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radare2/doc/macos.md

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macOS

macOS Users need to follow some extra steps to get the radare2 program signed and ready to debug other applications without running it as root. Same happens for iOS users, read doc/ios for more information.

Installation

To compile for macOS automatically, do it this way:

$ sys/install.sh

By default it is installed in /usr/local, you can specify a different prefix like this:

$ sys/install.sh /custom/prefix

To install bindings you will need to install r2, valac, valabind and swig. The whole process can be automated by using scripts under sys/

$ r2pm -s python

Code Signing

After Mac OS X 10.6, binaries that need permissions to debug require to be signed and include a .plist describing them. In order to do this you can follow the following steps:

(Based on https://llvm.org/svn/llvm-project/lldb/trunk/docs/code-signing.txt)

  1. Launch /Applications/Utilities/Keychain Access.app
  2. In Keychain Access select the "login" keychain in the "Keychains" list in the upper left hand corner of the window.
  3. Select the following menu item:
  4. Keychain Access->Certificate Assistant->Create a Certificate...
  5. Set the following settings
  6. Name = org.radare.radare2
  7. Identity Type = Self Signed Root
  8. Certificate Type = Code Signing
  9. Click Create
  10. Click Continue
  11. Click Done
  12. Click on the "My Certificates"
  13. Double click on your new org.radare.radare2 certificate
  14. Turn down the "Trust" disclosure triangle, scroll to the "Code Signing" trust pulldown menu and select "Always Trust" and authenticate as needed using your username and password.
  15. Drag the new "org.radare.radare2" code signing certificate (not the public or private keys of the same name) from the "login" keychain to the "System" keychain in the Keychains pane on the left hand side of the main Keychain Access window. This will move this certificate to the "System" keychain. You'll have to authorize a few more times, set it to be "Always trusted" when asked.
  16. In the Keychain Access GUI, click and drag "org.radare.radare2" in the "System" keychain onto the desktop. The drag will create a "~/Desktop/org.radare.radare2.cer" file used in the next step.
  17. Switch to Terminal, and run the following:
  18. $ sudo security add-trust -d -r trustRoot -p basic -p codeSign -k /Library/Keychains/System.keychain ~/Desktop/org.radare.radare2.cer
  19. $ rm -f ~/Desktop/org.radare.radare2.cer
  20. Drag the "org.radare.radare2" certificate from the "System" keychain back into the "login" keychain
  21. Quit Keychain Access
  22. Reboot
  23. Run sys/install.sh (or follow the next steps if you want to install and sign radare2 manually)

As said before, the signing process can also be done manually following the next process. First, you will need to sign the radare2 binary:

$ make -C binr/radare2 macossign

But this is not enough. As long as r2 code is splitted into several libraries, you should sign every single dependency (libr*).

$ make -C binr/radare2 macos-sign-libs

Another alternative is to build a static version of r2 and just sign it.

$ sys/static.sh
$ make -C binr/radare2 macossign

You can verify that the binary is properly signed and verified by using the code signing utility:

$ codesign -dv binr/radare2/radare2

Additionally, you can run the following command to add the non-priviledge user (username) to the Developer Tools group in macOS, avoiding the related Xcode prompts:

$ sudo dscl . append /Groups/_developer GroupMembership <username>

After doing it you should be able to debug on macOS without root permissions!

$ r2 -d mybin

Note: Apple-signed binaries cannot be debugged, since Apple's SIP (System Integrity Protection) prevents attaching to an Apple-signed binary. If you want to debug an Apple-signed binary, either remove its certificate (https://github.com/steakknife/unsign; WARNING: this cannot be reversed!) or disable SIP (csrutil enable --without debug).

Note: if you already have a valid certificate for code signing, you can specify its name by setting the env var CERTID.

Packaging

To create a macOS .pkg just run the following command:

$ sys/osx-pkg.sh

Uninstall

To uninstall the .pkg downloaded from the r2 website or the one you have generated with sys/osx-pkg.sh

$ pkgutil --only-files --files radare2.pkg | tr '\n' '\0' | xargs -n 1 -0 sudo rm -i