llvm-capstone/mlir/docs/Traits/_index.md

Traits

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MLIR allows for a truly open ecosystem, as any dialect may define attributes, operations, and types that suit a specific level of abstraction. Traits are a mechanism which abstracts implementation details and properties that are common across many different attributes/operations/types/etc.. Traits may be used to specify special properties and constraints of the object, including whether an operation has side effects or that its output has the same type as the input. Some examples of operation traits are Commutative, SingleResult, Terminator, etc. See the more comprehensive list of operation traits below for more examples of what is possible.

Defining a Trait

Traits may be defined in C++ by inheriting from the TraitBase<ConcreteType, TraitType> class for the specific IR type. For attributes, this is AttributeTrait::TraitBase. For operations, this is OpTrait::TraitBase. For types, this is TypeTrait::TraitBase. This base class takes as template parameters:

• ConcreteType
  • The concrete class type that this trait was attached to.
• TraitType
  • The type of the trait class that is being defined, for use with the Curiously Recurring Template Pattern.

A derived trait class is expected to take a single template that corresponds to the ConcreteType. An example trait definition is shown below:

template <typename ConcreteType>
class MyTrait : public TraitBase<ConcreteType, MyTrait> {
};

Operation traits may also provide a verifyTrait or verifyRegionTrait hook that is called when verifying the concrete operation. The difference between these two is that whether the verifier needs to access the regions, if so, the operations in the regions will be verified before the verification of this trait. The verification order determines when a verifier will be invoked.

template <typename ConcreteType>
class MyTrait : public OpTrait::TraitBase<ConcreteType, MyTrait> {
public:
  /// Override the 'verifyTrait' hook to add additional verification on the
  /// concrete operation.
  static LogicalResult verifyTrait(Operation *op) {
    // ...
  }
};

Note: It is generally good practice to define the implementation of the verifyTrait or verifyRegionTrait hook out-of-line as a free function when possible to avoid instantiating the implementation for every concrete operation type.

Operation traits may also provide a foldTrait hook that is called when folding the concrete operation. The trait folders will only be invoked if the concrete operation fold is either not implemented, fails, or performs an in-place fold.

The following signature of fold will be called if it is implemented and the op has a single result.

template <typename ConcreteType>
class MyTrait : public OpTrait::TraitBase<ConcreteType, MyTrait> {
public:
  /// Override the 'foldTrait' hook to support trait based folding on the
  /// concrete operation.
  static OpFoldResult foldTrait(Operation *op, ArrayRef<Attribute> operands) {
    // ...
  }
};

Otherwise, if the operation has a single result and the above signature is not implemented, or the operation has multiple results, then the following signature will be used (if implemented):

template <typename ConcreteType>
class MyTrait : public OpTrait::TraitBase<ConcreteType, MyTrait> {
public:
  /// Override the 'foldTrait' hook to support trait based folding on the
  /// concrete operation.
  static LogicalResult foldTrait(Operation *op, ArrayRef<Attribute> operands,
                                 SmallVectorImpl<OpFoldResult> &results) {
    // ...
  }
};

Note: It is generally good practice to define the implementation of the foldTrait hook out-of-line as a free function when possible to avoid instantiating the implementation for every concrete operation type.

Extra Declarations and Definitions

A trait may require additional declarations and definitions directly on the Operation, Attribute or Type instances which specify that trait. The extraConcreteClassDeclaration and extraConcreteClassDefinition fields under the NativeTrait class are mechanisms designed for injecting code directly into generated C++ Operation, Attribute or Type classes.

Code within the extraConcreteClassDeclaration field will be formatted and copied into the generated C++ Operation, Attribute or Type class. Code within extraConcreteClassDefinition will be added to the generated source file inside the class’s C++ namespace. The substitution $cppClass is replaced by the C++ class name.

The intention is to group trait specific logic together and reduce redundant extra declarations and definitions on the instances themselves.

Parametric Traits

The above demonstrates the definition of a simple self-contained trait. It is also often useful to provide some static parameters to the trait to control its behavior. Given that the definition of the trait class is rigid, i.e. we must have a single template argument for the concrete object, the templates for the parameters will need to be split out. An example is shown below:

template <int Parameter>
class MyParametricTrait {
public:
  template <typename ConcreteType>
  class Impl : public TraitBase<ConcreteType, Impl> {
    // Inside of 'Impl' we have full access to the template parameters
    // specified above.
  };
};

Attaching a Trait

Traits may be used when defining a derived object type, by simply appending the name of the trait class to the end of the base object class operation type:

/// Here we define 'MyAttr' along with the 'MyTrait' and `MyParametric trait
/// classes we defined previously.
class MyAttr : public Attribute::AttrBase<MyAttr, ..., MyTrait, MyParametricTrait<10>::Impl> {};
/// Here we define 'MyOp' along with the 'MyTrait' and `MyParametric trait
/// classes we defined previously.
class MyOp : public Op<MyOp, MyTrait, MyParametricTrait<10>::Impl> {};
/// Here we define 'MyType' along with the 'MyTrait' and `MyParametric trait
/// classes we defined previously.
class MyType : public Type::TypeBase<MyType, ..., MyTrait, MyParametricTrait<10>::Impl> {};

Attaching Operation Traits in ODS

To use an operation trait in the ODS framework, we need to provide a definition of the trait class. This can be done using the NativeOpTrait and ParamNativeOpTrait classes. ParamNativeOpTrait provides a mechanism in which to specify arguments to a parametric trait class with an internal Impl.

// The argument is the c++ trait class name.
def MyTrait : NativeOpTrait<"MyTrait">;

// The first argument is the parent c++ class name. The second argument is a
// string containing the parameter list.
class MyParametricTrait<int prop>
  : NativeOpTrait<"MyParametricTrait", !cast<string>(!head(parameters))>;

These can then be used in the traits list of an op definition:

def OpWithInferTypeInterfaceOp : Op<...[MyTrait, MyParametricTrait<10>]> { ... }

See the documentation on operation definitions for more details.

Using a Trait

Traits may be used to provide additional methods, static fields, or other information directly on the concrete object. Traits internally become Base classes of the concrete operation, so all of these are directly accessible. To expose this information opaquely to transformations and analyses, interfaces may be used.

To query if a specific object contains a specific trait, the hasTrait<> method may be used. This takes as a template parameter the trait class, which is the same as the one passed when attaching the trait to an operation.

Operation *op = ..;
if (op->hasTrait<MyTrait>() || op->hasTrait<MyParametricTrait<10>::Impl>())
  ...;

Operation Traits List

MLIR provides a suite of traits that provide various functionalities that are common across many different operations. Below is a list of some key traits that may be used directly by any dialect. The format of the header for each trait section goes as follows:

• Header
  • (C++ class -- ODS class(if applicable))

AffineScope

• OpTrait::AffineScope -- AffineScope

This trait is carried by region holding operations that define a new scope for the purposes of polyhedral optimization and the affine dialect in particular. Any SSA values of 'index' type that either dominate such operations, or are defined at the top-level of such operations, or appear as region arguments for such operations automatically become valid symbols for the polyhedral scope defined by that operation. As a result, such SSA values could be used as the operands or index operands of various affine dialect operations like affine.for, affine.load, and affine.store. The polyhedral scope defined by an operation with this trait includes all operations in its region excluding operations that are nested inside of other operations that themselves have this trait.

AutomaticAllocationScope

• OpTrait::AutomaticAllocationScope -- AutomaticAllocationScope

This trait is carried by region holding operations that define a new scope for automatic allocation. Such allocations are automatically freed when control is transferred back from the regions of such operations. As an example, allocations performed by memref.alloca are automatically freed when control leaves the region of its closest surrounding op that has the trait AutomaticAllocationScope.

Broadcastable

• OpTrait::ResultsBroadcastableShape -- ResultsBroadcastableShape

This trait adds the property that the operation is known to have broadcast-compatible operands and that its result type is compatible with the inferred broadcast shape. See The Broadcastable Trait for details.

Commutative

• OpTrait::IsCommutative -- Commutative

This trait adds the property that the operation is commutative, i.e. X op Y == Y op X

ElementwiseMappable

• OpTrait::ElementwiseMappable -- ElementwiseMappable

This trait tags scalar ops that also can be applied to vectors/tensors, with their semantics on vectors/tensors being elementwise application. This trait establishes a set of properties that allow reasoning about / converting between scalar/vector/tensor code. These same properties allow blanket implementations of various analyses/transformations for all ElementwiseMappable ops.

Note: Not all ops that are "elementwise" in some abstract sense satisfy this trait. In particular, broadcasting behavior is not allowed. See the comments on OpTrait::ElementwiseMappable for the precise requirements.

HasParent

• OpTrait::HasParent<typename ParentOpType> -- HasParent<string op> or ParentOneOf<list<string> opList>

This trait provides APIs and verifiers for operations that can only be nested within regions that are attached to operations of ParentOpType.

IsolatedFromAbove

• OpTrait::IsIsolatedFromAbove -- IsolatedFromAbove

This trait signals that the regions of an operations are known to be isolated from above. This trait asserts that the regions of an operation will not capture, or reference, SSA values defined above the region scope. This means that the following is invalid if foo.region_op is defined as IsolatedFromAbove:

%result = arith.constant 10 : i32
foo.region_op {
  foo.yield %result : i32
}

This trait is an important structural property of the IR, and enables operations to have passes scheduled under them.

MemRefsNormalizable

• OpTrait::MemRefsNormalizable -- MemRefsNormalizable

This trait is used to flag operations that consume or produce values of MemRef type where those references can be 'normalized'. In cases where an associated MemRef has a non-identity memory-layout specification, such normalizable operations can be modified so that the MemRef has an identity layout specification. This can be implemented by associating the operation with its own index expression that can express the equivalent of the memory-layout specification of the MemRef type. See the -normalize-memrefs pass.

Single Block Region

• OpTrait::SingleBlock -- SingleBlock

This trait provides APIs and verifiers for operations with regions that have a single block.

Single Block with Implicit Terminator

• OpTrait::SingleBlockImplicitTerminator<typename TerminatorOpType> -- SingleBlockImplicitTerminator<string op>

This trait implies the SingleBlock above, but adds the additional requirement that the single block must terminate with TerminatorOpType.

SymbolTable

• OpTrait::SymbolTable -- SymbolTable

This trait is used for operations that define a SymbolTable.

Terminator

• OpTrait::IsTerminator -- Terminator

This trait provides verification and functionality for operations that are known to be terminators.

• OpTrait::NoTerminator -- NoTerminator

This trait removes the requirement on regions held by an operation to have terminator operations at the end of a block. This requires that these regions have a single block. An example of operation using this trait is the top-level ModuleOp.