is past the burst, so nothing new goes out for it.
+        expect(seen.map((alert) => alert.id)).toEqual([
+            ...Array(10).fill('flap'),
+            'other',
+        ]);
+        expect(client.get('flap')?.count).toBe(11);
+    });
+
+    it('keeps an alarm that keeps recurring for longer than the window', () => {
+        const client = makeClient();
+
+        for (let i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
+            client.create('hot', 'still broken');
+            vi.advanceTimersByTime(ALARM_IDLE_TTL_MS / 2);
+            client.create(`noise:${i}`, 'sweeps the registry');
+        }
+
+        expect(client.get('hot')?.count).toBe(6);
+    });
+
+    it('drops the least recently raised alarm once full', () => {
+        const client = makeClient();
+
+        for (let i = 0; i < MAX_TRACKED_ALARMS; i++) {
+            client.create(`user:${i}`, 'per-user alarm');
+            vi.advanceTimersByTime(1);
+        }
+        // Raised again, so user:1 is now the one seen longest ago.
+        client.create('user:0', 'per-user alarm');
+        client.create('one-more', 'over the cap');
+
+        expect(client.get('user:1')).toBeUndefined();
+        expect(client.get('user:0')?.count).toBe(2);
+        expect(client.get('user:2')).toBeDefined();
+        expect(client.get('one-more')).toBeDefined();
+    });
+
+    it('never holds more than the cap', () => {
+        const client = makeClient();
+        const ids = Array.from(
+            { length: MAX_TRACKED_ALARMS * 3 },
+            (_, i) => `user:${i}`,
+        );
+
+        for (const id of ids) client.create(id, 'per-user alarm');
+
+        const held = ids.filter((id) => client.get(id));
+        expect(held).toHaveLength(MAX_TRACKED_ALARMS);
+        expect(held[0]).toBe(`user:${MAX_TRACKED_ALARMS * 2}`);
+    });
+});
+
 describe('AlarmClient known-error rules', () => {
     beforeEach(() => {
         vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => {});

src/backend/clients/alarm/AlarmClient.ts

@@ -61,14 +61,24 @@ interface RegisteredHandler {
 /** Severity used when neither the call site nor config picks one. */
 const FALLBACK_SEVERITY: PagerSeverity = 'critical';
 /**
- * How many recent occurrences an alarm keeps. An alarm is never cleared unless
- * something calls `clear`, and a hot one repeats for as long as the fault lasts
- * — so retaining every occurrence means retaining every message and field set
- * it was ever raised with, request bodies and actors included, for the life of
- * the process. The last few are what a human reads; the rest is only a count,
- * and `count` keeps that.
+ * How many recent occurrences an alarm keeps. A hot alarm repeats for as long
+ * as the fault lasts, so retaining every occurrence means retaining every
+ * message and field set it was ever raised with, request bodies and actors
+ * included. The last few are what a human reads; the rest is only a count, and
+ * `count` keeps that.
  */
 const OCCURRENCE_HISTORY_LIMIT = 20;
+/**
+ * An alarm that hasn't recurred for this long is forgotten; its next occurrence
+ * is a new alarm with a fresh count. Kept far past the chat transport's repeat
+ * throttle so a slowly recurring fault still counts as one alarm.
+ */
+export const ALARM_IDLE_TTL_MS = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
+/**
+ * Most alarms held at once. Ids that embed a user or key can outrun the idle
+ * window; past this the least recently raised alarm is dropped.
+ */
+export const MAX_TRACKED_ALARMS = 1000;
 
 // A fast-recurring fault repeats far faster than it is useful to report, and
 // every report allocates a log line and a payload. Report every occurrence up
@@ -187,6 +197,7 @@ function cleanFields(fields: AlarmFields): Record<string, string> {
  * `pager.severityOverrides` in {@link IConfig}.
  */
 export class AlarmClient extends PuterClient {
+    /** Ordered by last occurrence: a repeat moves its alarm to the back. */
     private alarms = new Map<string, Alarm>();
     private aliases = new Map<string, Alarm>();
     private alertHandlers: RegisteredHandler[] = [];
@@ -290,7 +301,8 @@ export class AlarmClient extends PuterClient {
 
     /**
      * Create or update an alarm. If the alarm ID already exists, the occurrence
-     * count is incremented and a repeat alert is dispatched.
+     * count is incremented and a repeat alert is dispatched. An alarm idle for
+     * {@link ALARM_IDLE_TTL_MS} is forgotten, so its next occurrence is new.
      *
      * `severity` decides where the alarm lands:
      *
@@ -321,9 +333,12 @@ export class AlarmClient extends PuterClient {
             return;
         }
 
+        this.evict();
         const existing = this.alarms.get(id);
 
         if (existing) {
+            this.alarms.delete(id);
+            this.alarms.set(id, existing);
             this.recordOccurrence(existing, message, fields);
             this.handleRepeat(existing);
             return;
@@ -348,6 +363,7 @@ export class AlarmClient extends PuterClient {
         this.alarms.set(id, alarm);
         this.aliases.set(alarm.shortId, alarm);
         this.recordOccurrence(alarm, message, fields);
+        this.evict();
         this.handleNew(alarm);
     }
 
@@ -356,8 +372,7 @@ export class AlarmClient extends PuterClient {
         const alarm = this.alarms.get(id);
         if (!alarm) return;
 
-        this.alarms.delete(id);
-        this.aliases.delete(alarm.shortId);
+        this.forget(alarm);
         console.log(`[alarm] CLEAR ${displayId(alarm)} :: ${alarm.message}`);
     }
 
@@ -395,6 +410,32 @@ export class AlarmClient extends PuterClient {
 
     // -- Internals ----------------------------------------------------
 
+    /**
+     * Drop idle alarms, then the least recently raised ones past the cap. The
+     * map's order puts both at the front, so this stops at the first keeper.
+     */
+    private evict(): void {
+        const now = Date.now();
+        for (const alarm of this.alarms.values()) {
+            const lastSeen = alarm.timestamps.at(-1) ?? alarm.started;
+            if (
+                this.alarms.size <= MAX_TRACKED_ALARMS &&
+                now - lastSeen < ALARM_IDLE_TTL_MS
+            ) {
+                return;
+            }
+            this.forget(alarm);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private forget(alarm: Alarm): void {
+        this.alarms.delete(alarm.id);
+        // Short ids can collide; leave an alias that now names another alarm.
+        if (this.aliases.get(alarm.shortId) === alarm) {
+            this.aliases.delete(alarm.shortId);
+        }
+    }
+
     private recordOccurrence(
         alarm: Alarm,
         message: string,

src/backend/clients/alarm/slack.ts

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
  */
 
 import type { ISlackAlertConfig, PagerSeverity } from '../../types';
+import { BoundedTtlMap } from '../../util/boundedTtlMap';
 import type { AlertHandler, AlertPayload } from './types';
 
 const REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 5000;
@@ -123,30 +124,14 @@ export function createSlackAlertHandler(
 ): AlertHandler {
     const webhookUrl = conf.webhookUrl as string;
     const throttleMs = conf.repeatThrottleMs ?? DEFAULT_REPEAT_THROTTLE_MS;
-    const lastPosted = new Map<string, number>();
-
-    const shouldPost = (alert: AlertPayload): boolean => {
-        if (throttleMs <= 0) return true;
-        const now = Date.now();
-        const previous = lastPosted.get(alert.id);
-        if (previous !== undefined && now - previous < throttleMs) return false;
-
-        if (lastPosted.size >= MAX_THROTTLE_ENTRIES) {
-            for (const [id, at] of lastPosted) {
-                if (now - at >= throttleMs) lastPosted.delete(id);
-            }
-            // Still full of live entries — drop the oldest to stay bounded.
-            if (lastPosted.size >= MAX_THROTTLE_ENTRIES) {
-                const oldest = lastPosted.keys().next().value;
-                if (oldest !== undefined) lastPosted.delete(oldest);
-            }
-        }
-        lastPosted.set(alert.id, now);
-        return true;
-    };
+    // A zero or negative throttle expires every entry on arrival.
+    const lastPosted = new BoundedTtlMap<string, true>({
+        maxEntries: MAX_THROTTLE_ENTRIES,
+        ttlMs: throttleMs,
+    });
 
     return async (alert) => {
-        if (!shouldPost(alert)) return;
+        if (!lastPosted.shouldEmit(alert.id)) return;
 
         const controller = new AbortController();
         const timer = setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS);

src/backend/clients/database/DatabaseClient.test.ts

@@ -45,10 +45,15 @@ class FixtureDatabaseClient extends AbstractDatabaseClient {
     constructor(
         private readonly replicaRows: Record<string, unknown>[] | Error,
         private readonly primaryRows: Record<string, unknown>[] = [],
+        private readonly replica = true,
     ) {
         super(config('fixture'));
     }
 
+    protected override hasReadReplica(): boolean {
+        return this.replica;
+    }
+
     override async read(query: string): Promise<Record<string, unknown>[]> {
         this.reads.push(query);
         if (this.replicaRows instanceof Error) throw this.replicaRows;
@@ -127,14 +132,22 @@ describe('AbstractDatabaseClient — replica-aware reads', () => {
         ]);
     });
 
-    it('names the failing query when a required read finds nothing', async () => {
-        const client = new FixtureDatabaseClient([], []);
-        await expect(
-            client.requireRead('SELECT * FROM `user` WHERE `id` = ?'),
-        ).rejects.toThrow(
-            'required read returned no rows: SELECT * FROM `user` WHERE `id` = ?',
+    it('surfaces the primary error when both reads fail', async () => {
+        const client = new FixtureDatabaseClient(new Error('replica down'));
+        client.pread = async () => {
+            throw new Error('primary down');
+        };
+        await expect(client.tryHardRead('SELECT 1')).rejects.toThrow(
+            'primary down',
         );
     });
+
+    it('issues a single read when there is no replica', async () => {
+        const client = new FixtureDatabaseClient([], [{ id: 2 }], false);
+        await expect(client.tryHardRead('SELECT 1')).resolves.toEqual([]);
+        expect(client.reads).toEqual(['SELECT 1']);
+        expect(client.preads).toEqual([]);
+    });
 });
 
 describe('AbstractDatabaseClient — SQL generation', () => {
@@ -235,6 +248,25 @@ describe('AbstractDatabaseClient — SQL generation', () => {
         expect(mysql().returningIdClause()).toBe('');
     });
 
+    it('stamps a timestamp from unix seconds in each dialect', () => {
+        expect(sqlite().timestampFromUnixSql()).toBe(
+            "datetime(?, 'unixepoch')",
+        );
+        expect(mysql().timestampFromUnixSql()).toBe('FROM_UNIXTIME(?)');
+        expect(postgres().timestampFromUnixSql()).toBe('to_timestamp(?)');
+    });
+
+    it('describes a stored timestamp the way each driver reads it back', () => {
+        const seconds = Date.UTC(2026, 9, 11, 8, 5, 9) / 1000;
+        expect(sqlite().timestampValue(seconds)).toBe('2026-10-11 08:05:09');
+        expect(mysql().timestampValue(seconds)).toEqual(
+            new Date(seconds * 1000),
+        );
+        expect(postgres().timestampValue(seconds)).toEqual(
+            new Date(seconds * 1000),
+        );
+    });
+
     it('falls back to `otherwise` for an engine with no explicit choice', () => {
         const client = new FixtureDatabaseClient([]);
         expect(

src/backend/clients/database/DatabaseClient.ts

@@ -17,8 +17,12 @@
  * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
  */
 
+import { readdirSync, readFileSync } from 'fs';
+import { isAbsolute, resolve as resolvePath } from 'path';
 import type { IConfig } from '../../types';
+import { Span } from '../../util/span.js';
 import { PuterClient } from '../types';
+import { compareMigrationFilenames } from './migrationFilenames.js';
 
 export interface WriteResult {
     insertId: number | bigint;
@@ -33,6 +37,12 @@ export interface BatchEntry {
 
 type SqlJsonPath = readonly [string, ...string[]];
 
+/** The slice of a pooled connection that migrations need. */
+export interface MigrationConnection {
+    query(sql: string): Promise<unknown>;
+    release(): void;
+}
+
 /**
  * Base database client. Subclasses must override every method that throws here.
  *
@@ -104,39 +114,133 @@ export class AbstractDatabaseClient extends PuterClient {
         return this.write(sql, values);
     }
 
+    /** Whether `read()` goes to a separate replica rather than the primary. */
+    protected hasReadReplica(): boolean {
+        return false;
+    }
+
     /**
-     * Like `read()` but falls back to the primary when read-replicas are in
-     * use. Subclasses may override with replica-aware logic; the default
-     * delegates to `pread()`.
+     * The replica leg of `tryHardRead`. Override when `read()` falls back to
+     * the primary by itself, or a replica failure reads the primary twice.
      */
+    protected replicaRead(
+        query: string,
+        params: unknown[],
+    ): Promise<Record<string, unknown>[]> {
+        return this.read(query, params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Like `read()`, but an empty or failed replica read falls back to the
+     * primary, so replication lag can't hide a row that was just written. The
+     * primary read starts alongside the replica one rather than after it.
+     * Without a replica this is a single `read()`.
+     */
+    @Span('db.tryHardRead', (query: string) => ({ 'db.statement': query }))
     async tryHardRead(
         query: string,
         params: unknown[] = [],
     ): Promise<Record<string, unknown>[]> {
-        const primary = this.pread(query, params);
-        primary.catch(() => {});
+        if (!this.hasReadReplica()) return this.read(query, params);
 
+        const primary = settle(this.pread(query, params));
         try {
-            const rows = await this.read(query, params);
-            if (rows.length > 0) {
-                return rows;
-            }
+            const rows = await this.replicaRead(query, params);
+            if (rows.length > 0) return rows;
         } catch {
             // replica failed — fall through to primary
         }
-        return primary;
+        const result = await primary;
+        if ('error' in result) throw result.error;
+        return result.value;
     }
 
-    /** Like `tryHardRead()` but throws when the result set is empty. */
-    async requireRead(
-        query: string,
-        params: unknown[] = [],
-    ): Promise<Record<string, unknown>[]> {
-        const rows = await this.tryHardRead(query, params);
-        if (rows.length === 0) {
-            throw new Error(`required read returned no rows: ${query}`);
+    /**
+     * Apply the `.sql` files named `<engineName>*` in each configured migration
+     * directory, in filename order. Files must be idempotent: nothing records
+     * which ones already ran. A failure aborts startup. `transactional` wraps
+     * each file in BEGIN/COMMIT, for engines whose DDL can roll back.
+     */
+    protected async applyMigrationPaths(
+        connect: () => Promise<MigrationConnection>,
+        splitStatements: (contents: string) => string[],
+        { transactional }: { transactional: boolean },
+    ): Promise<void> {
+        const paths = this.config.database?.migrationPaths;
+        if (!paths || paths.length === 0) return;
+
+        const tag = `[${this.engineName}]`;
+        const conn = await connect();
+        try {
+            for (const rawPath of paths) {
+                const dir = isAbsolute(rawPath)
+                    ? rawPath
+                    : resolvePath(process.cwd(), rawPath);
+
+                let files: string[];
+                try {
+                    files = readdirSync(dir)
+                        .filter(
+                            (f) =>
+                                f.endsWith('.sql') &&
+                                f.startsWith(this.engineName),
+                        )
+                        .sort(compareMigrationFilenames);
+                } catch (e) {
+                    throw new Error(
+                        `${tag} migration path is unreadable: ${dir}`,
+                        {
+                            cause: e,
+                        },
+                    );
+                }
+
+                if (files.length === 0) {
+                    console.log(`${tag} no migrations in ${dir}`);
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                console.log(
+                    `${tag} running migrations from ${dir}: ${files.length} file(s)`,
+                );
+
+                for (const file of files) {
+                    const contents = readFileSync(
+                        resolvePath(dir, file),
+                        'utf8',
+                    );
+                    const statements = splitStatements(contents);
+                    if (transactional) await conn.query('BEGIN');
+                    try {
+                        for (let i = 0; i < statements.length; i++) {
+                            try {
+                                await conn.query(statements[i]);
+                            } catch (e) {
+                                throw new Error(
+                                    `${tag} failed to apply ${file} at statement ${i}`,
+                                    { cause: e },
+                                );
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (transactional) await conn.query('COMMIT');
+                    } catch (e) {
+                        if (transactional) {
+                            try {
+                                await conn.query('ROLLBACK');
+                            } catch {
+                                // the original failure is the one worth surfacing
+                            }
+                        }
+                        throw e;
+                    }
+                    console.log(
+                        `${tag} applied ${file} (${statements.length} statements)`,
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            conn.release();
         }
-        return rows;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -240,7 +344,43 @@ export class AbstractDatabaseClient extends PuterClient {
         });
     }
 
+    /**
+     * A timestamp column value from one bound parameter in unix seconds, stored
+     * the way `CURRENT_TIMESTAMP` would store that instant.
+     */
+    timestampFromUnixSql(): string {
+        return this.case({
+            sqlite: "datetime(?, 'unixepoch')",
+            postgres: 'to_timestamp(?)',
+            otherwise: 'FROM_UNIXTIME(?)',
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * What a read of a timestamp column holding `seconds` returns: sqlite gives
+     * back the UTC text it stored, mysql2 and pg a `Date` read in node's time
+     * zone (so this matches when node and the database session share one).
+     */
+    timestampValue(seconds: number): Date | string {
+        const date = new Date(seconds * 1000);
+        return this.case<Date | string>({
+            sqlite: date.toISOString().slice(0, 19).replace('T', ' '),
+            otherwise: date,
+        });
+    }
+
     protected sqlStringLiteral(value: string): string {
         return `'${value.replaceAll("'", "''")}'`;
     }
 }
+
+/** Await later without an unhandled rejection in the meantime. */
+const settle = async <T>(
+    promise: Promise<T>,
+): Promise<{ value: T } | { error: unknown }> => {
+    try {
+        return { value: await promise };
+    } catch (error) {
+        return { error };
+    }
+};

src/backend/clients/database/MySQLDatabaseClient.test.ts

@@ -184,7 +184,8 @@ describe('compareMigrationFilenames', () => {
 //
 // `read()` normally goes to the replica batcher; when the replica side is
 // degraded (batcher load-shed or a transient connection error) and a real
-// replica is configured, the read retries once on the primary batcher.
+// replica is configured, the read retries once on the primary read batcher.
+// The write batcher is left unset, so a failover that reached it would throw.
 
 type Batcher = { execute: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> };
 
@@ -200,7 +201,7 @@ const makeClient = (opts: {
     // inject the batchers directly. Configuration enum: SINGLE=0, REPLICA=1.
     Object.assign(client as unknown as Record<string, unknown>, {
         dbReplica: opts.replica,
-        db: opts.primary,
+        dbPrimaryRead: opts.primary,
         configuration: opts.multiNode === false ? 0 : 1,
     });
     return client;
@@ -284,6 +285,10 @@ const startClient = async (
 // must answer with one row-set per statement plus one for the SELECT 1.
 const rowSets = (...sets: unknown[][]) => [[...sets, [{ 1: 1 }]], undefined];
 
+// Writes go out one statement at a time, so the driver answers with just the
+// result header.
+const writeHeader = (header: Record<string, unknown>) => [header, undefined];
+
 beforeEach(() => {
     createdPools.length = 0;
     createPoolMock.mockClear();
@@ -303,6 +308,9 @@ describe('MySQLDatabaseClient — pool construction', () => {
         expect(createdPools[0].poolConfig).toEqual({
             maxPreparedStatements: 900,
             connectionLimit: 30,
+            maxIdle: 29,
+            idleTimeout: 60_000,
+            gracefulEnd: true,
             enableKeepAlive: true,
             host: 'db.internal',
             port: 3307,
@@ -313,6 +321,32 @@ describe('MySQLDatabaseClient — pool construction', () => {
         });
     });
 
+    // mysql2 skips its idle reaper unless maxIdle < connectionLimit, and an
+    // unreaped connection is closed by the server under the pool's feet.
+    it('keeps the idle reaper on when a pool sets its own connection limit', async () => {
+        await startClient({
+            replica: { host: 'replica.internal', connectionLimit: 10 },
+        });
+
+        expect(createdPools[1].poolConfig).toMatchObject({
+            connectionLimit: 10,
+            maxIdle: 9,
+            idleTimeout: 60_000,
+        });
+    });
+
+    // mysql2 reads 0 as unlimited; a maxIdle of -1 would crash its reaper.
+    it('leaves maxIdle to mysql2 for an unlimited pool', async () => {
+        await startClient({
+            replica: { host: 'replica.internal', connectionLimit: 0 },
+        });
+
+        expect(createdPools[1].poolConfig).toMatchObject({
+            connectionLimit: 0,
+        });
+        expect(createdPools[1].poolConfig).not.toHaveProperty('maxIdle');
+    });
+
     it('falls back to loopback defaults when the endpoint is unspecified', async () => {
         await startClient();
 
@@ -401,10 +435,30 @@ describe('MySQLDatabaseClient — query interface', () => {
         ]);
     });
 
+    it('sends a write on its own, outside a transaction', async () => {
+        const client = await startClient();
+        const pool = createdPools[0];
+        pool.respond = () => writeHeader({ affectedRows: 1 });
+
+        await client.write('UPDATE `user` SET `username` = ? WHERE `id` = ?', [
+            'ada',
+            1,
+        ]);
+
+        expect(pool.calls).toEqual([
+            {
+                sql: 'UPDATE `user` SET `username` = ? WHERE `id` = ?',
+                values: ['ada', 1],
+            },
+        ]);
+        expect(pool.connections[0].beginTransaction).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+        expect(pool.connections[0].commit).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
     it('maps the mysql result header onto the shared write result', async () => {
         const client = await startClient();
         createdPools[0].respond = () =>
-            rowSets({ insertId: 42, affectedRows: 2 } as unknown as unknown[]);
+            writeHeader({ insertId: 42, affectedRows: 2 });
 
         await expect(
             client.write('UPDATE `user` SET `username` = ? WHERE `id` = ?', [
@@ -420,7 +474,7 @@ describe('MySQLDatabaseClient — query interface', () => {
 
     it('reports no rows affected when the header omits the counters', async () => {
         const client = await startClient();
-        createdPools[0].respond = () => rowSets({} as unknown as unknown[]);
+        createdPools[0].respond = () => writeHeader({});
 
         await expect(client.write('DELETE FROM `user`')).resolves.toEqual({
             insertId: 0,
@@ -432,17 +486,14 @@ describe('MySQLDatabaseClient — query interface', () => {
     it('builds an INSERT with quoted identifiers and positional params', async () => {
         const client = await startClient();
         const pool = createdPools[0];
-        pool.respond = () =>
-            rowSets({ insertId: 7, affectedRows: 1 } as unknown as unknown[]);
+        pool.respond = () => writeHeader({ insertId: 7, affectedRows: 1 });
 
         await expect(
             client.insert('user', { username: 'ada', email: null }),
         ).resolves.toMatchObject({ insertId: 7 });
 
         expect(pool.calls[0]).toEqual({
-            sql:
-                'INSERT INTO `user` (`username`, `email`) VALUES (?, ?); ' +
-                'SELECT 1',
+            sql: 'INSERT INTO `user` (`username`, `email`) VALUES (?, ?)',
             values: ['ada', null],
         });
     });
@@ -568,6 +619,21 @@ describe('MySQLDatabaseClient — tryHardRead', () => {
             { from: 'primary' },
         ]);
     });
+
+    it('reads the primary once when the replica fails in a way read() fails over on', async () => {
+        const replica = {
+            execute: vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(codedError('dbBatchFailed')),
+        };
+        const primary = {
+            execute: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue([[{ from: 'primary' }]]),
+        };
+        const client = makeClient({ replica, primary });
+
+        await expect(client.tryHardRead('SELECT 1')).resolves.toEqual([
+            { from: 'primary' },
+        ]);
+        expect(primary.execute).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    });
 });
 
 describe('MySQLDatabaseClient — migrations', () => {
@@ -645,46 +711,6 @@ describe('MySQLDatabaseClient — migrations', () => {
 });
 
 describe('MySQLDatabaseClient — pool lifecycle', () => {
-    it('replaces and closes the previous primary pool on reinit', async () => {
-        const client = await startClient();
-        const original = createdPools[0];
-
-        client.reinitPrimary();
-
-        expect(createdPools).toHaveLength(2);
-        expect(original.ended).toBe(true);
-        // Single-node: the replica batcher must follow the new primary.
-        createdPools[1].respond = () => rowSets([{ from: 'new-primary' }]);
-        await expect(client.read('SELECT 1')).resolves.toEqual([
-            { from: 'new-primary' },
-        ]);
-    });
-
-    it('replaces only the replica pool on replica reinit', async () => {
-        const client = await startClient({ replica: { host: 'replica' } });
-        const [primary, originalReplica] = createdPools;
-
-        client.reinitReplica();
-
-        expect(createdPools).toHaveLength(3);
-        expect(originalReplica.ended).toBe(true);
-        expect(primary.ended).toBe(false);
-    });
-
-    it('ignores a replica reinit when no replica is configured', async () => {
-        const client = await startClient();
-        client.reinitReplica();
-        expect(createdPools).toHaveLength(1);
-    });
-
-    it('ignores reinit once shutdown has started', async () => {
-        const client = await startClient();
-        await client.onServerPrepareShutdown();
-        client.reinitPrimary();
-        expect(createdPools).toHaveLength(1);
-        await client.onServerShutdown();
-    });
-
     it('closes both pools on shutdown when a replica is configured', async () => {
         const client = await startClient({ replica: { host: 'replica' } });
         await client.onServerShutdown();
@@ -693,31 +719,19 @@ describe('MySQLDatabaseClient — pool lifecycle', () => {
         expect(createdPools[1].ended).toBe(true);
     });
 
-    it('closes the pools once the drain window elapses', async () => {
+    it('leaves the pools open through prepare-shutdown; only onServerShutdown closes them', async () => {
         vi.useFakeTimers();
         try {
             const client = await startClient();
             await client.onServerPrepareShutdown();
             expect(createdPools[0].ended).toBe(false);
 
+            // No timer closes the pools on its own — the layers above are
+            // still draining through them for as long as the process drains.
             await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(60_000);
-            expect(createdPools[0].ended).toBe(true);
-        } finally {
-            vi.useRealTimers();
-        }
-    });
-
-    it('cancels the drain timer when shutdown arrives first', async () => {
-        vi.useFakeTimers();
-        try {
-            const client = await startClient();
-            await client.onServerPrepareShutdown();
-            // A second prepare is a no-op — only one drain timer may exist.
-            await client.onServerPrepareShutdown();
-            expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(1);
+            expect(createdPools[0].ended).toBe(false);
 
             await client.onServerShutdown();
-            expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(0);
             expect(createdPools[0].ended).toBe(true);
         } finally {
             vi.useRealTimers();
@@ -740,108 +754,3 @@ describe('MySQLDatabaseClient — pool lifecycle', () => {
         await expect(client.onServerShutdown()).rejects.toThrow('end exploded');
     });
 });
-
-describe('MySQLDatabaseClient.readWithRetry', () => {
-    const codedFailure = (code: string) => {
-        const err = new Error(code) as Error & { code: string };
-        err.code = code;
-        return err;
-    };
-
-    it('classifies transient connection failures as retriable', () => {
-        expect(
-            MySQLDatabaseClient.isRetriableError(codedFailure('ECONNRESET')),
-        ).toBe(true);
-        expect(
-            MySQLDatabaseClient.isRetriableError(codedFailure('ER_DUP_ENTRY')),
-        ).toBe(false);
-        expect(
-            MySQLDatabaseClient.isRetriableError(new Error('Connection lost')),
-        ).toBe(true);
-    });
-
-    it('retries a transient failure and returns the eventual result', async () => {
-        const client = await startClient();
-        let attempts = 0;
-        const operation = vi.fn(async () => {
-            attempts += 1;
-            if (attempts < 3) throw codedFailure('PROTOCOL_CONNECTION_LOST');
-            return [{ ok: 1 }];
-        });
-
-        await expect(
-            client.readWithRetry('health', operation, { baseBackoffMs: 0 }),
-        ).resolves.toEqual([{ ok: 1 }]);
-        expect(operation).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3);
-    });
-
-    it('gives up after the attempt budget is spent', async () => {
-        const client = await startClient();
-        const operation = vi.fn(async () => {
-            throw codedFailure('ETIMEDOUT');
-        });
-
-        await expect(
-            client.readWithRetry('health', operation, {
-                maxAttempts: 2,
-                baseBackoffMs: 0,
-            }),
-        ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'ETIMEDOUT' });
-        expect(operation).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
-    });
-
-    it('never retries a deterministic SQL error', async () => {
-        const client = await startClient();
-        const operation = vi.fn(async () => {
-            throw codedFailure('ER_PARSE_ERROR');
-        });
-
-        await expect(
-            client.readWithRetry('health', operation, { baseBackoffMs: 0 }),
-        ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'ER_PARSE_ERROR' });
-        expect(operation).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-    });
-
-    it('stops retrying once shutdown has started', async () => {
-        const client = await startClient();
-        await client.onServerPrepareShutdown();
-        const operation = vi.fn(async () => {
-            throw codedFailure('ECONNRESET');
-        });
-
-        await expect(
-            client.readWithRetry('health', operation, { baseBackoffMs: 0 }),
-        ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'ECONNRESET' });
-        expect(operation).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-        await client.onServerShutdown();
-    });
-
-    it('applies jittered exponential backoff capped at maxBackoffMs', async () => {
-        const client = await startClient();
-        const delays: number[] = [];
-        const realSetTimeout = globalThis.setTimeout;
-        const timeoutSpy = vi
-            .spyOn(globalThis, 'setTimeout')
-            .mockImplementation(((fn: () => void, ms?: number) => {
-                delays.push(ms ?? 0);
-                return realSetTimeout(fn, 0);
-            }) as typeof setTimeout);
-
-        try {
-            const operation = vi.fn(async () => {
-                throw codedFailure('ECONNRESET');
-            });
-            await expect(
-                client.readWithRetry('health', operation, {
-                    maxAttempts: 4,
-                    baseBackoffMs: 100,
-                    maxBackoffMs: 150,
-                    jitterRatio: 0,
-                }),
-            ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'ECONNRESET' });
-            expect(delays).toEqual([100, 150, 150]);
-        } finally {
-            timeoutSpy.mockRestore();
-        }
-    });
-});

src/backend/clients/database/MySQLDatabaseClient.ts

@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
  * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
  */
 
-import { readdirSync, readFileSync } from 'fs';
-import { isAbsolute, resolve as resolvePath } from 'path';
 import { metrics } from '@opentelemetry/api';
 import { createPool, ExecuteValues, type Pool } from 'mysql2';
 import { Span } from '../../util/span.js';
@@ -26,10 +24,11 @@ import { AbstractDatabaseClient, type WriteResult } from './DatabaseClient';
 import { SQLBatcher } from './SQLBatcher.js';
 import { isRetriableError } from './retriableErrors.js';
 import { splitMysqlStatements } from './splitMysqlStatements.js';
-import { compareMigrationFilenames } from './migrationFilenames.js';
 import type { IConfig } from '../../types';
 
 const DEFAULT_SELECT_TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000;
+const DEFAULT_CONNECTION_LIMIT = 30;
+const IDLE_TIMEOUT_MS = 60_000;
 
 const replicaFailoverCounter = metrics
     .getMeter('puter-backend')
@@ -38,7 +37,7 @@ const replicaFailoverCounter = metrics
             'Reads that failed on the replica batcher and were retried on the primary',
     });
 
-export { compareMigrationFilenames };
+export { compareMigrationFilenames } from './migrationFilenames.js';
 
 type PoolConfig = Parameters<typeof createPool>[0];
 
@@ -54,11 +53,10 @@ export class MySQLDatabaseClient extends AbstractDatabaseClient {
     private replicaPool!: Pool;
     private db!: SQLBatcher;
     private dbReplica!: SQLBatcher;
-    /** Primary pool, SELECT-only: same rows as `db`, without the transaction. */
+    /** Primary pool, SELECT-only: same rows as `db`, coalesced like the replica. */
     private dbPrimaryRead!: SQLBatcher;
     private configuration = Configuration.SINGLE;
     private shutdownStarted = false;
-    private shutdownTimer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null;
 
     constructor(config: IConfig) {
         super(config);
@@ -94,36 +92,23 @@ export class MySQLDatabaseClient extends AbstractDatabaseClient {
 
         this.dbReplica = this.createReplicaBatcher(this.replicaPool);
 
-        await this.runMigrations();
+        await this.applyMigrationPaths(
+            () => this.primaryPool.promise().getConnection(),
+            splitMysqlStatements,
+            { transactional: false },
+        );
     }
 
     override async onServerPrepareShutdown(): Promise<void> {
         if (this.shutdownStarted) return;
         this.shutdownStarted = true;
 
-        // Allow in-flight queries to drain before closing pools
-        const drainMs = 60_000;
-        console.log(
-            `[mysql] draining in-flight queries (${drainMs}ms) before closing pools`,
-        );
-
-        this.shutdownTimer = setTimeout(() => {
-            this.shutdownTimer = null;
-            this.closeCurrentPools('drain').catch((e) =>
-                console.error('[mysql] error closing pools after drain', e),
-            );
-        }, drainMs);
-
-        if (typeof this.shutdownTimer.unref === 'function') {
-            this.shutdownTimer.unref();
-        }
+        // Pools stay open; onServerShutdown closes them after the layers
+        // above have drained.
+        console.log('[mysql] entering drain mode');
     }
 
     override async onServerShutdown(): Promise<void> {
-        if (this.shutdownTimer) {
-            clearTimeout(this.shutdownTimer);
-            this.shutdownTimer = null;
-        }
         await this.closeCurrentPools('shutdown');
     }
 
@@ -154,7 +139,7 @@ export class MySQLDatabaseClient extends AbstractDatabaseClient {
                 throw error;
             }
             replicaFailoverCounter.add(1);
-            result = await this.db.execute(query, params);
+            result = await this.dbPrimaryRead.execute(query, params);
         }
         if (!result) return [];
         return (result[0] as Record<string, unknown>[]) ?? [];
@@ -216,101 +201,18 @@ export class MySQLDatabaseClient extends AbstractDatabaseClient {
         }
     }
 
-    @Span('db.tryHardRead', (query: string) => ({ 'db.statement': query }))
-    override async tryHardRead(
-        query: string,
-        params: unknown[] = [],
-    ): Promise<Record<string, unknown>[]> {
-        if (this.configuration === Configuration.SINGLE) {
-            return this.read(query, params);
-        }
-
-        // Run both reads in parallel — prefer replica when it returns rows,
-        // otherwise fall back to primary to handle replication lag.
-        const primaryPromise = this.dbPrimaryRead.execute(query, params);
-        try {
-            const replicaResult = await this.dbReplica.execute(query, params);
-            if (
-                Array.isArray(replicaResult?.[0]) &&
-                (replicaResult[0] as unknown[]).length > 0
-            ) {
-                primaryPromise.catch(() => {}); // suppress unhandled rejection
-                return replicaResult[0] as Record<string, unknown>[];
-            }
-        } catch {
-            // fall through to primary
-        }
-
-        const primaryResult = await primaryPromise;
-        return (primaryResult?.[0] as Record<string, unknown>[]) ?? [];
+    protected override hasReadReplica(): boolean {
+        return this.configuration === Configuration.REPLICA;
     }
 
-    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Migrations
-    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-    /**
-     * Apply `.sql` files from each configured migration directory in order.
-     * Files within a directory are sorted lexically. Files MUST be idempotent —
-     * there is no per-file applied-state tracking. Failures abort startup so
-     * operators see schema problems loud.
-     */
-    private async runMigrations(): Promise<void> {
-        const paths = this.config.database?.migrationPaths;
-        if (!paths || paths.length === 0) return;
-
-        const conn = await this.primaryPool.promise().getConnection();
-        try {
-            for (const rawPath of paths) {
-                const dir = isAbsolute(rawPath)
-                    ? rawPath
-                    : resolvePath(process.cwd(), rawPath);
-
-                let files: string[];
-                try {
-                    files = readdirSync(dir)
-                        .filter(
-                            (f) => f.endsWith('.sql') && f.startsWith('mysql'),
-                        )
-                        .sort(compareMigrationFilenames);
-                } catch (e) {
-                    throw new Error(
-                        `[mysql] migration path is unreadable: ${dir}`,
-                        { cause: e },
-                    );
-                }
-
-                if (files.length === 0) {
-                    console.log(`[mysql] no migrations in ${dir}`);
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                console.log(
-                    `[mysql] running migrations from ${dir}: ${files.length} file(s)`,
-                );
-
-                for (const file of files) {
-                    const filePath = resolvePath(dir, file);
-                    const contents = readFileSync(filePath, 'utf8');
-                    const statements = splitMysqlStatements(contents);
-                    for (let i = 0; i < statements.length; i++) {
-                        try {
-                            await conn.query(statements[i]);
-                        } catch (e) {
-                            throw new Error(
-                                `[mysql] failed to apply ${file} at statement ${i}`,
-                                { cause: e },
-                            );
-                        }
-                    }
-                    console.log(
-                        `[mysql] applied ${file} (${statements.length} statements)`,
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-        } finally {
-            conn.release();
-        }
+    // No failover: `tryHardRead` already has a primary read in flight.
+    protected override async replicaRead(
+        query: string,
+        params: unknown[],
+    ): Promise<Record<string, unknown>[]> {
+        const result = await this.dbReplica.execute(query, params);
+        if (!result) return [];
+        return (result[0] as Record<string, unknown>[]) ?? [];
     }
 
     // ------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -318,9 +220,19 @@ export class MySQLDatabaseClient extends AbstractDatabaseClient {
     // ------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     private createPool(poolConfig: PoolConfig): Pool {
+        const connectionLimit =
+            poolConfig.connectionLimit ?? DEFAULT_CONNECTION_LIMIT;
         const pool = createPool({
             maxPreparedStatements: 900,
-            connectionLimit: 30,
+            connectionLimit,
+            // mysql2 only reaps idle connections when maxIdle < connectionLimit.
+            // Unreaped, they sit until the server's wait_timeout closes them,
+            // and the next statement sent on one fails. 0 means unlimited,
+            // and a negative maxIdle would crash the reaper.
+            ...(connectionLimit > 1 && { maxIdle: connectionLimit - 1 }),
+            idleTimeout: IDLE_TIMEOUT_MS,
+            // Reaped connections say goodbye instead of dropping the socket.
+            gracefulEnd: true,
             enableKeepAlive: true,
             ...poolConfig,
             multipleStatements: true,
@@ -348,21 +260,20 @@ export class MySQLDatabaseClient extends AbstractDatabaseClient {
         return pool;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * One write per flush. Coalesced writes share a transaction, so unrelated
+     * callers hold each other's row locks until COMMIT and deadlock; a lone
+     * statement needs no BEGIN/COMMIT round trips.
+     */
     private createPrimaryBatcher(pool: Pool): SQLBatcher {
         return new SQLBatcher(pool, {
-            maxTimeInQueue: 30,
-            maxBatchSize: 5,
+            maxBatchSize: 1,
             poolLabel: 'primary',
             acquireTimeoutMs: this.config.database?.acquireTimeoutMs,
         });
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Reads that must see the primary still only read, so they skip the
-     * batcher's transaction wrapper. Worth a separate batcher because BEGIN and
-     * COMMIT are round trips: against a primary in another region they cost
-     * more than the query.
-     */
+    /** Reads that must see the primary, still coalesced. */
     private createPrimaryReadBatcher(pool: Pool): SQLBatcher {
         return new SQLBatcher(pool, {
             maxTimeInQueue: 30,
@@ -383,57 +294,6 @@ export class MySQLDatabaseClient extends AbstractDatabaseClient {
         });
     }
 
-    /** Reinitialize the primary pool (e.g. after a health-check failure). */
-    reinitPrimary(): void {
-        if (this.shutdownStarted) return;
-
-        const dbConf = this.config.database!;
-        const previous = this.primaryPool;
-        this.primaryPool = this.createPool({
-            host: dbConf.host ?? '127.0.0.1',
-            port: dbConf.port ?? 3306,
-            user: dbConf.user ?? 'root',
-            password: dbConf.password ?? '',
-            database: dbConf.database ?? 'puter',
-        });
-        this.db = this.createPrimaryBatcher(this.primaryPool);
-        this.dbPrimaryRead = this.createPrimaryReadBatcher(this.primaryPool);
-
-        if (this.configuration === Configuration.SINGLE) {
-            this.replicaPool = this.primaryPool;
-            this.dbReplica = this.createReplicaBatcher(this.primaryPool);
-        }
-
-        if (previous && previous !== this.primaryPool) {
-            this.closePool(previous, 'reinit:primary').catch(() => {});
-        }
-    }
-
-    /** Reinitialize the replica pool. */
-    reinitReplica(): void {
-        if (this.shutdownStarted || !this.config.database?.replica) return;
-
-        const previous = this.replicaPool;
-        this.replicaPool = this.createPool(this.config.database.replica);
-        this.dbReplica = this.createReplicaBatcher(this.replicaPool);
-
-        if (
-            previous &&
-            previous !== this.replicaPool &&
-            previous !== this.primaryPool
-        ) {
-            this.closePool(previous, 'reinit:replica').catch(() => {});
-        }
-    }
-
-    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Retry helpers (for health checks or resilient reads)
-    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-    static isRetriableError(error: unknown): boolean {
-        return isRetriableError(error);
-    }
-
     /**
      * Replica failures worth retrying on the primary: batcher load-shed or
      * transient connection errors — never deterministic SQL errors.
@@ -443,52 +303,6 @@ export class MySQLDatabaseClient extends AbstractDatabaseClient {
         return code === 'dbBatchFailed' || isRetriableError(error);
     }
 
-    async readWithRetry(
-        label: string,
-        operation: () => Promise<unknown[]>,
-        opts?: {
-            maxAttempts?: number;
-            baseBackoffMs?: number;
-            maxBackoffMs?: number;
-            jitterRatio?: number;
-        },
-    ): Promise<unknown[]> {
-        const maxAttempts = opts?.maxAttempts ?? 3;
-        const baseBackoffMs = opts?.baseBackoffMs ?? 100;
-        const maxBackoffMs = opts?.maxBackoffMs ?? 500;
-        const jitterRatio = opts?.jitterRatio ?? 0.2;
-
-        let attempt = 1;
-
-        while (true) {
-            try {
-                return await operation();
-            } catch (error) {
-                if (this.shutdownStarted) throw error;
-                if (
-                    attempt >= maxAttempts ||
-                    !MySQLDatabaseClient.isRetriableError(error)
-                )
-                    throw error;
-
-                const raw = baseBackoffMs * 2 ** (attempt - 1);
-                const capped = Math.min(maxBackoffMs, raw);
-                const window = Math.round(capped * jitterRatio);
-                const jitter =
-                    window === 0
-                        ? 0
-                        : Math.floor(Math.random() * (window * 2 + 1)) - window;
-                const delay = Math.max(0, capped + jitter);
-
-                console.warn(
-                    `[${label}] transient mysql error (${(error as { code?: string })?.code ?? 'unknown'}); retry ${attempt + 1}/${maxAttempts} in ${delay}ms`,
-                );
-                await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, delay));
-                attempt++;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     // ------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Internal pool lifecycle
     // ------------------------------------------------------------------

src/backend/clients/database/PostgresDatabaseClient.test.ts

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  */
 
 import type { FieldDef, QueryResult } from 'pg';
-import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
 import type { IConfig } from '../../types';
 import { DatabaseClientFactory } from './index.js';
 import {
@@ -28,6 +28,20 @@ import {
     type PostgresPoolClient,
 } from './PostgresDatabaseClient.js';
 
+// Pass-through spy: the rewrite is pure, so its call count shows the memo.
+const { rewriteSpy } = vi.hoisted(() => ({ rewriteSpy: vi.fn() }));
+vi.mock('./preparePostgresSql.js', async (importOriginal) => {
+    const actual =
+        await importOriginal<typeof import('./preparePostgresSql.js')>();
+    return {
+        ...actual,
+        preparePostgresSql: (sql: string) => {
+            rewriteSpy(sql);
+            return actual.preparePostgresSql(sql);
+        },
+    };
+});
+
 type QueryCall = {
     text: string;
     values?: unknown[];
@@ -167,6 +181,23 @@ describe('PostgresDatabaseClient', () => {
         });
     });
 
+    it('rewrites a repeated query once', async () => {
+        const pool = new RecordingPool();
+        const client = new PostgresDatabaseClient(postgresConfig(), () => pool);
+        await client.onServerStart();
+        const query = 'SELECT `name` FROM `apps` WHERE `id` = ?';
+        rewriteSpy.mockClear();
+
+        await client.read(query, [1]);
+        await client.pread(query, [2]);
+        await client.write(query, [3]);
+
+        expect(rewriteSpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+        expect(pool.calls.slice(-3).map((c) => c.text)).toEqual(
+            Array(3).fill('SELECT "name" FROM "apps" WHERE "id" = $1'),
+        );
+    });
+
     it('normalizes int8 fields on read and primary read rows', async () => {
         const pool = new RecordingPool(
             new RecordingPoolClient(),
@@ -357,4 +388,33 @@ describe('PostgresDatabaseClient', () => {
         ]);
         expect(conn.released).toBe(true);
     });
+
+    it('leaves the pool open through prepare-shutdown; only onServerShutdown closes it', async () => {
+        vi.useFakeTimers();
+        try {
+            const pool = new RecordingPool();
+            let ended = false;
+            pool.end = async () => {
+                ended = true;
+            };
+            const client = new PostgresDatabaseClient(
+                postgresConfig(),
+                () => pool,
+            );
+            await client.onServerStart();
+
+            await client.onServerPrepareShutdown();
+            expect(ended).toBe(false);
+
+            // No timer closes the pool on its own — the layers above are
+            // still draining through it for as long as the process drains.
+            await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(60_000);
+            expect(ended).toBe(false);
+
+            await client.onServerShutdown();
+            expect(ended).toBe(true);
+        } finally {
+            vi.useRealTimers();
+        }
+    });
 });

src/backend/clients/database/PostgresDatabaseClient.ts

@@ -17,16 +17,14 @@
  * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
  */
 
-import { readdirSync, readFileSync } from 'fs';
-import { isAbsolute, resolve as resolvePath } from 'path';
 import { Pool, type PoolConfig, type QueryResult } from 'pg';
+import { BoundedTtlMap } from '../../util/boundedTtlMap.js';
 import { Span } from '../../util/span.js';
 import {
     AbstractDatabaseClient,
     type BatchEntry,
     type WriteResult,
 } from './DatabaseClient';
-import { compareMigrationFilenames } from './migrationFilenames.js';
 import { preparePostgresSql } from './preparePostgresSql.js';
 import { splitPostgresStatements } from './splitPostgresStatements.js';
 import type { IConfig } from '../../types';
@@ -62,6 +60,7 @@ enum Configuration {
 }
 
 const POSTGRES_INT8_OID = 20;
+const PREPARED_SQL_CACHE_SIZE = 1000;
 const INTEGER_TEXT_PATTERN = /^-?\d+$/u;
 
 const normalizePostgresInt8 = (
@@ -138,7 +137,10 @@ export class PostgresDatabaseClient extends AbstractDatabaseClient {
     private replicaPool!: PostgresPool;
     private configuration = Configuration.SINGLE;
     private shutdownStarted = false;
-    private shutdownTimer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null;
+    /** Query text as written → its Postgres rewrite, which is pure. */
+    private readonly preparedSql = new BoundedTtlMap<string, string>({
+        maxEntries: PREPARED_SQL_CACHE_SIZE,
+    });
 
     constructor(
         config: IConfig,
@@ -165,35 +167,23 @@ export class PostgresDatabaseClient extends AbstractDatabaseClient {
             this.configuration = Configuration.SINGLE;
         }
 
-        await this.runMigrations();
+        await this.applyMigrationPaths(
+            () => this.primaryPool.connect(),
+            splitPostgresStatements,
+            { transactional: true },
+        );
     }
 
     override async onServerPrepareShutdown(): Promise<void> {
         if (this.shutdownStarted) return;
         this.shutdownStarted = true;
 
-        const drainMs = 60_000;
-        console.log(
-            `[postgres] draining in-flight queries (${drainMs}ms) before closing pools`,
-        );
-
-        this.shutdownTimer = setTimeout(() => {
-            this.shutdownTimer = null;
-            this.closeCurrentPools().catch((e) =>
-                console.error('[postgres] error closing pools after drain', e),
-            );
-        }, drainMs);
-
-        if (typeof this.shutdownTimer.unref === 'function') {
-            this.shutdownTimer.unref();
-        }
+        // Pools stay open; onServerShutdown closes them after the layers above
+        // have drained through them.
+        console.log('[postgres] entering drain mode');
     }
 
     override async onServerShutdown(): Promise<void> {
-        if (this.shutdownTimer) {
-            clearTimeout(this.shutdownTimer);
-            this.shutdownTimer = null;
-        }
         await this.closeCurrentPools();
     }
 
@@ -265,98 +255,8 @@ export class PostgresDatabaseClient extends AbstractDatabaseClient {
         }
     }
 
-    @Span('db.tryHardRead', (query: string) => ({ 'db.statement': query }))
-    override async tryHardRead(
-        query: string,
-        params: unknown[] = [],
-    ): Promise<Record<string, unknown>[]> {
-        if (this.configuration === Configuration.SINGLE) {
-            return this.read(query, params);
-        }
-
-        const primaryPromise = this.query(this.primaryPool, query, params);
-        try {
-            const replicaResult = await this.query(
-                this.replicaPool,
-                query,
-                params,
-            );
-            if (replicaResult.rows.length > 0) {
-                primaryPromise.catch(() => {});
-                return normalizePostgresRows(replicaResult);
-            }
-        } catch {
-            // fall through to primary
-        }
-
-        const primaryResult = await primaryPromise;
-        return normalizePostgresRows(primaryResult);
-    }
-
-    private async runMigrations(): Promise<void> {
-        const paths = this.config.database?.migrationPaths;
-        if (!paths || paths.length === 0) return;
-
-        const conn = await this.primaryPool.connect();
-        try {
-            for (const rawPath of paths) {
-                const dir = isAbsolute(rawPath)
-                    ? rawPath
-                    : resolvePath(process.cwd(), rawPath);
-
-                let files: string[];
-                try {
-                    files = readdirSync(dir)
-                        .filter(
-                            (f) =>
-                                f.endsWith('.sql') && f.startsWith('postgres'),
-                        )
-                        .sort(compareMigrationFilenames);
-                } catch (e) {
-                    throw new Error(
-                        `[postgres] migration path is unreadable: ${dir}`,
-                        { cause: e },
-                    );
-                }
-
-                if (files.length === 0) {
-                    console.log(`[postgres] no migrations in ${dir}`);
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                console.log(
-                    `[postgres] running migrations from ${dir}: ${files.length} file(s)`,
-                );
-
-                for (const file of files) {
-                    const filePath = resolvePath(dir, file);
-                    const contents = readFileSync(filePath, 'utf8');
-                    const statements = splitPostgresStatements(contents);
-                    await conn.query('BEGIN');
-                    try {
-                        for (let i = 0; i < statements.length; i++) {
-                            try {
-                                await conn.query(statements[i]);
-                            } catch (e) {
-                                throw new Error(
-                                    `[postgres] failed to apply ${file} at statement ${i}`,
-                                    { cause: e },
-                                );
-                            }
-                        }
-                        await conn.query('COMMIT');
-                    } catch (e) {
-                        await conn.query('ROLLBACK').catch(() => {});
-                        throw e;
-                    }
-                    console.log(
-                        `[postgres] applied ${file} (${statements.length} statements)`,
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-        } finally {
-            conn.release();
-        }
+    protected override hasReadReplica(): boolean {
+        return this.configuration === Configuration.REPLICA;
     }
 
     private createPool(dbConf: PostgresEndpointConfig): PostgresPool {
@@ -383,8 +283,12 @@ export class PostgresDatabaseClient extends AbstractDatabaseClient {
         query: string,
         params: unknown[] = [],
     ): Promise<QueryResult> {
-        const prepared = preparePostgresSql(query);
-        return target.query(prepared.text, params);
+        let text = this.preparedSql.get(query);
+        if (text === undefined) {
+            text = preparePostgresSql(query).text;
+            this.preparedSql.set(query, text);
+        }
+        return target.query(text, params);
     }
 
     private async closeCurrentPools(): Promise<void> {

src/backend/clients/database/SQLBatcher.js

@@ -258,16 +258,11 @@ export class SQLBatcher {
         }
         if (batch.length === 0) return;
 
-        const query = `${batch.map((b) => b.sql.replace(/;+\s*$/, '')).join(';')}; SELECT 1`; // SELECT 1 forces mysql2 to return array
-        const values = batch.map((b) => b.values ?? []).flat();
-
         let connection;
         try {
             connection = await this.#acquireConnection();
         } catch (error) {
-            this.#consecutiveFailures++;
-            this.#lastFailureAt = Date.now();
-            flushFailureCounter.add(1, this.#metricAttrs);
+            this.#recordFlushFailure();
             console.warn(
                 'SQLBatcher could not acquire connection for flush:',
                 error,
@@ -278,6 +273,14 @@ export class SQLBatcher {
             return;
         }
 
+        if (batch.length === 1 && !this.readOnly) {
+            await this.#flushLoneWrite(batch[0], connection);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        const query = `${batch.map((b) => b.sql.replace(/;+\s*$/, '')).join(';')}; SELECT 1`; // SELECT 1 forces mysql2 to return array
+        const values = batch.map((b) => b.values ?? []).flat();
+
         // Run the coalesced multi-statement inside an explicit transaction so
         // a single bad statement (e.g. a duplicate-key INSERT) rolls back the
         // whole batch atomically, leaving us free to re-run each item
@@ -333,7 +336,7 @@ export class SQLBatcher {
             async () => {
                 while (cursor < batch.length) {
                     const i = cursor++;
-                    settled[i] = await this.#runFallbackItem(batch[i]);
+                    settled[i] = await this.#runItem(batch[i]);
                 }
             },
         );
@@ -367,7 +370,34 @@ export class SQLBatcher {
         }
     }
 
-    // Run one fallback item, retrying transient failures with backoff.
+    // A single statement is atomic under autocommit, so it skips BEGIN/COMMIT
+    // and their round trips. With no transaction to roll back, a failure is
+    // not re-run wholesale; only the per-item retry policy applies.
+    async #flushLoneWrite(item, connection) {
+        const r = await this.#runItem(item, connection);
+        if (r.ok) {
+            this.#consecutiveFailures = 0;
+            item.resolve(r.value);
+            return;
+        }
+        // An error the server answered with (duplicate key, bad SQL) means it
+        // is up; only failing to reach it counts toward the breaker.
+        if (isRetriableError(r.error)) {
+            this.#recordFlushFailure();
+        } else {
+            this.#consecutiveFailures = 0;
+            flushFailureCounter.add(1, this.#metricAttrs);
+        }
+        item.reject(r.error);
+    }
+
+    #recordFlushFailure() {
+        this.#consecutiveFailures++;
+        this.#lastFailureAt = Date.now();
+        flushFailureCounter.add(1, this.#metricAttrs);
+    }
+
+    // Run one item on its own, retrying transient failures with backoff.
     // A read-only batcher may retry anything transient; a batcher that
     // carries writes only retries failures where the statement provably
     // did not apply — either it never reached the server, or the server
@@ -378,33 +408,37 @@ export class SQLBatcher {
     // than surfacing: an item is a single statement, so a deadlock victim has
     // been fully undone, and the caller sees an unhandled 500 for what the
     // database is telling us to just run again.
-    async #runFallbackItem(b) {
+    async #runItem(b, connection) {
         let attempt = 0;
         while (true) {
-            let connection;
-            try {
-                connection = await this.#acquireConnection();
-            } catch (error) {
-                return { ok: false, error };
+            if (!connection) {
+                try {
+                    connection = await this.#acquireConnection();
+                } catch (error) {
+                    return { ok: false, error };
+                }
             }
+            let error;
             try {
                 return {
                     ok: true,
                     value: await connection.query(b.sql, b.values ?? []),
                 };
-            } catch (error) {
-                const canRetry = this.readOnly
-                    ? isRetriableError(error) || isRolledBackError(error)
-                    : isNeverSentError(error) || isRolledBackError(error);
-                if (!canRetry || attempt >= ITEM_RETRY_ATTEMPTS) {
-                    return { ok: false, error };
-                }
-                attempt++;
-                fallbackItemRetriesCounter.add(1, this.#metricAttrs);
-                await sleep(RETRY_BASE_BACKOFF_MS * attempt);
+            } catch (e) {
+                error = e;
             } finally {
                 connection.release();
+                connection = undefined;
             }
+            const canRetry = this.readOnly
+                ? isRetriableError(error) || isRolledBackError(error)
+                : isNeverSentError(error) || isRolledBackError(error);
+            if (!canRetry || attempt >= ITEM_RETRY_ATTEMPTS) {
+                return { ok: false, error };
+            }
+            attempt++;
+            fallbackItemRetriesCounter.add(1, this.#metricAttrs);
+            await sleep(RETRY_BASE_BACKOFF_MS * attempt);
         }
     }
 }

src/backend/clients/database/SQLBatcher.test.ts

@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ describe('SQLBatcher', () => {
     });
 
     it('drops the oldest item with reason queueOverflow at the high-water mark', async () => {
-        const conn = makeConnection(happyBatch);
+        const conn = makeConnection(() => [[{ n: 0 }], undefined]);
         const { pool } = makePool(conn);
         const batcher = new SQLBatcher(pool, {
             maxTimeInQueue: 5,
@@ -277,6 +277,65 @@ describe('SQLBatcher', () => {
         );
     });
 
+    it('sends a lone write as-is, outside a transaction', async () => {
+        const conn = makeConnection((sql) => {
+            if (isBatchQuery(sql)) throw new Error('unexpected batch query');
+            return [{ affectedRows: 1 }, undefined];
+        });
+        const { pool } = makePool(conn);
+        const batcher = new SQLBatcher(pool, { maxBatchSize: 1 });
+
+        const result = await batcher.query('UPDATE t SET x = ?', [1]);
+        expect(result[0]).toEqual({ affectedRows: 1 });
+        expect(conn.query).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+        expect(conn.query).toHaveBeenCalledWith('UPDATE t SET x = ?', [1]);
+        expect(conn.beginTransaction).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+        expect(conn.commit).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+        expect(conn.release).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    });
+
+    it('runs a lone write the server rejects once, without tripping the breaker', async () => {
+        const warnSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {});
+        const conn = makeConnection((sql) => {
+            if (sql === 'INSERT dup') throw makeError('ER_DUP_ENTRY');
+            return [{ affectedRows: 1 }, undefined];
+        });
+        const { pool } = makePool(conn);
+        const batcher = new SQLBatcher(pool, {
+            maxBatchSize: 1,
+            failureThreshold: 1,
+            cooldownMs: 60_000,
+        });
+
+        await expect(batcher.query('INSERT dup', [])).rejects.toMatchObject({
+            code: 'ER_DUP_ENTRY',
+        });
+        expect(conn.query).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+        expect(conn.rollback).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+        expect(warnSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+        // The server answered, so it is up: the next write goes through.
+        await expect(batcher.query('INSERT fine', [])).resolves.toBeTruthy();
+        warnSpy.mockRestore();
+    });
+
+    it('retries a lone write on a connection the server closed for inactivity', async () => {
+        let attempts = 0;
+        const conn = makeConnection(() => {
+            attempts++;
+            if (attempts === 1) {
+                throw makeError('ER_CLIENT_INTERACTION_TIMEOUT');
+            }
+            return [{ affectedRows: 1 }, undefined];
+        });
+        const { pool, getConnection } = makePool(conn);
+        const batcher = new SQLBatcher(pool, { maxBatchSize: 1 });
+
+        const result = await batcher.query('INSERT x', []);
+        expect(result[0]).toEqual({ affectedRows: 1 });
+        expect(attempts).toBe(2);
+        expect(getConnection).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+    });
+
     it('never retries deterministic row-level errors and does not escalate the breaker', async () => {
         let fallbackAttempts = 0;
         const conn = makeConnection((sql) => {

src/backend/clients/database/SqliteDatabaseClient.test.ts

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ import { DatabaseClientFactory } from './index.js';
 import { SqliteDatabaseClient } from './SqliteDatabaseClient.js';
 
 /** Highest schema version the migration table can reach. */
-const CURRENT_SCHEMA_VERSION = 81;
+const CURRENT_SCHEMA_VERSION = 89;
 
 /**
  * These suites migrate real files on disk. Idle they finish in well under a
@@ -276,6 +276,68 @@ describe('SqliteDatabaseClient — boot and migrations', { timeout: DISK_MIGRATI
         ]);
     });
 
+    it('deletes the subdomain rows an app owns when the app is deleted', async () => {
+        const [user] = (await client.read(
+            'SELECT MIN(`id`) AS id FROM `user`',
+        )) as { id: number }[];
+        await client.write(
+            'INSERT INTO `apps` (`uid`, `owner_user_id`, `name`, `title`, `index_url`) ' +
+                'VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)',
+            [
+                'app-cascade-test',
+                user.id,
+                'cascade-test',
+                'cascade-test',
+                'https://cascade.test/',
+            ],
+        );
+        const [app] = (await client.read(
+            'SELECT `id` FROM `apps` WHERE `uid` = ?',
+            ['app-cascade-test'],
+        )) as { id: number }[];
+        const insertSubdomain = (
+            uuid: string,
+            name: string,
+            appOwner: number | null,
+        ) =>
+            client.write(
+                'INSERT INTO `subdomains` (`uuid`, `subdomain`, `user_id`, `app_owner`) ' +
+                    'VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)',
+                [uuid, name, user.id, appOwner],
+            );
+        await insertSubdomain('sd-cascade-owned', 'cascade-owned', app.id);
+        await insertSubdomain('sd-cascade-unowned', 'cascade-unowned', null);
+
+        await client.write('DELETE FROM `apps` WHERE `id` = ?', [app.id]);
+
+        await expect(
+            client.read(
+                'SELECT `subdomain` FROM `subdomains` WHERE `subdomain` LIKE ? ORDER BY `id`',
+                ['cascade-%'],
+            ),
+        ).resolves.toEqual([{ subdomain: 'cascade-unowned' }]);
+    });
+
+    it('keeps every subdomains column through the 0086 rebuild', async () => {
+        const columns = (await client.read(
+            "SELECT `name` FROM pragma_table_info('subdomains') ORDER BY `cid`",
+        )) as { name: string }[];
+        expect(columns.map((c) => c.name)).toEqual([
+            'id',
+            'uuid',
+            'subdomain',
+            'user_id',
+            'root_dir_id',
+            'associated_app_id',
+            'ts',
+            'app_owner',
+            'protected',
+            'domain',
+            'database_id',
+            'preamble_version',
+        ]);
+    });
+
     it('constrains team shares that the user-holder index cannot', async () => {
         const [user] = (await client.read(
             'SELECT MIN(`id`) AS id FROM `user`',
@@ -976,8 +1038,7 @@ describe('SqliteDatabaseClient — query interface', () => {
 });
 
 // Single-node engines have no replica to race, so `tryHardRead` must not
-// issue the query twice — the base-class default fires `pread()` and
-// `read()` in parallel, which on sqlite is the same connection.
+// issue the query twice on the one connection.
 describe('SqliteDatabaseClient — tryHardRead', () => {
     let client: SqliteDatabaseClient;
 
@@ -1016,20 +1077,50 @@ describe('SqliteDatabaseClient — tryHardRead', () => {
         expect(readSpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
         expect(preadSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
     });
+});
 
-    it('throws from requireRead when nothing matches', async () => {
-        await expect(
-            client.requireRead(
-                'SELECT `name` FROM `widget` WHERE `id` = ?',
-                [42],
-            ),
-        ).rejects.toThrow('required read returned no rows');
+describe('SqliteDatabaseClient — prepared statements', () => {
+    let client: SqliteDatabaseClient;
+    let prepare: ReturnType<typeof vi.spyOn>;
+
+    beforeEach(async () => {
+        client = await bootClient();
+        await client.write(
+            'CREATE TABLE `widget` (`id` INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, `name` TEXT)',
+        );
+        // better-sqlite3 is the driver boundary; count compilations there.
+        const db = (client as unknown as { db: Database.Database }).db;
+        prepare = vi.spyOn(db, 'prepare');
     });
 
-    it('returns the rows from requireRead when something matches', async () => {
-        await client.write('INSERT INTO `widget` (`name`) VALUES (?)', ['ok']);
-        await expect(
-            client.requireRead('SELECT `name` FROM `widget`'),
-        ).resolves.toEqual([{ name: 'ok' }]);
+    afterEach(() => {
+        client.onServerShutdown();
+    });
+
+    it('compiles a repeated query once', async () => {
+        const insert = 'INSERT INTO `widget` (`name`) VALUES (?)';
+        await client.write(insert, ['a']);
+        await client.write(insert, ['b']);
+        await client.batchWrite([{ statement: insert, values: ['c'] }]);
+        const select = 'SELECT `name` FROM `widget` ORDER BY `id`';
+        await client.read(select);
+
+        await expect(client.read(select)).resolves.toEqual([
+            { name: 'a' },
+            { name: 'b' },
+            { name: 'c' },
+        ]);
+        expect(prepare).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+    });
+
+    it('keeps serving a cached query after the schema changes', async () => {
+        const select = 'SELECT * FROM `widget`';
+        await client.write('INSERT INTO `widget` (`name`) VALUES (?)', ['a']);
+        await client.read(select);
+        await client.write('ALTER TABLE `widget` ADD COLUMN `size` INTEGER');
+
+        await expect(client.read(select)).resolves.toEqual([
+            { id: 1, name: 'a', size: null },
+        ]);
     });
 });

src/backend/clients/database/SqliteDatabaseClient.ts

@@ -21,10 +21,15 @@ import { existsSync, mkdirSync, readFileSync } from 'fs';
 import { basename, dirname, extname, join, resolve } from 'path';
 import { createContext, runInContext } from 'vm';
 import type { IConfig } from '../../types';
+import { BoundedTtlMap } from '../../util/boundedTtlMap.js';
 import { Span } from '../../util/span.js';
 import { AbstractDatabaseClient, type WriteResult } from './DatabaseClient';
 
 const MIGRATIONS_DIR = resolve(__dirname, './migrations/sqlite');
+const STATEMENT_CACHE_SIZE = 1000;
+
+type SqliteDatabase = InstanceType<typeof import('better-sqlite3')>;
+type SqliteStatement = import('better-sqlite3').Statement<unknown[]>;
 
 /**
  * Ordered list of [threshold_version, files[]] pairs. A database whose
@@ -115,13 +120,25 @@ const AVAILABLE_MIGRATIONS: [number, string[]][] = [
     [78, ['0083_team-directory.sql']],
     [79, ['0084_share-anyone-with-link.sql']],
     [80, ['0085_event-subscriptions-include-value.sql']],
+    [81, ['0086_subdomains-app-owner-cascade.sql']],
+    [82, ['0087_feedback-attachments.sql']],
+    [83, ['0088_apps-index-url.sql']],
+    [84, ['0089_team-require-2fa.sql']],
+    [85, ['0090_user-app-permission-index.sql']],
+    [86, ['0091_icloud-dot-significance.sql']],
+    [87, ['0092_share-entry-owner.sql']],
+    [88, ['0093_fsentries-parent-uid-index.sql']],
 ];
 
 export class SqliteDatabaseClient extends AbstractDatabaseClient {
     override readonly engineName = 'sqlite';
 
     // better-sqlite3 instance — set during onServerStart
-    private db!: InstanceType<typeof import('better-sqlite3')>;
+    private db!: SqliteDatabase;
+    /** Prepared statements by query text; SQLite re-prepares on schema change. */
+    private readonly statements = new BoundedTtlMap<string, SqliteStatement>({
+        maxEntries: STATEMENT_CACHE_SIZE,
+    });
 
     constructor(config: IConfig) {
         super(config);
@@ -143,12 +160,14 @@ export class SqliteDatabaseClient extends AbstractDatabaseClient {
             mkdirSync(dirname(dbPath), { recursive: true });
         }
 
+        this.statements.clear();
         this.db = new Database(dbPath);
 
         await this.runMigrations(isNew);
     }
 
     override onServerShutdown(): void {
+        this.statements.clear();
         if (this.db) {
             this.db.close();
         }
@@ -163,12 +182,9 @@ export class SqliteDatabaseClient extends AbstractDatabaseClient {
         query: string,
         params: unknown[] = [],
     ): Promise<Record<string, unknown>[]> {
-        query = this.transformQuery(query);
-        params = this.transformParams(params);
-        return this.db.prepare(query).all(...params) as Record<
-            string,
-            unknown
-        >[];
+        return this.prepare(query).all(
+            ...this.transformParams(params),
+        ) as Record<string, unknown>[];
     }
 
     override async pread(
@@ -179,25 +195,12 @@ export class SqliteDatabaseClient extends AbstractDatabaseClient {
         return this.read(query, params);
     }
 
-    override async tryHardRead(
-        query: string,
-        params: unknown[] = [],
-    ): Promise<Record<string, unknown>[]> {
-        // No replica to race, so the base class's parallel
-        // primary-plus-replica read would run the same statement twice on
-        // the one connection.
-        return this.read(query, params);
-    }
-
     @Span('db.write', (query: string) => ({ 'db.statement': query }))
     override async write(
         query: string,
         params: unknown[] = [],
     ): Promise<WriteResult> {
-        query = this.transformQuery(query);
-        params = this.transformParams(params);
-
-        const info = this.db.prepare(query).run(...params);
+        const info = this.prepare(query).run(...this.transformParams(params));
 
         return {
             insertId: info.lastInsertRowid,
@@ -213,10 +216,8 @@ export class SqliteDatabaseClient extends AbstractDatabaseClient {
         entries: { statement: string; values: unknown[] }[],
     ): Promise<void> {
         this.db.transaction(() => {
-            for (let { statement, values } of entries) {
-                statement = this.transformQuery(statement);
-                values = this.transformParams(values);
-                this.db.prepare(statement).run(...values);
+            for (const { statement, values } of entries) {
+                this.prepare(statement).run(...this.transformParams(values));
             }
         })();
     }
@@ -225,6 +226,15 @@ export class SqliteDatabaseClient extends AbstractDatabaseClient {
     // SQLite-specific transforms
     // ------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+    private prepare(query: string): SqliteStatement {
+        let statement = this.statements.get(query);
+        if (!statement) {
+            statement = this.db.prepare(this.transformQuery(query));
+            this.statements.set(query, statement);
+        }
+        return statement;
+    }
+
     private transformQuery(query: string): string {
         return query.replace(/now\(\)/gi, "datetime('now')");
     }

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/mysql/mysql_mig_41.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- Mirrors SQLite migration 0086: `subdomains.app_owner` cascades on app
+-- delete instead of nulling. The existing constraint is found by column
+-- rather than by name, since an older database need not carry the name
+-- mysql_mig_1 declares. Guarded procedure as mysql_mig_34: a replay sees
+-- DELETE_RULE already CASCADE and does nothing.
+
+DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS _puter_subdomains_app_owner_cascade;
+
+DELIMITER //
+CREATE PROCEDURE _puter_subdomains_app_owner_cascade()
+BEGIN
+  DECLARE fk_name VARCHAR(64) DEFAULT NULL;
+
+  -- A subquery, not SELECT ... INTO: no matching row yields NULL quietly.
+  SET fk_name = (
+    SELECT rc.CONSTRAINT_NAME
+      FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS rc
+      JOIN INFORMATION_SCHEMA.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE kcu
+        ON kcu.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA = rc.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA
+       AND kcu.CONSTRAINT_NAME   = rc.CONSTRAINT_NAME
+       AND kcu.TABLE_NAME        = rc.TABLE_NAME
+     WHERE rc.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA      = DATABASE()
+       AND rc.TABLE_NAME             = 'subdomains'
+       AND rc.REFERENCED_TABLE_NAME  = 'apps'
+       AND kcu.COLUMN_NAME           = 'app_owner'
+       AND rc.DELETE_RULE           <> 'CASCADE'
+     LIMIT 1
+  );
+
+  IF fk_name IS NOT NULL THEN
+    SET @s := CONCAT('ALTER TABLE `subdomains` DROP FOREIGN KEY `', fk_name, '`');
+    PREPARE stmt FROM @s;
+    EXECUTE stmt;
+    DEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt;
+  END IF;
+
+  IF NOT EXISTS (
+    SELECT 1
+      FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS rc
+      JOIN INFORMATION_SCHEMA.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE kcu
+        ON kcu.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA = rc.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA
+       AND kcu.CONSTRAINT_NAME   = rc.CONSTRAINT_NAME
+       AND kcu.TABLE_NAME        = rc.TABLE_NAME
+     WHERE rc.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA      = DATABASE()
+       AND rc.TABLE_NAME             = 'subdomains'
+       AND rc.REFERENCED_TABLE_NAME  = 'apps'
+       AND kcu.COLUMN_NAME           = 'app_owner'
+       AND rc.DELETE_RULE            = 'CASCADE'
+  ) THEN
+    ALTER TABLE `subdomains` ADD CONSTRAINT `fk_subdomains_app_owner`
+      FOREIGN KEY (`app_owner`) REFERENCES `apps` (`id`)
+      ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;
+  END IF;
+END//
+DELIMITER ;
+
+CALL _puter_subdomains_app_owner_cascade();
+DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS _puter_subdomains_app_owner_cascade;

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/mysql/mysql_mig_42.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- Mirrors SQLite migration 0087: Contact Us attachment metadata, a JSON array
+-- of `{name, type, size}` (NULL when none). Guarded by a throwaway procedure,
+-- as in mysql_mig_21.
+
+DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS _puter_add_feedback_attachments;
+DELIMITER //
+CREATE PROCEDURE _puter_add_feedback_attachments()
+BEGIN
+  IF NOT EXISTS (
+    SELECT 1 FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS
+    WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+      AND TABLE_NAME   = 'feedback'
+      AND COLUMN_NAME  = 'attachments'
+  ) THEN
+    ALTER TABLE `feedback` ADD COLUMN `attachments` text DEFAULT NULL;
+  END IF;
+END//
+DELIMITER ;
+
+CALL _puter_add_feedback_attachments();
+
+DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS _puter_add_feedback_attachments;

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/mysql/mysql_mig_43.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- Mirrors SQLite migration 0088: index `apps.index_url` for origin lookups.
+-- TEXT needs a prefix; 191 characters keeps the key under 767 bytes in
+-- utf8mb4 whatever the table's row format, and URLs diverge well before it.
+--
+-- Idempotent: the guarded procedure, as mig_36. The 1061 handler covers two
+-- nodes booting at once, where the loser finds the index already built.
+
+DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS _puter_add_apps_index_url_index;
+DELIMITER //
+CREATE PROCEDURE _puter_add_apps_index_url_index()
+BEGIN
+  DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR 1061 BEGIN END;
+  IF NOT EXISTS (
+    SELECT 1 FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.STATISTICS
+    WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+      AND TABLE_NAME = 'apps'
+      AND INDEX_NAME = 'idx_apps_index_url'
+  ) THEN
+    ALTER TABLE `apps`
+      ADD INDEX `idx_apps_index_url` (`index_url`(191)),
+      ALGORITHM=INPLACE, LOCK=NONE;
+  END IF;
+END//
+DELIMITER ;
+
+CALL _puter_add_apps_index_url_index();
+DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS _puter_add_apps_index_url_index;

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/mysql/mysql_mig_44.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- Mirrors SQLite migration 0089: a team may require 2FA of the accounts it
+-- provisioned. Added through `_puter_add_col` as mysql_mig_32 does, so a
+-- replay finds the column and does nothing.
+CALL _puter_add_col('group', 'require_2fa', '`require_2fa` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0');

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/mysql/mysql_mig_45.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- Mirrors SQLite migration 0090. Guarded like mysql_mig_22, because there is
+-- no per-file applied-state tracking and a replay must do nothing.
+
+DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS _puter_add_user_app_permission_index;
+DELIMITER //
+CREATE PROCEDURE _puter_add_user_app_permission_index()
+BEGIN
+  IF NOT EXISTS (
+    SELECT 1 FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.STATISTICS
+    WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+      AND TABLE_NAME = 'user_to_app_permissions'
+      AND INDEX_NAME = 'idx_user_to_app_permissions_permission'
+  ) THEN
+    ALTER TABLE `user_to_app_permissions`
+      ADD INDEX `idx_user_to_app_permissions_permission` (`permission`);
+  END IF;
+END//
+DELIMITER ;
+
+CALL _puter_add_user_app_permission_index();
+
+DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS _puter_add_user_app_permission_index;

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/mysql/mysql_mig_46.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- Recompute `clean_email` for Apple's domains: dots are significant there, so
+-- rows written while they were stripped still collapse two mailboxes into one.
+-- Only rows still holding exactly what the old rule produced, so a NULL or a
+-- legacy un-lowercased value is left alone -- rewriting those would fold `+tag`
+-- or case into a key another row already owns. Restores dots and nothing else.
+
+UPDATE `user`
+SET `clean_email` = CONCAT(SUBSTRING_INDEX(SUBSTRING_INDEX(LOWER(`email`), '@', 1), '+', 1), '@', SUBSTRING_INDEX(LOWER(`email`), '@', -1))
+WHERE `email` IS NOT NULL
+  AND LOCATE('@', `email`) > 1
+  AND (
+        LOWER(`email`) LIKE '%@icloud.com'
+     OR LOWER(`email`) LIKE '%@me.com'
+     OR LOWER(`email`) LIKE '%@mac.com'
+  )
+  AND `clean_email` = CONCAT(REPLACE(SUBSTRING_INDEX(SUBSTRING_INDEX(LOWER(`email`), '@', 1), '+', 1), '.', ''), '@', SUBSTRING_INDEX(LOWER(`email`), '@', -1))
+  AND `clean_email` <> CONCAT(SUBSTRING_INDEX(SUBSTRING_INDEX(LOWER(`email`), '@', 1), '+', 1), '@', SUBSTRING_INDEX(LOWER(`email`), '@', -1));
+
+-- The same collapse decided who a pending invite belongs to, so the holder
+-- of the undotted address claims invites addressed to the dotted one. The
+-- typed address rides along as `invitedAddress` whenever it differed.
+UPDATE `share`
+SET `recipient_email` = CONCAT(SUBSTRING_INDEX(SUBSTRING_INDEX(LOWER(JSON_UNQUOTE(JSON_EXTRACT(`data`, '$.invitedAddress'))), '@', 1), '+', 1), '@', SUBSTRING_INDEX(LOWER(JSON_UNQUOTE(JSON_EXTRACT(`data`, '$.invitedAddress'))), '@', -1))
+WHERE JSON_UNQUOTE(JSON_EXTRACT(`data`, '$.invitedAddress')) IS NOT NULL
+  AND LOCATE('@', JSON_UNQUOTE(JSON_EXTRACT(`data`, '$.invitedAddress'))) > 1
+  AND (
+        LOWER(`recipient_email`) LIKE '%@icloud.com'
+     OR LOWER(`recipient_email`) LIKE '%@me.com'
+     OR LOWER(`recipient_email`) LIKE '%@mac.com'
+  )
+  AND `recipient_email` = CONCAT(REPLACE(SUBSTRING_INDEX(SUBSTRING_INDEX(LOWER(JSON_UNQUOTE(JSON_EXTRACT(`data`, '$.invitedAddress'))), '@', 1), '+', 1), '.', ''), '@', SUBSTRING_INDEX(LOWER(JSON_UNQUOTE(JSON_EXTRACT(`data`, '$.invitedAddress'))), '@', -1))
+  AND `recipient_email` <> CONCAT(SUBSTRING_INDEX(SUBSTRING_INDEX(LOWER(JSON_UNQUOTE(JSON_EXTRACT(`data`, '$.invitedAddress'))), '@', 1), '+', 1), '@', SUBSTRING_INDEX(LOWER(JSON_UNQUOTE(JSON_EXTRACT(`data`, '$.invitedAddress'))), '@', -1));

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/mysql/mysql_mig_47.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- The owner of the shared entry, recorded on the share row. Mirrors SQLite
+-- migration 0092. Guarded like mysql_mig_45, because there is no per-file
+-- applied-state tracking and a replay must do nothing.
+
+DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS _puter_add_share_entry_owner;
+DELIMITER //
+CREATE PROCEDURE _puter_add_share_entry_owner()
+BEGIN
+  IF NOT EXISTS (
+    SELECT 1 FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS
+    WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+      AND TABLE_NAME = 'share'
+      AND COLUMN_NAME = 'entry_owner_user_id'
+  ) THEN
+    ALTER TABLE `share` ADD COLUMN `entry_owner_user_id` BIGINT DEFAULT NULL;
+  END IF;
+  IF NOT EXISTS (
+    SELECT 1 FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.STATISTICS
+    WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+      AND TABLE_NAME = 'share'
+      AND INDEX_NAME = 'idx_share_entry_owner'
+  ) THEN
+    ALTER TABLE `share` ADD INDEX `idx_share_entry_owner` (`entry_owner_user_id`, `id`);
+  END IF;
+END//
+DELIMITER ;
+
+CALL _puter_add_share_entry_owner();
+
+DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS _puter_add_share_entry_owner;
+
+UPDATE `share` JOIN `fsentries` ON `fsentries`.`id` = `share`.`fsentry_id`
+SET `share`.`entry_owner_user_id` = `fsentries`.`user_id`
+WHERE `share`.`fsentry_id` IS NOT NULL
+  AND `share`.`entry_owner_user_id` IS NULL;

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/postgres/postgres_mig_30.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- Mirrors SQLite migration 0086: `subdomains.app_owner` cascades on app
+-- delete instead of nulling. The existing constraint is found by column, not
+-- by name. Idempotent: there is no per-file applied-state tracking, and a
+-- replay sees the cascade already in place and does nothing.
+
+DO $$
+DECLARE
+  fk_name text;
+BEGIN
+  SELECT c.conname INTO fk_name
+    FROM pg_constraint c
+    JOIN pg_attribute a
+      ON a.attrelid = c.conrelid
+     AND a.attnum   = ANY (c.conkey)
+   WHERE c.conrelid  = 'subdomains'::regclass
+     AND c.contype   = 'f'
+     AND c.confrelid = 'apps'::regclass
+     AND a.attname   = 'app_owner'
+     AND c.confdeltype <> 'c'
+   LIMIT 1;
+
+  IF fk_name IS NOT NULL THEN
+    EXECUTE format('ALTER TABLE subdomains DROP CONSTRAINT %I', fk_name);
+  END IF;
+
+  IF NOT EXISTS (
+    SELECT 1
+      FROM pg_constraint c
+      JOIN pg_attribute a
+        ON a.attrelid = c.conrelid
+       AND a.attnum   = ANY (c.conkey)
+     WHERE c.conrelid  = 'subdomains'::regclass
+       AND c.contype   = 'f'
+       AND c.confrelid = 'apps'::regclass
+       AND a.attname   = 'app_owner'
+       AND c.confdeltype = 'c'
+  ) THEN
+    ALTER TABLE subdomains ADD CONSTRAINT subdomains_app_owner_fkey
+      FOREIGN KEY (app_owner) REFERENCES apps (id)
+      ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;
+  END IF;
+END $$;

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/postgres/postgres_mig_31.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- Mirrors SQLite migration 0087: Contact Us attachment metadata, a JSON array
+-- of `{name, type, size}` (NULL when none).
+
+ALTER TABLE feedback ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS attachments text DEFAULT NULL;

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/postgres/postgres_mig_32.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- Mirrors SQLite migration 0088: index `apps.index_url` for origin lookups.
+-- Hash rather than btree: `index_url` allows 3000 characters, past btree's
+-- ~2.7 KB row limit, and every lookup is equality (`=` / `IN`).
+--
+-- Idempotent via IF NOT EXISTS.
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_apps_index_url ON apps USING hash (index_url);

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/postgres/postgres_mig_33.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- Mirrors SQLite migration 0089: a team may require 2FA of the accounts it
+-- provisioned. Idempotent -- there is no per-file applied-state tracking, so
+-- a replay must find the column already present and do nothing.
+ALTER TABLE "group" ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS require_2fa smallint NOT NULL DEFAULT 0;

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/postgres/postgres_mig_34.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- Mirrors SQLite migration 0090, as postgres_mig_11 did for user_to_user.
+-- text_pattern_ops is what makes the left-anchored LIKE a range scan under a
+-- non-C collation -- the plain index dev_to_app already has does not.
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_user_to_app_permissions_permission
+    ON user_to_app_permissions (permission text_pattern_ops);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_dev_to_app_permissions_permission_pattern
+    ON dev_to_app_permissions (permission text_pattern_ops);

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/postgres/postgres_mig_35.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- Recompute `clean_email` for Apple's domains: dots are significant there, so
+-- rows written while they were stripped still collapse two mailboxes into one.
+-- Only rows still holding exactly what the old rule produced, so a NULL or a
+-- legacy un-lowercased value is left alone -- rewriting those would fold `+tag`
+-- or case into a key another row already owns. Restores dots and nothing else.
+
+UPDATE "user"
+SET clean_email = (split_part(split_part(lower(email), '@', 1), '+', 1) || '@' || split_part(lower(email), '@', 2))
+WHERE email IS NOT NULL
+  AND position('@' in email) > 1
+  AND (
+        lower(email) LIKE '%@icloud.com'
+     OR lower(email) LIKE '%@me.com'
+     OR lower(email) LIKE '%@mac.com'
+  )
+  AND clean_email = (replace(split_part(split_part(lower(email), '@', 1), '+', 1), '.', '') || '@' || split_part(lower(email), '@', 2))
+  AND clean_email IS DISTINCT FROM (split_part(split_part(lower(email), '@', 1), '+', 1) || '@' || split_part(lower(email), '@', 2));
+
+-- The same collapse decided who a pending invite belongs to, so the holder
+-- of the undotted address claims invites addressed to the dotted one. The
+-- typed address rides along as `invitedAddress` whenever it differed.
+UPDATE "share"
+SET recipient_email = (split_part(split_part(lower((data->>'invitedAddress')), '@', 1), '+', 1) || '@' || split_part(lower((data->>'invitedAddress')), '@', 2))
+WHERE (data->>'invitedAddress') IS NOT NULL
+  AND position('@' in (data->>'invitedAddress')) > 1
+  AND (
+        lower(recipient_email) LIKE '%@icloud.com'
+     OR lower(recipient_email) LIKE '%@me.com'
+     OR lower(recipient_email) LIKE '%@mac.com'
+  )
+  AND recipient_email = (replace(split_part(split_part(lower((data->>'invitedAddress')), '@', 1), '+', 1), '.', '') || '@' || split_part(lower((data->>'invitedAddress')), '@', 2))
+  AND recipient_email IS DISTINCT FROM (split_part(split_part(lower((data->>'invitedAddress')), '@', 1), '+', 1) || '@' || split_part(lower((data->>'invitedAddress')), '@', 2));

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/postgres/postgres_mig_36.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- The owner of the shared entry, recorded on the share row. Mirrors SQLite
+-- migration 0092. Guarded like mysql_mig_45, because there is no per-file
+-- applied-state tracking and a replay must do nothing.
+
+ALTER TABLE "share" ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS entry_owner_user_id BIGINT DEFAULT NULL;
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_share_entry_owner
+    ON "share" (entry_owner_user_id, id);
+
+UPDATE "share"
+SET entry_owner_user_id = f.user_id
+FROM fsentries f
+WHERE f.id = "share".fsentry_id
+  AND "share".fsentry_id IS NOT NULL
+  AND "share".entry_owner_user_id IS NULL;

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/sqlite/0086_subdomains-app-owner-cascade.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- A deleted app takes the subdomain rows it owns (its hosted sites and its
+-- workers) with it. `SET NULL` left them behind as unowned rows, and an
+-- unowned worker row is redeployed with the account's own credential.
+-- SQLite cannot alter a constraint, so the table is rebuilt as 0043 does.
+
+PRAGMA foreign_keys = OFF;
+
+CREATE TABLE `subdomains_new` (
+  `id` INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
+  `uuid` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL,
+  `subdomain` varchar(64) NOT NULL,
+  `user_id` int(10) NOT NULL,
+  `root_dir_id` int(10) DEFAULT NULL,
+  `associated_app_id` int(10) DEFAULT NULL,
+  `ts` timestamp NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+  `app_owner` int(10) DEFAULT NULL,
+  `protected` tinyint(1) DEFAULT '0',
+  `domain` varchar(256) DEFAULT NULL,
+  `database_id` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL,
+  `preamble_version` varchar(64) DEFAULT NULL,
+  FOREIGN KEY (`app_owner`) REFERENCES `apps` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE
+);
+
+INSERT INTO `subdomains_new`
+  (`id`, `uuid`, `subdomain`, `user_id`, `root_dir_id`, `associated_app_id`, `ts`,
+   `app_owner`, `protected`, `domain`, `database_id`, `preamble_version`)
+SELECT
+   `id`, `uuid`, `subdomain`, `user_id`, `root_dir_id`, `associated_app_id`, `ts`,
+   `app_owner`, `protected`, `domain`, `database_id`, `preamble_version`
+FROM `subdomains`;
+
+DROP TABLE `subdomains`;
+ALTER TABLE `subdomains_new` RENAME TO `subdomains`;
+
+PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON;

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/sqlite/0087_feedback-attachments.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- Contact Us attachment metadata: a JSON array of `{name, type, size}`, NULL
+-- when none. The files themselves go out with the support email.
+
+ALTER TABLE `feedback` ADD COLUMN "attachments" TEXT DEFAULT NULL;

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/sqlite/0088_apps-index-url.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- Resolving an origin to its app looks `apps` up by `index_url` on every
+-- origin-based app token request (`AuthService#findCanonicalAppUidForOrigin`),
+-- plus `AppStore.existsByIndexUrl`. With no index each lookup scans the table.
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS `idx_apps_index_url` ON `apps` (`index_url`);

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/sqlite/0089_team-require-2fa.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- Whether every account this team provisioned must hold 2FA before it can
+-- use Puter. Off until the owner turns it on, and the owner must hold 2FA
+-- themselves first, or enabling it would lock out the account that did so.
+ALTER TABLE `group` ADD COLUMN `require_2fa` INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0;

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/sqlite/0090_user-app-permission-index.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- Withdrawing an app's cross-app data grants looks them up by permission text,
+-- and no existing index on either table leads with `permission`. Same fix as
+-- `idx_user_to_user_permissions_permission` in 0067.
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS `idx_user_to_app_permissions_permission`
+    ON `user_to_app_permissions` (`permission`);
+
+-- The sweep reads both tables; MySQL and Postgres already index this one.
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS `idx_dev_to_app_permissions_permission`
+    ON `dev_to_app_permissions` (`permission`);

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/sqlite/0091_icloud-dot-significance.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- Recompute `clean_email` for Apple's domains: dots are significant there, so
+-- rows written while they were stripped still collapse two mailboxes into one.
+-- Only rows still holding exactly what the old rule produced, so a NULL or a
+-- legacy un-lowercased value is left alone -- rewriting those would fold `+tag`
+-- or case into a key another row already owns. Restores dots and nothing else.
+
+UPDATE `user`
+SET `clean_email` = (CASE WHEN instr(substr(lower(`email`), 1, instr(`email`, '@') - 1), '+') > 0
+             THEN substr(substr(lower(`email`), 1, instr(`email`, '@') - 1), 1,
+                         instr(substr(lower(`email`), 1, instr(`email`, '@') - 1), '+') - 1)
+             ELSE substr(lower(`email`), 1, instr(`email`, '@') - 1)
+        END || substr(lower(`email`), instr(`email`, '@')))
+WHERE `email` IS NOT NULL
+  AND instr(`email`, '@') > 1
+  AND (
+        lower(`email`) LIKE '%@icloud.com'
+     OR lower(`email`) LIKE '%@me.com'
+     OR lower(`email`) LIKE '%@mac.com'
+  )
+  AND `clean_email` = (replace(CASE WHEN instr(substr(lower(`email`), 1, instr(`email`, '@') - 1), '+') > 0
+             THEN substr(substr(lower(`email`), 1, instr(`email`, '@') - 1), 1,
+                         instr(substr(lower(`email`), 1, instr(`email`, '@') - 1), '+') - 1)
+             ELSE substr(lower(`email`), 1, instr(`email`, '@') - 1)
+        END, '.', '') || substr(lower(`email`), instr(`email`, '@')))
+  AND `clean_email` <> (CASE WHEN instr(substr(lower(`email`), 1, instr(`email`, '@') - 1), '+') > 0
+             THEN substr(substr(lower(`email`), 1, instr(`email`, '@') - 1), 1,
+                         instr(substr(lower(`email`), 1, instr(`email`, '@') - 1), '+') - 1)
+             ELSE substr(lower(`email`), 1, instr(`email`, '@') - 1)
+        END || substr(lower(`email`), instr(`email`, '@')));
+
+-- The same collapse decided who a pending invite belongs to, so the holder
+-- of the undotted address claims invites addressed to the dotted one. The
+-- typed address rides along as `invitedAddress` whenever it differed.
+UPDATE `share`
+SET `recipient_email` = (CASE WHEN instr(substr(lower(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress')), 1, instr(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress'), '@') - 1), '+') > 0
+             THEN substr(substr(lower(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress')), 1, instr(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress'), '@') - 1), 1,
+                         instr(substr(lower(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress')), 1, instr(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress'), '@') - 1), '+') - 1)
+             ELSE substr(lower(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress')), 1, instr(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress'), '@') - 1)
+        END || substr(lower(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress')), instr(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress'), '@')))
+WHERE json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress') IS NOT NULL
+  AND instr(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress'), '@') > 1
+  AND (
+        lower(`recipient_email`) LIKE '%@icloud.com'
+     OR lower(`recipient_email`) LIKE '%@me.com'
+     OR lower(`recipient_email`) LIKE '%@mac.com'
+  )
+  AND `recipient_email` = (replace(CASE WHEN instr(substr(lower(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress')), 1, instr(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress'), '@') - 1), '+') > 0
+             THEN substr(substr(lower(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress')), 1, instr(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress'), '@') - 1), 1,
+                         instr(substr(lower(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress')), 1, instr(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress'), '@') - 1), '+') - 1)
+             ELSE substr(lower(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress')), 1, instr(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress'), '@') - 1)
+        END, '.', '') || substr(lower(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress')), instr(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress'), '@')))
+  AND `recipient_email` <> (CASE WHEN instr(substr(lower(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress')), 1, instr(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress'), '@') - 1), '+') > 0
+             THEN substr(substr(lower(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress')), 1, instr(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress'), '@') - 1), 1,
+                         instr(substr(lower(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress')), 1, instr(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress'), '@') - 1), '+') - 1)
+             ELSE substr(lower(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress')), 1, instr(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress'), '@') - 1)
+        END || substr(lower(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress')), instr(json_extract(`data`, '$.invitedAddress'), '@')));

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/sqlite/0092_share-entry-owner.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- The owner of the shared entry, recorded on the share row.
+--
+-- The outbound listings answer "shares on things I own that someone else
+-- issued" by joining `share` to `fsentries` and filtering on the owner there.
+-- Neither side of that join bounds the work: driven from `fsentries` it walks
+-- every file the user owns, driven from `share` it walks every share until it
+-- has a page. `#outboundAppsSql` has no LIMIT at all.
+--
+-- Written with the row, and re-pointed when a move re-owns the subtree it
+-- names; `FSService.move` does that whenever the destination is someone
+-- else's tree.
+
+ALTER TABLE `share` ADD COLUMN `entry_owner_user_id` INTEGER DEFAULT NULL;
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS `idx_share_entry_owner`
+    ON `share` (`entry_owner_user_id`, `id`);
+
+UPDATE `share`
+SET `entry_owner_user_id` = (
+        SELECT `user_id` FROM `fsentries` WHERE `fsentries`.`id` = `share`.`fsentry_id`
+    )
+WHERE `fsentry_id` IS NOT NULL
+  AND `entry_owner_user_id` IS NULL;

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/sqlite/0093_fsentries-parent-uid-index.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- Directory listings and subtree walks (delete, copy) find children by
+-- `parent_uid`, the one link every row carries; with no index each lookup
+-- scans the table. MySQL and Postgres already index it.
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS `idx_fsentries_parent_uid`
+    ON `fsentries` (`parent_uid`);

src/backend/clients/database/retriableErrors.ts

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ const RETRIABLE_ERROR_CODES = new Set([
     'ENETUNREACH',
     'EAI_AGAIN',
     POOL_ACQUIRE_TIMEOUT,
+    'ER_CLIENT_INTERACTION_TIMEOUT',
 ]);
 
 const RETRIABLE_ERROR_MESSAGES = [
@@ -52,6 +53,9 @@ const NEVER_SENT_ERROR_CODES = new Set([
     'ENETUNREACH',
     'EAI_AGAIN',
     POOL_ACQUIRE_TIMEOUT,
+    // The server closed the pooled connection for inactivity before the
+    // statement arrived, so nothing ran.
+    'ER_CLIENT_INTERACTION_TIMEOUT',
 ]);
 
 /**

src/backend/clients/dynamodb/DDBClient.test.ts

@@ -20,7 +20,17 @@
 
 import { createServer, type Server } from 'node:http';
 import type { AddressInfo } from 'node:net';
-import { afterAll, beforeAll, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import {
+    afterAll,
+    afterEach,
+    beforeAll,
+    beforeEach,
+    describe,
+    expect,
+    it,
+    type MockInstance,
+    vi,
+} from 'vitest';
 import type { IConfig } from '../../types';
 import { DDBClient } from './DDBClient';
 
@@ -142,6 +152,42 @@ describe('DDBClient — item operations', () => {
         expect(result.Item).toBeUndefined();
     });
 
+    it('deletes only while its condition holds', async () => {
+        await client.put(TABLE, { pk: 'u6', sk: 'guarded', v: 1 });
+
+        await expect(
+            client.del(
+                TABLE,
+                { pk: 'u6', sk: 'guarded' },
+                {
+                    condition: {
+                        expression: '#v = :wrong',
+                        names: { '#v': 'v' },
+                        values: { ':wrong': 2 },
+                    },
+                },
+            ),
+        ).rejects.toMatchObject({ name: 'ConditionalCheckFailedException' });
+        expect(
+            (await client.get(TABLE, { pk: 'u6', sk: 'guarded' })).Item,
+        ).toBeDefined();
+
+        await client.del(
+            TABLE,
+            { pk: 'u6', sk: 'guarded' },
+            {
+                condition: {
+                    expression: '#v = :right',
+                    names: { '#v': 'v' },
+                    values: { ':right': 1 },
+                },
+            },
+        );
+        expect(
+            (await client.get(TABLE, { pk: 'u6', sk: 'guarded' })).Item,
+        ).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+
     it('fetches keys from several tables in one batch', async () => {
         await client.put(TABLE, { pk: 'b1', sk: 'a', v: 1 });
         await client.put(TABLE, { pk: 'b1', sk: 'b', v: 2 });
@@ -364,6 +410,59 @@ describe('DDBClient — expired item sweep', () => {
         expect((await client.get(table, { pk: 'fresh' })).Item).toBeDefined();
         expect((await client.get(table, { pk: 'eternal' })).Item).toBeDefined();
     });
+
+    it('keeps an item whose ttl is 0, which never expires', async () => {
+        const client = new DDBClient(localConfig());
+        const table = 'ttl-zero-items';
+        const schema = {
+            TableName: table,
+            KeySchema: [{ AttributeName: 'pk', KeyType: 'HASH' as const }],
+            AttributeDefinitions: [
+                { AttributeName: 'pk', AttributeType: 'S' as const },
+            ],
+            ProvisionedThroughput: {
+                ReadCapacityUnits: 5,
+                WriteCapacityUnits: 5,
+            },
+        };
+
+        await client.createTableIfNotExists(schema, 'expireAt');
+        await awaitTable(client, table, { pk: 'ready' });
+        await client.put(table, { pk: 'zero', expireAt: 0 });
+
+        // Second call finds the table in use, so the sweep runs.
+        await client.createTableIfNotExists(schema, 'expireAt');
+
+        expect((await client.get(table, { pk: 'zero' })).Item).toBeDefined();
+    });
+
+    it('keeps an item whose ttl is not a number, which the sweep can never purge', async () => {
+        const client = new DDBClient(localConfig());
+        const table = 'ttl-nan-items';
+        const schema = {
+            TableName: table,
+            KeySchema: [{ AttributeName: 'pk', KeyType: 'HASH' as const }],
+            AttributeDefinitions: [
+                { AttributeName: 'pk', AttributeType: 'S' as const },
+            ],
+            ProvisionedThroughput: {
+                ReadCapacityUnits: 5,
+                WriteCapacityUnits: 5,
+            },
+        };
+
+        await client.createTableIfNotExists(schema, 'expireAt');
+        await awaitTable(client, table, { pk: 'ready' });
+        const past = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) - 60;
+        await client.put(table, { pk: 'stringTtl', expireAt: String(past) });
+
+        // Second call finds the table in use, so the sweep runs.
+        await client.createTableIfNotExists(schema, 'expireAt');
+
+        expect(
+            (await client.get(table, { pk: 'stringTtl' })).Item,
+        ).toBeDefined();
+    });
 });
 
 describe('DDBClient — expired item sweep on an empty table', () => {
@@ -559,3 +658,506 @@ describe('DDBClient — unprocessed batch items', () => {
         ).resolves.toEqual({ ConsumedCapacity: [] });
     });
 });
+
+// UnprocessedKeys are batchGet's analogue of UnprocessedItems above, driven
+// against the same kind of wire-format stub.
+describe('DDBClient — unprocessed batch keys', () => {
+    let server: Server;
+    let endpoint: string;
+    let responses: unknown[];
+    let requestCount = 0;
+
+    beforeAll(async () => {
+        server = createServer((req, res) => {
+            let body = '';
+            req.on('data', (chunk) => {
+                body += chunk;
+            });
+            req.on('end', () => {
+                const next = responses.shift() ?? {};
+                requestCount += 1;
+                res.writeHead(200, {
+                    'content-type': 'application/x-amz-json-1.0',
+                });
+                res.end(JSON.stringify(next));
+            });
+        });
+        await new Promise<void>((resolve) =>
+            server.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', resolve),
+        );
+        endpoint = `http://127.0.0.1:${(server.address() as AddressInfo).port}`;
+    });
+
+    afterAll(async () => {
+        await new Promise<void>((resolve) => server.close(() => resolve()));
+    });
+
+    const stubClient = () =>
+        new DDBClient({
+            port: 0,
+            extensions: [],
+            dynamo: {
+                aws: { access_key: 'a', secret_key: 'b', region: 'us-west-2' },
+                endpoint,
+            },
+        } as unknown as IConfig);
+
+    const unprocessed = (pk: string) => ({
+        UnprocessedKeys: {
+            [TABLE]: { Keys: [{ pk: { S: pk } }] },
+        },
+        ConsumedCapacity: [{ TableName: TABLE, CapacityUnits: 1 }],
+    });
+
+    it('retries leftover keys and merges responses and capacity across attempts', async () => {
+        requestCount = 0;
+        responses = [
+            unprocessed('retry-me'),
+            {
+                Responses: {
+                    [TABLE]: [{ pk: { S: 'retry-me' }, v: { N: '1' } }],
+                },
+                UnprocessedKeys: {},
+                ConsumedCapacity: [{ TableName: TABLE, CapacityUnits: 2 }],
+            },
+        ];
+
+        const result = await stubClient().batchGet([
+            { table: TABLE, items: { pk: 'retry-me' } },
+        ]);
+
+        expect(requestCount).toBe(2);
+        expect(result.Responses?.[TABLE]).toEqual([{ pk: 'retry-me', v: 1 }]);
+        expect(result.ConsumedCapacity).toEqual([
+            { TableName: TABLE, CapacityUnits: 3 },
+        ]);
+    });
+
+    it('gives up with a bad-request error when keys never drain', async () => {
+        requestCount = 0;
+        responses = Array.from({ length: 12 }, () => unprocessed('stuck'));
+
+        await expect(
+            stubClient().batchGet([{ table: TABLE, items: { pk: 'stuck' } }]),
+        ).rejects.toMatchObject({
+            statusCode: 400,
+            legacyCode: 'bad_request',
+            message: 'Failed to batch get all items from DynamoDB',
+        });
+        // One initial attempt plus the full retry budget.
+        expect(requestCount).toBe(9);
+    }, 30_000);
+
+    it('tolerates a response that reports no items or capacity at all', async () => {
+        requestCount = 0;
+        responses = [{ Responses: {}, UnprocessedKeys: {} }];
+
+        await expect(
+            stubClient().batchGet([{ table: TABLE, items: { pk: 'quiet' } }]),
+        ).resolves.toEqual({ Responses: {}, ConsumedCapacity: [] });
+        expect(requestCount).toBe(1);
+    });
+
+    it('ignores capacity entries with no table name', async () => {
+        requestCount = 0;
+        responses = [
+            {
+                Responses: {},
+                UnprocessedKeys: {},
+                ConsumedCapacity: [{ CapacityUnits: 7 }],
+            },
+        ];
+
+        await expect(
+            stubClient().batchGet([{ table: TABLE, items: { pk: 'anon' } }]),
+        ).resolves.toEqual({ Responses: {}, ConsumedCapacity: [] });
+    });
+});
+
+// Answers by operation (X-Amz-Target) and records how many requests overlap, so
+// chunk concurrency and the TTL sweep's retries can be asserted.
+describe('DDBClient — batch write chunks and TTL sweep', () => {
+    let server: Server;
+    let endpoint: string;
+    let handlers: Record<string, (body: Record<string, unknown>) => unknown>;
+    let calls: string[];
+    let inFlight = 0;
+    let peakInFlight = 0;
+
+    beforeAll(async () => {
+        server = createServer((req, res) => {
+            let body = '';
+            req.on('data', (chunk) => {
+                body += chunk;
+            });
+            req.on('end', () => {
+                const op = String(req.headers['x-amz-target']).split('.')[1];
+                calls.push(op);
+                inFlight += 1;
+                peakInFlight = Math.max(peakInFlight, inFlight);
+                setTimeout(() => {
+                    inFlight -= 1;
+                    const reply = handlers[op]?.(JSON.parse(body)) ?? {};
+                    const { status = 200, ...payload } = reply as {
+                        status?: number;
+                    };
+                    res.writeHead(status, {
+                        'content-type': 'application/x-amz-json-1.0',
+                    });
+                    res.end(JSON.stringify(payload));
+                }, 20);
+            });
+        });
+        await new Promise<void>((resolve) =>
+            server.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', resolve),
+        );
+        endpoint = `http://127.0.0.1:${(server.address() as AddressInfo).port}`;
+    });
+
+    afterAll(async () => {
+        await new Promise<void>((resolve) => server.close(() => resolve()));
+    });
+
+    beforeEach(() => {
+        calls = [];
+        inFlight = 0;
+        peakInFlight = 0;
+    });
+
+    const stubClient = (extra: Record<string, unknown> = {}) =>
+        new DDBClient({
+            port: 0,
+            extensions: [],
+            dynamo: {
+                aws: { access_key: 'a', secret_key: 'b', region: 'us-west-2' },
+                endpoint,
+                ...extra,
+            },
+        } as unknown as IConfig);
+
+    it('writes chunks concurrently, a bounded number at a time', async () => {
+        handlers = { BatchWriteItem: () => ({ UnprocessedItems: {} }) };
+
+        await stubClient().batchPut(
+            Array.from({ length: 200 }, (_, i) => ({
+                table: TABLE,
+                item: { pk: `item-${i}` },
+            })),
+        );
+
+        expect(calls).toHaveLength(8);
+        expect(peakInFlight).toBeGreaterThan(1);
+        expect(peakInFlight).toBeLessThanOrEqual(4);
+    });
+
+    it('stops starting chunks once one fails', async () => {
+        handlers = {
+            BatchWriteItem: () => ({
+                status: 400,
+                __type: 'com.amazon.coral.validate#ValidationException',
+                message: 'bad item',
+            }),
+        };
+
+        await expect(
+            stubClient().batchPut(
+                Array.from({ length: 250 }, (_, i) => ({
+                    table: TABLE,
+                    item: { pk: `item-${i}` },
+                })),
+            ),
+        ).rejects.toThrow('bad item');
+        // The first wave fails; none of the six chunks queued behind it run.
+        expect(calls.length).toBeLessThanOrEqual(4);
+    });
+
+    it('lets chunks already in flight finish before rejecting', async () => {
+        let replies = 0;
+        handlers = {
+            BatchWriteItem: (body) => {
+                replies += 1;
+                if (replies === 1) {
+                    return {
+                        status: 400,
+                        __type: 'com.amazon.coral.validate#ValidationException',
+                        message: 'bad item',
+                    };
+                }
+                // The rest need one retry, so they are still writing when the
+                // failure comes back.
+                return replies <= 4
+                    ? { UnprocessedItems: body.RequestItems }
+                    : { UnprocessedItems: {} };
+            },
+        };
+
+        await expect(
+            stubClient().batchPut(
+                Array.from({ length: 100 }, (_, i) => ({
+                    table: TABLE,
+                    item: { pk: `item-${i}` },
+                })),
+            ),
+        ).rejects.toThrow('bad item');
+        const sentBeforeReject = calls.length;
+        await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 200));
+
+        // Nothing is written after the caller has seen the error.
+        expect(calls.length).toBe(sentBeforeReject);
+        expect(inFlight).toBe(0);
+    });
+
+    it('retries the unprocessed deletes of the TTL sweep', async () => {
+        const expired = [{ pk: { S: 'old' } }];
+        let batchWrites = 0;
+        handlers = {
+            CreateTable: () => ({
+                status: 400,
+                __type: 'com.amazonaws.dynamodb.v20120810#ResourceInUseException',
+                message: 'Table already exists',
+            }),
+            Scan: () => ({ Items: expired }),
+            BatchWriteItem: (body) => {
+                batchWrites += 1;
+                return batchWrites === 1
+                    ? { UnprocessedItems: body.RequestItems }
+                    : { UnprocessedItems: {} };
+            },
+        };
+
+        await stubClient({ bootstrapTables: true }).createTableIfNotExists(
+            {
+                TableName: TABLE,
+                KeySchema: [{ AttributeName: 'pk', KeyType: 'HASH' }],
+                AttributeDefinitions: [
+                    { AttributeName: 'pk', AttributeType: 'S' },
+                ],
+                BillingMode: 'PAY_PER_REQUEST',
+            },
+            'ttl',
+        );
+
+        expect(calls).toEqual([
+            'CreateTable',
+            'Scan',
+            'BatchWriteItem',
+            'BatchWriteItem',
+        ]);
+    });
+});
+
+// Throttles are a service-side signal the emulator never produces, so these
+// drive the client against a stub answering in DynamoDB's error shape.
+describe('DDBClient — throttle logging', () => {
+    let server: Server;
+    let endpoint: string;
+    let responses: { status: number; body: unknown }[];
+    let warn: MockInstance<typeof console.warn>;
+
+    beforeAll(async () => {
+        server = createServer((req, res) => {
+            req.resume();
+            req.on('end', () => {
+                const next = responses.shift() ?? { status: 200, body: {} };
+                res.writeHead(next.status, {
+                    'content-type': 'application/x-amz-json-1.0',
+                });
+                res.end(JSON.stringify(next.body));
+            });
+        });
+        await new Promise<void>((resolve) =>
+            server.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', resolve),
+        );
+        endpoint = `http://127.0.0.1:${(server.address() as AddressInfo).port}`;
+    });
+
+    afterAll(async () => {
+        await new Promise<void>((resolve) => server.close(() => resolve()));
+    });
+
+    beforeEach(() => {
+        warn = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {});
+    });
+
+    afterEach(() => {
+        vi.restoreAllMocks();
+    });
+
+    const stubClient = () =>
+        new DDBClient({
+            port: 0,
+            extensions: [],
+            dynamo: {
+                aws: {
+                    access_key: 'a',
+                    secret_key: 'b',
+                    region: 'eu-central-1',
+                },
+                endpoint,
+            },
+        } as unknown as IConfig);
+
+    const throttled = (reason = 'TableWriteKeyRangeThroughputExceeded') => ({
+        status: 400,
+        body: {
+            __type: 'com.amazonaws.dynamodb.v20120810#ProvisionedThroughputExceededException',
+            message:
+                'The level of configured provisioned throughput for the table was exceeded.',
+            ThrottlingReasons: [
+                {
+                    reason,
+                    resource: `arn:aws:dynamodb:eu-central-1:0:table/${TABLE}`,
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+    });
+    const ok = (body: unknown = {}) => ({ status: 200, body });
+
+    const ddbWarnings = () =>
+        warn.mock.calls
+            .map(([line]) => String(line))
+            .filter((line) => line.startsWith('[ddb] '));
+
+    it('logs the key of a throttled update that succeeds on retry', async () => {
+        responses = [
+            throttled(),
+            ok({
+                Attributes: {
+                    pk: { S: 'hot' },
+                    sk: { S: 'counter' },
+                    v: { N: '1' },
+                },
+            }),
+        ];
+
+        const result = await stubClient().update(
+            TABLE,
+            { pk: 'hot', sk: 'counter' },
+            'SET v = :v',
+            { ':v': 1 },
+        );
+
+        expect(result.Attributes?.v).toBe(1);
+        expect(ddbWarnings()).toEqual([
+            '[ddb] throttled UpdateItem kv-items pk=hot sk=counter in eu-central-1: TableWriteKeyRangeThroughputExceeded',
+        ]);
+    }, 15_000);
+
+    it('logs only the key attributes of a throttled put', async () => {
+        const client = stubClient();
+        // On a managed deployment this creates nothing but learns the key schema.
+        await client.createTableIfNotExists(tableSchema);
+        responses = [throttled(), ok()];
+
+        await client.put(TABLE, {
+            pk: 'user-1',
+            sk: 'settings',
+            secret: 'do-not-log',
+        });
+
+        expect(ddbWarnings()).toEqual([
+            '[ddb] throttled PutItem kv-items pk=user-1 sk=settings in eu-central-1: TableWriteKeyRangeThroughputExceeded',
+        ]);
+        expect(warn.mock.calls.flat().join('\n')).not.toContain('do-not-log');
+    }, 15_000);
+
+    it('logs a hot key once a minute and counts the throttles in between', async () => {
+        const now = vi.spyOn(Date, 'now').mockReturnValue(1_000_000);
+        const client = stubClient();
+        const read = 'TableReadKeyRangeThroughputExceeded';
+
+        responses = [throttled(read), ok(), throttled(read), ok()];
+        await client.get(TABLE, { pk: 'burst', sk: 'a' });
+        await client.get(TABLE, { pk: 'burst', sk: 'a' });
+
+        now.mockReturnValue(1_000_000 + 61_000);
+        responses = [throttled(read), ok()];
+        await client.get(TABLE, { pk: 'burst', sk: 'a' });
+
+        expect(ddbWarnings()).toEqual([
+            `[ddb] throttled GetItem kv-items pk=burst sk=a in eu-central-1: ${read}`,
+            `[ddb] throttled GetItem kv-items pk=burst sk=a in eu-central-1: ${read} (+1 since last logged)`,
+        ]);
+    }, 15_000);
+
+    it('names the partition a throttled query read', async () => {
+        responses = [throttled('IndexReadKeyRangeThroughputExceeded'), ok()];
+
+        await stubClient().query(TABLE, { kind: 'note' }, 0, undefined, GSI);
+
+        expect(ddbWarnings()).toEqual([
+            '[ddb] throttled Query kv-items index=by-kind kind=note in eu-central-1: IndexReadKeyRangeThroughputExceeded',
+        ]);
+    }, 15_000);
+
+    it('names up to five keys of a throttled batch', async () => {
+        responses = [
+            throttled('TableReadKeyRangeThroughputExceeded'),
+            ok({ Responses: {}, UnprocessedKeys: {} }),
+        ];
+
+        await stubClient().batchGet(
+            Array.from({ length: 7 }, (_, index) => ({
+                table: TABLE,
+                items: { pk: `batch-${index}`, sk: 's' },
+            })),
+        );
+
+        expect(ddbWarnings()).toEqual([
+            '[ddb] throttled BatchGetItem kv-items pk=batch-0 sk=s, pk=batch-1 sk=s, pk=batch-2 sk=s, pk=batch-3 sk=s, pk=batch-4 sk=s (+2 more) in eu-central-1: TableReadKeyRangeThroughputExceeded',
+        ]);
+    }, 15_000);
+
+    it('logs batch items DynamoDB hands back unprocessed', async () => {
+        const client = stubClient();
+        await client.createTableIfNotExists(tableSchema);
+        responses = [
+            ok({
+                UnprocessedItems: {
+                    [TABLE]: [
+                        {
+                            PutRequest: {
+                                Item: {
+                                    pk: { S: 'left' },
+                                    sk: { S: 'over' },
+                                    v: { N: '1' },
+                                },
+                            },
+                        },
+                    ],
+                },
+            }),
+            ok({ UnprocessedItems: {} }),
+        ];
+
+        await client.batchPut([
+            { table: TABLE, item: { pk: 'left', sk: 'over', v: 1 } },
+            { table: TABLE, item: { pk: 'done', sk: 'fine', v: 2 } },
+        ]);
+
+        expect(ddbWarnings()).toEqual([
+            '[ddb] unprocessed BatchWriteItem kv-items pk=left sk=over in eu-central-1',
+        ]);
+    });
+
+    it('does not log errors that are not throttles', async () => {
+        responses = [
+            {
+                status: 400,
+                body: {
+                    __type: 'com.amazonaws.dynamodb.v20120810#ConditionalCheckFailedException',
+                    message: 'The conditional request failed',
+                },
+            },
+        ];
+
+        await expect(
+            stubClient().del(
+                TABLE,
+                { pk: 'guarded', sk: 'a' },
+                { condition: { expression: 'attribute_exists(pk)' } },
+            ),
+        ).rejects.toMatchObject({ name: 'ConditionalCheckFailedException' });
+        expect(ddbWarnings()).toEqual([]);
+    });
+});

src/backend/clients/dynamodb/DDBClient.ts

@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@ import { once } from 'node:events';
 import { Agent as httpsAgent } from 'node:https';
 import { HttpError } from '../../core/http';
 import type { IConfig, IDynamoConfig } from '../../types';
+import { BoundedTtlMap } from '../../util/boundedTtlMap.js';
+import { runWithConcurrencyLimitSettled } from '../../util/concurrency.js';
 import { Span } from '../../util/span.js';
 import { PuterClient } from '../types';
 import {
@@ -50,12 +52,15 @@ import {
     isRepairableMarshallError,
     repairForMarshall,
 } from './marshallRepair.js';
+import { attachThrottleLogging } from './throttleLog.js';
 
 const LOCAL_DYNAMO_MEMORY_PREFIX = ':memory:';
 const localDynaliteEndpointPromises = new Map<string, Promise<string>>();
 const MAX_BATCH_WRITE_ITEMS = 25;
-const MAX_BATCH_WRITE_RETRIES = 8;
-const BATCH_WRITE_RETRY_BASE_MS = 25;
+// Chunks of one batch write in flight at once.
+const BATCH_WRITE_CONCURRENCY = 4;
+const MAX_BATCH_RETRIES = 8;
+const BATCH_RETRY_BASE_MS = 25;
 
 // In-memory mode gives each DDBClient its own unique key, which keys
 // into a fresh dynalite server. This is what test parallelism needs:
@@ -115,21 +120,45 @@ const chunkValues = <T>(values: T[], size: number): T[][] => {
     return chunks;
 };
 
+type BatchWriteItems = NonNullable<BatchWriteCommandInput['RequestItems']>;
+type WriteRequest = BatchWriteItems[string][number];
+
+/** Consumed capacity summed per table across the requests of one batch. */
+class ConsumedCapacityTally {
+    #byTable = new Map<string, number>();
+
+    add(entries: { TableName?: string; CapacityUnits?: number }[] = []) {
+        for (const { TableName, CapacityUnits } of entries) {
+            if (!TableName) continue;
+            this.#byTable.set(
+                TableName,
+                (this.#byTable.get(TableName) ?? 0) +
+                    Number(CapacityUnits ?? 0),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    entries() {
+        return Array.from(this.#byTable, ([TableName, CapacityUnits]) => ({
+            TableName,
+            CapacityUnits,
+        }));
+    }
+}
+
 const sleep = async (ms: number) => {
     await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
 };
 
 // One caller writing an out-of-range number usually keeps doing it, so the
 // warning is per-target and throttled rather than one line per write.
-const REPAIR_WARNING_INTERVAL_MS = 60_000;
-const lastRepairWarningAt = new Map<string, number>();
+const repairWarnings = new BoundedTtlMap<string, true>({
+    maxEntries: 1_000,
+    ttlMs: 60_000,
+});
 
 const warnRepaired = (target: string, message: string): void => {
-    const now = Date.now();
-    const lastWarnedAt = lastRepairWarningAt.get(target) ?? 0;
-    if (now - lastWarnedAt < REPAIR_WARNING_INTERVAL_MS) return;
-
-    lastRepairWarningAt.set(target, now);
+    if (!repairWarnings.shouldEmit(target)) return;
     console.warn(
         `[ddb] clamped an out-of-range value in ${target}: ${message}`,
     );
@@ -170,6 +199,7 @@ export class DDBClient extends PuterClient {
     // key per instance so parallel clients don't share state, but
     // `recreateClient()` reuses this same key and so reuses the server.
     #localPathKey: string;
+    #keyNamesByTable = new Map<string, string[]>();
 
     constructor(config: IConfig) {
         super(config);
@@ -234,6 +264,9 @@ export class DDBClient extends PuterClient {
         );
     }
 
+    // UnprocessedKeys retried with capped exponential backoff, same posture as
+    // #batchWrite's UnprocessedItems: a batch this size can be throttled or
+    // partially served, and the caller shouldn't have to know that.
     @Span('ddb.batchGet', (params: unknown[]) => ({
         'db.batch_size': params.length,
     }))
@@ -250,25 +283,54 @@ export class DDBClient extends PuterClient {
             {} as Record<string, Record<string, unknown>[]>,
         );
 
-        const requestItems: BatchGetCommandInput['RequestItems'] =
-            Object.entries(allRequestItemsPerTable).reduce(
-                (acc, [table, keyList]) => {
-                    acc[table] = {
-                        Keys: keyList,
-                        ConsistentRead: consistentRead,
-                    };
-                    return acc;
-                },
-                {} as NonNullable<BatchGetCommandInput['RequestItems']>,
-            );
-
-        const command = new BatchGetCommand({
-            RequestItems: requestItems,
-            ReturnConsumedCapacity: 'TOTAL',
-        });
+        const requestItems = Object.entries(allRequestItemsPerTable).reduce(
+            (acc, [table, keyList]) => {
+                acc[table] = {
+                    Keys: keyList,
+                    ConsistentRead: consistentRead,
+                };
+                return acc;
+            },
+            {} as NonNullable<BatchGetCommandInput['RequestItems']>,
+        );
 
         const client = await this.#getDocumentClient();
-        return client.send(command);
+        const responsesByTable = new Map<string, Record<string, unknown>[]>();
+        const capacity = new ConsumedCapacityTally();
+
+        const drained = await this.#sendWithUnprocessedRetry(
+            requestItems,
+            async (pending) => {
+                const response = await client.send(
+                    new BatchGetCommand({
+                        RequestItems: pending,
+                        ReturnConsumedCapacity: 'TOTAL',
+                    }),
+                );
+                for (const [table, items] of Object.entries(
+                    response.Responses ?? {},
+                )) {
+                    const existing = responsesByTable.get(table) ?? [];
+                    existing.push(...items);
+                    responsesByTable.set(table, existing);
+                }
+                capacity.add(response.ConsumedCapacity);
+                return response.UnprocessedKeys as typeof pending | undefined;
+            },
+        );
+
+        if (!drained) {
+            throw new HttpError(
+                400,
+                'Failed to batch get all items from DynamoDB',
+                { legacyCode: 'bad_request' },
+            );
+        }
+
+        return {
+            Responses: Object.fromEntries(responsesByTable),
+            ConsumedCapacity: capacity.entries(),
+        };
     }
 
     @Span('ddb.batchPut', (params: unknown[]) => ({
@@ -295,129 +357,110 @@ export class DDBClient extends PuterClient {
         );
     }
 
-    // Shared BatchWriteItem plumbing for batchPut/batchDel: 25-item chunks,
-    // UnprocessedItems retried with capped exponential backoff, consumed
-    // capacity accumulated per table across every request.
-    async #batchWrite(
-        params: {
-            table: string;
-            request: NonNullable<
-                BatchWriteCommandInput['RequestItems']
-            >[string][number];
-        }[],
-    ) {
-        const consumedCapacityByTable = new Map<string, number>();
+    // Shared BatchWriteItem plumbing for batchPut/batchDel and the TTL sweep:
+    // 25-item chunks a few at a time, UnprocessedItems retried, consumed
+    // capacity summed per table across every request.
+    async #batchWrite(params: { table: string; request: WriteRequest }[]) {
         if (params.length === 0) {
             return { ConsumedCapacity: [] };
         }
 
-        const accumulateConsumedCapacity = (
-            consumedCapacityEntries:
-                | Array<{ TableName?: string; CapacityUnits?: number }>
-                | undefined,
-        ) => {
-            if (!consumedCapacityEntries) {
-                return;
-            }
-
-            for (const consumedCapacityEntry of consumedCapacityEntries) {
-                const table = consumedCapacityEntry.TableName;
-                if (!table) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                const existingUsage = consumedCapacityByTable.get(table) ?? 0;
-                consumedCapacityByTable.set(
-                    table,
-                    existingUsage +
-                        Number(consumedCapacityEntry.CapacityUnits ?? 0),
-                );
-            }
-        };
-
         const client = await this.#getDocumentClient();
-        const chunks = chunkValues(params, MAX_BATCH_WRITE_ITEMS);
+        const capacity = new ConsumedCapacityTally();
+        // Once a chunk fails, the rest aren't started. Those in flight settle
+        // before the error is thrown, so no write lands after the caller's
+        // cleanup.
+        let failed = false;
 
-        for (const chunk of chunks) {
-            let requestItems = chunk.reduce(
-                (acc, curr) => {
-                    const tableRequests = acc[curr.table] ?? [];
-                    tableRequests.push(curr.request);
-                    acc[curr.table] = tableRequests;
-                    return acc;
-                },
-                {} as NonNullable<BatchWriteCommandInput['RequestItems']>,
-            );
-
-            for (
-                let attempt = 0;
-                attempt <= MAX_BATCH_WRITE_RETRIES;
-                attempt++
-            ) {
-                if (Object.keys(requestItems).length === 0) {
-                    break;
+        const outcomes = await runWithConcurrencyLimitSettled(
+            chunkValues(params, MAX_BATCH_WRITE_ITEMS),
+            BATCH_WRITE_CONCURRENCY,
+            async (chunk) => {
+                if (failed) return;
+                const requestItems: BatchWriteItems = {};
+                for (const { table, request } of chunk) {
+                    (requestItems[table] ??= []).push(request);
                 }
-
-                const response = await sendRepairingValues(
-                    requestItems,
-                    (itemsToWrite) =>
-                        client.send(
-                            new BatchWriteCommand({
-                                RequestItems: itemsToWrite,
-                                ReturnConsumedCapacity: 'TOTAL',
-                            }),
-                        ),
-                    () =>
-                        `a batch write to ${Object.keys(requestItems).join(', ')}`,
-                );
-                accumulateConsumedCapacity(
-                    response.ConsumedCapacity as
-                        | Array<{ TableName?: string; CapacityUnits?: number }>
-                        | undefined,
-                );
-
-                const unprocessedItems = response.UnprocessedItems ?? {};
-                if (Object.keys(unprocessedItems).length === 0) {
-                    requestItems = {};
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                requestItems = unprocessedItems as NonNullable<
-                    BatchWriteCommandInput['RequestItems']
-                >;
-                if (attempt < MAX_BATCH_WRITE_RETRIES) {
-                    const delayMs = Math.min(
-                        1000,
-                        BATCH_WRITE_RETRY_BASE_MS * 2 ** attempt,
+                try {
+                    const drained = await this.#sendWithUnprocessedRetry(
+                        requestItems,
+                        async (pending) => {
+                            const response = await sendRepairingValues(
+                                pending,
+                                (itemsToWrite) =>
+                                    client.send(
+                                        new BatchWriteCommand({
+                                            RequestItems: itemsToWrite,
+                                            ReturnConsumedCapacity: 'TOTAL',
+                                        }),
+                                    ),
+                                () =>
+                                    `a batch write to ${Object.keys(pending).join(', ')}`,
+                            );
+                            capacity.add(response.ConsumedCapacity);
+                            return response.UnprocessedItems as
+                                BatchWriteItems | undefined;
+                        },
                     );
-                    await sleep(delayMs);
+                    if (!drained) {
+                        throw new HttpError(
+                            400,
+                            'Failed to batch write all items to DynamoDB',
+                            { legacyCode: 'bad_request' },
+                        );
+                    }
+                } catch (error) {
+                    failed = true;
+                    throw error;
                 }
-            }
+            },
+        );
+        const rejected = outcomes.find(
+            (outcome): outcome is PromiseRejectedResult =>
+                outcome.status === 'rejected',
+        );
+        if (rejected) throw rejected.reason;
 
-            if (Object.keys(requestItems).length > 0) {
-                throw new HttpError(
-                    400,
-                    'Failed to batch write all items to DynamoDB',
-                    { legacyCode: 'bad_request' },
-                );
+        return { ConsumedCapacity: capacity.entries() };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send a batch request and resend whatever comes back unprocessed, with
+     * capped exponential backoff. `send` returns the unprocessed remainder.
+     * Resolves false when items are still left after the last retry.
+     */
+    async #sendWithUnprocessedRetry<TItems extends object>(
+        requestItems: TItems,
+        send: (pending: TItems) => Promise<TItems | undefined>,
+    ): Promise<boolean> {
+        let pending: TItems | undefined = requestItems;
+        for (let attempt = 0; attempt <= MAX_BATCH_RETRIES; attempt++) {
+            if (!pending || Object.keys(pending).length === 0) return true;
+            pending = await send(pending);
+            if (
+                attempt < MAX_BATCH_RETRIES &&
+                pending &&
+                Object.keys(pending).length > 0
+            ) {
+                await sleep(Math.min(1000, BATCH_RETRY_BASE_MS * 2 ** attempt));
             }
         }
-
-        return {
-            ConsumedCapacity: Array.from(consumedCapacityByTable.entries()).map(
-                ([TableName, CapacityUnits]) => ({
-                    TableName,
-                    CapacityUnits,
-                }),
-            ),
-        };
+        return !pending || Object.keys(pending).length === 0;
     }
 
     @Span('ddb.del', (table: string) => ({ 'db.table': table }))
     async del<T extends Record<string, unknown>>(
         table: string,
         key: T,
-        opts?: { returnOld?: boolean },
+        opts?: {
+            returnOld?: boolean;
+            /** Refused (`ConditionalCheckFailedException`) unless it holds. */
+            condition?: {
+                expression: string;
+                names?: Record<string, string>;
+                values?: Record<string, unknown>;
+            };
+        },
     ) {
         const command = new DeleteCommand({
             TableName: table,
@@ -426,6 +469,20 @@ export class DDBClient extends PuterClient {
             // ALL_OLD makes the delete an atomic claim: exactly one caller
             // gets the attributes back.
             ...(opts?.returnOld ? { ReturnValues: 'ALL_OLD' as const } : {}),
+            ...(opts?.condition
+                ? {
+                      ConditionExpression: opts.condition.expression,
+                      ...(opts.condition.names
+                          ? { ExpressionAttributeNames: opts.condition.names }
+                          : {}),
+                      ...(opts.condition.values
+                          ? {
+                                ExpressionAttributeValues:
+                                    opts.condition.values,
+                            }
+                          : {}),
+                  }
+                : {}),
         });
 
         const client = await this.#getDocumentClient();
@@ -547,10 +604,25 @@ export class DDBClient extends PuterClient {
         );
     }
 
+    /** Lets throttle logs name a put's key without logging the item. */
+    registerKeySchema(
+        table: string,
+        keySchema: NonNullable<CreateTableCommandInput['KeySchema']>,
+    ) {
+        this.#keyNamesByTable.set(
+            table,
+            keySchema.map((key) => key.AttributeName!),
+        );
+    }
+
     async createTableIfNotExists(
         params: CreateTableCommandInput,
         ttlAttribute?: string,
     ) {
+        if (params.TableName && params.KeySchema) {
+            this.registerKeySchema(params.TableName, params.KeySchema);
+        }
+
         // Real-AWS deployments provision tables externally (Terraform / IaC),
         // so we no-op there by default. Self-hosters pointing at
         // dynamodb-local opt in via `dynamo.bootstrapTables: true`.
@@ -625,30 +697,10 @@ export class DDBClient extends PuterClient {
             );
         }
 
-        const ddbClient = new DynamoDBClient({
-            credentials: {
-                accessKeyId,
-                secretAccessKey,
-            },
-            maxAttempts: 3,
-            requestHandler: new NodeHttpHandler({
-                connectionTimeout: 5000,
-                requestTimeout: 5000,
-                httpsAgent: new httpsAgent({ keepAlive: true }),
-            }),
-            ...(this.#ddbConfig.endpoint
-                ? { endpoint: this.#ddbConfig.endpoint }
-                : {}),
+        this.#bindClient({
+            credentials: { accessKeyId, secretAccessKey },
             region: this.#ddbConfig.aws?.region || 'us-west-2',
-        });
-
-        this.#documentClient = DynamoDBDocumentClient.from(ddbClient, {
-            marshallOptions: {
-                removeUndefinedValues: true,
-            },
-            unmarshallOptions: {
-                wrapNumbers: clampStoredNumber,
-            },
+            endpoint: this.#ddbConfig.endpoint,
         });
     }
 
@@ -656,21 +708,36 @@ export class DDBClient extends PuterClient {
         const endpoint = await getOrCreateLocalDynaliteEndpoint(
             this.#localPathKey,
         );
+        this.#bindClient({
+            credentials: { accessKeyId: 'fake', secretAccessKey: 'fake' },
+            region: 'us-west-2',
+            endpoint,
+        });
+    }
 
+    #bindClient({
+        credentials,
+        region,
+        endpoint,
+    }: {
+        credentials: { accessKeyId: string; secretAccessKey: string };
+        region: string;
+        endpoint?: string;
+    }) {
         const ddbClient = new DynamoDBClient({
-            credentials: {
-                accessKeyId: 'fake',
-                secretAccessKey: 'fake',
-            },
+            credentials,
             maxAttempts: 3,
             requestHandler: new NodeHttpHandler({
                 connectionTimeout: 5000,
                 requestTimeout: 5000,
                 httpsAgent: new httpsAgent({ keepAlive: true }),
             }),
-            endpoint,
-            region: 'us-west-2',
+            ...(endpoint ? { endpoint } : {}),
+            region,
         });
+        attachThrottleLogging(ddbClient, region, (table) =>
+            this.#keyNamesByTable.get(table),
+        );
 
         this.#documentClient = DynamoDBDocumentClient.from(ddbClient, {
             marshallOptions: {
@@ -697,14 +764,15 @@ export class DDBClient extends PuterClient {
             const scan = await client.send(
                 new ScanCommand({
                     TableName: table,
-                    FilterExpression: '#ttl < :now',
+                    // 0 means no expiry, so it must never sweep.
+                    FilterExpression: '#ttl < :now AND #ttl <> :none',
                     ExpressionAttributeNames: {
                         '#ttl': ttlAttribute,
                         ...Object.fromEntries(
                             keyNames.map((key) => [`#k_${key}`, key]),
                         ),
                     },
-                    ExpressionAttributeValues: { ':now': now },
+                    ExpressionAttributeValues: { ':now': now, ':none': 0 },
                     ProjectionExpression: keyNames
                         .map((key) => `#k_${key}`)
                         .join(', '),
@@ -715,27 +783,22 @@ export class DDBClient extends PuterClient {
             );
 
             lastEvaluatedKey = scan.LastEvaluatedKey as
-                | Record<string, unknown>
-                | undefined;
+                Record<string, unknown> | undefined;
             const items = scan.Items;
             if (!items || items.length === 0) continue;
 
-            const chunks = chunkValues(items, MAX_BATCH_WRITE_ITEMS);
-            for (const chunk of chunks) {
-                await client.send(
-                    new BatchWriteCommand({
-                        RequestItems: {
-                            [table]: chunk.map((item) => ({
-                                DeleteRequest: {
-                                    Key: Object.fromEntries(
-                                        keyNames.map((key) => [key, item[key]]),
-                                    ),
-                                },
-                            })),
+            await this.#batchWrite(
+                items.map((item) => ({
+                    table,
+                    request: {
+                        DeleteRequest: {
+                            Key: Object.fromEntries(
+                                keyNames.map((key) => [key, item[key]]),
+                            ),
                         },
-                    }),
-                );
-            }
+                    },
+                })),
+            );
         } while (lastEvaluatedKey);
     }
 }

src/backend/clients/dynamodb/throttleLog.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Puter.
+ *
+ * Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+ * by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+import type { DynamoDBClient } from '@aws-sdk/client-dynamodb';
+import { BoundedTtlMap } from '../../util/boundedTtlMap.js';
+
+const THROTTLE_ERROR_NAMES = new Set([
+    'ProvisionedThroughputExceededException',
+    'ThrottlingException',
+    'RequestLimitExceeded',
+]);
+
+// A hot key throttles in bursts, so each target logs at most once a minute and
+// the next line says how many were folded into it.
+const LOG_INTERVAL_MS = 60_000;
+const MAX_TRACKED_TARGETS = 1_000;
+const MAX_KEYS_PER_LINE = 5;
+const MAX_VALUE_LENGTH = 120;
+
+type AnyRecord = Record<string, unknown>;
+type KeyNamesFor = (table: string) => string[] | undefined;
+interface Target {
+    table: string;
+    keys: string;
+}
+
+// No TTL: an entry past its interval still carries the count to report.
+const lastLogged = new BoundedTtlMap<string, { at: number; folded: number }>({
+    maxEntries: MAX_TRACKED_TARGETS,
+});
+
+const logOnce = (target: string, detail?: string): void => {
+    const now = Date.now();
+    const previous = lastLogged.get(target);
+    if (previous && now - previous.at < LOG_INTERVAL_MS) {
+        previous.folded += 1;
+        return;
+    }
+    lastLogged.set(target, { at: now, folded: 0 });
+
+    const folded = previous?.folded
+        ? ` (+${previous.folded} since last logged)`
+        : '';
+    console.warn(`[ddb] ${target}${detail ? `: ${detail}` : ''}${folded}`);
+};
+
+// Inputs reach this middleware marshalled and outputs arrive unmarshalled, so
+// a key value can be either shape.
+const formatValue = (value: unknown): string => {
+    let text: string;
+    if (value && typeof value === 'object') {
+        const attr = value as { S?: string; N?: string; B?: unknown };
+        text =
+            attr.S ??
+            attr.N ??
+            (attr.B !== undefined ? '<binary>' : JSON.stringify(value));
+    } else {
+        text = String(value);
+    }
+    return text.length > MAX_VALUE_LENGTH
+        ? `${text.slice(0, MAX_VALUE_LENGTH)}...`
+        : text;
+};
+
+const formatKey = (key: unknown, names?: string[]): string => {
+    if (!key || typeof key !== 'object') return '<no key>';
+    const record = key as AnyRecord;
+    const parts = (names ?? Object.keys(record))
+        .filter((name) => name in record)
+        .map((name) => `${name}=${formatValue(record[name])}`);
+    return parts.length > 0 ? parts.join(' ') : '<no key>';
+};
+
+// A put carries the whole item; only its key attributes are logged, never values.
+const formatItemKey = (
+    table: string,
+    item: unknown,
+    keyNamesFor: KeyNamesFor,
+): string => {
+    const names = keyNamesFor(table);
+    return names ? formatKey(item, names) : '<key schema unknown>';
+};
+
+const formatList = (keys: string[]): string => {
+    const shown = keys.slice(0, MAX_KEYS_PER_LINE).join(', ');
+    const hidden = keys.length - MAX_KEYS_PER_LINE;
+    return hidden > 0 ? `${shown} (+${hidden} more)` : shown;
+};
+
+const formatQueryKey = (input: AnyRecord): string => {
+    const values = (input.ExpressionAttributeValues ?? {}) as AnyRecord;
+    const placeholders =
+        String(input.KeyConditionExpression ?? '').match(/:[\w-]+/g) ?? [];
+    const parts = placeholders.map(
+        (placeholder) =>
+            `${placeholder.slice(1)}=${formatValue(values[placeholder])}`,
+    );
+    const index = input.IndexName ? `index=${input.IndexName} ` : '';
+    return index + (parts.length > 0 ? parts.join(' ') : '<no key>');
+};
+
+const describeBatchWrite = (
+    requestItems: unknown,
+    keyNamesFor: KeyNamesFor,
+): Target[] =>
+    Object.entries((requestItems ?? {}) as AnyRecord).map(
+        ([table, requests]) => ({
+            table,
+            keys: formatList(
+                ((requests ?? []) as AnyRecord[]).map((request) => {
+                    const put = request.PutRequest as AnyRecord | undefined;
+                    if (put) return formatItemKey(table, put.Item, keyNamesFor);
+                    const del = request.DeleteRequest as AnyRecord | undefined;
+                    return formatKey(del?.Key);
+                }),
+            ),
+        }),
+    );
+
+const describeBatchGet = (requestItems: unknown): Target[] =>
+    Object.entries((requestItems ?? {}) as AnyRecord).map(([table, entry]) => ({
+        table,
+        keys: formatList(
+            ((entry as { Keys?: unknown[] })?.Keys ?? []).map((key) =>
+                formatKey(key),
+            ),
+        ),
+    }));
+
+const describeRequest = (
+    commandName: string,
+    input: AnyRecord,
+    keyNamesFor: KeyNamesFor,
+): Target[] => {
+    const table = String(input.TableName ?? '');
+    switch (commandName) {
+        case 'GetItemCommand':
+        case 'UpdateItemCommand':
+        case 'DeleteItemCommand':
+            return [{ table, keys: formatKey(input.Key) }];
+        case 'PutItemCommand':
+            return [
+                { table, keys: formatItemKey(table, input.Item, keyNamesFor) },
+            ];
+        case 'QueryCommand':
+            return [{ table, keys: formatQueryKey(input) }];
+        case 'BatchWriteItemCommand':
+            return describeBatchWrite(input.RequestItems, keyNamesFor);
+        case 'BatchGetItemCommand':
+            return describeBatchGet(input.RequestItems);
+        default:
+            return [{ table, keys: '<no key>' }];
+    }
+};
+
+const throttleReasons = (error: unknown): string => {
+    const err = error as {
+        name?: string;
+        ThrottlingReasons?: { reason?: string }[];
+        throttlingReasons?: { reason?: string }[];
+    };
+    const reasons = (err.ThrottlingReasons ?? err.throttlingReasons ?? [])
+        .map((entry) => entry.reason)
+        .filter(Boolean);
+    return reasons.length > 0 ? reasons.join(', ') : String(err.name);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Log the table and key of every throttled attempt, including the ones the SDK
+ * retries through, plus batch items DynamoDB hands back unprocessed. Sits
+ * inside the retry loop because the CloudWatch throttle metrics count attempts,
+ * and most throttled attempts succeed on retry.
+ */
+export const attachThrottleLogging = (
+    client: DynamoDBClient,
+    region: string,
+    keyNamesFor: KeyNamesFor,
+): void => {
+    client.middlewareStack.addRelativeTo(
+        <TArgs extends { input: unknown }, TResult extends { output: unknown }>(
+            next: (args: TArgs) => Promise<TResult>,
+            context: { commandName?: string },
+        ) =>
+            async (args: TArgs): Promise<TResult> => {
+                const commandName = context.commandName ?? '';
+                const operation = commandName.replace(/Command$/, '');
+                try {
+                    const result = await next(args);
+                    const output = result.output as {
+                        UnprocessedItems?: unknown;
+                        UnprocessedKeys?: unknown;
+                    };
+                    const leftovers = [
+                        ...describeBatchWrite(
+                            output?.UnprocessedItems,
+                            keyNamesFor,
+                        ),
+                        ...describeBatchGet(output?.UnprocessedKeys),
+                    ];
+                    for (const { table, keys } of leftovers) {
+                        logOnce(
+                            `unprocessed ${operation} ${table} ${keys} in ${region}`,
+                        );
+                    }
+                    return result;
+                } catch (error) {
+                    if (THROTTLE_ERROR_NAMES.has((error as Error)?.name)) {
+                        const targets = describeRequest(
+                            commandName,
+                            args.input as AnyRecord,
+                            keyNamesFor,
+                        );
+                        for (const { table, keys } of targets) {
+                            logOnce(
+                                `throttled ${operation} ${table} ${keys} in ${region}`,
+                                throttleReasons(error),
+                            );
+                        }
+                    }
+                    throw error;
+                }
+            },
+        {
+            name: 'throttleKeyLogger',
+            relation: 'after',
+            toMiddleware: 'retryMiddleware',
+        },
+    );
+};

src/backend/clients/email/EmailClient.test.ts

@@ -425,86 +425,3 @@ describe('EmailClient — share notification templates', () => {
         expect(html).toContain('href="https://puter.test"');
     });
 });
-
-describe('EmailClient.clean', () => {
-    const clean = (email: string) => startClient().clean(email);
-
-    it('strips subaddressing on ordinary domains', () => {
-        expect(clean('[email protected]')).toBe('[email protected]');
-    });
-
-    it('ignores dots and subaddressing for gmail', () => {
-        expect(clean('[email protected]')).toBe('[email protected]');
-    });
-
-    it('canonicalizes googlemail onto gmail', () => {
-        expect(clean('[email protected]')).toBe('[email protected]');
-    });
-
-    it('keeps yahoo subaddressing, which yahoo treats as distinct', () => {
-        expect(clean('[email protected]')).toBe('[email protected]');
-    });
-
-    it('ignores dots for icloud aliases', () => {
-        expect(clean('[email protected]')).toBe('[email protected]');
-    });
-
-    it('returns anything that is not an address unchanged', () => {
-        expect(clean('not-an-email')).toBe('not-an-email');
-        expect(clean('@nolocal.test')).toBe('@nolocal.test');
-    });
-});
-
-describe('EmailClient.validate', () => {
-    it('waves everything through in a dev environment', async () => {
-        const client = startClient({ env: 'dev' } as Partial<IConfig>);
-        await expect(client.validate('[email protected]')).resolves.toBe(
-            true,
-        );
-    });
-
-    it('rejects a blocked domain suffix', async () => {
-        const client = startClient({
-            blockedEmailDomains: ['blocked.test'],
-        } as unknown as Partial<IConfig>);
-
-        await expect(client.validate('[email protected]')).resolves.toBe(
-            false,
-        );
-        await expect(client.validate('[email protected]')).resolves.toBe(
-            true,
-        );
-    });
-
-    it('matches the blocklist against the cleaned address', async () => {
-        const client = startClient({
-            blockedEmailDomains: ['@gmail.com'],
-        } as unknown as Partial<IConfig>);
-        await expect(
-            client.validate('[email protected]'),
-        ).resolves.toBe(false);
-    });
-
-    it('lets a registered validator veto an address', async () => {
-        const client = startClient();
-        const seen: string[] = [];
-        client.addValidator((email) => {
-            seen.push(email);
-            return !email.startsWith('spam');
-        });
-
-        await expect(client.validate('[email protected]')).resolves.toBe(
-            false,
-        );
-        await expect(client.validate('[email protected]')).resolves.toBe(true);
-        // Validators always see the canonical form.
-        expect(seen).toEqual(['[email protected]', '[email protected]']);
-    });
-
-    it('supports asynchronous validators', async () => {
-        const client = startClient();
-        client.addValidator(async (email) => email !== '[email protected]');
-        await expect(client.validate('[email protected]')).resolves.toBe(false);
-        await expect(client.validate('[email protected]')).resolves.toBe(true);
-    });
-});

src/backend/clients/email/EmailClient.ts

@@ -71,54 +71,12 @@ export interface SendMailOptions {
     headers?: Record<string, string>;
 }
 
-export type EmailValidator = (email: string) => Promise<boolean> | boolean;
-
 interface CompiledTemplate {
     subject: ReturnType<typeof template>;
     html: ReturnType<typeof template>;
     text?: ReturnType<typeof template>;
 }
 
-// -- Clean-email rules ------------------------------------------------
-
-type CleanRule = (parts: { local: string; domain: string }) => {
-    local: string;
-    domain: string;
-};
-
-const CLEAN_RULES: Record<string, CleanRule> = {
-    dots_dont_matter: ({ local, domain }) => ({
-        local: local.replace(/\./g, ''),
-        domain,
-    }),
-    remove_subaddressing: ({ local, domain }) => ({
-        local: local.split('+')[0],
-        domain,
-    }),
-};
-
-const PROVIDER_RULES: Record<string, { apply: string[]; skip: string[] }> = {
-    gmail: { apply: ['dots_dont_matter'], skip: [] },
-    icloud: { apply: ['dots_dont_matter'], skip: [] },
-    yahoo: { apply: [], skip: ['remove_subaddressing'] },
-};
-
-const DOMAIN_TO_PROVIDER: Record<string, string> = {
-    'gmail.com': 'gmail',
-    'googlemail.com': 'gmail',
-    'yahoo.com': 'yahoo',
-    'yahoo.co.uk': 'yahoo',
-    'yahoo.ca': 'yahoo',
-    'yahoo.com.au': 'yahoo',
-    'icloud.com': 'icloud',
-    'me.com': 'icloud',
-    'mac.com': 'icloud',
-};
-
-const DOMAIN_ALIASES: Record<string, string> = {
-    'googlemail.com': 'gmail.com',
-};
-
 // -- EmailClient ------------------------------------------------------
 
 /**
@@ -126,8 +84,8 @@ const DOMAIN_ALIASES: Record<string, string> = {
  *
  * - Template-based outbound mail (via `send`)
  * - Raw nodemailer passthrough (via `sendRaw`)
- * - Canonical-form normalization for dedup (via `clean`)
- * - Policy + extensible validation (via `validate`)
+ *
+ * Address normalization and the domain blocklist live in `util/email.ts`.
  */
 export class EmailClient extends PuterClient {
     private transport: ReturnType<typeof nodemailer.createTransport> | null =
@@ -135,7 +93,6 @@ export class EmailClient extends PuterClient {
     private compiledTemplates: Partial<
         Record<EmailTemplateName, CompiledTemplate>
     > = {};
-    private validators: EmailValidator[] = [];
 
     constructor(config: IConfig) {
         super(config);
@@ -218,72 +175,6 @@ export class EmailClient extends PuterClient {
         });
     }
 
-    // -- Public API: clean / validate ---------------------------------
-
-    /**
-     * Normalize an email to its canonical form for dedup comparisons. Applies
-     * provider-specific rules (e.g. Gmail ignores dots in the local part) plus
-     * generic subaddressing removal.
-     */
-    clean(email: string): string {
-        let [local, domain] = email.split('@');
-        if (!local || !domain) return email;
-
-        if (DOMAIN_ALIASES[domain]) {
-            domain = DOMAIN_ALIASES[domain];
-        }
-
-        // Default: strip subaddressing on everything unless provider skips it
-        const ruleNames = new Set<string>(['remove_subaddressing']);
-        const provider = DOMAIN_TO_PROVIDER[domain];
-        const rules = provider ? PROVIDER_RULES[provider] : undefined;
-
-        if (rules) {
-            rules.apply.forEach((r) => ruleNames.add(r));
-            rules.skip.forEach((r) => ruleNames.delete(r));
-        }
-
-        let parts = { local, domain };
-        for (const name of ruleNames) {
-            parts = CLEAN_RULES[name](parts);
-        }
-
-        return `${parts.local}@${parts.domain}`;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Check whether an email is allowed to be used. Checks domain blocklist
-     * plus any registered validators (services can call `addValidator()` to
-     * register custom policy hooks).
-     */
-    async validate(email: string): Promise<boolean> {
-        if (this.config.env === 'dev') return true;
-
-        const cleaned = this.clean(email);
-
-        const blocked = this.config.blockedEmailDomains;
-        if (Array.isArray(blocked)) {
-            for (const suffix of blocked) {
-                if (cleaned.endsWith(suffix)) return false;
-            }
-        }
-
-        for (const validator of this.validators) {
-            const ok = await validator(cleaned);
-            if (!ok) return false;
-        }
-
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Register a custom validation hook. Services can call this during their
-     * startup to veto specific emails (e.g. a disposable-email service).
-     */
-    addValidator(fn: EmailValidator): void {
-        this.validators.push(fn);
-    }
-
     // -- Internals ----------------------------------------------------
 
     private defaultFrom(): string {

src/backend/clients/email/templates.ts

@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ const SHARE_LIST_ROW = `
                                     <table role="presentation" width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" style="width: 100%;">
                                         {{#each shares}}
                                         <tr>
-                                            <td class="ink rule" style="padding: 12px 0;{{#unless @first}} border-top: 1px solid ${RULE};{{/unless}} font-family: ${FONT}; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; color: ${INK};"><strong style="font-weight: 600;">{{this.sender}}</strong> shared ${SHARE_ITEM_LIST}</td>
+                                            <td class="ink rule" style="padding: 12px 0;{{#unless @first}} border-top: 1px solid ${RULE};{{/unless}} font-family: ${FONT}; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; color: ${INK};"><strong style="font-weight: 600;">{{this.sender}}</strong> shared ${SHARE_ITEM_LIST}{{#if this.via}} via {{this.via}}{{/if}}</td>
                                         </tr>
                                         {{/each}}
                                     </table>
@@ -352,10 +352,10 @@ [email protected] immediately.
         html: `
 <p>Hi there,</p>
 <p>{{team_name}} has created a Puter account for you.</p>
-<p>Username: <b>{{username}}</b><br>
-Temporary password: <b>{{temporary_password}}</b></p>
-<p>You will be asked to choose your own password the first time you sign in.
-This temporary one stops working then, and it expires on its own if unused.</p>
+<p>Username: <b>{{username}}</b></p>
+<p>{{team_name}} will give you a temporary password. You will be asked to choose
+your own the first time you sign in. The temporary one stops working then, and it
+expires on its own if unused.</p>
 <p>What this means:</p>
 <ul>
 <li>This account belongs to {{team_name}}. They pay for it and can close it.</li>
@@ -364,6 +364,21 @@ This temporary one stops working then, and it expires on its own if unused.</p>
 as you. Choose your own password promptly.</li>
 </ul>
 <p>Sincerely,</p>
+<p>Puter</p>
+        `,
+    },
+    team_account_reissued: {
+        subject: 'A new temporary password for your {{team_name}} account',
+        html: `
+<p>Hi there,</p>
+<p>{{team_name}} has issued a new temporary password for your Puter account
+<b>{{username}}</b>. Any temporary password you were given before this one has
+stopped working.</p>
+<p>{{team_name}} will give you the new one. You will be asked to choose your own
+password the first time you sign in; the temporary one stops working then, and
+it expires on its own if unused.</p>
+<p>If you were not expecting this, ask {{team_name}} -- only they can issue it.</p>
+<p>Sincerely,</p>
 <p>Puter</p>
         `,
     },
@@ -404,6 +419,22 @@ will be asked to choose your own the next time you sign in.</p>
 <p>If you did not expect this, the record of who reset it and when is in your
 team activity, along with every sign-in to your account.</p>
 <p>Sincerely,</p>
+<p>Puter</p>
+        `,
+    },
+    team_2fa_reset: {
+        subject:
+            'Two-factor authentication was reset on your {{team_name}} account',
+        html: `
+<p>Hi there,</p>
+<p>An administrator of {{team_name}} reset two-factor authentication on your
+Puter account <b>{{username}}</b>, so you can set it up again from a device you
+still have. You have been signed out everywhere.</p>
+<p>Your password is unchanged. If your team requires two-factor authentication,
+you will be asked to enrol the next time you sign in.</p>
+<p>If you did not expect this, the record of who reset it and when is in your
+team activity, along with every sign-in to your account.</p>
+<p>Sincerely,</p>
 <p>Puter</p>
         `,
     },
@@ -458,7 +489,7 @@ immediately</p>
 
             Shared with you on Puter:
             {{#each shares}}
-            - {{this.sender}} shared {{this.what}}
+            - {{this.sender}} shared {{this.what}}{{#if this.via}} via {{this.via}}{{/if}}
             {{#each this.items}}{{#if this.link}}  {{this.name}}: {{this.link}}
             {{/if}}{{/each}}{{/each}}
 
@@ -496,7 +527,7 @@ immediately</p>
 
             Shared with you on Puter:
             {{#each shares}}
-            - {{this.sender}} shared {{this.what}}
+            - {{this.sender}} shared {{this.what}}{{#if this.via}} via {{this.via}}{{/if}}
             {{/each}}
 
             There's no Puter account for {{email}} yet. Create one with this

src/backend/clients/event/EventClient.test.ts

@@ -136,6 +136,30 @@ describe('EventClient', () => {
         });
     });
 
+    describe('repeat emits', () => {
+        it('reaches listeners added after the key was first emitted', () => {
+            target.emit(`${key}.a.b`, {}, {});
+            const wildcard = vi.fn();
+            const exact = vi.fn();
+            target.on(`${key}.a.*`, wildcard);
+            target.on(`${key}.a.b`, exact);
+            target.emit(`${key}.a.b`, {}, {});
+            expect(wildcard).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+            expect(exact).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+            expect(target.hasListeners(`${key}.a.b`)).toBe(true);
+        });
+
+        it('does not skip a listener when an earlier one unsubscribes mid-dispatch', () => {
+            const second = vi.fn();
+            const first = vi.fn(() => target.off(key, first));
+            target.on(key, first);
+            target.on(key, second);
+            target.emit(key, {}, {});
+            expect(first).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+            expect(second).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+        });
+    });
+
     describe('emitAndWait', () => {
         it('awaits async listeners before resolving', async () => {
             let resolved = false;

src/backend/clients/event/EventClient.ts

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
  */
 
 import { extensionStore } from '../../extensions';
+import { BoundedTtlMap } from '../../util/boundedTtlMap.js';
 import { withSpan } from '../../util/span.js';
 import { PuterClient } from '../types';
 import {
@@ -28,8 +29,13 @@ import {
     MatchingEvents,
 } from './types';
 
+const NO_LISTENERS: readonly EventListener[] = [];
+
 export class EventClient extends PuterClient {
     #eventListeners: Partial<Record<ListenKey, EventListener[]>> = {};
+    #matchKeyMemo = new BoundedTtlMap<string, readonly ListenKey[]>({
+        maxEntries: 1024,
+    });
 
     onServerStart() {
         this.emit('serverStart', {}, {});
@@ -63,19 +69,8 @@ export class EventClient extends PuterClient {
         data: EventMap[T],
         meta: EventMetadata,
     ) {
-        const parts = key.split('.');
-        for (let i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
-            const matchKey = (
-                i === parts.length - 1
-                    ? key
-                    : `${parts.slice(0, i + 1).join('.')}.*`
-            ) as ListenKey;
-            const extensionListeners = extensionStore.events[matchKey];
-            const listeners = (this.#eventListeners[matchKey] || []).concat(
-                extensionListeners || [],
-            );
-            if (!listeners) continue;
-            for (const listener of listeners) {
+        for (const matchKey of this.#matchKeys(key)) {
+            for (const listener of this.#listenersFor(matchKey)) {
                 this.#emitEvent(listener, key, data, meta);
             }
         }
@@ -92,7 +87,7 @@ export class EventClient extends PuterClient {
      *
      * Listeners run sequentially in the order they're registered so an earlier
      * handler's mutation is visible to later ones. A listener that throws is
-     * logged (same as `emit`) and the chain continues.
+     * logged and the chain continues, with `meta.listener_failed` set.
      */
     async emitAndWait<T extends keyof EventMap>(
         key: T,
@@ -102,22 +97,16 @@ export class EventClient extends PuterClient {
         // Spanned because callers block on listeners — this is where time
         // spent in extension hooks (e.g. `ip.validate`) gets attributed.
         return withSpan('event.emitAndWait', { 'event.key': key }, async () => {
-            const parts = key.split('.');
-            for (let i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
-                const matchKey = (
-                    i === parts.length - 1
-                        ? key
-                        : `${parts.slice(0, i + 1).join('.')}.*`
-                ) as ListenKey;
-                const extensionListeners = extensionStore.events[matchKey];
-                const listeners = (this.#eventListeners[matchKey] || []).concat(
-                    extensionListeners || [],
-                );
-                if (!listeners) continue;
-                for (const listener of listeners) {
+            for (const matchKey of this.#matchKeys(key)) {
+                // A wildcard listener observes the event; it does not implement it.
+                const isExact = matchKey === key;
+                for (const listener of this.#listenersFor(matchKey)) {
                     try {
                         await listener(key, data, meta);
                     } catch (e) {
+                        // The chain continues, but the caller is told: a hook
+                        // that could not run is not a hook that approved.
+                        if (isExact) meta.listener_failed = true;
                         console.error(
                             'Error in event listener for event',
                             key,
@@ -137,13 +126,7 @@ export class EventClient extends PuterClient {
      * otherwise perfectly cheap and doesn't need this.
      */
     hasListeners<T extends keyof EventMap>(key: T): boolean {
-        const parts = key.split('.');
-        for (let i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
-            const matchKey = (
-                i === parts.length - 1
-                    ? key
-                    : `${parts.slice(0, i + 1).join('.')}.*`
-            ) as ListenKey;
+        for (const matchKey of this.#matchKeys(key)) {
             if (this.#eventListeners[matchKey]?.length) return true;
             if (extensionStore.events[matchKey]?.length) return true;
         }
@@ -186,6 +169,34 @@ export class EventClient extends PuterClient {
         const idx = listeners.indexOf(callback as EventListener);
         if (idx !== -1) listeners.splice(idx, 1);
     }
+    /**
+     * The keys a listener can be registered under to hear `key`: each
+     * `<prefix>.*` shorter than the key, then the key itself. Memoized, since
+     * the same few keys are emitted on every request.
+     */
+    #matchKeys(key: string): readonly ListenKey[] {
+        const cached = this.#matchKeyMemo.get(key);
+        if (cached) return cached;
+        const parts = key.split('.');
+        const matchKeys = parts.map(
+            (_, i) =>
+                (i === parts.length - 1
+                    ? key
+                    : `${parts.slice(0, i + 1).join('.')}.*`) as ListenKey,
+        );
+        this.#matchKeyMemo.set(key, matchKeys);
+        return matchKeys;
+    }
+
+    #listenersFor(matchKey: ListenKey): readonly EventListener[] {
+        const own = this.#eventListeners[matchKey];
+        const fromExtensions = extensionStore.events[matchKey];
+        if (!own?.length && !fromExtensions?.length) return NO_LISTENERS;
+        // A copy, so a listener that unsubscribes mid-dispatch can't make the
+        // loop skip its neighbour.
+        return (own ?? []).concat(fromExtensions ?? []);
+    }
+
     async #emitEvent<T extends keyof EventMap>(
         listener: EventListener,
         key: T,

src/backend/clients/event/types.ts

@@ -175,6 +175,7 @@ export type EventMap = {
             index_url?: string | null;
             owner_user_id?: number | null;
             name?: string | null;
+            godmode?: boolean;
         };
     };
 
@@ -227,14 +228,57 @@ export type EventMap = {
         fingerprint?: string | null;
         /** True when the created account is a temp user (no email/password). */
         is_temp?: boolean;
+        /** The bonus code `puter.signup-bonus.validate` accepted, if any. */
+        bonus_code?: string;
         [key: string]: unknown;
     };
+    // Signup bonus codes are pure mechanism here: an extension decides what a
+    // code is worth and fills these in (both emitted via `emitAndWait`).
+    'puter.signup-bonus.check': {
+        code: string;
+        ip: string | null;
+        fingerprint: string | null;
+        valid: boolean;
+        /** Opaque to core; forwarded to the client when `valid` is false. */
+        reason: string | null;
+        display: { title: string; description: string } | null;
+        /** Verification the code will require after signup. */
+        requirements: { phone: boolean; card: boolean } | null;
+    };
+    /**
+     * Emitted once a signup has passed `puter.signup.validate`, so listeners
+     * see the harness's verdict. A listener sets `accepted` to honor the code,
+     * and may raise (never lower) the verification requirements.
+     */
+    'puter.signup-bonus.validate': {
+        code: string;
+        email?: string;
+        clean_email?: string;
+        ip?: string | null;
+        fingerprint?: string | null;
+        reputation?: number | null;
+        source?: 'oidc';
+        requires_phone_verification: boolean;
+        requires_card_verification: boolean;
+        accepted: boolean;
+    };
     'email.validate': {
         email: string;
         allow: boolean;
         message: string | null;
         [key: string]: unknown;
     };
+    // Inbound mail to a feedback address (`abuse@`, `fbl@`, ...), emitted via
+    // `emitAndWait`. A listener that takes it sets `handled` and it reaches no
+    // mailbox; otherwise it is routed like any other message.
+    'email.ingress.feedback': {
+        /** The envelope recipient, as the relay presented it. */
+        to: string;
+        from: string | null;
+        /** The whole message, exactly as received. */
+        raw: Buffer;
+        handled: boolean;
+    };
     'user.save_account': {
         user_id: number;
         old_username?: string;
@@ -261,6 +305,9 @@ export type EventMap = {
         device_fingerprint: string | null;
         allowed: boolean;
         reason: string | null;
+        // With `allowed` false, offer the card fallback in place of SMS. Only
+        // honored while the fallback is on; otherwise the send proceeds.
+        card_fallback_instead?: boolean;
         [key: string]: unknown;
     };
     // Fire-and-forget signal that a code was actually sent — the abuse
@@ -271,6 +318,9 @@ export type EventMap = {
         user_uid: string;
         phone: string;
         device_fingerprint: string | null;
+        // Browser-signals dispatch id the client sent with this request, or
+        // null when it sent none.
+        dispatch_id: string | null;
     };
     'user.phone-verified': {
         user_id: number;
@@ -290,6 +340,9 @@ export type EventMap = {
         // the abuse extension cap card-verification setups per device (across
         // accounts) before any Stripe SetupIntent is created.
         device_fingerprint: string | null;
+        // 'trial' when the card is being added for a free trial; null for the
+        // verification gates.
+        purpose?: string | null;
         enabled: boolean | null;
         // Set false by the extension to refuse this setup (e.g. the per-device
         // setup-velocity cap); `reason` carries the opaque code. Stays true
@@ -429,6 +482,10 @@ export type EventMap = {
          * did not have it in hand, as an `expire` does not.
          */
         values?: unknown[];
+        /** Keys among `keys` private to the namespace's app. */
+        noShareKeys?: string[];
+        /** Events handler runs behind the write; see `Actor.handlerDepth`. */
+        handlerDepth?: number;
     };
     /**
      * A whole namespace was emptied. Namespace-level on purpose: `flush`'s own
@@ -452,6 +509,8 @@ export type EventMap = {
         appUid: string | null;
         value: Record<string, unknown>;
         createdAt: number;
+        /** Events handler runs behind whatever created it. */
+        handlerDepth?: number;
     };
     /**
      * One notification, addressed at whatever sockets each region holds for the
@@ -555,6 +614,11 @@ export type EventMap = {
         generation: number;
         /** Whether the table changed; only then does a peer need to re-read it. */
         durable: boolean;
+        /**
+         * Session subscriptions this bump ended, so siblings stop queueing for
+         * them.
+         */
+        ended?: string[];
     };
     /**
      * A user's sockets moved between regions, so every node must drop what it
@@ -569,6 +633,12 @@ export type EventMap = {
         userId: number;
         generation: number;
     };
+    /**
+     * Someone's entry was just shared, so every process must drop its cached
+     * "this owner has nothing shared" answer. `outer.pubsub.*` for the same
+     * reason as the events generation bump: a per-process cache.
+     */
+    'outer.pubsub.share.ownerShared': { ownerUserId: number };
     'outer.fs.write-hash': { hash: string; uuid: string };
     /**
      * Cache keys the KV read cache must stop serving, because the entries
@@ -605,6 +675,16 @@ export type EventMap = {
         requestHash?: string;
         mime: string;
     };
+    // Asked before a hosted file is streamed. A listener that owns the site
+    // sets `result.allowed = false` to withhold the entry; the visitor then
+    // sees the same 404 as for a missing file.
+    'site.access.check': {
+        subdomain: string;
+        host: string;
+        requestPath: string;
+        entry: { name: string; path: string };
+        result: { allowed: boolean };
+    };
 
     // ---- Thumbnails ----
     // The listener rewrites `thumbnail` in place (an s3:// key or legacy
@@ -616,7 +696,8 @@ export type EventMap = {
         uid?: string;
         thumbnail?: string | null;
     };
-    'thumbnail.created': { url: string };
+    /** `uuid` is the entry the thumbnail belongs to. */
+    'thumbnail.created': { url: string; uuid: string };
     'thumbnail.upload.prepare': {
         items: { index: number; item_uid: string }[];
         uploadUrl?: string;
@@ -631,8 +712,19 @@ export type EventMap = {
      * Sessions were revoked for a user. Anything holding one of them open — a
      * live socket, say — should drop it: `revoked_at` is otherwise only read on
      * the next handshake.
+     *
+     * `outer.*` rather than `outer.pubsub.*` on purpose: the eviction runs
+     * through the socket.io Redis adapter a cluster shares, so one node
+     * disconnecting covers every node in it — fanning out to siblings would
+     * just have each of them repeat the same cluster-wide disconnect.
      */
-    'auth.sessions.revoked': { user_id: number; session_uids: string[] };
+    'outer.auth.sessions.revoked': {
+        user_id: number;
+        session_uids: string[];
+    };
+
+    /** One access token was revoked; only its own connections should drop. */
+    'auth.access-token.revoked': { token_uid: string };
 
     /**
      * A grant was withdrawn, so whatever was standing on it has to be settled
@@ -664,6 +756,7 @@ export type EventMap = {
             email?: string;
             app_name?: string;
         };
+        /** False for an app actor: add only `subscribed` / `paid_storage` then. */
         isUser: boolean;
     };
     'wisp.get-policy': {
@@ -698,6 +791,12 @@ export type EventMap = {
     // `ai.cost.factor.<driverName>.<provider>:<model>`. Emitted once per model
     // per batch; the last listener to set `factor` wins.
     [K in `ai.cost.factor.${string}`]: AiCostFactorEvent;
+} & {
+    // A plan gate is about to refuse a caller. Keyed per surface the way the
+    // lifecycles above are: `subscription.gate.route.<method>.<path>`,
+    // `subscription.gate.driver.<iface>.<method>`. Emitted via `emitAndWait`;
+    // a listener that sets `allow` waives the plan requirement for that call.
+    [K in `subscription.gate.${string}`]: SubscriptionGateEvent;
 } & {
     [K in `pubsub.login.${string}`]: { authtoken: string };
 } & {
@@ -718,6 +817,18 @@ export type EventMap = {
     'outer.pubsub.metering.credits-changed': { userUuid: string };
 } & IExtensionEventMap;
 
+/** Payload for `subscription.gate.<surface>` events. */
+export type SubscriptionGateEvent = {
+    actor: Actor;
+    /** The key after `subscription.gate.`, e.g. `driver.puter-kvstore.get`. */
+    surface: string;
+    /** What the gate asked for: any paid plan (`true`) or these policy ids. */
+    requirement: boolean | readonly string[];
+    /** The request being gated, when there is one. */
+    req?: ExpressRequest;
+    allow: boolean;
+};
+
 /** Payload for `ai.cost.factor.<driver>.<model>` events. */
 export type AiCostFactorEvent = {
     /** Driver doing the pricing, e.g. `ai-chat`. */
@@ -808,11 +919,10 @@ export type EventKey = keyof EventMap & string;
 // Generates a wildcard for every non-final dot-separated prefix of K.
 export type WildcardPrefixes<K extends string> =
     K extends `${infer Head}.${infer Tail}`
-        ?
-              | `${Head}.*`
-              | (Tail extends `${string}.${string}`
-                    ? `${Head}.${WildcardPrefixes<Tail>}`
-                    : never)
+        ? | `${Head}.*`
+          | (Tail extends `${string}.${string}`
+                ? `${Head}.${WildcardPrefixes<Tail>}`
+                : never)
         : never;
 
 export type ListenKey = EventKey | WildcardPrefixes<EventKey>;
@@ -821,7 +931,11 @@ export type MatchingEvents<P extends ListenKey> = P extends `${infer Prefix}.*`
     ? Extract<EventKey, `${Prefix}.${string}`>
     : P & EventKey;
 
-export type EventMetadata = { from_outside?: boolean };
+export type EventMetadata = {
+    from_outside?: boolean;
+    /** Set by `emitAndWait` when a listener threw, so a verdict hook can refuse. */
+    listener_failed?: boolean;
+};
 export type EventListener<K extends EventKey = EventKey> = (
     key: K,
     data: EventMap[K],

src/backend/config.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Puter.
+ *
+ * Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+ * by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+import { existsSync, readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import type { IConfig } from './types';
+
+// Config resolution order:
+//   1. `process.env.PUTER_CONFIG_PATH` — absolute path to a config file. Used
+//      by deployments whose outer bootstrap writes a merged config to a known
+//      location.
+//   2. `<PACKAGE_ROOT>/config.json` — user's runtime override (gitignored),
+//      deep-merged over config.default.json so users can omit keys they
+//      don't care to override (e.g. gui_assets_root, database).
+//   3. `<PACKAGE_ROOT>/config.default.json` — bundled OSS defaults.
+//
+// Post-flatten depth: compiled file is at `packages/puter/dist/src/backend/index.js`,
+// so three `..`s land at `packages/puter/`.
+const PACKAGE_ROOT = path.resolve(__dirname, '../../..');
+// Root of the running code tree. Matches PACKAGE_ROOT for a source run, but
+// points at `dist/` for a compiled run — so config-declared paths like
+// `./extensions` resolve to `dist/extensions` at runtime without the config
+// having to know about the build layout.
+const RUNTIME_ROOT = path.resolve(__dirname, '../..');
+
+const isPlainObject = (v: unknown): v is Record<string, unknown> =>
+    typeof v === 'object' && v !== null && !Array.isArray(v);
+
+const deepMerge = <T extends Record<string, unknown>>(
+    base: T,
+    override: Record<string, unknown>,
+): T => {
+    const out: Record<string, unknown> = { ...base };
+    for (const [k, v] of Object.entries(override)) {
+        out[k] =
+            isPlainObject(v) && isPlainObject(out[k])
+                ? deepMerge(out[k] as Record<string, unknown>, v)
+                : v;
+    }
+    return out as T;
+};
+
+export const loadConfig = (): IConfig => {
+    const envPath = process.env.PUTER_CONFIG_PATH;
+    const runtimePath = path.join(PACKAGE_ROOT, 'config.json');
+    const defaultPath = path.join(PACKAGE_ROOT, 'config.default.json');
+
+    const defaults = existsSync(defaultPath)
+        ? (JSON.parse(readFileSync(defaultPath, 'utf8')) as Record<
+              string,
+              unknown
+          >)
+        : {};
+
+    // Runtime override path: env wins, then config.json, else no override
+    // (we still return defaults so single-file installs work).
+    const overridePath =
+        envPath && existsSync(envPath)
+            ? envPath
+            : existsSync(runtimePath)
+              ? runtimePath
+              : null;
+
+    console.log(`[config] defaults from ${defaultPath}`);
+    if (overridePath) console.log(`[config] override from ${overridePath}`);
+
+    const override = overridePath
+        ? (JSON.parse(readFileSync(overridePath, 'utf8')) as Record<
+              string,
+              unknown
+          >)
+        : {};
+
+    const config = deepMerge(defaults, override) as IConfig;
+
+    if (!config.version) {
+        const pkgPath = path.join(PACKAGE_ROOT, 'package.json');
+        if (existsSync(pkgPath)) {
+            try {
+                const pkg = JSON.parse(readFileSync(pkgPath, 'utf8')) as {
+                    version?: string;
+                };
+                if (pkg.version) config.version = pkg.version;
+            } catch {
+                // fall through — /version returns 'unknown'
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Computed defaults. `origin` and `pub_port` are the externally-visible
+    // URL+port — what the browser sees. Separate from `port`, which is the
+    // bind port (can differ when behind a reverse proxy). Code paths that
+    // build self-referential URLs (GUI bootstrap, email links, OIDC callbacks)
+    // depend on `origin` having the right port baked in.
+    if (config.pub_port === undefined) config.pub_port = config.port;
+    const protocol = config.protocol ?? 'http';
+    const domain = config.domain ?? 'localhost';
+    const portSuffix =
+        config.pub_port === 80 || config.pub_port === 443
+            ? ''
+            : `:${config.pub_port}`;
+    if (config.origin === undefined) {
+        config.origin = `${protocol}://${domain}${portSuffix}`;
+    }
+    // API lives on the `api.` subdomain on the same host+port as the main
+    // origin (see PuterRouter subdomain handling in server.ts). Compute it
+    // from pub_port/domain so a single-port override (e.g. port: 5101) flows
+    // through to the GUI bootstrap without users having to restate the URL.
+    if (config.api_base_url === undefined) {
+        config.api_base_url = `${protocol}://api.${domain}${portSuffix}`;
+    }
+
+    // Resolve path-valued config fields. Two different roots:
+    // - `extensions` uses RUNTIME_ROOT because extensions ship inside the
+    //   build output (dist/extensions) and the loader's dynamic import()
+    //   resolves relative paths against the *importing* module file.
+    // - GUI/puter-js/builtin-apps use PACKAGE_ROOT because those assets
+    //   live only in the source tree (not copied into dist/) and are served
+    //   via express.static at runtime.
+    const resolveRuntime = (p: string): string =>
+        path.isAbsolute(p) ? p : path.resolve(RUNTIME_ROOT, p);
+    const resolvePackage = (p: string): string =>
+        path.isAbsolute(p) ? p : path.resolve(PACKAGE_ROOT, p);
+
+    if (Array.isArray(config.extensions)) {
+        config.extensions = config.extensions.map(resolveRuntime);
+    }
+    if (typeof config.gui_assets_root === 'string') {
+        config.gui_assets_root = resolvePackage(config.gui_assets_root);
+    }
+    if (typeof config.puterjs_root === 'string') {
+        config.puterjs_root = resolvePackage(config.puterjs_root);
+    }
+    if (isPlainObject(config.builtin_apps)) {
+        for (const [k, v] of Object.entries(config.builtin_apps)) {
+            if (typeof v === 'string') {
+                (config.builtin_apps as Record<string, string>)[k] =
+                    resolvePackage(v);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return config;
+};

src/backend/controllers/apps/AppController.js

@@ -17,25 +17,21 @@
  * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
  */
 
-import { isAccessTokenActor, isAppActor } from '../../core/actor.js';
+import {
+    isAccessTokenActor,
+    isAccountContext,
+    isAppActor,
+} from '../../core/actor.js';
 import { HttpError } from '../../core/http/HttpError.js';
-import { driversContainers } from '../../exports.js';
 import {
     APP_ICON_SIZES,
     ICON_DATA_URL_MIME_ALLOWLIST,
     isTrustedIconHost,
 } from '../../util/appIcon.js';
-import { resolvePrivateLaunchAccess } from '../../util/privateLaunchAccess.js';
+import { toAppReadView } from '../../util/appView.js';
 import { PuterController } from '../types.js';
 import DEFAULT_APP_ICON from './default-app-icon.js';
 
-/**
- * REST endpoints for app management.
- *
- * Delegates to AppDriver for the actual CRUD + permission logic — these routes
- * are just thin shape adapters that translate REST conventions into driver
- * calls.
- */
 /**
  * Desktop boot reads the app list and individual app records repeatedly, so the
  * ceiling is set well above normal boot traffic and exists to catch a runaway
@@ -69,11 +65,19 @@ const APP_ICON_LIMIT = {
     key: 'ip',
 };
 
-export class AppController extends PuterController {
-    get appStore() {
-        return this.stores.app;
-    }
+// Shared by `GET /apps/:name` (pipe-separated) and `POST /query/app`, which
+// both fan out one lookup per name.
+const APP_LOOKUP_MAX_ENTRIES = 200;
+const APP_LOOKUP_MAX_SELECTOR_LEN = 200;
 
+/** What `/apps/:name` reports for an app no launch gate applies to. */
+const PUBLIC_APP_ACCESS = { hasAccess: true, checkedBy: 'core/public-app' };
+
+/**
+ * REST endpoints for app management. CRUD goes through the apps driver; the
+ * read routes use AppService for visibility and views, as the driver does.
+ */
+export class AppController extends PuterController {
     // In-flight background app-open writes. Tracked only so tests and
     // shutdown can wait for them — the request path never does.
     #pendingOpenWrites = new Set();
@@ -125,15 +129,6 @@ export class AppController extends PuterController {
         await Promise.allSettled([...this.#pendingOpenWrites]);
     }
 
-    get appDriver() {
-        // Drivers are wired into the shared driversContainers export by
-        // PuterServer at boot. Controllers get them lazily via this getter
-        // since they're instantiated before drivers in the boot order.
-        const d = driversContainers.apps;
-        if (!d) throw new Error('AppDriver not registered yet');
-        return d;
-    }
-
     registerRoutes(
         /** @type {import('../../core/http/PuterRouter').PuterRouter} */ router,
     ) {
@@ -147,7 +142,7 @@ export class AppController extends PuterController {
                 rateLimit: APP_READ_LIMIT,
             },
             async (req, res) => {
-                const apps = await this.appDriver.select({
+                const apps = await this.drivers.apps.select({
                     predicate: ['user-can-edit'],
                 });
                 res.json(apps);
@@ -179,7 +174,7 @@ export class AppController extends PuterController {
                         { legacyCode: 'bad_request' },
                     );
                 }
-                const available = await this.appDriver.isNameAvailable(name);
+                const available = await this.drivers.apps.isNameAvailable(name);
                 res.json({ name, available });
             },
         );
@@ -190,10 +185,10 @@ export class AppController extends PuterController {
         // before 400-ing for a missing body field.
         //
         // Authorization: only two callers are trusted to report opens —
-        //   1. a root user actor (plain session, no `.app` and no access
+        //   1. the account acting as itself (plain session or full-access
         //      token), e.g. the GUI launching apps on behalf of the user;
         //   2. the app-under-user actor for the app being reported.
-        // Everything else — access tokens (regardless of issuer), asset
+        // Everything else — scoped and app-issued access tokens, asset
         // tokens, app actors reporting for a *different* app — is denied,
         // otherwise any authenticated party could inflate another app's
         // open count.
@@ -218,14 +213,11 @@ export class AppController extends PuterController {
                     });
                 }
 
-                // Access tokens (and any other non-user/non-app identity,
-                // e.g. asset tokens) are not allowed to report opens —
-                // they're shared / scoped credentials and shouldn't drive
-                // analytics counters.
-                if (isAccessTokenActor(actor)) {
+                // Shared credentials shouldn't drive analytics counters.
+                if (isAccessTokenActor(actor) && !isAccountContext(actor)) {
                     throw new HttpError(
                         403,
-                        'Access tokens cannot report app opens',
+                        'This token cannot report app opens',
                         { legacyCode: 'forbidden' },
                     );
                 }
@@ -238,7 +230,7 @@ export class AppController extends PuterController {
                     );
                 }
 
-                const app = await this.appStore.getByUid(app_uid);
+                const app = await this.stores.app.getByUid(app_uid);
                 if (!app)
                     throw new HttpError(404, 'App not found', {
                         legacyCode: 'not_found',
@@ -266,37 +258,40 @@ export class AppController extends PuterController {
             async (req, res) => {
                 const raw = req.params.name;
                 const names = raw.split('|').filter(Boolean);
+                if (names.length > APP_LOOKUP_MAX_ENTRIES) {
+                    throw new HttpError(
+                        400,
+                        `at most ${APP_LOOKUP_MAX_ENTRIES} app names per request`,
+                        { legacyCode: 'bad_request' },
+                    );
+                }
 
-                const userUid = req.actor?.user?.uuid ?? null;
-
-                const results = await Promise.all(
-                    names.map(async (name) => {
-                        const app = await this.appStore.getByName(name);
-                        if (!app) return null;
-                        let shaped;
-                        try {
-                            shaped = await this.appDriver.read({
-                                uid: app.uid,
-                            });
-                        } catch {
-                            return null;
-                        }
-                        const privateAccess = await resolvePrivateLaunchAccess({
-                            app: shaped,
-                            eventClient: this.clients.event,
-                            userUid,
-                            source: 'appsRoute',
-                            args: req.query ?? {},
+                const actor = req.actor;
+                const appsByName = await this.stores.app.getByNames(
+                    names.filter(
+                        (name) => name.length <= APP_LOOKUP_MAX_SELECTOR_LEN,
+                    ),
+                );
+                const readable = await this.services.app.filterReadable(
+                    [...new Set(appsByName.values())],
+                    actor,
+                );
+                const views = await this.services.app.views(readable, actor, {
+                    source: 'appsRoute',
+                });
+                const shapedByUid = new Map(
+                    readable.map((app, i) => {
+                        const shaped = toAppReadView(app, views[i], {
+                            viewer: actor.user,
                         });
-                        return {
-                            ...shaped,
-                            privateAccess:
-                                shaped.privateAccess?.hasAccess === false
-                                    ? shaped.privateAccess
-                                    : privateAccess,
-                        };
+                        shaped.privateAccess ??= PUBLIC_APP_ACCESS;
+                        return [app.uid, shaped];
                     }),
                 );
+                const results = names.map(
+                    (name) =>
+                        shapedByUid.get(appsByName.get(name)?.uid) ?? null,
+                );
 
                 // Single-name requests return the app directly; batch returns an array
                 if (names.length === 1) {
@@ -316,8 +311,8 @@ export class AppController extends PuterController {
         //
         // Access rules: only apps the caller has a legitimate reason to
         // see are returned — public (`approved_for_listing`), owned by
-        // the caller, or explicitly accessible via AppDriver.read (for
-        // protected apps with a granted permission). Everything else is
+        // the caller, or readable per `AppService.filterReadable` (for
+        // protected apps, a granted permission). Everything else is
         // silently skipped so the endpoint can't be used to enumerate
         // existence of private / unapproved apps by guessing names.
         //
@@ -327,9 +322,6 @@ export class AppController extends PuterController {
         // included for public/owned apps only, consistent with
         // marketplace semantics.
 
-        const QUERY_APP_MAX_ENTRIES = 200;
-        const QUERY_APP_MAX_SELECTOR_LEN = 200;
-
         router.post(
             '/query/app',
             {
@@ -339,71 +331,62 @@ export class AppController extends PuterController {
             },
             async (req, res) => {
                 const appList = Array.isArray(req.body) ? req.body : [];
-                if (appList.length > QUERY_APP_MAX_ENTRIES) {
+                if (appList.length > APP_LOOKUP_MAX_ENTRIES) {
                     throw new HttpError(
                         400,
-                        `request body must contain at most ${QUERY_APP_MAX_ENTRIES} selectors`,
+                        `request body must contain at most ${APP_LOOKUP_MAX_ENTRIES} selectors`,
                         { legacyCode: 'bad_request' },
                     );
                 }
 
-                const actorUserId = req.actor?.user?.id ?? null;
-                const results = [];
+                const actor = req.actor;
+                const selectors = appList.filter(
+                    (selector) =>
+                        typeof selector === 'string' &&
+                        selector.length > 0 &&
+                        selector.length <= APP_LOOKUP_MAX_SELECTOR_LEN,
+                );
+                const isUid = (selector) => selector.startsWith('app-');
+                const [byUid, byName] = await Promise.all([
+                    this.stores.app.getByUids(selectors.filter(isUid)),
+                    this.stores.app.getByNames(
+                        selectors.filter((s) => !isUid(s)),
+                    ),
+                ]);
+                const found = selectors
+                    .map((s) => (isUid(s) ? byUid.get(s) : byName.get(s)))
+                    .filter(Boolean);
 
-                for (const selector of appList) {
-                    if (
-                        typeof selector !== 'string' ||
-                        selector.length === 0 ||
-                        selector.length > QUERY_APP_MAX_SELECTOR_LEN
-                    ) {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                    const isUid = selector.startsWith('app-');
-                    const app = isUid
-                        ? await this.appStore.getByUid(selector)
-                        : await this.appStore.getByName(selector);
-                    if (!app) continue;
-
-                    const isOwner =
-                        actorUserId !== null &&
-                        app.owner_user_id === actorUserId;
-                    const isApproved = Boolean(app.approved_for_listing);
-
-                    if (!isOwner && !isApproved) {
-                        // Unapproved, non-owned — only surface if the
-                        // caller has an explicit grant (purchased /
-                        // permissioned). AppDriver.read enforces that
-                        // via #canReadApp; a thrown 403 means "not
-                        // accessible" and we treat it as "not found".
-                        try {
-                            const shaped = await this.appDriver.read({
-                                uid: app.uid,
-                            });
-                            if (!shaped) continue;
-                        } catch {
-                            continue;
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    const assocRows = await this.clients.db.read(
-                        'SELECT `type` FROM `app_filetype_association` WHERE `app_id` = ?',
-                        [app.id],
+                // Unapproved apps the caller doesn't own surface only when
+                // the caller may read them (one batched grant check).
+                const isListed = (app) =>
+                    app.owner_user_id === actor.user?.id ||
+                    Boolean(app.approved_for_listing);
+                const readable = new Set(
+                    await this.services.app.filterReadable(
+                        [...new Set(found.filter((app) => !isListed(app)))],
+                        actor,
+                    ),
+                );
+                const visible = found.filter(
+                    (app) => isListed(app) || readable.has(app),
+                );
+                const filetypesByAppId =
+                    await this.stores.app.getFiletypeAssociationsByIds(
+                        visible.map((app) => app.id),
                     );
 
-                    results.push({
-                        uuid: app.uid,
-                        name: app.name,
-                        title: app.title,
-                        description: app.description,
-                        metadata: app.metadata,
-                        tags:
-                            typeof app.tags === 'string'
-                                ? app.tags.split(',')
-                                : [],
-                        created: app.timestamp,
-                        associations: assocRows.map((r) => r.type),
-                    });
-                }
+                const results = visible.map((app) => ({
+                    uuid: app.uid,
+                    name: app.name,
+                    title: app.title,
+                    description: app.description,
+                    metadata: app.metadata,
+                    tags:
+                        typeof app.tags === 'string' ? app.tags.split(',') : [],
+                    created: app.timestamp,
+                    associations: filetypesByAppId.get(app.id) ?? [],
+                }));
 
                 res.json(results);
             },
@@ -461,7 +444,7 @@ export class AppController extends PuterController {
             }
             if (!appUid.startsWith('app-')) appUid = `app-${appUid}`;
 
-            const app = await this.appStore.getByUid(appUid);
+            const app = await this.stores.app.getByUid(appUid);
             const icon = app?.icon;
 
             // If the icon isn't an inline data URL, try to serve it from the

src/backend/controllers/apps/AppController.test.ts

@@ -538,6 +538,57 @@ describe('AppController GET /apps/:name', () => {
         });
     });
 
+    it('throws 400 when the pipe-batch exceeds the 200-name cap', async () => {
+        const { actor } = await makeUser();
+        const { res } = makeRes();
+        const names = new Array(201).fill('x').join('|');
+        await expect(
+            withActor(actor, () =>
+                callRoute(
+                    'get',
+                    '/apps/:name',
+                    makeReq({ params: { name: names }, actor }),
+                    res,
+                ),
+            ),
+        ).rejects.toMatchObject({ statusCode: 400 });
+    });
+
+    it('accepts a pipe-batch at exactly the 200-name cap', async () => {
+        const owner = await makeUser();
+        const app = await createApp(owner.actor);
+        const names = [app.name, ...new Array(199).fill('missing-app')].join(
+            '|',
+        );
+
+        const { res, captured } = makeRes();
+        await withActor(owner.actor, () =>
+            callRoute(
+                'get',
+                '/apps/:name',
+                makeReq({ params: { name: names }, actor: owner.actor }),
+                res,
+            ),
+        );
+        expect(Array.isArray(captured.body)).toBe(true);
+        expect(captured.body as unknown[]).toHaveLength(200);
+    });
+
+    it('throws 404 for a single name over the per-name length cap', async () => {
+        const { actor } = await makeUser();
+        const { res } = makeRes();
+        await expect(
+            withActor(actor, () =>
+                callRoute(
+                    'get',
+                    '/apps/:name',
+                    makeReq({ params: { name: 'x'.repeat(201) }, actor }),
+                    res,
+                ),
+            ),
+        ).rejects.toMatchObject({ statusCode: 404 });
+    });
+
     it('omits the stale index_url for a non-owner', async () => {
         const owner = await makeUser();
         const stranger = await makeUser();
@@ -567,6 +618,48 @@ describe('AppController GET /apps/:name', () => {
         expect(body.index_url).toBeUndefined();
         expect(body.privateAccess).toMatchObject({ hasAccess: false });
     });
+
+    it('asks the private-access hook once per private app and withholds its index_url', async () => {
+        const owner = await makeUser();
+        const stranger = await makeUser();
+        const app = await createApp(owner.actor, { name: uniqueName('priv') });
+        const other = await createApp(owner.actor, { name: uniqueName('pub') });
+        await server.clients.db.write(
+            'UPDATE `apps` SET `is_private` = 1 WHERE `uid` = ?',
+            [app.uid],
+        );
+        await server.stores.app.invalidateByUid(app.uid as string);
+        const emit = vi.spyOn(server.clients.event, 'emitAndWait');
+
+        try {
+            const { res, captured } = makeRes();
+            await withActor(stranger.actor, () =>
+                callRoute(
+                    'get',
+                    '/apps/:name',
+                    makeReq({
+                        params: { name: `${app.name}|${other.name}` },
+                        actor: stranger.actor,
+                    }),
+                    res,
+                ),
+            );
+            const [priv, pub] = captured.body as Array<Record<string, unknown>>;
+            expect(priv!.index_url).toBeUndefined();
+            expect(priv!.privateAccess).toMatchObject({ hasAccess: false });
+            expect(pub!.privateAccess).toEqual({
+                hasAccess: true,
+                checkedBy: 'core/public-app',
+            });
+            expect(
+                emit.mock.calls.filter(
+                    (call) => call[0] === 'app.privateAccess.resolveLaunch',
+                ),
+            ).toHaveLength(1);
+        } finally {
+            emit.mockRestore();
+        }
+    });
 });
 
 // ── POST /query/app ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -741,6 +834,61 @@ describe('AppController POST /query/app', () => {
         expect(body).toHaveLength(1);
         expect(body[0]?.name).toBe(app.name);
     });
+
+    it('resolves every selector with batched lookups, not one per selector', async () => {
+        const owner = await makeUser();
+        const apps = await Promise.all(
+            [0, 1, 2].map(() =>
+                createApp(owner.actor, {
+                    name: uniqueName('batch'),
+                    filetype_associations: ['.batchq'],
+                }),
+            ),
+        );
+        const appStore = server.stores.app;
+        const spies = {
+            getByName: vi.spyOn(appStore, 'getByName'),
+            getByUid: vi.spyOn(appStore, 'getByUid'),
+            getFiletypeAssociations: vi.spyOn(
+                appStore,
+                'getFiletypeAssociations',
+            ),
+            getByNames: vi.spyOn(appStore, 'getByNames'),
+            getByUids: vi.spyOn(appStore, 'getByUids'),
+            getFiletypeAssociationsByIds: vi.spyOn(
+                appStore,
+                'getFiletypeAssociationsByIds',
+            ),
+        };
+
+        try {
+            const { res, captured } = makeRes();
+            await withActor(owner.actor, () =>
+                callRoute(
+                    'post',
+                    '/query/app',
+                    makeReq({
+                        body: [apps[0]!.name, apps[1]!.name, apps[2]!.uid],
+                        actor: owner.actor,
+                    }),
+                    res,
+                ),
+            );
+            const body = captured.body as Array<Record<string, unknown>>;
+            expect(body.map((item) => item.uuid)).toEqual(
+                apps.map((app) => app.uid),
+            );
+            expect(body[2]!.associations).toEqual(['batchq']);
+            expect(spies.getByName).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+            expect(spies.getByUid).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+            expect(spies.getFiletypeAssociations).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+            expect(spies.getByNames).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+            expect(spies.getByUids).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+            expect(spies.getFiletypeAssociationsByIds).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+        } finally {
+            for (const spy of Object.values(spies)) spy.mockRestore();
+        }
+    });
 });
 
 // ── GET /app-icon/:app_uid(/:size) ──────────────────────────────────
@@ -897,6 +1045,68 @@ describe('AppController POST /rao actor gating', () => {
         ).rejects.toMatchObject({ statusCode: 403, legacyCode: 'forbidden' });
     });
 
+    it('records an open for a full-access token — the account itself', async () => {
+        const owner = await makeUser();
+        const app = await createApp(owner.actor);
+        const patActor = makeActor({
+            user: owner.actor.user,
+            accessToken: {
+                uid: uuidv4(),
+                issuer: owner.actor,
+                authorized: null,
+                fullAccess: true,
+            },
+        });
+
+        const { res, captured } = makeRes();
+        await withActor(patActor, () =>
+            callRoute(
+                'post',
+                '/rao',
+                makeReq({ body: { app_uid: app.uid }, actor: patActor }),
+                res,
+            ),
+        );
+        expect(captured.body).toEqual({});
+
+        await server.controllers.apps.drainPendingAppOpens();
+        const rows = (await server.clients.db.read(
+            'SELECT `app_uid` FROM `app_opens` WHERE `app_uid` = ? AND `user_id` = ?',
+            [app.uid, owner.userId],
+        )) as unknown[];
+        expect(rows).toHaveLength(1);
+    });
+
+    it('refuses a full-access claim on an app-issued token', async () => {
+        const { actor } = await makeUser();
+        const app = await createApp(actor);
+        const issuer = makeActor({ ...actor, app: { uid: app.uid as string } });
+        const tokenActor = makeActor({
+            user: actor.user,
+            accessToken: {
+                uid: uuidv4(),
+                issuer,
+                authorized: null,
+                fullAccess: true,
+            },
+        });
+
+        const { res } = makeRes();
+        await expect(
+            withActor(tokenActor, () =>
+                callRoute(
+                    'post',
+                    '/rao',
+                    makeReq({
+                        body: { app_uid: app.uid },
+                        actor: tokenActor,
+                    }),
+                    res,
+                ),
+            ),
+        ).rejects.toMatchObject({ statusCode: 403, legacyCode: 'forbidden' });
+    });
+
     it("refuses to let an app actor record another app's open", async () => {
         const { actor } = await makeUser();
         const own = await createApp(actor);

src/backend/controllers/auth/AuthController.http.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,682 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Puter.
+ *
+ * Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+ * by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+import { TOTP } from 'otpauth';
+import { afterAll, beforeAll, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+import { makeActor } from '../../core/actor.js';
+import { runWithContext } from '../../core/context.js';
+import { createSecret as otpCreateSecret } from '../../services/auth/OTPUtil.js';
+import { FULL_API_ACCESS } from '../../services/permission/consts.js';
+import {
+    createTestUser,
+    setupPuterTestEnv,
+    type PuterTestEnv,
+} from '../../testUtil.js';
+import type { IConfig } from '../../types';
+
+/**
+ * HTTP-level coverage for `/auth/revoke-own-access-token` — the route that
+ * lets an app revoke a read-URL token it minted itself, without touching the
+ * account-only `/auth/revoke-access-token`.
+ */
+describe('revoke-own-access-token over HTTP', () => {
+    let env: PuterTestEnv;
+
+    beforeAll(async () => {
+        env = await setupPuterTestEnv();
+    }, 120_000);
+
+    afterAll(async () => {
+        await env?.shutdown();
+    });
+
+    const call = (
+        method: string,
+        path: string,
+        token: string,
+        body?: unknown,
+    ) =>
+        fetch(new URL(path, env.apiOrigin), {
+            method,
+            headers: {
+                'content-type': 'application/json',
+                authorization: `Bearer ${token}`,
+            },
+            ...(body === undefined ? {} : { body: JSON.stringify(body) }),
+        });
+
+    const tokenReadStatus = async (fileUid: string, token: string) => {
+        const url = new URL('/token-read', env.apiOrigin);
+        url.searchParams.set('uid', fileUid);
+        url.searchParams.set('token', token);
+        return (await fetch(url)).status;
+    };
+
+    /** A file with real content in `owner`'s home, readable by uid. */
+    const makeFile = async (owner: { username: string }) => {
+        const user = await env.server.stores.user.getByUsername(
+            owner.username,
+        );
+        const content = Buffer.from(`revoke-http-${crypto.randomUUID()}`);
+        const path = `/${owner.username}/Documents/${crypto.randomUUID()}.txt`;
+        await env.server.services.fs.write(user!.id, {
+            fileMetadata: {
+                path,
+                size: content.byteLength,
+                contentType: 'text/plain',
+            },
+            fileContent: content,
+        });
+        const entry = await env.server.stores.fsEntry.getEntryByPath(path);
+        return { uid: entry!.uid };
+    };
+
+    /** An app of `owner`'s, with a token and read reach over `file`. */
+    const makeApp = async (
+        owner: { username: string },
+        file: { uid: string },
+    ) => {
+        const user = await env.server.stores.user.getByUsername(
+            owner.username,
+        );
+        const actor = makeActor({ user: user! });
+        const app = await env.server.stores.app.create(
+            {
+                name: `auth-http-app-${crypto.randomUUID()}`,
+                title: 'Auth app',
+                index_url: `https://auth-${crypto.randomUUID()}.test/`,
+            },
+            { ownerUserId: actor.user.id! },
+        );
+        await runWithContext({ actor }, () =>
+            env.server.services.permission.grantUserAppPermission(
+                actor,
+                app.uid,
+                `fs:${file.uid}:read`,
+            ),
+        );
+        const token = await env.server.services.auth.getUserAppToken(
+            actor,
+            app.uid,
+        );
+        return { ...app, token };
+    };
+
+    /** A scoped (non-full-access) access token for `owner`, carrying no app. */
+    const makeScopedToken = async (owner: {
+        username: string;
+        token: string;
+    }) => {
+        const res = await call(
+            'POST',
+            '/auth/create-access-token',
+            owner.token,
+            { permissions: ['service:foo:ii:read'], expiresIn: '1h' },
+        );
+        expect(res.status).toBe(200);
+        return ((await res.json()) as { token: string }).token;
+    };
+
+    /** Mints a read-URL token the way `getReadURL()` does. */
+    const mintReadToken = async (callerToken: string, fileUid: string) => {
+        const res = await call(
+            'POST',
+            '/auth/create-access-token',
+            callerToken,
+            { permissions: [`fs:${fileUid}:read`], expiresIn: '1h' },
+        );
+        expect(res.status).toBe(200);
+        return ((await res.json()) as { token: string }).token;
+    };
+
+    it('lets an app revoke a read token it minted itself', async () => {
+        const owner = env.users.user;
+        const file = await makeFile(owner);
+        const app = await makeApp(owner, file);
+        const readToken = await mintReadToken(app.token, file.uid);
+
+        expect(await tokenReadStatus(file.uid, readToken)).toBe(200);
+
+        const res = await call(
+            'POST',
+            '/auth/revoke-own-access-token',
+            app.token,
+            { token: readToken },
+        );
+        expect(res.status).toBe(200);
+        expect(await res.json()).toEqual({ ok: true });
+
+        expect(await tokenReadStatus(file.uid, readToken)).not.toBe(200);
+    });
+
+    it('404s a second app of the same user, and the URL still works', async () => {
+        const owner = env.users.user;
+        const file = await makeFile(owner);
+        const app = await makeApp(owner, file);
+        const otherApp = await makeApp(owner, file);
+        const readToken = await mintReadToken(app.token, file.uid);
+
+        const res = await call(
+            'POST',
+            '/auth/revoke-own-access-token',
+            otherApp.token,
+            { token: readToken },
+        );
+        expect(res.status).toBe(404);
+        expect(await res.json()).toMatchObject({ code: 'not_found' });
+
+        expect(await tokenReadStatus(file.uid, readToken)).toBe(200);
+    });
+
+    it('lets the account session revoke an app-minted token', async () => {
+        const owner = env.users.user;
+        const file = await makeFile(owner);
+        const app = await makeApp(owner, file);
+        const readToken = await mintReadToken(app.token, file.uid);
+
+        const res = await call(
+            'POST',
+            '/auth/revoke-own-access-token',
+            owner.token,
+            { token: readToken },
+        );
+        expect(res.status).toBe(200);
+        expect(await tokenReadStatus(file.uid, readToken)).not.toBe(200);
+    });
+
+    it('404s another user entirely', async () => {
+        const owner = env.users.user;
+        const file = await makeFile(owner);
+        const app = await makeApp(owner, file);
+        const readToken = await mintReadToken(app.token, file.uid);
+
+        const res = await call(
+            'POST',
+            '/auth/revoke-own-access-token',
+            env.users.other.token,
+            { token: readToken },
+        );
+        expect(res.status).toBe(404);
+        expect(await res.json()).toMatchObject({ code: 'not_found' });
+        expect(await tokenReadStatus(file.uid, readToken)).toBe(200);
+    });
+
+    it('404s an app presenting an account-issued token', async () => {
+        const owner = env.users.user;
+        const file = await makeFile(owner);
+        const app = await makeApp(owner, file);
+        // Minted with the owner's own session, so it carries no `app_uid`.
+        const accountToken = await mintReadToken(owner.token, file.uid);
+
+        const res = await call(
+            'POST',
+            '/auth/revoke-own-access-token',
+            app.token,
+            { token: accountToken },
+        );
+        expect(res.status).toBe(404);
+        expect(await res.json()).toMatchObject({ code: 'not_found' });
+        expect(await tokenReadStatus(file.uid, accountToken)).toBe(200);
+    });
+
+    it('refuses a scoped access token as caller', async () => {
+        const owner = env.users.user;
+        const scoped = await makeScopedToken(owner);
+
+        const res = await call(
+            'POST',
+            '/auth/revoke-own-access-token',
+            scoped,
+            { token: scoped },
+        );
+        expect(res.status).toBe(403);
+        expect(await res.json()).toMatchObject({ code: 'forbidden' });
+    });
+
+    it('rejects a non-JWT string with token_invalid', async () => {
+        const owner = env.users.user;
+        const res = await call(
+            'POST',
+            '/auth/revoke-own-access-token',
+            owner.token,
+            { token: 'not-a-jwt' },
+        );
+        expect(res.status).toBe(400);
+        expect(await res.json()).toMatchObject({ code: 'token_invalid' });
+    });
+
+    it('still requires `token` in the body', async () => {
+        const owner = env.users.user;
+        const res = await call(
+            'POST',
+            '/auth/revoke-own-access-token',
+            owner.token,
+            {},
+        );
+        expect(res.status).toBe(400);
+        expect(await res.json()).toMatchObject({ code: 'bad_request' });
+    });
+
+    /** A second personal API token for `owner`, minted the way the dashboard does. */
+    const mintPersonalToken = async (owner: { token: string }) => {
+        const { actor } = await env.server.services.auth.authenticate(
+            owner.token,
+        );
+        return env.server.services.auth.createAccessToken(actor!, [
+            [FULL_API_ACCESS],
+        ]);
+    };
+
+    const whoamiStatus = async (token: string) =>
+        (await call('GET', '/whoami', token)).status;
+
+    it('refuses to revoke a personal API token, even for its own account', async () => {
+        const owner = env.users.user;
+        const pat = await mintPersonalToken(owner);
+
+        const res = await call(
+            'POST',
+            '/auth/revoke-own-access-token',
+            owner.token,
+            { token: pat },
+        );
+        expect(res.status).toBe(403);
+        expect(await res.json()).toMatchObject({ code: 'forbidden' });
+        expect(await whoamiStatus(pat)).toBe(200);
+    });
+
+    it('keeps a personal API token from revoking a sibling one', async () => {
+        const owner = env.users.user;
+        const sibling = await mintPersonalToken(owner);
+
+        const res = await call(
+            'POST',
+            '/auth/revoke-own-access-token',
+            owner.apiToken,
+            { token: sibling },
+        );
+        expect(res.status).toBe(403);
+        expect(await res.json()).toMatchObject({ code: 'forbidden' });
+        expect(await whoamiStatus(sibling)).toBe(200);
+    });
+
+    it('lets a personal API token revoke its account`s read token', async () => {
+        const owner = env.users.user;
+        const file = await makeFile(owner);
+        // Access tokens can't mint, so the account session creates the URL.
+        const readToken = await mintReadToken(owner.token, file.uid);
+        expect(await tokenReadStatus(file.uid, readToken)).toBe(200);
+
+        const res = await call(
+            'POST',
+            '/auth/revoke-own-access-token',
+            owner.apiToken,
+            { token: readToken },
+        );
+        expect(res.status).toBe(200);
+        expect(await tokenReadStatus(file.uid, readToken)).not.toBe(200);
+    });
+
+    it('resolves a second revoke of the same token', async () => {
+        const owner = env.users.user;
+        const file = await makeFile(owner);
+        const app = await makeApp(owner, file);
+        const readToken = await mintReadToken(app.token, file.uid);
+
+        for (let i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            const res = await call(
+                'POST',
+                '/auth/revoke-own-access-token',
+                app.token,
+                { token: readToken },
+            );
+            expect(res.status).toBe(200);
+        }
+        expect(await tokenReadStatus(file.uid, readToken)).not.toBe(200);
+    });
+
+    // These three run last in the file's shared `env.users.user`: each one
+    // revokes a session belonging to `owner.token` / `owner.workerToken`, so
+    // later tests can't rely on those credentials still being live.
+
+    it('a revoked access token yields 401 with no reauth_token or auth_id', async () => {
+        const owner = env.users.user;
+        const file = await makeFile(owner);
+        const readToken = await mintReadToken(owner.token, file.uid);
+
+        const revoke = await call(
+            'POST',
+            '/auth/revoke-own-access-token',
+            owner.token,
+            { token: readToken },
+        );
+        expect(revoke.status).toBe(200);
+
+        const res = await call('GET', '/whoami', readToken);
+        expect(res.status).toBe(401);
+        const body = (await res.json()) as Record<string, unknown>;
+        expect(body.code).toBe('reauth_required');
+        expect(body.reauth_token).toBeUndefined();
+        expect(body.auth_id).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+
+    it('a revoked worker session gets no reauth_token even though it rides the session token type', async () => {
+        const owner = env.users.user;
+        const decoded = env.server.services.token.verify(
+            'auth',
+            owner.workerToken,
+        ) as { session_uid: string };
+        await env.server.stores.session.removeByUuid(decoded.session_uid);
+
+        const res = await call('GET', '/whoami', owner.workerToken);
+        expect(res.status).toBe(401);
+        const body = (await res.json()) as Record<string, unknown>;
+        expect(body.code).toBe('reauth_required');
+        expect(body.reauth_token).toBeUndefined();
+        expect(body.auth_id).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+
+    it('a revoked GUI session still gets a reauth_token', async () => {
+        const owner = env.users.user;
+        const decoded = env.server.services.token.verify('auth', owner.token) as {
+            session_uid: string;
+        };
+        await env.server.stores.session.removeByUuid(decoded.session_uid);
+
+        const res = await call('GET', '/whoami', owner.token);
+        expect(res.status).toBe(401);
+        const body = (await res.json()) as Record<string, unknown>;
+        expect(body.code).toBe('reauth_required');
+        expect(typeof body.reauth_token).toBe('string');
+
+        const user = await env.server.stores.user.getByUsername(
+            owner.username,
+        );
+        expect(
+            env.server.services.auth.verifyReauthToken(
+                body.reauth_token as string,
+            ).authId,
+        ).toBe(user!.uuid);
+    });
+});
+
+/**
+ * Enrolling a second factor: setup sits behind the user-protected gate, and
+ * enable needs a live code for the secret setup issued.
+ */
+describe('2FA enrollment over HTTP', () => {
+    let env: PuterTestEnv;
+
+    beforeAll(async () => {
+        env = await setupPuterTestEnv({ teams_enabled: true } as IConfig);
+    }, 120_000);
+
+    afterAll(async () => {
+        await env?.shutdown();
+    });
+
+    const PASSWORD = 'tfa-http-password';
+
+    const uniq = () => Math.random().toString(36).slice(2, 10);
+
+    /** A signed-in password account with a confirmed address. */
+    const makeAccount = async () => {
+        const username = `tfa_${uniq()}`;
+        const { token } = await createTestUser(env.server, {
+            username,
+            password: PASSWORD,
+        });
+        const row = (await env.server.stores.user.getByUsername(username))!;
+        await env.server.stores.user.update(row.id, {
+            email: `${username}@test.local`,
+            email_confirmed: 1,
+        });
+        await env.server.stores.user.invalidateById(row.id);
+        return { username, token, userId: row.id };
+    };
+
+    /** The user-protected gate takes the session cookie on the GUI origin. */
+    const protectedPost = (
+        path: string,
+        token: string,
+        body: Record<string, unknown>,
+        credential: 'cookie' | 'bearer' = 'cookie',
+    ) =>
+        fetch(new URL(path, env.origin), {
+            method: 'POST',
+            headers: {
+                'content-type': 'application/json',
+                ...(credential === 'cookie'
+                    ? { cookie: `puter_auth_token=${token}` }
+                    : { authorization: `Bearer ${token}` }),
+            },
+            body: JSON.stringify(body),
+        });
+
+    const setup = (
+        token: string,
+        body: Record<string, unknown>,
+        credential: 'cookie' | 'bearer' = 'cookie',
+    ) => protectedPost('/user-protected/setup-2fa', token, body, credential);
+
+    const configure = (
+        token: string,
+        action: string,
+        body: Record<string, unknown> = {},
+    ) =>
+        fetch(new URL(`/auth/configure-2fa/${action}`, env.apiOrigin), {
+            method: 'POST',
+            headers: {
+                'content-type': 'application/json',
+                authorization: `Bearer ${token}`,
+            },
+            body: JSON.stringify(body),
+        });
+
+    const otpState = async (userId: number) => {
+        const row = await env.server.stores.user.getByProperty('id', userId, {
+            force: true,
+        });
+        return {
+            secret: row?.otp_secret ?? null,
+            enabled: Boolean(row?.otp_enabled),
+        };
+    };
+
+    const liveTotp = (username: string, secret: string) =>
+        new TOTP({
+            issuer: 'puter.com',
+            label: username,
+            algorithm: 'SHA1',
+            digits: 6,
+            secret,
+        }).generate();
+
+    it('refuses setup to a session that has not re-proved the password', async () => {
+        const account = await makeAccount();
+
+        const noPassword = await setup(account.token, {});
+        expect(noPassword.status).toBe(403);
+        expect(await noPassword.text()).toContain('password_required');
+
+        const wrongPassword = await setup(account.token, { password: 'nope' });
+        expect(wrongPassword.status).toBe(400);
+        expect(await wrongPassword.text()).toContain('password_mismatch');
+
+        // Right password, but a bearer token is not the session cookie.
+        const bearer = await setup(
+            account.token,
+            { password: PASSWORD },
+            'bearer',
+        );
+        expect(bearer.status).toBe(401);
+
+        // The old ungated path no longer hands out a secret.
+        expect((await configure(account.token, 'setup')).status).toBe(400);
+
+        expect((await otpState(account.userId)).secret).toBeNull();
+    });
+
+    it('enrolls after the password, and enables only on a live code', async () => {
+        const account = await makeAccount();
+
+        const res = await setup(account.token, { password: PASSWORD });
+        expect(res.status).toBe(200);
+        const { secret, codes } = (await res.json()) as {
+            secret: string;
+            codes: string[];
+        };
+        expect(codes).toHaveLength(10);
+        expect((await otpState(account.userId)).secret).toBe(secret);
+
+        expect((await configure(account.token, 'enable')).status).toBe(400);
+        const foreign = otpCreateSecret(account.username).secret;
+        const wrong = await configure(account.token, 'enable', {
+            code: liveTotp(account.username, foreign),
+        });
+        expect(wrong.status).toBe(400);
+        expect(await wrong.text()).toContain('code_mismatch');
+        expect((await otpState(account.userId)).enabled).toBe(false);
+
+        const enabled = await configure(account.token, 'enable', {
+            code: liveTotp(account.username, secret),
+        });
+        expect(enabled.status).toBe(200);
+        expect((await otpState(account.userId)).enabled).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it('lets a seat its team holds for 2FA enroll through the same gate', async () => {
+        const owner = await makeAccount();
+        // The rule can only be turned on by an owner who has 2FA.
+        await env.server.stores.user.update(owner.userId, { otp_enabled: 1 });
+        await env.server.stores.user.invalidateById(owner.userId);
+        const team = await env.server.services.team.createTeam(owner.userId, {
+            name: 'Acme',
+        });
+        const seatName = `seat_${uniq()}`;
+        const { userId, temporaryPassword } =
+            await env.server.services.team.provisionAccount(
+                team.uid,
+                owner.userId,
+                { username: seatName },
+            );
+        await env.server.services.team.updateTeam(team.uid, owner.userId, {
+            require2fa: true,
+        });
+        const { token } = await env.server.services.auth.createSessionToken(
+            (await env.server.stores.user.getById(userId))!,
+        );
+
+        // First sign-in replaces the temporary password.
+        const changed = await protectedPost(
+            '/user-protected/change-password',
+            token,
+            { password: temporaryPassword, new_pass: 'seat-own-password' },
+        );
+        expect(changed.status).toBe(200);
+
+        const held = await fetch(new URL('/teams', env.apiOrigin), {
+            headers: { authorization: `Bearer ${token}` },
+        });
+        expect(held.status).toBe(403);
+        expect(await held.text()).toContain('two_factor_required');
+
+        const res = await setup(token, { password: 'seat-own-password' });
+        expect(res.status).toBe(200);
+        const { secret } = (await res.json()) as { secret: string };
+        const enabled = await configure(token, 'enable', {
+            code: liveTotp(seatName, secret),
+        });
+        expect(enabled.status).toBe(200);
+        expect((await otpState(userId)).enabled).toBe(true);
+
+        const released = await fetch(new URL('/teams', env.apiOrigin), {
+            headers: { authorization: `Bearer ${token}` },
+        });
+        expect(released.status).toBe(200);
+    });
+});
+
+/**
+ * A temp account re-attaches through `/signup` only from a session that ran
+ * out, not from one that was revoked.
+ */
+describe('temp-account reauth over HTTP', () => {
+    let env: PuterTestEnv;
+
+    beforeAll(async () => {
+        env = await setupPuterTestEnv();
+    }, 120_000);
+
+    afterAll(async () => {
+        await env?.shutdown();
+    }, 120_000);
+
+    const signup = (body: Record<string, unknown>) =>
+        fetch(new URL('/signup', env.origin), {
+            method: 'POST',
+            headers: { 'content-type': 'application/json' },
+            body: JSON.stringify(body),
+        });
+
+    it('a revoked temp session cannot be revived with its reauth_token', async () => {
+        const first = await signup({ is_temp: true });
+        expect(first.status).toBe(200);
+        const { token } = (await first.json()) as { token: string };
+
+        const decoded = env.server.services.token.verify('auth', token) as {
+            session_uid: string;
+        };
+        await env.server.services.auth.revokeSession(decoded.session_uid);
+
+        const who = await fetch(new URL('/whoami', env.apiOrigin), {
+            headers: { authorization: `Bearer ${token}` },
+        });
+        expect(who.status).toBe(401);
+        const { reauth_token } = (await who.json()) as {
+            reauth_token?: string;
+        };
+        expect(typeof reauth_token).toBe('string');
+
+        const revive = await signup({ is_temp: true, reauth_token });
+        expect(revive.status).toBe(401);
+    });
+
+    it('an expired temp session re-attaches to the same account', async () => {
+        const first = await signup({ is_temp: true });
+        expect(first.status).toBe(200);
+        const { user } = (await first.json()) as { user: { uuid: string } };
+
+        const reauth_token = env.server.services.auth.signReauthToken(
+            user.uuid,
+            'session_expired',
+        );
+        const again = await signup({ is_temp: true, reauth_token });
+        expect(again.status).toBe(200);
+        const body = (await again.json()) as {
+            token: string;
+            user: { uuid: string };
+        };
+        expect(body.user.uuid).toBe(user.uuid);
+        const who = await fetch(new URL('/whoami', env.apiOrigin), {
+            headers: { authorization: `Bearer ${body.token}` },
+        });
+        expect(who.status).toBe(200);
+    });
+});

src/backend/controllers/auth/AuthController.signupBonus.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Puter.
+ *
+ * Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+ * by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Signup bonus codes through the real controller: the check route, the signup
+ * hand-off to `puter.signup-bonus.validate`, and the awaited
+ * `user.card-verified` a grant on card verification depends on. Tests stand in
+ * for the extension with shared listeners (EventClient has no `off()`).
+ */
+
+import { afterAll, afterEach, beforeAll, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+import type { Actor } from '../../core/actor.js';
+import type { EventMap } from '../../clients/event/types.js';
+import type { PuterServer } from '../../server.js';
+import { setupTestServer } from '../../testUtil.js';
+
+let server: PuterServer;
+let controller: any;
+
+type Handler<K extends keyof EventMap> = ((data: EventMap[K]) => void) | null;
+
+let onBonusCheck: Handler<'puter.signup-bonus.check'> = null;
+let onBonusValidate: Handler<'puter.signup-bonus.validate'> = null;
+let onSignupValidate: ((data: Record<string, unknown>) => void) | null = null;
+let onCardConfirm: ((data: Record<string, unknown>) => void) | null = null;
+let onCardVerified: (() => Promise<void>) | null = null;
+const heardSignupSuccess: Array<Record<string, unknown>> = [];
+
+beforeAll(async () => {
+    server = await setupTestServer();
+    controller = server.controllers.auth;
+    const events = server.clients.event;
+    events.on('puter.signup-bonus.check', (_k, data) => onBonusCheck?.(data));
+    events.on('puter.signup-bonus.validate', (_k, data) =>
+        onBonusValidate?.(data),
+    );
+    events.on('puter.signup.validate', (_k, data) =>
+        onSignupValidate?.(data as Record<string, unknown>),
+    );
+    events.on('puter.signup.success', (_k, data) => {
+        heardSignupSuccess.push(data as Record<string, unknown>);
+    });
+    events.on('puter.card-verification.confirm', (_k, data) =>
+        onCardConfirm?.(data as Record<string, unknown>),
+    );
+    events.on('user.card-verified' as never, async () => {
+        await onCardVerified?.();
+    });
+});
+
+afterAll(async () => {
+    await server?.shutdown();
+});
+
+afterEach(() => {
+    onBonusCheck = null;
+    onBonusValidate = null;
+    onSignupValidate = null;
+    onCardConfirm = null;
+    onCardVerified = null;
+});
+
+const uniq = () => Math.random().toString(36).slice(2, 10);
+
+/** A check listener that finds the code open, as an extension would. */
+const openCheck: Handler<'puter.signup-bonus.check'> = (data) => {
+    data.valid = true;
+    data.display = { title: 'T', description: 'D' };
+};
+
+const makeReq = (
+    body: Record<string, unknown> = {},
+    extra: { actor?: Actor; ip?: string } = {},
+) => ({
+    body,
+    headers: {},
+    connection: { remoteAddress: extra.ip ?? '127.0.0.1' },
+    socket: { remoteAddress: extra.ip ?? '127.0.0.1' },
+    ip: extra.ip ?? '127.0.0.1',
+    params: {},
+    actor: extra.actor,
+});
+
+const makeRes = () => {
+    const res = {
+        statusCode: 200,
+        body: undefined as unknown,
+        status(code: number) {
+            this.statusCode = code;
+            return this;
+        },
+        json(b: unknown) {
+            this.body = b;
+            return this;
+        },
+        cookie() {
+            return this;
+        },
+        clearCookie() {
+            return this;
+        },
+        send() {
+            return this;
+        },
+        end() {
+            return this;
+        },
+    };
+    return res;
+};
+
+const signupBody = (extra: Record<string, unknown> = {}) => {
+    const username = `b_${uniq()}`;
+    return {
+        username,
+        email: `${username}@test.local`,
+        password: 'correct-horse-battery',
+        ...extra,
+    };
+};
+
+const signup = async (body: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+    const res = makeRes();
+    await controller.handleSignup(makeReq(body), res);
+    return res;
+};
+
+const findUser = (username: unknown) =>
+    server.stores.user.getByUsername(username as string, { force: true });
+
+/** `puter.signup.success` is fire-and-forget; wait for it to land. */
+const waitForSuccess = async (userUuid: string) => {
+    const deadline = Date.now() + 2000;
+    while (Date.now() < deadline) {
+        const hit = heardSignupSuccess.find((e) => e.user_uuid === userUuid);
+        if (hit) return hit;
+        await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 10));
+    }
+    throw new Error('puter.signup.success never arrived');
+};
+
+// -- POST /signup/bonus-code/check -----------------------------------
+
+describe('AuthController.handleSignupBonusCheck', () => {
+    const check = async (body: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+        const res = makeRes();
+        await controller.handleSignupBonusCheck(makeReq(body), res);
+        return res.body;
+    };
+
+    it('answers invalid when no extension is listening', async () => {
+        expect(await check({ bonusCode: 'startup3m-abcd1234' })).toEqual({
+            valid: false,
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('returns the display and requirements a listener fills in', async () => {
+        let seen: EventMap['puter.signup-bonus.check'] | null = null;
+        onBonusCheck = (data) => {
+            seen = { ...data };
+            data.valid = true;
+            data.display = { title: '3 months of Basic', description: 'Free' };
+            data.requirements = { phone: true, card: false };
+        };
+        expect(
+            await check({
+                bonusCode: 'Startup3M-ABCD1234',
+                fingerprint: 'fp1',
+            }),
+        ).toEqual({
+            valid: true,
+            display: { title: '3 months of Basic', description: 'Free' },
+            requirements: { phone: true, card: false },
+        });
+        // Listeners only ever see the canonical form.
+        expect(seen).toMatchObject({
+            code: 'startup3mabcd1234',
+            fingerprint: 'fp1',
+            ip: '127.0.0.1',
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('forwards an opaque reason for a refused code', async () => {
+        onBonusCheck = (data) => {
+            data.reason = 'ended';
+        };
+        expect(await check({ bonusCode: 'startup3m-abcd1234' })).toEqual({
+            valid: false,
+            reason: 'ended',
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('treats valid without display as invalid', async () => {
+        onBonusCheck = (data) => {
+            data.valid = true;
+        };
+        expect(await check({ bonusCode: 'startup3m-abcd1234' })).toEqual({
+            valid: false,
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('answers a malformed code without consulting listeners', async () => {
+        let called = false;
+        onBonusCheck = () => {
+            called = true;
+        };
+        expect(await check({ bonusCode: 'a:b' })).toEqual({ valid: false });
+        expect(called).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it('400s a non-string bonusCode', async () => {
+        await expect(
+            controller.handleSignupBonusCheck(
+                makeReq({ bonusCode: 42 }),
+                makeRes(),
+            ),
+        ).rejects.toMatchObject({ statusCode: 400 });
+    });
+});
+
+// -- POST /signup with bonusCode -------------------------------------
+
+describe('AuthController.handleSignup with a bonus code', () => {
+    it('refuses the signup when nothing accepts the code', async () => {
+        const body = signupBody({ bonusCode: 'startup3m-abcd1234' });
+        await expect(signup(body)).rejects.toMatchObject({
+            statusCode: 400,
+            legacyCode: 'bonus_code_invalid',
+        });
+        expect(await findUser(body.username)).toBeFalsy();
+    });
+
+    it('refuses a dead code before the abuse gate records the attempt', async () => {
+        let validated = false;
+        onSignupValidate = () => {
+            validated = true;
+        };
+        await expect(
+            signup(signupBody({ bonusCode: 'startup3m-abcd1234' })),
+        ).rejects.toMatchObject({ legacyCode: 'bonus_code_invalid' });
+        expect(validated).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it('still refuses a code that passed the check but is refused after the gate', async () => {
+        onBonusCheck = openCheck;
+        const body = signupBody({ bonusCode: 'startup3m-abcd1234' });
+        await expect(signup(body)).rejects.toMatchObject({
+            legacyCode: 'bonus_code_invalid',
+        });
+        expect(await findUser(body.username)).toBeFalsy();
+    });
+
+    it('refuses a malformed code before any listener runs', async () => {
+        let called = false;
+        onBonusValidate = () => {
+            called = true;
+        };
+        await expect(
+            signup(signupBody({ bonusCode: 'nope' + '!'.repeat(3) })),
+        ).rejects.toMatchObject({ legacyCode: 'bonus_code_invalid' });
+        expect(called).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it('400s a non-string bonusCode', async () => {
+        await expect(
+            signup(signupBody({ bonusCode: ['startup3m'] })),
+        ).rejects.toMatchObject({ statusCode: 400, legacyCode: 'bad_request' });
+    });
+
+    it('applies the requirements an accepted code raises and reports the code', async () => {
+        onBonusCheck = openCheck;
+        let seen: EventMap['puter.signup-bonus.validate'] | null = null;
+        onBonusValidate = (data) => {
+            seen = { ...data };
+            data.accepted = true;
+            data.requires_card_verification = true;
+        };
+        const body = signupBody({
+            bonusCode: 'STARTUP6M-abcd1234',
+            fingerprint: 'fp-bonus',
+        });
+        const res = await signup(body);
+        expect(
+            (res.body as { user: Record<string, unknown> }).user,
+        ).toMatchObject({ requires_card_verification: true });
+
+        expect(seen).toMatchObject({
+            code: 'startup6mabcd1234',
+            email: body.email,
+            fingerprint: 'fp-bonus',
+            requires_phone_verification: false,
+            requires_card_verification: false,
+        });
+        const user = await findUser(body.username);
+        expect(Boolean(user!.requires_card_verification)).toBe(true);
+        expect(Boolean(user!.requires_phone_verification)).toBe(false);
+        const success = await waitForSuccess(user!.uuid);
+        expect(success.bonus_code).toBe('startup6mabcd1234');
+    });
+
+    it('keeps a requirement the abuse harness set even if the listener clears it', async () => {
+        onBonusCheck = openCheck;
+        onSignupValidate = (data) => {
+            data.requires_phone_verification = true;
+        };
+        onBonusValidate = (data) => {
+            expect(data.requires_phone_verification).toBe(true);
+            data.accepted = true;
+            data.requires_phone_verification = false;
+        };
+        const body = signupBody({ bonusCode: 'startup3m-abcd1234' });
+        await signup(body);
+        const user = await findUser(body.username);
+        expect(Boolean(user!.requires_phone_verification)).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it('never offers the code for a signup the abuse harness blocked', async () => {
+        onBonusCheck = openCheck;
+        let called = false;
+        onSignupValidate = (data) => {
+            data.allow = false;
+            data.message = 'Signup blocked';
+        };
+        onBonusValidate = () => {
+            called = true;
+        };
+        await expect(
+            signup(signupBody({ bonusCode: 'startup3m-abcd1234' })),
+        ).rejects.toMatchObject({ statusCode: 403 });
+        expect(called).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it('leaves the success event without a code when none was presented', async () => {
+        const body = signupBody();
+        await signup(body);
+        const user = await findUser(body.username);
+        const success = await waitForSuccess(user!.uuid);
+        expect(success).not.toHaveProperty('bonus_code');
+    });
+
+    it('ignores a bonus code on a temp signup', async () => {
+        let called = false;
+        onBonusValidate = () => {
+            called = true;
+        };
+        const res = makeRes();
+        await controller.handleSignup(
+            makeReq({ is_temp: true, bonusCode: 'startup3m-abcd1234' }),
+            res,
+        );
+        expect((res.body as { user: { is_temp: boolean } }).user.is_temp).toBe(
+            true,
+        );
+        expect(called).toBe(false);
+    });
+});
+
+// -- /card-verification/confirm awaits user.card-verified ------------
+
+describe('AuthController.handleCardVerificationConfirm', () => {
+    it('finishes user.card-verified listeners before responding', async () => {
+        const body = signupBody();
+        await signup(body);
+        const created = await findUser(body.username);
+        await server.stores.user.update(created!.id, {
+            requires_card_verification: 1,
+        });
+        const actor = {
+            user: {
+                id: created!.id,
+                uuid: created!.uuid,
+                username: created!.username,
+                email: created!.email ?? null,
+                email_confirmed: false,
+            },
+        } as Actor;
+
+        onCardConfirm = (data) => {
+            data.enabled = true;
+            data.verified = true;
+            data.fingerprint = 'fp_card_1';
+        };
+        let listenerDone = false;
+        onCardVerified = async () => {
+            await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 30));
+            listenerDone = true;
+        };
+
+        const res = makeRes();
+        await controller.handleCardVerificationConfirm(
+            makeReq({ setup_intent_id: 'seti_1' }, { actor }),
+            res,
+        );
+        expect(res.body).toMatchObject({ card_verified: true });
+        expect(listenerDone).toBe(true);
+    });
+});

src/backend/controllers/auth/godmodeAppTokens.http.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,426 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Puter.
+ *
+ * Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+ * by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+import { afterAll, beforeAll, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+import { isAccountContext } from '../../core/actor.js';
+import type { AccessTokenPayload } from '../../services/auth/types.js';
+import { setupPuterTestEnv, type PuterTestEnv } from '../../testUtil.js';
+
+// Seeded with godmode on.
+const DEV_CENTER = 'app-0b37f054-07d4-4627-8765-11bd23e889d4';
+const TWELVE_HOURS = 12 * 60 * 60;
+
+/**
+ * A godmode app launched from the desktop runs on a full-access token of its
+ * own: tied to the desktop session that asked for it, carrying the app for
+ * attribution, and expiring unless the desktop asks again.
+ */
+describe('godmode app tokens', () => {
+    let env: PuterTestEnv;
+    let userId = 0;
+
+    beforeAll(async () => {
+        env = await setupPuterTestEnv();
+        const row = await env.server.stores.user.getByUsername(
+            env.users.user.username,
+        );
+        userId = row!.id;
+    }, 120_000);
+
+    afterAll(async () => {
+        await env?.shutdown();
+    });
+
+    const call = (
+        method: string,
+        path: string,
+        token: string,
+        body?: unknown,
+    ) =>
+        fetch(new URL(path, env.apiOrigin), {
+            method,
+            headers: {
+                'content-type': 'application/json',
+                authorization: `Bearer ${token}`,
+            },
+            ...(body === undefined ? {} : { body: JSON.stringify(body) }),
+        });
+
+    const mint = async (sessionToken: string, appUid = DEV_CENTER) => {
+        const res = await call(
+            'POST',
+            '/auth/get-user-app-token',
+            sessionToken,
+            { app_uid: appUid },
+        );
+        expect(res.status).toBe(200);
+        return (await res.json()) as {
+            token: string | null;
+            app_uid: string;
+            godmode?: boolean;
+            expires_at?: number;
+        };
+    };
+
+    const decode = (token: string) =>
+        env.server.services.token.verify<AccessTokenPayload>('auth', token);
+
+    const live = async (token: string) =>
+        (await env.server.services.auth.authenticate(token)).actor !== undefined;
+
+    /** A read token minted the way `getReadURL()` does, by `minter`. */
+    const mintScoped = async (minter: string) => {
+        const res = await call('POST', '/auth/create-access-token', minter, {
+            permissions: ['service:foo:ii:read'],
+            expiresIn: '7d',
+        });
+        expect(res.status).toBe(200);
+        return ((await res.json()) as { token: string }).token;
+    };
+
+    /** Rewrite a session row in place, as time passing would. */
+    const setRow = async (uuid: string, fields: Record<string, number>) => {
+        const cols = Object.keys(fields);
+        await env.server.clients.db.write(
+            `UPDATE \`sessions\` SET ${cols.map((c) => `\`${c}\` = ?`).join(', ')} WHERE \`uuid\` = ?`,
+            [...cols.map((c) => fields[c]), uuid],
+        );
+        await env.server.stores.session.publishCacheKeys({
+            keys: [`sessions:v2:uuid:${uuid}`],
+        });
+    };
+
+    /** A desktop session of its own, so revoking it leaves the shared one up. */
+    const newDesktopSession = async () => {
+        const user = await env.server.stores.user.getById(userId);
+        return env.server.services.auth.createSessionToken(user!);
+    };
+
+    /** An app row of its own, so demoting it disturbs nothing else. */
+    const makeApp = async ({
+        name = `gm-${crypto.randomUUID().slice(0, 8)}`,
+        godmode = true,
+    } = {}) => {
+        const uid = `app-${crypto.randomUUID()}`;
+        await env.server.clients.db.write(
+            'INSERT INTO `apps` (`uid`, `owner_user_id`, `name`, `title`, `index_url`, `godmode`, `timestamp`) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)',
+            [uid, userId, name, 'Test App', `https://${name}.test/`, godmode ? 1 : 0],
+        );
+        return { uid, name };
+    };
+
+    it('issues a full-access token that carries the app', async () => {
+        const before = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000);
+        const body = await mint(env.users.user.token);
+
+        expect(body).toMatchObject({ app_uid: DEV_CENTER, godmode: true });
+        expect(body.expires_at).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(before + TWELVE_HOURS);
+
+        const claims = decode(body.token!);
+        expect(claims).toMatchObject({
+            type: 'access-token',
+            full_access: true,
+            godmode_app_uid: DEV_CENTER,
+        });
+        expect(claims.app_uid).toBeUndefined();
+        // The row's expiry is what lapses; the JWT itself never does.
+        expect(claims.exp).toBeUndefined();
+
+        const { actor } = await env.server.services.auth.authenticate(
+            body.token!,
+        );
+        expect(actor).toBeDefined();
+        expect(isAccountContext(actor!)).toBe(true);
+        expect(actor!.effectiveApp).toBeNull();
+        expect(actor!.accessToken).toMatchObject({
+            fullAccess: true,
+            godmodeApp: { uid: DEV_CENTER },
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('reaches the account surface but not account management', async () => {
+        const { token } = await mint(env.users.user.token);
+
+        expect((await call('GET', '/whoami', token!)).status).toBe(200);
+        expect((await call('GET', '/get-dev-profile', token!)).status).toBe(
+            200,
+        );
+        expect((await call('GET', '/auth/list-sessions', token!)).status).toBe(
+            403,
+        );
+        // It can't mint its own replacement; only the desktop can.
+        const self = await call('POST', '/auth/get-user-app-token', token!, {
+            app_uid: DEV_CENTER,
+        });
+        expect(self.status).toBe(403);
+    });
+
+    it('keeps one token per desktop session across renewals', async () => {
+        const desktop = await newDesktopSession();
+        const first = await mint(desktop.gui_token);
+        const second = await mint(desktop.gui_token);
+
+        expect(decode(second.token!).token_uid).toBe(
+            decode(first.token!).token_uid,
+        );
+        // Asked again within the hour: the row keeps the expiry it has.
+        expect(second.expires_at).toBe(first.expires_at);
+        // A copy taken at launch keeps working after the desktop renews.
+        expect(await live(first.token!)).toBe(true);
+
+        const row = await env.server.stores.session.getByUuidAny(
+            decode(second.token!).session_uid!,
+        );
+        expect(row).toMatchObject({
+            kind: 'access_token',
+            app_uid: DEV_CENTER,
+            expires_at: second.expires_at,
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('is extended once the desktop asks with under eleven hours left', async () => {
+        const desktop = await newDesktopSession();
+        const first = await mint(desktop.gui_token);
+        const sessionUid = decode(first.token!).session_uid!;
+        await setRow(sessionUid, {
+            expires_at: Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) + 2 * 60 * 60,
+        });
+
+        const before = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000);
+        const renewed = await mint(desktop.gui_token);
+        expect(decode(renewed.token!).token_uid).toBe(
+            decode(first.token!).token_uid,
+        );
+        expect(renewed.expires_at).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(
+            before + TWELVE_HOURS,
+        );
+        const row = await env.server.stores.session.getByUuidAny(sessionUid);
+        expect(row?.expires_at).toBe(renewed.expires_at);
+    });
+
+    it('is never extended by being used', async () => {
+        const desktop = await newDesktopSession();
+        const { token, expires_at } = await mint(desktop.gui_token);
+        expect((await call('GET', '/whoami', token!)).status).toBe(200);
+        const row = await env.server.stores.session.getByUuidAny(
+            decode(token!).session_uid!,
+        );
+        expect(row?.expires_at).toBe(expires_at);
+    });
+
+    it('lists the token under its app for the account', async () => {
+        await mint(env.users.user.token);
+        const res = await call(
+            'GET',
+            '/auth/list-sessions',
+            env.users.user.token,
+        );
+        const sessions = (await res.json()) as Array<{
+            kind: string;
+            app_uid: string | null;
+            app: { name?: string } | null;
+        }>;
+        const row = sessions.find(
+            (s) => s.kind === 'access_token' && s.app_uid === DEV_CENTER,
+        );
+        expect(row?.app?.name).toBe('dev-center');
+    });
+
+    it('installs the app like any other launch, and uninstalls the same way', async () => {
+        const { uid } = await makeApp();
+        const app = await env.server.stores.app.getByUid(uid);
+        const installed = () =>
+            env.server.stores.permission.hasUserAppPerm(
+                userId,
+                app!.id,
+                'flag:app-is-authenticated',
+            );
+
+        const { token } = await mint(env.users.user.token, uid);
+        expect(await installed()).toBe(true);
+        expect(
+            await env.server.stores.fsEntry.getEntryByPath(
+                `/${env.users.user.username}/AppData/${uid}`,
+            ),
+        ).toBeTruthy();
+
+        // What the desktop's uninstall does: drop the grants, then the app's sessions.
+        const revoked = await call(
+            'POST',
+            '/auth/revoke-user-app',
+            env.users.user.token,
+            { app_uid: uid, permission: '*' },
+        );
+        expect(revoked.status).toBe(200);
+        expect(await installed()).toBe(false);
+
+        await env.server.services.auth.revokeSession(decode(token!).session_uid!);
+        expect(await live(token!)).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it('dies with the desktop session that minted it', async () => {
+        const desktop = await newDesktopSession();
+        const { token } = await mint(desktop.gui_token);
+        expect((await call('GET', '/whoami', token!)).status).toBe(200);
+
+        await env.server.services.auth.revokeSession(
+            desktop.session.uuid as string,
+        );
+
+        const res = await call('GET', '/whoami', token!);
+        expect(res.status).toBe(401);
+    });
+
+    it('stops working once its app is no longer godmode', async () => {
+        const app = await makeApp();
+        const { token } = await mint(env.users.user.token, app.uid);
+        expect((await call('GET', '/whoami', token!)).status).toBe(200);
+
+        const row = await env.server.stores.app.getByUid(app.uid);
+        await env.server.clients.db.write(
+            'UPDATE `apps` SET `godmode` = 0 WHERE `uid` = ?',
+            [app.uid],
+        );
+        await env.server.stores.app.invalidate(row);
+
+        expect((await call('GET', '/whoami', token!)).status).toBe(401);
+    });
+
+    it('still gives an ordinary app an ordinary app token', async () => {
+        const app = await makeApp({ godmode: false });
+        const body = await mint(env.users.user.token, app.uid);
+        expect(body.godmode).toBeUndefined();
+        expect(decode(body.token!).type).toBe('app-under-user');
+    });
+
+    it('mints scoped tokens that are revoked along with it', async () => {
+        const { token } = await mint(env.users.user.token);
+        const child = await call(
+            'POST',
+            '/auth/create-access-token',
+            token!,
+            { permissions: ['service:foo:ii:read'], expiresIn: '1h' },
+        );
+        expect(child.status).toBe(200);
+        const childToken = ((await child.json()) as { token: string }).token;
+        expect(
+            (await env.server.services.auth.authenticate(childToken)).actor,
+        ).toBeDefined();
+
+        const full = await call('POST', '/auth/create-access-token', token!, {
+            permissions: ['full-api-access'],
+        });
+        expect(full.status).toBe(403);
+
+        const { actor } = await env.server.services.auth.authenticate(
+            env.users.user.token,
+        );
+        await env.server.services.auth.revokeAccessToken(actor!, token!);
+
+        expect(
+            (await env.server.services.auth.authenticate(childToken)).actor,
+        ).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+
+    it('stays dead once it lapses; the desktop asking again gets a new one', async () => {
+        const desktop = await newDesktopSession();
+        const { token } = await mint(desktop.gui_token);
+        const child = await mintScoped(token!);
+        expect(await live(child)).toBe(true);
+
+        // The desktop stopped renewing it: its row's expiry passes.
+        await setRow(decode(token!).session_uid!, {
+            expires_at: Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) - 1,
+        });
+        expect(await live(token!)).toBe(false);
+        expect(await live(child)).toBe(false);
+
+        const next = await mint(desktop.gui_token);
+        expect(decode(next.token!).token_uid).not.toBe(decode(token!).token_uid);
+        expect(await live(next.token!)).toBe(true);
+        expect(await live(token!)).toBe(false);
+        expect(await live(child)).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it('is replaced and revoked once past its max age, however often renewed', async () => {
+        const desktop = await newDesktopSession();
+        const { token } = await mint(desktop.gui_token);
+        const child = await mintScoped(token!);
+        await setRow(decode(token!).session_uid!, {
+            created_at: Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) - 8 * 24 * 60 * 60,
+        });
+
+        const next = await mint(desktop.gui_token);
+        expect(decode(next.token!).token_uid).not.toBe(decode(token!).token_uid);
+        expect(await live(next.token!)).toBe(true);
+        expect(await live(token!)).toBe(false);
+        expect(await live(child)).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it('lets the tokens it minted die with the desktop session', async () => {
+        const desktop = await newDesktopSession();
+        const { token } = await mint(desktop.gui_token);
+        const child = await mintScoped(token!);
+        expect(await live(child)).toBe(true);
+
+        await env.server.services.auth.revokeSession(
+            desktop.session.uuid as string,
+        );
+
+        expect(await live(token!)).toBe(false);
+        expect(await live(child)).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it('reaches the AI wire routes, where a gate listener may waive the plan', async () => {
+        const { token } = await mint(env.users.user.token);
+        const route = '/puterai/openai/v1/chat/completions';
+        const send = (bearer: string) =>
+            fetch(new URL(route, env.apiOrigin), {
+                method: 'POST',
+                headers: {
+                    'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+                    Authorization: `Bearer ${bearer}`,
+                },
+                body: JSON.stringify({
+                    model: 'fake',
+                    provider: 'fake-chat',
+                    messages: [{ role: 'user', content: 'hi' }],
+                    max_tokens: 16,
+                }),
+            });
+
+        // Past the credential gates, stopped only by the plan.
+        expect((await send(token!)).status).toBe(402);
+
+        env.server.clients.event.on(
+            'subscription.gate.route.post.puterai.openai.v1.chat.completions',
+            (_key, event) => {
+                const gate = event as {
+                    actor: { accessToken?: { godmodeApp?: { uid: string } } };
+                    allow: boolean;
+                };
+                if (gate.actor.accessToken?.godmodeApp?.uid === DEV_CENTER) {
+                    gate.allow = true;
+                }
+            },
+        );
+        expect((await send(token!)).status).not.toBe(402);
+        expect((await send(env.users.user.apiToken)).status).toBe(402);
+    });
+});

src/backend/controllers/auth/webSession.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Puter.
+ *
+ * Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+ * by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+import type { Request, Response } from 'express';
+import { v4 as uuidv4 } from 'uuid';
+import { afterAll, beforeAll, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+import { configContainer } from '../../exports.js';
+import { PuterServer } from '../../server.js';
+import { setupTestServer } from '../../testUtil.js';
+import type { IConfig } from '../../types.js';
+import { startWebSession } from './webSession.js';
+
+let server: PuterServer;
+
+beforeAll(async () => {
+    server = await setupTestServer();
+});
+
+afterAll(async () => {
+    await server?.shutdown();
+});
+
+describe('startWebSession', () => {
+    it('records the request on the session, sets the HTTP-only cookie and returns a GUI token', async () => {
+        const username = `ws_${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2, 10)}`;
+        const user = await server.stores.user.create({
+            username,
+            uuid: uuidv4(),
+            password: null,
+            email: `${username}@test.local`,
+        });
+        const cookies: Array<{ name: string; value: string; opts: unknown }> =
+            [];
+        const res = {
+            cookie: (name: string, value: string, opts: unknown) => {
+                cookies.push({ name, value, opts });
+            },
+        } as unknown as Response;
+        const req = {
+            ip: '192.0.2.10',
+            headers: { 'user-agent': 'ws-agent', origin: 'https://gui.test' },
+        } as unknown as Request;
+        const config = configContainer as IConfig;
+
+        const guiToken = await startWebSession(req, res, user, {
+            config,
+            auth: server.services.auth,
+        });
+
+        expect(typeof guiToken).toBe('string');
+        expect(cookies).toHaveLength(1);
+        expect(cookies[0]!.name).toBe(config.cookie_name ?? 'puter_token');
+        expect(cookies[0]!.value).not.toBe(guiToken);
+        expect(cookies[0]!.opts).toMatchObject({ httpOnly: true });
+
+        const sessions = (await server.stores.session.getByUserId(
+            user.id,
+        )) as Array<Record<string, unknown>>;
+        expect(sessions).toHaveLength(1);
+        expect(sessions[0]).toMatchObject({
+            kind: 'web',
+            last_ip: '192.0.2.10',
+            last_user_agent: 'ws-agent',
+        });
+    });
+});

src/backend/controllers/auth/webSession.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Puter.
+ *
+ * Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+ * by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+import type { Request, Response } from 'express';
+import type { AuthService } from '../../services/auth/AuthService.js';
+import type { UserRow } from '../../stores/user/UserStore.js';
+import type { IConfig } from '../../types.js';
+import { sessionCookieFlags } from '../../util/cookieFlags.js';
+
+/**
+ * Open a web session for a sign-in this request completed, recording where it
+ * came from, and set its HTTP-only cookie. Returns the GUI token, the only
+ * credential the client sees.
+ */
+export async function startWebSession(
+    req: Request,
+    res: Response,
+    user: UserRow,
+    deps: { config: IConfig; auth: AuthService },
+): Promise<string> {
+    const { token, gui_token } = await deps.auth.createSessionToken(user, {
+        ip: req.ip || req.socket?.remoteAddress,
+        user_agent: req.headers?.['user-agent'],
+        origin: req.headers?.origin,
+        host: req.headers?.host,
+    });
+    res.cookie(deps.config.cookie_name ?? 'puter_token', token, {
+        ...sessionCookieFlags(deps.config),
+        httpOnly: true,
+    });
+    return gui_token;
+}

src/backend/controllers/broadcast/BroadcastController.ts

@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ export class BroadcastController extends PuterController {
     /**
      * Event deliveries one region addressed at this one, on the same signed
      * channel as the webhook above but carrying socket traffic rather than bus
-     * events. The answer names the pairs this region holds no socket for, which
-     * is what lets the sender correct its presence row.
+     * events. The answer names the anchor tokens this region holds no session
+     * row for, which is what lets the sender prune its remote-watch index.
      */
     @Post('/events', { subdomain: '*' })
     async events(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> {

src/backend/controllers/desktop/DesktopController.js

@@ -46,17 +46,6 @@ const PREFERENCE_WRITE_LIMIT = {
 };
 
 export class DesktopController extends PuterController {
-    constructor(config, clients, stores, services) {
-        super(config, clients, stores, services);
-    }
-
-    get userStore() {
-        return this.stores.user;
-    }
-    get db() {
-        return this.clients.db;
-    }
-
     registerRoutes(router) {
         // -- Desktop background --------------------------------------
 
@@ -109,7 +98,7 @@ export class DesktopController extends PuterController {
                     });
                 }
 
-                await this.userStore.update(req.actor.user.id, patch);
+                await this.stores.user.update(req.actor.user.id, patch);
                 res.json({});
             },
         );
@@ -134,7 +123,7 @@ export class DesktopController extends PuterController {
                     );
                 }
 
-                await this.userStore.update(req.actor.user.id, {
+                await this.stores.user.update(req.actor.user.id, {
                     taskbar_items: JSON.stringify(items),
                 });
                 res.json({});
@@ -250,7 +239,7 @@ export class DesktopController extends PuterController {
         const setClause = keys.map((k) => `\`${k}\` = ?`).join(', ');
         const values = keys.map((k) => patch[k]);
 
-        await this.db.write(
+        await this.clients.db.write(
             `UPDATE \`fsentries\` SET ${setClause} WHERE \`id\` = ?`,
             [...values, entry.id],
         );

src/backend/controllers/drivers/DriverController.concurrent.test.ts

@@ -262,6 +262,22 @@ describe('DriverController — concurrent acquire/release', () => {
         expect(res2.body).toMatchObject({ success: true, result: 'pong' });
     });
 
+    it('releases a slot acquired after the client has disconnected', async () => {
+        const handler = captureCallHandler(buildController(makeSyntheticDriver()));
+        const res1 = new StubRes();
+        Object.assign(res1, { destroyed: true });
+        await callInScope(handler,
+            makeReq({ interface: 'test-iface', method: 'ping' }, 'already-aborted'),
+            res1 as unknown as Response);
+        await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+        const res2 = new StubRes();
+        await callInScope(handler,
+            makeReq({ interface: 'test-iface', method: 'ping' }, 'already-aborted'),
+            res2 as unknown as Response);
+        res2.emit('finish');
+        expect(res2.body).toMatchObject({ success: true, result: 'pong' });
+    });
+
     it('does not attach release listeners when the driver declares no concurrent config', async () => {
         // With no spec there is nothing to release, so the gate must not
         // wire `finish`/`close` release listeners. The client-disconnect

src/backend/controllers/drivers/DriverController.errors.test.ts

@@ -40,6 +40,10 @@ import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
 import type { DriverMethodLifecycleEvent } from '../../clients/event/types.js';
 import { Context, runWithContext } from '../../core/context.js';
 import { configureRateLimit } from '../../core/http/middleware/rateLimit.js';
+import {
+    UpstreamResponseError,
+    upstreamBodyStream,
+} from '../../drivers/util/upstreamErrors.js';
 import { DriverController } from './DriverController.js';
 
 // -- Harness ---------------------------------------------------------
@@ -179,6 +183,28 @@ const throwing = (payload: unknown) => () => {
 // -- Upstream status extraction --------------------------------------
 
 describe('DriverController upstream error translation', () => {
+    it('maps an upstream 402 to sanitized credit exhaustion', async () => {
+        const { err } = await callWith(
+            throwing(
+                Object.assign(
+                    new Error(
+                        '<html>Insufficient credits. Add more using https://openrouter.ai/settings/credits (request id: req-secret)</html>',
+                    ),
+                    { status: 402 },
+                ),
+            ),
+        );
+
+        expect(err).toMatchObject({
+            statusCode: 503,
+            legacyCode: 'upstream_credits_exhausted',
+            message: 'AI provider out of credits',
+            fields: { upstreamStatus: 402 },
+        });
+        expect(JSON.stringify(err)).not.toContain('http');
+        expect(JSON.stringify(err)).not.toMatch(/request id|<html>/i);
+    });
+
     it('maps an upstream 429 to a Puter 429 with upstream_rate_limited', async () => {
         const { err } = await callWith(
             throwing(
@@ -244,6 +270,35 @@ describe('DriverController upstream error translation', () => {
         });
     });
 
+    // `fields` become the alarm's details, so this is what names the vendor.
+    it.each([
+        [
+            'a provider API response',
+            new UpstreamResponseError('Invalid API key', 401, 'xai'),
+            500,
+            'upstream_auth_failed',
+        ],
+        [
+            'a provider error carrying its status',
+            Object.assign(new Error('insufficient credits'), {
+                status: 402,
+                provider: 'byteplus',
+            }),
+            503,
+            'upstream_credits_exhausted',
+        ],
+    ])(
+        'names the provider behind %s in the error fields',
+        async (_shape, raw, statusCode, legacyCode) => {
+            const { err } = await callWith(throwing(raw));
+            expect(err).toMatchObject({
+                statusCode,
+                legacyCode,
+                fields: { provider: raw.provider, upstreamStatus: raw.status },
+            });
+        },
+    );
+
     it('prefers the nested error.message and error.code over the top-level ones', async () => {
         const { err } = await callWith(
             throwing({
@@ -427,6 +482,51 @@ describe('DriverController stream responses', () => {
         expect(res.headers['content-type']).toBe('audio/mpeg');
         expect('transfer-encoding' in res.headers).toBe(false);
     });
+
+    it('destroys the response, without crashing, when the source fails after the first chunk', async () => {
+        let upstream!: ReadableStreamDefaultController<Uint8Array>;
+        const body = new ReadableStream<Uint8Array>({
+            start(controller) {
+                upstream = controller;
+            },
+        });
+        const { handler } = build({
+            run: () => ({
+                dataType: 'stream',
+                content_type: 'audio/mpeg',
+                chunked: true,
+                stream: upstreamBodyStream(new Response(body)),
+            }),
+        });
+        const res = new MockRes();
+        const uncaught = vi.fn();
+        process.on('uncaughtException', uncaught);
+        const warn = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {});
+        try {
+            await runWithContext({}, () =>
+                handler(
+                    makeReq({ interface: 'test-iface', method: 'run' }),
+                    res as unknown as Response,
+                    () => {},
+                ),
+            );
+            upstream.enqueue(Buffer.from('first'));
+            await vi.waitFor(() => expect(res.chunks).toHaveLength(1));
+
+            const closed = new Promise((resolve) => res.once('close', resolve));
+            upstream.error(new Error('connection reset'));
+            await closed;
+
+            expect(Buffer.concat(res.chunks).toString()).toBe('first');
+            expect(res.destroyed).toBe(true);
+            expect(res.writableFinished).toBe(false);
+            expect(warn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+            expect(uncaught).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+        } finally {
+            process.off('uncaughtException', uncaught);
+            warn.mockRestore();
+        }
+    });
 });
 
 // -- Rate limiting ---------------------------------------------------

src/backend/controllers/drivers/DriverController.subscription.test.ts

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import { EventEmitter } from 'node:events';
 import type { Request, RequestHandler, Response } from 'express';
 import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { EventClient } from '../../clients/event/EventClient.js';
 import { runWithContext } from '../../core/context.js';
 import { isHttpError } from '../../core/http/HttpError.js';
 import { configureRateLimit } from '../../core/http/middleware/rateLimit.js';
@@ -97,8 +98,8 @@ const syntheticDriver = {
     premium: async () => 'premium-ok',
 };
 
-const buildController = (plan: string | null) => {
-    const clients = { alarm: { create: () => {} } };
+const buildController = (plan: string | null, events?: EventClient) => {
+    const clients = { alarm: { create: () => {} }, ...(events ? { event: events } : {}) };
     const services = plan
         ? {
               metering: {
@@ -115,8 +116,13 @@ const buildController = (plan: string | null) => {
     );
 };
 
-const call = (plan: string | null, method: string, tag: string) => {
-    const handler = captureCallHandler(buildController(plan));
+const call = (
+    plan: string | null,
+    method: string,
+    tag: string,
+    events?: EventClient,
+) => {
+    const handler = captureCallHandler(buildController(plan, events));
     const res = new StubRes();
     return runWithContext({}, () =>
         handler(makeReq(method, tag), res as unknown as Response, () => {}),
@@ -157,6 +163,17 @@ describe('DriverController — per-method subscription requirement', () => {
         expect(res.body).toMatchObject({ success: true, result: 'premium-ok' });
     });
 
+    it('lets a subscription.gate listener waive one method for a free account', async () => {
+        const events = new EventClient({} as any);
+        events.on('subscription.gate.driver.test-iface.paid', (_key, event) => {
+            (event as { allow: boolean }).allow = true;
+        });
+
+        const res = await call('user_free', 'paid', 'waived', events);
+        expect(res.body).toMatchObject({ success: true, result: 'paid-ok' });
+        await expect402(call('user_free', 'premium', 'not-waived', events));
+    });
+
     it('enforces nothing on a deployment with no metering service', async () => {
         const res = await call(null, 'paid', 'no-metering');
         expect(res.body).toMatchObject({ success: true, result: 'paid-ok' });

src/backend/controllers/drivers/DriverController.ts

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import { metrics } from '@opentelemetry/api';
 import type { Request, Response } from 'express';
 import { actorUid } from '../../core/actor.js';
 import { Context } from '../../core/context.js';
+import { abortOnDisconnect } from '../../core/http/abortOnDisconnect.js';
 import { Controller } from '../../core/http/decorators.js';
 import { HttpError, isHttpError } from '../../core/http/HttpError.js';
 import { assertNotUserSession } from '../../core/http/middleware/gates.js';
@@ -31,16 +32,18 @@ import {
 } from '../../core/http/middleware/rateLimit.js';
 import type { PuterRouter } from '../../core/http/PuterRouter.js';
 import type { DriverMeta } from '../../drivers/meta.js';
-import { isUpstreamTimeoutError } from '../../drivers/util/upstreamErrors.js';
+import {
+    isCreditExhaustion,
+    isUpstreamTimeoutError,
+    sanitizeUpstreamMessage,
+} from '../../drivers/util/upstreamErrors.js';
 import {
     isDriverStreamResult,
     resolveCallableMethods,
     resolveDriverMeta,
-    resolveDriverMethodConcurrent,
-    resolveDriverMethodRateLimit,
-    resolveDriverMethodRequireReputation,
-    resolveDriverMethodRequireSubscription,
+    resolvePerMethod,
 } from '../../drivers/meta.js';
+import { pipeStreamResult } from '../../drivers/util/pipeStreamResult.js';
 import { assertActorHasSubscription } from '../../services/metering/enforcement.js';
 import type { PermissionService } from '../../services/permission/PermissionService.js';
 import { PermissionUtil } from '../../services/permission/permissionUtil.js';
@@ -106,7 +109,8 @@ const extractUpstreamStatus = (e: {
     return undefined;
 };
 
-const translateProviderError = (err: unknown): unknown => {
+/** Maps a provider failure onto the error the `/drivers/call` caller sees. */
+export const translateProviderError = (err: unknown): unknown => {
     if (isHttpError(err)) return err;
     if (!err || typeof err !== 'object') return err;
     const e = err as {
@@ -118,8 +122,23 @@ const translateProviderError = (err: unknown): unknown => {
         error?: { code?: string; type?: string; message?: string };
         code?: string;
         cause?: unknown;
+        provider?: unknown;
     };
     const status = extractUpstreamStatus(e);
+    const msg = sanitizeUpstreamMessage(
+        e.error?.message ?? e.message ?? 'Upstream provider error',
+    );
+    const upstreamCode = e.error?.code ?? e.code;
+    // Provider-raised errors name their vendor so the alarm says which one.
+    const provider = typeof e.provider === 'string' ? e.provider : undefined;
+    const fields = { provider, upstreamStatus: status, upstreamCode };
+
+    if (isCreditExhaustion(status, upstreamCode, msg)) {
+        return new HttpError(503, 'AI provider out of credits', {
+            legacyCode: 'upstream_credits_exhausted',
+            fields,
+        });
+    }
     if (typeof status !== 'number') {
         if (isUpstreamTimeoutError(e)) {
             const cause = e.cause as { code?: string } | undefined;
@@ -132,10 +151,6 @@ const translateProviderError = (err: unknown): unknown => {
         return err;
     }
 
-    const msg = e.error?.message ?? e.message ?? 'Upstream provider error';
-    const upstreamCode = e.error?.code ?? e.code;
-    const fields = { upstreamStatus: status, upstreamCode };
-
     if (status === 429) {
         return new HttpError(429, msg, {
             legacyCode: 'upstream_rate_limited',
@@ -288,16 +303,10 @@ export class DriverController extends PuterController {
         }
         const fn = driver[method];
 
-        // Resolve the concrete driver name for permission keys, falling
-        // back through prototype metadata → instance field → requested name.
-        const resolvedDriverName =
-            (driver as Record<string, unknown>).driverName ??
-            (Object.getPrototypeOf(driver) as Record<string, unknown>)
-                .__driverName ??
-            requestedDriver ??
-            'unknown';
-
         const driverMeta = this.#meta.get(driver);
+        // The concrete driver name, not an alias, keys the permission check.
+        const resolvedDriverName =
+            driverMeta?.driverName ?? requestedDriver ?? 'unknown';
 
         // Drivers flagged `noUserSession` refuse the bare
         // account-session ("root") token: callers must present an app or
@@ -342,13 +351,13 @@ export class DriverController extends PuterController {
         }
 
         // Methods that ask for a trusted-enough account. Declared per-driver
-        // (`@Driver({ requireReputation })`) for the same reason the
+        // (`requireReputation`) for the same reason the
         // subscription block is. Checked ahead of the plan and rate-limit
         // gates, matching the route chain: whether this account should be
         // reaching the method at all is settled before what it pays for or how
         // often it may ask. Inert unless the running config gives the named
         // tier a score.
-        const reputationRequirement = resolveDriverMethodRequireReputation(
+        const reputationRequirement = resolvePerMethod(
             driverMeta?.requireReputation,
             method,
         );
@@ -360,13 +369,13 @@ export class DriverController extends PuterController {
             );
         }
 
-        // Subscriber-only methods. Declared per-driver
-        // (`@Driver({ requireSubscription })`) because `/drivers/call` is a
-        // single route and a route option would apply to every driver at once.
+        // Subscriber-only methods. Declared per-driver (`requireSubscription`)
+        // because `/drivers/call` is a single route and a route option would
+        // apply to every driver at once.
         // Checked before the rate limit — the same order the route chain uses
         // — so a caller whose plan never included the method is told that
         // rather than spending a bucket on it.
-        const subscriptionRequirement = resolveDriverMethodRequireSubscription(
+        const subscriptionRequirement = resolvePerMethod(
             driverMeta?.requireSubscription,
             method,
         );
@@ -376,20 +385,21 @@ export class DriverController extends PuterController {
                 req.actor,
                 subscriptionRequirement,
                 this.config,
+                {
+                    events: this.clients.event,
+                    surface: `driver.${ifaceName}.${method}`,
+                    req,
+                },
             );
         }
 
         // Per-method rate-limit and concurrent specs both live on the
-        // driver's resolved meta (set by `@Driver({ rateLimit, concurrent })`
-        // or imperative fields). Rate-limit is single-shot; concurrent
+        // driver's resolved meta. Rate-limit is single-shot; concurrent
         // acquires a slot that must be released when the response is done
         // — we hook `res.finish` / `res.close` for that so streamed
         // responses hold their slot until the stream drains, and aborted
         // requests still give the slot back.
-        const rateLimitSpec = resolveDriverMethodRateLimit(
-            driverMeta?.rateLimit,
-            method,
-        );
+        const rateLimitSpec = resolvePerMethod(driverMeta?.rateLimit, method);
         if (
             !(await checkDriverRateLimit(req, ifaceName, method, rateLimitSpec))
         ) {
@@ -400,10 +410,7 @@ export class DriverController extends PuterController {
             });
         }
 
-        const concurrentSpec = resolveDriverMethodConcurrent(
-            driverMeta?.concurrent,
-            method,
-        );
+        const concurrentSpec = resolvePerMethod(driverMeta?.concurrent, method);
         // Only acquire (and attach release listeners) when the driver
         // actually declared a concurrency cap. Skipping in the unbounded
         // case keeps the hot path free of needless event-listener churn
@@ -434,6 +441,7 @@ export class DriverController extends PuterController {
             // so we still release. `close` covers client aborts.
             res.once('finish', release);
             res.once('close', release);
+            if (res.destroyed || res.writableFinished) release();
         }
 
         // Stash the requested driver name in Context so multi-provider
@@ -447,12 +455,7 @@ export class DriverController extends PuterController {
 
         // A caller that hangs up mid-call gets nothing back, so long-running
         // drivers watch this to stop working (and metering) as soon as it does.
-        // `close` after `finish` is the normal end of a response, not an abort.
-        const abort = new AbortController();
-        res.once('close', () => {
-            if (!res.writableFinished) abort.abort();
-        });
-        Context.set('abortSignal', abort.signal);
+        Context.set('abortSignal', abortOnDisconnect(res));
 
         // Per-method lifecycle events, scoped to `driver.<iface>.<method>`.
         // Subscribers can listen on `driver.*`, `driver.<iface>.*`, or the
@@ -570,7 +573,7 @@ export class DriverController extends PuterController {
             if (result.chunked) {
                 res.setHeader('Transfer-Encoding', 'chunked');
             }
-            result.stream.pipe(res);
+            pipeStreamResult(result.stream, res, `${ifaceName}.${method}`);
             return;
         }
 

src/backend/controllers/events/EventsController.ts

@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@
  * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
  */
 
-import { timingSafeEqual } from 'node:crypto';
 import type { Request, Response } from 'express';
 import type { Actor } from '../../core/actor.js';
 import { Controller, Delete, Get, Post } from '../../core/http/decorators.js';
 import { HttpError } from '../../core/http/HttpError.js';
+import { bodyRecord } from '../../core/http/requestBody.js';
 import { DURABLE_LIST_LIMIT_CAP } from '../../stores/events/DurableSubscriptionStore.js';
 import { EVENTS_WORKERS_LIST_LIMIT_CAP } from '../../stores/events/EventHandlerStore.js';
 import { KV_HANDLE_LIST_LIMIT_CAP } from '../../stores/events/KvShareHandleStore.js';
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ export class EventsController extends PuterController {
         const actor = this.#requireActor(req);
         const { sub } = await this.services.events.subscribeDurable(
             actor,
-            this.#body(req),
+            bodyRecord(req),
         );
         res.json(sub);
     }
@@ -108,7 +108,8 @@ export class EventsController extends PuterController {
      * GET /events/fetch — what the caller missed, one page at a time.
      *
      * Stateless: no subscription, no stored position, nothing written. The
-     * cursor comes back to the caller and goes out again as `after`.
+     * cursor comes back to the caller and goes out again as `cursor` (or
+     * `after`, the name it first shipped under).
      */
     @Get('/fetch', {
         subdomain: 'api',
@@ -122,6 +123,7 @@ export class EventsController extends PuterController {
 
         const page = await this.services.events.fetchMissed(actor, {
             subject: typeof query.subject === 'string' ? query.subject : '',
+            cursor: typeof query.cursor === 'string' ? query.cursor : undefined,
             after: typeof query.after === 'string' ? query.after : undefined,
             limit: normalizeLimit(query.limit, {
                 cap: EVENTS_FETCH_LIMIT_CAP,
@@ -145,7 +147,7 @@ export class EventsController extends PuterController {
     })
     async unsubscribe(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> {
         const actor = this.#requireActor(req);
-        await this.services.events.unsubscribeDurable(actor, this.#body(req));
+        await this.services.events.unsubscribeDurable(actor, bodyRecord(req));
         res.json({});
     }
 
@@ -169,7 +171,7 @@ export class EventsController extends PuterController {
     async mintKvHandle(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> {
         const actor = this.#requireActor(req);
         res.json(
-            await this.services.events.mintKvHandle(actor, this.#body(req)),
+            await this.services.events.mintKvHandle(actor, bodyRecord(req)),
         );
     }
 
@@ -234,7 +236,7 @@ export class EventsController extends PuterController {
     async publishHandler(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> {
         const actor = this.#requireActor(req);
         res.json(
-            await this.services.events.publishHandler(actor, this.#body(req)),
+            await this.services.events.publishHandler(actor, bodyRecord(req)),
         );
     }
 
@@ -249,7 +251,7 @@ export class EventsController extends PuterController {
         res.json({
             handlers: await this.services.events.publishHandlers(
                 actor,
-                this.#body(req),
+                bodyRecord(req),
             ),
         });
     }
@@ -281,18 +283,20 @@ export class EventsController extends PuterController {
     async removeHandler(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> {
         const actor = this.#requireActor(req);
         res.json(
-            await this.services.events.removeHandler(actor, this.#body(req)),
+            await this.services.events.removeHandler(actor, bodyRecord(req)),
         );
     }
 
     // -- Events workers ------------------------------------------------
     //
-    // The billable artifact a published handler set implies. Account-scoped
-    // like the kv-handle surface above: this is the owner's own view of what
-    // it is paying for, so — unlike the handler routes — an app token cannot
-    // act here on its owner's behalf.
+    // The billable artifact a published handler set implies. An account
+    // session or full-access token sees every app it owns; an app sees only
+    // its own worker, the same scope publish and destroy use.
 
-    /** GET /events/workers — the caller's own events workers, one per app. */
+    /**
+     * GET /events/workers — an account's events workers, one per app, or an
+     * app's own worker (0 or 1 item).
+     */
     @Get('/workers', {
         subdomain: 'api',
         requireAuth: true,
@@ -331,7 +335,7 @@ export class EventsController extends PuterController {
         res.json(
             await this.services.events.destroyEventsWorker(
                 actor,
-                this.#body(req),
+                bodyRecord(req),
             ),
         );
     }
@@ -344,6 +348,7 @@ export class EventsController extends PuterController {
      */
     @Post('/worker/rehydrate', {
         subdomain: 'api',
+        internalAuth: (config) => config.events?.internalSecret,
         // The shared secret is what gates this route, so the limit is only a
         // guessing-rate bound — hence per-IP and deliberately high. The caller
         // fans in from every edge location behind a small set of egress
@@ -356,8 +361,7 @@ export class EventsController extends PuterController {
         },
     })
     async rehydrateWorker(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> {
-        this.#requireInternalAuth(req);
-        const body = this.#body(req);
+        const body = bodyRecord(req);
         const script = String(body.script ?? '');
         const appUid = String(body.appUid ?? '');
         if (!EVENTS_SCRIPT_REGEX.test(script) || !APP_UID_REGEX.test(appUid))
@@ -424,25 +428,6 @@ export class EventsController extends PuterController {
         return this.#deployer;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Constant-time, so the secret cannot be recovered a byte at a time.
-     * Compares Buffer byte lengths, not string lengths — a string length
-     * compares UTF-16 code units, which can differ from the byte length
-     * `timingSafeEqual` actually requires to match.
-     */
-    #requireInternalAuth(req: Request): void {
-        const expected = Buffer.from(this.config.events?.internalSecret ?? '');
-        const offered = Buffer.from(
-            String(req.headers['x-puter-internal-auth'] ?? ''),
-        );
-        const ok =
-            expected.length > 0 &&
-            expected.length === offered.length &&
-            timingSafeEqual(expected, offered);
-        if (!ok)
-            throw new HttpError(403, 'Forbidden', { legacyCode: 'forbidden' });
-    }
-
     #requireActor(req: Request): Actor {
         const actor = req.actor;
         if (!actor?.user)
@@ -451,13 +436,4 @@ export class EventsController extends PuterController {
             });
         return actor;
     }
-
-    #body(req: Request): Record<string, unknown> {
-        const body = req.body;
-        if (!body || typeof body !== 'object' || Array.isArray(body))
-            throw new HttpError(400, 'body must be an object', {
-                legacyCode: 'bad_request',
-            });
-        return body as Record<string, unknown>;
-    }
 }

src/backend/controllers/events/limits.test.ts

@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@ import {
     EVENTS_DURABLE_SUBSCRIPTIONS_PER_USER,
     EVENTS_KV_HANDLES_PER_APP,
     EVENTS_KV_HANDLES_PER_USER,
+    EVENTS_KV_FILTER_EVALUATIONS_PER_EVENT,
+    EVENTS_KV_MATCHED_SUBSCRIPTIONS_PER_EVENT,
     EVENTS_SINGLE_DELIVERY_LIMIT,
     EVENTS_WORKER_INVOCATION_LIMIT,
     limitFor,
@@ -119,6 +121,34 @@ describe('the tiered subscription quotas', () => {
 });
 
 describe('the delivery budgets', () => {
+    it('sets KV fan-out and filter work by the namespace owner tier', () => {
+        for (const [plan, matched, evaluated] of [
+            [null, 512, 2048],
+            [DEFAULT_FREE_SUBSCRIPTION, 128, 512],
+            [DEFAULT_TEMP_SUBSCRIPTION, 128, 512],
+            [ORG_SEAT_FREE_SUBSCRIPTION, 128, 512],
+        ] as const) {
+            expect(
+                limitFor(EVENTS_KV_MATCHED_SUBSCRIPTIONS_PER_EVENT, plan),
+            ).toBe(matched);
+            expect(
+                limitFor(EVENTS_KV_FILTER_EVALUATIONS_PER_EVENT, plan),
+            ).toBe(evaluated);
+            expect(evaluated).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(matched);
+        }
+    });
+
+    it('pins the share-handle quotas by plan', () => {
+        expect(EVENTS_KV_HANDLES_PER_USER.limit).toBe(512);
+        expect(EVENTS_KV_HANDLES_PER_APP.limit).toBe(512);
+        expect(
+            limitFor(EVENTS_KV_HANDLES_PER_USER, DEFAULT_FREE_SUBSCRIPTION),
+        ).toBe(200);
+        expect(
+            limitFor(EVENTS_KV_HANDLES_PER_APP, DEFAULT_FREE_SUBSCRIPTION),
+        ).toBe(128);
+    });
+
     it('keeps `single` well under broadcast — each one costs far more', () => {
         expect(EVENTS_SINGLE_DELIVERY_LIMIT.limit).toBeLessThan(
             EVENTS_BROADCAST_DELIVERY_LIMIT.limit,

src/backend/controllers/events/limits.ts

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import type { RouteRateLimit } from '../../core/http/types';
 import {
     DEFAULT_FREE_SUBSCRIPTION,
     DEFAULT_TEMP_SUBSCRIPTION,
-    FREE_SUBSCRIPTION_IDS,
+    subscriptionOverride,
 } from '../../services/metering/consts.js';
 
 // -- Shared event limits ---------------------------------------------
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ const userWindow = (
 
 /**
  * A plan-varying cap in route-gate shape: `limit` is what a subscribed account
- * gets, `bySubscription` carves out the free tiers, unlisted plans get the
+ * gets, `bySubscription` carves out the free tiers, unlisted paid plans get the
  * base.
  */
 export interface TieredLimit {
@@ -67,11 +67,9 @@ export const limitFor = (
     subscriptionId: string | null,
 ): number => {
     if (subscriptionId === null) return tier.limit;
-    const own = tier.bySubscription[subscriptionId];
-    if (typeof own === 'number') return own;
-    return FREE_SUBSCRIPTION_IDS.has(subscriptionId)
-        ? (tier.bySubscription[DEFAULT_FREE_SUBSCRIPTION] ?? tier.limit)
-        : tier.limit;
+    return (
+        subscriptionOverride(tier.bySubscription, subscriptionId) ?? tier.limit
+    );
 };
 
 /**
@@ -128,14 +126,20 @@ export const EVENTS_DURABLE_SUBSCRIPTIONS_MAX =
 export const SUSPENDED_ROW_TTL_DAYS = 30;
 
 /**
- * Subscribe + unsubscribe calls per minute, per user.
+ * Subscribe calls per minute, per user.
  *
- * Both resolve a path and take a write, so a loop over them is a write loop.
+ * Resolves a path and takes a write, so a loop over subscribes is a write loop.
  * Sized like the sharing verbs, which are the closest existing analogue: a
  * client sets its subscriptions up once and then leaves them alone.
  */
 export const EVENTS_SUBSCRIBE_LIMIT = userWindow('events:subscribe', 60);
 
+/**
+ * Unsubscribe calls per minute, per user — its own budget, never the subscribe
+ * one.
+ */
+export const EVENTS_UNSUBSCRIBE_LIMIT = userWindow('events:unsubscribe', 600);
+
 /**
  * Subscription listings per minute, per user. Reads an index and returns one
  * page, so it is budgeted well above the verbs that write.
@@ -167,16 +171,15 @@ export const EVENTS_KV_HANDLE_LIMIT = userWindow('events:kvHandles', 60);
  * grow forever. A temporary account holds none: the grant outlives the session
  * that made it, and no account is left to take it back.
  */
-export const EVENTS_KV_HANDLES_PER_USER = tiered(500, 200, 0);
+export const EVENTS_KV_HANDLES_PER_USER = tiered(512, 200, 0);
 
 /**
  * Live share handles one app may hold out for one account.
  *
- * Below the per-account cap so that one app cannot spend an account's whole
- * budget: a handle names one namespace, so without this a second app on the
- * same account would be left with nothing.
+ * Separately bounded from the account cap so one namespace cannot consume the
+ * whole budget on free accounts.
  */
-export const EVENTS_KV_HANDLES_PER_APP = tiered(100, 50, 0);
+export const EVENTS_KV_HANDLES_PER_APP = tiered(512, 128, 0);
 
 // -- Handler surface -------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -256,17 +259,30 @@ export const EVENTS_WORKER_LIST_LIMIT = userWindow('events:workers:list', 120);
 // -- Dispatch fan-out ------------------------------------------------
 
 /**
- * Subscriptions one event may deliver to before dispatch stops and reports a
- * gap. The amplification ceiling: without it, one write costs as many
+ * Subscriptions one non-KV event may deliver to before dispatch stops and
+ * reports a gap. The amplification ceiling: without it, one write costs as many
  * deliveries as an account cared to register.
  */
 export const EVENTS_MATCHED_SUBSCRIPTIONS_PER_EVENT = 50;
 
 /**
- * Largest key-value value a delivery inlines, in serialized bytes. A value over
- * this is left out and the subscriber re-reads the key: a delivery fans out to
- * many rows, may cross regions and may sit in a backlog, none of which is sized
- * for the store's own ceiling.
+ * Key-value subscriptions one mutation may deliver to. A namespace owner's plan
+ * sets this ceiling; the listeners' plans do not affect it.
+ */
+export const EVENTS_KV_MATCHED_SUBSCRIPTIONS_PER_EVENT = tiered(512, 128, 128);
+
+/**
+ * Filter evaluations a key-value mutation may spend. This leaves room for
+ * non-matching rows while retaining a finite bound on dispatch work.
+ */
+export const EVENTS_KV_FILTER_EVALUATIONS_PER_EVENT = tiered(2048, 512, 512);
+
+/** Omit all inline KV values when the matched audience exceeds this count. */
+export const EVENTS_KV_VALUE_OMIT_MATCHED_SUBSCRIPTIONS = 128;
+
+/**
+ * Largest inline KV value in serialized bytes. Larger values are omitted;
+ * deliveries retain the key metadata.
  */
 export const EVENTS_KV_VALUE_MAX_BYTES = 16 * 1024;
 
@@ -309,6 +325,15 @@ export const EVENTS_WORKER_INVOCATION_LIMIT = userWindow(
     60,
 );
 
+/**
+ * Handler runs one chain of events may take, by the holder's plan.
+ *
+ * A write made with a handler's token is one run deeper than the event that
+ * invoked it. An event at this depth still reaches sockets but runs no handler,
+ * which is what ends handlers whose writes trigger each other.
+ */
+export const EVENTS_HANDLER_DEPTH = tiered(12, 4, 4);
+
 /**
  * Filter evaluations one event may spend. Lives with the matcher because the
  * primitive that enforces it does; re-exported here so every published number

src/backend/controllers/events/workerDeploy.ts

@@ -54,12 +54,7 @@ import { EVENTS_WORKER_DEPLOYS_PER_HOUR } from './limits.js';
 
 /** Why a deploy could not happen, for the callers that answer differently. */
 export type EventsDeployOutcome =
-    | 'deployed'
-    | 'stale'
-    | 'no-handlers'
-    | 'no-owner'
-    | 'throttled'
-    | 'failed';
+    'deployed' | 'stale' | 'no-handlers' | 'no-owner' | 'throttled' | 'failed';
 
 interface DeployLayers {
     config: IConfig;

src/backend/controllers/fs/FSController.http.test.ts

@@ -353,4 +353,199 @@ describe('GET /fs/readdir over HTTP', () => {
             expect(stat.shares).toEqual([]);
         });
     });
+
+    describe('the root listing', () => {
+        const mint = async (permissions: string[]) => {
+            const response = await fetch(
+                new URL('/auth/create-access-token', env.apiOrigin),
+                {
+                    method: 'POST',
+                    headers: {
+                        'content-type': 'application/json',
+                        authorization: `Bearer ${env.users.user.token}`,
+                    },
+                    body: JSON.stringify({ permissions }),
+                },
+            );
+            expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+            return ((await response.json()) as { token: string }).token;
+        };
+
+        const listRoot = async (token: string) => {
+            const response = await fetch(
+                readdirUrl({ path: '/', auth_token: token }),
+            );
+            expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+            return response.text();
+        };
+
+        const rootPaths = async (token: string) => {
+            const entries = JSON.parse(await listRoot(token)) as Array<{
+                path: string;
+            }>;
+            return entries.map((entry) => entry.path);
+        };
+
+        const entryAt = async (path: string) =>
+            (await env.server.stores.fsEntry.getEntryByPath(path))!;
+
+        it('lists the home for a session and a full-access token', async () => {
+            const { username, token, apiToken } = env.users.user;
+            for (const credential of [token, apiToken]) {
+                expect(await rootPaths(credential)).toEqual([`/${username}`]);
+            }
+        });
+
+        it('leaves the home out for a token scoped below it', async () => {
+            const { username } = env.users.user;
+            const home = await entryAt(`/${username}`);
+            const documents = await entryAt(`/${username}/Documents`);
+            const scoped = await mint([`fs:${documents.uuid}:read`]);
+
+            const raw = await listRoot(scoped);
+
+            expect(JSON.parse(raw)).toEqual([]);
+            expect(raw).not.toContain(home.uuid);
+            expect(raw).not.toContain(username);
+        });
+
+        it('lists the home for a token that can list it', async () => {
+            const { username } = env.users.user;
+            const home = await entryAt(`/${username}`);
+            const scoped = await mint([`fs:${home.uuid}:list`]);
+
+            expect(await rootPaths(scoped)).toEqual([`/${username}`]);
+        });
+    });
+});
+
+describe('POST /fs/completeWrite over HTTP', () => {
+    let env: PuterTestEnv;
+
+    beforeAll(async () => {
+        env = await setupPuterTestEnv();
+    }, 120_000);
+
+    afterAll(async () => {
+        await env?.shutdown();
+    });
+
+    it('refuses completion of a session whose object never arrived', async () => {
+        const { username, token } = env.users.user;
+        const started = await fetch(new URL('/fs/startWrite', env.apiOrigin), {
+            method: 'POST',
+            headers: {
+                'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+                Authorization: `Bearer ${token}`,
+            },
+            body: JSON.stringify({
+                fileMetadata: {
+                    path: `/${username}/Documents/http-nobytes-${Date.now()}.bin`,
+                    size: 4,
+                },
+            }),
+        });
+        expect(started.status).toBe(200);
+        const { sessionId } = (await started.json()) as { sessionId: string };
+
+        // No PUT to the presigned URL.
+        const response = await fetch(
+            new URL('/fs/completeWrite', env.apiOrigin),
+            {
+                method: 'POST',
+                headers: {
+                    'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+                    Authorization: `Bearer ${token}`,
+                },
+                body: JSON.stringify({ uploadId: sessionId }),
+            },
+        );
+
+        expect(response.status).toBe(400);
+        const body = (await response.json()) as {
+            code?: string;
+            message?: string;
+        };
+        expect(body.code).toBe('bad_request');
+        expect(body.message).toBe('Upload content was not received');
+    });
+});
+
+describe('POST /fs/startWrite storage quota over HTTP', () => {
+    let env: PuterTestEnv;
+
+    beforeAll(async () => {
+        env = await setupPuterTestEnv({
+            is_storage_limited: true,
+            storage_capacity: 10 * 1024,
+        } as never);
+    }, 120_000);
+
+    afterAll(async () => {
+        await env?.shutdown();
+    });
+
+    it('rejects the excess of a parallel burst of startWrite calls', async () => {
+        const { username, token } = env.users.user;
+        const user = await env.server.stores.user.getByUsername(username);
+        const fs = env.server.services.fs as unknown as {
+            getUsersStorageAllowance: (
+                userId: number,
+            ) => Promise<{ curr: number; max: number }>;
+        };
+        const { curr, max } = await fs.getUsersStorageAllowance(user!.id);
+        const size = Math.floor((max - curr) / 3) + 1;
+
+        const responses = await Promise.all(
+            Array.from({ length: 8 }, (_, i) =>
+                fetch(new URL('/fs/startWrite', env.apiOrigin), {
+                    method: 'POST',
+                    headers: {
+                        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+                        Authorization: `Bearer ${token}`,
+                    },
+                    body: JSON.stringify({
+                        fileMetadata: {
+                            path: `/${username}/Documents/http-quota-burst-${i}.bin`,
+                            size,
+                        },
+                    }),
+                }),
+            ),
+        );
+
+        const ok = responses.filter((response) => response.status === 200);
+        const rejected = responses.filter(
+            (response) => response.status === 413,
+        );
+        expect(ok).toHaveLength(2);
+        expect(rejected).toHaveLength(6);
+
+        for (const response of rejected) {
+            const body = (await response.json()) as { code?: string };
+            expect(body.code).toBe('storage_limit_reached');
+        }
+    });
+
+    // A raw JSON body carries `1e400` as a numeral, not a computed value, so
+    // `JSON.stringify` can't produce it (it turns `Infinity` into `null`) —
+    // the wire text is built by hand to exercise what the server's own
+    // `JSON.parse` does with it.
+    it('rejects a declared size of 1e400 (parses to Infinity) with 400', async () => {
+        const { username, token } = env.users.user;
+        const body = `{"fileMetadata":{"path":"/${username}/Documents/http-huge.bin","size":1e400}}`;
+
+        const response = await fetch(new URL('/fs/startWrite', env.apiOrigin), {
+            method: 'POST',
+            headers: {
+                'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+                Authorization: `Bearer ${token}`,
+            },
+            body,
+        });
+
+        expect(response.status).toBe(400);
+        const responseBody = (await response.json()) as { code?: string };
+        expect(responseBody.code).toBe('bad_request');
+    });
 });

src/backend/controllers/fs/FSController.test.ts

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import { setupTestServer } from '../../testUtil.js';
 import { generateDefaultFsentries } from '../../util/userProvisioning.js';
 import { SHARE_LIST_LIMIT } from '../share/limits.js';
 import type { FSController } from './FSController.js';
+import type { LegacyFSController } from './LegacyFSController.js';
 import type {
     ClientSignedWriteResponse,
     CompleteWriteRequest,
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ const makeUser = async (): Promise<{ actor: Actor; userId: number }> => {
     const refreshed = (await server.stores.user.getById(created.id))!;
     return {
         userId: refreshed.id,
-        actor: {
+        actor: makeActor({
             user: {
                 id: refreshed.id,
                 uuid: refreshed.uuid,
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ const makeUser = async (): Promise<{ actor: Actor; userId: number }> => {
                 email: refreshed.email ?? null,
                 email_confirmed: true,
             } as Actor['user'],
-        },
+        }),
     };
 };
 
@@ -342,9 +343,16 @@ describe('FSController.completeBatchWrites', () => {
             .body as ClientSignedWriteResponse[];
         expect(startResponses).toHaveLength(2);
 
-        // 2) Complete via the controller. Single-mode completion only
-        //    needs the session row → it doesn't read the S3 object back,
-        //    so we can skip the actual upload step in this test.
+        // 2) PUT the declared bytes through each presigned URL, then
+        //    complete via the controller.
+        await fetch(startResponses[0]!.url!, {
+            method: 'PUT',
+            body: '12345',
+        });
+        await fetch(startResponses[1]!.url!, {
+            method: 'PUT',
+            body: '1234567',
+        });
         const { res, captured } = makeRes();
         const completeBody: CompleteWriteRequest[] = startResponses.map(
             (r) => ({ uploadId: r.sessionId }),
@@ -416,6 +424,7 @@ describe('FSController.completeBatchWrites', () => {
         );
         const [firstResponse] = firstStart.captured
             .body as ClientSignedWriteResponse[];
+        await fetch(firstResponse!.url!, { method: 'PUT', body: 'x' });
         const firstComplete = makeRes();
         await withActor(actor, () =>
             controller.completeBatchWrites(
@@ -448,6 +457,7 @@ describe('FSController.completeBatchWrites', () => {
         );
         const [secondResponse] = secondStart.captured
             .body as ClientSignedWriteResponse[];
+        await fetch(secondResponse!.url!, { method: 'PUT', body: 'yy' });
 
         const secondComplete = makeRes();
         await withActor(actor, () =>
@@ -547,6 +557,7 @@ describe('FSController.completeBatchWrites', () => {
         );
         const [firstResponse] = firstStart.captured
             .body as ClientSignedWriteResponse[];
+        await fetch(firstResponse!.url!, { method: 'PUT', body: 'x' });
         await withActor(actor, () =>
             controller.completeBatchWrites(
                 makeReq<CompleteWriteRequest[]>({
@@ -584,6 +595,7 @@ describe('FSController.completeBatchWrites', () => {
         );
         const [secondResponse] = secondStart.captured
             .body as ClientSignedWriteResponse[];
+        await fetch(secondResponse!.url!, { method: 'PUT', body: 'yy' });
 
         const emitSpy = vi.spyOn(server.clients.event, 'emit');
         let updatedCall: (typeof emitSpy.mock.calls)[number] | undefined;
@@ -806,7 +818,10 @@ describe('FSController.statEntry', () => {
         const username = actor.user!.username!;
         const path = `/${username}/Documents/share-budget`;
         await withActor(actor, () =>
-            controller.mkdirEntry(makeReq({ body: { path }, actor }), makeRes().res),
+            controller.mkdirEntry(
+                makeReq({ body: { path }, actor }),
+                makeRes().res,
+            ),
         );
 
         // Spend the whole share:list bucket, as /share/shares' gate would.
@@ -834,6 +849,90 @@ describe('FSController.statEntry', () => {
         );
         expect((captured.body as { name: string }).name).toBe('share-budget');
     });
+
+    describe('parentUid of a home child', () => {
+        const tokenActorFor = async (userId: number, permission: string) => {
+            const user = (await server.stores.user.getById(userId))!;
+            const token = await server.services.auth.createAccessToken(
+                makeActor({ user }),
+                [[permission]],
+            );
+            return (await server.services.auth.authenticateFromToken(token))!;
+        };
+
+        it('nulls it for a token scoped below the home', async () => {
+            const { userId } = await makeUser();
+            const user = (await server.stores.user.getById(userId))!;
+            const username = user.username!;
+            const documents = (await server.stores.fsEntry.getEntryByPath(
+                `/${username}/Documents`,
+            ))!;
+            const scoped = await tokenActorFor(
+                userId,
+                `fs:${documents.uuid}:read`,
+            );
+
+            const { res, captured } = makeRes();
+            await withActor(scoped, () =>
+                controller.statEntry(
+                    makeReq({
+                        body: { path: `/${username}/Documents` },
+                        actor: scoped,
+                    }),
+                    res,
+                ),
+            );
+            expect((captured.body as { parentUid: unknown }).parentUid).toBe(
+                null,
+            );
+        });
+
+        it('keeps it for a token that can list the home', async () => {
+            const { userId } = await makeUser();
+            const user = (await server.stores.user.getById(userId))!;
+            const username = user.username!;
+            const home = (await server.stores.fsEntry.getEntryByPath(
+                `/${username}`,
+            ))!;
+            const scoped = await tokenActorFor(userId, `fs:${home.uuid}:list`);
+
+            const { res, captured } = makeRes();
+            await withActor(scoped, () =>
+                controller.statEntry(
+                    makeReq({
+                        body: { path: `/${username}/Documents` },
+                        actor: scoped,
+                    }),
+                    res,
+                ),
+            );
+            expect((captured.body as { parentUid: unknown }).parentUid).toBe(
+                home.uuid,
+            );
+        });
+
+        it('keeps it for a session actor', async () => {
+            const { actor } = await makeUser();
+            const username = actor.user!.username!;
+            const home = (await server.stores.fsEntry.getEntryByPath(
+                `/${username}`,
+            ))!;
+
+            const { res, captured } = makeRes();
+            await withActor(actor, () =>
+                controller.statEntry(
+                    makeReq({
+                        body: { path: `/${username}/Documents` },
+                        actor,
+                    }),
+                    res,
+                ),
+            );
+            expect((captured.body as { parentUid: unknown }).parentUid).toBe(
+                home.uuid,
+            );
+        });
+    });
 });
 
 // ── /readdir (readdirEntries) ───────────────────────────────────────
@@ -1421,6 +1520,330 @@ describe('FSController.copyEntry', () => {
     });
 });
 
+// ── outer.gui.item.* events ─────────────────────────────────────────
+//
+// The desktop renders these, so the v2 routes must send what the legacy routes
+// send for the same operation.
+
+describe('FSController GUI item events', () => {
+    type GuiResponse = Record<string, unknown>;
+
+    // The v2 routes don't await their emits, so wait for each expected event
+    // about `uid` to land. They must also land in the order given.
+    const captureGuiEvents = async (
+        expected: Array<[eventName: string, uid: string]>,
+        run: () => Promise<unknown>,
+    ): Promise<GuiResponse[]> => {
+        const emitSpy = vi.spyOn(server.clients.event, 'emit');
+        const indexOf = ([eventName, uid]: [string, string]) =>
+            emitSpy.mock.calls.findIndex(
+                ([name, data]) =>
+                    name === eventName &&
+                    (data as { response: GuiResponse }).response.uuid === uid,
+            );
+        try {
+            await run();
+            await vi.waitFor(() => {
+                for (const event of expected)
+                    expect(indexOf(event)).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(0);
+            });
+            const order = expected.map(indexOf);
+            expect(order).toEqual([...order].sort((a, b) => a - b));
+            return order.map(
+                (i) =>
+                    (emitSpy.mock.calls[i]![1] as { response: GuiResponse })
+                        .response,
+            );
+        } finally {
+            emitSpy.mockRestore();
+        }
+    };
+
+    const legacyController = () =>
+        server.controllers.legacyFs as unknown as LegacyFSController;
+
+    const mkdir = async (actor: Actor, path: string) => {
+        await withActor(actor, () =>
+            controller.mkdirEntry(
+                makeReq({ body: { path }, actor }),
+                makeRes().res,
+            ),
+        );
+        return (await server.stores.fsEntry.getEntryByPath(path))!;
+    };
+
+    const touch = async (actor: Actor, path: string) => {
+        await withActor(actor, () =>
+            controller.touchEntry(
+                makeReq({ body: { path }, actor }),
+                makeRes().res,
+            ),
+        );
+        return (await server.stores.fsEntry.getEntryByPath(path))!;
+    };
+
+    it('sends item.moved in the same shape as the legacy /move, with old_path', async () => {
+        const { actor } = await makeUser();
+        const username = actor.user!.username!;
+        const viaLegacy = await mkdir(actor, `/${username}/Documents/a`);
+        const viaV2 = await mkdir(actor, `/${username}/Documents/b`);
+
+        const [legacyMoved] = await captureGuiEvents(
+            [['outer.gui.item.moved', viaLegacy.uuid]],
+            () =>
+                withActor(actor, () =>
+                    legacyController().move(
+                        makeReq({
+                            body: {
+                                source: viaLegacy.path,
+                                destination: `/${username}/Pictures`,
+                            },
+                            actor,
+                        }),
+                        makeRes().res,
+                    ),
+                ),
+        );
+        const [v2Moved] = await captureGuiEvents(
+            [['outer.gui.item.moved', viaV2.uuid]],
+            () =>
+                withActor(actor, () =>
+                    controller.moveEntry(
+                        makeReq({
+                            body: {
+                                source: { path: viaV2.path },
+                                destination: { path: `/${username}/Pictures` },
+                            },
+                            actor,
+                        }),
+                        makeRes().res,
+                    ),
+                ),
+        );
+
+        expect(Object.keys(v2Moved!).sort()).toEqual(
+            Object.keys(legacyMoved!).sort(),
+        );
+        expect(v2Moved).toMatchObject({
+            uid: viaV2.uuid,
+            path: `/${username}/Pictures/b`,
+            old_path: `/${username}/Documents/b`,
+            is_dir: true,
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('sends item.removed in the same shape as the legacy /delete', async () => {
+        const { actor } = await makeUser();
+        const username = actor.user!.username!;
+        const viaLegacy = await mkdir(actor, `/${username}/Documents/a`);
+        const viaV2 = await mkdir(actor, `/${username}/Documents/b`);
+
+        const [legacyRemoved] = await captureGuiEvents(
+            [['outer.gui.item.removed', viaLegacy.uuid]],
+            () =>
+                withActor(actor, () =>
+                    legacyController().delete(
+                        makeReq({ body: { path: viaLegacy.path }, actor }),
+                        makeRes().res,
+                    ),
+                ),
+        );
+        const [v2Removed] = await captureGuiEvents(
+            [['outer.gui.item.removed', viaV2.uuid]],
+            () =>
+                withActor(actor, () =>
+                    controller.deleteEntry(
+                        makeReq({
+                            body: { path: viaV2.path, recursive: true },
+                            actor,
+                        }),
+                        makeRes().res,
+                    ),
+                ),
+        );
+
+        expect(Object.keys(v2Removed!).sort()).toEqual(
+            Object.keys(legacyRemoved!).sort(),
+        );
+        expect(v2Removed).toMatchObject({
+            path: viaV2.path,
+            descendants_only: false,
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('sends item.removed for the entry an overwriting move replaces', async () => {
+        const { actor } = await makeUser();
+        const username = actor.user!.username!;
+        const source = await touch(actor, `/${username}/Documents/clash.txt`);
+        const replaced = await touch(actor, `/${username}/Pictures/clash.txt`);
+
+        // Removal first: the desktop hides rows by path.
+        const [removed] = await captureGuiEvents(
+            [
+                ['outer.gui.item.removed', replaced.uuid],
+                ['outer.gui.item.moved', source.uuid],
+            ],
+            () =>
+                withActor(actor, () =>
+                    controller.moveEntry(
+                        makeReq({
+                            body: {
+                                source: { path: source.path },
+                                destination: { path: `/${username}/Pictures` },
+                                overwrite: true,
+                            },
+                            actor,
+                        }),
+                        makeRes().res,
+                    ),
+                ),
+        );
+        expect(removed!.path).toBe(replaced.path);
+    });
+
+    it("sends no item.removed for an owner's Trash entry an overwriting move renamed around", async () => {
+        const owner = await makeUser();
+        const holder = await makeUser();
+        const ownerName = owner.actor.user!.username!;
+        const shared = await mkdir(
+            owner.actor,
+            `/${ownerName}/Documents/shared`,
+        );
+        const source = await touch(owner.actor, `${shared.path}/note.txt`);
+        const occupant = await touch(
+            owner.actor,
+            `/${ownerName}/Trash/note.txt`,
+        );
+        await server.services.acl.setUserUser(
+            owner.actor,
+            holder.actor,
+            {
+                path: shared.path,
+                resolveAncestors: () =>
+                    server.services.fs.getAncestorChain(shared.path),
+            },
+            'write',
+        );
+
+        const emitSpy = vi.spyOn(server.clients.event, 'emit');
+        const announced = (eventName: string, uid: string) =>
+            emitSpy.mock.calls.some(
+                ([name, data]) =>
+                    name === eventName &&
+                    (data as { response: GuiResponse }).response.uuid === uid,
+            );
+        try {
+            await withActor(holder.actor, () =>
+                controller.moveEntry(
+                    makeReq({
+                        body: {
+                            source: { path: source.path },
+                            destination: { path: `/${ownerName}/Trash` },
+                            overwrite: true,
+                        },
+                        actor: holder.actor,
+                    }),
+                    makeRes().res,
+                ),
+            );
+            // A replaced entry's removal goes out before the move's own event.
+            await vi.waitFor(() =>
+                expect(announced('outer.gui.item.moved', source.uuid)).toBe(
+                    true,
+                ),
+            );
+            expect(announced('outer.gui.item.removed', occupant.uuid)).toBe(
+                false,
+            );
+        } finally {
+            emitSpy.mockRestore();
+        }
+        expect(
+            await server.stores.fsEntry.getEntryByUuid(occupant.uuid),
+        ).not.toBeNull();
+    });
+
+    it('sends item.removed for the entry an overwriting copy replaces, first', async () => {
+        const { actor } = await makeUser();
+        const username = actor.user!.username!;
+        const source = await touch(actor, `/${username}/Documents/dup.txt`);
+        const replaced = await touch(actor, `/${username}/Pictures/dup.txt`);
+
+        const emitSpy = vi.spyOn(server.clients.event, 'emit');
+        // GUI item events about the destination path, in emit order.
+        const atPath = () =>
+            emitSpy.mock.calls.flatMap(([name, data]) => {
+                const response = (data as { response?: GuiResponse })?.response;
+                return String(name).startsWith('outer.gui.item.') &&
+                    response?.path === replaced.path
+                    ? [[name, response.uuid]]
+                    : [];
+            });
+        try {
+            await withActor(actor, () =>
+                controller.copyEntry(
+                    makeReq({
+                        body: {
+                            source: { path: source.path },
+                            destination: { path: `/${username}/Pictures` },
+                            overwrite: true,
+                        },
+                        actor,
+                    }),
+                    makeRes().res,
+                ),
+            );
+            await vi.waitFor(() => expect(atPath()).toHaveLength(2));
+            // Removal first: the desktop hides rows by path.
+            expect(atPath()[0]).toEqual([
+                'outer.gui.item.removed',
+                replaced.uuid,
+            ]);
+            expect(atPath()[1]?.[0]).toBe('outer.gui.item.added');
+        } finally {
+            emitSpy.mockRestore();
+        }
+    });
+
+    it('applies new_metadata on move, as trashing does', async () => {
+        const { actor } = await makeUser();
+        const username = actor.user!.username!;
+        const source = await mkdir(actor, `/${username}/Documents/trashed`);
+        const trashMetadata = {
+            original_name: 'trashed',
+            original_path: source.path,
+            trashed_ts: 1700000000,
+        };
+
+        const [moved] = await captureGuiEvents(
+            [['outer.gui.item.moved', source.uuid]],
+            () =>
+                withActor(actor, () =>
+                    controller.moveEntry(
+                        makeReq({
+                            body: {
+                                source: { path: source.path },
+                                destination: { path: `/${username}/Trash` },
+                                new_name: source.uuid,
+                                new_metadata: trashMetadata,
+                            },
+                            actor,
+                        }),
+                        makeRes().res,
+                    ),
+                ),
+        );
+
+        const stored = await server.stores.fsEntry.getEntryByUuidFromPrimary(
+            source.uuid,
+        );
+        expect(JSON.parse(stored!.metadata!)).toMatchObject(trashMetadata);
+        expect(JSON.parse(String(moved!.metadata))).toMatchObject(
+            trashMetadata,
+        );
+    });
+});
+
 // ── /read (readEntry, full read) ────────────────────────────────────
 
 describe('FSController.readEntry (file streaming)', () => {
@@ -2443,6 +2866,64 @@ describe('FSController.statEntry additional branches', () => {
     });
 });
 
+describe('FSController.statEntry return_size disclosure', () => {
+    it('answers the owner-wide size only to a caller who could list it', async () => {
+        const { actor: owner, userId } = await makeUser();
+        const username = owner.user!.username!;
+        const dir = `/${username}/Documents/shared-sized`;
+        await withActor(owner, () =>
+            controller.mkdirEntry(
+                makeReq({ body: { path: dir }, actor: owner }),
+                makeRes().res,
+            ),
+        );
+        const body = Buffer.from('1234567890');
+        await server.services.fs.write(userId, {
+            fileMetadata: {
+                path: `${dir}/secret.txt`,
+                size: body.byteLength,
+                contentType: 'text/plain',
+            },
+            fileContent: body,
+        });
+
+        const { actor: viewer } = await makeUser();
+        const viewerName = viewer.user!.username!;
+        const statAsViewer = async () => {
+            const { res, captured } = makeRes();
+            await withActor(viewer, () =>
+                controller.statEntry(
+                    makeReq({
+                        body: { path: dir, return_size: true },
+                        actor: viewer,
+                    }),
+                    res,
+                ),
+            );
+            return captured.body as { size?: number };
+        };
+
+        // `see` is the weakest level: the folder is visible, its contents are not.
+        await server.services.permission.grantUserUserPermission(
+            owner,
+            viewerName,
+            `fs:${dir}:see`,
+        );
+        // The directory row's own size, never the sum of what is under it.
+        expect((await statAsViewer()).size).toBe(0);
+
+        // `list` is where the contents become enumerable, so the sum may go out.
+        await server.services.permission.grantUserUserPermission(
+            owner,
+            viewerName,
+            `fs:${dir}:list`,
+        );
+        expect((await statAsViewer()).size).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(
+            body.byteLength,
+        );
+    });
+});
+
 // ── #getReportedCosts ───────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 describe('FSController.getReportedCosts', () => {
@@ -2731,6 +3212,7 @@ describe('FSController associatedAppId entitlement gate', () => {
             ),
         );
         const [started] = startRes.captured.body as ClientSignedWriteResponse[];
+        await fetch(started.url!, { method: 'PUT', body: 'abc' });
         const completeRes = makeRes();
         await withActor(actor, () =>
             controller.completeBatchWrites(

src/backend/controllers/fs/FSController.ts

@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ import type { Actor } from '../../core/actor.js';
 import { Context } from '../../core/context.js';
 import { HttpError } from '../../core/http/HttpError.js';
 import { Controller, Get, Post } from '../../core/http/decorators.js';
+import { FS_ROUTE_REFUSAL } from '../../services/acl/ACLService.js';
+import { clientParentUid } from '../../services/fs/rootListing.js';
 import {
     expandTildePath,
     isOwnersTrash,
@@ -52,7 +54,9 @@ import { consumeRouteRateLimit } from '../../core/http/middleware/rateLimit.js';
 import { PuterController } from '../types.js';
 import { STORAGE_OP_COSTS } from '../../services/metering/costs.js';
 import {
+    FS_BATCH_WRITE_MAX_ITEMS,
     FS_MULTIPART_LIMIT,
+    FS_MULTIPART_MAX_PARTS,
     FS_MUTATE_LIMIT,
     FS_READ_CONCURRENT,
     FS_READ_LIMIT,
@@ -65,10 +69,13 @@ import {
 } from './limits.js';
 import {
     assertAccess as assertLegacyAccess,
+    emitGuiItemEvent,
+    findOverwriteTarget,
     fsEntryMimeType,
+    type GuiItemEventName,
     loadLegacyAssociatedApps,
+    replacedByMove,
     signEntryThumbnail,
-    toLegacyEntry,
 } from './legacyFsHelpers.js';
 import type {
     ClientCompleteWriteResponse,
@@ -222,6 +229,7 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
         const userId = this.#getActorUserId(req);
         const storageAllowanceMax = this.#getStorageAllowanceMaxOverride(req);
         const appUidLookupCache = new Map<string, Promise<number | null>>();
+        this.#assertBatchItemCount(req.body);
         const requests = Array.isArray(req.body)
             ? await Promise.all(
                   req.body.map(async (requestBody) => {
@@ -367,6 +375,7 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
         res: Response<ClientCompleteWriteResponse[]>,
     ) {
         const userId = this.#getActorUserId(req);
+        this.#assertBatchItemCount(req.body);
         const requests = Array.isArray(req.body)
             ? req.body.map((requestBody) => {
                   return this.#withGuiMetadata(
@@ -443,6 +452,17 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
         res: Response<ClientSignMultipartPartsResponse>,
     ) {
         const userId = this.#getActorUserId(req);
+        const partNumbers = req.body?.partNumbers;
+        if (
+            Array.isArray(partNumbers) &&
+            partNumbers.length > FS_MULTIPART_MAX_PARTS
+        ) {
+            throw new HttpError(
+                400,
+                `Too many partNumbers in one request (max ${FS_MULTIPART_MAX_PARTS})`,
+                { legacyCode: 'bad_request' },
+            );
+        }
         await this.#assertUploadSessionWriteAccess(req, userId, [
             req.body?.uploadId,
         ]);
@@ -863,6 +883,7 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
             return;
         }
 
+        this.#assertBatchItemCount(req.body);
         const requests = Array.isArray(req.body)
             ? await Promise.all(
                   req.body.map(async (requestBody) => {
@@ -998,7 +1019,6 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
     })
     async statEntry(req: Request, res: Response) {
         const actor = this.#requireActor(req);
-        const userId = this.#getActorUserId(req);
         const body = this.#toObjectRecord(req.body);
         const entry = await this.#resolveEntryForRequest(body);
         await this.#assertAccess(actor, entry.path, 'see');
@@ -1015,10 +1035,16 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
                 legacyCode: 'too_many_requests',
             });
         }
-        const [subtreeSize, suggestedApps, shareFlags, shares] =
+        // Over the owner's rows, so only for a caller who could list them.
+        const mayReadSize =
+            entry.isDir &&
+            wantsSize &&
+            (await this.#canAccess(actor, entry.path, 'list'));
+
+        const [subtreeSize, suggestedApps, shareFlags, shares, parentUid] =
             await Promise.all([
-                entry.isDir && wantsSize
-                    ? this.services.fs.getSubtreeSize(userId, entry.path)
+                mayReadSize
+                    ? this.services.fs.getSubtreeSize(entry.userId, entry.path)
                     : undefined,
                 this.services.suggestedApps.getSuggestedApps(entry),
                 this.services.share.shareFlags(actor, [entry]),
@@ -1030,11 +1056,21 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
                           entry.uuid,
                       )
                     : undefined,
+                clientParentUid(
+                    actor,
+                    entry,
+                    this.services.acl,
+                    this.stores.permission,
+                ),
             ]);
         entry.suggestedApps = suggestedApps;
 
         res.json({
-            ...this.#toClientEntry(entry, shareFlags.get(entry.uuid) ?? null),
+            ...this.#toClientEntry(
+                entry,
+                shareFlags.get(entry.uuid) ?? null,
+                parentUid,
+            ),
             ...(subtreeSize !== undefined ? { size: subtreeSize } : {}),
             ...(shares !== undefined ? { shares } : {}),
         });
@@ -1047,8 +1083,16 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
      * callers who only hold `see`/`list` on the entry — a share recipient, or
      * (with public folders enabled) any authenticated user. The legacy read
      * path already curates its output; this does the same for the v2 routes.
+     *
+     * `parentUid` is `entry.parentUid` unless `parentUidOverride` is passed
+     * (even as `null`) — callers reading a scoped access token's home pass the
+     * result of `clientParentUid` to hide it there.
      */
-    #toClientEntry(entry: FSEntry, isShared?: boolean | null): ClientFSEntry {
+    #toClientEntry(
+        entry: FSEntry,
+        isShared?: boolean | null,
+        parentUidOverride?: string | null,
+    ): ClientFSEntry {
         // Allowlist, not a denylist: a denylist silently ships every column
         // added to `fsentries` later. Omits the numeric primary keys (`id`,
         // `parentId`, `associatedAppId`), the storage columns, the owning
@@ -1060,7 +1104,10 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
         return {
             uuid: entry.uuid,
             uid: entry.uid ?? entry.uuid,
-            parentUid: entry.parentUid ?? null,
+            parentUid:
+                parentUidOverride !== undefined
+                    ? parentUidOverride
+                    : (entry.parentUid ?? null),
             path: maskEntryPath(entry),
             name: entry.name,
             isDir: entry.isDir,
@@ -1181,6 +1228,8 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
             const rootChildren = await listRootEntries(
                 actor,
                 this.stores.fsEntry,
+                this.services.acl,
+                this.stores.permission,
             );
             const rootSuggestions =
                 await this.services.suggestedApps.getSuggestedAppsForEntries(
@@ -1322,6 +1371,12 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
                 ...this.#toClientEntry(
                     entry,
                     shareFlags.get(entry.uuid) ?? null,
+                    await clientParentUid(
+                        actor,
+                        entry,
+                        this.services.acl,
+                        this.stores.permission,
+                    ),
                 ),
                 // Fields the client cannot derive on its own.
                 type: fsEntryMimeType(entry),
@@ -1472,7 +1527,7 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
 
         const dedupeName =
             this.#toBoolean(body.dedupe_name ?? body.dedupeName) ?? false;
-        await this.#assertCanCreate(actor, path);
+        await this.services.acl.assertFsCreate(actor, path, FS_ROUTE_REFUSAL);
         if (dedupeName) await this.#assertCanDedupeCreate(actor, path);
 
         const entry = await this.services.fs.mkdir(userId, {
@@ -1485,7 +1540,7 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
                         body.create_missing_ancestors,
                 ) ?? false,
         });
-        this.#emitGuiItemAdded(entry);
+        this.#emitGuiItemEvent('outer.gui.item.added', entry);
         res.json(this.#toClientEntry(entry));
     }
 
@@ -1548,7 +1603,7 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
 
         const userId = this.#getActorUserId(req);
         const renamed = await this.services.fs.rename(userId, entry, newName);
-        this.#emitGuiItemUpdated(renamed);
+        this.#emitGuiItemEvent('outer.gui.item.updated', renamed);
         res.json(this.#toClientEntry(renamed));
     }
 
@@ -1570,7 +1625,11 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
             recursive: this.#toBoolean(body.recursive) ?? false,
             descendantsOnly,
         });
-        this.#emitGuiItemRemoved(entry, descendantsOnly);
+        // `descendants_only` lets the GUI keep the parent (e.g. Trash) and only
+        // drop its children.
+        this.#emitGuiItemEvent('outer.gui.item.removed', entry, {
+            descendants_only: descendantsOnly,
+        });
         res.json({ ok: true });
     }
 
@@ -1595,16 +1654,35 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
             await this.#assertAccess(actor, destinationParent.path, 'write');
         }
 
+        const newName =
+            typeof body.new_name === 'string' ? body.new_name : undefined;
+        const overwrite = this.#toBoolean(body.overwrite) ?? false;
+        // Trash/restore rides on this, as on the legacy route.
+        const newMetadata = (body.newMetadata ??
+            body.new_metadata ??
+            undefined) as Record<string, unknown> | undefined;
+        const overwriteTarget = overwrite
+            ? await findOverwriteTarget(
+                  this.stores.fsEntry,
+                  destinationParent,
+                  newName ?? source.name,
+              )
+            : null;
         const moved = await this.services.fs.move(userId, {
             source,
             destinationParent,
-            newName:
-                typeof body.new_name === 'string' ? body.new_name : undefined,
-            overwrite: this.#toBoolean(body.overwrite) ?? false,
+            newName,
+            overwrite,
             dedupeName:
                 this.#toBoolean(body.dedupe_name ?? body.change_name) ?? false,
+            newMetadata,
         });
-        this.#emitGuiItemMoved(source, moved);
+        this.#emitGuiItemEvent(
+            'outer.gui.item.moved',
+            moved,
+            { old_path: source.path },
+            replacedByMove(overwriteTarget, moved, newName ?? source.name),
+        );
         res.json(this.#toClientEntry(moved));
     }
 
@@ -1629,19 +1707,33 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
         await this.#assertAccess(actor, destinationParent.path, 'write');
 
         const storageAllowanceMax = this.#getStorageAllowanceMaxOverride(req);
+        const newName =
+            typeof body.new_name === 'string' ? body.new_name : undefined;
+        const overwrite = this.#toBoolean(body.overwrite) ?? false;
+        const replaced = overwrite
+            ? await findOverwriteTarget(
+                  this.stores.fsEntry,
+                  destinationParent,
+                  newName ?? source.name,
+              )
+            : null;
         const copy = await this.services.fs.copy(userId, {
             source,
             destinationParent,
-            newName:
-                typeof body.new_name === 'string' ? body.new_name : undefined,
-            overwrite: this.#toBoolean(body.overwrite) ?? false,
+            newName,
+            overwrite,
             dedupeName:
                 this.#toBoolean(body.dedupe_name ?? body.change_name) ?? true,
             ...(storageAllowanceMax !== undefined
                 ? { storageAllowanceMax }
                 : {}),
         });
-        this.#emitGuiItemAdded(copy);
+        this.#emitGuiItemEvent(
+            'outer.gui.item.added',
+            copy,
+            undefined,
+            replaced,
+        );
         res.json(this.#toClientEntry(copy));
     }
 
@@ -1674,7 +1766,7 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
             target,
             dedupeName: this.#toBoolean(body.dedupe_name) ?? true,
         });
-        this.#emitGuiItemAdded(shortcut);
+        this.#emitGuiItemEvent('outer.gui.item.added', shortcut);
         res.json(this.#toClientEntry(shortcut));
     }
 
@@ -1729,52 +1821,6 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
         return entry;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Authorize creation of a new entry at `targetPath`. The standard rule is
-     * write on the parent, but we also accept write on the target itself — this
-     * lets an app create its own `/<user>/AppData/<app_uid>` folder (parent
-     * `AppData` is off-limits, but the target is the app's own subtree per
-     * ACLService's short-circuit) and lets recipients of a direct share on a
-     * not-yet-existent path materialize it.
-     */
-    async #assertCanCreate(actor: Actor, targetPath: string) {
-        const parent = pathPosix.dirname(targetPath);
-        const parentForCheck = parent === '/' ? targetPath : parent;
-        const fsService = this.services.fs;
-
-        const makeDescriptor = (path: string) => {
-            let cache: Promise<Array<{ uid: string; path: string }>> | null =
-                null;
-            return {
-                path,
-                resolveAncestors() {
-                    if (!cache) cache = fsService.getAncestorChain(path);
-                    return cache;
-                },
-            };
-        };
-
-        if (
-            await this.services.acl.check(
-                actor,
-                makeDescriptor(parentForCheck),
-                'write',
-            )
-        ) {
-            return;
-        }
-        if (
-            await this.services.acl.check(
-                actor,
-                makeDescriptor(targetPath),
-                'write',
-            )
-        ) {
-            return;
-        }
-        await this.#assertAccess(actor, parentForCheck, 'write');
-    }
-
     async #assertCanDedupeCreate(actor: Actor, targetPath: string) {
         const existing = await this.stores.fsEntry.getEntryByPath(targetPath);
         if (!existing) return;
@@ -1786,53 +1832,27 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
         );
     }
 
+    /** As `#assertAccess`, but for what to include rather than what to serve. */
+    async #canAccess(
+        actor: Actor,
+        path: string,
+        mode: 'see' | 'list' | 'read' | 'write',
+    ): Promise<boolean> {
+        const acl = this.services.acl;
+        return acl.check(actor, acl.fsDescriptor(path), mode);
+    }
+
     async #assertAccess(
         actor: Actor,
         path: string,
         mode: 'see' | 'list' | 'read' | 'write',
     ) {
-        const fsService = this.services.fs;
-        let ancestorsCache: Promise<
-            Array<{ uid: string; path: string }>
-        > | null = null;
-        const descriptor = {
-            path,
-            resolveAncestors() {
-                if (!ancestorsCache) {
-                    ancestorsCache = fsService.getAncestorChain(path);
-                }
-                return ancestorsCache;
-            },
-        };
-        const allowed = await this.services.acl.check(actor, descriptor, mode);
-        if (allowed) return;
-        const safe = (await this.services.acl.getSafeAclError(
+        await this.services.acl.assertFsAccess(
             actor,
-            descriptor,
+            path,
             mode,
-        )) as {
-            status?: unknown;
-            message?: unknown;
-            fields?: { code?: unknown };
-        };
-        const status = Number(safe?.status);
-        const message =
-            typeof safe?.message === 'string' && safe.message.length > 0
-                ? safe.message
-                : 'Access denied';
-        const code =
-            typeof safe?.fields?.code === 'string'
-                ? safe.fields.code
-                : undefined;
-        const legacyCode = code === 'forbidden' ? 'access_denied' : code;
-        if (status === 404) {
-            throw new HttpError(404, message, {
-                ...(legacyCode ? { legacyCode } : {}),
-            });
-        }
-        throw new HttpError(403, message, {
-            legacyCode: legacyCode ?? 'access_denied',
-        });
+            FS_ROUTE_REFUSAL,
+        );
     }
 
     #toNumberOrUndefined(value: unknown): number | undefined {
@@ -1856,60 +1876,20 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
 
     // Fire-and-forget GUI events for single-entry mutations. These feed the
     // desktop cache invalidator and extension listeners (e.g. thumbnails).
-    #emitGuiItemAdded(entry: FSEntry): void {
-        void this.#emitGuiWriteEvent(
-            'outer.gui.item.added',
-            entry,
-            undefined,
-        ).catch(() => undefined);
-    }
-
-    #emitGuiItemUpdated(entry: FSEntry): void {
-        void this.#emitGuiWriteEvent(
-            'outer.gui.item.updated',
-            entry,
-            undefined,
-        ).catch(() => undefined);
-    }
-
-    #emitGuiItemRemoved(entry: FSEntry, descendantsOnly = false): void {
-        // GUI listens for `outer.gui.item.removed`; same envelope shape.
-        // `descendants_only` lets the GUI keep the parent (e.g. Trash) and
-        // only drop its children — without it the GUI removes the parent too.
+    #emitGuiItemEvent(
+        eventName: GuiItemEventName,
+        entry: FSEntry,
+        extra?: Record<string, unknown>,
+        replaced?: FSEntry | null,
+    ): void {
         void (async () => {
             try {
-                await this.clients.event.emit(
-                    'outer.gui.item.removed',
-                    {
-                        user_id_list: [entry.userId],
-                        response: {
-                            ...entry,
-                            from_new_service: true,
-                            descendants_only: descendantsOnly,
-                        },
-                    },
-                    {},
-                );
-            } catch {
-                // ignore — non-critical.
-            }
-        })();
-    }
-
-    #emitGuiItemMoved(source: FSEntry, moved: FSEntry): void {
-        void (async () => {
-            try {
-                await this.clients.event.emit(
-                    'outer.gui.item.moved',
-                    {
-                        user_id_list: [moved.userId],
-                        response: {
-                            ...moved,
-                            from_path: source.path,
-                            from_new_service: true,
-                        },
-                    },
-                    {},
+                await emitGuiItemEvent(
+                    this.clients.event,
+                    eventName,
+                    entry,
+                    extra,
+                    replaced,
                 );
             } catch {
                 // ignore — non-critical.
@@ -2382,6 +2362,16 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
         return guiMetadata;
     }
 
+    #assertBatchItemCount(items: unknown): void {
+        if (Array.isArray(items) && items.length > FS_BATCH_WRITE_MAX_ITEMS) {
+            throw new HttpError(
+                400,
+                `Too many items in one request (max ${FS_BATCH_WRITE_MAX_ITEMS})`,
+                { legacyCode: 'bad_request' },
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * The write handlers build on `req.body` being an object. A request whose
      * body never parsed leaves it undefined, and the first field read after
@@ -2449,70 +2439,19 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
         }
 
         let pathToCheck = parentPath;
-        if (Boolean(normalizedFileMetadata.overwrite)) {
-            const destinationExists =
-                await this.services.fs.entryExistsByPath(targetPath);
-            if (destinationExists) {
-                pathToCheck = targetPath;
-            }
+        if (
+            Boolean(normalizedFileMetadata.overwrite) &&
+            (await this.stores.fsEntry.getEntryByPath(targetPath))
+        ) {
+            pathToCheck = targetPath;
         }
 
-        const fsService = this.services.fs;
-        let ancestorsCache: Promise<
-            Array<{ uid: string; path: string }>
-        > | null = null;
-        const resourceDescriptor = {
-            path: pathToCheck,
-            resolveAncestors() {
-                if (!ancestorsCache) {
-                    ancestorsCache = fsService.getAncestorChain(pathToCheck);
-                }
-                return ancestorsCache;
-            },
-        };
-
-        const canWrite = await this.services.acl.check(
+        await this.services.acl.assertFsAccess(
             actor,
-            resourceDescriptor,
+            pathToCheck,
             'write',
+            FS_ROUTE_REFUSAL,
         );
-        if (canWrite) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        const safeAclError = (await this.services.acl.getSafeAclError(
-            actor,
-            resourceDescriptor,
-            'write',
-        )) as {
-            status?: unknown;
-            message?: unknown;
-            fields?: {
-                code?: unknown;
-            };
-        };
-        const safeAclStatus = Number(safeAclError?.status);
-        const safeAclMessage =
-            typeof safeAclError?.message === 'string' &&
-            safeAclError.message.length > 0
-                ? safeAclError.message
-                : 'Write access denied for destination';
-        const safeAclCode =
-            typeof safeAclError?.fields?.code === 'string'
-                ? safeAclError.fields.code
-                : undefined;
-        const legacyCode =
-            safeAclCode === 'forbidden' ? 'access_denied' : safeAclCode;
-
-        if (safeAclStatus === 404) {
-            throw new HttpError(404, safeAclMessage, {
-                ...(legacyCode ? { legacyCode } : {}),
-            });
-        }
-
-        throw new HttpError(403, safeAclMessage, {
-            legacyCode: legacyCode ?? 'access_denied',
-        });
     }
 
     async #assertBatchWriteAccess(
@@ -2596,27 +2535,16 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
         };
     }
 
-    async #toGuiFsEntry(entry: FSEntry): Promise<Record<string, unknown>> {
-        return toLegacyEntry(this.clients.event, entry);
-    }
-
     async #emitGuiWriteEvent(
         eventName: 'outer.gui.item.added' | 'outer.gui.item.updated',
         fsEntry: FSEntry,
         guiMetadata: WriteGuiMetadata | undefined,
     ): Promise<void> {
-        const response = {
-            ...(await this.#toGuiFsEntry(fsEntry)),
-            ...this.#toEventGuiMetadata(guiMetadata),
-            from_new_service: true,
-        };
-        await this.clients.event.emit(
+        await emitGuiItemEvent(
+            this.clients.event,
             eventName,
-            {
-                user_id_list: [fsEntry.userId],
-                response,
-            },
-            {},
+            fsEntry,
+            this.#toEventGuiMetadata(guiMetadata),
         );
     }
 
@@ -2634,9 +2562,9 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
         // so the mask is built from the path the caller already named.
         const publishedPath = maskPathForRequest(normalizedPath);
         const pendingResponse = {
-            id: response.objectKey,
-            uid: response.objectKey,
-            uuid: response.objectKey,
+            id: response.entryUid,
+            uid: response.entryUid,
+            uuid: response.entryUid,
             path: publishedPath,
             name: pathPosix.basename(normalizedPath),
             is_dir: false,
@@ -2703,10 +2631,13 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
             return fsEntry;
         }
 
-        const thumbnailPayload = { url: requestedThumbnail };
+        const thumbnailPayload = {
+            url: requestedThumbnail,
+            uuid: fsEntry.uuid,
+        };
         // emitAndWait — the thumbnails extension may rewrite `url` from a
-        // data URL to an `s3://` pointer; plain `emit` races with the DB
-        // update below.
+        // data URL to an `s3://` pointer bound to `uuid`, or drop a pointer
+        // not minted for it; plain `emit` races with the DB update below.
         await this.clients.event.emitAndWait(
             'thumbnail.created',
             thumbnailPayload,
@@ -2795,6 +2726,8 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
                         index: item.index,
                         contentType: item.contentType,
                         ...(item.size !== undefined ? { size: item.size } : {}),
+                        // The entry it lands on; the thumbnail key is bound to it.
+                        item_uid: responses[item.index]?.entryUid ?? '',
                     }) as ThumbnailUploadPrepareItem,
             ),
         };
@@ -3018,6 +2951,7 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
                 { legacyCode: 'bad_request' },
             );
         }
+        this.#assertBatchItemCount(manifest.items);
 
         const manifestGuiMetadata = this.#extractGuiMetadata(
             manifest,

src/backend/controllers/fs/FSController.write.test.ts

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import { PuterServer } from '../../server.js';
 import { setupTestServer } from '../../testUtil.js';
 import { generateDefaultFsentries } from '../../util/userProvisioning.js';
 import type { FSController } from './FSController.js';
+import { FS_BATCH_WRITE_MAX_ITEMS, FS_MULTIPART_MAX_PARTS } from './limits.js';
 import type {
     ClientSignedWriteResponse,
     CompleteWriteRequest,
@@ -166,8 +167,18 @@ const buildMultipartBody = (parts: MultipartPart[]): Buffer => {
     return Buffer.from(chunks.join(''), 'utf8');
 };
 
-const makeMultipartReq = (parts: MultipartPart[], actor: Actor): Request => {
-    const stream = Readable.from([buildMultipartBody(parts)]);
+const makeMultipartReq = (
+    parts: MultipartPart[],
+    actor: Actor,
+    chunkSize?: number,
+): Request => {
+    const body = buildMultipartBody(parts);
+    const chunks: Buffer[] = [];
+    const step = chunkSize ?? body.length;
+    for (let i = 0; i < body.length; i += step) {
+        chunks.push(body.subarray(i, i + step));
+    }
+    const stream = Readable.from(chunks);
     return Object.assign(stream, {
         body: undefined,
         query: {},
@@ -228,6 +239,46 @@ describe('FSController.write', () => {
         expect(stored?.size).toBe(5);
     });
 
+    it('emits an upload.progress socket event reaching loaded === total', async () => {
+        const { actor, userId, username } = await makeUser();
+        const target = `/${username}/Documents/write-progress.txt`;
+        const content = 'progress-bytes';
+        const send = vi.spyOn(server.services.socket, 'send');
+        const { res } = makeRes();
+
+        try {
+            await withActor(actor, () =>
+                controller.write(
+                    makeReq<WriteRequest>({
+                        body: {
+                            fileMetadata: {
+                                path: target,
+                                size: content.length,
+                                contentType: 'text/plain',
+                            },
+                            fileContent: content,
+                        } as WriteRequest,
+                        actor,
+                    }),
+                    res,
+                ),
+            );
+
+            expect(send).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+                { room: userId },
+                'upload.progress',
+                expect.objectContaining({
+                    total: content.length,
+                    loaded: content.length,
+                    loaded_diff: content.length,
+                    item_path: target,
+                }),
+            );
+        } finally {
+            send.mockRestore();
+        }
+    });
+
     it('reports wasOverwrite and updates the row when overwriting', async () => {
         const { actor, username } = await makeUser();
         const target = `/${username}/Documents/write-overwrite.txt`;
@@ -611,6 +662,60 @@ describe('batch write handlers with a malformed element', () => {
     });
 });
 
+describe('batch write handlers at the item cap', () => {
+    // Null elements fail the per-item body check, so which 400 comes back
+    // shows whether the cap ran before any item was read.
+    const handlers: Array<
+        [string, (c: typeof controller, r: Request, res: Response) => unknown]
+    > = [
+        [
+            'startBatchWrites',
+            (c, r, res) => c.startBatchWrites(r as never, res as never),
+        ],
+        ['batchWrites', (c, r, res) => c.batchWrites(r as never, res as never)],
+        [
+            'completeBatchWrites',
+            (c, r, res) => c.completeBatchWrites(r as never, res as never),
+        ],
+    ];
+
+    const callWith = async (
+        call: (typeof handlers)[number][1],
+        length: number,
+    ) => {
+        const { actor } = await makeUser();
+        const req = makeReq({ actor });
+        (req as { body?: unknown }).body = Array(length).fill(null);
+        const { res } = makeRes();
+        return withActor(actor, async () => call(controller, req, res));
+    };
+
+    it.each(handlers)(
+        '%s rejects one item over the cap up front',
+        async (_label, call) => {
+            await expect(
+                callWith(call, FS_BATCH_WRITE_MAX_ITEMS + 1),
+            ).rejects.toMatchObject({
+                statusCode: 400,
+                legacyCode: 'bad_request',
+                message: `Too many items in one request (max ${FS_BATCH_WRITE_MAX_ITEMS})`,
+            });
+        },
+    );
+
+    it.each(handlers)(
+        '%s lets exactly the cap through to the per-item checks',
+        async (_label, call) => {
+            await expect(
+                callWith(call, FS_BATCH_WRITE_MAX_ITEMS),
+            ).rejects.toMatchObject({
+                statusCode: 400,
+                message: 'A request body is required',
+            });
+        },
+    );
+});
+
 describe('FSController.write storage allowance', () => {
     let limitedServer: PuterServer;
     let limitedController: FSController;
@@ -807,15 +912,18 @@ describe('FSController.startWrite', () => {
 
     it('attaches signed thumbnail upload targets published by a listener', async () => {
         const { actor, username } = await makeUser();
+        const itemUids: string[] = [];
         const listener = (_key: string, data: unknown) => {
             const payload = data as {
                 items: Array<{
                     index: number;
+                    item_uid: string;
                     uploadUrl?: string;
                     thumbnailUrl?: string;
                 }>;
             };
             for (const item of payload.items) {
+                itemUids.push(item.item_uid);
                 item.uploadUrl = `https://thumbs.test/put/${item.index}`;
                 item.thumbnailUrl = `https://thumbs.test/get/${item.index}`;
             }
@@ -844,6 +952,13 @@ describe('FSController.startWrite', () => {
             const body = captured.body as ClientSignedWriteResponse;
             expect(body.thumbnailUploadUrl).toBe('https://thumbs.test/put/0');
             expect(body.thumbnailUrl).toBe('https://thumbs.test/get/0');
+            // Listeners are told the entry the upload will complete into, so
+            // the thumbnail can be bound to it.
+            const session =
+                await server.stores.fsEntry.getPendingEntryBySessionId(
+                    body.sessionId,
+                );
+            expect(itemUids).toEqual([session?.objectKey]);
         } finally {
             server.clients.event.off(
                 'thumbnail.upload.prepare',
@@ -1024,6 +1139,7 @@ describe('FSController.completeWrite', () => {
         const { actor, username } = await makeUser();
         const target = `/${username}/Documents/complete-single.txt`;
         const started = await startSignedWrite(actor, target, 4);
+        await fetch(started.url!, { method: 'PUT', body: 'wxyz' });
 
         const { res, captured } = makeRes();
         await withActor(actor, () =>
@@ -1073,6 +1189,7 @@ describe('FSController.completeWrite', () => {
             `/${username}/Documents/complete-thumb.txt`,
             2,
         );
+        await fetch(started.url!, { method: 'PUT', body: 'yz' });
         const { res } = makeRes();
         await withActor(actor, () =>
             controller.completeWrite(
@@ -1092,6 +1209,38 @@ describe('FSController.completeWrite', () => {
         expect(stored?.thumbnail).toBe('https://thumbs.test/x.png');
     });
 
+    it('tells thumbnail listeners which entry the thumbnail is for', async () => {
+        const { actor, username } = await makeUser();
+        const target = `/${username}/Documents/complete-bound-thumb.txt`;
+        const started = await startSignedWrite(actor, target, 2);
+        await fetch(started.url!, { method: 'PUT', body: 'yz' });
+
+        const seen: unknown[] = [];
+        const listener = (_key: string, data: unknown) => {
+            seen.push(data);
+        };
+        server.clients.event.on('thumbnail.created', listener as never);
+        try {
+            const { res } = makeRes();
+            await withActor(actor, () =>
+                controller.completeWrite(
+                    makeReq<CompleteWriteRequest>({
+                        body: {
+                            uploadId: started.sessionId,
+                            thumbnailData: 'https://thumbs.test/x.png',
+                        },
+                        actor,
+                    }),
+                    res,
+                ),
+            );
+        } finally {
+            server.clients.event.off('thumbnail.created', listener as never);
+        }
+        const stored = await server.stores.fsEntry.getEntryByPath(target);
+        expect(seen).toEqual([expect.objectContaining({ uuid: stored?.uuid })]);
+    });
+
     it('404s an unknown upload id', async () => {
         const { actor } = await makeUser();
         const { res } = makeRes();
@@ -1231,6 +1380,29 @@ describe('FSController.signMultipartParts', () => {
             ),
         ).rejects.toMatchObject({ statusCode: 404 });
     });
+
+    // The session is unknown, so reaching the lookup would answer 404.
+    it.each([
+        [FS_MULTIPART_MAX_PARTS + 1, 400],
+        [FS_MULTIPART_MAX_PARTS, 404],
+    ])('answers %i part numbers with %i', async (length, statusCode) => {
+        const { actor } = await makeUser();
+        const { res } = makeRes();
+        await expect(
+            withActor(actor, () =>
+                controller.signMultipartParts(
+                    makeReq<SignMultipartPartsRequest>({
+                        body: {
+                            uploadId: uuidv4(),
+                            partNumbers: Array(length).fill(1),
+                        },
+                        actor,
+                    }),
+                    res,
+                ),
+            ),
+        ).rejects.toMatchObject({ statusCode });
+    });
 });
 
 // -- /fs/batchWrite (JSON mode) ---------------------------------------
@@ -1467,6 +1639,60 @@ describe('FSController.batchWrites (multipart)', () => {
         expect(stored?.size).toBe(5);
     });
 
+    it('coalesces streamed upload progress when the declared size is 0', async () => {
+        const { actor, userId, username } = await makeUser();
+        const path = `/${username}/Documents/mp-progress.bin`;
+        const content = 'x'.repeat(64 * 1024);
+        const chunkSize = 4 * 1024;
+        const send = vi.spyOn(server.services.socket, 'send');
+        const { res } = makeRes();
+        // Scoped to this user: earlier tests' trailing flushes can land here.
+        const progressSends = () =>
+            send.mock.calls.filter(
+                ([spec, key]) =>
+                    key === 'upload.progress' &&
+                    (spec as { room?: unknown }).room === userId,
+            );
+
+        try {
+            await withActor(actor, () =>
+                controller.batchWrites(
+                    makeMultipartReq(
+                        [
+                            {
+                                kind: 'field',
+                                name: 'manifest',
+                                value: manifestFor([path]),
+                            },
+                            {
+                                kind: 'file',
+                                name: 'file-0',
+                                filename: 'progress.bin',
+                                content,
+                            },
+                        ],
+                        actor,
+                        chunkSize,
+                    ),
+                    res,
+                ),
+            );
+
+            const sumDiffs = () =>
+                progressSends().reduce(
+                    (sum, [, , data]) =>
+                        sum + (data as { loaded_diff: number }).loaded_diff,
+                    0,
+                );
+            await vi.waitFor(() => expect(sumDiffs()).toBe(content.length));
+            expect(progressSends().length).toBeLessThan(
+                content.length / chunkSize,
+            );
+        } finally {
+            send.mockRestore();
+        }
+    });
+
     it('maps positional `file` parts onto manifest order', async () => {
         const { actor, username } = await makeUser();
         const paths = [`/${username}/Documents/mp-pos.txt`];
@@ -1610,6 +1836,35 @@ describe('FSController.batchWrites (multipart)', () => {
         });
     });
 
+    it('rejects a manifest over the item cap', async () => {
+        const { actor } = await makeUser();
+        const { res } = makeRes();
+        await expect(
+            withActor(actor, () =>
+                controller.batchWrites(
+                    makeMultipartReq(
+                        [
+                            {
+                                kind: 'field',
+                                name: 'manifest',
+                                value: JSON.stringify({
+                                    items: Array(
+                                        FS_BATCH_WRITE_MAX_ITEMS + 1,
+                                    ).fill(null),
+                                }),
+                            },
+                        ],
+                        actor,
+                    ),
+                    res,
+                ),
+            ),
+        ).rejects.toMatchObject({
+            statusCode: 400,
+            message: `Too many items in one request (max ${FS_BATCH_WRITE_MAX_ITEMS})`,
+        });
+    });
+
     it('rejects a manifest item without fileMetadata', async () => {
         const { actor } = await makeUser();
         const { res } = makeRes();
@@ -2089,6 +2344,7 @@ describe('FSController upload session access re-checks', () => {
 
         const target = `${folder}/kept-complete.bin`;
         const single = await startUpload(recipient.actor, target);
+        await fetch(single.url!, { method: 'PUT', body: '12345678' });
         await withActor(recipient.actor, () =>
             controller.completeWrite(
                 makeReq<CompleteWriteRequest>({
@@ -2113,6 +2369,9 @@ describe('FSController upload session access re-checks', () => {
             await startUpload(recipient.actor, targets[0]!),
             await startUpload(recipient.actor, targets[1]!),
         ];
+        for (const s of started) {
+            await fetch(s.url!, { method: 'PUT', body: '12345678' });
+        }
         await withActor(recipient.actor, () =>
             controller.completeBatchWrites(
                 makeReq<CompleteWriteRequest[]>({