fix(gui): Escape calls off a path lookup still running

Escape closed the path field, but the lookup behind it carried on: the
tab still went to the path once it answered, or alerted that it wasn't
found, and a path typed into the reopened field was ignored until then.

.github/workflows/ai-provider-integration-tests.yaml

@@ -47,3 +47,13 @@ jobs:
                   PUTER_TEST_AI_MOONSHOT_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.PUTER_TEST_AI_MOONSHOT_API_KEY }}
                   PUTER_TEST_AI_ZAI_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.PUTER_TEST_AI_ZAI_API_KEY }}
                   PUTER_TEST_AI_ELEVENLABS_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.PUTER_TEST_AI_ELEVENLABS_API_KEY }}
+
+            # Realtime conversations through the SDK against live OpenAI. Builds
+            # the SDK bundle these tests load itself, so it runs even when the
+            # step above fails; the tests skip themselves without the key.
+            - name: Run live realtime conversation tests
+              if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
+              run: npm run setupExtensions && (cd src/puter-js && npm run build) && npx vitest run --config src/puter-js/tests/api/vitest.config.ts src/puter-js/tests/api/realtime/convoLive.test.ts
+              env:
+                  CI: 'true'
+                  PUTER_TEST_AI_OPENAI_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.PUTER_TEST_AI_OPENAI_API_KEY }}

.github/workflows/notify-dev.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+name: Notify HeyPuter (dev)
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      puter_ref:
+        description: "puter branch, tag or SHA"
+        type: string
+        default: "main"
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  authorize:
+    if: github.repository == 'HeyPuter/puter'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Require maintain or admin
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          ACTOR: ${{ github.triggering_actor }}
+        run: |
+          ROLE=$(gh api "repos/$GITHUB_REPOSITORY/collaborators/$ACTOR/permission" --jq .role_name)
+          if [ "$ROLE" != "maintain" ] && [ "$ROLE" != "admin" ]; then
+            echo "::error::$ACTOR has role '$ROLE'; maintain or admin required"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+
+  notify:
+    needs: authorize
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    # Holds HEYPUTER_DISPATCH_TOKEN; limited to main so branch copies of this file can't read it.
+    environment: heyputer-dispatch
+    steps:
+      - name: Trigger heyputer dev deploy
+        env:
+          PUTER_REF: ${{ inputs.puter_ref }}
+          TOKEN: ${{ secrets.HEYPUTER_DISPATCH_TOKEN }}
+        run: |
+          jq -nc --arg ref "$PUTER_REF" \
+            '{event_type: "puter-dev-requested", client_payload: {puter_ref: $ref}}' |
+          curl -fsS -X POST \
+            -H "Authorization: token $TOKEN" \
+            -H "Accept: application/vnd.github.v3+json" \
+            https://api.github.com/repos/HeyPuter/heyputer/dispatches \
+            -d @-
+          echo "Requested \`$PUTER_REF\`" >> "$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY"

.github/workflows/notify-prod.yaml

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ on:
 jobs:
   notify:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    environment: heyputer-dispatch
     steps:
       - name: Trigger heyputer build
         run: |
@@ -15,4 +16,4 @@ jobs:
             -H "Authorization: token ${{ secrets.HEYPUTER_DISPATCH_TOKEN }}" \
             -H "Accept: application/vnd.github.v3+json" \
             https://api.github.com/repos/HeyPuter/heyputer/dispatches \
-            -d '{"event_type":"puter-main-updated","client_payload":{"puter_ref":"main"}}'
+            -d '{"event_type":"puter-main-updated","client_payload":{"puter_ref":"main"}}'

.github/workflows/puterjs-tests.yaml

@@ -118,9 +118,13 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
+          # The base branch lives in this repo; for a fork PR, the head
+          # repo's copy of it can be arbitrarily stale.
           - ref: ${{ github.base_ref }}
+            repository: ${{ github.repository }}
             artifact: base
           - ref: ${{ github.head_ref }}
+            repository: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name }}
             artifact: pr
 
     steps:
@@ -129,7 +133,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/checkout@v7
         with:
           ref: ${{ matrix.ref }}
-          repository: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name }}
+          repository: ${{ matrix.repository }}
 
       - name: Set up Node.js
         if: needs.changes.outputs.puterjs == 'true'

AGENTS.md

@@ -201,6 +201,6 @@ Recipes are tested, copy-pasteable patterns for a task, one layer above the per-
 
 - **Reuse existing UI primitives before writing new ones.** Windows and dialogs are `UIWindow*` functions in [src/gui/src/UI/](src/gui/src/UI/); generic pieces already exist (`UIAlert`, `UIPrompt`, `UIContextMenu`, `UINotification`, `UIPopover`, widgets in [UI/Components/](src/gui/src/UI/Components/)). A new window should read like its neighbors: an async function taking an options object, composing an HTML string, wiring behavior with jQuery, delegating to `UIWindow(...)`.
 - **Match the visual language.** Use existing CSS classes (`button`, `button-primary`, window chrome, form styles) and copy the layout patterns of neighboring windows; new styles go in [src/gui/src/css/](src/gui/src/css/) following existing conventions. Verify anything positional (menus, overlays, z-index) on both desktop and mobile viewports.
-- **i18n every user-facing string.** No hardcoded UI text — use `i18n('key')` and add the key to [src/gui/src/i18n/translations/en.js](src/gui/src/i18n/translations/en.js). Run `npm run check-translations` before opening the PR.
+- **i18n every user-facing string.** No hardcoded UI text — use `i18n('key')` and add the key to [src/gui/src/i18n/translations/en.js](src/gui/src/i18n/translations/en.js).
 - **Shared logic goes in helpers/services.** Reusable non-UI logic belongs in [src/gui/src/helpers/](src/gui/src/helpers/) or [src/gui/src/services/](src/gui/src/services/), not copy-pasted between windows.
 - **Tests.** Vitest is wired for the GUI (`src/**/*.test.js`; see [appOrder.test.js](src/gui/src/UI/Dashboard/appOrder.test.js) for the shape). Extract pure logic into functions and test those. Desktop behavior driven through puter.js (`puter.ui.*`) is covered by the Playwright harness in [src/puter-js/tests/e2e/](src/puter-js/tests/e2e/) — add a spec there when you change how the desktop renders SDK-driven UI.

Dockerfile

@@ -73,6 +73,12 @@ COPY --from=build --chown=node:node /opt/puter .
 RUN mkdir -p /etc/puter /var/puter && \
     chown -R node:node /etc/puter /var/puter
 
+# Fix outdated HOME_URL in /etc/os-release (see issue #4329)
+# The base image may contain a reference to the old phoenix repository.
+RUN if [ -f /etc/os-release ]; then \
+      sed -i 's|HOME_URL="https://github.com/HeyPuter/phoenix"|HOME_URL="https://github.com/HeyPuter/puter"|' /etc/os-release; \
+    fi
+
 # Self-hosters mount their override at this exact path. The v2 loader
 # deep-merges it over config.default.json (see backend/index.ts).
 ENV PUTER_CONFIG_PATH=/etc/puter/config.json
@@ -87,4 +93,4 @@ USER node
 HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s --start-period=30s --retries=3 \
     CMD wget --no-verbose --tries=1 --spider http://puter.localhost:4100/test || exit 1
 
-CMD ["node", "-r", "./dist/src/backend/telemetry.js", "./dist/src/backend/index.js"]
+CMD ["node", "-r", "./dist/src/backend/telemetry.js", "./dist/src/backend/index.js"]

config.template.jsonc

@@ -350,6 +350,9 @@
     // not, a row past this is swept. Off by default; any value above 0 arms
     // the sweep.
     // "notificationRetentionDays": 14,
+    //
+    // Ms a live notification waits for open tabs to acknowledge it.
+    // "notificationAckTimeoutMs": 5000,
 
     // ── Alarms / alerting ───────────────────────────────────────────────
     // Where system alarms go. Severity is the routing decision — each

doc/contributing-apis.md

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ Both are supported ways to define an API. **Prefer a controller when you need fi
 
 Provider sign-in requires the account's authenticator or a recovery code when 2FA is enabled, including signup callbacks that resolve an existing account. The five-minute challenge uses the same single-use `/login/otp` and `/login/recovery-code` verification as password sign-in. The GUI carries it in a URL fragment and removes it before initialization. A session and successful popup-return proof are issued only after verification; cancelling retains the popup's signed retry context without marking it authenticated.
 
-Disabling 2FA through `/user-protected/disable-2fa` requires both password or OIDC revalidation and the current six-digit authenticator `code`. Missing, malformed, or incorrect codes leave the secret and recovery codes intact. A team's requirement for 2FA still prevents disabling it.
+Disabling 2FA through `/user-protected/disable-2fa` requires both password or OIDC revalidation and either the current six-digit authenticator `code` or an unused recovery code in `code`. Recovery codes are consumed atomically. Missing or incorrect codes leave the secret and remaining recovery codes intact. A team's requirement for 2FA still prevents disabling it.
 
 Email changes through `/user-protected/change-email` require the password or OIDC revalidation cookie, plus a six-digit `code` from the authenticator when 2FA is enabled. Missing or malformed codes return `400 bad_request`; incorrect codes return `401 code_mismatch`. Both include `factor: 'otp'`. Confirmation links are bound to that verified request. A 2FA-enabled account must request a new link if its existing link was issued without second-factor verification.
 

doc/pagination.md

@@ -59,6 +59,10 @@ store:
   row — and the query seeks past it (`WHERE (col, id) > (?, ?) ORDER BY col,
   id`). Any SQL list gaining a cursor must have a deterministic `ORDER BY`
   ending in a unique tiebreaker (`id`).
+- The notification catch-up (`GET /events/fetch`) holds two keysets in one
+  sealed cursor: the last `id` it returned, and the last `(replaced_at, id)`
+  among rows up to that id. Each is its own indexed read, merged into one
+  page, so a row replaced after a client read it comes back from that cursor.
 
 Cursors that carry a sort also pin it: a request that passes a cursor plus a
 conflicting sort is rejected with 400.

doc/push-client.md

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+# Browser push client
+
+Puter's desktop shows pushes through `/sw.js`. Core registers it, and shows Settings → Notifications, only when the `pushEnabled` gui param is `true`; core never sets it. A backend extension that delivers pushes sets it with `services.homepage.setGuiParam('pushEnabled', true)` and can load its own code into the worker with `services.homepage.registerServiceWorkerScript(path)`.
+
+Core subscribes the browser to a push service only when the server also publishes `pushWebPushKey` (see [Built-in Web Push client](#built-in-web-push-client)), and it has no `/push/*` routes of its own. The device, app, preference and subscription endpoints below come from that extension. On a deployment without one, such as most self-hosted servers, they answer core's plain 404 (`code: 'not_found'`), which `puter.notifications` reports as `push_unavailable` and the Notifications tab shows as unavailable. A device the extension can't find is `device_not_found`.
+
+## Push payload
+
+`sw.js` reads the push's JSON body. The message is its `puter` field, or `data.puter` for services that only carry string data, as an object or a JSON string:
+
+```ts
+{ uid?: string; title?: string; body?: string; icon?: string; group?: string;
+  target?: { app?: string; path?: string }; data?: unknown; channel?: string;
+  type?: 'challenge'; challenge?: string }
+```
+
+`uid` is the notification's uid, a later push with the same `group` replaces the one showing, and `target` and `data` reach the app when the user taps it.
+
+When the browser replaces the subscription (`pushsubscriptionchange`), `sw.js` posts `{ type: 'puter-push-subscription-changed' }` to every open window on Puter's origin. The worker has no token or session, so the page's push client registers the new subscription.
+
+## Receipts
+
+Before a notification is pushed, the server asks the open clients whether they received it live. It sends `notif.receipt` with `{ uid }` on the user's sockets for the app that sent it, or on the desktop's sockets for Puter's own notifications. The SDK remembers the uids its page received through `onNotification()`, `onPush()` or the desktop's feed, and answers once its page has that notification, or with `{ received: false }` when it never gets it. The server waits up to 5 seconds (`notificationAckTimeoutMs`).
+
+An answer carries `visibilityState`, `focused` and `showsOwn`, the last being whether the page shows the notification itself. A website page shows it itself when it is hidden or unfocused, has an `onPush()` handler and notification permission, and no other tab of the same site is focused. Inside the desktop, the desktop shows it, and an app's `onPush()` result is never shown as a browser notification.
+
+- An answer from a page that is visible and focused, or that shows the notification itself, stops the push.
+- Otherwise the notification is pushed. A website's pushes go only to the browsers that subscribed through its own worker, never to Puter's `/sw.js`. An app inside the desktop pushes through `/sw.js`, which shows the app's name and icon.
+- A hidden desktop tab shows no banner, so answers only from hidden desktop tabs don't stop a push of Puter's own notifications.
+- A client that can't answer, such as an older puter.js, holds the push back while it is connected.
+
+## Registering
+
+The registry is in [src/gui/src/helpers/pushClient.js](../src/gui/src/helpers/pushClient.js). A service script registers its client like this:
+
+```js
+service_script(async (api) => {
+    api.use()['push.registerPushClient']?.(client);
+});
+```
+
+`use(id)` throws when nothing is registered under `id`, so the form above also runs on a Puter version without the registry and does nothing there. Any script that runs after the GUI bundle can call `use()['push.registerPushClient']?.(client)` the same way. Registering again replaces the client. Registering dispatches `push-client-registered` on `window`, and an open Notifications tab redraws.
+
+With no client registered, the tab says push notifications aren't available in this browser.
+
+### Built-in Web Push client
+
+When the server also sets the `pushWebPushKey` gui param (a VAPID public key), core registers its own client ([webPushClient.js](../src/gui/src/helpers/webPushClient.js)) unless an extension registered one first. It uses `puter.notifications.enable()` / `disable()`, the same standard Web Push flow apps use on their own origins:
+
+1. `GET /push/web/key` for the key, then `pushManager.subscribe()` on the `/sw.js` registration.
+2. `POST /push/web/subscriptions { subscription }`. A subscription the server already has answers `{ status: 'active' }`. A new one answers `{ status: 'pending' }`, and the server sends it a push with `{ type: 'challenge', challenge }`.
+3. The worker shows that push and posts `{ type: 'puter-push-challenge', challenge }` to the origin's windows; the page sends it to `POST /push/web/subscriptions/verify`. The device is registered once the page hands the confirmation back.
+4. `DELETE /push/web/subscriptions { endpoint }` removes it.
+
+Apps on their own origin do the same through `push-sw.js`, which they import into their own worker. A subscription made with an app token is the app's: its pushes are that app's notifications only.
+
+## Interface
+
+```ts
+interface PushClient {
+    enable(): Promise<{ deviceUid: string }>;
+    disable(): Promise<void>;
+    status(): Promise<{
+        permission: 'default' | 'granted' | 'denied';
+        registered: boolean;
+        deviceUid?: string;
+    }>;
+}
+```
+
+- `enable()` may ask for notification permission, so core calls it from a click: Turn on in the Notifications tab, Allow on a permission prompt that includes `notifications:push` while this browser is off, and the "Turn on notifications" button of the `/action/enable-push` popup and the matching desktop dialog (`UIEnablePushDialog`). Core also calls it without a click, from `helpers/pushSync.js`, when `Notification.permission` is already `granted`, `status()` reports the browser as not registered, the user has not turned push off in this browser, and an app holds `notifications:push`; the browser does not prompt then. The built-in client runs `puter.notifications.enable()`, which subscribes with the `/sw.js` registration and registers the browser through the Web Push flow above (`platform: 'webpush'`). It then resolves the `uid` of this browser's `webpush` device from `listDevices()`. It rejects when permission is refused or the browser wasn't registered.
+- `disable()` runs `puter.notifications.disable()`, which sends `DELETE /push/web/subscriptions { endpoint }` and ends the browser's subscription. The tab calls it for Turn off, and for Remove on the device marked as this browser. Remove on any other device is `DELETE /push/devices/:uid`.
+- `status()` reports the state without prompting. `permission` is `Notification.permission`. `registered` is true when this browser has a device registered for the signed-in user, and `deviceUid` is that device's `uid`.
+
+After `enable()` resolves, the tab calls `POST /push/devices/:uid/test` and asks the user whether a notification showed up.
+
+The tab also reads `GET /push/apps` and `GET`/`POST /push/preferences`.
+
+Core keeps its own record of a browser the user turned off, `puter.push.browser-off:<user uuid>` in `localStorage`, written by Turn off and by Remove on this browser's device, and cleared when `enable()` resolves. The silent registration above skips a browser with that record, so a device removed here stays removed while one removed from another device, or a new sign-in in a browser that already allows notifications, registers again.

doc/self-hosting.md

@@ -12,7 +12,17 @@ Generates secrets, writes `.env` + `puter/config/config.json`, downloads `docker
 
 ## Requirements
 
-- **Docker** with the `compose` plugin.
+- **Docker** with the `compose` plugin. This is the one thing you have to install
+  yourself — the installer checks for it and stops with an explanation rather
+  than installing it for you.
+  - **macOS / Windows:** [Docker Desktop](https://docs.docker.com/get-docker/).
+    Both ship the `compose` plugin.
+  - **Linux:** [Docker Engine](https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/) plus the
+    [`docker-compose-plugin`](https://docs.docker.com/compose/install/) package.
+  - Confirm before running anything else: `docker compose version` should print a
+    version, not `command not found`.
+  - If Docker is installed but the shell can't see it, make sure your user is in
+    the `docker` group (Linux) or that Docker Desktop is actually running.
 - A **domain** with DNS access — you need a wildcard record (`*.your-domain.com` → server IP). Puter routes by subdomain (`api.<domain>`, `site.<domain>`, `app.<domain>`).
 - Optional: **TLS certs** (or `certbot` to grab them — see Step 3).
 
@@ -657,6 +667,14 @@ Migrations re-apply idempotently across pulls. Volumes are preserved.
 
 ## Troubleshooting
 
+**`missing required command: docker` — the installer stops immediately.**
+Docker isn't on your `PATH` yet. Puter self-hosting is a Docker Compose stack, so
+nothing can run without it. Install [Docker Desktop](https://docs.docker.com/get-docker/)
+on macOS/Windows or [Docker Engine](https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/) plus
+`docker-compose-plugin` on Linux, then confirm `docker compose version` works in
+the same shell and re-run the installer. On Linux, a fresh Docker install usually
+needs a new login session before your user picks up the `docker` group.
+
 **Site loads but I get a 502 / "Bad Gateway" from Caddy.**
 The puter container failed to come up. `docker compose logs puter` will tell you which dependency rejected it (most often DB password mismatch between `.env` and `config.json`).
 

extensions/thumbnails.test.ts

@@ -314,6 +314,41 @@ describe('thumbnails extension — handleThumbnailRead', () => {
         await server?.shutdown();
     });
 
+    it('keeps read URLs stable within an hour and rotates them at the next hour', async () => {
+        const key = mintedKey();
+        const signedAt = Date.UTC(2026, 9, 26, 10);
+        const read = async () => {
+            const entry: Record<string, unknown> = {
+                thumbnail: `s3://${BUCKET}/${key}`,
+            };
+            await handleThumbnailRead(entry, {
+                s3,
+                s3Presign,
+                bucketName: BUCKET,
+                bucketEndpoint: BUCKET_ENDPOINT,
+                fsEntry: server.stores.fsEntry,
+            });
+            return entry.thumbnail as string;
+        };
+        vi.useFakeTimers({ toFake: ['Date'] });
+        try {
+            vi.setSystemTime(signedAt + 1000);
+            const first = await read();
+            vi.setSystemTime(signedAt + 3599_000);
+            expect(await read()).toBe(first);
+            expect(new URL(first).searchParams.get('X-Amz-Date')).toBe(
+                '20261026T100000Z',
+            );
+            expect(new URL(first).searchParams.get('X-Amz-Expires')).toBe(
+                '604800',
+            );
+            vi.setSystemTime(signedAt + 3600_000);
+            expect(await read()).not.toBe(first);
+        } finally {
+            vi.useRealTimers();
+        }
+    });
+
     // Thumbnails stored before keys were bound to entries keep displaying.
     it.each([
         ['an entry-bound key', () => mintedKey()],

extensions/thumbnails.ts

@@ -307,6 +307,9 @@ export const handleThumbnailRead = async (
     const thumb = entry.thumbnail;
     if (typeof thumb !== 'string' || !thumb) return;
     const presignClient = deps.s3Presign;
+    const signingDate = new Date(
+        Math.floor(Date.now() / 3_600_000) * 3_600_000,
+    );
 
     if (isStoragePointer(thumb, deps.bucketEndpoint)) {
         const key = resolveThumbnailKey(thumb);
@@ -319,7 +322,7 @@ export const handleThumbnailRead = async (
         entry.thumbnail = await getSignedUrl(
             presignClient,
             new GetObjectCommand({ Bucket: deps.bucketName, Key: key }),
-            { expiresIn: 604800 },
+            { expiresIn: 604800, signingDate },
         );
     } else if (thumb.startsWith('data')) {
         // Move an inline thumbnail into storage. The row only takes the new
@@ -373,7 +376,7 @@ export const handleThumbnailRead = async (
         entry.thumbnail = await getSignedUrl(
             presignClient,
             new GetObjectCommand({ Bucket: deps.bucketName, Key: key }),
-            { expiresIn: 604800 },
+            { expiresIn: 604800, signingDate },
         );
     }
 };

install.sh

@@ -53,9 +53,29 @@ need() {
     command -v "$1" >/dev/null 2>&1 || die "missing required command: $1"
 }
 
+check_docker() {
+    if command -v docker >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        return 0
+    fi
+    echo >&2 ""
+    echo >&2 "[puter-install] missing required command: docker"
+    echo >&2 ""
+    echo >&2 "Docker is required to run Puter self-hosted."
+    echo >&2 ""
+    echo >&2 "Installation instructions:"
+    echo >&2 "  - macOS (Apple Silicon & Intel): https://docs.docker.com/desktop/setup/install/mac-install/"
+    echo >&2 "    (Docker Desktop is recommended. Alternatives: OrbStack, Colima)"
+    echo >&2 "  - Linux: https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/"
+    echo >&2 "  - Windows: https://docs.docker.com/desktop/setup/install/windows-install/"
+    echo >&2 ""
+    echo >&2 "After installing Docker, make sure it's running and try again."
+    echo >&2 ""
+    exit 1
+}
+
 # ── Step 1: dependency check ────────────────────────────────────────
 log "checking dependencies"
-need docker
+check_docker
 need curl
 need openssl
 docker compose version >/dev/null 2>&1 \

package.json

@@ -54,7 +54,6 @@
     "dev": "npm start",
     "build": "npm run setupExtensions && npm run build:ts && cd src/gui && node ./build.js && cd ../puter-js && npm run build",
     "build:workerLib": "cd src/puter-js && npm run build && cd ../worker && npm run build",
-    "check-translations": "node tools/check-translations.js",
     "prepare": "husky",
     "build:ts": "tsc -p tsconfig.build.json && node ./tools/write-dist-package-json.mjs",
     "check:puterjs:types": "node tools/checkPuterjsTypes.mjs",
@@ -79,7 +78,8 @@
     "javascript-time-ago": "^2.5.11",
     "libphonenumber-js": "1.13.15",
     "miniflare": "^4.20260617.1",
-    "open": "^10.1.0"
+    "open": "^10.1.0",
+    "sharp": "^0.35.5"
   },
   "engines": {
     "node": ">=24.0.0"

src/backend/clients/database/DatabaseClient.test.ts

@@ -108,6 +108,25 @@ describe('AbstractDatabaseClient — unimplemented surface', () => {
 });
 
 describe('AbstractDatabaseClient — replica-aware reads', () => {
+    it('avoids a primary read when the replica has rows in sequential mode', async () => {
+        const client = new FixtureDatabaseClient([{ id: 1 }], [{ id: 2 }]);
+        expect(
+            await client.tryHardRead('SELECT 1', [], { race: false }),
+        ).toEqual([{ id: 1 }]);
+        expect(client.preads).toEqual([]);
+    });
+
+    it.each([[], new Error('replica unavailable')])(
+        'falls back once in sequential mode',
+        async (replica) => {
+            const client = new FixtureDatabaseClient(replica, [{ id: 2 }]);
+            expect(
+                await client.tryHardRead('SELECT 1', [], { race: false }),
+            ).toEqual([{ id: 2 }]);
+            expect(client.preads).toEqual(['SELECT 1']);
+        },
+    );
+
     it('returns replica rows without waiting on the primary', async () => {
         const client = new FixtureDatabaseClient([{ id: 1 }], [{ id: 2 }]);
         await expect(client.tryHardRead('SELECT 1')).resolves.toEqual([
@@ -256,6 +275,28 @@ describe('AbstractDatabaseClient — SQL generation', () => {
         expect(postgres().timestampFromUnixSql()).toBe('to_timestamp(?)');
     });
 
+    it('reads a timestamp column back as unix seconds in each engine', () => {
+        expect(sqlite().unixSecondsSql('`t`')).toBe(
+            "CAST(strftime('%s', `t`) AS INTEGER)",
+        );
+        expect(mysql().unixSecondsSql('`t`')).toBe('UNIX_TIMESTAMP(`t`)');
+        expect(postgres().unixSecondsSql('`t`')).toBe(
+            'EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM `t`)::bigint',
+        );
+    });
+
+    it('reads the database clock as epoch milliseconds in each dialect', () => {
+        expect(sqlite().nowMsExpr()).toBe(
+            "CAST((julianday('now') - 2440587.5) * 86400000 AS INTEGER)",
+        );
+        expect(mysql().nowMsExpr()).toBe(
+            "(TIMESTAMPDIFF(MICROSECOND, '1970-01-01 00:00:00', UTC_TIMESTAMP(6)) DIV 1000)",
+        );
+        expect(postgres().nowMsExpr()).toBe(
+            'CAST(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM clock_timestamp()) * 1000 AS BIGINT)',
+        );
+    });
+
     it('describes a stored timestamp the way each driver reads it back', () => {
         const seconds = Date.UTC(2026, 9, 11, 8, 5, 9) / 1000;
         expect(sqlite().timestampValue(seconds)).toBe('2026-10-11 08:05:09');

src/backend/clients/database/DatabaseClient.ts

@@ -138,25 +138,27 @@ export class AbstractDatabaseClient extends PuterClient {
 
     /**
      * Like `read()`, but an empty or failed replica read falls back to the
-     * primary, so replication lag can't hide a row that was just written. The
-     * primary read starts alongside the replica one rather than after it.
-     * Without a replica this is a single `read()`.
+     * primary, so replication lag can't hide a row that was just written. By
+     * default the primary read starts alongside the replica one; `race: false`
+     * reads the primary only after the replica returns empty or fails. Without
+     * a replica this is a single `read()`.
      */
     @Span('db.tryHardRead', (query: string) => ({ 'db.statement': query }))
     async tryHardRead(
         query: string,
         params: unknown[] = [],
+        { race = true }: { race?: boolean } = {},
     ): Promise<Record<string, unknown>[]> {
         if (!this.hasReadReplica()) return this.read(query, params);
 
-        const primary = settle(this.pread(query, params));
+        const primary = race ? settle(this.pread(query, params)) : null;
         try {
             const rows = await this.replicaRead(query, params);
             if (rows.length > 0) return rows;
         } catch {
             // replica failed — fall through to primary
         }
-        const result = await primary;
+        const result = await (primary ?? settle(this.pread(query, params)));
         if ('error' in result) throw result.error;
         return result.value;
     }
@@ -386,6 +388,34 @@ export class AbstractDatabaseClient extends PuterClient {
         });
     }
 
+    /**
+     * A timestamp column as unix seconds, computed by the database: the mysql
+     * driver reads a stored UTC timestamp as local time, so parsing it in JS
+     * can be off by the server's UTC offset.
+     */
+    unixSecondsSql(column: string): string {
+        return this.case({
+            postgres: `EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM ${column})::bigint`,
+            mysql: `UNIX_TIMESTAMP(${column})`,
+            otherwise: `CAST(strftime('%s', ${column}) AS INTEGER)`,
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The database's own clock as epoch milliseconds, so nodes whose clocks
+     * disagree still agree on it. The mysql form ignores the session time zone,
+     * so a DST change can't shift it.
+     */
+    nowMsExpr(): string {
+        return this.case({
+            sqlite: "CAST((julianday('now') - 2440587.5) * 86400000 AS INTEGER)",
+            postgres:
+                'CAST(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM clock_timestamp()) * 1000 AS BIGINT)',
+            otherwise:
+                "(TIMESTAMPDIFF(MICROSECOND, '1970-01-01 00:00:00', UTC_TIMESTAMP(6)) DIV 1000)",
+        });
+    }
+
     /**
      * What a read of a timestamp column holding `seconds` returns: sqlite gives
      * back the UTC text it stored, mysql2 and pg a `Date` read in node's time

src/backend/clients/database/MySQLDatabaseClient.ts

@@ -217,7 +217,8 @@ export class MySQLDatabaseClient extends AbstractDatabaseClient {
         return this.configuration === Configuration.REPLICA;
     }
 
-    // No failover: `tryHardRead` already has a primary read in flight.
+    // No failover: `tryHardRead` falls back to the primary on an empty result
+    // or error (raced alongside by default, after the replica with `race: false`).
     protected override async replicaRead(
         query: string,
         params: unknown[],

src/backend/clients/database/SqliteDatabaseClient.test.ts

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ import { DatabaseClientFactory } from './index.js';
 import { SqliteDatabaseClient } from './SqliteDatabaseClient.js';
 
 /** Highest schema version the migration table can reach. */
-const CURRENT_SCHEMA_VERSION = 91;
+const CURRENT_SCHEMA_VERSION = 96;
 
 /**
  * These suites migrate real files on disk. Idle they finish in well under a
@@ -673,6 +673,38 @@ describe('SqliteDatabaseClient — boot and migrations', { timeout: DISK_MIGRATI
         });
     });
 
+    it('adds kv_share_handles.notify from 0099, off for every existing share', async () => {
+        const dir = mkdtempSync(join(tmpdir(), 'puter-sqlite-notify-'));
+        const path = join(dir, 'puter.sqlite');
+        try {
+            const before = new SqliteDatabaseClient(
+                sqliteConfig({ inMemory: false, path, targetVersion: 94 }),
+            );
+            await before.onServerStart();
+            await before.write(
+                'INSERT INTO `kv_share_handles` (`handle`, `owner_user_id`, ' +
+                    '`grantee_user_id`, `app_uid`, `key_prefix`, `permission`, ' +
+                    '`created_at`) VALUES (?, 1, 1, ?, ?, ?, 0)',
+                ['kvh-before-notify', 'os-global', 'a:', 'kv-share:x'],
+            );
+            before.onServerShutdown();
+
+            const after = new SqliteDatabaseClient(
+                sqliteConfig({ inMemory: false, path }),
+            );
+            await after.onServerStart();
+            await expect(
+                after.read(
+                    'SELECT `notify` FROM `kv_share_handles` WHERE `handle` = ?',
+                    ['kvh-before-notify'],
+                ),
+            ).resolves.toEqual([{ notify: 0 }]);
+            after.onServerShutdown();
+        } finally {
+            rmSync(dir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+        }
+    });
+
     it('indexes notification.created_at for the retention sweep', async () => {
         const rows = await client.read('PRAGMA index_list(`notification`)');
         expect(rows.map((r) => String(r.name))).toContain(
@@ -680,6 +712,29 @@ describe('SqliteDatabaseClient — boot and migrations', { timeout: DISK_MIGRATI
         );
     });
 
+    it('indexes notification.replaced_at per mailbox slice for catch-up', async () => {
+        const columns = await client.read(
+            'PRAGMA index_info(`idx_notification_replaced`)',
+        );
+        expect(columns.map((c) => String(c.name))).toEqual([
+            'user_id',
+            'audience',
+            'app_uid',
+            'replaced_at',
+        ]);
+    });
+
+    it('keeps notification.send_key unique', async () => {
+        const rows = await client.read('PRAGMA index_list(`notification`)');
+        expect(
+            rows.find((r) => r.name === 'idx_notification_send_key'),
+        ).toMatchObject({ unique: 1 });
+        const columns = await client.read(
+            'PRAGMA index_info(`idx_notification_send_key`)',
+        );
+        expect(columns.map((c) => String(c.name))).toEqual(['send_key']);
+    });
+
     it('leaves an already-migrated database untouched on a second boot', async () => {
         const dir = mkdtempSync(join(tmpdir(), 'puter-sqlite-'));
         const path = join(dir, 'nested', 'puter.sqlite');

src/backend/clients/database/SqliteDatabaseClient.ts

@@ -130,6 +130,11 @@ const AVAILABLE_MIGRATIONS: [number, string[]][] = [
     [88, ['0093_fsentries-parent-uid-index.sql']],
     [89, ['0094_deleted-apps.sql']],
     [90, ['0095_kv-share-handle-levels.sql']],
+    [91, ['0096_kv-share-handle-quota-indexes.sql']],
+    [92, ['0097_user-to-user-holder-permission-index.sql']],
+    [93, ['0098_notification-groups.sql']],
+    [94, ['0099_kv-share-handle-notify.sql']],
+    [95, ['0100_notification-send-key.sql']],
 ];
 
 export class SqliteDatabaseClient extends AbstractDatabaseClient {

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/mysql/mysql_mig_50.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- Share-handle quota, listing and purge indexes. See
+-- sqlite/0096_kv-share-handle-quota-indexes.sql for what each serves. No
+-- per-file applied-state tracking, so every index is guarded and a replay does
+-- nothing.
+
+DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS _puter_add_kv_share_handle_quota_indexes;
+DELIMITER //
+CREATE PROCEDURE _puter_add_kv_share_handle_quota_indexes()
+BEGIN
+  IF NOT EXISTS (
+    SELECT 1 FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.STATISTICS
+    WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+      AND TABLE_NAME = 'kv_share_handles'
+      AND INDEX_NAME = 'idx_kv_share_handles_owner_live'
+  ) THEN
+    ALTER TABLE `kv_share_handles` ADD INDEX `idx_kv_share_handles_owner_live` (`owner_user_id`, `revoked_at`, `app_uid`);
+  END IF;
+  IF NOT EXISTS (
+    SELECT 1 FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.STATISTICS
+    WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+      AND TABLE_NAME = 'kv_share_handles'
+      AND INDEX_NAME = 'idx_kv_share_handles_owner_app'
+  ) THEN
+    ALTER TABLE `kv_share_handles` ADD INDEX `idx_kv_share_handles_owner_app` (`owner_user_id`, `app_uid`, `id`);
+  END IF;
+  IF NOT EXISTS (
+    SELECT 1 FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.STATISTICS
+    WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+      AND TABLE_NAME = 'kv_share_handles'
+      AND INDEX_NAME = 'idx_kv_share_handles_grantee_app'
+  ) THEN
+    ALTER TABLE `kv_share_handles` ADD INDEX `idx_kv_share_handles_grantee_app` (`grantee_user_id`, `app_uid`, `id`);
+  END IF;
+  IF NOT EXISTS (
+    SELECT 1 FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.STATISTICS
+    WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+      AND TABLE_NAME = 'kv_share_handles'
+      AND INDEX_NAME = 'idx_kv_share_handles_pair'
+  ) THEN
+    ALTER TABLE `kv_share_handles` ADD INDEX `idx_kv_share_handles_pair` (`owner_user_id`, `grantee_user_id`, `revoked_at`);
+  END IF;
+  IF NOT EXISTS (
+    SELECT 1 FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.STATISTICS
+    WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+      AND TABLE_NAME = 'kv_share_handles'
+      AND INDEX_NAME = 'idx_kv_share_handles_revoked'
+  ) THEN
+    ALTER TABLE `kv_share_handles` ADD INDEX `idx_kv_share_handles_revoked` (`revoked_at`);
+  END IF;
+END//
+DELIMITER ;
+
+CALL _puter_add_kv_share_handle_quota_indexes();
+
+DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS _puter_add_kv_share_handle_quota_indexes;

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/mysql/mysql_mig_51.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- Lets a holder's grant check read only the permissions it names. Guarded, so
+-- a replay does nothing.
+
+DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS _puter_add_u2u_holder_permission_index;
+DELIMITER //
+CREATE PROCEDURE _puter_add_u2u_holder_permission_index()
+BEGIN
+  IF NOT EXISTS (
+    SELECT 1 FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.STATISTICS
+    WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+      AND TABLE_NAME = 'user_to_user_permissions'
+      AND INDEX_NAME = 'idx_user_to_user_permissions_holder_permission'
+  ) THEN
+    ALTER TABLE `user_to_user_permissions` ADD INDEX `idx_user_to_user_permissions_holder_permission` (`holder_user_id`, `permission`);
+  END IF;
+END//
+DELIMITER ;
+
+CALL _puter_add_u2u_holder_permission_index();
+
+DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS _puter_add_u2u_holder_permission_index;

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/mysql/mysql_mig_52.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- `notification`.`group_key` and `replaced_at`. See
+-- sqlite/0098_notification-groups.sql for the rationale. The key is a hex
+-- digest, so ascii and compared byte for byte. No per-file applied-state
+-- tracking, so every step is guarded and a replay does nothing.
+
+CALL _puter_add_col('notification', 'group_key', '`group_key` char(64) CHARACTER SET ascii COLLATE ascii_bin DEFAULT NULL');
+CALL _puter_add_col('notification', 'replaced_at', '`replaced_at` bigint DEFAULT NULL');
+
+DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS _puter_add_notification_group_indexes;
+DELIMITER //
+CREATE PROCEDURE _puter_add_notification_group_indexes()
+BEGIN
+  IF NOT EXISTS (
+    SELECT 1 FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.STATISTICS
+    WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+      AND TABLE_NAME = 'notification'
+      AND INDEX_NAME = 'idx_notification_group'
+  ) THEN
+    ALTER TABLE `notification` ADD INDEX `idx_notification_group`
+      (`user_id`, `app_uid`, `group_key`);
+  END IF;
+  IF NOT EXISTS (
+    SELECT 1 FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.STATISTICS
+    WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+      AND TABLE_NAME = 'notification'
+      AND INDEX_NAME = 'idx_notification_replaced'
+  ) THEN
+    ALTER TABLE `notification` ADD INDEX `idx_notification_replaced`
+      (`user_id`, `audience`, `app_uid`, `replaced_at`);
+  END IF;
+END//
+DELIMITER ;
+
+CALL _puter_add_notification_group_indexes();
+
+DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS _puter_add_notification_group_indexes;

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/mysql/mysql_mig_53.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- Notifications through a share handle. See
+-- sqlite/0099_kv-share-handle-notify.sql for the column. No per-file
+-- applied-state tracking, so it goes through _puter_add_col and a replay does
+-- nothing.
+
+CALL _puter_add_col('kv_share_handles', 'notify', '`notify` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0');

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/mysql/mysql_mig_54.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- `notification`.`send_key`. See sqlite/0100_notification-send-key.sql for the
+-- rationale. The key is a uuid, so ascii and compared byte for byte. No
+-- per-file applied-state tracking, so every step is guarded and a replay does
+-- nothing.
+
+CALL _puter_add_col('notification', 'send_key', '`send_key` char(36) CHARACTER SET ascii COLLATE ascii_bin DEFAULT NULL');
+
+DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS _puter_add_notification_send_key_index;
+DELIMITER //
+CREATE PROCEDURE _puter_add_notification_send_key_index()
+BEGIN
+  IF NOT EXISTS (
+    SELECT 1 FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.STATISTICS
+    WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE()
+      AND TABLE_NAME = 'notification'
+      AND INDEX_NAME = 'idx_notification_send_key'
+  ) THEN
+    ALTER TABLE `notification` ADD UNIQUE KEY `idx_notification_send_key`
+      (`send_key`), ALGORITHM=INPLACE, LOCK=NONE;
+  END IF;
+END//
+DELIMITER ;
+
+CALL _puter_add_notification_send_key_index();
+
+DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS _puter_add_notification_send_key_index;

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/postgres/postgres_mig_39.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- Share-handle quota, listing and purge indexes. See
+-- sqlite/0096_kv-share-handle-quota-indexes.sql for what each serves.
+-- Idempotent via IF NOT EXISTS; there is no per-file applied-state tracking.
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_kv_share_handles_owner_live
+    ON kv_share_handles (owner_user_id, revoked_at, app_uid);
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_kv_share_handles_owner_app
+    ON kv_share_handles (owner_user_id, app_uid, id);
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_kv_share_handles_grantee_app
+    ON kv_share_handles (grantee_user_id, app_uid, id);
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_kv_share_handles_pair
+    ON kv_share_handles (owner_user_id, grantee_user_id, revoked_at);
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_kv_share_handles_revoked
+    ON kv_share_handles (revoked_at);

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/postgres/postgres_mig_40.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- Lets a holder's grant check read only the permissions it names.
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_user_to_user_permissions_holder_permission
+    ON user_to_user_permissions (holder_user_id, permission);

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/postgres/postgres_mig_41.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- notification.group_key and replaced_at. See
+-- sqlite/0098_notification-groups.sql for the rationale. Idempotent via IF NOT
+-- EXISTS.
+
+ALTER TABLE notification ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS group_key varchar(64) DEFAULT NULL;
+ALTER TABLE notification ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS replaced_at bigint DEFAULT NULL;
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_notification_group
+    ON notification (user_id, app_uid, group_key);
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_notification_replaced
+    ON notification (user_id, audience, app_uid, replaced_at);

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/postgres/postgres_mig_42.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- Notifications through a share handle. See
+-- sqlite/0099_kv-share-handle-notify.sql for the column. Idempotent via
+-- IF NOT EXISTS; there is no per-file applied-state tracking.
+
+ALTER TABLE kv_share_handles ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS notify smallint NOT NULL DEFAULT 0;

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/postgres/postgres_mig_43.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- notification.send_key. See sqlite/0100_notification-send-key.sql for the
+-- rationale. Idempotent via IF NOT EXISTS.
+
+ALTER TABLE notification ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS send_key char(36) DEFAULT NULL;
+
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_notification_send_key
+    ON notification (send_key);

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/sqlite/0096_kv-share-handle-quota-indexes.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- Indexes behind the share-handle quotas, the app-filtered listings and the
+-- retention purge on `kv_share_handles`.
+--
+--   - owner_live  : the owner's live count, in total and per app, read off
+--                   the index alone.
+--   - owner_app   : the owner's listing narrowed to one app, in id order.
+--   - grantee_app : the holder's listing narrowed to one app, in id order.
+--   - pair        : live handles one owner holds out to one holder, counted at
+--                   mint and walked on revoke and unshare.
+--   - revoked     : retired rows past retention, for the purge.
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS `idx_kv_share_handles_owner_live`
+    ON `kv_share_handles` (`owner_user_id`, `revoked_at`, `app_uid`);
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS `idx_kv_share_handles_owner_app`
+    ON `kv_share_handles` (`owner_user_id`, `app_uid`, `id`);
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS `idx_kv_share_handles_grantee_app`
+    ON `kv_share_handles` (`grantee_user_id`, `app_uid`, `id`);
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS `idx_kv_share_handles_pair`
+    ON `kv_share_handles` (`owner_user_id`, `grantee_user_id`, `revoked_at`);
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS `idx_kv_share_handles_revoked`
+    ON `kv_share_handles` (`revoked_at`);

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/sqlite/0097_user-to-user-holder-permission-index.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- Lets a holder's grant check read only the permissions it names.
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS `idx_user_to_user_permissions_holder_permission`
+    ON `user_to_user_permissions` (`holder_user_id`, `permission`);

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/sqlite/0098_notification-groups.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- What app message groups need from `notification`:
+--
+--   - `group_key`   : a sha256 hex digest of an app message's `group`, so the
+--                     notification a newer one replaces is found by index.
+--                     Null on every other row, and on rows written before
+--                     this, which therefore never match.
+--   - `replaced_at` : epoch milliseconds of the last replacement, null for a
+--                     row never replaced. Live and fetched copies carry it as
+--                     their version, so a client can tell a replacement from a
+--                     copy it already has. Indexed per mailbox slice, so a
+--                     catch-up reads the rows replaced since its cursor
+--                     without scanning the ones that never were.
+
+ALTER TABLE `notification` ADD COLUMN `group_key` TEXT DEFAULT NULL;
+ALTER TABLE `notification` ADD COLUMN `replaced_at` INTEGER DEFAULT NULL;
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS `idx_notification_group`
+    ON `notification` (`user_id`, `app_uid`, `group_key`);
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS `idx_notification_replaced`
+    ON `notification` (`user_id`, `audience`, `app_uid`, `replaced_at`);

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/sqlite/0099_kv-share-handle-notify.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- Whether the two parties of a share may send each other notifications through
+-- its handle. Off by default, so every existing share reads as not allowing
+-- them.
+
+ALTER TABLE `kv_share_handles`
+    ADD COLUMN `notify` INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0;

src/backend/clients/database/migrations/sqlite/0100_notification-send-key.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+-- Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+--
+-- This file is part of Puter.
+--
+-- Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+-- it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+-- by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+-- (at your option) any later version.
+--
+-- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+-- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+-- GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+--
+-- You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+-- along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+-- `notification`.`send_key`: the key of the delayed send (a `deferred`
+-- schedule) that wrote this row or last replaced it, derived from the
+-- schedule and its slot. Unique, so one slot can never write two rows, and a
+-- send that crashed after writing finds its row again by it. Null on every row
+-- a delayed send never touched.
+
+ALTER TABLE `notification` ADD COLUMN `send_key` TEXT DEFAULT NULL;
+
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS `idx_notification_send_key`
+    ON `notification` (`send_key`);

src/backend/clients/dynamodb/DDBClient.ts

@@ -534,6 +534,8 @@ export class DDBClient extends PuterClient {
             scanIndexForward?: boolean;
             beginsWith?: { key: string; value: string };
             select?: 'COUNT';
+            /** Attributes to return instead of the whole item. */
+            projection?: string[];
             filter?: {
                 expression: string;
                 values?: Record<string, unknown>;
@@ -574,6 +576,10 @@ export class DDBClient extends PuterClient {
             Object.assign(expressionAttributeValues, options.filter.values);
             Object.assign(expressionAttributeNames, options.filter.names);
         }
+        const projection = (options?.projection ?? []).map((name) => {
+            expressionAttributeNames[`#p_${name}`] = name;
+            return `#p_${name}`;
+        });
 
         const command = new QueryCommand({
             TableName: table,
@@ -588,6 +594,9 @@ export class DDBClient extends PuterClient {
                 ? { FilterExpression: options.filter.expression }
                 : {}),
             ...(options?.select ? { Select: options.select } : {}),
+            ...(projection.length > 0
+                ? { ProjectionExpression: projection.join(', ') }
+                : {}),
             ...(options?.scanIndexForward !== undefined
                 ? { ScanIndexForward: options.scanIndexForward }
                 : {}),

src/backend/clients/event/types.ts

@@ -75,6 +75,15 @@ export type EventMap = {
     serverStart: Record<string, never>;
     serverPrepareShutdown: Record<string, never>;
     serverShutdown: Record<string, never>;
+    /**
+     * Emitted by a host extension that knows this server will restart soon.
+     * Long-lived connections ask their clients to reconnect; nothing is refused
+     * or closed, so a false alarm is harmless.
+     */
+    serverRestartAnnounced: {
+        /** How long until the server stops, when known. */
+        closeInMs?: number;
+    };
 
     // ---- AI ----
     'ai.prompt.validate': {
@@ -137,6 +146,17 @@ export type EventMap = {
     };
     'app.new-icon': { app_uid: string; data_url: string };
     'app.opened': { app_uid: string; user_id: number; ts: number };
+    /**
+     * A user removed an app: its grants and worker sessions are gone. With
+     * `deleteData`, the user asked for the app's data in their account to go
+     * too. Awaited by the emitter.
+     */
+    'app.uninstalled': {
+        userId: number;
+        userUuid: string;
+        appUid: string;
+        deleteData: boolean;
+    };
     'app.rename': {
         app_uid: string;
         old_name: string;
@@ -197,7 +217,7 @@ export type EventMap = {
          */
         is_temp?: boolean;
         ip?: string | null;
-        source?: 'oidc';
+        source?: 'oidc' | 'team_provision';
         req?: unknown;
         data?: unknown;
         abuse?: unknown;
@@ -257,7 +277,7 @@ export type EventMap = {
         ip?: string | null;
         fingerprint?: string | null;
         reputation?: number | null;
-        source?: 'oidc';
+        source?: 'oidc' | 'team_provision';
         requires_phone_verification: boolean;
         requires_card_verification: boolean;
         accepted: boolean;
@@ -303,6 +323,8 @@ export type EventMap = {
         // the abuse extension cap sends per device (across accounts) so a
         // device farm can't dodge the per-account cap with fresh signups.
         device_fingerprint: string | null;
+        // Browser-signals dispatch id the client sent, or null.
+        dispatch_id: string | null;
         allowed: boolean;
         reason: string | null;
         // With `allowed` false, offer the card fallback in place of SMS. Only
@@ -389,6 +411,9 @@ export type EventMap = {
         new_username: string;
     };
     'user.email-changed': { user_id: number; new_email: string };
+    /** An account was suspended, or its suspension lifted. Local events. */
+    'user.suspended': { userId: number };
+    'user.unsuspended': { userId: number };
     // Fired after an account is torn down (self-serve, admin, or temp-user
     // logout cleanup). Listeners purge external state tied to the account —
     // e.g. the marketplace extension cancels the user's Stripe subscriptions.
@@ -535,9 +560,30 @@ export type EventMap = {
         appUid: string | null;
         value: Record<string, unknown>;
         createdAt: number;
+        /** An earlier notification replaced in place; `createdAt` is when. */
+        replaced?: true;
         /** Events handler runs behind whatever created it. */
         handlerDepth?: number;
     };
+    /**
+     * Every non-silent write or update, only on the node that wrote it. The
+     * value is the listener's own copy of what the socket carries.
+     */
+    'notif.written': {
+        userId: number;
+        uid: string;
+        type: string;
+        audience: string;
+        /** The row's app; null when it names none or an update could not tell. */
+        appUid: string | null;
+        value: Record<string, unknown>;
+        /** An earlier notification rewritten in place. */
+        updated?: true;
+        /** Names this one send, for a receipt asked about it. */
+        sendId: string;
+        /** The same `sendId` may be emitted again, as a delayed send is. */
+        replayable?: true;
+    };
     /**
      * One notification, addressed at whatever sockets each region holds for the
      * recipient. `outer.*` reaches peer regions and never sibling nodes, so
@@ -546,9 +592,31 @@ export type EventMap = {
      */
     'outer.notif.delivery': {
         userId: number;
-        wire: 'notif.message' | 'notif.unreads' | 'notif.ack';
+        wire: 'notif.message' | 'notif.unreads' | 'notif.ack' | 'notif.removed';
         response: unknown;
     };
+    /**
+     * How one live notification went, on the node that asked for its receipt:
+     * from the desktop's sockets, or with `appUid` the app's own.
+     */
+    'notif.delivery.settled': {
+        sendId?: string;
+        uid: string;
+        userId: number;
+        type: string;
+        /** The app whose own sockets were asked; absent for the desktop's. */
+        appUid?: string;
+        outcome: NotifDeliveryOutcome;
+        /** A socket in this region acknowledges the receipt. */
+        ackCapable: boolean;
+        /** No socket here is an older client that acknowledges nothing. */
+        everySocketAcks: boolean;
+        /** Every node here answered the ask, not just this one. */
+        complete: boolean;
+        /** A peer region holds a socket for the user. */
+        peerRegions: boolean;
+        responders: NotifDeliveryResponder[];
+    };
 
     // ---- Metering ----
     // Recurring charges are pure mechanism here: the metering service knows
@@ -665,6 +733,13 @@ export type EventMap = {
      * reason as the events generation bump: a per-process cache.
      */
     'outer.pubsub.share.ownerShared': { ownerUserId: number };
+    /**
+     * Share handles were retired or changed, so every process must drop its
+     * cached copy. `outer.pubsub.*` because the cache is a per-process map.
+     */
+    'outer.pubsub.kv.share.forget': { handles: string[] };
+    /** The same, for every cached handle one owner holds out. */
+    'outer.pubsub.kv.share.forgetOwner': { ownerUserId: number };
     'outer.fs.write-hash': { hash: string; uuid: string };
     /**
      * Cache keys the KV read cache must stop serving, because the entries
@@ -683,6 +758,7 @@ export type EventMap = {
     'outer.gui.item.renamed': GuiEvent;
     'outer.gui.notif.ack': GuiEvent<{ uid: string }>;
     'outer.gui.notif.message': GuiEvent<{ uid: string; notification: unknown }>;
+    'outer.gui.notif.removed': GuiEvent<{ uid: string }>;
     'outer.gui.notif.unreads': GuiEvent<{
         unreads: { uid: string; notification: unknown }[];
     }>;
@@ -690,7 +766,7 @@ export type EventMap = {
     // ---- Subdomains ----
     // `uid` is the row uuid — for `delete` it is the only surviving handle a
     // listener can use to find state keyed to the row after it is gone.
-    'subdomain.delete': { subdomain: string; uid?: string };
+    'subdomain.delete': { subdomain: string; uid?: string; userId: number };
     'subdomain.update': { subdomain: string; uid?: string };
     'site.htmlServed': {
         subdomain: string;
@@ -878,6 +954,9 @@ export type AiCostFactorEvent = {
  */
 export type LifecyclePhase = 'before' | 'after' | 'error' | 'reject';
 
+/** Status a vetoing `before` listener may answer with. */
+export type LifecycleRejectStatus = 403 | 429;
+
 /**
  * Payload for `driver.<iface>.<method>.<phase>` events.
  *
@@ -907,6 +986,8 @@ export type DriverMethodLifecycleEvent = {
     allow?: boolean;
     /** Optional human-readable reason surfaced to the caller when vetoed. */
     rejectReason?: string;
+    /** Status for a veto: 403 (default) or 429 for a throttle. */
+    rejectStatus?: LifecycleRejectStatus;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -941,6 +1022,8 @@ export type RouteLifecycleEvent = {
     allow?: boolean;
     /** Optional human-readable reason surfaced to the caller when vetoed. */
     rejectReason?: string;
+    /** Status for a veto: 403 (default) or 429 for a throttle. */
+    rejectStatus?: LifecycleRejectStatus;
 };
 
 export type EventKey = keyof EventMap & string;
@@ -962,6 +1045,25 @@ export type MatchingEvents<P extends ListenKey> = P extends `${infer Prefix}.*`
     ? Extract<EventKey, `${Prefix}.${string}`>
     : P & EventKey;
 
+/** Acked, not acked, no socket anywhere, or sockets only in a peer region. */
+export type NotifDeliveryOutcome =
+    | 'received'
+    | 'unreceived'
+    | 'no-socket'
+    | 'remote-only';
+
+/** One socket's receipt for a live notification. */
+export interface NotifDeliveryResponder {
+    visibilityState: 'visible' | 'hidden' | 'unknown';
+    /** The page's window has focus. Absent from older clients. */
+    focused?: boolean;
+    /**
+     * The page shows its own browser notification while hidden or unfocused.
+     * Absent from older clients.
+     */
+    showsOwn?: boolean;
+}
+
 export type EventMetadata = {
     from_outside?: boolean;
     /** Set by `emitAndWait` when a listener threw, so a verdict hook can refuse. */

src/backend/clients/events/EventsWorkerInvokerClient.ts

@@ -43,6 +43,20 @@ import { PuterClient } from '../types.js';
  *
  * On a miss, a handler set here may deploy the script itself and retry once
  * with `x-puter-events-deployed: 1`, skipping the dispatcher's own callback.
+ *
+ * Calls that come due within a few milliseconds of each other go out together:
+ *
+ *     POST <events dispatcher>/invoke-batch
+ *     x-puter-internal-auth:  <internal secret>
+ *     { calls: [{ script, appUid, key, deployed?, body, waitMs }] }
+ *
+ * The dispatcher runs a few at a time, in order, and streams NDJSON: `{ i,
+ * started: true }` when a call goes to its worker, then `{ i, status, handled?,
+ * error?, retryAfter?, dispatch? }` when it finishes — the same facts the
+ * single route carries in its status and headers. A call's timeout runs from
+ * its `started` line, so time spent queued behind other calls is never the
+ * handler's. A call still queued `waitMs` after the batch arrived is never
+ * started and answers `dispatch: "queue-timeout"`.
  */
 
 /** The one route an events worker answers. */
@@ -51,6 +65,27 @@ export const EVENTS_INVOKE_PATH = '/__events/invoke';
 /** The route the events dispatcher takes an invocation on. */
 export const EVENTS_DISPATCH_PATH = '/invoke';
 
+/** The route it takes several on, answering each as it finishes. */
+export const EVENTS_DISPATCH_BATCH_PATH = '/invoke-batch';
+
+/** Calls one batch carries at most. */
+export const INVOKE_BATCH_SIZE = 60;
+
+/** How long the first call of a batch waits for others to join it. */
+export const INVOKE_BATCH_WINDOW_MS = 5;
+
+/**
+ * How long a dispatcher without the batch route is sent single calls before the
+ * batch route is tried again.
+ */
+const BATCH_UNSUPPORTED_RETRY_MS = 5 * 60_000;
+
+/**
+ * How long past its wait a batched call's `started` line may take to arrive
+ * before the call is given up as never started.
+ */
+const BATCH_START_GRACE_MS = 2_000;
+
 /**
  * Header the dispatcher marks its own failures with. Anything carrying it never
  * reached a handler, so its status says nothing about the delivery.
@@ -68,6 +103,23 @@ export const EVENTS_HANDLED_HEADER = 'x-puter-events-handled';
 /** Machine-readable reason on the runtime's own failure answers. */
 export const EVENTS_ERROR_HEADER = 'x-puter-events-error';
 
+/**
+ * The runtime's answer to a key it does not hold: the script was deployed under
+ * a secret that has since rotated, and redeploying it binds the current key.
+ */
+const BAD_KEY_ERROR = 'bad-key';
+
+/**
+ * Runtime failure answers that are Puter's fault rather than the handler's: a
+ * key the script no longer matches, no token to run as, or a handler that
+ * failed because a Puter API call it made did.
+ */
+const PLATFORM_ERROR_CODES = new Set([
+    BAD_KEY_ERROR,
+    'no-token',
+    'platform-error',
+]);
+
 /**
  * Set on the retry after this backend deploys a missing script itself, so the
  * dispatcher skips its own deploy-on-miss callback and negative cache and goes
@@ -95,10 +147,16 @@ const SELF_DEPLOYABLE_MISS_REASONS = new Set([
  */
 const ALREADY_DEPLOYED_MISS_REASONS = new Set(['deploy-timeout']);
 
+/** Whose call asked for the deploy, for the share of deploys it may take. */
+export interface WorkerMissOptions {
+    lane?: InvokeLane;
+}
+
 /** What a self-deploy attempt did, and to which app/script it applies. */
 export type WorkerMissHandler = (
     appUid: string,
     script: string,
+    options: WorkerMissOptions,
 ) => Promise<'deployed' | string>;
 
 /** How long a handler has to answer before the attempt is abandoned. */
@@ -106,12 +164,31 @@ export const EVENTS_INVOKE_TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000;
 
 /**
  * Connections held open to the dispatcher, so a busy fleet is not
- * re-handshaking. The 30s invoke abort starts when a request is queued, not
- * when it gets a connection, so a saturated pool shows up as timeouts.
+ * re-handshaking. Also how many calls one transport makes at once: a call past
+ * that waits for a free one before its invoke timeout starts.
  */
-const INVOKE_CONNECTIONS = 256;
+export const INVOKE_CONNECTIONS = 256;
+
+/**
+ * Of those, how many schedule runs may hold at once, so a burst of schedules
+ * can never take the connections event deliveries need.
+ */
+export const SCHEDULE_INVOKE_CONNECTIONS = 64;
+
+/** Whose call this is, for the connection share it may take. */
+export type InvokeLane = 'delivery' | 'schedule';
+
+/** What a deploy answers when another deploy of the region holds the way. */
+export const DEPLOY_BUSY = 'busy';
 const INVOKE_KEEP_ALIVE_MS = 30_000;
 
+/**
+ * A call waits at most this share of its invoke timeout for a connection, so
+ * the wait and the run together stay inside the worker lease (twice the
+ * timeout). Past it the call fails as Puter's, not the handler's.
+ */
+const CONNECTION_WAIT_SHARE = 0.5;
+
 /** One invocation, as the events service hands it over. */
 export interface WorkerInvokeRequest {
     /** Script the app's current handler set deploys as. */
@@ -137,36 +214,69 @@ export interface EventsInvokeCall {
     timeoutMs: number;
     /** Set on the retry after this backend deployed the script itself. */
     deployed?: boolean;
+    lane?: InvokeLane;
+    /**
+     * Builds `body` again at send time, for a transport that waits for a
+     * connection first, so a send time stamped into it is the real one.
+     */
+    render?: () => string;
+}
+
+/** What one attempt at delivering an invocation came back with. */
+export interface EventsInvokeAnswer {
+    /** `null` when no answer came back. */
+    status: number | null;
+    /** Set only when the answer provably came from the script. */
+    handled?: boolean;
+    error?: string;
+    /** Set only by the dispatcher transport, naming its own failure. */
+    dispatchReason?: string;
+    /** No answer within the invoke timeout. */
+    timedOut?: boolean;
+    /** From a `retry-after` header in seconds. */
+    retryAfterMs?: number;
+    /** A deploy this call needed was put off: another held the way. */
+    deployBusy?: boolean;
 }
 
 /**
- * Delivers an invocation. `status` null means nothing ran (retriable);
- * `handled` is set only when the answer provably came from the script, so an
- * unmarked 4xx is not a handler's refusal.
+ * Delivers an invocation. `handled` is set only when the answer provably came
+ * from the script, so an unmarked 4xx is not a handler's refusal.
  */
 export interface EventsInvokeTransport {
-    send(call: EventsInvokeCall): Promise<{
-        status: number | null;
-        handled?: boolean;
-        error?: string;
-        /** Set only by the dispatcher transport, naming its own failure. */
-        dispatchReason?: string;
-    }>;
+    send(call: EventsInvokeCall): Promise<EventsInvokeAnswer>;
 }
 
 /**
  * `settled`: handler accepted (2xx). `terminal`: handler refused (marked 4xx),
- * not retried. `retriable`: no handler answer (5xx, 429, timeout, transport
- * failure, unmarked 4xx).
+ * not retried. `retriable`: the handler failed or ran past the timeout.
+ * `unavailable`: Puter could not start or finish the run (transport, dispatch
+ * and deploy failures, unmarked answers, a Puter API failure inside the
+ * handler); retried like `retriable` but never the handler's fault.
  */
-export type WorkerInvokeOutcome = 'settled' | 'terminal' | 'retriable';
+export type WorkerInvokeOutcome =
+    | 'settled'
+    | 'terminal'
+    | 'retriable'
+    | 'unavailable';
 
 export interface WorkerInvokeResult {
     outcome: WorkerInvokeOutcome;
+    /** A deploy on miss was put off because another one held the way. */
+    deployBusy?: boolean;
     /** The status the handler answered with, or `null` when it never did. */
     status: number | null;
     /** Why it could not answer, when nothing did. */
     error?: string;
+    /** How long the answer asked to be left alone. */
+    retryAfterMs?: number;
+}
+
+/** How one invocation is sent. */
+export interface WorkerInvokeOptions {
+    lane?: InvokeLane;
+    /** Applied to the event as each attempt is sent. */
+    stampEvent?: (event: unknown) => unknown;
 }
 
 const NO_TRANSPORT =
@@ -187,8 +297,8 @@ export class EventsWorkerInvokerClient extends PuterClient {
     /**
      * Deploys a script the dispatcher reports missing, in place of the
      * rehydrate callback — for the case where that callback lands on a backend
-     * other than this one. Set once; `invoke()` calls it at most once per
-     * delivery and never loops.
+     * other than this one — or one still bound to a rotated key. Set once;
+     * `invoke()` calls it at most once per delivery and never loops.
      */
     setMissHandler(handler: WorkerMissHandler): void {
         this.#missHandler = handler;
@@ -199,67 +309,92 @@ export class EventsWorkerInvokerClient extends PuterClient {
         this.#dispatcher = null;
     }
 
-    async invoke(request: WorkerInvokeRequest): Promise<WorkerInvokeResult> {
+    async invoke(
+        request: WorkerInvokeRequest,
+        options: WorkerInvokeOptions = {},
+    ): Promise<WorkerInvokeResult> {
         const transport = this.#pickTransport();
         if (!transport)
-            return { outcome: 'retriable', status: null, error: NO_TRANSPORT };
+            return {
+                outcome: 'unavailable',
+                status: null,
+                error: NO_TRANSPORT,
+            };
 
-        const call: EventsInvokeCall = {
-            script: request.script,
-            appUid: request.appUid,
-            key: request.key,
-            body: JSON.stringify({
+        const { stampEvent } = options;
+        const render = (): string =>
+            JSON.stringify({
                 handler: request.handler,
-                event: request.event,
+                event: stampEvent ? stampEvent(request.event) : request.event,
                 ctx: request.ctx,
                 token: request.token,
-            }),
-            timeoutMs: this.#timeoutMs(),
-        };
+            });
+        const send = (deployed: boolean): Promise<EventsInvokeAnswer> =>
+            transport.send({
+                script: request.script,
+                appUid: request.appUid,
+                key: request.key,
+                body: render(),
+                timeoutMs: this.#timeoutMs(),
+                ...(deployed ? { deployed: true } : {}),
+                ...(options.lane ? { lane: options.lane } : {}),
+                ...(stampEvent ? { render } : {}),
+            });
 
-        let result = await transport.send(call);
-        if (result.status === null && result.dispatchReason) {
-            if (
-                this.#missHandler &&
-                SELF_DEPLOYABLE_MISS_REASONS.has(result.dispatchReason)
-            ) {
-                const outcome = await this.#missHandler(
-                    request.appUid,
-                    request.script,
-                );
-                if (outcome !== 'deployed')
-                    return {
-                        outcome: 'retriable',
-                        status: null,
-                        error: `deploy: ${outcome}`,
-                    };
-                result = await transport.send({ ...call, deployed: true });
-            } else if (
-                ALREADY_DEPLOYED_MISS_REASONS.has(result.dispatchReason)
-            ) {
-                // No deploy to trigger — just give propagation the one retry
-                // it usually needs, without spending an upload on it.
-                result = await transport.send({ ...call, deployed: true });
-            }
+        let result = await send(false);
+        if (this.#missHandler && selfDeployable(result)) {
+            const outcome = await this.#missHandler(
+                request.appUid,
+                request.script,
+                { lane: options.lane },
+            );
+            if (outcome !== 'deployed')
+                return {
+                    outcome: 'unavailable',
+                    status: null,
+                    error: `deploy: ${outcome}`,
+                    ...(outcome === DEPLOY_BUSY ? { deployBusy: true } : {}),
+                };
+            result = await send(true);
+        } else if (
+            result.status === null &&
+            result.dispatchReason &&
+            ALREADY_DEPLOYED_MISS_REASONS.has(result.dispatchReason)
+        ) {
+            // No deploy to trigger — just give propagation the one retry
+            // it usually needs, without spending an upload on it.
+            result = await send(true);
         }
 
-        const { status, handled, error } = result;
+        const { status, handled, error, timedOut, retryAfterMs } = result;
+        if (result.deployBusy)
+            return {
+                outcome: 'unavailable',
+                status: null,
+                error,
+                deployBusy: true,
+            };
+        // Past the timeout the handler was most likely still running, which
+        // is its own doing; any other missing answer never reached it.
         if (status === null)
-            return { outcome: 'retriable', status: null, error };
+            return {
+                outcome: timedOut ? 'retriable' : 'unavailable',
+                status: null,
+                error,
+            };
 
-        const outcome = outcomeForStatus(status, handled === true);
-        // An unmarked 4xx (429 aside — that one is always retriable) is not
-        // the handler's own answer; say so even when the transport did not,
-        // so the reason a delivery kept retrying shows up in the log rather
-        // than reading as an unexplained retry.
-        const unmarkedFourxx =
-            status !== 429 && status >= 400 && status < 500 && !handled;
+        const outcome = outcomeForStatus(status, handled === true, error);
+        // An unmarked failure is not the handler's own answer; say so even
+        // when the transport did not, so the reason a delivery kept retrying
+        // shows up in the log rather than reading as an unexplained retry.
+        const unmarked = status >= 300 && !handled;
         const reportedError =
-            error ?? (unmarkedFourxx ? 'unmarked 4xx' : undefined);
+            error ?? (unmarked ? `unmarked ${status}` : undefined);
         return {
             outcome,
             status,
             ...(reportedError ? { error: reportedError } : {}),
+            ...(retryAfterMs ? { retryAfterMs } : {}),
         };
     }
 
@@ -270,9 +405,19 @@ export class EventsWorkerInvokerClient extends PuterClient {
         // a misconfiguration worth reporting once per attempt rather than a
         // round trip.
         if (!dispatcherUrl || !internalSecret) return null;
+        const { invokeBatchSize, invokeBatchWindowMs } =
+            this.config.events ?? {};
         this.#dispatcher ??= new DispatcherInvokeTransport(
             dispatcherUrl,
             internalSecret,
+            {
+                ...(invokeBatchSize !== undefined
+                    ? { batchSize: invokeBatchSize }
+                    : {}),
+                ...(invokeBatchWindowMs !== undefined
+                    ? { batchWindowMs: invokeBatchWindowMs }
+                    : {}),
+            },
         );
         return this.#dispatcher;
     }
@@ -285,52 +430,132 @@ export class EventsWorkerInvokerClient extends PuterClient {
     }
 }
 
+/** A call waiting in, or sent with, the current batch. */
+interface BatchedCall {
+    call: EventsInvokeCall;
+    resolve: (answer: EventsInvokeAnswer) => void;
+    /** When its wait for a connection began, for what is left of it. */
+    waitingSince: number;
+}
+
+export interface DispatcherInvokeTransportOptions {
+    fetchImpl?: typeof undiciFetch;
+    /** Calls per batch; 1 sends every call on its own. */
+    batchSize?: number;
+    batchWindowMs?: number;
+}
+
 /** Reaches an events worker the only way production can: through the dispatcher. */
 export class DispatcherInvokeTransport implements EventsInvokeTransport {
     readonly #url: string;
     readonly #secret: string;
     readonly #fetchImpl: typeof undiciFetch;
+    readonly #batchSize: number;
+    readonly #batchWindowMs: number;
     #agent: Agent | null = null;
+    /** Calls holding a connection slot. */
+    #active = 0;
+    /** Of those, schedule runs. */
+    #scheduleActive = 0;
+    /** Calls waiting for one, longest-waiting first, with their lane. */
+    readonly #waiting = new Map<() => void, InvokeLane>();
+    /** Calls gathered for the next batch. */
+    #batch: BatchedCall[] = [];
+    #batchTimer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null;
+    /** Until when the dispatcher is taken not to have the batch route. */
+    #batchUnsupportedUntil = 0;
 
     constructor(
         dispatcherUrl: string,
         secret: string,
-        options: { fetchImpl?: typeof undiciFetch } = {},
+        options: DispatcherInvokeTransportOptions = {},
     ) {
-        this.#url = dispatcherUrl;
+        // Joined as a string: `new URL(path, base)` resolves an absolute path
+        // against the base's origin, dropping any path prefix it carries.
+        this.#url = dispatcherUrl.replace(/\/$/, '');
         this.#secret = secret;
         this.#fetchImpl = options.fetchImpl ?? undiciFetch;
+        this.#batchSize = Math.max(
+            1,
+            Math.floor(options.batchSize ?? INVOKE_BATCH_SIZE),
+        );
+        this.#batchWindowMs = Math.max(
+            0,
+            options.batchWindowMs ?? INVOKE_BATCH_WINDOW_MS,
+        );
     }
 
     close(): void {
+        this.#flush();
         void this.#agent?.close().catch(() => {});
         this.#agent = null;
     }
 
-    async send(call: EventsInvokeCall): Promise<{
-        status: number | null;
-        handled?: boolean;
-        error?: string;
-        dispatchReason?: string;
-    }> {
+    async send(call: EventsInvokeCall): Promise<EventsInvokeAnswer> {
+        // No `timedOut`: the handler never got this call, so the wait is not
+        // its failure.
+        const lane = call.lane ?? 'delivery';
+        const waitingSince = Date.now();
+        if (
+            !(await this.#acquire(call.timeoutMs * CONNECTION_WAIT_SHARE, lane))
+        )
+            return {
+                status: null,
+                error: 'no free connection to the events dispatcher',
+            };
         try {
-            // `new URL(path, base)` resolves an absolute path against the
-            // base's origin, dropping any path prefix `base` already carries.
-            const url = `${this.#url.replace(/\/$/, '')}${EVENTS_DISPATCH_PATH}`;
-            const response = await this.#fetchImpl(url, {
-                method: 'POST',
-                headers: {
-                    'content-type': 'application/json',
-                    'x-puter-internal-auth': this.#secret,
-                    'x-puter-events-script': call.script,
-                    'x-puter-events-app': call.appUid,
-                    'x-puter-events-key': call.key,
-                    ...(call.deployed ? { [EVENTS_DEPLOYED_HEADER]: '1' } : {}),
-                },
-                body: call.body,
-                signal: AbortSignal.timeout(call.timeoutMs),
-                dispatcher: this.#dispatcherFor(),
+            if (this.#batchSize === 1) return await this.#sendOne(call);
+            return await new Promise<EventsInvokeAnswer>((resolve) => {
+                this.#batch.push({ call, resolve, waitingSince });
+                if (this.#batch.length >= this.#batchSize) this.#flush();
+                else
+                    this.#batchTimer ??= setTimeout(
+                        () => this.#flush(),
+                        this.#batchWindowMs,
+                    );
             });
+        } finally {
+            this.#release(lane);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Send what has gathered: alone when it is one call, else as a batch. */
+    #flush(): void {
+        if (this.#batchTimer) clearTimeout(this.#batchTimer);
+        this.#batchTimer = null;
+        const batch = this.#batch;
+        this.#batch = [];
+        if (batch.length === 0) return;
+        if (batch.length === 1 || Date.now() < this.#batchUnsupportedUntil) {
+            for (const { call, resolve } of batch)
+                void this.#sendOne(call).then(resolve);
+            return;
+        }
+        void this.#sendBatch(batch);
+    }
+
+    /** One call on the single route. */
+    async #sendOne(call: EventsInvokeCall): Promise<EventsInvokeAnswer> {
+        try {
+            const response = await this.#fetchImpl(
+                `${this.#url}${EVENTS_DISPATCH_PATH}`,
+                {
+                    method: 'POST',
+                    headers: {
+                        'content-type': 'application/json',
+                        'x-puter-internal-auth': this.#secret,
+                        'x-puter-events-script': call.script,
+                        'x-puter-events-app': call.appUid,
+                        'x-puter-events-key': call.key,
+                        ...(call.deployed
+                            ? { [EVENTS_DEPLOYED_HEADER]: '1' }
+                            : {}),
+                    },
+                    body: call.render ? call.render() : call.body,
+                    signal: AbortSignal.timeout(call.timeoutMs),
+                    dispatcher: this.#dispatcherFor(),
+                },
+            );
             // The body is not read: a handler answers with a status, and
             // whatever else it writes is its own business.
             void response.body?.cancel().catch(() => {});
@@ -341,24 +566,210 @@ export class DispatcherInvokeTransport implements EventsInvokeTransport {
                 EVENTS_DISPATCH_ERROR_HEADER,
             );
             if (dispatchError !== null)
-                return {
-                    status: null,
-                    error: `dispatcher: ${dispatchError} (${response.status})`,
-                    dispatchReason: dispatchError,
-                };
+                return dispatchAnswer(dispatchError, response.status);
 
-            const handled = response.headers.get(EVENTS_HANDLED_HEADER) === '1';
-            const errorHeader = response.headers.get(EVENTS_ERROR_HEADER);
-            return {
-                status: response.status,
-                handled,
-                ...(errorHeader ? { error: errorHeader } : {}),
-            };
+            return answerFrom(response);
         } catch (err) {
-            return {
+            return failedAnswer(err);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Several calls in one request. A call may wait in the dispatcher's queue
+     * for whatever is left of its connection wait, and its timeout runs from
+     * its `started` line; the request itself is dropped once every call has an
+     * answer.
+     */
+    async #sendBatch(batch: BatchedCall[]): Promise<void> {
+        const hangUp = new AbortController();
+        let open = batch.length;
+        const answered = batch.map(() => false);
+        const timers: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>[] = [];
+        const settle = (i: number, answer: EventsInvokeAnswer): void => {
+            if (answered[i]) return;
+            answered[i] = true;
+            clearTimeout(timers[i]);
+            batch[i].resolve(answer);
+            if (--open === 0) hangUp.abort();
+        };
+        const settleRest = (answer: EventsInvokeAnswer): void => {
+            for (let i = 0; i < batch.length; i++) settle(i, answer);
+        };
+
+        const now = Date.now();
+        const waits = batch.map(({ call, waitingSince }) =>
+            Math.max(
+                0,
+                Math.floor(
+                    call.timeoutMs * CONNECTION_WAIT_SHARE -
+                        (now - waitingSince),
+                ),
+            ),
+        );
+        const body = JSON.stringify({
+            calls: batch.map(({ call }, i) => ({
+                script: call.script,
+                appUid: call.appUid,
+                key: call.key,
+                ...(call.deployed ? { deployed: true } : {}),
+                body: call.render ? call.render() : call.body,
+                waitMs: waits[i],
+            })),
+        });
+        const arm = (
+            i: number,
+            ms: number,
+            answer: () => EventsInvokeAnswer,
+        ) => {
+            clearTimeout(timers[i]);
+            timers[i] = setTimeout(() => settle(i, answer()), ms);
+            timers[i].unref?.();
+        };
+        // No `timedOut`: a call that never started never reached a handler.
+        batch.forEach((_, i) =>
+            arm(i, waits[i] + BATCH_START_GRACE_MS, () => ({
                 status: null,
-                error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+                error: 'dispatcher: call never started',
+            })),
+        );
+        const started = (i: number): void => {
+            if (!answered[i])
+                arm(i, batch[i].call.timeoutMs, () =>
+                    failedAnswer(timeoutError()),
+                );
+        };
+        const longest = Math.max(
+            ...batch.map(
+                ({ call }, i) =>
+                    waits[i] + BATCH_START_GRACE_MS + call.timeoutMs,
+            ),
+        );
+
+        try {
+            const response = await this.#fetchImpl(
+                `${this.#url}${EVENTS_DISPATCH_BATCH_PATH}`,
+                {
+                    method: 'POST',
+                    headers: {
+                        'content-type': 'application/json',
+                        'x-puter-internal-auth': this.#secret,
+                    },
+                    body,
+                    signal: AbortSignal.any([
+                        hangUp.signal,
+                        AbortSignal.timeout(longest),
+                    ]),
+                    dispatcher: this.#dispatcherFor(),
+                },
+            );
+
+            const dispatchError = response.headers.get(
+                EVENTS_DISPATCH_ERROR_HEADER,
+            );
+            if (dispatchError === 'no-such-route') {
+                // A dispatcher from before the batch route: nothing ran, so
+                // every call goes again on its own.
+                void response.body?.cancel().catch(() => {});
+                this.#batchUnsupportedUntil =
+                    Date.now() + BATCH_UNSUPPORTED_RETRY_MS;
+                batch.forEach(({ call }, i) => {
+                    if (!answered[i])
+                        void this.#sendOne(call).then((a) => settle(i, a));
+                });
+                return;
+            }
+            if (dispatchError !== null || !response.ok) {
+                void response.body?.cancel().catch(() => {});
+                // An unmarked failure (an edge 404, a WAF 403) reads as
+                // Puter's, never as any handler's answer.
+                settleRest(
+                    dispatchError !== null
+                        ? dispatchAnswer(dispatchError, response.status)
+                        : {
+                              status: null,
+                              error: `dispatcher: unmarked ${response.status} for a batch`,
+                          },
+                );
+                return;
+            }
+
+            let buffered = '';
+            const read = (line: string): void => {
+                if (line.trim() === '') return;
+                const parsed = parseAnswerLine(line);
+                if (!parsed || parsed.i >= batch.length) return;
+                if ('started' in parsed) started(parsed.i);
+                else settle(parsed.i, parsed.answer);
             };
+            const decoder = new TextDecoder();
+            for await (const chunk of response.body ?? []) {
+                buffered += decoder.decode(chunk, { stream: true });
+                let newline = buffered.indexOf('\n');
+                while (newline !== -1) {
+                    read(buffered.slice(0, newline));
+                    buffered = buffered.slice(newline + 1);
+                    newline = buffered.indexOf('\n');
+                }
+            }
+            read(buffered);
+            settleRest({
+                status: null,
+                error: 'dispatcher: batch ended without an answer',
+            });
+        } catch (err) {
+            // Every call has its answer and the request was dropped on purpose.
+            if (open === 0) return;
+            settleRest(failedAnswer(err));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Whether a call on `lane` may take a connection now. */
+    #free(lane: InvokeLane): boolean {
+        return (
+            this.#active < INVOKE_CONNECTIONS &&
+            (lane !== 'schedule' ||
+                this.#scheduleActive < SCHEDULE_INVOKE_CONNECTIONS)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #take(lane: InvokeLane): void {
+        this.#active++;
+        if (lane === 'schedule') this.#scheduleActive++;
+    }
+
+    /** A connection slot, or false once `waitMs` passes without one. */
+    #acquire(waitMs: number, lane: InvokeLane): Promise<boolean> {
+        if (this.#free(lane)) {
+            this.#take(lane);
+            return Promise.resolve(true);
+        }
+        return new Promise((resolve) => {
+            const granted = () => {
+                clearTimeout(timer);
+                resolve(true);
+            };
+            const timer = setTimeout(() => {
+                this.#waiting.delete(granted);
+                resolve(false);
+            }, waitMs);
+            timer.unref?.();
+            this.#waiting.set(granted, lane);
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Give the slot back, then hand one to the longest waiter it can go to: a
+     * schedule waiter at a full schedule share doesn't hold up a delivery.
+     */
+    #release(lane: InvokeLane): void {
+        this.#active--;
+        if (lane === 'schedule') this.#scheduleActive--;
+        for (const [granted, waiting] of this.#waiting) {
+            if (!this.#free(waiting)) continue;
+            this.#waiting.delete(granted);
+            this.#take(waiting);
+            granted();
+            return;
         }
     }
 
@@ -373,18 +784,120 @@ export class DispatcherInvokeTransport implements EventsInvokeTransport {
     }
 }
 
+/** What a failure the dispatcher marked as its own reads as. */
+const dispatchAnswer = (
+    reason: string,
+    status: number,
+): EventsInvokeAnswer => ({
+    status: null,
+    error: `dispatcher: ${reason} (${status})`,
+    dispatchReason: reason,
+});
+
+/** What `AbortSignal.timeout` rejects with, for a batched call's own timeout. */
+const timeoutError = (): Error =>
+    new DOMException(
+        'The operation was aborted due to timeout',
+        'TimeoutError',
+    );
+
+/** One line of a batch answer, or null when it is not one. */
+export const parseAnswerLine = (
+    line: string,
+):
+    | { i: number; started: true }
+    | { i: number; answer: EventsInvokeAnswer }
+    | null => {
+    let raw: unknown;
+    try {
+        raw = JSON.parse(line);
+    } catch {
+        return null;
+    }
+    if (!raw || typeof raw !== 'object') return null;
+    const { i, started, status, handled, error, retryAfter, dispatch } =
+        raw as Record<string, unknown>;
+    if (!Number.isInteger(i) || (i as number) < 0) return null;
+    if (started === true) return { i: i as number, started: true };
+    if (typeof status !== 'number') return null;
+    if (typeof dispatch === 'string')
+        return { i: i as number, answer: dispatchAnswer(dispatch, status) };
+    return {
+        i: i as number,
+        answer: answerFrom({
+            status,
+            headers: {
+                get: (name) => {
+                    if (name === EVENTS_HANDLED_HEADER)
+                        return handled === true ? '1' : null;
+                    if (name === EVENTS_ERROR_HEADER)
+                        return typeof error === 'string' ? error : null;
+                    if (name === 'retry-after')
+                        return typeof retryAfter === 'string'
+                            ? retryAfter
+                            : null;
+                    return null;
+                },
+            },
+        }),
+    };
+};
+
+/** Whether deploying the script is what fixes this answer. */
+const selfDeployable = (result: EventsInvokeAnswer): boolean =>
+    result.status === null
+        ? result.dispatchReason !== undefined &&
+          SELF_DEPLOYABLE_MISS_REASONS.has(result.dispatchReason)
+        : result.handled === true && result.error === BAD_KEY_ERROR;
+
+/** What a script's answer says, read the same way by every transport. */
+export const answerFrom = (response: {
+    status: number;
+    headers: { get(name: string): string | null };
+}): EventsInvokeAnswer => {
+    const errorHeader = response.headers.get(EVENTS_ERROR_HEADER);
+    const retryAfterMs = parseRetryAfterMs(response.headers.get('retry-after'));
+    return {
+        status: response.status,
+        handled: response.headers.get(EVENTS_HANDLED_HEADER) === '1',
+        ...(errorHeader ? { error: errorHeader } : {}),
+        ...(retryAfterMs ? { retryAfterMs } : {}),
+    };
+};
+
+/** An attempt that threw before any answer came back. */
+export const failedAnswer = (err: unknown): EventsInvokeAnswer => ({
+    status: null,
+    error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+    // What `AbortSignal.timeout` rejects with.
+    ...((err as { name?: unknown } | null)?.name === 'TimeoutError'
+        ? { timedOut: true }
+        : {}),
+});
+
+/** Whole seconds only; an HTTP-date form reads as absent. */
+const parseRetryAfterMs = (value: string | null): number => {
+    const seconds = Number(value);
+    return value && Number.isFinite(seconds) && seconds > 0
+        ? seconds * 1000
+        : 0;
+};
+
 /**
- * 2xx took it regardless. 429 is always "not now". Any other 4xx is a refusal
- * only when `handled` says the answer is provably the script's own — an
- * unmarked 4xx came from something between here and the handler.
+ * 2xx took it regardless. Anything else not marked as the script's own answer
+ * came from something between here and the handler. A marked answer is a
+ * refusal when it is a 4xx other than 429, Puter's failure when the runtime
+ * names one, and the handler's failure otherwise.
  */
 export const outcomeForStatus = (
     status: number,
     handled: boolean,
+    errorCode?: string,
 ): WorkerInvokeOutcome => {
     if (status >= 200 && status < 300) return 'settled';
+    if (!handled) return 'unavailable';
+    if (errorCode && PLATFORM_ERROR_CODES.has(errorCode)) return 'unavailable';
     if (status === 429) return 'retriable';
-    if (status >= 400 && status < 500)
-        return handled ? 'terminal' : 'retriable';
+    if (status >= 400 && status < 500) return 'terminal';
     return 'retriable';
 };

src/backend/controllers/auth/AuthController.elevation.http.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Puter.
+ *
+ * Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+ * by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+import { afterAll, beforeAll, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+import { setupPuterTestEnv, type PuterTestEnv } from '../../testUtil.js';
+
+describe('auth elevation cookies over HTTP', () => {
+    let env: PuterTestEnv;
+
+    beforeAll(async () => {
+        env = await setupPuterTestEnv();
+    }, 120_000);
+
+    afterAll(async () => {
+        await env?.shutdown();
+    });
+
+    it.each(['bearer', 'cookie'])(
+        'API host returns a usable token without setting cookies (%s auth)',
+        async (credential) => {
+            const { token, password, username } = env.users.user;
+            const res = await fetch(new URL('/auth/elevate', env.apiOrigin), {
+                method: 'POST',
+                headers: {
+                    'content-type': 'application/json',
+                    ...(credential === 'cookie'
+                        ? { cookie: `puter_auth_token=${token}` }
+                        : { authorization: `Bearer ${token}` }),
+                },
+                body: JSON.stringify({ password }),
+            });
+            expect(res.status).toBe(200);
+            expect(res.headers.get('set-cookie')).toBeNull();
+            const body = (await res.json()) as {
+                elevated: boolean;
+                token: string;
+            };
+            expect(body.elevated).toBe(true);
+            expect(typeof body.token).toBe('string');
+            const user = await env.server.stores.user.getByUsername(username);
+            const { verifyStepUpSession } =
+                await import('../../core/http/middleware/stepUpSession.js');
+            expect(
+                verifyStepUpSession(
+                    {
+                        headers: { 'x-puter-elevation': body.token },
+                        actor: { user: { uuid: user!.uuid } },
+                    } as never,
+                    { tokenService: env.server.services.token },
+                ),
+            ).toBe(true);
+        },
+    );
+
+    it('GUI host sets the elevation cookie and omits the raw token for cookie auth', async () => {
+        const { token, password } = env.users.user;
+        const res = await fetch(new URL('/auth/elevate', env.origin), {
+            method: 'POST',
+            headers: {
+                'content-type': 'application/json',
+                cookie: `puter_auth_token=${token}`,
+            },
+            body: JSON.stringify({ password }),
+        });
+        expect(res.status).toBe(200);
+        expect(res.headers.get('set-cookie')).toContain('puter_elevated=');
+        expect(await res.json()).toEqual({ elevated: true });
+    });
+});

src/backend/controllers/auth/AuthController.test.ts

@@ -42,6 +42,10 @@ import {
     adminOnlyGate,
     requireUserActorGate,
 } from '../../core/http/middleware/gates.js';
+import {
+    configureRateLimit,
+    listConfiguredRateLimitBackends,
+} from '../../core/http/middleware/rateLimit.js';
 import {
     ROUTES_METADATA_KEY,
     type CollectedRoute,
@@ -50,7 +54,10 @@ import {
 import { PuterServer } from '../../server.js';
 import { createSecret as otpCreateSecret } from '../../services/auth/OTPUtil.js';
 import { kvSharePermission } from '../../services/kvShare/kvShares.js';
-import { FULL_API_ACCESS } from '../../services/permission/consts.js';
+import {
+    FULL_API_ACCESS,
+    NOTIFICATIONS_PUSH_PERMISSION,
+} from '../../services/permission/consts.js';
 import { setupTestServer } from '../../testUtil.js';
 import { resetCardVerificationStatusCache } from '../../util/cardFallback.js';
 import { FS_READ_LIMIT } from '../fs/limits.js';
@@ -1750,6 +1757,40 @@ describe('AuthController.handleLoginOtp + handleLoginRecoveryCode', () => {
         ).rejects.toMatchObject({ statusCode: 400 });
     });
 
+    it('refuses the sign-in while the used-token store is down', async () => {
+        const { user, secret, otpToken } = await startOtpLogin();
+        const token = await otpToken();
+
+        const { default: backend } = listConfiguredRateLimitBackends();
+        configureRateLimit({
+            default: 'redis',
+            redis: {
+                multi: () => {
+                    throw new Error('store down');
+                },
+            },
+        });
+        const logged = vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => {});
+        const res = makeRes();
+        try {
+            await expect(
+                controller.handleLoginOtp(
+                    makeReq({ token, code: liveTotp(user.username, secret) }),
+                    res,
+                ),
+            ).rejects.toThrow('store down');
+        } finally {
+            logged.mockRestore();
+            configureRateLimit({
+                default: backend,
+                redis: server.clients.redis,
+                kv: server.stores.kv,
+                metering: server.services.metering,
+            });
+        }
+        expect(res.body).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+
     it('a wrong code leaves the token usable for a retry', async () => {
         const { user, secret, otpToken } = await startOtpLogin();
         const token = await otpToken();
@@ -2179,6 +2220,78 @@ describe('AuthController grant flows', () => {
         ).toContain(permission);
     });
 
+    it('grant-user-app: grants and revokes notifications:push for an app', async () => {
+        const app = await server.stores.app.create(
+            {
+                name: `tgp-${uuidv4()}`,
+                title: 'TestGrantPushApp',
+                index_url: 'https://example.test/index.html',
+            },
+            { ownerUserId: issuer.id },
+        );
+        const user = await server.stores.user.getById(issuer.id);
+        const appActor = makeActor({
+            user: user!,
+            app: { uid: app.uid, id: app.id },
+        });
+        const hasPush = () =>
+            server.services.permission.check(
+                appActor,
+                NOTIFICATIONS_PUSH_PERMISSION,
+            );
+        expect(await hasPush()).toBe(false);
+
+        // Anything past the bare permission names nothing a prompt describes.
+        await expect(
+            inCtx(issuerActor, () =>
+                controller.handleGrantUserApp(
+                    makeReq(
+                        {
+                            app_uid: app.uid,
+                            permission: `${NOTIFICATIONS_PUSH_PERMISSION}:extra`,
+                        },
+                        { actor: issuerActor },
+                    ),
+                    makeRes(),
+                ),
+            ),
+        ).rejects.toMatchObject({
+            statusCode: 400,
+            legacyCode: 'permission_not_grantable',
+        });
+        expect(await hasPush()).toBe(false);
+
+        const res = makeRes();
+        await inCtx(issuerActor, () =>
+            controller.handleGrantUserApp(
+                makeReq(
+                    {
+                        app_uid: app.uid,
+                        permission: NOTIFICATIONS_PUSH_PERMISSION,
+                    },
+                    { actor: issuerActor },
+                ),
+                res,
+            ),
+        );
+        expect(res.body).toEqual({});
+        expect(await hasPush()).toBe(true);
+
+        await inCtx(issuerActor, () =>
+            controller.handleRevokeUserApp(
+                makeReq(
+                    {
+                        app_uid: app.uid,
+                        permission: NOTIFICATIONS_PUSH_PERMISSION,
+                    },
+                    { actor: issuerActor },
+                ),
+                makeRes(),
+            ),
+        );
+        expect(await hasPush()).toBe(false);
+    });
+
     it('grant-user-app: resolves `origin` to the app when app_uid is omitted', async () => {
         // The GUI permission dialog and puter.perms.grantOrigin() identify
         // third-party sites by origin rather than app uid.
@@ -5019,6 +5132,26 @@ describe('AuthController phone verification — staging & reuse', () => {
         expect(staged).toBe('+14155550123');
     });
 
+    it('makes an email-gate-last account verify its card before its phone', async () => {
+        const { user, actor } = await makeUserAndActor({
+            requires_phone_verification: 1,
+            requires_card_verification: 1,
+        });
+        await server.stores.user.updateMetadata(user.id, {
+            emailGateLast: true,
+        });
+        const prelude = stubPrelude();
+        await withClients({ prelude }, async () => {
+            await expect(
+                controller.handleSendConfirmPhone(
+                    makeReq({ phone: '+14155550123' }, { actor }),
+                    makeRes(),
+                ),
+            ).rejects.toMatchObject({ statusCode: 409 });
+        });
+        expect(prelude.createVerification).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
     it('forwards an abuse-extension veto as 429 with the opaque reason, and sends nothing', async () => {
         const { user, actor } = await makeUserAndActor();
         const emitAndWait = vi.fn(
@@ -5084,7 +5217,7 @@ describe('AuthController phone verification — staging & reuse', () => {
         );
     });
 
-    it('carries the client dispatch id on the sent signal', async () => {
+    it('carries the client dispatch id on the check and sent events', async () => {
         const { actor } = await makeUserAndActor();
         const emit = vi.fn();
         const emitAndWait = vi.fn(async () => {});
@@ -5105,6 +5238,11 @@ describe('AuthController phone verification — staging & reuse', () => {
             expect.objectContaining({ dispatch_id: 'disp-123' }),
             expect.anything(),
         );
+        expect(emitAndWait).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+            'puter.phone-verification.check',
+            expect.objectContaining({ dispatch_id: 'disp-123' }),
+            expect.anything(),
+        );
     });
 
     it('does NOT emit the sent signal when the send fails upstream', async () => {
@@ -7612,6 +7750,46 @@ describe('AuthController permission revokes', () => {
         );
         expect(res.body).toEqual({});
     });
+
+    it('revoke-user-user: refuses a key-value share grant and leaves it standing', async () => {
+        const { actor: ownerActor, user: owner } = await makeUserAndActor();
+        const { user: holder } = await makeUserAndActor();
+        const permissions = ['kv-share', 'kv-share-read', 'kv-share-write'].map(
+            (root) => `${root}:${owner.uuid}:os-global:notes:${uuidv4()}`,
+        );
+        for (const permission of permissions)
+            await server.stores.permission.upsertUserUserPerm(
+                holder.id,
+                owner.id,
+                permission,
+                {},
+            );
+
+        for (const permission of permissions)
+            await expect(
+                inCtx(ownerActor, () =>
+                    controller.handleRevokeUserUser(
+                        makeReq(
+                            { target_username: holder.username, permission },
+                            { actor: ownerActor },
+                        ),
+                        makeRes(),
+                    ),
+                ),
+            ).rejects.toMatchObject({
+                statusCode: 400,
+                message: expect.stringContaining('puter.kv.unshare()'),
+            });
+        expect(
+            (
+                await server.stores.permission.findUserUserPermsByIssuer(
+                    holder.id,
+                    owner.id,
+                    permissions,
+                )
+            ).sort(),
+        ).toEqual([...permissions].sort());
+    });
 });
 
 // ── Permission checks + listing ────────────────────────────────────
@@ -7716,6 +7894,12 @@ describe('AuthController.handleCheckPermissions + handleListPermissions', () =>
                 grant,
             ),
         );
+        // What launching the app records for the holder.
+        await server.services.permission.grantUserAppPermission(
+            holderActor,
+            app.uid,
+            'flag:app-is-authenticated',
+        );
         const appActor = makeActor({
             user: holderActor.user,
             app: { id: app.id, uid: app.uid },
@@ -9658,6 +9842,70 @@ describe('AuthController grant/revoke additional branches', () => {
         ).rejects.toMatchObject({ statusCode: 400 });
     });
 
+    it('revoke-user-app: 400 on `deleteData` without "*" or as a non-boolean', async () => {
+        const { actor } = await makeUserAndActor();
+        const app = await server.stores.app.create(
+            {
+                name: `tr-delete-data-${uuidv4()}`,
+                title: 'TestDeleteDataApp',
+                index_url: `https://tr-delete-data-${uuidv4()}.example.test/`,
+            },
+            { ownerUserId: actor.user.id },
+        );
+        for (const body of [
+            { permission: 'events:background', deleteData: true },
+            { permission: '*', deleteData: 'yes' },
+        ]) {
+            await expect(
+                controller.handleRevokeUserApp(
+                    makeReq({ app_uid: app.uid, ...body }, { actor }),
+                    makeRes(),
+                ),
+            ).rejects.toMatchObject({ statusCode: 400 });
+        }
+    });
+
+    it('revoke-user-app `*`: announces the uninstall, with `deleteData` as sent', async () => {
+        const { actor } = await makeUserAndActor();
+        const app = await server.stores.app.create(
+            {
+                name: `tr-uninstall-${uuidv4()}`,
+                title: 'TestUninstallApp',
+                index_url: `https://tr-uninstall-${uuidv4()}.example.test/`,
+            },
+            { ownerUserId: actor.user.id },
+        );
+        const seen: unknown[] = [];
+        const listener = (_key: string, data: unknown) => {
+            seen.push(data);
+        };
+        server.clients.event.on('app.uninstalled', listener);
+        try {
+            for (const deleteData of [undefined, true]) {
+                await inCtx(actor, () =>
+                    controller.handleRevokeUserApp(
+                        makeReq(
+                            { app_uid: app.uid, permission: '*', deleteData },
+                            { actor },
+                        ),
+                        makeRes(),
+                    ),
+                );
+            }
+        } finally {
+            server.clients.event.off('app.uninstalled', listener);
+        }
+        const expected = {
+            userId: actor.user.id,
+            userUuid: actor.user.uuid,
+            appUid: app.uid,
+        };
+        expect(seen).toEqual([
+            { ...expected, deleteData: false },
+            { ...expected, deleteData: true },
+        ]);
+    });
+
     it('revoke-user-app: 400 when permission is "*" but app_uid is missing', async () => {
         const { actor } = await makeUserAndActor();
         await expect(

src/backend/controllers/auth/AuthController.ts

@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ import {
     isCardFallbackEnabled,
     phoneAttemptsKey,
 } from '../../util/cardFallback.js';
+import { isEmailGateLast } from '../../util/verificationOrder.js';
 import { sessionCookieFlags } from '../../util/cookieFlags.js';
 import { cleanEmail, isStorableEmail } from '../../util/email.js';
 import { isGodmodeApp } from '../../util/godmodeApps.js';
@@ -1220,6 +1221,18 @@ export class AuthController extends PuterController {
         }
     }
 
+    /** The email-gate-last confirmation email; a failure never fails the gate. */
+    private async sendDeferredConfirmation(userId: number): Promise<void> {
+        try {
+            await this.services.signup.sendDeferredConfirmationEmail(userId);
+        } catch (e) {
+            console.warn(
+                '[verification] deferred confirmation email failed:',
+                e,
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
     private async isCardFallbackEligible(user: {
         id: number;
         requires_phone_verification?: boolean | number | null;
@@ -1265,6 +1278,12 @@ export class AuthController extends PuterController {
             throw new HttpError(403, 'Account suspended.', {
                 legacyCode: 'account_suspended',
             });
+        if (isEmailGateLast(user) && user.requires_card_verification)
+            throw new HttpError(
+                409,
+                'Card verification must be completed first.',
+                { legacyCode: 'conflict' },
+            );
         if (!this.clients.prelude?.isConfigured())
             throw await this.smsSendError(
                 503,
@@ -1335,6 +1354,7 @@ export class AuthController extends PuterController {
             user_uid: user.uuid,
             phone: parsed.e164,
             device_fingerprint: req.deviceFingerprint ?? null,
+            dispatch_id: dispatchId ?? null,
             allowed: true,
             reason: null as string | null,
             card_fallback_instead: false,
@@ -1573,6 +1593,7 @@ export class AuthController extends PuterController {
             requires_phone_verification: 0,
             phone: pendingPhone,
         });
+        await this.sendDeferredConfirmation(user.id);
 
         // Run the verified-event listeners synchronously (emitAndWait, not
         // fire-and-forget emit) so a carrier-based card-verification waiver in
@@ -1653,7 +1674,11 @@ export class AuthController extends PuterController {
             res.json({ card_verified: true });
             return;
         }
-        if (user.requires_phone_verification && !fallbackEligible)
+        if (
+            user.requires_phone_verification &&
+            !fallbackEligible &&
+            !isEmailGateLast(user)
+        )
             throw new HttpError(
                 409,
                 'Phone verification must be completed first.',
@@ -1716,6 +1741,7 @@ export class AuthController extends PuterController {
             await this.stores.user.update(user.id, {
                 requires_card_verification: 0,
             });
+            await this.sendDeferredConfirmation(user.id);
             res.json({ card_verified: true, disabled: true });
             return;
         }
@@ -1775,7 +1801,11 @@ export class AuthController extends PuterController {
             res.json({ card_verified: true });
             return;
         }
-        if (user.requires_phone_verification && !fallbackEligible)
+        if (
+            user.requires_phone_verification &&
+            !fallbackEligible &&
+            !isEmailGateLast(user)
+        )
             throw new HttpError(
                 409,
                 'Phone verification must be completed first.',
@@ -1816,6 +1846,7 @@ export class AuthController extends PuterController {
             await this.stores.user.update(user.id, {
                 requires_card_verification: 0,
             });
+            await this.sendDeferredConfirmation(user.id);
             res.json({ card_verified: true, disabled: true });
             return;
         }
@@ -1840,6 +1871,7 @@ export class AuthController extends PuterController {
             requires_card_verification: 0,
             ...(clearedPhoneGate ? { requires_phone_verification: 0 } : {}),
         });
+        await this.sendDeferredConfirmation(user.id);
 
         // Awaited like `user.phone-verified`, so whatever a listener grants on
         // verification is in place before the client refreshes. emitAndWait
@@ -3304,6 +3336,14 @@ export class AuthController extends PuterController {
                 { legacyCode: 'bad_request' },
             );
         }
+        // Only unsharing retires the handle along with its grant; withdrawing
+        // the grant alone would leave the share listed and dead.
+        if (typeof permission === 'string' && isKvSharePermission(permission))
+            throw new HttpError(
+                400,
+                'Stop a key-value share with `puter.kv.unshare()` (`DELETE /kv/shares/:handle`)',
+                { legacyCode: 'bad_request' },
+            );
         await this.services.permission.revokeUserUserPermission(
             req.actor!,
             target_username,
@@ -3327,7 +3367,8 @@ export class AuthController extends PuterController {
     })
     async handleRevokeUserApp(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> {
         let { app_uid } = req.body ?? {};
-        const { origin, permission, permissions, meta } = req.body ?? {};
+        const { origin, permission, permissions, meta, deleteData } =
+            req.body ?? {};
         this.#validateAppPermissionParams({
             app_uid,
             origin,
@@ -3343,20 +3384,25 @@ export class AuthController extends PuterController {
                 legacyCode: 'bad_request',
             });
         }
+        if (deleteData !== undefined && typeof deleteData !== 'boolean') {
+            throw new HttpError(400, '`deleteData` must be a boolean', {
+                legacyCode: 'bad_request',
+            });
+        }
+        if (deleteData && permission !== '*') {
+            throw new HttpError(
+                400,
+                '`deleteData` only applies when `permission` is "*"',
+                { legacyCode: 'bad_request' },
+            );
+        }
         // Deliberately not gated by the target's sharing flag: a user must
         // always be able to withdraw a grant, whatever the target now says.
         if (permission === '*') {
-            await this.services.permission.revokeUserAppAll(
-                req.actor!,
-                app_uid,
-                meta ?? undefined,
-            );
-            // Withdrawing everything also retires the workers the app deployed
-            // under this user; their tokens would otherwise act as the app.
-            await this.services.auth.deleteWorkerSessionsForApp(
-                req.actor!.user!.id as number,
-                app_uid,
-            );
+            await this.services.auth.uninstallApp(req.actor!, app_uid, {
+                deleteData: deleteData === true,
+                meta: meta ?? undefined,
+            });
         } else {
             for (const entry of list) {
                 await this.services.permission.revokeUserAppPermission(
@@ -3804,8 +3850,9 @@ export class AuthController extends PuterController {
 
         let app = await this.stores.app.getByUid(app_uid);
         if (!app && resolvedFromOrigin) {
-            // Hosted-subdomain origins get the site owner stamped as the
-            // app's creator at bootstrap; external origins stay unowned.
+            // Hosted-subdomain and custom-domain origins get the site owner
+            // stamped as the app's creator at bootstrap; external origins
+            // stay unowned.
             // Canonical origin only, so alternate hosts share one row.
             const canonicalOrigin =
                 this.services.auth.canonicalizeOrigin(origin);
@@ -3821,9 +3868,10 @@ export class AuthController extends PuterController {
             // An origin's uid is a deterministic uuidv5, so a deleted app
             // reappears here under the identical uid. Withdraw any cross-app
             // data grants left pointing at it before this new row can inherit
-            // consent the user gave its predecessor. Only *this* path can reuse
-            // a uid: `AppStore.create` mints a random uuid4, which no deleted
-            // app can ever hold again.
+            // consent the user gave its predecessor. Only `createFromOrigin`
+            // reuses a uid, here or wherever else an origin app is bootstrapped:
+            // `AppStore.create` mints a random uuid4, which no deleted app can
+            // ever hold again.
             //
             // Called directly rather than through `app.changed`: the token is
             // issued below, so this has to be able to stop that, and
@@ -3834,6 +3882,9 @@ export class AuthController extends PuterController {
                 app_uid,
                 'uid reused by a new app',
             );
+            // Key-value shares the predecessor left read as gone already,
+            // being older than this row; this only cleans them up.
+            this.services.kvShare.retireSharesOlderThanApp(app);
         }
         if (!app) {
             throw new HttpError(404, `App ${app_uid} does not exist`, {
@@ -4269,7 +4320,27 @@ export class AuthController extends PuterController {
             );
         }
 
-        this.#requireAccountTwoFactor(user, req.body?.code);
+        const code = req.body?.code;
+        if (
+            user.otp_enabled &&
+            typeof code === 'string' &&
+            /^[A-Z0-9]{8}$/.test(code)
+        ) {
+            await this.#assertSecondFactorAttemptsRemain(user.uuid);
+            const consumed = await this.stores.user.consumeOtpRecoveryCode(
+                user.id,
+                hashRecoveryCode(code),
+            );
+            if (!consumed) {
+                await this.#recordSecondFactorFailure(user.uuid);
+                throw new HttpError(401, 'Incorrect code.', {
+                    legacyCode: 'code_mismatch',
+                    fields: { factor: 'otp' },
+                });
+            }
+        } else {
+            this.#requireAccountTwoFactor(user, code);
+        }
 
         await this.stores.user.update(user.id, {
             otp_enabled: false,
@@ -4479,11 +4550,14 @@ export class AuthController extends PuterController {
         }
 
         const token = signStepUpToken(this.services.token, user as never);
-        res.cookie(
-            STEP_UP_COOKIE_NAME,
-            token,
-            stepUpCookieOptions(this.config),
-        );
+        const isApiHost = req.subdomains?.at(-1) === 'api';
+        if (!isApiHost) {
+            res.cookie(
+                STEP_UP_COOKIE_NAME,
+                token,
+                stepUpCookieOptions(this.config),
+            );
+        }
 
         // A browser reads its elevation back from the httpOnly cookie and never
         // needs the raw value; handing it to page JS would put the second factor
@@ -4492,7 +4566,9 @@ export class AuthController extends PuterController {
         // password/TOTP — this only avoids needless exposure, it isn't a gate.
         const cookieName = this.config.cookie_name ?? 'puter_token';
         const usedSessionCookie =
-            !!req.token && req.token === req.cookies?.[cookieName];
+            !isApiHost &&
+            !!req.token &&
+            req.token === req.cookies?.[cookieName];
         res.json(
             usedSessionCookie ? { elevated: true } : { elevated: true, token },
         );
@@ -4605,13 +4681,19 @@ export class AuthController extends PuterController {
         await checkRateLimit(`${scope}:${userUid}`, limit, window);
     }
 
-    /** An `otp-login` JWT completes one sign-in; a second redemption is refused. */
+    /**
+     * An `otp-login` JWT completes one sign-in; a second redemption is refused.
+     * Fails closed: while the store can't say whether the token was used, the
+     * sign-in is refused rather than letting a captured token replay.
+     */
     async #consumeOtpLoginToken(token: string): Promise<void> {
         const digest = crypto.createHash('sha256').update(token).digest('hex');
         const firstUse = await checkRateLimit(
             `login-otp-token-used:${digest}`,
             1,
             OTP_LOGIN_TOKEN_USED_WINDOW_MS,
+            undefined,
+            { failOpen: false },
         );
         if (!firstUse) {
             throw new HttpError(400, 'Invalid token.', {

src/backend/controllers/auth/recoveryDisable2fa.http.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+import { v4 as uuidv4 } from 'uuid';
+import { afterAll, beforeAll, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+import { hashRecoveryCode } from '../../services/auth/OTPUtil.js';
+import {
+    createTestUser,
+    setupPuterTestEnv,
+    type PuterTestEnv,
+} from '../../testUtil.js';
+
+describe('2FA after signing in with a recovery code', () => {
+    let env: PuterTestEnv;
+    const password = 'lost-authenticator-password';
+
+    beforeAll(async () => {
+        env = await setupPuterTestEnv();
+    }, 120_000);
+    afterAll(async () => {
+        await env?.shutdown();
+    });
+
+    const post = (
+        path: string,
+        body: Record<string, unknown>,
+        cookie?: string,
+    ) =>
+        fetch(new URL(path, env.origin), {
+            method: 'POST',
+            headers: {
+                'content-type': 'application/json',
+                ...(cookie ? { cookie } : {}),
+            },
+            body: JSON.stringify(body),
+        });
+
+    it('allows an unused recovery code to disable 2FA after password revalidation', async () => {
+        const username = `lost2fa_${uuidv4().slice(0, 8)}`;
+        await createTestUser(env.server, { username, password });
+        const user = (await env.server.stores.user.getByUsername(username))!;
+        await env.server.stores.user.update(user.id, {
+            email: `${username}@example.com`,
+            email_confirmed: true,
+            otp_enabled: true,
+            otp_secret: 'TESTSECRETBASE32',
+            otp_recovery_codes: ['RECOVER1', 'RECOVER2', 'RECOVER3']
+                .map(hashRecoveryCode)
+                .join(','),
+        });
+
+        // Sign in with a recovery code: works, and yields a web session.
+        const login = await post('/login', { username, password });
+        expect(login.status).toBe(202);
+        const { otp_jwt_token } = await login.json();
+        const recovered = await post('/login/recovery-code', {
+            token: otp_jwt_token,
+            code: 'RECOVER1',
+        });
+        expect((await recovered.json()).next_step).toBe('complete');
+        const cookie = recovered.headers
+            .getSetCookie()
+            .find((value) => value.startsWith('puter_auth_token='))!
+            .split(';')[0]!;
+
+        const reused = await post(
+            '/user-protected/disable-2fa',
+            { password, code: 'RECOVER1' },
+            cookie,
+        );
+        expect(reused.status).toBe(401);
+        expect(
+            (await env.server.stores.user.getById(user.id, { force: true }))!
+                .otp_enabled,
+        ).toBeTruthy();
+
+        const disable = await post(
+            '/user-protected/disable-2fa',
+            { password, code: 'RECOVER2' },
+            cookie,
+        );
+        expect(disable.status).toBe(200);
+        expect(await disable.json()).toMatchObject({ success: true });
+
+        const after = await env.server.stores.user.getById(user.id, {
+            force: true,
+        });
+        expect(after!.otp_enabled).toBeFalsy();
+        expect(after!.otp_secret).toBeNull();
+        expect(after!.otp_recovery_codes).toBeNull();
+    });
+});

src/backend/controllers/broadcast/BroadcastController.ts

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 import type { Request, Response } from 'express';
 import { Controller, Post } from '../../core/http/decorators.js';
+import { schedulesUnavailable } from '../../core/schedules.js';
 import type { BroadcastService } from '../../services/broadcast/BroadcastService.js';
 import type { ForwardBatch } from '../../services/events/forwardQueue.js';
 import { PuterController } from '../types.js';
@@ -108,6 +109,42 @@ export class BroadcastController extends PuterController {
         );
         res.status(200).json({ ok: true, ...reply });
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Schedule changes a region made for schedules this one owns, handed to
+     * `services.schedules`; `events_disabled` on a server without it.
+     */
+    @Post('/events/schedules', { subdomain: '*' })
+    async schedules(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> {
+        const broadcast = this.services.broadcast as unknown as
+            BroadcastService | undefined;
+        if (!broadcast) {
+            res.status(503).json({
+                error: { message: 'Broadcast service not registered' },
+            });
+            return;
+        }
+
+        const verified = await broadcast.verifySignedRequest(
+            req.rawBody,
+            broadcastHeaders(req),
+        );
+        if (!verified.ok) {
+            res.status(verified.status ?? 400).json({
+                error: { message: verified.message ?? 'Bad request' },
+            });
+            return;
+        }
+        if (verified.info?.ignored) {
+            res.status(200).json({ ok: true, ...verified.info });
+            return;
+        }
+
+        const schedules = this.services.schedules;
+        if (!schedules) throw schedulesUnavailable();
+        const reply = await schedules.receivePeerChanges(req.body);
+        res.status(200).json({ ok: true, ...reply });
+    }
 }
 
 const broadcastHeaders = (req: Request) => {

src/backend/controllers/drivers/DriverController.concurrent.test.ts

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 import { EventEmitter } from 'node:events';
 import type { Request, RequestHandler, Response } from 'express';
 import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { runWithContext } from '../../core/context.js';
+import { Context, runWithContext } from '../../core/context.js';
 import { isHttpError } from '../../core/http/HttpError.js';
 import { configureRateLimit } from '../../core/http/middleware/rateLimit.js';
 import { DriverController } from './DriverController.js';
@@ -278,6 +278,86 @@ describe('DriverController — concurrent acquire/release', () => {
         expect(res2.body).toMatchObject({ success: true, result: 'pong' });
     });
 
+    // A driver that keeps working after the caller hangs up (async video
+    // polling) must keep counting against the cap until it settles.
+    it('holds the slot while the driver still works after a disconnect', async () => {
+        let finish = () => {};
+        const driver = {
+            ...makeSyntheticDriver(),
+            ping: () =>
+                new Promise<string>((resolve) => {
+                    finish = () => resolve('pong');
+                }),
+        };
+        const handler = captureCallHandler(buildController(driver));
+        const req = () =>
+            makeReq({ interface: 'test-iface', method: 'ping' }, 'working');
+
+        const res1 = new StubRes();
+        const first = callInScope(handler, req(), res1 as unknown as Response);
+        await new Promise((r) => setImmediate(r));
+        res1.emit('close');
+        await new Promise((r) => setImmediate(r));
+
+        await expect(
+            callInScope(handler, req(), new StubRes() as unknown as Response),
+        ).rejects.toSatisfy(
+            (e) =>
+                isHttpError(e) &&
+                (e as { statusCode: number }).statusCode === 429,
+        );
+
+        finish();
+        await first;
+        await new Promise((r) => setImmediate(r));
+        const res2 = new StubRes();
+        const second = callInScope(handler, req(), res2 as unknown as Response);
+        await new Promise((r) => setImmediate(r));
+        finish();
+        await second;
+        res2.emit('finish');
+        expect(res2.body).toMatchObject({ success: true, result: 'pong' });
+    });
+
+    it('holds the slot for work a driver keeps past its response', async () => {
+        let settleWork = () => {};
+        const driver = {
+            ...makeSyntheticDriver(),
+            ping: async () => {
+                Context.get('keepDriverSlot')?.(
+                    new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
+                        settleWork = resolve;
+                    }),
+                );
+                return 'pong';
+            },
+        };
+        const handler = captureCallHandler(buildController(driver));
+        const req = () =>
+            makeReq({ interface: 'test-iface', method: 'ping' }, 'kept');
+
+        const res1 = new StubRes();
+        await callInScope(handler, req(), res1 as unknown as Response);
+        res1.emit('finish');
+        await new Promise((r) => setImmediate(r));
+
+        await expect(
+            callInScope(handler, req(), new StubRes() as unknown as Response),
+        ).rejects.toSatisfy(
+            (e) =>
+                isHttpError(e) &&
+                (e as { statusCode: number }).statusCode === 429,
+        );
+
+        settleWork();
+        await new Promise((r) => setImmediate(r));
+        const res2 = new StubRes();
+        await callInScope(handler, req(), res2 as unknown as Response);
+        res2.emit('finish');
+        settleWork();
+        expect(res2.body).toMatchObject({ success: true, result: 'pong' });
+    });
+
     it('does not attach release listeners when the driver declares no concurrent config', async () => {
         // With no spec there is nothing to release, so the gate must not
         // wire `finish`/`close` release listeners. The client-disconnect

src/backend/controllers/drivers/DriverController.test.ts

@@ -736,6 +736,42 @@ describe('DriverController driver-method lifecycle events', () => {
             rejectReason: 'blocked in test',
         });
     });
+
+    it('answers 429 when a before listener vetoes with rejectStatus 429', async () => {
+        const actor = await makeUserActor();
+        await grantKvPerm(actor);
+        const key = `throttle-${uuidv4()}`;
+        server.clients.event.on(
+            'driver.puter-kvstore.set.before',
+            (_k, data) => {
+                if ((data.args as { key?: string })?.key === key) {
+                    data.allow = false;
+                    data.rejectStatus = 429;
+                }
+            },
+        );
+
+        const req = makeReq(
+            {
+                interface: 'puter-kvstore',
+                method: 'set',
+                args: { key, value: 'v' },
+            },
+            actor,
+        );
+        await expect(
+            runWithContext({ actor }, () =>
+                routes['POST /call'](
+                    req,
+                    makeRes() as unknown as Response,
+                    () => {},
+                ),
+            ),
+        ).rejects.toMatchObject({
+            statusCode: 429,
+            legacyCode: 'too_many_requests',
+        });
+    });
 });
 
 describe('DriverController.#handleListInterfaces', () => {

src/backend/controllers/drivers/DriverController.ts

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ import {
     checkDriverRateLimit,
 } from '../../core/http/middleware/rateLimit.js';
 import type { PuterRouter } from '../../core/http/PuterRouter.js';
+import type { LifecycleRejectStatus } from '../../clients/event/types.js';
 import type { DriverMeta } from '../../drivers/meta.js';
 import {
     isCreditExhaustion,
@@ -50,6 +51,7 @@ import { PermissionUtil } from '../../services/permission/permissionUtil.js';
 import type { WithLifecycle } from '../../types';
 import { withSpan } from '../../util/span.js';
 import { PuterController } from '../types.js';
+import { CallSlot } from './callSlot.js';
 
 type DriverInstance = WithLifecycle & Record<string, unknown>;
 
@@ -259,6 +261,17 @@ export class DriverController extends PuterController {
     // -- Handlers ----------------------------------------------------
 
     #handleCall = async (req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> => {
+        const slot = new CallSlot();
+        const call = this.#call(req, res, slot);
+        slot.keep(call);
+        await call;
+    };
+
+    #call = async (
+        req: Request,
+        res: Response,
+        slot: CallSlot,
+    ): Promise<void> => {
         const {
             interface: ifaceName,
             method,
@@ -322,7 +335,8 @@ export class DriverController extends PuterController {
 
         if (req.actor) {
             const permService = this.services.permission as unknown as
-                PermissionService | undefined;
+                | PermissionService
+                | undefined;
             if (permService) {
                 // Build via PermissionUtil.join so any `:` in a driver or
                 // interface name is escaped — raw interpolation would let a
@@ -395,10 +409,9 @@ export class DriverController extends PuterController {
 
         // Per-method rate-limit and concurrent specs both live on the
         // driver's resolved meta. Rate-limit is single-shot; concurrent
-        // acquires a slot that must be released when the response is done
-        // — we hook `res.finish` / `res.close` for that so streamed
-        // responses hold their slot until the stream drains, and aborted
-        // requests still give the slot back.
+        // acquires a slot held until the response is done and the call's
+        // work has settled, so streamed responses hold it until the stream
+        // drains and work that continues after a disconnect still counts.
         const rateLimitSpec = resolvePerMethod(driverMeta?.rateLimit, method);
         if (
             !(await checkDriverRateLimit(req, ifaceName, method, rateLimitSpec))
@@ -430,18 +443,8 @@ export class DriverController extends PuterController {
                     legacyCode: 'too_many_requests',
                 });
             }
-            let released = false;
-            const release = () => {
-                if (released) return;
-                released = true;
-                void handle.release();
-            };
-            // If the handler throws before responding, the express error
-            // handler will eventually send a response — `finish` fires then,
-            // so we still release. `close` covers client aborts.
-            res.once('finish', release);
-            res.once('close', release);
-            if (res.destroyed || res.writableFinished) release();
+            slot.attach(handle, res);
+            Context.set('keepDriverSlot', (work) => slot.keep(work));
         }
 
         // Stash the requested driver name in Context so multi-provider
@@ -474,6 +477,7 @@ export class DriverController extends PuterController {
             args,
             allow: true as boolean,
             rejectReason: undefined as string | undefined,
+            rejectStatus: undefined as LifecycleRejectStatus | undefined,
         };
         await this.clients.event?.emitAndWait(
             `driver.${ifaceName}.${method}.before`,
@@ -495,11 +499,12 @@ export class DriverController extends PuterController {
                 },
                 {},
             );
+            const throttled = beforeEvent.rejectStatus === 429;
             throw new HttpError(
-                403,
+                throttled ? 429 : 403,
                 beforeEvent.rejectReason ??
                     `Blocked by policy: ${ifaceName}:${method}`,
-                { legacyCode: 'forbidden' },
+                { legacyCode: throttled ? 'too_many_requests' : 'forbidden' },
             );
         }
 

src/backend/controllers/drivers/callSlot.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Puter.
+ *
+ * Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+ * by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+import { EventEmitter } from 'node:events';
+import type { Response } from 'express';
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { CallSlot } from './callSlot.js';
+
+const handle = () => ({
+    release: vi.fn(() => Promise.resolve()),
+    renew: vi.fn(() => Promise.resolve()),
+});
+
+const deferred = () => {
+    let resolve = () => {};
+    const promise = new Promise<void>((r) => {
+        resolve = r;
+    });
+    return { promise, resolve };
+};
+
+afterEach(() => {
+    vi.useRealTimers();
+});
+
+describe('CallSlot', () => {
+    it('renews a slot held by a long call and stops once it is released', async () => {
+        vi.useFakeTimers();
+        const slot = new CallSlot();
+        const slotHandle = handle();
+        const res = new EventEmitter();
+        const call = deferred();
+        slot.keep(call.promise);
+        slot.attach(slotHandle, res as unknown as Response);
+
+        res.emit('close');
+        await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(25 * 60 * 1000);
+        expect(slotHandle.renew).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+        expect(slotHandle.release).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+
+        call.resolve();
+        await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0);
+        expect(slotHandle.release).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+        await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(25 * 60 * 1000);
+        expect(slotHandle.renew).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+    });
+
+    it('releases once the response is done if no work is outstanding', async () => {
+        const slot = new CallSlot();
+        const slotHandle = handle();
+        const res = new EventEmitter();
+        slot.attach(slotHandle, res as unknown as Response);
+        res.emit('finish');
+        expect(slotHandle.release).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+        expect(slotHandle.renew).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+});

src/backend/controllers/drivers/callSlot.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Puter.
+ *
+ * Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+ * by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+import type { Response } from 'express';
+
+// Under the concurrency store's one-hour orphan TTL.
+const SLOT_RENEW_MS = 10 * 60 * 1000;
+
+interface SlotHandle {
+    release(): Promise<void>;
+    renew?(): Promise<void>;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A driver call's concurrency slot, held until the response is done and the
+ * call's work has settled, including work a driver carries on after the caller
+ * hung up or was answered.
+ */
+export class CallSlot {
+    #handle?: SlotHandle;
+    #work = new Set<Promise<unknown>>();
+    #responded = false;
+    #released = false;
+    #renew?: NodeJS.Timeout;
+
+    attach(handle: SlotHandle, res: Response): void {
+        this.#handle = handle;
+        const responded = () => {
+            this.#responded = true;
+            this.#maybeRelease();
+        };
+        res.once('finish', responded);
+        res.once('close', responded);
+        if (res.destroyed || res.writableFinished) responded();
+        if (!this.#released && this.#work.size > 0) this.#startRenewing();
+    }
+
+    keep(work: Promise<unknown>): void {
+        if (this.#released) return;
+        this.#work.add(work);
+        if (this.#handle) this.#startRenewing();
+        const settled = () => {
+            this.#work.delete(work);
+            this.#maybeRelease();
+        };
+        work.then(settled, settled);
+    }
+
+    #startRenewing(): void {
+        if (this.#renew) return;
+        this.#renew = setInterval(() => {
+            void this.#handle?.renew?.();
+        }, SLOT_RENEW_MS);
+        this.#renew.unref?.();
+    }
+
+    #maybeRelease(): void {
+        if (this.#released || !this.#handle) return;
+        if (!this.#responded || this.#work.size > 0) return;
+        this.#released = true;
+        clearInterval(this.#renew);
+        void this.#handle.release();
+    }
+}

src/backend/controllers/events/EventsController.ts

@@ -25,6 +25,11 @@ import { bodyRecord } from '../../core/http/requestBody.js';
 import { DURABLE_LIST_LIMIT_CAP } from '../../stores/events/DurableSubscriptionStore.js';
 import { EVENTS_WORKERS_LIST_LIMIT_CAP } from '../../stores/events/EventHandlerStore.js';
 import { KV_HANDLE_LIST_LIMIT_CAP } from '../../stores/events/KvShareHandleStore.js';
+import {
+    SCHEDULE_LIST_LIMIT_CAP,
+    schedulesUnavailable,
+    type ScheduleServiceContract,
+} from '../../core/schedules.js';
 import { normalizeLimit } from '../../util/pagination.js';
 import { PuterController } from '../types.js';
 import { EVENTS_WORKER_PREFIX } from '../../services/events/workerRuntime.js';
@@ -104,6 +109,24 @@ export class EventsController extends PuterController {
         });
     }
 
+    /**
+     * POST /events/subscriptions/update — replace one subscription's `context`
+     * in place. An id the caller does not hold reads as absent.
+     */
+    @Post('/subscriptions/update', {
+        subdomain: 'api',
+        requireAuth: true,
+        allowAccessToken: true,
+    })
+    async update(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> {
+        const actor = this.#requireActor(req);
+        const { sub } = await this.services.events.updateDurable(
+            actor,
+            bodyRecord(req),
+        );
+        res.json(sub);
+    }
+
     /**
      * GET /events/fetch — what the caller missed, one page at a time.
      *
@@ -151,6 +174,88 @@ export class EventsController extends PuterController {
         res.json({});
     }
 
+    // -- Schedules ---------------------------------------------------
+    //
+    // An app's handler run on a timer, served by `services.schedules` when a
+    // server has it and answered `events_disabled` when it doesn't. Creating
+    // one needs an app context; listing, reading and removing are scoped the
+    // way the durable verbs are. The create and remove verbs spend the
+    // subscribe and unsubscribe budgets in the service, shared with those
+    // verbs.
+
+    #schedules(): ScheduleServiceContract {
+        const schedules = this.services.schedules;
+        if (!schedules) throw schedulesUnavailable();
+        return schedules;
+    }
+
+    /** POST /events/schedules — create a schedule for the calling app. */
+    @Post('/schedules', {
+        subdomain: 'api',
+        requireAuth: true,
+        allowAccessToken: true,
+    })
+    async createSchedule(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> {
+        const actor = this.#requireActor(req);
+        res.json(await this.#schedules().createFor(actor, bodyRecord(req)));
+    }
+
+    /** GET /events/schedules — the caller's schedules, one page at a time. */
+    @Get('/schedules', {
+        subdomain: 'api',
+        requireAuth: true,
+        allowAccessToken: true,
+        rateLimit: EVENTS_LIST_LIMIT,
+    })
+    async listSchedules(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> {
+        const actor = this.#requireActor(req);
+        const query = (req.query ?? {}) as Record<string, unknown>;
+
+        const page = await this.#schedules().list(actor, {
+            limit: normalizeLimit(query.limit, {
+                cap: SCHEDULE_LIST_LIMIT_CAP,
+            }),
+            cursor: typeof query.cursor === 'string' ? query.cursor : undefined,
+            includeTotal: query.includeTotal === 'true',
+        });
+
+        res.json({
+            items: page.items,
+            ...(page.cursor ? { cursor: page.cursor } : {}),
+            ...(page.total !== undefined ? { total: page.total } : {}),
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * POST /events/schedules/remove — end one schedule. An id the caller does
+     * not hold reads as absent.
+     */
+    @Post('/schedules/remove', {
+        subdomain: 'api',
+        requireAuth: true,
+        allowAccessToken: true,
+    })
+    async removeSchedule(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> {
+        const actor = this.#requireActor(req);
+        await this.#schedules().remove(actor, bodyRecord(req).scheduleId);
+        res.json({});
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * GET /events/schedules/:scheduleId — one schedule, ended or not. An id the
+     * caller does not hold reads as absent.
+     */
+    @Get('/schedules/:scheduleId', {
+        subdomain: 'api',
+        requireAuth: true,
+        allowAccessToken: true,
+        rateLimit: EVENTS_LIST_LIMIT,
+    })
+    async getSchedule(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> {
+        const actor = this.#requireActor(req);
+        res.json(await this.#schedules().get(actor, req.params.scheduleId));
+    }
+
     // -- Cross-user key-value handles --------------------------------
 
     /**
@@ -407,10 +512,14 @@ export class EventsController extends PuterController {
             res.json({ deployed: true });
             return;
         }
-        // `failed` and `throttled` are worth another attempt: the rest say
-        // this script is not what the app's handlers currently are.
+        // `failed`, `throttled` and `busy` are worth another attempt: the rest
+        // say this script is not what the app's handlers currently are.
         res.status(
-            outcome === 'failed' || outcome === 'throttled' ? 502 : 404,
+            outcome === 'failed' ||
+                outcome === 'throttled' ||
+                outcome === 'busy'
+                ? 502
+                : 404,
         ).json({
             deployed: false,
             reason: outcome,
@@ -437,8 +546,8 @@ export class EventsController extends PuterController {
             );
             return;
         }
-        this.services.events.useWorkerMissHandler((appUid, script) =>
-            deployer.ensure(appUid, script),
+        this.services.events.useWorkerMissHandler((appUid, script, options) =>
+            deployer.ensure(appUid, script, options),
         );
     }
 

src/backend/controllers/events/limits.test.ts

@@ -41,16 +41,30 @@ import {
     EVENTS_SINGLE_DELIVERY_LIMIT,
     EVENTS_WORKER_INVOCATION_LIMIT,
     limitFor,
+    tiered,
     type TieredLimit,
 } from './limits.js';
 
 const tiers: Array<[string, TieredLimit]> = [
-    ['durable subscriptions per account', EVENTS_DURABLE_SUBSCRIPTIONS_PER_USER],
+    [
+        'durable subscriptions per account',
+        EVENTS_DURABLE_SUBSCRIPTIONS_PER_USER,
+    ],
     ['durable subscriptions per app', EVENTS_DURABLE_SUBSCRIPTIONS_PER_APP],
     ['live share handles per account', EVENTS_KV_HANDLES_PER_USER],
     ['live share handles per app', EVENTS_KV_HANDLES_PER_APP],
 ];
 
+describe('tiered', () => {
+    it('gives paid plans the base, and the free and temporary tiers their own', () => {
+        const limit = tiered(30, 20, 10);
+        expect(limitFor(limit, null)).toBe(30);
+        expect(limitFor(limit, 'some_plan')).toBe(30);
+        expect(limitFor(limit, DEFAULT_FREE_SUBSCRIPTION)).toBe(20);
+        expect(limitFor(limit, DEFAULT_TEMP_SUBSCRIPTION)).toBe(10);
+    });
+});
+
 describe('the tiered subscription quotas', () => {
     it.each(tiers)('%s never lets a free tier exceed paid', (_name, tier) => {
         for (const n of Object.values(tier.bySubscription))
@@ -105,9 +119,9 @@ describe('the tiered subscription quotas', () => {
     });
 
     it('holds an unrecognised plan to the paid base', () => {
-        expect(limitFor(EVENTS_DURABLE_SUBSCRIPTIONS_PER_USER, 'some_plan')).toBe(
-            EVENTS_DURABLE_SUBSCRIPTIONS_PER_USER.limit,
-        );
+        expect(
+            limitFor(EVENTS_DURABLE_SUBSCRIPTIONS_PER_USER, 'some_plan'),
+        ).toBe(EVENTS_DURABLE_SUBSCRIPTIONS_PER_USER.limit);
         expect(limitFor(EVENTS_DURABLE_SUBSCRIPTIONS_PER_USER, null)).toBe(
             EVENTS_DURABLE_SUBSCRIPTIONS_PER_USER.limit,
         );
@@ -131,22 +145,22 @@ describe('the delivery budgets', () => {
             expect(
                 limitFor(EVENTS_KV_MATCHED_SUBSCRIPTIONS_PER_EVENT, plan),
             ).toBe(matched);
-            expect(
-                limitFor(EVENTS_KV_FILTER_EVALUATIONS_PER_EVENT, plan),
-            ).toBe(evaluated);
+            expect(limitFor(EVENTS_KV_FILTER_EVALUATIONS_PER_EVENT, plan)).toBe(
+                evaluated,
+            );
             expect(evaluated).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(matched);
         }
     });
 
     it('pins the share-handle quotas by plan', () => {
-        expect(EVENTS_KV_HANDLES_PER_USER.limit).toBe(512);
-        expect(EVENTS_KV_HANDLES_PER_APP.limit).toBe(512);
+        expect(EVENTS_KV_HANDLES_PER_USER.limit).toBe(25_000);
+        expect(EVENTS_KV_HANDLES_PER_APP.limit).toBe(10_000);
         expect(
             limitFor(EVENTS_KV_HANDLES_PER_USER, DEFAULT_FREE_SUBSCRIPTION),
-        ).toBe(200);
+        ).toBe(5_000);
         expect(
             limitFor(EVENTS_KV_HANDLES_PER_APP, DEFAULT_FREE_SUBSCRIPTION),
-        ).toBe(128);
+        ).toBe(2_000);
     });
 
     it('keeps `single` well under broadcast — each one costs far more', () => {

src/backend/controllers/events/limits.ts

@@ -53,7 +53,12 @@ export interface TieredLimit {
     bySubscription: Record<string, number>;
 }
 
-const tiered = (paid: number, free: number, temp: number): TieredLimit => ({
+/** Paid, free and temporary caps as a {@link TieredLimit}. Called by extensions. */
+export const tiered = (
+    paid: number,
+    free: number,
+    temp: number,
+): TieredLimit => ({
     limit: paid,
     bySubscription: {
         [DEFAULT_FREE_SUBSCRIPTION]: free,
@@ -93,6 +98,18 @@ export interface TieredQuota {
  */
 export const EVENTS_SESSION_SUBSCRIPTIONS_PER_SOCKET = 50;
 
+/**
+ * Live subscriptions one user may hold through a share handle someone else
+ * minted for them, across all of their connections.
+ *
+ * Those rows sit in the owner's keyspace, where each one costs a filter
+ * evaluation on the owner's writes. The count also takes in connections that
+ * dropped and haven't been reaped yet, so the cap sits far above what
+ * reconnects leave behind. The owner's own rows through the handle don't
+ * count.
+ */
+export const EVENTS_SESSION_SUBSCRIPTIONS_PER_KV_HANDLE = 1000;
+
 /**
  * Durable subscriptions one account may hold, across every app.
  *
@@ -125,6 +142,13 @@ export const EVENTS_DURABLE_SUBSCRIPTIONS_MAX =
  */
 export const SUSPENDED_ROW_TTL_DAYS = 30;
 
+/**
+ * Subscriptions stopped by a revoked grant that one account keeps for `list`.
+ * They hold no quota slot, so past this the oldest are deleted when the account
+ * subscribes again, keeping its rows bounded.
+ */
+export const EVENTS_REVOKED_SUBSCRIPTIONS_KEPT = 500;
+
 /**
  * Subscribe calls per minute, per user.
  *
@@ -155,6 +179,13 @@ export const EVENTS_LIST_LIMIT = userWindow('events:list', 120);
  */
 export const EVENTS_ACK_LIMIT = userWindow('events:ack', 600);
 
+/**
+ * How long a connected client holds a queued delivery before the events worker
+ * may take it. A client that has no handler for it, or whose handler fails,
+ * declines it at once; this only bounds one that never answers.
+ */
+export const EVENTS_SOCKET_LEASE_MS = 15_000;
+
 /**
  * Share-handle mint + revoke calls per minute, per user.
  *
@@ -176,20 +207,55 @@ export const KV_SHARE_NOTICE_LIMIT = userWindow(
 /**
  * Live share handles one account may hold out at a time, across every app.
  *
- * Each is a standing grant on part of the account's data, and revoking marks
- * rather than deletes, so without a ceiling the rate limit alone lets the rows
- * grow forever. A temporary account holds none: the grant outlives the session
- * that made it, and no account is left to take it back.
+ * A backstop above the per-app cap: every count reads a covering index, so the
+ * bound is on standing grants, not query cost. A temporary account holds none:
+ * the grant outlives the session that made it, and no account is left to take
+ * it back.
  */
-export const EVENTS_KV_HANDLES_PER_USER = tiered(512, 200, 0);
+export const EVENTS_KV_HANDLES_PER_USER = tiered(25_000, 5_000, 0);
 
 /**
- * Live share handles one app may hold out for one account.
- *
- * Separately bounded from the account cap so one namespace cannot consume the
- * whole budget on free accounts.
+ * Live share handles one app may hold out for one account, so one namespace
+ * cannot consume the whole account budget.
  */
-export const EVENTS_KV_HANDLES_PER_APP = tiered(512, 128, 0);
+export const EVENTS_KV_HANDLES_PER_APP = tiered(10_000, 2_000, 0);
+
+/**
+ * Live share handles one owner may hold out to one holder, on every plan.
+ * Bounds the rows a revoke or unshare walks to find the narrower handles inside
+ * one.
+ */
+export const EVENTS_KV_HANDLES_PER_HOLDER = 256;
+
+/**
+ * Recipients one account may share with, per minute and per hour. A call spends
+ * one per recipient that doesn't already hold the share, on top of the per-call
+ * mint budget.
+ */
+export const KV_SHARE_GRANT_LIMITS = [
+    userWindow('kvShare:grants:minute', 300),
+    userWindow('kvShare:grants:hour', 2_000, 60 * 60_000),
+] as const;
+
+/**
+ * Recipients one account may name in share calls per minute, existing shares
+ * included. Each one is looked up before the call knows whether it changes
+ * anything, so a client that shares again on every load is bounded here.
+ */
+export const KV_SHARE_LOOKUP_LIMIT = userWindow('kvShare:lookups', 1_200);
+
+/** Recipients one `POST /kv/shares` call may name. */
+export const KV_SHARE_BATCH_MAX = 50;
+
+/**
+ * Notifications one party of a share may send the other through share handles,
+ * per minute and per day, in one app. Keeps one share from spending the
+ * recipient's whole notification allowance.
+ */
+export const KV_SHARE_NOTIFY_LIMITS = [
+    userWindow('kvShare:notify:minute', 30),
+    userWindow('kvShare:notify:day', 500, 24 * 60 * 60_000),
+] as const;
 
 // -- Handler surface -------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -287,8 +353,11 @@ export const EVENTS_KV_MATCHED_SUBSCRIPTIONS_PER_EVENT = tiered(512, 128, 128);
  */
 export const EVENTS_KV_FILTER_EVALUATIONS_PER_EVENT = tiered(2048, 512, 512);
 
-/** Omit all inline KV values when the matched audience exceeds this count. */
-export const EVENTS_KV_VALUE_OMIT_MATCHED_SUBSCRIPTIONS = 128;
+/**
+ * Deliveries of one key-value change that carry its value inline, in the order
+ * the fan-out serves them. Later ones carry the key alone.
+ */
+export const EVENTS_KV_VALUE_DELIVERIES_PER_EVENT = 128;
 
 /**
  * Largest inline KV value in serialized bytes. Larger values are omitted;
@@ -380,16 +449,20 @@ export const EVENTS_REGION_PENDING_CEILING = 1_000_000;
 // a handler that answers "no" is not. Retrying on a fixed cadence turns one
 // broken deploy into a permanent load on whatever is failing, so the wait
 // doubles per attempt up to a ceiling, and a run of failures stops the
-// subscription rather than retrying it forever.
+// subscription rather than retrying it forever. A run Puter could not start or
+// finish backs off the same way but is not the handler's failure, so it never
+// counts toward that run.
 
-/** Wait before the first retry of a delivery a handler could not take. */
-export const EVENTS_RETRY_BASE_MS = 2_000;
-
-/** Longest wait between retries, however many have failed. */
-export const EVENTS_RETRY_MAX_MS = 5 * 60 * 1000;
+// Wait before the first retry of a delivery a handler could not take, the
+// longest wait, and the doubling between them. Shared with system jobs.
+export {
+    deliveryBackoffMs,
+    EVENTS_RETRY_BASE_MS,
+    EVENTS_RETRY_MAX_MS,
+} from '../../util/retryBackoff.js';
 
 /**
- * Failures in a row before a subscription is suspended. Counted per
+ * Handler failures in a row before a subscription is suspended. Counted per
  * subscription and reset by the first delivery a handler takes, so an
  * occasional failure never accumulates into one.
  */
@@ -402,13 +475,6 @@ export const EVENTS_CONSECUTIVE_FAILURES = 5;
  */
 export const EVENTS_FAILURE_COUNTER_TTL_MS = 60 * 60 * 1000;
 
-/** How long to hold a delivery whose handler has failed `attempts` times. */
-export const deliveryBackoffMs = (attempts: number): number =>
-    Math.min(
-        EVENTS_RETRY_MAX_MS,
-        EVENTS_RETRY_BASE_MS * 2 ** Math.max(0, attempts - 1),
-    );
-
 // -- Suspended backlog -----------------------------------------------
 //
 // A suspended subscription stops metering but keeps what it is owed, and that

src/backend/controllers/events/scheduleRoutes.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Puter.
+ *
+ * Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+ * by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * The schedule routes are thin delegates: without `services.schedules` every
+ * one answers 503 `events_disabled`; with it, each hands its request over and
+ * answers what it returns.
+ */
+
+import type { Request, Response } from 'express';
+import {
+    afterAll,
+    afterEach,
+    beforeAll,
+    describe,
+    expect,
+    it,
+    vi,
+} from 'vitest';
+import { makeActor, type Actor } from '../../core/actor.js';
+import { isHttpError } from '../../core/http/HttpError.js';
+import type {
+    ScheduleServiceContract,
+    ScheduleView,
+} from '../../core/schedules.js';
+import type { PuterServer } from '../../server.js';
+import { setupTestServer } from '../../testUtil.js';
+import type { BroadcastController } from '../broadcast/BroadcastController.js';
+import type { EventsController } from './EventsController.js';
+
+let server: PuterServer;
+let events: EventsController;
+let broadcast: BroadcastController;
+let actor: Actor;
+let saved: unknown;
+
+const SCHEDULE_ID = '0b3a3c9e-9f61-4f0e-8d2a-2f1b6f8f2c11';
+
+const view = {
+    scheduleId: SCHEDULE_ID,
+    kind: 'recurring',
+    appUid: 'app-x',
+} as ScheduleView;
+
+const slot = () => server.services as unknown as { schedules?: unknown };
+/** Put `schedules` in the slot, or leave the slot empty. */
+const setSchedules = (schedules: unknown): void => {
+    if (schedules === undefined) delete slot().schedules;
+    else slot().schedules = schedules;
+};
+
+const fakeSchedules = () =>
+    ({
+        onSubscriptionsChanged: vi.fn(async () => {}),
+        createFor: vi.fn(async () => view),
+        list: vi.fn(async () => ({
+            items: [view],
+            cursor: 'next',
+            total: 3,
+        })),
+        get: vi.fn(async () => view),
+        remove: vi.fn(async () => {}),
+        receivePeerChanges: vi.fn(async () => ({ applied: 2 })),
+        prepareSendAt: vi.fn(),
+        createDeferredAppMessage: vi.fn(),
+    }) satisfies ScheduleServiceContract;
+
+const req = (init: {
+    body?: unknown;
+    query?: Record<string, unknown>;
+    params?: Record<string, string>;
+}): Request =>
+    ({
+        actor,
+        body: init.body ?? {},
+        query: init.query ?? {},
+        params: init.params ?? {},
+        headers: {},
+        rawBody: Buffer.from(JSON.stringify(init.body ?? {})),
+    }) as unknown as Request;
+
+const res = () => {
+    const sent: { status: number; body: unknown } = {
+        status: 200,
+        body: undefined,
+    };
+    const response = {
+        json: vi.fn((body: unknown) => {
+            sent.body = body;
+            return response;
+        }),
+        status: vi.fn((code: number) => {
+            sent.status = code;
+            return response;
+        }),
+        setHeader: vi.fn(() => response),
+    };
+    return { response: response as unknown as Response, sent };
+};
+
+/** Each route, called as the router would. */
+const routes: Array<[string, (response: Response) => Promise<void>]> = [
+    [
+        'POST /events/schedules',
+        (r) => events.createSchedule(req({ body: { every: 60_000 } }), r),
+    ],
+    [
+        'GET /events/schedules',
+        (r) => events.listSchedules(req({ query: { limit: '5' } }), r),
+    ],
+    [
+        'GET /events/schedules/:scheduleId',
+        (r) =>
+            events.getSchedule(req({ params: { scheduleId: SCHEDULE_ID } }), r),
+    ],
+    [
+        'POST /events/schedules/remove',
+        (r) =>
+            events.removeSchedule(
+                req({ body: { scheduleId: SCHEDULE_ID } }),
+                r,
+            ),
+    ],
+    [
+        'POST /broadcast/events/schedules',
+        (r) =>
+            broadcast.schedules(
+                req({ body: { namespace: 'n', changes: [] } }),
+                r,
+            ),
+    ],
+];
+
+beforeAll(async () => {
+    server = await setupTestServer();
+    events = server.controllers.events as unknown as EventsController;
+    broadcast = server.controllers.broadcast as unknown as BroadcastController;
+    actor = makeActor({
+        user: { id: 1, uuid: 'u-1', username: 'someone' },
+    } as never);
+    saved = slot().schedules;
+    vi.spyOn(
+        server.services.broadcast,
+        'verifySignedRequest',
+    ).mockResolvedValue({ ok: true, peerId: 'peer' } as never);
+});
+
+afterEach(() => {
+    setSchedules(saved);
+});
+
+afterAll(async () => {
+    vi.restoreAllMocks();
+    await server?.shutdown();
+});
+
+describe('without services.schedules', () => {
+    it.each(routes)('%s answers 503 events_disabled', async (_name, call) => {
+        setSchedules(undefined);
+        const { response } = res();
+        let thrown: unknown;
+        try {
+            await call(response);
+        } catch (err) {
+            thrown = err;
+        }
+        expect(isHttpError(thrown)).toBe(true);
+        expect(thrown).toMatchObject({
+            statusCode: 503,
+            legacyCode: 'events_disabled',
+            // The designed answer, so it never pages.
+            noAlarm: true,
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('refuses an unsigned peer batch before saying schedules are off', async () => {
+        setSchedules(undefined);
+        vi.spyOn(
+            server.services.broadcast,
+            'verifySignedRequest',
+        ).mockResolvedValueOnce({
+            ok: false,
+            status: 401,
+            message: 'bad signature',
+        } as never);
+        const { response, sent } = res();
+        await broadcast.schedules(
+            req({ body: { namespace: 'n', changes: [] } }),
+            response,
+        );
+        expect(sent.status).toBe(401);
+    });
+});
+
+describe('with services.schedules', () => {
+    it('creates through createFor and answers its view', async () => {
+        const schedules = fakeSchedules();
+        setSchedules(schedules);
+        const { response, sent } = res();
+        await events.createSchedule(req({ body: { every: 60_000 } }), response);
+        expect(schedules.createFor).toHaveBeenCalledWith(actor, {
+            every: 60_000,
+        });
+        expect(sent.body).toEqual(view);
+    });
+
+    it('lists with the limit capped, the cursor and includeTotal', async () => {
+        const schedules = fakeSchedules();
+        setSchedules(schedules);
+        const { response, sent } = res();
+        await events.listSchedules(
+            req({
+                query: { limit: '5000', cursor: 'c', includeTotal: 'true' },
+            }),
+            response,
+        );
+        expect(schedules.list).toHaveBeenCalledWith(actor, {
+            limit: 200,
+            cursor: 'c',
+            includeTotal: true,
+        });
+        expect(sent.body).toEqual({ items: [view], cursor: 'next', total: 3 });
+    });
+
+    it('reads one through get', async () => {
+        const schedules = fakeSchedules();
+        setSchedules(schedules);
+        const { response, sent } = res();
+        await events.getSchedule(
+            req({ params: { scheduleId: SCHEDULE_ID } }),
+            response,
+        );
+        expect(schedules.get).toHaveBeenCalledWith(actor, SCHEDULE_ID);
+        expect(sent.body).toEqual(view);
+    });
+
+    it('removes through remove and answers {}', async () => {
+        const schedules = fakeSchedules();
+        setSchedules(schedules);
+        const { response, sent } = res();
+        await events.removeSchedule(
+            req({ body: { scheduleId: SCHEDULE_ID } }),
+            response,
+        );
+        expect(schedules.remove).toHaveBeenCalledWith(actor, SCHEDULE_ID);
+        expect(sent.body).toEqual({});
+    });
+
+    it('hands a signed peer batch to receivePeerChanges', async () => {
+        const schedules = fakeSchedules();
+        setSchedules(schedules);
+        const { response, sent } = res();
+        const body = { namespace: 'n', changes: [] };
+        await broadcast.schedules(req({ body }), response);
+        expect(schedules.receivePeerChanges).toHaveBeenCalledWith(body);
+        expect(sent).toEqual({ status: 200, body: { ok: true, applied: 2 } });
+    });
+});

src/backend/controllers/events/workerDeploy.test.ts

@@ -25,8 +25,13 @@
 
 import MockRedis from 'ioredis-mock';
 import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+import type { EventsInvokeCall } from '../../clients/events/EventsWorkerInvokerClient.js';
 import { EVENTS_WORKER_DEPLOYS_PER_HOUR } from './limits.js';
-import { EventsWorkerDeployer } from './workerDeploy.js';
+import {
+    EventsWorkerDeployer,
+    LocalEventsInvokeTransport,
+    type EventsDeployOutcome,
+} from './workerDeploy.js';
 import { eventsWorkerScript } from '../../services/events/workerRuntime.js';
 import { handlerSetHash } from '../../services/events/workerSource.js';
 import type { IConfig } from '../../types.js';
@@ -49,6 +54,8 @@ type Layers = ConstructorParameters<typeof EventsWorkerDeployer>[0];
 const makeLayers = (owners: Record<string, Owner | null>) => {
     const redis = new MockRedis.Cluster(['redis://localhost:7001']);
     const created: string[] = [];
+    /** Apps whose handler sources were read, once per read. */
+    const sourceReads: string[] = [];
     const layers = {
         config: {
             events: { workerRuntime: true, internalSecret: 'sekret' },
@@ -60,16 +67,20 @@ const makeLayers = (owners: Record<string, Owner | null>) => {
         clients: { redis },
         stores: {
             eventHandler: {
-                allForApp: async (appUid: string) => [
-                    {
-                        appUid,
-                        name: 'h',
-                        source: 'async () => {}',
-                        sourceHash: SOURCE_HASH,
-                        createdAt: 0,
-                        updatedAt: 0,
-                    },
-                ],
+                setForApp: async () => [{ name: 'h', sourceHash: SOURCE_HASH }],
+                allForApp: async (appUid: string) => {
+                    sourceReads.push(appUid);
+                    return [
+                        {
+                            appUid,
+                            name: 'h',
+                            source: 'async () => {}',
+                            sourceHash: SOURCE_HASH,
+                            createdAt: 0,
+                            updatedAt: 0,
+                        },
+                    ];
+                },
             },
             app: {
                 getByUid: async (appUid: string) => {
@@ -104,7 +115,12 @@ const makeLayers = (owners: Record<string, Owner | null>) => {
             },
         },
     };
-    return { layers: layers as unknown as Layers, created, redis };
+    return {
+        layers: layers as unknown as Layers,
+        created,
+        redis,
+        sourceReads,
+    };
 };
 
 describe('EventsWorkerDeployer.ensure', () => {
@@ -127,8 +143,10 @@ describe('EventsWorkerDeployer.ensure', () => {
         expect(b).toBe('no-owner');
     });
 
-    it('refuses once the app has deployed past the hourly cap', async () => {
-        const { layers, redis } = makeLayers({ 'app-c': { ownerUserId: 3 } });
+    it('refuses once the app has deployed past the hourly cap, before reading or building any source', async () => {
+        const { layers, redis, sourceReads, created } = makeLayers({
+            'app-c': { ownerUserId: 3 },
+        });
         const deployer = new EventsWorkerDeployer(layers);
         const hour = new Date().toISOString().slice(0, 13);
         await redis.set(
@@ -137,6 +155,24 @@ describe('EventsWorkerDeployer.ensure', () => {
         );
 
         expect(await deployer.ensure('app-c', SCRIPT)).toBe('throttled');
+        expect(sourceReads).toEqual([]);
+        expect(created).toEqual([]);
+    });
+
+    it('answers a stale script without spending the hourly cap', async () => {
+        const { layers, redis, sourceReads } = makeLayers({
+            'app-e': { ownerUserId: 5 },
+        });
+        const deployer = new EventsWorkerDeployer(layers);
+        const stale = eventsWorkerScript(
+            handlerSetHash([{ name: 'h', sourceHash: 'b'.repeat(64) }]),
+            '',
+        );
+
+        expect(await deployer.ensure('app-e', stale)).toBe('stale');
+        expect(sourceReads).toEqual([]);
+        const hour = new Date().toISOString().slice(0, 13);
+        expect(await redis.get(`ev:deploys:{app-e}:${hour}`)).toBeNull();
     });
 
     it('deploys normally under the cap', async () => {
@@ -145,3 +181,151 @@ describe('EventsWorkerDeployer.ensure', () => {
         expect(await deployer.ensure('app-d', SCRIPT)).toBe('deployed');
     });
 });
+
+/** A server's schedules with a deploy gate that records and can refuse. */
+const withGate = (
+    layers: Layers,
+    refuse: (capped: boolean) => boolean = () => false,
+) => {
+    const gated: Array<{ script: string; capped: boolean }> = [];
+    const gate = {
+        gateDeploy: async (
+            script: string,
+            options: { capped: boolean },
+            deploy: () => Promise<EventsDeployOutcome>,
+        ): Promise<EventsDeployOutcome> => {
+            gated.push({ script, capped: options.capped });
+            return refuse(options.capped) ? 'busy' : deploy();
+        },
+    };
+    const deployer = new EventsWorkerDeployer({
+        ...layers,
+        services: { ...layers.services, schedules: gate },
+    } as unknown as Layers);
+    return { deployer, gated };
+};
+
+describe('the schedules` deploy gate', () => {
+    it('is skipped without schedules, or with schedules that have no gate', async () => {
+        const { layers, created } = makeLayers({ 'app-x': { ownerUserId: 1 } });
+        await expect(
+            new EventsWorkerDeployer(layers).ensure('app-x', SCRIPT, {
+                lane: 'schedule',
+            }),
+        ).resolves.toBe('deployed');
+        const gateless = new EventsWorkerDeployer({
+            ...layers,
+            services: { ...layers.services, schedules: {} },
+        } as unknown as Layers);
+        await expect(
+            gateless.ensure('app-x', SCRIPT, { lane: 'schedule' }),
+        ).resolves.toBe('deployed');
+        expect(created).toEqual([SCRIPT, SCRIPT]);
+    });
+
+    it('takes every deploy, capped only for a schedule run', async () => {
+        const { layers, created } = makeLayers({ 'app-x': { ownerUserId: 1 } });
+        const { deployer, gated } = withGate(layers);
+
+        await expect(deployer.ensure('app-x', SCRIPT)).resolves.toBe(
+            'deployed',
+        );
+        await expect(
+            deployer.ensure('app-x', SCRIPT, { lane: 'schedule' }),
+        ).resolves.toBe('deployed');
+        expect(gated).toEqual([
+            { script: SCRIPT, capped: false },
+            { script: SCRIPT, capped: true },
+        ]);
+        expect(created).toEqual([SCRIPT, SCRIPT]);
+    });
+
+    it('answers a refused schedule run busy, and a delivery still deploys', async () => {
+        const { layers, created } = makeLayers({ 'app-x': { ownerUserId: 1 } });
+        const { deployer } = withGate(layers, (capped) => capped);
+
+        await expect(
+            deployer.ensure('app-x', SCRIPT, { lane: 'schedule' }),
+        ).resolves.toBe('busy');
+        await expect(deployer.ensure('app-x', SCRIPT)).resolves.toBe(
+            'deployed',
+        );
+        expect(created).toEqual([SCRIPT]);
+    });
+
+    it('lets deliveries that join a schedule run`s refused deploy deploy once', async () => {
+        const { layers, created } = makeLayers({ 'app-x': { ownerUserId: 1 } });
+        const { deployer, gated } = withGate(layers, (capped) => capped);
+
+        const scheduled = deployer.ensure('app-x', SCRIPT, {
+            lane: 'schedule',
+        });
+        const deliveries = [
+            deployer.ensure('app-x', SCRIPT),
+            deployer.ensure('app-x', SCRIPT),
+        ];
+        await expect(scheduled).resolves.toBe('busy');
+        await expect(Promise.all(deliveries)).resolves.toEqual([
+            'deployed',
+            'deployed',
+        ]);
+        expect(created).toEqual([SCRIPT]);
+        expect(gated.map((g) => g.capped)).toEqual([true, false]);
+    });
+
+    it('lets a schedule run join a delivery`s deploy in flight', async () => {
+        const { layers, created } = makeLayers({ 'app-x': { ownerUserId: 1 } });
+        const { deployer, gated } = withGate(layers, (capped) => capped);
+
+        const delivery = deployer.ensure('app-x', SCRIPT);
+        const scheduled = deployer.ensure('app-x', SCRIPT, {
+            lane: 'schedule',
+        });
+        await expect(Promise.all([delivery, scheduled])).resolves.toEqual([
+            'deployed',
+            'deployed',
+        ]);
+        expect(gated).toEqual([{ script: SCRIPT, capped: false }]);
+        expect(created).toEqual([SCRIPT]);
+    });
+});
+
+describe('LocalEventsInvokeTransport', () => {
+    it('renders each request as it goes out, after a cold deploy', async () => {
+        const bodies: string[] = [];
+        let resident = false;
+        const transport = new LocalEventsInvokeTransport(
+            {
+                localworkerservice: {
+                    dispatchEventsWorker: async (request: Request) => {
+                        bodies.push(await request.text());
+                        if (!resident) return null;
+                        return new Response(null, {
+                            status: 200,
+                            headers: { 'x-puter-events-handled': '1' },
+                        });
+                    },
+                },
+            } as never,
+            {
+                ensure: async () => {
+                    resident = true;
+                    return 'deployed';
+                },
+            } as unknown as EventsWorkerDeployer,
+        );
+        let renders = 0;
+        const call: EventsInvokeCall = {
+            script: SCRIPT,
+            appUid: 'app-x',
+            key: 'k',
+            body: '{"n":0}',
+            timeoutMs: 5000,
+            render: () => `{"n":${++renders}}`,
+        };
+        await expect(transport.send(call)).resolves.toMatchObject({
+            status: 200,
+        });
+        expect(bodies).toEqual(['{"n":1}', '{"n":2}']);
+    });
+});

src/backend/controllers/events/workerDeploy.ts

@@ -26,18 +26,27 @@ import {
     INTERNAL_ADMISSION_BYPASS,
     INTERNAL_DEPLOY_TARGET,
 } from '../../drivers/workers/WorkerDriver.js';
-import type { EventsInvokeCall } from '../../clients/events/EventsWorkerInvokerClient.js';
+import type {
+    EventsInvokeAnswer,
+    EventsInvokeCall,
+    InvokeLane,
+} from '../../clients/events/EventsWorkerInvokerClient.js';
 import {
-    EVENTS_HANDLED_HEADER,
     EVENTS_INVOKE_PATH,
+    answerFrom,
+    failedAnswer,
 } from '../../clients/events/EventsWorkerInvokerClient.js';
 import type { puterServices } from '../../services/index.js';
+import type { IExtensionServiceInstances } from '../../services/types.js';
 import {
     eventsInvokeKey,
     eventsWorkerScope,
     eventsWorkerScript,
 } from '../../services/events/workerRuntime.js';
-import { generateEventsWorkerSource } from '../../services/events/workerSource.js';
+import {
+    generateEventsWorkerSource,
+    handlerSetHash,
+} from '../../services/events/workerSource.js';
 import type { puterStores } from '../../stores/index.js';
 import type { IConfig, LayerInstances } from '../../types.js';
 import { EVENTS_WORKER_DEPLOYS_PER_HOUR } from './limits.js';
@@ -54,13 +63,25 @@ import { EVENTS_WORKER_DEPLOYS_PER_HOUR } from './limits.js';
 
 /** Why a deploy could not happen, for the callers that answer differently. */
 export type EventsDeployOutcome =
-    'deployed' | 'stale' | 'no-handlers' | 'no-owner' | 'throttled' | 'failed';
+    | 'deployed'
+    | 'stale'
+    | 'no-handlers'
+    | 'no-owner'
+    | 'throttled'
+    | 'failed'
+    | 'busy';
+
+/** Whose call asked for the deploy: a schedule run's is held to a share. */
+export interface EventsDeployOptions {
+    lane?: InvokeLane;
+}
 
 interface DeployLayers {
     config: IConfig;
     clients: LayerInstances<typeof puterClients>;
     stores: LayerInstances<typeof puterStores>;
-    services: LayerInstances<typeof puterServices>;
+    services: LayerInstances<typeof puterServices> &
+        Pick<IExtensionServiceInstances, 'schedules'>;
     drivers: LayerInstances<typeof puterDrivers>;
 }
 
@@ -70,6 +91,12 @@ interface DeployLayers {
  */
 const DEPLOY_THROTTLE_TTL_SECONDS = 2 * 60 * 60;
 
+interface InFlightDeploy {
+    /** A schedule run's, which the region's deploy slots may refuse. */
+    capped: boolean;
+    promise: Promise<EventsDeployOutcome>;
+}
+
 interface DeployResult {
     success?: boolean;
     errors?: unknown[];
@@ -78,7 +105,7 @@ interface DeployResult {
 export class EventsWorkerDeployer {
     readonly #layers: DeployLayers;
     /** Collapses the burst of misses one cold app produces into one deploy. */
-    readonly #inFlight = new Map<string, Promise<EventsDeployOutcome>>();
+    readonly #inFlight = new Map<string, InFlightDeploy>();
 
     constructor(layers: DeployLayers) {
         this.#layers = layers;
@@ -97,15 +124,79 @@ export class EventsWorkerDeployer {
      * A request for anything else is `stale` — the set moved on, and the next
      * delivery resolves the new script rather than this one being revived.
      */
-    ensure(appUid: string, script: string): Promise<EventsDeployOutcome> {
+    ensure(
+        appUid: string,
+        script: string,
+        options: EventsDeployOptions = {},
+    ): Promise<EventsDeployOutcome> {
         const key = `${appUid}|${script}`;
+        const capped = options.lane === 'schedule';
         const existing = this.#inFlight.get(key);
-        if (existing) return existing;
-        const started = this.#deploy(appUid, script).finally(() =>
-            this.#inFlight.delete(key),
+        if (!existing) return this.#start(key, appUid, script, options);
+        if (capped || !existing.capped) return existing.promise;
+        return this.#afterCapped(
+            existing.promise,
+            key,
+            appUid,
+            script,
+            options,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #start(
+        key: string,
+        appUid: string,
+        script: string,
+        options: EventsDeployOptions,
+    ): Promise<EventsDeployOutcome> {
+        const entry: InFlightDeploy = {
+            capped: options.lane === 'schedule',
+            promise: this.#gated(appUid, script, options).finally(() => {
+                if (this.#inFlight.get(key) === entry)
+                    this.#inFlight.delete(key);
+            }),
+        };
+        this.#inFlight.set(key, entry);
+        return entry.promise;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A delivery that joined a schedule run's deploy: `busy` means no deploy
+     * started, and a delivery is never refused a slot, so it asks again.
+     */
+    async #afterCapped(
+        capped: Promise<EventsDeployOutcome>,
+        key: string,
+        appUid: string,
+        script: string,
+        options: EventsDeployOptions,
+    ): Promise<EventsDeployOutcome> {
+        const outcome = await capped;
+        if (outcome !== 'busy') return outcome;
+        const current = this.#inFlight.get(key);
+        if (current && !current.capped) return current.promise;
+        return this.#start(key, appUid, script, options);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Every deploy goes through the schedules' deploy gate when a server has
+     * one: a per-script lock, so a burst of runs of an evicted script deploys
+     * it once, and a region-wide cap that a schedule run's deploy (`capped`)
+     * may be refused with `busy`. A delivery's deploy is never refused.
+     */
+    #gated(
+        appUid: string,
+        script: string,
+        options: EventsDeployOptions,
+    ): Promise<EventsDeployOutcome> {
+        const deploy = () => this.#deploy(appUid, script);
+        return (
+            this.#layers.services.schedules?.gateDeploy?.(
+                script,
+                { capped: options.lane === 'schedule' },
+                deploy,
+            ) ?? deploy()
         );
-        this.#inFlight.set(key, started);
-        return started;
     }
 
     async #deploy(
@@ -113,20 +204,24 @@ export class EventsWorkerDeployer {
         script: string,
     ): Promise<EventsDeployOutcome> {
         const { stores, drivers } = this.#layers;
+        const scope = eventsWorkerScope(this.#layers.config);
 
-        const handlers = await stores.eventHandler.allForApp(appUid);
-        if (handlers.length === 0) return 'no-handlers';
-
-        const generated = generateEventsWorkerSource(handlers);
+        // Names and hashes are enough to tell a stale request, so the set's
+        // sources are read and built only once the throttle has let it through.
+        const set = await stores.eventHandler.setForApp(appUid);
+        if (set.length === 0) return 'no-handlers';
         // Two apps that published byte-identical sets share one script, which
         // is sound: the source is the same, and everything per-app arrives with
         // the invocation. Whoever deploys first owns it.
-        if (
-            eventsWorkerScript(
-                generated.setHash,
-                eventsWorkerScope(this.#layers.config),
-            ) !== script
-        )
+        if (eventsWorkerScript(handlerSetHash(set), scope) !== script)
+            return 'stale';
+
+        if (await this.#tooManyDeploysThisHour(appUid)) return 'throttled';
+
+        const handlers = await stores.eventHandler.allForApp(appUid);
+        const generated = generateEventsWorkerSource(handlers);
+        // The set can move between the two reads.
+        if (eventsWorkerScript(generated.setHash, scope) !== script)
             return 'stale';
         if (generated.tooLarge) {
             console.error(
@@ -140,8 +235,6 @@ export class EventsWorkerDeployer {
                 generated.broken.join(', '),
             );
 
-        if (await this.#tooManyDeploysThisHour(appUid)) return 'throttled';
-
         const owner = await this.#owner(appUid);
         if (!owner) return 'no-owner';
 
@@ -289,11 +382,9 @@ export class LocalEventsInvokeTransport {
         this.#deployer = deployer;
     }
 
-    async send(call: EventsInvokeCall): Promise<{
-        status: number | null;
-        handled?: boolean;
-        error?: string;
-    }> {
+    async send(call: EventsInvokeCall): Promise<EventsInvokeAnswer> {
+        // Built per attempt, so a send time stamped into the body is taken
+        // after a cold deploy rather than before it.
         const request = (): Request =>
             new Request(
                 `http://${call.script}.workers.puter.localhost${EVENTS_INVOKE_PATH}`,
@@ -303,7 +394,7 @@ export class LocalEventsInvokeTransport {
                         'content-type': 'application/json',
                         'x-puter-events-key': call.key,
                     },
-                    body: call.body,
+                    body: call.render ? call.render() : call.body,
                 },
             );
 
@@ -314,19 +405,21 @@ export class LocalEventsInvokeTransport {
             const outcome = await this.#deployer.ensure(
                 call.appUid,
                 call.script,
+                { lane: call.lane },
             );
             if (outcome !== 'deployed')
-                return { status: null, error: `deploy: ${outcome}` };
+                return {
+                    status: null,
+                    error: `deploy: ${outcome}`,
+                    ...(outcome === 'busy' ? { deployBusy: true } : {}),
+                };
 
             const retried = await this.#dispatch(request(), call.timeoutMs);
             if (retried === null)
                 return { status: null, error: 'script not resident' };
             return retried;
         } catch (err) {
-            return {
-                status: null,
-                error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
-            };
+            return failedAnswer(err);
         }
     }
 
@@ -337,7 +430,7 @@ export class LocalEventsInvokeTransport {
     async #dispatch(
         request: Request,
         timeoutMs: number,
-    ): Promise<{ status: number; handled: boolean } | null> {
+    ): Promise<EventsInvokeAnswer | null> {
         let timer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | undefined;
         const timeout = new Promise<'timeout'>((resolve) => {
             timer = setTimeout(() => resolve('timeout'), timeoutMs);
@@ -348,12 +441,10 @@ export class LocalEventsInvokeTransport {
                 this.#services.localworkerservice.dispatchEventsWorker(request),
                 timeout,
             ]);
-            if (response === 'timeout') throw new Error('invocation timed out');
+            if (response === 'timeout')
+                throw new DOMException('invocation timed out', 'TimeoutError');
             if (response === null) return null;
-            return {
-                status: response.status,
-                handled: response.headers.get(EVENTS_HANDLED_HEADER) === '1',
-            };
+            return answerFrom(response);
         } finally {
             clearTimeout(timer);
         }

src/backend/controllers/fs/FSController.recursiveOffset.http.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+import { afterAll, beforeAll, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+import { setupPuterTestEnv, type PuterTestEnv } from '../../testUtil.js';
+
+describe('recursive readdir with offset', () => {
+    let env: PuterTestEnv;
+
+    beforeAll(async () => {
+        env = await setupPuterTestEnv();
+    }, 120_000);
+
+    afterAll(async () => {
+        await env?.shutdown();
+    });
+
+    const post = async (path: string, token: string, body: unknown) =>
+        fetch(new URL(path, env.apiOrigin), {
+            method: 'POST',
+            headers: {
+                'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+                Authorization: `Bearer ${token}`,
+            },
+            body: JSON.stringify(body),
+        });
+
+    it('skips entries before applying the recursive page limit', async () => {
+        const { username, token } = env.users.user;
+        const base = `/${username}/Documents/rec-offset`;
+        for (const path of [base, `${base}/a`, `${base}/b`, `${base}/c`]) {
+            expect((await post('/fs/mkdir', token, { path })).status).toBe(200);
+        }
+
+        const list = async (body: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+            const response = await post('/fs/readdir', token, {
+                path: base,
+                recursive: true,
+                ...body,
+            });
+            expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+            const page = (await response.json()) as {
+                items: Array<{ name: string }>;
+            };
+            return page.items.map((item) => item.name);
+        };
+
+        expect(await list({ limit: 3 })).toEqual(['a', 'b', 'c']);
+        // Non-recursive honours offset.
+        const flat = await post('/fs/readdir', token, {
+            path: base,
+            limit: 1,
+            offset: 2,
+        });
+        expect(
+            ((await flat.json()) as Array<{ name: string }>).map((e) => e.name),
+        ).toEqual(['c']);
+        expect(await list({ limit: 1, offset: 2 })).toEqual(['c']);
+        expect(await list({ offset: 2 })).toEqual(['c']);
+        expect(await list({ offset: 20 })).toEqual([]);
+        expect(await list({ limit: 1, offset: 1, sortOrder: 'desc' })).toEqual([
+            'b',
+        ]);
+        const first = await post('/fs/readdir', token, {
+            path: base,
+            recursive: true,
+            limit: 1,
+            offset: 1,
+        });
+        const page = await first.json();
+        expect(page.items.map((item: { name: string }) => item.name)).toEqual([
+            'b',
+        ]);
+        expect(page.cursor).toBeTypeOf('string');
+        expect(await list({ limit: 1, cursor: page.cursor })).toEqual(['c']);
+        // A cursor wins over offset, and an invalid offset is ignored, as
+        // recursive listings did before they honoured offset.
+        expect(
+            await list({ limit: 1, cursor: page.cursor, offset: 1 }),
+        ).toEqual(['c']);
+        expect(await list({ limit: 1, offset: -1 })).toEqual(['a']);
+    });
+});

src/backend/controllers/fs/FSController.ts

@@ -1335,6 +1335,7 @@ export class FSController extends PuterController {
                 parent.path,
                 {
                     limit,
+                    offset,
                     cursor:
                         typeof body.cursor === 'string'
                             ? body.cursor

src/backend/controllers/fs/LegacyFSController.appAcl.http.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+import { v4 as uuidv4 } from 'uuid';
+import { afterAll, beforeAll, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+import { makeActor } from '../../core/actor.js';
+import { setupPuterTestEnv, type PuterTestEnv } from '../../testUtil.js';
+
+describe('/auth/check-app-acl', () => {
+    let env: PuterTestEnv;
+    beforeAll(async () => {
+        env = await setupPuterTestEnv();
+    }, 120_000);
+    afterAll(async () => {
+        await env?.shutdown();
+    });
+
+    const post = (path: string, body: unknown, token: string) =>
+        fetch(new URL(path, env.apiOrigin), {
+            method: 'POST',
+            headers: {
+                'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+                Authorization: `Bearer ${token}`,
+            },
+            body: JSON.stringify(body),
+        });
+
+    const makeDirAndApp = async () => {
+        const { username, token } = env.users.user;
+        const server = env.server;
+        const user = (await server.stores.user.getByUsername(username))!;
+        const path = `/${username}/Documents/cacl-${uuidv4()}`;
+        expect((await post('/fs/mkdir', { path }, token)).status).toBe(200);
+        const entry = (await server.stores.fsEntry.getEntryByPath(path))!;
+
+        const app = await (
+            server.stores.app.create as unknown as (
+                f: Record<string, unknown>,
+                o: { ownerUserId: number },
+            ) => Promise<{ uid: string; id: number }>
+        )(
+            {
+                name: `cacl-${uuidv4()}`,
+                title: 'Check app acl',
+                index_url: `https://cacl-${uuidv4()}.test/`,
+            },
+            { ownerUserId: user.id },
+        );
+        return { user, path, entry, app };
+    };
+
+    it('allows a granted file without poisoning the app permission cache', async () => {
+        const { token } = env.users.user;
+        const server = env.server;
+        const { user, path, entry, app } = await makeDirAndApp();
+
+        const grant = await post(
+            '/auth/grant-user-app',
+            { app_uid: app.uid, permission: `fs:${entry.uuid}:read` },
+            token,
+        );
+        expect(grant.status).toBe(200);
+
+        const res = await post(
+            '/auth/check-app-acl',
+            { subject: { path }, app: app.uid, mode: 'read' },
+            token,
+        );
+        expect(res.status).toBe(200);
+        expect(await res.json()).toEqual({ allowed: true });
+
+        const asApp = makeActor({ user, app: { uid: app.uid, id: app.id } });
+        const descriptor = () => server.services.acl.fsDescriptor(path);
+        expect(
+            await server.services.acl.check(asApp, descriptor(), 'read'),
+        ).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it('denies an app with no grant', async () => {
+        const { path, app } = await makeDirAndApp();
+        const res = await post(
+            '/auth/check-app-acl',
+            { subject: { path }, app: app.uid, mode: 'read' },
+            env.users.user.token,
+        );
+        expect(res.status).toBe(200);
+        expect(await res.json()).toEqual({ allowed: false });
+    });
+
+    it('refuses app and access tokens', async () => {
+        const { token, apiToken } = env.users.user;
+        const { path, entry, app } = await makeDirAndApp();
+        const grant = await post(
+            '/auth/grant-user-app',
+            { app_uid: app.uid, permission: `fs:${entry.uuid}:read` },
+            token,
+        );
+        expect(grant.status).toBe(200);
+
+        const minted = await post(
+            '/auth/get-user-app-token',
+            { app_uid: app.uid },
+            token,
+        );
+        expect(minted.status).toBe(200);
+        const appToken = ((await minted.json()) as { token: string }).token;
+
+        for (const credential of [appToken, apiToken]) {
+            const res = await post(
+                '/auth/check-app-acl',
+                { subject: { path }, app: app.uid, mode: 'read' },
+                credential,
+            );
+            expect(res.status).toBe(403);
+        }
+    });
+});

src/backend/controllers/fs/LegacyFSController.copyAndListing.http.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Puter.
+ *
+ * Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+ * by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+import { randomUUID } from 'node:crypto';
+import { afterAll, beforeAll, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+import { setupPuterTestEnv, type PuterTestEnv } from '../../testUtil.js';
+
+let env: PuterTestEnv;
+
+beforeAll(async () => {
+    env = await setupPuterTestEnv();
+}, 120_000);
+
+afterAll(async () => {
+    await env?.shutdown();
+});
+
+const post = (path: string, body: unknown) =>
+    fetch(new URL(path, env.apiOrigin), {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: {
+            'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+            Authorization: `Bearer ${env.users.user.token}`,
+        },
+        body: JSON.stringify(body),
+    });
+
+const write = (path: string, content: string) =>
+    post('/fs/write', {
+        fileMetadata: { path, size: content.length, contentType: 'text/plain' },
+        fileContent: content,
+    });
+
+const read = async (path: string) => {
+    const url = new URL('/read', env.apiOrigin);
+    url.searchParams.set('file', path);
+    const response = await fetch(url, {
+        headers: { Authorization: `Bearer ${env.users.user.token}` },
+    });
+    return response.text();
+};
+
+const makeDir = async (name: string) => {
+    const path = `/${env.users.user.username}/Documents/${name}-${randomUUID().slice(0, 8)}`;
+    expect((await post('/fs/mkdir', { path })).status).toBe(200);
+    return path;
+};
+
+describe('legacy /copy onto an existing file', () => {
+    it('replaces the file with overwrite', async () => {
+        const dir = await makeDir('copy-onto');
+        expect((await write(`${dir}/a.txt`, 'aaa')).status).toBe(200);
+        expect((await write(`${dir}/b.txt`, 'bbbbbb')).status).toBe(200);
+
+        const copy = await post('/copy', {
+            source: `${dir}/a.txt`,
+            destination: `${dir}/b.txt`,
+            overwrite: true,
+        });
+        expect(copy.status).toBe(200);
+        const [result] = (await copy.json()) as Array<{
+            copied: { name: string; path: string };
+            overwritten?: { name: string };
+        }>;
+        expect(result!.copied.name).toBe('b.txt');
+        expect(result!.overwritten?.name).toBe('b.txt');
+        expect(await read(`${dir}/b.txt`)).toBe('aaa');
+        expect(await read(`${dir}/a.txt`)).toBe('aaa');
+    });
+
+    it('refuses without overwrite and leaves the file alone', async () => {
+        const dir = await makeDir('copy-onto-refused');
+        await write(`${dir}/a.txt`, 'aaa');
+        await write(`${dir}/b.txt`, 'bbbbbb');
+
+        const copy = await post('/copy', {
+            source: `${dir}/a.txt`,
+            destination: `${dir}/b.txt`,
+        });
+        expect(copy.status).toBe(409);
+        expect(((await copy.json()) as { code: string }).code).toBe(
+            'item_with_same_name_exists',
+        );
+        expect(await read(`${dir}/b.txt`)).toBe('bbbbbb');
+    });
+
+    it('still copies into a directory destination under the same name', async () => {
+        const dir = await makeDir('copy-into');
+        await write(`${dir}/a.txt`, 'aaa');
+        expect((await post('/fs/mkdir', { path: `${dir}/sub` })).status).toBe(
+            200,
+        );
+
+        const copy = await post('/copy', {
+            source: `${dir}/a.txt`,
+            destination: `${dir}/sub`,
+        });
+        expect(copy.status).toBe(200);
+        expect(await read(`${dir}/sub/a.txt`)).toBe('aaa');
+    });
+
+    it('refuses to overwrite a file with itself', async () => {
+        const dir = await makeDir('copy-self');
+        await write(`${dir}/a.txt`, 'aaa');
+
+        for (const destination of [`${dir}/a.txt`, dir]) {
+            const copy = await post('/copy', {
+                source: `${dir}/a.txt`,
+                destination,
+                overwrite: true,
+            });
+            expect(copy.status).toBe(400);
+        }
+        expect(await read(`${dir}/a.txt`)).toBe('aaa');
+    });
+});
+
+describe('signed folder listing', () => {
+    const signedListing = async (path: string) => {
+        const signed = await post('/sign', {
+            items: [{ path, action: 'read' }],
+        });
+        expect(signed.status).toBe(200);
+        const readUrl = new URL(
+            (await signed.json()).signatures[0].read_url as string,
+        );
+        return fetch(
+            new URL(`${readUrl.pathname}${readUrl.search}`, env.apiOrigin),
+        );
+    };
+
+    it('lists every child of a folder larger than one query', async () => {
+        const dir = await makeDir('big');
+        const parent = (await env.server.stores.fsEntry.getEntryByPath(dir))!;
+        const total = 10_050;
+        const now = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000);
+        for (let start = 0; start < total; start += 500) {
+            const rows: unknown[][] = [];
+            for (let i = start; i < Math.min(total, start + 500); i++) {
+                const name = `f${String(i).padStart(5, '0')}.txt`;
+                rows.push([
+                    randomUUID(),
+                    parent.userId,
+                    parent.id,
+                    parent.uuid,
+                    name,
+                    `${dir}/${name}`,
+                    0,
+                    now,
+                    now,
+                    now,
+                    0,
+                ]);
+            }
+            await env.server.clients.db.write(
+                `INSERT INTO fsentries (uuid, user_id, parent_id, parent_uid, name, path, is_dir, modified, created, accessed, size) VALUES ${rows.map(() => '(?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)').join(', ')}`,
+                rows.flat(),
+            );
+        }
+
+        const response = await signedListing(dir);
+        expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+        expect(response.headers.get('content-type')).toMatch(
+            /^application\/json/,
+        );
+        const children = (await response.json()) as Array<{
+            fsentry_name: string;
+            write_url?: string;
+        }>;
+        expect(children).toHaveLength(total);
+        expect(children[0]!.fsentry_name).toBe('f00000.txt');
+        expect(children.at(-1)!.fsentry_name).toBe('f10049.txt');
+        expect(new Set(children.map((c) => c.fsentry_name)).size).toBe(total);
+        expect(children.some((c) => c.write_url)).toBe(false);
+    }, 120_000);
+
+    it('answers a small folder in one body', async () => {
+        const dir = await makeDir('small');
+        await write(`${dir}/one.txt`, '1');
+        const response = await signedListing(dir);
+        expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+        expect(response.headers.get('content-length')).not.toBeNull();
+        const children = (await response.json()) as Array<{
+            fsentry_name: string;
+        }>;
+        expect(children.map((c) => c.fsentry_name)).toEqual(['one.txt']);
+    });
+});

src/backend/controllers/fs/LegacyFSController.http.test.ts

@@ -153,6 +153,34 @@ describe('legacy file downloads over HTTP', () => {
         },
     );
 
+    it.each(routes)(
+        'GET %s answers a ranged read of an empty file with an empty 200',
+        async (route) => {
+            const file = await writeFile(
+                `empty-${route.replace(/\W/g, '')}.bin`,
+                Buffer.alloc(0),
+            );
+            const ranged = await requestFor(route, file, {
+                headers: { Range: 'bytes=0-511' },
+            });
+            expect(ranged.status).toBe(200);
+            expect(await ranged.text()).toBe('');
+        },
+    );
+
+    it('GET /read answers byte_count on an empty file with an empty 200', async () => {
+        const file = await writeFile('empty-byte-count.bin', Buffer.alloc(0));
+        for (const query of ['byte_count=512', 'offset=0']) {
+            const url = new URL(`/read?${query}`, env.apiOrigin);
+            url.searchParams.set('file', file.path);
+            const response = await fetch(url, {
+                headers: { Authorization: `Bearer ${env.users.user.token}` },
+            });
+            expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+            expect(await response.text()).toBe('');
+        }
+    });
+
     // Storage hands over one chunk and then goes quiet, as a large object
     // does while the client is still reading.
     const stallReadsOf = (objectKey: string) => {

src/backend/controllers/fs/LegacyFSController.launchIcons.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+import type { Request, RequestHandler, Response } from 'express';
+import { v4 as uuidv4 } from 'uuid';
+import { afterAll, beforeAll, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import type { Actor } from '../../core/actor.js';
+import { runWithContext } from '../../core/context.js';
+import { PuterRouter } from '../../core/http/PuterRouter.js';
+import { PuterServer } from '../../server.js';
+import { setupTestServer } from '../../testUtil.js';
+import type { LegacyFSController } from './LegacyFSController.js';
+
+const PNG_2X2 =
+    'iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAIAAAACCAYAAABytg0kAAAACXBIWXMAAAPoAAAD6AG1e1JrAAAAEUlEQVR4nGP4z8DwH4QZYAwAR8oH+WdZbrcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=';
+
+let server: PuterServer;
+let handler: RequestHandler;
+type Driver = {
+    create: (a: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<Record<string, unknown>>;
+};
+
+beforeAll(async () => {
+    server = await setupTestServer({
+        api_base_url: 'http://api.test.local',
+        static_hosting_domain: 'site.test',
+    } as unknown as Parameters<typeof setupTestServer>[0]);
+    await server.services.appIcon.ensureIconsDirectory();
+    const controller = server.controllers
+        .legacyFs as unknown as LegacyFSController;
+    const router = new PuterRouter();
+    controller.registerRoutes(router);
+    handler = router.routes.find(
+        (r) =>
+            r.path === '/get-launch-apps' &&
+            String(r.method).toLowerCase() === 'get',
+    )!.handler as RequestHandler;
+}, 60_000);
+
+afterAll(async () => {
+    await server?.shutdown();
+});
+
+const makeActor = async (): Promise<{ actor: Actor; id: number }> => {
+    const username = `v13-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2, 10)}`;
+    const u = await server.stores.user.create({
+        username,
+        uuid: uuidv4(),
+        password: null,
+        email: `${username}@test.local`,
+        free_storage: 100 * 1024 * 1024,
+        requires_email_confirmation: false,
+    });
+    const r = (await server.stores.user.getById(u.id))!;
+    return {
+        id: r.id,
+        actor: {
+            user: {
+                id: r.id,
+                uuid: r.uuid,
+                username: r.username,
+                email: r.email ?? null,
+                email_confirmed: true,
+            },
+        } as unknown as Actor,
+    };
+};
+
+const createViaDriver = async (actor: Actor, icon: string) =>
+    runWithContext({ actor }, () =>
+        (server.drivers.apps as unknown as Driver).create({
+            object: {
+                name: `v13-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2, 10)}`,
+                title: 'V',
+                index_url: `https://v13-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2, 10)}.test/`,
+                icon,
+            },
+        }),
+    );
+
+const launchApps = async (actor: Actor, appUid: string, userId: number) => {
+    await server.clients.db.write(
+        'INSERT INTO `app_opens` (`app_uid`, `user_id`, `ts`) VALUES (?, ?, ?)',
+        [appUid, userId, Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000)],
+    );
+    let body: { recent: Array<Record<string, unknown>> } | undefined;
+    const res = {
+        json: (v: unknown) => {
+            body = v as typeof body;
+            return res;
+        },
+        status: () => res,
+        setHeader: () => res,
+    } as unknown as Response;
+    await handler(
+        {
+            query: { icon_size: '64' },
+            headers: {},
+            body: {},
+            actor,
+        } as unknown as Request,
+        res,
+        () => {},
+    );
+    return body!.recent.find((e) => e.uuid === appUid)!;
+};
+
+describe('/get-launch-apps recent icon, verified', () => {
+    it('a valid data-URL icon written through the driver is migrated to a short URL', async () => {
+        const { actor, id } = await makeActor();
+        const app = await createViaDriver(
+            actor,
+            `data:image/png;base64,${PNG_2X2}`,
+        );
+        await vi.waitFor(
+            async () => {
+                const row = await server.stores.app.getByUid(app.uid as string);
+                expect(String(row?.icon).slice(0, 80)).toMatch(
+                    /^https?:\/\/.*\/app-icon\/app-/,
+                );
+            },
+            { timeout: 10_000 },
+        );
+        const entry = await launchApps(actor, app.uid as string, id);
+        expect(String(entry.icon).length).toBeLessThan(200);
+        expect(entry.iconCdnUrl).toMatch(/-64\.png$/);
+    }, 30_000);
+
+    it('returns an icon endpoint when migration cannot decode the stored icon', async () => {
+        const { actor, id } = await makeActor();
+        // PNG signature passes the write-path sniff; sharp rejects the rest.
+        const corrupt = Buffer.concat([
+            Buffer.from([0x89, 0x50, 0x4e, 0x47, 0x0d, 0x0a, 0x1a, 0x0a]),
+            Buffer.alloc(1024 * 1024, 0x41),
+        ]).toString('base64');
+        const warn = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {});
+        let app: Record<string, unknown>;
+        try {
+            app = await createViaDriver(
+                actor,
+                `data:image/png;base64,${corrupt}`,
+            );
+            // Give the background pipeline time to try and fail.
+            await vi.waitFor(
+                () =>
+                    expect(
+                        warn.mock.calls.some(
+                            ([m]) => m === '[app-icon] icon processing failed',
+                        ),
+                    ).toBe(true),
+                { timeout: 10_000 },
+            );
+        } finally {
+            warn.mockRestore();
+        }
+        const row = await server.stores.app.getByUid(app!.uid as string);
+        expect(String(row?.icon).startsWith('data:image/png')).toBe(true);
+        const entry = await launchApps(actor, app!.uid as string, id);
+        expect(entry.icon).toBe(
+            `http://api.test.local/app-icon/${app!.uid}/64`,
+        );
+    }, 30_000);
+});

src/backend/controllers/fs/LegacyFSController.test.ts

@@ -5293,4 +5293,39 @@ describe('LegacyFSController GET /get-launch-apps', () => {
 
         expect(returned).toEqual(recentUids);
     });
+
+    it('skips the recent opens for recent=0 and keeps recommended', async () => {
+        const { actor, userId } = await makeUser();
+        const app = await makeHostedApp(userId, 'unregistered-skip');
+        await recordOpen(userId, app.uid);
+
+        const call = async (query: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+            const { res, captured } = makeRes();
+            await withActor(actor, async () => {
+                await getLaunchAppsHandler()(
+                    makeReq({ actor, query }),
+                    res,
+                    () => {
+                        throw new Error('handler called next() unexpectedly');
+                    },
+                );
+            });
+            return captured.body as {
+                recommended: unknown[];
+                recent: unknown[];
+            };
+        };
+        const full = await call({});
+        expect(full.recent.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+
+        const opens = vi.spyOn(server.stores.app, 'getRecentAppOpens');
+        try {
+            const skipped = await call({ recent: '0' });
+            expect(skipped.recent).toEqual([]);
+            expect(skipped.recommended).toEqual(full.recommended);
+            expect(opens).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+        } finally {
+            opens.mockRestore();
+        }
+    });
 });

src/backend/controllers/fs/LegacyFSController.ts

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import {
     assertResolvedActor,
     isAccessTokenActor,
     isAppActor,
+    isPlainUserActor,
     makeActor,
 } from '../../core/actor.js';
 import { Context } from '../../core/context.js';
@@ -95,6 +96,7 @@ import {
     assertAccess,
     assertCanCreate,
     assertCanMoveInto,
+    contextBoundStream,
     emitGuiItemEvent,
     expandClientPath,
     findOverwriteTarget,
@@ -102,6 +104,7 @@ import {
     getString,
     type GuiItemEventName,
     loadLegacyAssociatedApps,
+    rangeForEntry,
     replacedByMove,
     resolveReadRange,
     resolveV1Selector,
@@ -381,7 +384,9 @@ export class LegacyFSController extends PuterController {
 
                 let recent: unknown[] = [];
                 const userId = req.actor?.user?.id;
-                if (userId) {
+                // `recent=0`: a caller that only shows `recommended`.
+                const wantsRecent = req.query.recent !== '0';
+                if (userId && wantsRecent) {
                     const recentUids = await this.stores.app.getRecentAppOpens(
                         userId,
                         { limit: 10 },
@@ -418,9 +423,9 @@ export class LegacyFSController extends PuterController {
                         return {
                             ...toAppSummary(app, {
                                 config: this.config,
+                                apiBaseUrl: this.config.api_base_url,
                                 iconSize,
                             }),
-                            icon: app.icon ?? null,
                             index_url: backingGone ? null : app.index_url,
                             ...(backingGone
                                 ? { privateAccess: buildHostedBackingDenial() }
@@ -801,10 +806,23 @@ export class LegacyFSController extends PuterController {
             this.stores.fsEntry,
             body.source,
         );
-        const destinationParent = await resolveV1Selector(
+        const destination = await resolveV1Selector(
             this.stores.fsEntry,
             body.destination,
         );
+        // A file destination names the copy itself, replaced only with
+        // `overwrite`.
+        let newName = getString(body, 'new_name');
+        let destinationParent = destination;
+        if (!destination.isDir && !newName && destination.parentUid) {
+            const parent = await this.stores.fsEntry.getEntryByUuid(
+                destination.parentUid,
+            );
+            if (parent) {
+                destinationParent = parent;
+                newName = destination.name;
+            }
+        }
 
         await assertAccess(
             this.services.acl,
@@ -829,14 +847,14 @@ export class LegacyFSController extends PuterController {
             ? await findOverwriteTarget(
                   this.stores.fsEntry,
                   destinationParent,
-                  getString(body, 'new_name') ?? source.name,
+                  newName ?? source.name,
               )
             : null;
 
         const copy = await this.services.fs.copy(userId, {
             source,
             destinationParent,
-            newName: getString(body, 'new_name'),
+            newName,
             overwrite: overwriteRequested,
             dedupeName: getBoolean(body, 'dedupe_name', 'change_name') ?? false,
         });
@@ -1289,7 +1307,10 @@ export class LegacyFSController extends PuterController {
             });
         }
 
-        const range = resolveReadRange(req.headers.range, query);
+        const range = rangeForEntry(
+            entry,
+            resolveReadRange(req.headers.range, query),
+        );
         const download = await this.services.fs.readContent(entry, {
             range,
         });
@@ -1790,19 +1811,50 @@ export class LegacyFSController extends PuterController {
         // owner, so the layout it reveals is theirs to reveal, and the child
         // signatures expire; the paths are the only part that outlives them.
         if (entry.isDir) {
-            const children = await this.services.fs.listDirectory(entry.uuid);
-            const signedChildren = children.map((child) => {
+            const signChild = (child: FSEntry) => {
                 const { write_url: _, ...rest } = signEntry(child, signingCfg, {
                     ttlSeconds: NON_OWNER_SIGNATURE_TTL_SECONDS,
                 });
                 return { ...rest, path: maskEntryPath(child) };
-            });
-            res.json(signedChildren);
+            };
+            const pages = this.services.fs.listDirectoryPages(entry.uuid);
+            const first = await pages.next();
+            const firstPage = first.done ? [] : first.value;
+            const second = await pages.next();
+            if (second.done) {
+                res.json(firstPage.map(signChild));
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Past one page the listing streams, so a large folder isn't held
+            // in memory whole. A failure partway cuts the response off.
+            const secondPage = second.value;
+            const serialize = (child: FSEntry) =>
+                JSON.stringify(signChild(child));
+            async function* allPages() {
+                yield firstPage;
+                yield secondPage;
+                yield* pages;
+            }
+            async function* body() {
+                let separator = '[';
+                for await (const page of allPages()) {
+                    if (page.length === 0) continue;
+                    yield separator + page.map(serialize).join(',');
+                    separator = ',';
+                }
+                yield separator === '[' ? '[]' : ']';
+            }
+            res.type('application/json');
+            await pipeToResponse(contextBoundStream(body()), res);
             return;
         }
 
         // File: stream bytes with Range support.
-        const range = resolveReadRange(req.headers.range, query);
+        const range = rangeForEntry(
+            entry,
+            resolveReadRange(req.headers.range, query),
+        );
         const download = await this.services.fs.readContent(entry, {
             range,
         });
@@ -1992,6 +2044,11 @@ export class LegacyFSController extends PuterController {
      */
     checkAppAcl = async (req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> => {
         const actor = this.#requireActor(req);
+        // Sessions only: for an app, this would be a window onto its neighbours' grants.
+        if (!isPlainUserActor(actor))
+            throw new HttpError(403, 'actor must be a user', {
+                legacyCode: 'forbidden',
+            });
         const body = asRecord(req.body);
 
         const subjectRef = body.subject;
@@ -2022,7 +2079,7 @@ export class LegacyFSController extends PuterController {
                 legacyCode: 'subject_does_not_exist',
             });
 
-        let app: { uid: string } | null = null;
+        let app: { uid: string; id: number } | null = null;
         if (typeof appRef === 'string') {
             app =
                 (await this.stores.app.getByUid(appRef)) ??
@@ -2036,7 +2093,7 @@ export class LegacyFSController extends PuterController {
         // Build an actor-under-user shape for the check.
         const actorForApp = makeActor({
             user: actor.user,
-            app: { uid: (app as { uid: string }).uid },
+            app: { uid: app.uid, id: app.id },
         });
         const allowed = await acl.check(actorForApp, descriptor, mode);
         res.json({ allowed });
@@ -2084,10 +2141,12 @@ export class LegacyFSController extends PuterController {
         // by default, so opt in by naming the downloader as who pays.
         req.egressActor = actor;
 
-        const range =
+        const range = rangeForEntry(
+            entry,
             typeof req.headers.range === 'string'
                 ? req.headers.range
-                : undefined;
+                : undefined,
+        );
         const download = await this.services.fs.readContent(entry, {
             range,
         });

src/backend/controllers/fs/legacyFsHelpers.test.ts

@@ -17,15 +17,19 @@
  * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
  */
 
+import { Writable } from 'node:stream';
 import { afterAll, beforeAll, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { Context, runWithContext } from '../../core/context.js';
 import type { PuterServer } from '../../server.js';
 import { createTestUser, setupTestServer } from '../../testUtil.js';
 import {
     asRecord,
+    contextBoundStream,
     fsEntryMimeType,
     getBoolean,
     getString,
     loadLegacyAssociatedApps,
+    rangeForEntry,
     resolveReadRange,
     signEntry,
     signEntryThumbnail,
@@ -705,3 +709,50 @@ describe('resolveReadRange', () => {
         ).toThrow('Invalid byte_count');
     });
 });
+
+describe('rangeForEntry', () => {
+    it('drops the range for an empty file only', () => {
+        const entry = (size: number) => ({ size }) as FSEntry;
+        expect(rangeForEntry(entry(0), 'bytes=0-511')).toBeUndefined();
+        expect(rangeForEntry(entry(10), 'bytes=0-4')).toBe('bytes=0-4');
+    });
+});
+
+describe('contextBoundStream', () => {
+    it("reads every chunk in the caller's context", async () => {
+        // A sink slower than the source that completes writes from outside
+        // any request, so later chunks are asked for from its drain.
+        const pending: Array<() => void> = [];
+        const flush = runWithContext({}, () =>
+            setInterval(() => pending.splice(0).forEach((done) => done()), 5),
+        );
+        const sink = new Writable({
+            highWaterMark: 1,
+            write(_chunk, _encoding, done) {
+                pending.push(done);
+            },
+        });
+        const seen: unknown[] = [];
+        try {
+            await runWithContext({ actor: 'caller' as never }, async () => {
+                async function* chunks() {
+                    for (let i = 0; i < 40; i++) {
+                        await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 1));
+                        seen.push(Context.get('actor'));
+                        yield 'x';
+                    }
+                }
+                await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+                    contextBoundStream(chunks())
+                        .pipe(sink)
+                        .on('finish', resolve)
+                        .on('error', reject);
+                });
+            });
+        } finally {
+            clearInterval(flush);
+        }
+        expect(seen).toHaveLength(40);
+        expect(seen.every((actor) => actor === 'caller')).toBe(true);
+    });
+});

src/backend/controllers/fs/legacyFsHelpers.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@
  * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
  */
 
+import { AsyncResource } from 'node:async_hooks';
 import { posix as pathPosix } from 'node:path';
+import { Readable } from 'node:stream';
 import { contentType as contentTypeFromMime } from 'mime-types';
 import type { FSEntry } from '../../stores/fs/FSEntry.js';
 import type { FSEntryStore } from '../../stores/fs/FSEntryStore.js';
@@ -150,6 +152,29 @@ export function resolveReadRange(
     return undefined;
 }
 
+/**
+ * A response body read from `chunks` for `pipeToResponse`. Each chunk is pulled
+ * in the caller's async context, which share masking reads, not in whichever
+ * socket event asked for more.
+ */
+export function contextBoundStream(
+    chunks: AsyncGenerator<string, void, undefined>,
+): Readable {
+    const next = AsyncResource.bind(() => chunks.next());
+    const stop = AsyncResource.bind(() => chunks.return(undefined));
+    return Readable.from({
+        [Symbol.asyncIterator]: () => ({ next, return: stop }),
+    });
+}
+
+/** No range is satisfiable on an empty file, so it reads whole: empty, 200. */
+export function rangeForEntry(
+    entry: FSEntry,
+    range: string | undefined,
+): string | undefined {
+    return entry.size === 0 ? undefined : range;
+}
+
 // Accepts either `{ path }` or `{ uid }` or `{ id }` or `{ parent, name }`
 // from a legacy body field. Returns a resolved entry (throwing 404 if not
 // found or 400 if no usable ref is present).

src/backend/controllers/homepage/HomepageController.test.ts

@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@
  * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
  */
 
+import { mkdir, mkdtemp, writeFile } from 'node:fs/promises';
+import { tmpdir } from 'node:os';
+import path from 'node:path';
 import type { Request, RequestHandler, Response } from 'express';
 import { afterAll, beforeAll, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
 import { v4 as uuidv4 } from 'uuid';
@@ -466,3 +469,63 @@ describe('HomepageController GET /show/*splat', () => {
         expect(html).toContain('/alice/Documents');
     });
 });
+
+// ── /sw.js ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('HomepageController GET /sw.js', () => {
+    const headersOf = (res: Response): Record<string, string> =>
+        Object.fromEntries(
+            (res.set as ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>).mock.calls.map(
+                ([key, value]) => [String(key).toLowerCase(), String(value)],
+            ),
+        );
+
+    it('serves the worker with root scope, as JavaScript, revalidated each time', async () => {
+        const root = await mkdtemp(path.join(tmpdir(), 'puter-sw-route-'));
+        await mkdir(path.join(root, 'dist'));
+        await writeFile(path.join(root, 'dist', 'sw.js'), '// worker\n');
+        const config = server.services.homepage.config as {
+            gui_assets_root?: string;
+            env?: string;
+        };
+        const prev = { root: config.gui_assets_root, env: config.env };
+        config.gui_assets_root = root;
+        config.env = 'prod';
+        const { res, captured } = makeRes();
+        try {
+            await callRoute('get', '/sw.js', makeReq({ path: '/sw.js' }), res);
+        } finally {
+            config.gui_assets_root = prev.root;
+            config.env = prev.env;
+        }
+        expect(captured.statusCode).toBe(200);
+        expect(captured.body).toBe('// worker\n');
+        expect(headersOf(res)).toMatchObject({
+            'content-type': 'text/javascript; charset=utf-8',
+            'cache-control': 'no-cache',
+            'service-worker-allowed': '/',
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('is a 404 when there is no worker to serve', async () => {
+        const config = server.services.homepage.config as {
+            gui_assets_root?: string;
+        };
+        const prev = config.gui_assets_root;
+        config.gui_assets_root = path.join(tmpdir(), 'no-such-gui-root');
+        const { res, captured } = makeRes();
+        try {
+            await callRoute('get', '/sw.js', makeReq({ path: '/sw.js' }), res);
+        } finally {
+            config.gui_assets_root = prev;
+        }
+        expect(captured.statusCode).toBe(404);
+    });
+
+    it('is registered for the root subdomain only', () => {
+        const route = router.routes.find(
+            (r) => r.method === 'get' && r.path === '/sw.js',
+        );
+        expect(route?.options.subdomain).toBe('');
+    });
+});

src/backend/controllers/homepage/HomepageController.ts

@@ -198,6 +198,20 @@ export class HomepageController extends PuterController {
             return sendShell(req, res, {}, launch);
         });
 
+        // -- /sw.js - the service worker, scoped to the whole origin --
+
+        router.get('/sw.js', { subdomain: '' }, async (_req, res) => {
+            const source = await homepage.serviceWorkerSource();
+            if (source === null) {
+                res.status(404).send('Not found');
+                return;
+            }
+            res.set('Content-Type', 'text/javascript; charset=utf-8');
+            res.set('Cache-Control', 'no-cache');
+            res.set('Service-Worker-Allowed', '/');
+            res.send(source);
+        });
+
         // -- Fallback static mount -----------------------------------
         // Serves lingering GUI assets (images, fonts, lib files, etc.)
         // out of <gui_assets_root>/src. Falls through to the 404 handler

src/backend/controllers/hosting/HostingController.test.js

@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ describe('HostingController /delete-site', () => {
             );
             expect(emitSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
                 'subdomain.delete',
-                { subdomain: site.subdomain, uid: String(site.uuid) },
+                { subdomain: site.subdomain, uid: String(site.uuid), userId },
                 {},
             );
         } finally {

src/backend/controllers/kvShare/KvShareController.http.test.ts

@@ -34,7 +34,16 @@ import {
     type TestUserCredentials,
 } from '../../testUtil.js';
 import type { IConfig } from '../../types.js';
-import { EVENTS_KV_HANDLE_LIMIT } from '../events/limits.js';
+import { claimRateLimit } from '../../core/http/middleware/rateLimit.js';
+import { seedKvShareHandles } from '../../services/kvShare/kvShareTestUtil.js';
+import { KV_GLOBAL_APP_KEY } from '../../stores/systemKv/SystemKVStore.js';
+import {
+    EVENTS_KV_HANDLE_LIMIT,
+    EVENTS_KV_HANDLES_PER_USER,
+    KV_SHARE_BATCH_MAX,
+    KV_SHARE_GRANT_LIMITS,
+    KV_SHARE_LOOKUP_LIMIT,
+} from '../events/limits.js';
 
 const BOOT_TIMEOUT_MS = 120_000;
 
@@ -57,9 +66,12 @@ const call = (
 const resetBudgets = async (env: PuterTestEnv) => {
     for (const name of [env.users.user.username, env.users.other.username]) {
         const user = await env.server.stores.user.getByUsername(name);
-        await env.server.clients.redis.del(
-            `rate:${EVENTS_KV_HANDLE_LIMIT.scope}:${user!.id}`,
-        );
+        for (const scope of [
+            EVENTS_KV_HANDLE_LIMIT.scope,
+            KV_SHARE_LOOKUP_LIMIT.scope,
+            ...KV_SHARE_GRANT_LIMITS.map((window) => window.scope),
+        ])
+            await env.server.clients.redis.del(`rate:${scope}:${user!.id}`);
     }
 };
 
@@ -113,6 +125,7 @@ describe('/kv/shares', () => {
                 'handle',
                 'holder',
                 'label',
+                'notify',
                 'prefix',
             ].sort(),
         );
@@ -121,6 +134,42 @@ describe('/kv/shares', () => {
             appUid: null,
             holder: env.users.other.username,
             label: 'Groceries',
+            notify: false,
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('takes notify, keeps it on a re-share that leaves it out, and shows it to both sides', async () => {
+        const prefix = `notify-${uuidv4().slice(0, 8)}:`;
+        const on = await shareWithOther({ prefix, notify: true });
+        expect(on).toMatchObject({ prefix, notify: true });
+
+        const kept = await shareWithOther({ prefix, access: 'write' });
+        expect(kept).toMatchObject({ handle: on.handle, notify: true });
+
+        const listed = async (path: string, token: string) =>
+            (
+                (await (await req('GET', path, token)).json()) as {
+                    items: Array<Record<string, unknown>>;
+                }
+            ).items.find((row) => row.handle === on.handle);
+        expect(
+            await listed('/kv/shares?limit=200', env.users.user.token),
+        ).toMatchObject({ notify: true });
+        expect(
+            await listed('/kv/shares/with-me?limit=200', env.users.other.token),
+        ).toMatchObject({ notify: true });
+
+        const off = await shareWithOther({ prefix, notify: false });
+        expect(off).toMatchObject({ handle: on.handle, notify: false });
+
+        const refused = await req('POST', '/kv/shares', env.users.user.token, {
+            prefix,
+            recipient: env.users.other.username,
+            notify: 'yes',
+        });
+        expect(refused.status).toBe(400);
+        await expect(refused.json()).resolves.toMatchObject({
+            code: 'kv_share_notify_invalid',
         });
     });
 
@@ -159,6 +208,7 @@ describe('/kv/shares', () => {
             appUid: null,
             holder: env.users.other.username,
             label: 'Trip',
+            notify: false,
             createdAt: shared.createdAt,
             revokedAt: null,
             revokedBy: null,
@@ -180,6 +230,7 @@ describe('/kv/shares', () => {
             access: 'write',
             appUid: null,
             label: 'Trip',
+            notify: false,
             createdAt: shared.createdAt,
         });
         expect(withMeText).not.toContain(env.users.user.username);
@@ -293,6 +344,481 @@ describe('/kv/shares', () => {
         const res = await req('GET', '/kv/shares');
         expect(res.status).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(400);
     });
+
+    describe('filtering a listing', () => {
+        type Page = { items: Array<Record<string, unknown>>; total?: number };
+        let appUid: string;
+        let inApp: Record<string, unknown>;
+        let global: Record<string, unknown>;
+
+        const page = async (path: string, token: string) => {
+            const res = await req('GET', path, token);
+            return { status: res.status, body: (await res.json()) as Page };
+        };
+        const handlesOf = (body: Page) => body.items.map((row) => row.handle);
+
+        const makeApp = async () => {
+            const owner = await env.server.stores.user.getByUsername(
+                env.users.user.username,
+            );
+            const name = `kv-http-${uuidv4().slice(0, 8)}`;
+            return env.server.stores.app.create(
+                {
+                    name,
+                    title: 'Listing App',
+                    index_url: `https://${name}.example.test/index.html`,
+                },
+                { ownerUserId: owner!.id },
+            );
+        };
+
+        /** The token the desktop launches the app with, for `token`'s user. */
+        const appToken = async (token: string, uid: string) => {
+            const res = await req('POST', '/auth/get-user-app-token', token, {
+                app_uid: uid,
+            });
+            expect(res.status).toBe(200);
+            return ((await res.json()) as { token: string }).token;
+        };
+
+        beforeAll(async () => {
+            await resetBudgets(env);
+            appUid = (await makeApp()).uid;
+            inApp = await shareWithOther({ appUid });
+            global = await shareWithOther();
+        });
+
+        it('lists every app`s shares for the account, or one app`s, or the app-less store`s with `null`', async () => {
+            for (const path of ['/kv/shares', '/kv/shares/with-me']) {
+                const token =
+                    path === '/kv/shares'
+                        ? env.users.user.token
+                        : env.users.other.token;
+                const all = await page(`${path}?limit=200`, token);
+                expect(handlesOf(all.body)).toEqual(
+                    expect.arrayContaining([inApp.handle, global.handle]),
+                );
+
+                const one = await page(
+                    `${path}?limit=200&appUid=${appUid}`,
+                    token,
+                );
+                expect(handlesOf(one.body)).toEqual([inApp.handle]);
+
+                const appLess = await page(
+                    `${path}?limit=200&appUid=null`,
+                    token,
+                );
+                expect(handlesOf(appLess.body)).toContain(global.handle);
+                expect(
+                    appLess.body.items.every((row) => row.appUid === null),
+                ).toBe(true);
+
+                const bad = await page(`${path}?appUid=not-an-app`, token);
+                expect(bad.status).toBe(400);
+            }
+        });
+
+        it('keeps an app to its own namespace, refusing any other it names', async () => {
+            const token = await appToken(env.users.other.token, appUid);
+            const own = await page('/kv/shares/with-me?limit=200', token);
+            expect(handlesOf(own.body)).toEqual([inApp.handle]);
+            const named = await page(
+                `/kv/shares/with-me?limit=200&appUid=${appUid}`,
+                token,
+            );
+            expect(handlesOf(named.body)).toEqual([inApp.handle]);
+
+            const otherApp = (await makeApp()).uid;
+            for (const appUidParam of ['null', otherApp]) {
+                const refused = await page(
+                    `/kv/shares/with-me?appUid=${appUidParam}`,
+                    token,
+                );
+                expect(refused.status).toBe(403);
+                expect(refused.body).toMatchObject({
+                    code: 'events_kv_handle_outside_namespace',
+                });
+            }
+        });
+
+        it('narrows what was shared out to live or revoked shares, all by default', async () => {
+            const gone = await shareWithOther({ appUid });
+            await req(
+                'DELETE',
+                `/kv/shares/${gone.handle}`,
+                env.users.user.token,
+            );
+            const at = async (state?: string) =>
+                page(
+                    `/kv/shares?limit=200&appUid=${appUid}` +
+                        (state ? `&state=${state}` : ''),
+                    env.users.user.token,
+                );
+
+            expect(handlesOf((await at()).body)).toEqual([
+                inApp.handle,
+                gone.handle,
+            ]);
+            expect(handlesOf((await at('all')).body)).toEqual([
+                inApp.handle,
+                gone.handle,
+            ]);
+            expect(handlesOf((await at('live')).body)).toEqual([inApp.handle]);
+            expect(handlesOf((await at('revoked')).body)).toEqual([
+                gone.handle,
+            ]);
+            const bad = await at('stopped');
+            expect(bad.status).toBe(400);
+        });
+    });
+
+    describe('with several recipients', () => {
+        let third: { username: string; uuid: string; id: number };
+        // Holds seeded rows, so no recipient's per-holder cap is what trips.
+        let filler: number;
+        let ownerId: number;
+
+        beforeAll(async () => {
+            const username = `kv-batch-${uuidv4().slice(0, 8)}`;
+            await createTestUser(env.server, {
+                username,
+                password: 'pw-test-1234',
+            });
+            const row = await env.server.stores.user.getByUsername(username);
+            third = { username, uuid: row!.uuid as string, id: row!.id! };
+            ownerId = (await env.server.stores.user.getByUsername(
+                env.users.user.username,
+            ))!.id!;
+            const fillerName = `kv-filler-${uuidv4().slice(0, 8)}`;
+            await createTestUser(env.server, {
+                username: fillerName,
+                password: 'pw-test-1234',
+            });
+            filler = (await env.server.stores.user.getByUsername(fillerName))!
+                .id!;
+        });
+
+        const shareMany = (body: Record<string, unknown>) =>
+            req('POST', '/kv/shares', env.users.user.token, {
+                prefix: `batch-${uuidv4().slice(0, 8)}:`,
+                ...body,
+            });
+
+        it('reports each recipient on its own item, in order', async () => {
+            const res = await shareMany({
+                recipients: [
+                    env.users.other.username,
+                    'nobody-by-this-name',
+                    env.users.user.username,
+                    '[email protected]',
+                    { uid: third.uuid },
+                ],
+                access: 'write',
+                label: 'Team list',
+            });
+            expect(res.status).toBe(200);
+            const { items } = (await res.json()) as {
+                items: Record<string, unknown>[];
+            };
+            expect(items).toHaveLength(5);
+            expect(items[0]).toMatchObject({
+                recipient: env.users.other.username,
+                handle: expect.any(String),
+                access: 'write',
+                holder: env.users.other.username,
+                label: 'Team list',
+                appUid: null,
+            });
+            expect(items[1]).toEqual({
+                recipient: 'nobody-by-this-name',
+                error: {
+                    message: expect.any(String),
+                    code: 'subject_does_not_exist',
+                },
+            });
+            expect(items[2]).toMatchObject({
+                error: { code: 'bad_request' },
+            });
+            expect(items[3]).toMatchObject({
+                error: { code: 'invalid_recipient' },
+            });
+            expect(items[4]).toMatchObject({
+                recipient: { uid: third.uuid },
+                holder: third.username,
+            });
+            expect(items[4].handle).not.toBe(items[0].handle);
+        });
+
+        it('answers a recipient named twice with the one share', async () => {
+            const res = await shareMany({
+                recipients: [third.username, { uid: third.uuid }],
+            });
+            const { items } = (await res.json()) as {
+                items: Record<string, unknown>[];
+            };
+            expect(items[0].handle).toEqual(expect.any(String));
+            expect(items[1].handle).toBe(items[0].handle);
+        });
+
+        it('refuses a malformed batch outright', async () => {
+            for (const body of [
+                { recipients: [] },
+                { recipients: 'alice' },
+                {
+                    recipients: Array.from(
+                        { length: KV_SHARE_BATCH_MAX + 1 },
+                        (_, i) => `user-${i}`,
+                    ),
+                },
+                {
+                    recipient: env.users.other.username,
+                    recipients: [env.users.other.username],
+                },
+            ]) {
+                const res = await shareMany(body);
+                expect(res.status).toBe(400);
+                await expect(res.json()).resolves.toMatchObject({
+                    code: 'bad_request',
+                });
+            }
+        });
+
+        it('refuses the whole batch when it would pass the account cap', async () => {
+            const prefix = `batch-cap-${uuidv4().slice(0, 8)}:`;
+            const existing = await shareMany({
+                prefix,
+                recipients: [env.users.other.username],
+            });
+            const [standing] = (
+                (await existing.json()) as { items: { handle: string }[] }
+            ).items;
+            try {
+                const { total } =
+                    await env.server.stores.kvShareHandle.countLiveForOwner(
+                        ownerId,
+                    );
+                // One slot left.
+                await seedKvShareHandles(env.server, {
+                    ownerUserId: ownerId,
+                    ownerUuid,
+                    granteeUserId: filler,
+                    count: EVENTS_KV_HANDLES_PER_USER.limit - total - 1,
+                    appUid: () => KV_GLOBAL_APP_KEY,
+                });
+
+                const refused = await shareMany({
+                    prefix: `batch-over-${uuidv4().slice(0, 8)}:`,
+                    recipients: [env.users.other.username, third.username],
+                });
+                expect(refused.status).toBe(409);
+                await expect(refused.json()).resolves.toMatchObject({
+                    code: 'events_kv_handle_limit_reached',
+                });
+                expect(
+                    (
+                        await env.server.stores.kvShareHandle.countLiveForOwner(
+                            ownerId,
+                        )
+                    ).total,
+                ).toBe(EVENTS_KV_HANDLES_PER_USER.limit - 1);
+
+                // The standing share takes no slot, so one new one still fits.
+                const fits = await shareMany({
+                    prefix,
+                    recipients: [env.users.other.username, third.username],
+                });
+                expect(fits.status).toBe(200);
+                const { items } = (await fits.json()) as {
+                    items: Record<string, unknown>[];
+                };
+                expect(items[0].handle).toBe(standing.handle);
+                expect(items[1]).toMatchObject({ holder: third.username });
+            } finally {
+                await env.server.clients.db.write(
+                    'DELETE FROM `kv_share_handles` WHERE `owner_user_id` = ?',
+                    [ownerId],
+                );
+            }
+        });
+
+        it('spends the grant budget per recipient, all or nothing', async () => {
+            const [minute] = KV_SHARE_GRANT_LIMITS;
+            await claimRateLimit(
+                `${minute.scope}:${ownerId}`,
+                minute.limit,
+                minute.window,
+                minute.limit - 1,
+            );
+            try {
+                const refused = await shareMany({
+                    recipients: [env.users.other.username, third.username],
+                });
+                expect(refused.status).toBe(429);
+                await expect(refused.json()).resolves.toMatchObject({
+                    code: 'too_many_requests',
+                });
+            } finally {
+                await resetBudgets(env);
+            }
+        });
+    });
+
+    describe('sharing again', () => {
+        let ownerId: number;
+        let third: string;
+
+        beforeAll(async () => {
+            third = `kv-again-${uuidv4().slice(0, 8)}`;
+            await createTestUser(env.server, {
+                username: third,
+                password: 'pw-test-1234',
+            });
+            ownerId = (await env.server.stores.user.getByUsername(
+                env.users.user.username,
+            ))!.id!;
+        });
+
+        const shareAt = (prefix: string, body: Record<string, unknown>) =>
+            req('POST', '/kv/shares', env.users.user.token, {
+                prefix,
+                ...body,
+            });
+
+        /** Leaves `left` units in one of the owner's windows. */
+        const drain = (
+            window: { scope: string; limit: number; window: number },
+            left = 0,
+        ) =>
+            claimRateLimit(
+                `${window.scope}:${ownerId}`,
+                window.limit,
+                window.window,
+                window.limit - left,
+            );
+
+        it('spends neither the mint nor the grant budget when every share stays as it is', async () => {
+            const prefix = `again-${uuidv4().slice(0, 8)}:`;
+            const recipients = [env.users.other.username, third];
+            const made = (await (
+                await shareAt(prefix, { recipients, label: 'Room' })
+            ).json()) as { items: Array<{ handle: string }> };
+            await drain(EVENTS_KV_HANDLE_LIMIT);
+            for (const window of KV_SHARE_GRANT_LIMITS) await drain(window);
+            try {
+                const again = await shareAt(prefix, {
+                    recipients: [...recipients, third],
+                });
+                expect(again.status).toBe(200);
+                const { items } = (await again.json()) as {
+                    items: Array<{ handle: string; label: string }>;
+                };
+                expect(items.map((item) => item.handle)).toEqual([
+                    made.items[0].handle,
+                    made.items[1].handle,
+                    made.items[1].handle,
+                ]);
+                expect(items[0].label).toBe('Room');
+
+                const single = await shareAt(prefix, {
+                    recipient: env.users.other.username,
+                    access: 'read',
+                });
+                expect(single.status).toBe(200);
+            } finally {
+                await resetBudgets(env);
+            }
+        });
+
+        it('spends the mint budget on a change, and grant units only on recipients without the share', async () => {
+            const prefix = `again-${uuidv4().slice(0, 8)}:`;
+            const other = env.users.other.username;
+            expect((await shareAt(prefix, { recipient: other })).status).toBe(
+                200,
+            );
+            for (const window of KV_SHARE_GRANT_LIMITS) await drain(window);
+            try {
+                // A level change on a standing share takes no grant unit.
+                const raised = await shareAt(prefix, {
+                    recipients: [other],
+                    access: 'write',
+                });
+                expect(raised.status).toBe(200);
+
+                // Naming an unknown user next to it costs what a new share
+                // would, so the window refuses both.
+                for (const extra of ['nobody-by-this-name', third]) {
+                    const refused = await shareAt(prefix, {
+                        recipients: [other, extra],
+                        access: 'write',
+                    });
+                    expect(refused.status).toBe(429);
+                }
+            } finally {
+                await resetBudgets(env);
+            }
+
+            await drain(EVENTS_KV_HANDLE_LIMIT);
+            try {
+                const lowered = await shareAt(prefix, {
+                    recipient: other,
+                    access: 'read',
+                });
+                expect(lowered.status).toBe(429);
+                await expect(lowered.json()).resolves.toMatchObject({
+                    code: 'too_many_requests',
+                });
+            } finally {
+                await resetBudgets(env);
+            }
+        });
+
+        it('counts turning notify on or off as a change', async () => {
+            const prefix = `again-${uuidv4().slice(0, 8)}:`;
+            const other = env.users.other.username;
+            expect((await shareAt(prefix, { recipient: other })).status).toBe(
+                200,
+            );
+            await drain(EVENTS_KV_HANDLE_LIMIT);
+            try {
+                expect(
+                    (await shareAt(prefix, { recipient: other })).status,
+                ).toBe(200);
+                expect(
+                    (
+                        await shareAt(prefix, {
+                            recipient: other,
+                            notify: true,
+                        })
+                    ).status,
+                ).toBe(429);
+            } finally {
+                await resetBudgets(env);
+            }
+        });
+
+        it('spends the lookup budget on every recipient named', async () => {
+            const prefix = `again-${uuidv4().slice(0, 8)}:`;
+            const other = env.users.other.username;
+            expect((await shareAt(prefix, { recipient: other })).status).toBe(
+                200,
+            );
+            await resetBudgets(env);
+            await drain(KV_SHARE_LOOKUP_LIMIT, 1);
+            try {
+                expect(
+                    (await shareAt(prefix, { recipient: other })).status,
+                ).toBe(200);
+                const refused = await shareAt(prefix, { recipient: other });
+                expect(refused.status).toBe(429);
+                await expect(refused.json()).resolves.toMatchObject({
+                    code: 'too_many_requests',
+                });
+            } finally {
+                await resetBudgets(env);
+            }
+        });
+    });
 });
 
 describe('/events/kv-handles beside /kv/shares', () => {

src/backend/controllers/kvShare/KvShareController.ts

@@ -22,27 +22,100 @@ import type { Actor } from '../../core/actor.js';
 import { Controller, Delete, Get, Post } from '../../core/http/decorators.js';
 import { HttpError } from '../../core/http/HttpError.js';
 import { bodyRecord } from '../../core/http/requestBody.js';
-import { parseKvShareRecipient } from '../../services/kvShare/kvShares.js';
-import type { KvShareHandleListOptions } from '../../stores/events/KvShareHandleStore.js';
-import { KV_HANDLE_LIST_LIMIT_CAP } from '../../stores/events/KvShareHandleStore.js';
+import {
+    assertShareableAppUid,
+    parseKvShareRecipient,
+} from '../../services/kvShare/kvShares.js';
+import type {
+    KvShareHandleListOptions,
+    KvShareOwnerListOptions,
+    KvShareOwnerListState,
+} from '../../stores/events/KvShareHandleStore.js';
+import {
+    KV_HANDLE_LIST_LIMIT_CAP,
+    KV_SHARE_OWNER_LIST_STATES,
+} from '../../stores/events/KvShareHandleStore.js';
 import { KV_GLOBAL_APP_KEY } from '../../stores/systemKv/SystemKVStore.js';
 import { normalizeLimit } from '../../util/pagination.js';
-import { EVENTS_LIST_LIMIT } from '../events/limits.js';
+import type { KvShareView } from '../../services/kvShare/KvShareService.js';
+import { EVENTS_LIST_LIMIT, KV_SHARE_BATCH_MAX } from '../events/limits.js';
 import { PuterController } from '../types.js';
 
 /** The app-less namespace is no app, so the wire says `null` for it. */
 const publicAppUid = (appUid: string): string | null =>
     appUid === KV_GLOBAL_APP_KEY ? null : appUid;
 
+/**
+ * The namespace a listing's `appUid` names, in the form responses use: an app
+ * uid, or `null` for the app-less namespace.
+ */
+const listAppUid = (value: unknown): string | undefined => {
+    if (value === undefined || value === '') return undefined;
+    if (typeof value !== 'string')
+        throw new HttpError(400, '`appUid` must be a string', {
+            legacyCode: 'bad_request',
+        });
+    return value === 'null' ? KV_GLOBAL_APP_KEY : assertShareableAppUid(value);
+};
+
+const badRequest = (message: string): HttpError =>
+    new HttpError(400, message, { legacyCode: 'bad_request' });
+
+/** A share as `POST /kv/shares` reports it. */
+const shareBody = (share: KvShareView) => ({
+    handle: share.handle,
+    prefix: share.prefix,
+    access: share.access,
+    appUid: publicAppUid(share.appUid),
+    holder: share.holderUsername,
+    label: share.label,
+    notify: share.notify,
+    createdAt: share.createdAt,
+});
+
+/** `recipients` when the body names it: 1 to `KV_SHARE_BATCH_MAX` entries. */
+const batchRecipients = (
+    body: Record<string, unknown>,
+): unknown[] | undefined => {
+    const { recipient, recipients } = body;
+    if (recipients === undefined) return undefined;
+    if (recipient !== undefined)
+        throw badRequest('Send either `recipient` or `recipients`, not both');
+    if (
+        !Array.isArray(recipients) ||
+        recipients.length === 0 ||
+        recipients.length > KV_SHARE_BATCH_MAX
+    )
+        throw badRequest(
+            `\`recipients\` must be an array of 1 to ${KV_SHARE_BATCH_MAX} recipients`,
+        );
+    return recipients;
+};
+
+const listState = (value: unknown): KvShareOwnerListState | undefined => {
+    if (value === undefined || value === '') return undefined;
+    if (!(KV_SHARE_OWNER_LIST_STATES as readonly unknown[]).includes(value))
+        throw new HttpError(400, '`state` must be `live`, `revoked` or `all`', {
+            legacyCode: 'bad_request',
+        });
+    return value as KvShareOwnerListState;
+};
+
 const pageOptions = (req: Request): KvShareHandleListOptions => {
     const query = (req.query ?? {}) as Record<string, unknown>;
     return {
         limit: normalizeLimit(query.limit, { cap: KV_HANDLE_LIST_LIMIT_CAP }),
         cursor: typeof query.cursor === 'string' ? query.cursor : undefined,
         includeTotal: query.includeTotal === 'true',
+        appUid: listAppUid(query.appUid),
     };
 };
 
+const ownerPageOptions = (req: Request): KvShareOwnerListOptions => ({
+    ...pageOptions(req),
+    state: listState((req.query ?? {}).state),
+});
+
 /**
  * Sharing a region of one account's key-value data with another account.
  *
@@ -56,7 +129,8 @@ export class KvShareController extends PuterController {
     /**
      * POST /kv/shares — share a region with another account, `read` unless the
      * body asks otherwise. Sharing the same region with the same account again
-     * changes its level or label in place.
+     * changes its level, label or `notify` flag in place. `recipients` shares
+     * it with several at once and reports each one on its own item.
      */
     @Post('/shares', {
         subdomain: 'api',
@@ -67,29 +141,53 @@ export class KvShareController extends PuterController {
     async share(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> {
         const actor = this.#requireActor(req);
         const body = bodyRecord(req);
+        const fields = {
+            prefix: body.prefix,
+            access: body.access,
+            appUid: body.appUid,
+            label: body.label,
+            notify: body.notify,
+        };
+        const recipients = batchRecipients(body);
+        if (recipients) {
+            const items = await this.services.kvShare.mintKvHandles(
+                actor,
+                { ...fields, recipients },
+                { defaultAccess: 'read' },
+            );
+            res.json({
+                items: items.map((item) =>
+                    item.share
+                        ? {
+                              recipient: item.recipient,
+                              ...shareBody(item.share),
+                          }
+                        : {
+                              recipient: item.recipient,
+                              error: {
+                                  message: item.error?.message ?? 'Not shared',
+                                  code:
+                                      item.error?.legacyCode ??
+                                      item.error?.code ??
+                                      'internal_error',
+                              },
+                          },
+                ),
+            });
+            return;
+        }
         const share = await this.services.kvShare.mintKvHandle(
             actor,
-            {
-                prefix: body.prefix,
-                recipient: parseKvShareRecipient(body.recipient),
-                access: body.access,
-                appUid: body.appUid,
-                label: body.label,
-            },
+            { ...fields, recipient: parseKvShareRecipient(body.recipient) },
             { defaultAccess: 'read' },
         );
-        res.json({
-            handle: share.handle,
-            prefix: share.prefix,
-            access: share.access,
-            appUid: publicAppUid(share.appUid),
-            holder: share.holderUsername,
-            label: share.label,
-            createdAt: share.createdAt,
-        });
+        res.json(shareBody(share));
     }
 
-    /** GET /kv/shares — what this account has shared out, retired included. */
+    /**
+     * GET /kv/shares — what this account has shared out, retired included
+     * unless `state` narrows it.
+     */
     @Get('/shares', {
         subdomain: 'api',
         requireAuth: true,
@@ -100,7 +198,7 @@ export class KvShareController extends PuterController {
         const actor = this.#requireActor(req);
         const page = await this.services.kvShare.listKvHandles(
             actor,
-            pageOptions(req),
+            ownerPageOptions(req),
         );
         res.json({
             items: page.items.map((row) => ({
@@ -110,6 +208,7 @@ export class KvShareController extends PuterController {
                 appUid: publicAppUid(row.appUid),
                 holder: row.holderUsername,
                 label: row.label,
+                notify: row.notify,
                 createdAt: row.createdAt,
                 revokedAt: row.revokedAt,
                 revokedBy: row.revokedBy,
@@ -138,6 +237,7 @@ export class KvShareController extends PuterController {
                 access: row.access,
                 appUid: publicAppUid(row.appUid),
                 label: row.label,
+                notify: row.notify,
                 createdAt: row.createdAt,
             })),
             ...(page.cursor ? { cursor: page.cursor } : {}),

src/backend/controllers/notification/NotificationController.http.test.ts

@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ import { afterAll, beforeAll, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
 import { setupPuterTestEnv, type PuterTestEnv } from '../../testUtil.js';
 
 /**
- * Route-level coverage for the notification endpoint. Dismissing is the only
- * mark the desktop performs over HTTP, so this suite is what catches the route
- * going missing or a gate turning a legitimate dismiss away.
+ * Route-level coverage for the notification endpoints the desktop calls over
+ * HTTP, so this suite is what catches a route going missing or a gate turning
+ * a legitimate dismiss or removal away.
  */
 describe('notification endpoints over HTTP', () => {
     let env: PuterTestEnv;
@@ -85,4 +85,34 @@ describe('notification endpoints over HTTP', () => {
         });
         expect(after?.acknowledged).toBeFalsy();
     });
+
+    it('removes a notification', async () => {
+        const owner = env.users.user;
+        const { userId, uid } = await seedNotification(owner.username);
+
+        const res = await post('/notif/delete', owner.token, { uid });
+
+        expect(res.status).toBe(200);
+        await expect(res.json()).resolves.toEqual({});
+        const after = await env.server.stores.notification.getByUid(uid, {
+            userId,
+        });
+        expect(after).toBeNull();
+    });
+
+    it('refuses an anonymous removal', async () => {
+        const { userId, uid } = await seedNotification(env.users.other.username);
+
+        const res = await fetch(new URL('/notif/delete', env.apiOrigin), {
+            method: 'POST',
+            headers: { 'content-type': 'application/json' },
+            body: JSON.stringify({ uid }),
+        });
+
+        expect(res.status).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(400);
+        const after = await env.server.stores.notification.getByUid(uid, {
+            userId,
+        });
+        expect(after?.uid).toBe(uid);
+    });
 });

src/backend/controllers/notification/NotificationController.test.ts

@@ -183,3 +183,74 @@ describe('NotificationController.markAck', () => {
         expect(after?.acknowledged).toBeFalsy();
     });
 });
+
+// ── /notif/delete ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('NotificationController.remove', () => {
+    it('deletes the underlying notification row', async () => {
+        const { actor, userId } = await makeUser();
+        const created = await server.stores.notification.create({
+            userId,
+            value: { title: 't' },
+        });
+
+        const { res, captured } = makeRes();
+        await controller.remove(
+            makeReq({ body: { uid: created.uid }, actor }),
+            res,
+        );
+
+        expect(captured.body).toEqual({});
+        const after = await server.stores.notification.getByUid(
+            created.uid as string,
+            { userId },
+        );
+        expect(after).toBeNull();
+    });
+
+    it('succeeds for a uid that names no row', async () => {
+        const { actor } = await makeUser();
+        const { res, captured } = makeRes();
+        await controller.remove(
+            makeReq({ body: { uid: 'no-such-uid' }, actor }),
+            res,
+        );
+        expect(captured.body).toEqual({});
+    });
+
+    it('rejects a missing uid with 400', async () => {
+        const { actor } = await makeUser();
+        const { res } = makeRes();
+        await expect(
+            controller.remove(makeReq({ body: {}, actor }), res),
+        ).rejects.toMatchObject({ statusCode: 400 });
+    });
+
+    it('throws 401 when there is no actor on the request', async () => {
+        const { res } = makeRes();
+        await expect(
+            controller.remove(makeReq({ body: { uid: 'whatever' } }), res),
+        ).rejects.toMatchObject({ statusCode: 401 });
+    });
+
+    it("does not delete another user's notification", async () => {
+        const a = await makeUser();
+        const b = await makeUser();
+        const created = await server.stores.notification.create({
+            userId: a.userId,
+            value: {},
+        });
+
+        const { res } = makeRes();
+        await controller.remove(
+            makeReq({ body: { uid: created.uid }, actor: b.actor }),
+            res,
+        );
+
+        const after = await server.stores.notification.getByUid(
+            created.uid as string,
+            { userId: a.userId },
+        );
+        expect(after?.uid).toBe(created.uid);
+    });
+});

src/backend/controllers/notification/NotificationController.ts

@@ -20,16 +20,44 @@
 import type { Request, Response } from 'express';
 import { Controller, Post } from '../../core/http/decorators.js';
 import { HttpError } from '../../core/http/HttpError.js';
-import type { NotificationService } from '../../services/notification/NotificationService.js';
 import { PuterController } from '../types.js';
 
+/** Both routes fire per interaction; the ceiling catches a loop, not a user. */
+const MARK_ROUTE_OPTIONS = {
+    subdomain: 'api',
+    requireUserActor: true,
+    allowFullAccessToken: true,
+    rateLimit: {
+        scope: 'notification-mark',
+        limit: 300,
+        window: 60_000,
+        key: 'user',
+    },
+} as const;
+
+/** The uid and owner a mark names, or the 400/401 the request earns. */
+const markTarget = (req: Request): { uid: string; userId: number } => {
+    const uid = req.body?.uid;
+    if (typeof uid !== 'string' || uid.length === 0) {
+        throw new HttpError(400, '`uid` must be a non-empty string', {
+            legacyCode: 'bad_request',
+        });
+    }
+    const userId = req.actor?.user?.id;
+    if (!userId)
+        throw new HttpError(401, 'Unauthorized', {
+            legacyCode: 'unauthorized',
+        });
+    return { uid, userId };
+};
+
 /**
- * GUI-facing notification endpoint. Supplements the `puter-notifications`
- * driver (which handles CRUD via `/drivers/call`) with the one mutation route
- * the puter desktop client calls directly.
+ * GUI-facing notification endpoints. Supplement the `puter-notifications`
+ * driver (which handles reads via `/drivers/call`) with the mutations the puter
+ * desktop client calls directly.
  *
- * It emits `outer.gui.notif.ack` via the NotificationService so other open tabs
- * for the same user see the state change immediately.
+ * Each goes through the NotificationService, which tells the user's other open
+ * tabs (`notif.ack`, `notif.removed`) so they update immediately.
  */
 @Controller('/notif')
 export class NotificationController extends PuterController {
@@ -37,50 +65,21 @@ export class NotificationController extends PuterController {
      * POST /notif/mark-ack — user dismissed a notification. Sets `acknowledged`
      * timestamp; pushes ack event to sockets.
      */
-    @Post('/mark-ack', {
-        subdomain: 'api',
-        requireUserActor: true,
-        allowFullAccessToken: true,
-        // Fires per notification interaction, so the ceiling stays
-        // generous — it is here to catch a loop, not to pace a user.
-        rateLimit: {
-            scope: 'notification-mark',
-            limit: 300,
-            window: 60_000,
-            key: 'user',
-        },
-    })
+    @Post('/mark-ack', MARK_ROUTE_OPTIONS)
     async markAck(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> {
-        const uid = req.body?.uid;
-        if (typeof uid !== 'string' || uid.length === 0) {
-            throw new HttpError(400, '`uid` must be a non-empty string', {
-                legacyCode: 'bad_request',
-            });
-        }
-        const userId = req.actor?.user?.id;
-        if (!userId)
-            throw new HttpError(401, 'Unauthorized', {
-                legacyCode: 'unauthorized',
-            });
+        const { uid, userId } = markTarget(req);
+        await this.services.notification.markAcknowledged(uid, userId);
+        res.json({});
+    }
 
-        const notifService = this.services.notification as unknown as
-            | NotificationService
-            | undefined;
-        if (notifService?.markAcknowledged) {
-            await notifService.markAcknowledged(uid, userId);
-        } else {
-            // Fallback: direct store call if service isn't wired
-            await (
-                this.stores as Record<string, unknown> as {
-                    notification: {
-                        markAcknowledged: (
-                            uid: string,
-                            userId: number,
-                        ) => Promise<boolean>;
-                    };
-                }
-            ).notification.markAcknowledged(uid, userId);
-        }
+    /**
+     * POST /notif/delete — user removed a notification from their history. A
+     * uid naming none of their rows succeeds too: it is gone either way.
+     */
+    @Post('/delete', MARK_ROUTE_OPTIONS)
+    async remove(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> {
+        const { uid, userId } = markTarget(req);
+        await this.services.notification.remove(uid, userId);
         res.json({});
     }
 }

src/backend/controllers/puterai/PuterAIController.test.ts

@@ -511,6 +511,31 @@ describe('PuterAIController.openaiChatCompletions', () => {
 
         const completeArgs = completeSpy.mock.calls[0]![0];
         expect(completeArgs.provider).toBe('openai-completion');
+        expect(completeArgs.fallback).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+
+    it('forwards fallback: false so the driver stops at the first route', async () => {
+        const completeSpy = stubChatComplete({
+            message: { role: 'assistant', content: 'hi there' },
+            finish_reason: 'stop',
+            usage: { prompt_tokens: 4, completion_tokens: 2 },
+        });
+
+        const { res } = makeRes();
+        await controller.openaiChatCompletions(
+            makeReq({
+                body: {
+                    model: 'gpt-test',
+                    provider: 'openai-completion',
+                    fallback: false,
+                    messages: [{ role: 'user', content: 'hi' }],
+                },
+                actor: makeUserActor(),
+            }),
+            res,
+        );
+
+        expect(completeSpy.mock.calls[0]![0].fallback).toBe(false);
     });
 
     it('still pins OpenAI when the caller names no model, so the default model does not move', async () => {

src/backend/controllers/puterai/PuterAIController.ts

@@ -448,6 +448,7 @@ export class PuterAIController extends PuterController {
                   }
                 : {}),
             ...openaiCompatProvider(body),
+            ...(body.fallback === false ? { fallback: false } : {}),
         };
 
         const result = await this.#complete(res, completeArgs);
@@ -545,8 +546,7 @@ export class PuterAIController extends PuterController {
                         }
                     } else if (ev.type === 'usage') {
                         usageDetails = ev.usageDetails as
-                            | UsageDetails
-                            | undefined;
+                            UsageDetails | undefined;
                         finishReason = ev.finish_reason as string | undefined;
                     } else if (ev.type === 'error') {
                         res.write(
@@ -649,6 +649,7 @@ export class PuterAIController extends PuterController {
                 : {}),
             ...(finiteMaxTokens(body.max_tokens) ?? {}),
             ...openaiCompatProvider(body),
+            ...(body.fallback === false ? { fallback: false } : {}),
         };
 
         const completionId = `cmpl-${randomId()}`;
@@ -694,8 +695,7 @@ export class PuterAIController extends PuterController {
                         sendChunk(ev.text);
                     } else if (ev.type === 'usage') {
                         usageDetails = ev.usageDetails as
-                            | UsageDetails
-                            | undefined;
+                            UsageDetails | undefined;
                         finishReason = ev.finish_reason as string | undefined;
                     } else if (ev.type === 'error') {
                         res.write(
@@ -749,8 +749,7 @@ export class PuterAIController extends PuterController {
                     text: extractTextContent(
                         (
                             messageResult.message as
-                                | Record<string, unknown>
-                                | undefined
+                                Record<string, unknown> | undefined
                         )?.content,
                     ),
                     index: 0,
@@ -869,6 +868,7 @@ export class PuterAIController extends PuterController {
                   }
                 : {}),
             provider: providerName,
+            ...(body.fallback === false ? { fallback: false } : {}),
         };
 
         const responseId = generateId('resp');

src/backend/controllers/puterai/anthropicWire.test.ts

@@ -324,6 +324,18 @@ describe('parseAnthropicRequest', () => {
         expect(args.provider).toBe('claude');
         expect(args.normalize).toBe(false);
         expect(args.streamToolInput).toBe(true);
+        expect(args.fallback).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+
+    it('forwards fallback: false and nothing else for fallback', () => {
+        expect(
+            parseAnthropicRequest({ messages: [], fallback: false }, headers)
+                .fallback,
+        ).toBe(false);
+        expect(
+            parseAnthropicRequest({ messages: [], fallback: 'no' }, headers)
+                .fallback,
+        ).toBeUndefined();
     });
 
     it('maps thinking, tool_choice, stop_sequences, top_p/top_k', () => {

src/backend/controllers/puterai/anthropicWire.ts

@@ -431,6 +431,7 @@ export const parseAnthropicRequest = (
             : {}),
         ...(betas.length ? { anthropicBetas: betas } : {}),
         provider: toStringOrEmpty(body.provider) || 'claude',
+        ...(body.fallback === false ? { fallback: false } : {}),
     };
     // Silently ignored: metadata, service_tier, inference_geo, container,
     // fallbacks, diagnostics.

src/backend/controllers/static/StaticAssetsController.test.ts

@@ -151,6 +151,12 @@ describe('StaticAssetsController client_libs_root', () => {
 
         const sentPutility = await callGetHandler(router, '/putility/v1');
         expect(sentPutility).toEqual({ filename: 'putility.js/v1.js', root });
+
+        for (const route of ['/push-sw.js', '/v2/push-sw.js']) {
+            expect(findRoute(router, 'get', route)?.options.subdomain).toBe('js');
+            const sentWorker = await callGetHandler(router, route);
+            expect(sentWorker).toEqual({ filename: 'puter.js/push-sw.js', root });
+        }
     });
 
     it('does not register the client_libs routes when the root is unset', () => {
@@ -186,6 +192,11 @@ describe('StaticAssetsController puterjs_root', () => {
         expect(v1.root).toBe(root);
         const bareV1 = await callGetHandler(router, '/v1');
         expect(bareV1.filename).toBe('puter.js');
+
+        for (const route of ['/push-sw.js', '/v2/push-sw.js']) {
+            const worker = await callGetHandler(router, route);
+            expect(worker).toEqual({ filename: 'push-sw.js', root });
+        }
     });
 
     it('serves puter.dev.js when present (dev webpack build)', async () => {

src/backend/controllers/static/StaticAssetsController.ts

@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ import type { PuterRouter } from '../../core/http/PuterRouter';
 /**
  * Static asset routes.
  *
- * /puter.js/v1, /puter.js/v2 → any subdomain /v1, /v2, /putility/v1 → js
- * subdomain /sdk/* → root subdomain — puter-js bundle /dist/_, /src/_,
- * /assets/* → root subdomain
+ * /puter.js/v1, /puter.js/v2 → any subdomain /v1, /v2, /push-sw.js,
+ * /putility/v1 → js subdomain /sdk/* → root subdomain — puter-js bundle
+ * /dist/_, /src/_, /assets/* → root subdomain
  *
  * Each block depends on its config root (`client_libs_root`, `gui_assets_root`,
  * `puterjs_root`). When unset, that block is skipped — deployments that don't
@@ -55,6 +55,12 @@ export class StaticAssetsController extends PuterController {
             router.get('/putility/v1', { subdomain: 'js' }, (_req, res) => {
                 res.sendFile('putility.js/v1.js', { root });
             });
+            // `/v2/push-sw.js` is the path older docs gave.
+            for (const route of ['/push-sw.js', '/v2/push-sw.js']) {
+                router.get(route, { subdomain: 'js' }, (_req, res) => {
+                    res.sendFile('puter.js/push-sw.js', { root });
+                });
+            }
         }
 
         // puter-js SDK mount. GUI loads it at `/sdk/puter.dev.js`; the
@@ -100,6 +106,11 @@ export class StaticAssetsController extends PuterController {
                 router.get('/v2', { subdomain: 'js' }, (_req, res) => {
                     res.sendFile(puterJsFile, { root: puterjsRoot });
                 });
+                for (const route of ['/push-sw.js', '/v2/push-sw.js']) {
+                    router.get(route, { subdomain: 'js' }, (_req, res) => {
+                        res.sendFile('push-sw.js', { root: puterjsRoot });
+                    });
+                }
             }
         }
 

src/backend/controllers/webdav/WebDAVController.largeFolder.http.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Puter.
+ *
+ * Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+ * by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+import { randomUUID } from 'node:crypto';
+import { afterAll, beforeAll, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+import { runWithContext } from '../../core/context.js';
+import {
+    setupPuterTestEnv,
+    TEST_OTHER_USER_CREDENTIALS,
+    TEST_USER_CREDENTIALS,
+    type PuterTestEnv,
+} from '../../testUtil.js';
+
+/** PROPFIND has no paging, so a folder must list whole however large. */
+describe('PROPFIND on a folder larger than one query', () => {
+    let env: PuterTestEnv;
+    const total = 10_050;
+    let dir: string;
+    let dirUuid: string;
+
+    beforeAll(async () => {
+        env = await setupPuterTestEnv();
+        const { username } = env.users.user;
+        dir = `/${username}/Documents/big-${randomUUID().slice(0, 8)}`;
+        const owner = (await env.server.stores.user.getByUsername(username))!;
+        const parent = (await env.server.stores.fsEntry.getEntryByPath(
+            `/${username}/Documents`,
+        ))!;
+        dirUuid = randomUUID();
+        const now = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000);
+        const insert = (rows: unknown[][]) =>
+            env.server.clients.db.write(
+                `INSERT INTO fsentries (uuid, user_id, parent_id, parent_uid, name, path, is_dir, modified, created, accessed, size) VALUES ${rows.map(() => '(?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)').join(', ')}`,
+                rows.flat(),
+            );
+        await insert([
+            [
+                dirUuid,
+                owner.id,
+                parent.id,
+                parent.uuid,
+                dir.split('/').at(-1),
+                dir,
+                1,
+                now,
+                now,
+                now,
+                0,
+            ],
+        ]);
+        const folder = (await env.server.stores.fsEntry.getEntryByPath(dir))!;
+        for (let start = 0; start < total; start += 500) {
+            const rows: unknown[][] = [];
+            for (let i = start; i < Math.min(total, start + 500); i++) {
+                const name = `f${String(i).padStart(5, '0')}.txt`;
+                rows.push([
+                    randomUUID(),
+                    owner.id,
+                    folder.id,
+                    folder.uuid,
+                    name,
+                    `${dir}/${name}`,
+                    0,
+                    now,
+                    now,
+                    now,
+                    0,
+                ]);
+            }
+            await insert(rows);
+        }
+
+        const actor = { user: owner };
+        await runWithContext({ actor: actor as never }, () =>
+            env.server.services.share.share(actor as never, {
+                uid: dirUuid,
+                recipient: { username: env.users.other.username },
+                mode: 'read',
+            }),
+        );
+    }, 180_000);
+
+    afterAll(async () => {
+        await env?.shutdown();
+    });
+
+    const propfind = async (
+        path: string,
+        credentials: { username: string; password: string },
+    ) => {
+        const port = new URL(env.apiOrigin).port;
+        const auth = Buffer.from(
+            `${credentials.username}:${credentials.password}`,
+        ).toString('base64');
+        const response = await fetch(
+            `http://dav.puter.localhost:${port}${encodeURI(path)}`,
+            {
+                method: 'PROPFIND',
+                headers: { Authorization: `Basic ${auth}`, Depth: '1' },
+            },
+        );
+        return { status: response.status, body: await response.text() };
+    };
+
+    const hrefsOf = (xml: string) =>
+        [...xml.matchAll(/<D:href>([^<]*)<\/D:href>/g)].map((m) => m[1]!);
+
+    it('lists every child', async () => {
+        const { status, body } = await propfind(dir, TEST_USER_CREDENTIALS);
+        expect(status).toBe(207);
+        expect(body.endsWith('</D:multistatus>')).toBe(true);
+        const hrefs = hrefsOf(body);
+        expect(hrefs).toHaveLength(1 + total);
+        expect(new Set(hrefs).size).toBe(1 + total);
+        expect(body).toContain(`${dir}/f10049.txt`);
+    }, 60_000);
+
+    it("masks every page of a share recipient's listing", async () => {
+        const masked = `/${env.users.user.username}/${dirUuid}/${dir.split('/').at(-1)}`;
+        const { status, body } = await propfind(
+            masked,
+            TEST_OTHER_USER_CREDENTIALS,
+        );
+        expect(status).toBe(207);
+        const hrefs = hrefsOf(body);
+        expect(hrefs).toHaveLength(1 + total);
+        expect(hrefs.every((href) => href.startsWith(masked))).toBe(true);
+        expect(body).not.toContain('/Documents/');
+    }, 60_000);
+});

src/backend/controllers/webdav/WebDAVController.ts

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import { posix as pathPosix } from 'node:path';
 import { pipeline } from 'node:stream/promises';
 import type { Actor } from '../../core/actor.js';
 import { HttpError } from '../../core/http/HttpError.js';
+import { pipeToResponse } from '../../core/http/pipeToResponse.js';
 import {
     assertNotSuspended,
     assertTeam2fa,
@@ -58,6 +59,7 @@ import {
 import { Context } from '../../core/context.js';
 import type { FSEntry } from '../../stores/fs/FSEntry.js';
 import {
+    contextBoundStream,
     emitGuiItemEvent,
     type GuiItemEventName,
 } from '../fs/legacyFsHelpers.js';
@@ -600,19 +602,41 @@ export class WebDAVController extends PuterController {
             propfindEntry(maskEntryPath(entry), entry, entry.isDir),
         ];
 
-        if (depth !== '0' && entry.isDir) {
-            const children = await this.services.fs.listDirectory(
-                entry.uuid,
-                {},
-            );
-            for (const child of children) {
-                responses.push(
-                    propfindEntry(maskEntryPath(child), child, child.isDir),
-                );
-            }
+        if (depth === '0' || !entry.isDir) {
+            this.#sendMultistatus(res, responses);
+            return;
         }
 
-        this.#sendMultistatus(res, responses);
+        const toXml = (children: FSEntry[]) =>
+            children
+                .map((child) =>
+                    propfindEntry(maskEntryPath(child), child, child.isDir),
+                )
+                .join('\n');
+        const pages = this.services.fs.listDirectoryPages(entry.uuid);
+        const first = await pages.next();
+        if (!first.done && first.value.length > 0)
+            responses.push(toXml(first.value));
+        const second = await pages.next();
+        if (second.done) {
+            this.#sendMultistatus(res, responses);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Past one page the listing streams, so a large folder isn't held in
+        // memory whole. A failure partway cuts the response off.
+        const secondPage = second.value;
+        async function* body() {
+            yield `${MULTISTATUS_OPEN}${responses.join('\n')}`;
+            yield `\n${toXml(secondPage)}`;
+            for await (const page of pages)
+                if (page.length > 0) yield `\n${toXml(page)}`;
+            yield MULTISTATUS_CLOSE;
+        }
+        res.status(207).set({
+            'Content-Type': 'application/xml; charset=utf-8',
+        });
+        await pipeToResponse(contextBoundStream(body()), res);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1289,8 +1313,12 @@ function escapeXml(text: string): string {
         .replace(/'/g, ''');
 }
 
+const MULTISTATUS_OPEN =
+    '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>\n<D:multistatus xmlns:D="DAV:">\n';
+const MULTISTATUS_CLOSE = '\n</D:multistatus>';
+
 function wrapMultistatus(inner: string): string {
-    return `<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>\n<D:multistatus xmlns:D="DAV:">\n${inner}\n</D:multistatus>`;
+    return `${MULTISTATUS_OPEN}${inner}${MULTISTATUS_CLOSE}`;
 }
 
 /**

src/backend/core/context.ts

@@ -63,10 +63,17 @@ export interface KnownContextFields {
     driverName: string;
     /**
      * Aborts when the client disconnects before the response has finished (set
-     * by DriverController). Long-running drivers poll it so work nobody will
-     * receive stops early and is never metered.
+     * by DriverController). Some drivers (Gemini, Replicate) stop early on it.
+     * Async video and image jobs keep polling and are metered after a
+     * disconnect, since the provider bills them either way.
      */
     abortSignal: AbortSignal;
+    /**
+     * Keeps the call's concurrency slot until `work` settles (set by
+     * DriverController when the method is capped), for work that outlives the
+     * response.
+     */
+    keepDriverSlot: (work: Promise<unknown>) => void;
     /**
      * Aborts the chat driver's upstream request. A client disconnect doesn't
      * fire it: the upstream bills a request it has accepted either way, so the
@@ -80,6 +87,11 @@ export interface KnownContextFields {
      * different provider's translation of it.
      */
     strictUpstreamErrors: boolean;
+    /**
+     * Set while Puter files something into an account for it (mail delivery),
+     * so filesystem events never report that write as the request actor's own.
+     */
+    platformWrite: boolean;
 }
 
 // Every key of `KnownContextFields`, checked both ways by the compiler, so
@@ -90,8 +102,10 @@ const KNOWN_KEY_FLAGS: Record<keyof KnownContextFields, true> = {
     requestId: true,
     driverName: true,
     abortSignal: true,
+    keepDriverSlot: true,
     upstreamSignal: true,
     strictUpstreamErrors: true,
+    platformWrite: true,
 };
 const KNOWN_KEYS: ReadonlySet<string> = new Set(Object.keys(KNOWN_KEY_FLAGS));
 

src/backend/core/http/middleware/gates.test.ts

@@ -836,6 +836,34 @@ describe('requireVerifiedAccount', () => {
         expectHttpError(got, 403, 'card_verification_required');
     });
 
+    it('asks an email-gate-last account for card, then phone, then email', () => {
+        const pending = {
+            uuid: 'u-1',
+            requires_email_confirmation: true,
+            email_confirmed: false,
+            requires_phone_verification: true,
+            requires_card_verification: true,
+            metadata: { emailGateLast: true },
+        };
+        const gateFor = (user: Record<string, unknown>) =>
+            runGate(requireVerifiedAccount(), { actor: { user } });
+        expectHttpError(gateFor(pending), 403, 'card_verification_required');
+        expectHttpError(
+            gateFor({ ...pending, requires_card_verification: false }),
+            403,
+            'phone_verification_required',
+        );
+        expectHttpError(
+            gateFor({
+                ...pending,
+                requires_card_verification: false,
+                requires_phone_verification: false,
+            }),
+            403,
+            'email_confirmation_required',
+        );
+    });
+
     it('returns 403 two_factor_required for a seat whose team requires 2FA', async () => {
         const teams = { getOrgSeat: async () => ({ require_2fa: 1 }) };
         const got = await runGateAsync(requireTeam2fa(teams), {

src/backend/core/http/middleware/gates.ts

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ import {
     type CardFallbackDeps,
 } from '../../../util/cardFallback';
 import { reserveUsernames } from '../../../util/reservedUsernames';
+import { isEmailGateLast } from '../../../util/verificationOrder';
 import {
     isAccountContext,
     isAppActor,
@@ -309,11 +310,25 @@ export const requireVerifiedAccount = (): RequestHandler =>
 export const assertVerifiedAccount = (
     user: AccountGateUser | undefined,
 ): void => {
-    if (user?.requires_email_confirmation && !user?.email_confirmed) {
-        throw new HttpError(403, 'Please confirm your email to continue', {
-            legacyCode: 'email_confirmation_required',
-        });
-    }
+    const assertEmail = () => {
+        if (user?.requires_email_confirmation && !user?.email_confirmed) {
+            throw new HttpError(403, 'Please confirm your email to continue', {
+                legacyCode: 'email_confirmation_required',
+            });
+        }
+    };
+    const assertCard = () => {
+        if (user?.requires_card_verification) {
+            throw new HttpError(403, 'Please verify your card to continue', {
+                legacyCode: 'card_verification_required',
+            });
+        }
+    };
+    // Email → phone → card, or card → phone → email for an email-gate-last
+    // account, so the client is sent to the gate it has to clear next.
+    const emailLast = isEmailGateLast(user);
+    if (emailLast) assertCard();
+    else assertEmail();
     if (user?.requires_phone_verification) {
         throw new HttpError(
             403,
@@ -323,11 +338,8 @@ export const assertVerifiedAccount = (
             },
         );
     }
-    if (user?.requires_card_verification) {
-        throw new HttpError(403, 'Please verify your card to continue', {
-            legacyCode: 'card_verification_required',
-        });
-    }
+    if (emailLast) assertEmail();
+    else assertCard();
     // A team seat signs in on a password its administrator still holds,
     // so it reaches nothing until it has replaced that password.
     if (user?.requires_password_change) {

src/backend/core/http/middleware/largeJsonBody.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Puter.
+ *
+ * Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+ * by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+import { EventEmitter } from 'node:events';
+import type { NextFunction, Request, RequestHandler, Response } from 'express';
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { isHttpError } from '../HttpError';
+import {
+    createLargeJsonBodyParser,
+    DEFAULT_JSON_LIMIT_BYTES,
+} from './largeJsonBody';
+
+const MiB = 1024 * 1024;
+
+// A complete request with no socket reads as already consumed to body-parser,
+// so the parsers call straight through, leaving any preset `body` in place.
+const makeReq = (
+    bytes: number | undefined,
+    user: string | null = 'u1',
+    body?: unknown,
+) =>
+    ({
+        complete: true,
+        body,
+        headers: {
+            'content-type': 'application/json',
+            ...(bytes === undefined ? {} : { 'content-length': String(bytes) }),
+            ...(user ? { authorization: user } : {}),
+        },
+    }) as unknown as Request;
+
+const makeRes = () => {
+    const res = new EventEmitter() as EventEmitter & {
+        setHeader: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>;
+    };
+    res.setHeader = vi.fn();
+    return res;
+};
+
+const authProbe = vi.fn<RequestHandler>((req, _res, next) => {
+    if (req.headers.authorization) {
+        (req as { actor?: unknown }).actor = {
+            user: { uuid: req.headers.authorization },
+        };
+    }
+    next();
+});
+
+const run = (mw: RequestHandler, req: Request, res = makeRes()) =>
+    new Promise<{ err: unknown; res: ReturnType<typeof makeRes> }>(
+        (resolve) => {
+            mw(
+                req,
+                res as unknown as Response,
+                ((err?: unknown) => resolve({ err, res })) as NextFunction,
+            );
+        },
+    );
+
+const statusOf = (err: unknown) => (isHttpError(err) ? err.statusCode : err);
+
+describe('createLargeJsonBodyParser', () => {
+    const create = ({
+        budgetBytes = 200 * MiB,
+        perUserBytes = 128 * MiB,
+        accepts,
+    }: {
+        budgetBytes?: number;
+        perUserBytes?: number;
+        accepts?: (req: Request) => boolean;
+    } = {}) =>
+        createLargeJsonBodyParser({
+            authProbe,
+            limitBytes: 128 * MiB,
+            budgetBytes,
+            perUserBytes,
+            accepts,
+        });
+
+    it.each([
+        ['no Content-Length', undefined],
+        ['a body within the default limit', DEFAULT_JSON_LIMIT_BYTES],
+        ['a body over the large limit', 128 * MiB + 1],
+    ])('leaves %s to the global parser without probing', async (_, bytes) => {
+        authProbe.mockClear();
+        const { err } = await run(create(), makeReq(bytes));
+        expect(err).toBeUndefined();
+        expect(authProbe).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it('leaves an unauthenticated large body to the global parser', async () => {
+        const mw = create({ budgetBytes: 60 * MiB });
+        const { err } = await run(mw, makeReq(60 * MiB, null));
+        expect(err).toBeUndefined();
+        // Nothing was charged, so a signed-in caller still fits.
+        expect((await run(mw, makeReq(60 * MiB))).err).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+
+    it('charges nothing for a client that left during the probe', async () => {
+        const mw = create({ budgetBytes: 60 * MiB });
+        const gone = Object.assign(makeRes(), { closed: true });
+        expect((await run(mw, makeReq(60 * MiB), gone)).err).toBeUndefined();
+        expect((await run(mw, makeReq(60 * MiB))).err).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+
+    it('refuses with 503 past the budget until a response closes', async () => {
+        const mw = create({ budgetBytes: 130 * MiB });
+        const first = await run(mw, makeReq(60 * MiB, 'u1'));
+        await run(mw, makeReq(60 * MiB, 'u2'));
+
+        const refused = await run(mw, makeReq(60 * MiB, 'u3'));
+        expect(statusOf(refused.err)).toBe(503);
+        // Load shedding is recorded, not paged.
+        expect(isHttpError(refused.err) && refused.err.alarmSeverity).toBe(
+            'info',
+        );
+        expect(refused.res.setHeader).toHaveBeenCalledWith('Retry-After', '5');
+
+        first.res.emit('close');
+        expect((await run(mw, makeReq(60 * MiB, 'u3'))).err).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+
+    it("refuses one user's bodies with 429 past their share", async () => {
+        const mw = create({ perUserBytes: 100 * MiB });
+        const first = await run(mw, makeReq(60 * MiB, 'u1'));
+
+        const refused = await run(mw, makeReq(60 * MiB, 'u1'));
+        expect(statusOf(refused.err)).toBe(429);
+        expect(refused.res.setHeader).toHaveBeenCalledWith('Retry-After', '5');
+        // Another user isn't held back by it.
+        expect((await run(mw, makeReq(60 * MiB, 'u2'))).err).toBeUndefined();
+
+        first.res.emit('close');
+        expect((await run(mw, makeReq(60 * MiB, 'u1'))).err).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+
+    it('refuses with 413 a parsed body `accepts` turns down', async () => {
+        const mw = create({
+            accepts: (req) => (req.body as { ok?: boolean }).ok === true,
+        });
+        const refused = await run(mw, makeReq(60 * MiB, 'u1', { ok: false }));
+        expect(statusOf(refused.err)).toBe(413);
+        expect(
+            (await run(mw, makeReq(60 * MiB, 'u2', { ok: true }))).err,
+        ).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+});

src/backend/core/http/middleware/largeJsonBody.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Puter.
+ *
+ * Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+ * by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+import express, { type Request, type RequestHandler } from 'express';
+import { actorUid } from '../../actor';
+import { HttpError } from '../HttpError';
+
+/** The global JSON parser's limit, which applies before auth. */
+export const DEFAULT_JSON_LIMIT_BYTES = 50 * 1024 * 1024;
+
+interface LargeJsonBodyOptions {
+    /** The global auth probe; it skips requests that already carry an actor. */
+    authProbe: RequestHandler;
+    limitBytes: number;
+    /** Declared bytes of large bodies a process holds at once. */
+    budgetBytes: number;
+    /** Declared bytes of large bodies one user holds at once. */
+    perUserBytes: number;
+    /** Checked once the body is parsed; a body it refuses gets a 413. */
+    accepts?: (req: Request) => boolean;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parses JSON bodies over the default limit, up to `limitBytes`, once the
+ * caller's header or cookie credential resolves. Unauthenticated requests and
+ * requests without a Content-Length fall through to the global parser and its
+ * limit.
+ *
+ * The parsed body lives as long as the request, so a body's bytes count against
+ * both budgets until its response closes. Over the user's budget gets a 429,
+ * over the process budget a 503.
+ */
+export const createLargeJsonBodyParser = ({
+    authProbe,
+    limitBytes,
+    budgetBytes,
+    perUserBytes,
+    accepts,
+}: LargeJsonBodyOptions): RequestHandler => {
+    const json = express.json({ limit: limitBytes });
+    const textAsJson = express.json({
+        limit: limitBytes,
+        type: (req) =>
+            req.headers['content-type'] === 'text/plain;actually=json',
+    });
+    let inFlightBytes = 0;
+    const inFlightByUser = new Map<string, number>();
+
+    return (req, res, next) => {
+        const declared = Number(req.headers['content-length']);
+        if (!(declared > DEFAULT_JSON_LIMIT_BYTES && declared <= limitBytes)) {
+            next();
+            return;
+        }
+        void authProbe(req, res, () => {
+            // `res.closed`: the client left during the probe, so `close` has
+            // already fired and would never release a charge.
+            if (!req.actor || res.closed) {
+                next();
+                return;
+            }
+            const user = req.actor.user.uuid ?? actorUid(req.actor);
+            const userBytes = inFlightByUser.get(user) ?? 0;
+            if (userBytes + declared > perUserBytes) {
+                res.setHeader('Retry-After', '5');
+                next(
+                    new HttpError(
+                        429,
+                        'Too many large requests in progress for this account',
+                        { legacyCode: 'too_many_requests' },
+                    ),
+                );
+                return;
+            }
+            if (inFlightBytes + declared > budgetBytes) {
+                res.setHeader('Retry-After', '5');
+                next(
+                    new HttpError(503, 'Too many large requests in progress', {
+                        code: 'large_body_capacity',
+                        // Load shedding, not a fault: record it, don't page.
+                        alarmSeverity: 'info',
+                    }),
+                );
+                return;
+            }
+            inFlightBytes += declared;
+            inFlightByUser.set(user, userBytes + declared);
+            res.once('close', () => {
+                inFlightBytes -= declared;
+                const left = (inFlightByUser.get(user) ?? 0) - declared;
+                if (left > 0) inFlightByUser.set(user, left);
+                else inFlightByUser.delete(user);
+            });
+            json(req, res, (err?: unknown) => {
+                if (err) {
+                    next(err);
+                    return;
+                }
+                textAsJson(req, res, (err?: unknown) => {
+                    if (err) {
+                        next(err);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    if (accepts && !accepts(req)) {
+                        // The same answer the default limit gives.
+                        next(
+                            new HttpError(413, 'request entity too large', {
+                                legacyCode: 'client_bad_request',
+                            }),
+                        );
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    next();
+                });
+            });
+        });
+    };
+};

src/backend/core/http/middleware/privateAppGate.ts

@@ -476,9 +476,8 @@ function actorMatchesExpectedApp(
 }
 
 /**
- * Mirror of `resolvePrivateIdentity` for public hosted apps. Reads the sticky
- * `puter.public.hosted.actor.token` cookie first, then the same
- * session/bootstrap fallbacks.
+ * Fresh authenticated identities replace the sticky public billing cookie when
+ * the visitor switches accounts.
  */
 export async function resolvePublicHostedIdentity(opts: {
     req: Request;
@@ -500,37 +499,6 @@ export async function resolvePublicHostedIdentity(opts: {
     const cookies = (req as Request & { cookies?: Record<string, string> })
         .cookies;
 
-    const { name: publicCookieNameV2, legacyName: publicCookieNameLegacy } =
-        HOSTED_ASSET_COOKIES.public;
-    const publicCookieToken =
-        (typeof cookies?.[publicCookieNameV2] === 'string'
-            ? cookies[publicCookieNameV2]
-            : null) ??
-        (typeof cookies?.[publicCookieNameLegacy] === 'string'
-            ? cookies[publicCookieNameLegacy]
-            : null);
-    if (publicCookieToken) {
-        try {
-            const claims = await authService.verifyHostedAssetToken(
-                'public',
-                publicCookieToken,
-                {
-                    appUid: expectedAppUid,
-                    subdomain: expectedSubdomain,
-                    host: expectedHost,
-                },
-            );
-            return {
-                source: 'public-cookie',
-                userUid: claims.userUid,
-                sessionUuid: claims.sessionUuid,
-                hasValidPublicCookie: true,
-            };
-        } catch {
-            /* fall through — v1-signed cookies land here and get re-minted */
-        }
-    }
-
     const existingActor = req.actor;
     if (
         existingActor?.user?.uuid &&
@@ -586,6 +554,37 @@ export async function resolvePublicHostedIdentity(opts: {
         }
     }
 
+    const { name: publicCookieNameV2, legacyName: publicCookieNameLegacy } =
+        HOSTED_ASSET_COOKIES.public;
+    const publicCookieToken =
+        (typeof cookies?.[publicCookieNameV2] === 'string'
+            ? cookies[publicCookieNameV2]
+            : null) ??
+        (typeof cookies?.[publicCookieNameLegacy] === 'string'
+            ? cookies[publicCookieNameLegacy]
+            : null);
+    if (publicCookieToken) {
+        try {
+            const claims = await authService.verifyHostedAssetToken(
+                'public',
+                publicCookieToken,
+                {
+                    appUid: expectedAppUid,
+                    subdomain: expectedSubdomain,
+                    host: expectedHost,
+                },
+            );
+            return {
+                source: 'public-cookie',
+                userUid: claims.userUid,
+                sessionUuid: claims.sessionUuid,
+                hasValidPublicCookie: true,
+            };
+        } catch {
+            /* fall through — v1-signed cookies land here and get re-minted */
+        }
+    }
+
     return { source: 'none' };
 }
 

src/backend/core/http/middleware/puterSite.test.ts

@@ -2591,3 +2591,239 @@ describe('createPuterSiteMiddleware — private-app gate decisions', () => {
         },
     );
 });
+
+describe('public hosted asset billing identity', () => {
+    it.each(['actor', 'session', 'query'] as const)(
+        'replaces an older billing cookie with the current %s identity',
+        async (source) => {
+            const owner = await makeUserWithHome();
+            const previous = await makeUser();
+            const current = await makeUser();
+            const home = (await server.stores.fsEntry.getEntryByPath(
+                `/${owner.username}`,
+            ))!;
+            const sub = `switch-${uuidv4().slice(0, 8)}`;
+            const host = `${sub}.site.puter.localhost`;
+            await server.stores.subdomain.create({
+                userId: owner.id,
+                subdomain: sub,
+                rootDirId: home.id,
+            });
+            await writeFile(
+                owner.id,
+                `/${owner.username}/index.html`,
+                Buffer.from('hello'),
+            );
+            const app = await server.stores.app.create(
+                { name: sub, title: sub, index_url: `http://${host}/` },
+                { ownerUserId: owner.id },
+            );
+            const previousToken = await server.services.auth.getUserAppToken(
+                actorFor(previous),
+                app.uid,
+            );
+            const previousActor =
+                (await server.services.auth.authenticateFromToken(
+                    previousToken,
+                ))!;
+            const currentToken = await server.services.auth.getUserAppToken(
+                actorFor(current),
+                app.uid,
+            );
+            const oldCookie = await server.services.auth.createHostedAssetToken(
+                'public',
+                {
+                    appUid: app.uid,
+                    userUid: previous.uuid,
+                    sessionUuid: previousActor.session?.uid,
+                    subdomain: sub,
+                    host,
+                },
+            );
+            const cookieName = HOSTED_ASSET_COOKIES.public.name;
+            const req = makeReq({
+                hostname: host,
+                path: '/index.html',
+                cookies: {
+                    [cookieName]: oldCookie,
+                    ...(source === 'session' ? { session: currentToken } : {}),
+                },
+                query:
+                    source === 'query'
+                        ? { 'puter.auth.token': currentToken }
+                        : {},
+            });
+            if (source === 'actor')
+                req.actor =
+                    (await server.services.auth.authenticateFromToken(
+                        currentToken,
+                    ))!;
+            const { res, out } = makeRes();
+            await buildMiddleware({ cookie_name: 'session' })(
+                req,
+                res,
+                vi.fn(),
+            );
+            await new Promise<void>((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+            expect(out.statusCode).toBe(200);
+            expect(req.egressActor?.user?.uuid).toBe(current.uuid);
+            const refreshed = out.cookies[cookieName];
+            expect(refreshed).toBeTruthy();
+            expect(
+                (
+                    await server.services.auth.verifyHostedAssetToken(
+                        'public',
+                        refreshed,
+                        { appUid: app.uid, host },
+                    )
+                ).userUid,
+            ).toBe(current.uuid);
+            const nextReq = makeReq({
+                hostname: host,
+                path: '/index.html',
+                cookies: { [cookieName]: refreshed },
+            });
+            await runMiddleware(buildMiddleware(), nextReq);
+            expect(nextReq.egressActor?.user?.uuid).toBe(current.uuid);
+        },
+    );
+
+    it('bills recognized visitors, reuses the parent session, and falls back to the owner', async () => {
+        const owner = await makeUserWithHome();
+        const visitor = await makeUser();
+        const home = (await server.stores.fsEntry.getEntryByPath(
+            `/${owner.username}`,
+        ))!;
+        const sub = `egress-${uuidv4().slice(0, 8)}`;
+        const host = `${sub}.site.puter.localhost`;
+        await server.stores.subdomain.create({
+            userId: owner.id,
+            subdomain: sub,
+            rootDirId: home.id,
+        });
+        await writeFile(
+            owner.id,
+            `/${owner.username}/index.html`,
+            Buffer.from('hello'),
+        );
+        const app = await server.stores.app.create(
+            { name: sub, title: sub, index_url: `http://${host}/` },
+            { ownerUserId: owner.id },
+        );
+        const token = await server.services.auth.getUserAppToken(
+            actorFor(visitor),
+            app.uid,
+        );
+        const authenticated =
+            await server.services.auth.authenticateFromToken(token);
+        const serve = async (query = {}, cookies = {}, headers = {}) => {
+            const req = makeReq({ hostname: host, path: '/index.html', query });
+            Object.assign(req, { cookies, headers });
+            const { res, out } = makeRes();
+            await buildMiddleware()(req, res, vi.fn());
+            await new Promise<void>((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+            expect(out.statusCode).toBe(200);
+            return { req, out };
+        };
+        const create = vi.spyOn(server.stores.session, 'create');
+        try {
+            const first = await serve({ 'puter.auth.token': token });
+            expect(first.req.egressActor?.user?.uuid).toBe(visitor.uuid);
+            const cookieName = HOSTED_ASSET_COOKIES.public.name;
+            const cookie = first.out.cookies[cookieName];
+            expect(cookie).toBeTruthy();
+            const claims = await server.services.auth.verifyHostedAssetToken(
+                'public',
+                cookie,
+                { appUid: app.uid, host },
+            );
+            expect(claims.sessionUuid).toBe(authenticated?.session?.uid);
+            const next = await serve({}, { [cookieName]: cookie });
+            expect(next.req.egressActor?.user?.uuid).toBe(visitor.uuid);
+            expect(next.out.cookies).toEqual({});
+            const blockedCookies = await serve(
+                {},
+                {},
+                { referer: `http://${host}/?puter.auth.token=${token}` },
+            );
+            expect(blockedCookies.req.egressActor?.user?.uuid).toBe(
+                visitor.uuid,
+            );
+            expect(create).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+            const anonymous = await serve();
+            expect(anonymous.req.egressActor?.user?.uuid).toBe(owner.uuid);
+            const invalid = await serve({}, { [cookieName]: 'invalid' });
+            expect(invalid.req.egressActor?.user?.uuid).toBe(owner.uuid);
+            await server.services.auth.revokeAllSessionsForUserId(visitor.id);
+            const revoked = await serve({}, { [cookieName]: cookie });
+            expect(revoked.req.egressActor?.user?.uuid).toBe(owner.uuid);
+        } finally {
+            create.mockRestore();
+        }
+    });
+});
+
+describe('site rooted in the owner tree, root moved to Trash', () => {
+    it('stops serving a trashed folder and resumes when restored', async () => {
+        const owner = await makeUserWithHome();
+        const dir = await server.services.fs.mkdir(owner.id, {
+            path: `/${owner.username}/Documents/site`,
+            createMissingParents: true,
+        });
+        const body = Buffer.from('<html>trashed</html>');
+        await server.services.fs.write(owner.id, {
+            fileMetadata: {
+                path: `/${owner.username}/Documents/site/index.html`,
+                size: body.byteLength,
+            },
+            fileContent: body,
+        });
+        const sub = `tr-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2, 8)}`;
+        await server.stores.subdomain.create({
+            userId: owner.id,
+            subdomain: sub,
+            rootDirId: dir.id,
+        });
+        const serveIndex = async () => {
+            const mw = createPuterSiteMiddleware(hostingConfig, {
+                clients: server.clients,
+                stores: server.stores,
+                services: server.services,
+            });
+            const { res, out } = makeRes();
+            await mw(
+                makeReq({
+                    hostname: `${sub}.site.puter.localhost`,
+                    path: '/',
+                }),
+                res,
+                vi.fn(),
+            );
+            await new Promise<void>((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+            return out;
+        };
+        expect((await serveIndex()).statusCode).toBe(200);
+
+        const trash = (await server.stores.fsEntry.getEntryByPath(
+            `/${owner.username}/Trash`,
+        ))!;
+        const entry = (await server.stores.fsEntry.getEntryById(dir.id))!;
+        await server.services.fs.move(owner.id, {
+            source: entry,
+            destinationParent: trash,
+        });
+        const moved = (await server.stores.fsEntry.getEntryById(dir.id))!;
+        expect(moved.path.startsWith(`/${owner.username}/Trash/`)).toBe(true);
+
+        const out = await serveIndex();
+        expect(out.statusCode).toBe(404);
+        const documents = (await server.stores.fsEntry.getEntryByPath(
+            `/${owner.username}/Documents`,
+        ))!;
+        await server.services.fs.move(owner.id, {
+            source: moved,
+            destinationParent: documents,
+        });
+        expect((await serveIndex()).statusCode).toBe(200);
+    });
+});

src/backend/core/http/middleware/puterSite.ts

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import { MANAGE_PERM_PREFIX } from '../../../services/permission/consts';
 import type { puterStores } from '../../../stores';
 import type { IConfig, LayerInstances } from '../../../types';
 import { awaitLater } from '../../../util/concurrency';
+import { isTrashedPath } from '../../../util/hostedAppBacking';
 import { makeActor } from '../../actor';
 import {
     buildAppCenterFallback,
@@ -109,10 +110,6 @@ const isServableEntryPath = (
     return !isWorkersSourcePath(relPath) && !isSiteConfigPath(relPath);
 };
 
-/** Inside some owner's top-level Trash, which is where Delete puts things. */
-const isTrashedPath = (path: string): boolean =>
-    /^\/[^/]+\/Trash(\/|$)/u.test(path);
-
 /**
  * Suggested value for `config.hosting_csp`. Not applied unless configured.
  *
@@ -333,6 +330,7 @@ export const createPuterSiteMiddleware = (
 
         const associatedApp = (await appLookup) as AppRow | null;
 
+        let hostedVisitorUid: string | undefined;
         const isPrivateApp = Boolean(associatedApp?.is_private);
         const privateApp = isPrivateApp ? associatedApp : null;
 
@@ -400,6 +398,8 @@ export const createPuterSiteMiddleware = (
                 return;
             }
 
+            hostedVisitorUid = identity.userUid;
+
             // Entitlement check runs on every request — matching v1. The
             // sticky cookie is an identity shortcut, not an access cache;
             // the marketplace extension already caches access decisions
@@ -509,11 +509,8 @@ export const createPuterSiteMiddleware = (
             res.status(404).type('text/plain').send('Subdomain not found');
             return;
         } else {
-            // Public hosted site. Mint the public hosted-actor cookie if
-            // we can identify the visitor — lets the hosted page make
-            // cross-origin requests as the actor without needing a
-            // host-scoped main session cookie. No-op for anonymous
-            // visitors.
+            // Remember the authenticated visitor for asset billing across
+            // requests that do not carry the original app token.
             try {
                 const identity = await resolvePublicHostedIdentity({
                     req,
@@ -526,6 +523,7 @@ export const createPuterSiteMiddleware = (
                     expectedSubdomain: subdomain,
                     expectedHost: host,
                 });
+                hostedVisitorUid = identity.userUid;
                 if (
                     identity.userUid &&
                     !(identity as { hasValidPublicCookie?: boolean })
@@ -574,7 +572,7 @@ export const createPuterSiteMiddleware = (
                 .send(SUBDOMAIN_404);
             return;
         }
-        if (!rootEntry.isDir) {
+        if (!rootEntry.isDir || isTrashedPath(rootEntry.path)) {
             res.status(404)
                 .type('text/html; charset=UTF-8')
                 .send(SUBDOMAIN_404);
@@ -584,37 +582,27 @@ export const createPuterSiteMiddleware = (
         // A site rooted in someone else's directory stands on the `manage`
         // grant that authorized publishing it, and serves that whole subtree
         // with the ACL bypassed — so the grant is re-read on every request.
-        // Trash is its own check: a grant is keyed on the node, not its
-        // location, so it survives the owner deleting the directory. Sites
-        // rooted in their publisher's own tree skip all of this.
         if (rootEntry.userId !== site.user_id) {
             let stillPublishable = false;
-            if (!isTrashedPath(rootEntry.path)) {
-                try {
-                    stillPublishable = await layers.services.acl.check(
-                        makeActor({
-                            user: {
-                                id: owner.id,
-                                uuid: owner.uuid,
-                                username: owner.username,
-                            },
-                        }),
-                        {
-                            path: rootEntry.path,
-                            resolveAncestors: () =>
-                                layers.services.fs.getAncestorChain(
-                                    rootEntry.path,
-                                ),
+            try {
+                stillPublishable = await layers.services.acl.check(
+                    makeActor({
+                        user: {
+                            id: owner.id,
+                            uuid: owner.uuid,
+                            username: owner.username,
                         },
-                        MANAGE_PERM_PREFIX,
-                    );
-                } catch (e) {
-                    // Fail closed — an unreadable grant is not a held one.
-                    console.warn(
-                        '[puter-site] publish grant recheck failed',
-                        e,
-                    );
-                }
+                    }),
+                    {
+                        path: rootEntry.path,
+                        resolveAncestors: () =>
+                            layers.services.fs.getAncestorChain(rootEntry.path),
+                    },
+                    MANAGE_PERM_PREFIX,
+                );
+            } catch (e) {
+                // Fail closed — an unreadable grant is not a held one.
+                console.warn('[puter-site] publish grant recheck failed', e);
             }
             if (!stillPublishable) {
                 res.status(404)
@@ -837,7 +825,22 @@ export const createPuterSiteMiddleware = (
         // hosting is unauthenticated by design, so most visitors are nobody in
         // particular. Set unconditionally because hosting subdomains are not
         // metered by default: this is what opts the response in.
-        req.egressActor = req.actor ?? {
+        let visitorActor = req.actor;
+        if (hostedVisitorUid && visitorActor?.user?.uuid !== hostedVisitorUid) {
+            try {
+                const visitor =
+                    await layers.stores.user.getByUuid(hostedVisitorUid);
+                if (visitor && !visitor.suspended) {
+                    visitorActor = makeActor({
+                        user: visitor,
+                        app: associatedApp ?? undefined,
+                    });
+                }
+            } catch {
+                // Unknown requesters are billed to the site owner.
+            }
+        }
+        req.egressActor = visitorActor ?? {
             user: {
                 uuid: owner.uuid,
                 id: owner.id,

src/backend/core/http/middleware/rateLimit.js

@@ -84,6 +84,10 @@ export function sweepMemoryWindows() {
         )
             memoryWindows.delete(k);
     }
+    for (const [k, entry] of memoryCounters) {
+        if (entry.index < Math.floor(now / entry.windowMs) - 1)
+            memoryCounters.delete(k);
+    }
 }
 
 {
@@ -155,6 +159,97 @@ async function peekMemory(key, limit, windowMs) {
     return timestamps.length < limit;
 }
 
+// -- Counted claims --------------------------------------------------
+//
+// `claim` keeps a member per unit, which is fine for a few units and not for
+// thousands. The counted form keeps two counters per key, the current fixed
+// window and the one before it, and slides by weighting the previous one by
+// how much of it the window still covers. It can be off by a little at window
+// edges, and its buckets are separate from the other forms'.
+
+/** The sliding-window estimate from the two fixed windows it overlaps. */
+const slidingCount = (previous, current, now, windowMs) =>
+    previous * (1 - (now % windowMs) / windowMs) + current;
+
+/** How many of `units` a counted claim that left `used` spent may keep. */
+const countedAdmits = (used, limit, units) =>
+    units - Math.min(units, Math.max(0, Math.ceil(used - limit)));
+
+/** Key → `{ index, current, previous, windowMs }`, swept with the windows. */
+const memoryCounters = new Map();
+
+async function claimCountMemory(key, limit, windowMs, units) {
+    const now = Date.now();
+    const index = Math.floor(now / windowMs);
+    let entry = memoryCounters.get(key);
+    if (!entry) {
+        if (memoryCounters.size >= MEMORY_MAX_KEYS) {
+            memoryCounters.delete(memoryCounters.keys().next().value);
+        }
+        entry = { index, current: 0, previous: 0, windowMs };
+        memoryCounters.set(key, entry);
+    } else if (entry.index !== index) {
+        entry.previous = entry.index === index - 1 ? entry.current : 0;
+        entry.current = 0;
+        entry.index = index;
+    }
+    entry.windowMs = windowMs;
+    const used = slidingCount(entry.previous, entry.current, now, windowMs);
+    const admitted = countedAdmits(used + units, limit, units);
+    entry.current += admitted;
+    return admitted;
+}
+
+async function claimCountRedis(redis, key, limit, windowMs, units) {
+    const now = Date.now();
+    const index = Math.floor(now / windowMs);
+    // The hash tag keeps both windows in one slot, so one MULTI reads both.
+    const current = `ratec:{${key}}:${index}`;
+    const results = await redis
+        .multi()
+        .incrby(current, units)
+        .pexpire(current, 2 * windowMs)
+        .get(`ratec:{${key}}:${index - 1}`)
+        .exec();
+    const used = slidingCount(
+        Number(multiResult(results, 2) ?? 0),
+        Number(multiResult(results, 0)),
+        now,
+        windowMs,
+    );
+    const admitted = countedAdmits(used, limit, units);
+    if (admitted < units) await redis.decrby(current, units - admitted);
+    return admitted;
+}
+
+async function claimCountKv(kv, key, limit, windowMs, units) {
+    const now = Date.now();
+    const index = Math.floor(now / windowMs);
+    const current = `ratec:${key}:${index}`;
+    const [counted, previous] = await Promise.all([
+        kv.incr({
+            key: current,
+            pathAndAmountMap: { '': units },
+            expireAt: Math.ceil((now + 2 * windowMs) / 1000),
+        }),
+        kv.get({ key: `ratec:${key}:${index - 1}` }),
+    ]);
+    const used = slidingCount(
+        Number(previous.res ?? 0),
+        Number(counted.res),
+        now,
+        windowMs,
+    );
+    const admitted = countedAdmits(used, limit, units);
+    if (admitted < units) {
+        await kv.decr({
+            key: current,
+            pathAndAmountMap: { '': units - admitted },
+        });
+    }
+    return admitted;
+}
+
 // -- Redis backend ---------------------------------------------------
 
 // ioredis MULTI/EXEC reports per-command failures inside the exec() result
@@ -475,6 +570,10 @@ function instrumentBackendPair(name, pair) {
             withSpan('rate_limit.claim', attrs, () =>
                 pair.claim(key, limit, windowMs, units),
             ),
+        count: (key, limit, windowMs, units) =>
+            withSpan('rate_limit.count', attrs, () =>
+                pair.count(key, limit, windowMs, units),
+            ),
         acquire: (key, limit) =>
             withSpan('rate_limit.acquire', attrs, () =>
                 pair.acquire(key, limit),
@@ -486,6 +585,7 @@ const memoryBackendPair = instrumentBackendPair('memory', {
     rate: checkMemory,
     peek: peekMemory,
     claim: claimMemory,
+    count: claimCountMemory,
     acquire: acquireMemoryConcurrent,
 });
 
@@ -536,6 +636,8 @@ export function configureRateLimit({
                 peekRedis(redis, key, limit, windowMs),
             claim: (key, limit, windowMs, units) =>
                 claimRedis(redis, key, limit, windowMs, units),
+            count: (key, limit, windowMs, units) =>
+                claimCountRedis(redis, key, limit, windowMs, units),
             acquire: (key, limit) => acquireRedisConcurrent(redis, key, limit),
         });
     }
@@ -545,6 +647,8 @@ export function configureRateLimit({
             peek: (key, limit) => peekKv(kv, key, limit),
             claim: (key, limit, windowMs, units) =>
                 claimKv(kv, key, limit, windowMs, units),
+            count: (key, limit, windowMs, units) =>
+                claimCountKv(kv, key, limit, windowMs, units),
             acquire: (key, limit) => acquireKvConcurrent(kv, key, limit),
         });
     }
@@ -874,6 +978,32 @@ export async function claimRateLimit(key, limit, windowMs, units, backend) {
     }
 }
 
+/**
+ * `claimRateLimit` for budgets measured in many units per call: a claim costs
+ * the same however many units it spends (see "Counted claims" above). Its
+ * buckets are its own, so a key is only ever claimed one way. Fails open,
+ * admitting every unit.
+ */
+export async function claimCountedRateLimit(
+    key,
+    limit,
+    windowMs,
+    units,
+    backend,
+) {
+    if (!(units > 0)) return 0;
+    const bk = resolveBackend(backend);
+    try {
+        return await bk.count(key, limit, windowMs, units);
+    } catch (err) {
+        console.error(
+            '[rate-limit] imperative counted claim failed, failing open:',
+            err,
+        );
+        return units;
+    }
+}
+
 /**
  * Charge a route-shaped rate-limit spec from inside a handler.
  *
@@ -1049,8 +1179,8 @@ export function concurrencyGate(opts) {
  * Acquire a concurrent slot for a driver call. Mirrors `checkDriverRateLimit`
  * but returns an acquisition handle: caller MUST invoke `release()` on the
  * returned object exactly once, even on thrown errors — typically in a
- * `finally`. `ok: false` means the slot was full; callers should reject with
- * 429 in that case.
+ * `finally`. `renew()` keeps a long-held slot past the orphan TTL. `ok: false`
+ * means the slot was full; callers should reject with 429 in that case.
  *
  * `opts` is the resolved per-method spec from the driver's decorator (or
  * imperative `concurrent` field). Omitting `opts` (driver declares nothing)
@@ -1060,7 +1190,7 @@ export function concurrencyGate(opts) {
  */
 export async function acquireDriverConcurrent(req, ifaceName, method, opts) {
     if (!opts || typeof opts.limit !== 'number') {
-        return { ok: true, release: noop };
+        return { ok: true, release: noop, renew: noop };
     }
     const slot = await charge(
         req,
@@ -1072,8 +1202,7 @@ export async function acquireDriverConcurrent(req, ifaceName, method, opts) {
             label: '[concurrent] driver acquire',
         },
     );
-    if (!slot) return { ok: true, release: noop };
-    if (!slot.ok) return { ok: false, release: noop };
-    const { release } = guardSlot(slot, '[concurrent] driver');
-    return { ok: true, release };
+    if (!slot) return { ok: true, release: noop, renew: noop };
+    if (!slot.ok) return { ok: false, release: noop, renew: noop };
+    return guardSlot(slot, '[concurrent] driver');
 }

src/backend/core/http/middleware/rateLimit.test.js

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ import {
     acquireDriverConcurrent,
     checkDriverRateLimit,
     checkRateLimit,
+    claimCountedRateLimit,
     claimRateLimit,
     concurrencyGate,
     consumeRouteRateLimit,
@@ -1487,6 +1488,13 @@ describe('rate + concurrent limiting — kv backend', () => {
         expect(await claimRateLimit(key, 5, 60_000, 1)).toBe(0);
     });
 
+    it('claims counted units, admitting only what fits', async () => {
+        const key = uniqueScope();
+        expect(await claimCountedRateLimit(key, 5, 60_000, 3)).toBe(3);
+        expect(await claimCountedRateLimit(key, 5, 60_000, 3)).toBe(2);
+        expect(await claimCountedRateLimit(key, 5, 60_000, 1)).toBe(0);
+    });
+
     it('claims against a full bucket as full while expired rows are unswept', async () => {
         const key = uniqueScope();
         await seedUnswept(`rate:${key}:`, 3);
@@ -2010,6 +2018,103 @@ describe('acquireConcurrent (imperative)', () => {
     });
 });
 
+describe('claimCountedRateLimit', () => {
+    const uniqueKey = () =>
+        `counted-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2, 10)}`;
+    const WINDOW = 10_000;
+    /** The start of a fixed window, so nothing before it carries in. */
+    const windowStart = (n) => vi.setSystemTime(n * WINDOW);
+
+    afterEach(() => {
+        vi.useRealTimers();
+    });
+
+    describe.each([
+        ['memory', () => configureRateLimit()],
+        [
+            'redis',
+            () =>
+                configureRateLimit({
+                    default: 'redis',
+                    redis: new RedisMock(),
+                }),
+        ],
+    ])('%s backend', (_name, configure) => {
+        beforeEach(() => {
+            configure();
+            vi.useFakeTimers({ toFake: ['Date'] });
+            windowStart(1_000);
+        });
+
+        it('admits up to the limit and spends only what fits', async () => {
+            const key = uniqueKey();
+            expect(await claimCountedRateLimit(key, 5, WINDOW, 3)).toBe(3);
+            expect(await claimCountedRateLimit(key, 5, WINDOW, 3)).toBe(2);
+            expect(await claimCountedRateLimit(key, 5, WINDOW, 1)).toBe(0);
+        });
+
+        it('spends thousands of units in one claim', async () => {
+            const key = uniqueKey();
+            expect(
+                await claimCountedRateLimit(key, 15_000, WINDOW, 6_000),
+            ).toBe(6_000);
+            expect(
+                await claimCountedRateLimit(key, 15_000, WINDOW, 10_000),
+            ).toBe(9_000);
+        });
+
+        it('carries the previous window by how much of it is still inside', async () => {
+            const key = uniqueKey();
+            expect(await claimCountedRateLimit(key, 100, WINDOW, 100)).toBe(
+                100,
+            );
+            // A quarter into the next window, 75 of those still count.
+            vi.setSystemTime(1_001 * WINDOW + WINDOW / 4);
+            expect(await claimCountedRateLimit(key, 100, WINDOW, 50)).toBe(25);
+            // Two windows on, nothing carries.
+            windowStart(1_003);
+            expect(await claimCountedRateLimit(key, 100, WINDOW, 100)).toBe(
+                100,
+            );
+        });
+
+        it('keeps its buckets apart from claimRateLimit', async () => {
+            const key = uniqueKey();
+            expect(await claimCountedRateLimit(key, 2, WINDOW, 2)).toBe(2);
+            expect(await claimRateLimit(key, 2, WINDOW, 2)).toBe(2);
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('claims nothing for zero units', async () => {
+        const key = uniqueKey();
+        expect(await claimCountedRateLimit(key, 1, WINDOW, 0)).toBe(0);
+        expect(await claimCountedRateLimit(key, 1, WINDOW, 1)).toBe(1);
+    });
+
+    it('fails open, admitting every unit, when the backend throws', async () => {
+        const redis = new RedisMock();
+        redis.multi = () => {
+            throw new Error('redis down');
+        };
+        configureRateLimit({ default: 'redis', redis });
+        const spy = vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => {});
+        expect(await claimCountedRateLimit(uniqueKey(), 1, WINDOW, 4)).toBe(4);
+        spy.mockRestore();
+    });
+
+    it('drops a memory counter once its windows have passed', async () => {
+        configureRateLimit();
+        vi.useFakeTimers({ toFake: ['Date'] });
+        windowStart(2_000);
+        const key = uniqueKey();
+        expect(await claimCountedRateLimit(key, 1, WINDOW, 1)).toBe(1);
+        windowStart(2_002);
+        sweepMemoryWindows();
+        windowStart(2_000);
+        expect(await claimCountedRateLimit(key, 1, WINDOW, 1)).toBe(1);
+    });
+});
+
 describe('claimRateLimit', () => {
     const uniqueKey = () => `claim-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2, 10)}`;
 

src/backend/core/http/routeLifecycle.test.ts

@@ -290,6 +290,26 @@ describe('createRouteLifecycleMiddleware', () => {
         expect(after).toHaveLength(0);
     });
 
+    it('answers 429 when the vetoing listener asks for it', async () => {
+        const events = makeEvents();
+        events.on(`${BASE}.before` as never, (_k, data) => {
+            (data as RouteLifecycleEvent).allow = false;
+            (data as RouteLifecycleEvent).rejectReason = 'slow down';
+            (data as RouteLifecycleEvent).rejectStatus = 429;
+        });
+        const reject = record(events, `${BASE}.reject` as keyof EventMap);
+
+        const mw = createRouteLifecycleMiddleware(events, POST, PATH);
+        const res = new FakeRes();
+        await mw(makeReq('u-9'), res as unknown as Response, () => {});
+
+        expect(res.statusCode).toBe(429);
+        expect(res.body).toMatchObject({
+            error: { code: 'too_many_requests', message: 'slow down' },
+        });
+        expect(reject[0]).toMatchObject({ statusCode: 429 });
+    });
+
     it('treats a listener-sent response as a terminal after (not a reject) with the real status', async () => {
         const events = makeEvents();
         events.on(`${BASE}.before` as never, (_k, data) => {

src/backend/core/http/routeLifecycle.ts

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 import type { Request, RequestHandler } from 'express';
 import { actorUid } from '../actor';
 import type { EventClient } from '../../clients/event/EventClient';
+import type { LifecycleRejectStatus } from '../../clients/event/types';
 import type { RouteMethod } from './types';
 
 type RoutePathValue = string | RegExp | Array<string | RegExp> | undefined;
@@ -100,30 +101,33 @@ export const createRouteLifecycleMiddleware = (
             ...base,
             allow: true as boolean,
             rejectReason: undefined as string | undefined,
+            rejectStatus: undefined as LifecycleRejectStatus | undefined,
         };
         if (observeBefore) {
             await events.emitAndWait(beforeKey, beforeEvent, {});
         }
 
         // Explicit veto: a listener set `allow = false`. Emit `reject` and
-        // answer 403 — unless the listener already wrote its own response, in
-        // which case we report that status rather than a misleading 403.
+        // answer 403 (or the listener's 429) — unless the listener already
+        // wrote its own response, in which case we report that status.
         if (beforeEvent.allow === false) {
+            const status = beforeEvent.rejectStatus === 429 ? 429 : 403;
             events.emit(
                 `${keyBase}.reject`,
                 {
                     phase: 'reject',
                     ...base,
-                    statusCode: res.headersSent ? res.statusCode : 403,
+                    statusCode: res.headersSent ? res.statusCode : status,
                     durationMs: Date.now() - startedAt,
                     rejectReason: beforeEvent.rejectReason,
                 },
                 {},
             );
             if (!res.headersSent) {
-                res.status(403).json({
+                res.status(status).json({
                     error: {
-                        code: 'forbidden',
+                        code:
+                            status === 429 ? 'too_many_requests' : 'forbidden',
                         message:
                             beforeEvent.rejectReason ?? 'Blocked by policy',
                     },

src/backend/core/http/types.ts

@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ export type AccountGateUser = Partial<
         | 'phone'
         | 'card_fingerprint'
         | 'otp_enabled'
+        | 'metadata'
     >
 > & { id?: number };
 

src/backend/core/schedules.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Puter.
+ *
+ * Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+ * by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+import { isHttpError } from './http/HttpError.js';
+import {
+    SCHEDULE_LIST_LIMIT_CAP,
+    SCHEDULE_PEER_PATH,
+    schedulesUnavailable,
+} from './schedules.js';
+
+describe('schedules contract', () => {
+    it('answers an absent schedules service with a 503 events_disabled', () => {
+        const err = schedulesUnavailable();
+        expect(isHttpError(err)).toBe(true);
+        expect(err.statusCode).toBe(503);
+        expect(err.legacyCode).toBe('events_disabled');
+        // Expected on a server without schedules, so it must not page.
+        expect(err.noAlarm).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it('keeps the list cap and the peer path the extension relies on', () => {
+        expect(SCHEDULE_LIST_LIMIT_CAP).toBe(200);
+        expect(SCHEDULE_PEER_PATH).toBe('/broadcast/events/schedules');
+    });
+});

src/backend/core/schedules.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Puter.
+ *
+ * Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+ * by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * What core asks of schedules. Nothing here is an implementation: an extension
+ * registers `services.schedules`, and a server without one answers every
+ * schedule route and `notify({ sendAt })` with `events_disabled`. Called by
+ * extensions; keep these signatures stable.
+ */
+
+import type { EventsDeployOutcome } from '../controllers/events/workerDeploy.js';
+import type { AppMessage } from '../services/notification/appMessage.js';
+import type { SuspendedReason } from '../stores/events/DurableSubscriptionStore.js';
+import type { DurableSubscription } from '../stores/events/types.js';
+import type { PageResult } from '../util/pagination.js';
+import type { Actor } from './actor.js';
+import { HttpError } from './http/HttpError.js';
+
+/** Why a schedule ended. */
+export type ScheduleEndReason =
+    | 'removed'
+    | 'ended'
+    | 'app_deleted'
+    | 'uninstalled'
+    | 'permission_revoked'
+    | 'holder_gone'
+    | 'app_gone'
+    | 'orphaned'
+    | 'delivered'
+    | 'dropped';
+
+/** What happened to a set of subscription rows schedules own. */
+export type ScheduleSubscriptionChange =
+    | {
+          type: 'suspended';
+          reason: SuspendedReason;
+          /** For a reason that never lifts; defaults to that reason. */
+          endReason?: ScheduleEndReason;
+      }
+    | { type: 'resumed' }
+    | { type: 'ended'; endReason: ScheduleEndReason };
+
+/** A schedule that keeps running, one that runs once, or a delayed notification. */
+export type ScheduleViewKind = 'recurring' | 'once' | 'deferred';
+
+/**
+ * A schedule as its holder sees it. Times are epoch ms. `context` values are
+ * never returned, as for a persistent subscription: only its keys and a hash.
+ */
+export interface ScheduleView {
+    scheduleId: string;
+    kind: ScheduleViewKind;
+    appUid: string;
+    /** `null` once ended: the handler binding goes with the schedule. */
+    handlerName: string | null;
+    contextKeys: string[] | null;
+    contextHash: string | null;
+    /** Interval of an `every` schedule. */
+    every: number | null;
+    cron: string | null;
+    tz: string;
+    /** First allowed run; a one-shot's only run. */
+    startAt: number;
+    /** Last allowed run, inclusive. */
+    endsAt: number | null;
+    /** `sending` once a delayed send has started; it can't be cancelled then. */
+    state: 'active' | 'suspended' | 'sending' | 'ended';
+    suspendedReason: string | null;
+    endReason: string | null;
+    endedAt: number | null;
+    /**
+     * The slot it runs for next; `null` while suspended or sending, and once
+     * ended.
+     */
+    nextRunAt: number | null;
+    createdAt: number;
+}
+
+export interface ScheduleListRequest {
+    limit: number;
+    cursor?: string;
+    includeTotal: boolean;
+}
+
+/** The caps a holder's schedules are held to, from their plan. */
+export interface ScheduleQuota {
+    recurringPerUser: number;
+    recurringPerApp: number;
+    oneShotsPerUser: number;
+    oneShotsPerApp: number;
+    /** Worst-case runs per hour × 1000, summed over recurring rows. */
+    budgetPerUser: number;
+    budgetPerApp: number;
+}
+
+/** A caller cleared to supply `sendAt`, and when it asked for. */
+export interface DeferredSendPlan {
+    sendAt: number;
+    /** Due within 5 seconds, or past: sent now rather than stored. */
+    immediate: boolean;
+    holderUserId: number;
+    appUid: string;
+    handlerDepth: number;
+    quota: ScheduleQuota;
+}
+
+/** What a delayed app message stores until it is sent. */
+export interface DeferredAppMessage {
+    message: AppMessage;
+    /** A KV share handle naming the recipient. */
+    to?: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A condition on one row of another table that statements embed as `EXISTS
+ * (SELECT 1 FROM <table> WHERE <where>)`, binding `values`.
+ */
+export interface SqlGuard {
+    table: string;
+    where: string;
+    values: unknown[];
+}
+
+/** Ceiling of a schedule listing page. */
+export const SCHEDULE_LIST_LIMIT_CAP = 200;
+
+/** The signed peer route a region's schedule changes are sent to. */
+export const SCHEDULE_PEER_PATH = '/broadcast/events/schedules';
+
+export const schedulesUnavailable = (): HttpError =>
+    new HttpError(503, 'Schedules are not available on this server', {
+        legacyCode: 'events_disabled',
+        // The designed answer of a server without schedules, not a fault.
+        noAlarm: true,
+    });
+
+export interface ScheduleServiceContract {
+    /**
+     * Keep schedules in step with a change to the subscription rows they own.
+     * Never throws: the subscription change has already happened.
+     */
+    onSubscriptionsChanged(
+        rows: readonly DurableSubscription[],
+        change: ScheduleSubscriptionChange,
+    ): Promise<void>;
+    createFor(
+        actor: Actor,
+        body: Record<string, unknown>,
+    ): Promise<ScheduleView>;
+    list(
+        actor: Actor,
+        request: ScheduleListRequest,
+    ): Promise<PageResult<ScheduleView>>;
+    get(actor: Actor, scheduleId: unknown): Promise<ScheduleView>;
+    remove(actor: Actor, scheduleId: unknown): Promise<void>;
+    receivePeerChanges(body: unknown): Promise<{ applied: number }>;
+    /** Checks a caller supplying `sendAt`; `events_disabled` when off. */
+    prepareSendAt(actor: Actor, sendAt: unknown): Promise<DeferredSendPlan>;
+    createDeferredAppMessage(
+        plan: DeferredSendPlan,
+        message: DeferredAppMessage,
+    ): Promise<{ scheduleId: string; sendAt: number }>;
+    /**
+     * Runs an events worker deploy under the schedules' deploy gate; `capped`
+     * for a schedule run's. A passthrough when schedules are off.
+     */
+    gateDeploy?(
+        script: string,
+        options: { capped: boolean },
+        deploy: () => Promise<EventsDeployOutcome>,
+    ): Promise<EventsDeployOutcome>;
+}

src/backend/data/hardcoded-permissions.js

@@ -104,6 +104,8 @@ const default_user_permissions = {
     // is there; which app may is the per-app grant, which is what the user is
     // actually asked about.
     'events:background': {},
+    // Likewise, the per-app grant decides whose notifications go out as pushes.
+    'notifications:push': {},
 };
 
 module.exports = {

src/backend/drivers/ai-chat/ChatCompletionDriver.routing.test.ts

@@ -209,6 +209,7 @@ afterAll(async () => {
 const attemptsFor = async (
     model: string,
     thrown: unknown = new Error('upstream down'),
+    extra: { provider?: string; fallback?: boolean } = {},
 ) => {
     createMock.mockRejectedValue(thrown);
     let caught: HttpError | undefined;
@@ -217,6 +218,7 @@ const attemptsFor = async (
             driver.complete({
                 model,
                 messages: [{ role: 'user', content: 'hi' }],
+                ...extra,
             }),
         );
     } catch (e) {
@@ -886,6 +888,59 @@ describe('ChatCompletionDriver duplicate-model fallback', () => {
     });
 });
 
+describe('ChatCompletionDriver fallback opt-out', () => {
+    const SHARED = 'deepseek-v4-pro';
+
+    it('fails on the first route when the caller sets fallback: false', async () => {
+        const attempts = await attemptsFor(SHARED, undefined, {
+            fallback: false,
+        });
+
+        expect(attempts).toHaveLength(1);
+        expect(attempts[0]).toMatchObject({ provider: 'deepseek' });
+    });
+
+    it('tries only the pinned provider', async () => {
+        const attempts = await attemptsFor(SHARED, undefined, {
+            provider: 'openrouter',
+            fallback: false,
+        });
+
+        expect(attempts).toHaveLength(1);
+        expect(attempts[0]).toMatchObject({ provider: 'openrouter' });
+    });
+
+    it('rejects a pinned provider that has no route for the model', async () => {
+        createMock.mockClear();
+        await expect(
+            withTestActor(() =>
+                driver.complete({
+                    model: SHARED,
+                    provider: 'claude',
+                    fallback: false,
+                    messages: [{ role: 'user', content: 'hi' }],
+                }),
+            ),
+        ).rejects.toMatchObject({ statusCode: 400 });
+        expect(createMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it('still marks the failed route for the next caller', async () => {
+        const [only] = await attemptsFor(SHARED, undefined, {
+            fallback: false,
+        });
+
+        expect(isRouteUnhealthy(only.provider, only.model)).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it('keeps the chain when fallback is true or unset', async () => {
+        expect(
+            await attemptsFor(SHARED, undefined, { fallback: true }),
+        ).toHaveLength(3);
+        expect(await attemptsFor(SHARED)).toHaveLength(3);
+    });
+});
+
 // Each attempt in a fallback chain is a whole completion at that model's
 // prices, so each one has to clear the credit gate on its own. The chain used
 // to re-check with a nominal 1-microcent amount, which any account with a

src/backend/drivers/ai-chat/ChatCompletionDriver.ts

@@ -709,6 +709,20 @@ export class ChatCompletionDriver extends PuterDriver {
                 legacyCode: 'bad_request',
             });
         }
+        // A pinned provider without a route for the model normally resolves
+        // to another vendor; with `fallback: false` that is the one thing the
+        // caller asked us not to do.
+        if (
+            args.fallback === false &&
+            intendedProvider &&
+            model.provider !== intendedProvider
+        ) {
+            throw new HttpError(
+                400,
+                `Model ${args.model} is not served by provider ${intendedProvider}`,
+                { legacyCode: 'bad_request' },
+            );
+        }
 
         args.messages = normalizeMediaParts(normalize_messages(args.messages));
         if (args.tools) {
@@ -816,6 +830,9 @@ export class ChatCompletionDriver extends PuterDriver {
         // where "done" is the stream draining rather than this method
         // returning.
         let hold: CreditHold = NO_CREDIT_HOLD;
+        // The gate's estimate for the current attempt: the message estimate
+        // plus whatever its provider reads back as prompt beyond the messages.
+        let attemptPromptTokenEstimate = promptTokenEstimate;
         // The current attempt's balance-bound output cap, if it had one.
         let fundsCap: number | undefined;
         // The cost factor the current attempt's charges are recorded at.
@@ -824,12 +841,16 @@ export class ChatCompletionDriver extends PuterDriver {
         // charge, so a rate change mid-request can't split the two.
         let pricingTime = new Date();
         if (!useFakeProvider) {
-            ({ hold, fundsCap, costFactor } = await this.#applyCreditGate(
-                actor,
-                model,
-                args,
-                { promptTokenEstimate, requestedMaxTokens, pricingTime },
-            ));
+            ({
+                hold,
+                fundsCap,
+                costFactor,
+                promptTokenEstimate: attemptPromptTokenEstimate,
+            } = await this.#applyCreditGate(actor, model, args, {
+                promptTokenEstimate,
+                requestedMaxTokens,
+                pricingTime,
+            }));
         }
 
         // First attempt
@@ -939,8 +960,15 @@ export class ChatCompletionDriver extends PuterDriver {
             const bucketKey = model.id;
             const tried = new Set([routeId(model.provider!, model.id)]);
             let lastError: Error | null = e as Error;
+            // With `fallback: false` the caller wants this route's answer or
+            // its error, not a bill for another provider's attempt.
+            const fallbackAllowed = args.fallback !== false;
 
-            while (lastError && attempts.length < MAX_ATTEMPTS) {
+            while (
+                fallbackAllowed &&
+                lastError &&
+                attempts.length < MAX_ATTEMPTS
+            ) {
                 const fallback = this.#findFallback(bucketKey, tried);
                 if (!fallback) break;
 
@@ -957,12 +985,16 @@ export class ChatCompletionDriver extends PuterDriver {
                 // this one starts from nothing held.
                 pricingTime = new Date();
                 if (!useFakeProvider) {
-                    ({ hold, fundsCap, costFactor } =
-                        await this.#applyCreditGate(actor, fallback, args, {
-                            promptTokenEstimate,
-                            requestedMaxTokens,
-                            pricingTime,
-                        }));
+                    ({
+                        hold,
+                        fundsCap,
+                        costFactor,
+                        promptTokenEstimate: attemptPromptTokenEstimate,
+                    } = await this.#applyCreditGate(actor, fallback, args, {
+                        promptTokenEstimate,
+                        requestedMaxTokens,
+                        pricingTime,
+                    }));
                 }
 
                 tried.add(routeId(fallback.provider!, fallback.id));
@@ -1188,7 +1220,7 @@ export class ChatCompletionDriver extends PuterDriver {
                                 actor,
                                 chatStream,
                                 model,
-                                promptTokenEstimate,
+                                promptTokenEstimate: attemptPromptTokenEstimate,
                                 completionId,
                                 username,
                                 intendedProvider,
@@ -1432,10 +1464,16 @@ export class ChatCompletionDriver extends PuterDriver {
             /** The instant this attempt is priced at. */
             pricingTime: Date;
         },
-    ): Promise<{ hold: CreditHold; fundsCap?: number; costFactor: number }> {
+    ): Promise<{
+        hold: CreditHold;
+        fundsCap?: number;
+        costFactor: number;
+        /** The prompt estimate this attempt was priced on. */
+        promptTokenEstimate: number;
+    }> {
         const metering = this.services.metering;
-        const { promptTokenEstimate, requestedMaxTokens, pricingTime } =
-            estimates;
+        const { requestedMaxTokens, pricingTime } = estimates;
+        let { promptTokenEstimate } = estimates;
         // A provider can name its own cost keys for this request (Claude's
         // fast-mode rate card), cap its output, and size an extra reservation
         // the per-token math can't see (a web-search/advisor tool that could
@@ -1446,6 +1484,7 @@ export class ChatCompletionDriver extends PuterDriver {
             this.#providers[model.provider!]?.requestPricing?.(args, model, {
                 promptTokenEstimate,
             }) ?? {};
+        promptTokenEstimate += pricing.additionalPromptTokens ?? 0;
         const { inputKey: defaultInputKey, outputKey: defaultOutputKey } =
             costKeys(model);
         const inputKey = pricing.inputKey ?? defaultInputKey;
@@ -1560,7 +1599,7 @@ export class ChatCompletionDriver extends PuterDriver {
             actor,
             Math.max(worstCaseCost, minimumCredits),
         );
-        return { hold, fundsCap, costFactor };
+        return { hold, fundsCap, costFactor, promptTokenEstimate };
     }
 
     /** The key `model`'s usage is recorded and cost-factored under. */