Release v4.6.41

feat: Complete Sandbox Code Execution - E2B, Docker, and Local Backends with Agent Integration

.env.example

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# PraisonAI Environment Variables
+# Copy this file to .env and update with your actual values
+
+# === Required ===
+OPENAI_API_KEY=sk-...          # OpenAI key for LLM calls. Get yours at https://platform.openai.com
+
+# === Required for Claw web-search tool ===
+TAVILY_API_KEY=tvly-...        # Get yours at https://app.tavily.com (free tier available)
+
+# === Optional: Claw dashboard security ===
+PRAISONAI_ALLOW_LOCAL_TOOLS=0  # Set to 1 to enable local shell tools (security risk)
+
+# === Optional: Alternative LLM Providers ===
+ANTHROPIC_API_KEY=sk-ant-...   # Anthropic Claude models
+GOOGLE_API_KEY=...             # Google Gemini models  
+GROQ_API_KEY=gsk_...           # Groq (fast inference)
+COHERE_API_KEY=...             # Cohere models
+AZURE_OPENAI_API_KEY=...       # Azure OpenAI
+AZURE_OPENAI_ENDPOINT=...      # Azure OpenAI endpoint
+
+# === Optional: Memory backends ===
+MEM0_API_KEY=...               # Mem0 memory service
+REDIS_URL=redis://localhost:6379  # Redis for state management
+
+# === Optional: Observability ===
+LANGFUSE_SECRET_KEY=sk-lf-...  # Langfuse tracing
+LANGFUSE_PUBLIC_KEY=pk-lf-...  # Langfuse public key
+
+# === Optional: Bot platforms ===
+TELEGRAM_BOT_TOKEN=...         # Telegram bot token
+DISCORD_BOT_TOKEN=...          # Discord bot token  
+SLACK_BOT_TOKEN=xoxb-...       # Slack bot token
+SLACK_APP_TOKEN=xapp-...       # Slack app token
+WHATSAPP_ACCESS_TOKEN=...      # WhatsApp bot access token
+WHATSAPP_PHONE_NUMBER_ID=...   # WhatsApp phone number ID
+
+# === Optional: Database ===
+DATABASE_URL=sqlite:///~/.praison/database.sqlite  # Database connection string
+
+# === Optional: Development ===
+LOGLEVEL=INFO                  # Logging level (DEBUG, INFO, WARNING, ERROR)
+CHAINLIT_AUTH_SECRET=...       # Chainlit authentication secret
+DEBUG=false                    # Enable debug mode

.github/workflows/claude.yml

@@ -181,12 +181,15 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Fetch PR branch and Setup Remote
         if: github.event.issue.pull_request
+        env:
+          PR_BRANCH: ${{ steps.check_fork.outputs.pr_branch }}
+          IS_FORK: ${{ steps.check_fork.outputs.is_fork }}
         run: |
           # Fetch PR head from base repo and put it into local branch
-          git fetch origin pull/${{ github.event.issue.number }}/head:${{ steps.check_fork.outputs.pr_branch }}
+          git fetch origin pull/${{ github.event.issue.number }}/head:"${PR_BRANCH}"
           
           # If it's a fork, make origin point to local to trick claude-code-action's `git fetch origin <branch>`
-          if [ "${{ steps.check_fork.outputs.is_fork }}" == "true" ]; then
+          if [ "${IS_FORK}" = "true" ]; then
             git remote set-url origin file://$(pwd)
           fi
 

.github/workflows/praisonai-issue-triage.yml

@@ -29,9 +29,6 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
           persist-credentials: false
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
-        with:
           fetch-depth: 0
           
       - name: Generate GitHub App Token
@@ -63,10 +60,12 @@ jobs:
           GH_TOKEN: ${{ steps.generate_token.outputs.token }}
           OPENAI_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.OPENAI_API_KEY }}
           PRAISONAI_AUTO_APPROVE: "true"
+          ISSUE_NUMBER_INPUT: ${{ inputs.issue_number }}
+          ISSUE_NUMBER_EVENT: ${{ github.event.issue.number }}
         run: |
           if [ "${{ github.event_name }}" = "workflow_dispatch" ]; then
-            export ISSUE_NUMBER="${{ inputs.issue_number }}"
+            export ISSUE_NUMBER="$ISSUE_NUMBER_INPUT"
           else
-            export ISSUE_NUMBER="${{ github.event.issue.number }}"
+            export ISSUE_NUMBER="$ISSUE_NUMBER_EVENT"
           fi
           praisonai github triage --issue $ISSUE_NUMBER --agent-file .github/praisonai-issue-triage.yaml

.github/workflows/praisonai-pr-review.yml

@@ -30,22 +30,23 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - name: Determine checkout ref
         id: dest
+        env:
+          ISSUE_NUMBER: ${{ github.event.issue.number }}
+          PR_NUMBER_INPUT: ${{ inputs.pr_number }}
+          PR_HEAD_SHA: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}
         run: |
           if [ "${{ github.event_name }}" = "issue_comment" ]; then
-            echo "ref=refs/pull/${{ github.event.issue.number }}/head" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+            echo "ref=refs/pull/$ISSUE_NUMBER/head" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           elif [ "${{ github.event_name }}" = "workflow_dispatch" ]; then
-            echo "ref=refs/pull/${{ inputs.pr_number }}/head" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+            echo "ref=refs/pull/$PR_NUMBER_INPUT/head" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           else
-            echo "ref=${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+            echo "ref=$PR_HEAD_SHA" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           fi
 
       - name: Checkout Repository
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
           persist-credentials: false
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
-        with:
           ref: ${{ steps.dest.outputs.ref }}
           fetch-depth: 0
           

README.md

@@ -294,8 +294,35 @@ def search(query: str) -> str:
 
 @tool
 def calculate(expression: str) -> float:
-    """Evaluate a math expression."""
-    return eval(expression)
+    """Safely evaluate a numeric arithmetic expression."""
+    import ast
+    import operator
+    
+    # Define allowed operations
+    _OPS = {
+        ast.Add: operator.add,
+        ast.Sub: operator.sub,
+        ast.Mult: operator.mul,
+        ast.Div: operator.truediv,
+        ast.Pow: operator.pow,
+        ast.USub: operator.neg,
+        ast.UAdd: operator.pos,
+    }
+    
+    def _safe_eval(node):
+        if isinstance(node, ast.Constant) and isinstance(node.value, (int, float)):
+            return node.value
+        elif isinstance(node, ast.BinOp) and type(node.op) in _OPS:
+            return _OPS[type(node.op)](_safe_eval(node.left), _safe_eval(node.right))
+        elif isinstance(node, ast.UnaryOp) and type(node.op) in _OPS:
+            return _OPS[type(node.op)](_safe_eval(node.operand))
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Unsupported expression")
+    
+    try:
+        return _safe_eval(ast.parse(expression, mode="eval").body)
+    except (ValueError, SyntaxError, TypeError, ZeroDivisionError, OverflowError):
+        raise ValueError("Invalid arithmetic expression")
 
 agent = Agent(
     instructions="You are a helpful assistant",
@@ -304,6 +331,7 @@ agent = Agent(
 agent.start("Search for AI news and calculate 15*4")
 ```
 
+> ⚠️ **Security Note:** Never use `eval()`, `exec()`, or `subprocess` in tool functions that process LLM-generated or user-supplied input. Always validate and sanitize inputs to prevent code injection attacks.
 > 📖 [Full tools docs](https://docs.praison.ai/docs/tools/tools) — BaseTool, tool packages, 100+ built-in tools
 
 ### 5. Persistence (Databases)
@@ -330,6 +358,15 @@ pip install "praisonai[claw]"
 praisonai claw
 ```
 
+#### Required Environment Variables
+
+Copy `.env.example` to `.env` and configure the following variables:
+
+| Variable | Required | Description |
+|----------|----------|-------------|
+| `OPENAI_API_KEY` | Yes | OpenAI API key for all LLM calls |
+| `TAVILY_API_KEY` | Yes (Claw) | Tavily key for the built-in web-search tool. Get one free at https://app.tavily.com |
+
 Open **http://localhost:8082** — the dashboard comes with 13 built-in pages: Chat, Agents, Memory, Knowledge, Channels, Guardrails, Cron, and more. Add messaging channels directly from the UI.
 
 > 📖 [Full Claw docs](https://docs.praison.ai/docs/concepts/claw) — platform tokens, CLI options, Docker, and YAML agent mode

api.md

@@ -787,6 +787,9 @@ Methods:
 * <code title="cli">praisonai bot email <a href="./src/praisonai/praisonai/cli/commands/bot.py">--help</a></code>
 * <code title="cli">praisonai bot install-daemon <a href="./src/praisonai/praisonai/cli/commands/bot.py">--help</a></code>
 * <code title="cli">praisonai bot linear <a href="./src/praisonai/praisonai/cli/commands/bot.py">--help</a></code>
+* <code title="cli">praisonai bot list <a href="./src/praisonai/praisonai/cli/commands/bot.py">--help</a></code>
+* <code title="cli">praisonai bot purge <a href="./src/praisonai/praisonai/cli/commands/bot.py">--help</a></code>
+* <code title="cli">praisonai bot replay <a href="./src/praisonai/praisonai/cli/commands/bot.py">--help</a></code>
 * <code title="cli">praisonai bot slack <a href="./src/praisonai/praisonai/cli/commands/bot.py">--help</a></code>
 * <code title="cli">praisonai bot start <a href="./src/praisonai/praisonai/cli/commands/bot.py">--help</a></code>
 * <code title="cli">praisonai bot telegram <a href="./src/praisonai/praisonai/cli/commands/bot.py">--help</a></code>

docker/Dockerfile.chat

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ RUN mkdir -p /root/.praison
 # Install Python packages (using latest versions)
 RUN pip install --no-cache-dir \
     praisonai_tools \
-    "praisonai>=4.6.37" \
+    "praisonai>=4.6.41" \
     "praisonai[chat]" \
     "embedchain[github,youtube]"
 

docker/Dockerfile.dev

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ RUN mkdir -p /root/.praison
 # Install Python packages (using latest versions)
 RUN pip install --no-cache-dir \
     praisonai_tools \
-    "praisonai>=4.6.37" \
+    "praisonai>=4.6.41" \
     "praisonai[ui]" \
     "praisonai[chat]" \
     "praisonai[realtime]" \

docker/Dockerfile.ui

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ RUN mkdir -p /root/.praison
 # Install Python packages (using latest versions)
 RUN pip install --no-cache-dir \
     praisonai_tools \
-    "praisonai>=4.6.37" \
+    "praisonai>=4.6.41" \
     "praisonai[ui]" \
     "praisonai[crewai]"
 

examples/python/managed-agents/provider/local_advanced.py

@@ -23,12 +23,39 @@ print(f"[2] Updated to v{managed.agent_version}")
 result = agent.start("What is 123 + 456?", stream=True)
 
 # ── 3. Custom tool ──
+def _safe_calc(expr: str) -> str:
+    import ast
+    allowed = set("0123456789+-*/.() ")
+    if not all(c in allowed for c in expr):
+        return "error"
+    try:
+        tree = ast.parse(expr, mode="eval")
+        for node in ast.walk(tree):
+            if not isinstance(
+                node,
+                (
+                    ast.Expression,
+                    ast.BinOp,
+                    ast.UnaryOp,
+                    ast.Constant,
+                    ast.Add,
+                    ast.Sub,
+                    ast.Mult,
+                    ast.Div,
+                    ast.USub,
+                    ast.UAdd,
+                ),
+            ):
+                return "error"
+        val = eval(compile(tree, "<expr>", "eval"), {"__builtins__": {}})
+        return str(val)
+    except Exception:
+        return "error"
+
+
 def handle_calculator(tool_name, tool_input):
     expr = tool_input.get("expression", "0")
-    try:
-        val = eval(expr, {"__builtins__": {}})
-    except Exception:
-        val = "error"
+    val = _safe_calc(str(expr))
     print(f"  [Calculator: {expr} = {val}]")
     return str(val)
 

examples/scientific_writing/agents.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# Scientific paper workflow — YAML equivalent of multi_agent_paper.py
+# Run with:
+#   praisonai agents run --file examples/scientific_writing/agents.yaml
+framework: praisonai
+topic: "Climate change effects on coral reef biodiversity"
+
+roles:
+  literature_reviewer:
+    role: "Literature Reviewer"
+    goal: "Survey recent academic work on {topic} and produce an APA review."
+    backstory: "Expert in academic literature surveying and citation hygiene."
+    llm: "gpt-4o-mini"
+    tasks:
+      review_literature:
+        description: "Produce a concise literature review with 5-8 APA citations."
+        expected_output: "APA-formatted literature review."
+
+  methodology_designer:
+    role: "Methodology Designer"
+    goal: "Design a reproducible research methodology for {topic}."
+    backstory: "Specialises in rigorous experimental design."
+    llm: "gpt-4o-mini"
+    tasks:
+      design_methodology:
+        description: "Write a reproducible methods section in LaTeX."
+        expected_output: "LaTeX methods section."
+
+  scientific_writer:
+    role: "Scientific Writer"
+    goal: "Assemble the final LaTeX paper on {topic}."
+    backstory: >-
+      Specialised in LaTeX-formatted academic papers, fine-tuned on
+      scientific literature (CAJAL-4B checkpoint).
+    llm: "huggingface/Agnuxo/CAJAL-4B-P2PCLAW"
+    tasks:
+      write_paper:
+        description: >-
+          Combine the literature review and methodology into a full
+          scientific paper on {topic}. Use LaTeX formatting.
+        expected_output: "Complete LaTeX paper."

examples/scientific_writing/multi_agent_paper.py

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+"""Multi-agent scientific paper workflow (Researcher -> Methodologist -> Writer).
+
+Demonstrates the agent-centric pattern from AGENTS.md: compose specialised
+Agents with ``AgentTeam`` + sequential ``Task``s instead of creating custom
+Agent subclasses.  The writer uses the CAJAL-4B HuggingFace model; the
+reviewer and methodologist use general-purpose LLMs.
+
+Usage:
+    python examples/scientific_writing/multi_agent_paper.py
+"""
+from praisonaiagents import Agent, AgentTeam, Task
+
+from scientific_writer import (  # noqa: E402 — example imports a sibling file
+    build_scientific_writer,
+    format_citation,
+    format_latex_section,
+)
+
+
+literature_reviewer = Agent(
+    name="Literature Reviewer",
+    instructions=(
+        "You are an expert at surveying academic literature. "
+        "Produce a concise literature review with 5-8 key citations in APA."
+    ),
+    tools=[format_citation],
+)
+
+methodology_designer = Agent(
+    name="Methodology Designer",
+    instructions=(
+        "You design rigorous research methodologies. "
+        "Output a clear, reproducible methods section."
+    ),
+    tools=[format_latex_section],
+)
+
+scientific_writer = build_scientific_writer()
+
+
+def run(topic: str) -> str:
+    """Run the 3-agent workflow for a given research ``topic``."""
+    t1 = Task(
+        name="review_literature",
+        description=f"Review literature on: {topic}",
+        agent=literature_reviewer,
+        expected_output="APA literature review.",
+    )
+    t2 = Task(
+        name="design_methodology",
+        description=f"Design research methodology for: {topic}",
+        agent=methodology_designer,
+        expected_output="LaTeX methods section.",
+    )
+    t3 = Task(
+        name="write_paper",
+        description=(
+            f"Combine the literature review and methodology into a full "
+            f"scientific paper on: {topic}. Use LaTeX formatting."
+        ),
+        agent=scientific_writer,
+        expected_output="Complete LaTeX paper.",
+    )
+    team = AgentTeam(
+        agents=[literature_reviewer, methodology_designer, scientific_writer],
+        tasks=[t1, t2, t3],
+    )
+    return team.start()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    result = run("Transformer architectures for protein folding prediction")
+    print(result)

examples/scientific_writing/scientific_writer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+"""Scientific Paper Writer — single-agent example using the CAJAL model.
+
+CAJAL (``Agnuxo/CAJAL-4B-P2PCLAW``) is a 4B-parameter HuggingFace model
+specialised for LaTeX-formatted academic writing.  This example shows how
+to use it with a regular ``Agent`` and ``@tool`` functions — no new Agent
+subclass is needed.  Run 3 ways: Python (this file), CLI, or YAML.
+
+Requirements:
+    pip install "praisonaiagents[llm]"          # for litellm / HuggingFace
+    export HUGGINGFACE_API_KEY=...              # or run a local inference server
+
+Usage:
+    python examples/scientific_writing/scientific_writer.py
+"""
+from praisonaiagents import Agent, tool
+
+
+@tool
+def format_latex_section(title: str, content: str) -> str:
+    """Wrap prose content in a LaTeX ``\\section{}`` block.
+
+    Args:
+        title: Section heading (e.g. ``"Introduction"``).
+        content: The body text.
+
+    Returns:
+        LaTeX-formatted section string.
+    """
+    return f"\\section{{{title}}}\n{content}\n"
+
+
+@tool
+def format_citation(authors: str, year: int, title: str, venue: str) -> str:
+    """Render a single APA-style citation line.
+
+    Args:
+        authors: ``"Smith, J. & Jones, A."``
+        year: Publication year.
+        title: Paper title.
+        venue: Journal / conference name.
+
+    Returns:
+        One APA-formatted citation string.
+    """
+    return f"{authors} ({year}). {title}. *{venue}*."
+
+
+SCIENTIFIC_INSTRUCTIONS = """You are a specialised scientific paper writer.
+
+Produce high-quality academic content with:
+- Clear structure (Abstract, Introduction, Methodology, Results, Discussion,
+  Conclusion, References)
+- Rigorous methodology and precise language
+- Proper APA citations and LaTeX formatting
+- Honest limitations and future work sections
+
+Use ``format_latex_section`` to wrap each section in LaTeX, and
+``format_citation`` to build the References list.
+"""
+
+
+def build_scientific_writer(
+    model: str = "huggingface/Agnuxo/CAJAL-4B-P2PCLAW",
+) -> Agent:
+    """Construct a scientific-writing Agent.
+
+    Override ``model`` for any HuggingFace / local / API model — the default
+    targets the CAJAL-4B checkpoint for LaTeX-style academic output.
+    """
+    return Agent(
+        name="Scientific Writer",
+        instructions=SCIENTIFIC_INSTRUCTIONS,
+        llm=model,
+        tools=[format_latex_section, format_citation],
+    )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    agent = build_scientific_writer()
+    paper = agent.start(
+        "Write a short scientific paper (Abstract + Introduction + Conclusion) "
+        "on 'Climate change effects on coral reef biodiversity'. "
+        "Use LaTeX formatting and include at least 3 APA citations."
+    )
+    print(paper)

examples/serve/mcp_http_server.py

@@ -44,12 +44,33 @@ def main():
     
     def calculate(expression: str) -> str:
         """Calculate a math expression safely."""
-        try:
-            # Safe eval for basic math
-            allowed = set("0123456789+-*/.() ")
-            if all(c in allowed for c in expression):
-                return str(eval(expression))
+        import ast
+
+        allowed = set("0123456789+-*/.() ")
+        if not all(c in allowed for c in expression):
             return "Error: Invalid expression"
+        try:
+            tree = ast.parse(expression, mode="eval")
+            for node in ast.walk(tree):
+                if not isinstance(
+                    node,
+                    (
+                        ast.Expression,
+                        ast.BinOp,
+                        ast.UnaryOp,
+                        ast.Constant,
+                        ast.Add,
+                        ast.Sub,
+                        ast.Mult,
+                        ast.Div,
+                        ast.USub,
+                        ast.UAdd,
+                    ),
+                ):
+                    return "Error: Invalid expression"
+            return str(
+                eval(compile(tree, "<expr>", "eval"), {"__builtins__": {}})
+            )
         except Exception as e:
             return f"Error: {e}"
     

src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/agent/agent.py

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ from .chat_handler import ChatHandlerMixin
 from .session_manager import SessionManagerMixin
 from .async_safety import AsyncSafeState
 from .unified_execution_mixin import UnifiedExecutionMixin
+from .sandbox_mixin import SandboxMixin
 
 # Module-level logger for thread safety errors and debugging
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
@@ -255,7 +256,7 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 # Import structured error from central errors module
 from ..errors import BudgetExceededError
 
-class Agent(UnifiedExecutionMixin, ToolExecutionMixin, ChatHandlerMixin, SessionManagerMixin, ChatMixin, ExecutionMixin, MemoryMixin, AsyncMemoryMixin):
+class Agent(SandboxMixin, UnifiedExecutionMixin, ToolExecutionMixin, ChatHandlerMixin, SessionManagerMixin, ChatMixin, ExecutionMixin, MemoryMixin, AsyncMemoryMixin):
     # Class-level counter for generating unique display names for nameless agents
     _agent_counter = 0
     _agent_counter_lock = threading.Lock()
@@ -555,6 +556,7 @@ class Agent(UnifiedExecutionMixin, ToolExecutionMixin, ChatHandlerMixin, Session
         backend: Optional[Any] = None,  # External managed agent backend (e.g., ManagedAgentIntegration)
         cli_backend: Optional[Union[str, Any]] = None,  # CLI backend for delegating turns (e.g., "claude-code")
         interrupt_controller: Optional['InterruptController'] = None,  # G2: Cooperative cancellation
+        sandbox: Optional[Union[bool, 'SandboxConfig']] = None,  # Sandbox for safe code execution
     ):
         """Initialize an Agent instance.
 
@@ -1946,6 +1948,9 @@ Your Goal: {self.goal}
         # Telemetry - lazy initialized via property for performance
         self.__telemetry = None
         self.__telemetry_initialized = False
+        
+        # Sandbox configuration - initialize SandboxMixin
+        super().__init__(sandbox=sandbox)
 
     @property
     def _telemetry(self):

src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/agent/code_agent.py

@@ -164,7 +164,8 @@ Follow best practices and coding standards."""
             messages=messages,
             **{k: v for k, v in kwargs.items() if k != "model"}
         )
-        
+        if not response.choices or response.choices[0].message is None:
+            raise ValueError("LLM returned empty or filtered response")
         code = response.choices[0].message.content
         self._log("Code generated successfully", "green")
         return code
@@ -204,7 +205,8 @@ Follow best practices and coding standards."""
             messages=messages,
             **{k: v for k, v in kwargs.items() if k != "model"}
         )
-        
+        if not response.choices or response.choices[0].message is None:
+            raise ValueError("LLM returned empty or filtered response")
         code = response.choices[0].message.content
         self._log("Code generated successfully", "green")
         return code
@@ -365,6 +367,8 @@ Provide clear, actionable feedback."""
             **{k: v for k, v in kwargs.items() if k != "model"}
         )
         
+        if not response.choices or response.choices[0].message is None:
+            raise ValueError("LLM returned empty or filtered response")
         review = response.choices[0].message.content
         self._log("Review completed", "green")
         return review
@@ -405,6 +409,8 @@ Include:
             **{k: v for k, v in kwargs.items() if k != "model"}
         )
         
+        if not response.choices or response.choices[0].message is None:
+            raise ValueError("LLM returned empty or filtered response")
         explanation = response.choices[0].message.content
         self._log("Explanation completed", "green")
         return explanation
@@ -451,6 +457,8 @@ Only output the refactored code."""
             **{k: v for k, v in kwargs.items() if k != "model"}
         )
         
+        if not response.choices or response.choices[0].message is None:
+            raise ValueError("LLM returned empty or filtered response")
         refactored = response.choices[0].message.content
         self._log("Refactoring completed", "green")
         return refactored
@@ -495,6 +503,8 @@ Ensure the fix:
             **{k: v for k, v in kwargs.items() if k != "model"}
         )
         
+        if not response.choices or response.choices[0].message is None:
+            raise ValueError("LLM returned empty or filtered response")
         fixed = response.choices[0].message.content
         self._log("Fix completed", "green")
         return fixed

src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/agent/sandbox_mixin.py

@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+"""
+Sandbox execution mixin for Agent.
+
+Provides safe code execution capabilities to agents via the sandbox framework.
+"""
+
+import logging
+from typing import Optional, Dict, Any, Union
+
+from ..sandbox import (
+    SandboxConfig, 
+    SandboxManager, 
+    SandboxResult,
+    check_code_safety,
+    format_warnings,
+)
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class SandboxMixin:
+    """Mixin that adds sandbox execution capabilities to Agent.
+    
+    Provides safe code execution in isolated environments with security pre-checks.
+    """
+    
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        # Extract sandbox config from kwargs
+        self.sandbox_config: Optional[SandboxConfig] = kwargs.pop('sandbox', None)
+        
+        # Convert boolean True to default config
+        if self.sandbox_config is True:
+            self.sandbox_config = SandboxConfig.subprocess()
+        
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        
+        self._sandbox_manager: Optional[SandboxManager] = None
+    
+    @property
+    def has_sandbox(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if sandbox is configured for this agent."""
+        return self.sandbox_config is not None
+    
+    def get_sandbox_manager(self) -> Optional[SandboxManager]:
+        """Get or create sandbox manager."""
+        if not self.has_sandbox:
+            return None
+        
+        if self._sandbox_manager is None:
+            self._sandbox_manager = SandboxManager(self.sandbox_config)
+        
+        return self._sandbox_manager
+    
+    async def execute_code(
+        self,
+        code: str,
+        language: str = "python",
+        check_security: bool = True,
+        **kwargs
+    ) -> SandboxResult:
+        """Execute code safely in configured sandbox.
+        
+        Args:
+            code: Code to execute
+            language: Programming language (python, bash, etc.)
+            check_security: Whether to run security pre-checks
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to sandbox.execute()
+            
+        Returns:
+            SandboxResult with execution details
+            
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: If no sandbox is configured
+        """
+        if not self.has_sandbox:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "No sandbox configured. Set sandbox=True or provide SandboxConfig to Agent()"
+            )
+        
+        # Security pre-check if enabled
+        if check_security:
+            warnings = check_code_safety(code, language)
+            if warnings:
+                warning_text = format_warnings(warnings)
+                if self.verbose:
+                    logger.warning(f"Security warnings for code execution:\n{warning_text}")
+                
+                # Store warnings in result metadata
+                kwargs.setdefault('metadata', {})['security_warnings'] = warnings
+        
+        manager = self.get_sandbox_manager()
+        return await manager.run_code(code, language=language, **kwargs)
+    
+    def execute_code_sync(
+        self,
+        code: str,
+        language: str = "python", 
+        check_security: bool = True,
+        **kwargs
+    ) -> SandboxResult:
+        """Synchronous wrapper for execute_code.
+        
+        Args:
+            code: Code to execute
+            language: Programming language
+            check_security: Whether to run security pre-checks
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments
+            
+        Returns:
+            SandboxResult with execution details
+        """
+        from ..approval.utils import run_coroutine_safely
+        return run_coroutine_safely(self.execute_code(code, language, check_security, **kwargs))
+    
+    async def run_shell_command(
+        self,
+        command: Union[str, list],
+        check_security: bool = True,
+        **kwargs
+    ) -> SandboxResult:
+        """Run a shell command in the sandbox.
+        
+        Args:
+            command: Shell command to run
+            check_security: Whether to run security pre-checks
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments
+            
+        Returns:
+            SandboxResult with execution details
+        """
+        if not self.has_sandbox:
+            raise RuntimeError("No sandbox configured")
+        
+        # Convert command to string for security checking
+        if isinstance(command, list):
+            command_str = " ".join(command)
+        else:
+            command_str = command
+        
+        # Security pre-check
+        if check_security:
+            warnings = check_code_safety(command_str, "bash")
+            if warnings:
+                warning_text = format_warnings(warnings)
+                if self.verbose:
+                    logger.warning(f"Security warnings for command:\n{warning_text}")
+        
+        async with self.get_sandbox_manager() as sandbox:
+            return await sandbox.run_command(command, **kwargs)
+    
+    def get_sandbox_status(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Get sandbox status information.
+        
+        Returns:
+            Dictionary with sandbox status details
+        """
+        if not self.has_sandbox:
+            return {"configured": False}
+        
+        status = {
+            "configured": True,
+            "config": self.sandbox_config.to_dict() if self.sandbox_config else None,
+        }
+        
+        manager = self.get_sandbox_manager()
+        if manager:
+            # Get available sandbox types
+            available_types = manager.get_available_types()
+            status["available_types"] = available_types
+            status["current_type"] = self.sandbox_config.sandbox_type
+        
+        return status
+    
+    async def sandbox_cleanup(self):
+        """Clean up sandbox resources."""
+        if self._sandbox_manager:
+            # The context manager handles cleanup, but we can force it here
+            try:
+                await self._sandbox_manager.__aexit__(None, None, None)
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.warning(f"Error during sandbox cleanup: {e}")
+            finally:
+                self._sandbox_manager = None
+    
+    def _get_code_execution_tools(self):
+        """Get sandbox-based code execution tools for this agent.
+        
+        Returns tools that use the configured sandbox for safe execution.
+        
+        Returns:
+            List of tool functions
+        """
+        if not self.has_sandbox:
+            return []
+        
+        from ..tools import tool
+        
+        @tool
+        def execute_python_code(code: str) -> str:
+            """Execute Python code safely in sandbox.
+            
+            Args:
+                code: Python code to execute
+                
+            Returns:
+                Execution output
+            """
+            result = self.execute_code_sync(code, language="python")
+            if result.success:
+                return result.stdout or result.output
+            else:
+                return f"Error: {result.error or result.stderr}"
+        
+        @tool  
+        def execute_shell_command(command: str) -> str:
+            """Execute shell command safely in sandbox.
+            
+            Args:
+                command: Shell command to execute
+                
+            Returns:
+                Command output
+            """
+            from ..approval.utils import run_coroutine_safely
+            result = run_coroutine_safely(self.run_shell_command(command))
+            if result.success:
+                return result.stdout or result.output
+            else:
+                return f"Error: {result.error or result.stderr}"
+        
+        return [execute_python_code, execute_shell_command]

src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/agents/agents.py

@@ -126,7 +126,24 @@ class _AgentServerRegistry:
         
         thread = threading.Thread(target=run_server, daemon=True)
         thread.start()
-        ready_event.wait(timeout=5.0)  # Deterministic wait instead of sleep(0.5)
+        
+        # Check for configurable timeout via environment variable
+        try:
+            timeout = float(os.environ.get("PRAISONAI_SERVER_READY_TIMEOUT", "5.0"))
+        except ValueError:
+            logger.warning("Invalid PRAISONAI_SERVER_READY_TIMEOUT value. Using default 5.0s.")
+            timeout = 5.0
+        became_ready = ready_event.wait(timeout=timeout)
+        
+        if not became_ready:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Agent server on port %s did not become ready within %.1fs. "
+                "Proceeding, but some features may not work correctly. "
+                "Check server logs for startup errors.",
+                port,
+                timeout,
+            )
+        
         return True
 
 

src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/context/session_tracker.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Inspired by Agno's SessionContextStore pattern.
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field, asdict
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 import json
 import logging
 from praisonaiagents._logging import get_logger
@@ -97,8 +97,8 @@ class SessionContextTracker:
         
         self._state = SessionState(
             session_id=self.session_id,
-            created_at=datetime.utcnow().isoformat() + "Z",
-            updated_at=datetime.utcnow().isoformat() + "Z",
+            created_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat(),
+            updated_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat(),
         )
     
     def _generate_session_id(self) -> str:
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ class SessionContextTracker:
     
     def _mark_updated(self) -> None:
         """Update the updated_at timestamp."""
-        self._state.updated_at = datetime.utcnow().isoformat() + "Z"
+        self._state.updated_at = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
         self._state.turn_count += 1
     
     def to_context_string(self) -> str:
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ Current messages take precedence if there's any conflict with this summary.
         self._state = SessionState(
             session_id=self.session_id,
             created_at=self._state.created_at,
-            updated_at=datetime.utcnow().isoformat() + "Z",
+            updated_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat(),
         )
     
     def to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:

src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/eval/grader.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import os
 import logging
 from praisonaiagents._logging import get_logger
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field, asdict
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class GradeResult:
     input_text: str = ""
     output: str = ""
     expected_output: Optional[str] = None
-    timestamp: str = field(default_factory=lambda: datetime.utcnow().isoformat())
+    timestamp: str = field(default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat())
     
     def to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
         """Convert to dictionary."""
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class GradeResult:
             input_text=data.get("input_text", ""),
             output=data.get("output", ""),
             expected_output=data.get("expected_output"),
-            timestamp=data.get("timestamp", datetime.utcnow().isoformat()),
+            timestamp=data.get("timestamp", datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()),
         )
 
 class BaseLLMGrader:

src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/llm/openai_client.py

@@ -907,6 +907,8 @@ class OpenAIClient:
                     final_response = self._responses_to_chat_completion(raw)
                     
                     # Display the response text if display_fn provided
+                    if not final_response.choices or final_response.choices[0].message is None:
+                        raise ValueError("LLM returned empty or filtered response")
                     response_text = final_response.choices[0].message.content or ""
                     if display_fn and response_text:
                         from rich.markdown import Markdown
@@ -1167,6 +1169,8 @@ class OpenAIClient:
                     final_response = self._responses_to_chat_completion(raw)
                     
                     # Display the response text if display_fn provided
+                    if not final_response.choices or final_response.choices[0].message is None:
+                        raise ValueError("LLM returned empty or filtered response")
                     response_text = final_response.choices[0].message.content or ""
                     if display_fn and response_text:
                         from rich.markdown import Markdown
@@ -1638,8 +1642,10 @@ class OpenAIClient:
             )
             
             # Check for tool calls
+            if not final_response.choices or final_response.choices[0].message is None:
+                raise ValueError("LLM returned empty or filtered response")
             tool_calls = getattr(final_response.choices[0].message, 'tool_calls', None)
-            
+
             # Emit llm_content for intermediate narrative display
             # (gpt-4.1+ models produce text alongside tool calls)
             response_content = getattr(final_response.choices[0].message, 'content', None)
@@ -1835,10 +1841,12 @@ class OpenAIClient:
             
             if not final_response:
                 return None
-            
+
             # Check for tool calls
+            if not final_response.choices or final_response.choices[0].message is None:
+                raise ValueError("LLM returned empty or filtered response")
             tool_calls = getattr(final_response.choices[0].message, 'tool_calls', None)
-            
+
             # Emit llm_content for intermediate narrative display
             # (gpt-4.1+ models produce text alongside tool calls)
             response_content = getattr(final_response.choices[0].message, 'content', None)
@@ -2037,6 +2045,8 @@ class OpenAIClient:
                     return
                 
                 # Check for tool calls
+                if not final_response.choices or final_response.choices[0].message is None:
+                    raise ValueError("LLM returned empty or filtered response")
                 tool_calls = getattr(final_response.choices[0].message, 'tool_calls', None)
                 
                 if tool_calls and execute_tool_fn:

src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/memory/memory.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import threading
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Union, Literal
 import logging
 from praisonaiagents._logging import get_logger
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 
 # Decomposed memory functionality - imported as mixins for backward compatibility
 from .storage import StorageMixin
@@ -692,7 +692,7 @@ class Memory(StorageMixin, SearchMixin, MemoryCoreMixin):
                         "_id": ident,
                         "content": text,
                         "metadata": metadata,
-                        "created_at": datetime.utcnow(),
+                        "created_at": datetime.now(timezone.utc),
                         "memory_type": "short_term"
                     }
                     self.mongo_short_term.insert_one(doc)
@@ -918,7 +918,7 @@ class Memory(StorageMixin, SearchMixin, MemoryCoreMixin):
                     "_id": ident,
                     "content": text,
                     "metadata": metadata,
-                    "created_at": datetime.utcnow(),
+                    "created_at": datetime.now(timezone.utc),
                     "memory_type": "long_term"
                 }
                 
@@ -1441,14 +1441,14 @@ class Memory(StorageMixin, SearchMixin, MemoryCoreMixin):
             self.mem0_client.add(text, user_id=user_id, metadata=meta)
         elif self.use_mongodb and hasattr(self, "mongo_users"):
             try:
-                from datetime import datetime
+                from datetime import datetime, timezone
                 ident = str(time.time_ns())
                 doc = {
                     "_id": ident,
                     "user_id": user_id,
                     "content": text,
                     "metadata": meta,
-                    "created_at": datetime.utcnow()
+                    "created_at": datetime.now(timezone.utc)
                 }
                 self.mongo_users.insert_one(doc)
                 self._log_verbose(f"Successfully stored user memory for {user_id}")

src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/sandbox/__init__.py

@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ from .protocols import (
     ResourceLimits,
 )
 from .config import SandboxConfig, SecurityPolicy
+from .manager import SandboxManager
+from .security import SecurityWarning, check_code_safety, format_warnings, get_security_summary
 
 __all__ = [
     "SandboxProtocol",
@@ -22,5 +24,10 @@ __all__ = [
     "SandboxStatus",
     "ResourceLimits",
     "SandboxConfig",
-    "SecurityPolicy",
+    "SecurityPolicy", 
+    "SandboxManager",
+    "SecurityWarning",
+    "check_code_safety",
+    "format_warnings", 
+    "get_security_summary",
 ]

src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/sandbox/manager.py

@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+"""
+SandboxManager for PraisonAI Agents.
+
+Factory and context manager for sandbox backends.
+Core SDK component that routes to appropriate sandbox implementations
+in the praisonai wrapper package.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+from typing import Dict, Any, Optional, TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from .config import SandboxConfig
+from .protocols import SandboxProtocol, SandboxResult
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import AsyncContextManager
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class SandboxManager:
+    """Factory and context manager for all sandbox backends.
+    
+    Routes to appropriate sandbox implementations based on configuration.
+    Lightweight manager in core SDK - heavy implementations in wrapper.
+    
+    Example:
+        from praisonaiagents.sandbox import SandboxManager, SandboxConfig
+        
+        # Simple usage
+        config = SandboxConfig.docker("python:3.11-slim")
+        manager = SandboxManager(config)
+        result = await manager.run_code("print('Hello, World!')")
+        
+        # Context manager usage  
+        async with SandboxManager(config) as sandbox:
+            result = await sandbox.execute("print('Hello, World!')")
+    """
+    
+    def __init__(self, config: Optional[SandboxConfig] = None):
+        """Initialize the sandbox manager.
+        
+        Args:
+            config: Sandbox configuration. Defaults to subprocess sandbox.
+        """
+        self.config = config or SandboxConfig.subprocess()
+        self._sandbox: Optional[SandboxProtocol] = None
+        
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> SandboxProtocol:
+        """Async context manager entry."""
+        self._sandbox = await self._create_sandbox()
+        return self._sandbox
+        
+    async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        """Async context manager exit with cleanup."""
+        if self._sandbox:
+            try:
+                await self._sandbox.stop()
+                await self._sandbox.cleanup()
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.warning(f"Error during sandbox cleanup: {e}")
+            finally:
+                self._sandbox = None
+    
+    async def run_code(
+        self, 
+        code: str,
+        language: str = "python",
+        **kwargs
+    ) -> SandboxResult:
+        """Convenience method: create sandbox, run code, cleanup.
+        
+        Args:
+            code: Code to execute
+            language: Programming language
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to execute()
+            
+        Returns:
+            SandboxResult with execution details
+        """
+        async with self as sandbox:
+            return await sandbox.execute(code, language=language, **kwargs)
+    
+    async def _create_sandbox(self) -> SandboxProtocol:
+        """Create appropriate sandbox backend based on config.
+        
+        Routes to implementations in praisonai wrapper package.
+        
+        Returns:
+            Configured sandbox instance
+            
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: For unknown sandbox types
+            ImportError: If required dependencies not available
+        """
+        sandbox_type = self.config.sandbox_type.lower()
+        
+        if sandbox_type == "docker":
+            return await self._create_docker_sandbox()
+        elif sandbox_type in ("subprocess", "local"):
+            return await self._create_subprocess_sandbox()  
+        elif sandbox_type == "e2b":
+            return await self._create_e2b_sandbox()
+        elif sandbox_type == "sandlock":
+            return await self._create_sandlock_sandbox()
+        elif sandbox_type == "ssh":
+            return await self._create_ssh_sandbox()
+        elif sandbox_type == "modal":
+            return await self._create_modal_sandbox()
+        elif sandbox_type == "daytona":
+            return await self._create_daytona_sandbox()
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Unknown sandbox type: {sandbox_type!r}. "
+                f"Supported: 'docker', 'subprocess', 'e2b', 'sandlock', 'ssh', 'modal', 'daytona'"
+            )
+    
+    async def _create_docker_sandbox(self) -> SandboxProtocol:
+        """Create Docker sandbox."""
+        try:
+            # Lazy import from wrapper package
+            from praisonai.sandbox import DockerSandbox
+        except ImportError as e:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Docker sandbox not available. Install with: "
+                "pip install praisonaiagents[sandbox-docker]"
+            ) from e
+        
+        sandbox = DockerSandbox(
+            image=self.config.image,
+            config=self.config,
+        )
+        
+        if not sandbox.is_available:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Docker is not available. Please install Docker and ensure it's running."
+            )
+        
+        await sandbox.start()
+        return sandbox
+    
+    async def _create_subprocess_sandbox(self) -> SandboxProtocol:
+        """Create subprocess sandbox."""
+        try:
+            from praisonai.sandbox import SubprocessSandbox
+        except ImportError as e:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Subprocess sandbox not available. This should not happen - "
+                "please check your installation."
+            ) from e
+        
+        sandbox = SubprocessSandbox(config=self.config)
+        await sandbox.start()
+        return sandbox
+    
+    async def _create_e2b_sandbox(self) -> SandboxProtocol:
+        """Create E2B sandbox."""
+        try:
+            from praisonai.sandbox import E2BSandbox
+        except ImportError as e:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "E2B sandbox not available. Install with: "
+                "pip install praisonaiagents[sandbox] e2b-code-interpreter"
+            ) from e
+        
+        sandbox = E2BSandbox(config=self.config)
+        
+        if not sandbox.is_available:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "E2B is not available. Please set E2B_API_KEY environment variable."
+            )
+        
+        await sandbox.start()
+        return sandbox
+    
+    async def _create_sandlock_sandbox(self) -> SandboxProtocol:
+        """Create Sandlock sandbox.""" 
+        try:
+            from praisonai.sandbox import SandlockSandbox
+        except ImportError as e:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Sandlock sandbox not available. Install sandlock."
+            ) from e
+        
+        sandbox = SandlockSandbox(config=self.config)
+        await sandbox.start()
+        return sandbox
+        
+    async def _create_ssh_sandbox(self) -> SandboxProtocol:
+        """Create SSH sandbox."""
+        try:
+            from praisonai.sandbox import SSHSandbox
+        except ImportError as e:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "SSH sandbox not available. Install with: "
+                "pip install paramiko"
+            ) from e
+        
+        sandbox = SSHSandbox(config=self.config)
+        await sandbox.start()
+        return sandbox
+        
+    async def _create_modal_sandbox(self) -> SandboxProtocol:
+        """Create Modal sandbox."""
+        try:
+            from praisonai.sandbox import ModalSandbox
+        except ImportError as e:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Modal sandbox not available. Install with: "
+                "pip install modal"
+            ) from e
+        
+        sandbox = ModalSandbox(config=self.config)
+        await sandbox.start()
+        return sandbox
+        
+    async def _create_daytona_sandbox(self) -> SandboxProtocol:
+        """Create Daytona sandbox."""
+        try:
+            from praisonai.sandbox import DaytonaSandbox
+        except ImportError as e:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Daytona sandbox not available. Install daytona client."
+            ) from e
+        
+        sandbox = DaytonaSandbox(config=self.config)
+        await sandbox.start()
+        return sandbox
+
+    def get_available_types(self) -> Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]]:
+        """Get available sandbox types and their status.
+        
+        Returns:
+            Dictionary mapping sandbox types to availability info
+        """
+        types = {}
+        
+        # Check Docker
+        try:
+            from praisonai.sandbox import DockerSandbox
+            docker = DockerSandbox()
+            types["docker"] = {
+                "available": docker.is_available,
+                "description": "Isolated Docker containers",
+                "requires": ["docker"],
+            }
+        except ImportError:
+            types["docker"] = {
+                "available": False,
+                "description": "Isolated Docker containers", 
+                "requires": ["docker", "praisonaiagents[sandbox-docker]"],
+            }
+        
+        # Check subprocess (always available)
+        types["subprocess"] = {
+            "available": True,
+            "description": "Local subprocess (limited isolation)",
+            "requires": [],
+        }
+        
+        # Check E2B
+        try:
+            from praisonai.sandbox import E2BSandbox
+            e2b = E2BSandbox()
+            types["e2b"] = {
+                "available": e2b.is_available,
+                "description": "E2B cloud sandboxes",
+                "requires": ["e2b-code-interpreter", "E2B_API_KEY"],
+            }
+        except ImportError:
+            types["e2b"] = {
+                "available": False,
+                "description": "E2B cloud sandboxes",
+                "requires": ["e2b-code-interpreter", "E2B_API_KEY"],
+            }
+        
+        # Add other types with try/except blocks
+        for sandbox_type, module_name, description, requirements in [
+            ("sandlock", "SandlockSandbox", "OS-native sandboxing", ["sandlock"]),
+            ("ssh", "SSHSandbox", "Remote SSH execution", ["paramiko"]),
+            ("modal", "ModalSandbox", "Modal cloud compute", ["modal"]),
+            ("daytona", "DaytonaSandbox", "Daytona workspaces", ["daytona"]),
+        ]:
+            try:
+                from praisonai import sandbox
+                sandbox_class = getattr(sandbox, module_name)
+                # Check if class exists without instantiating (some need required args)
+                types[sandbox_type] = {
+                    "available": False,  # Can't easily check without required args
+                    "description": description,
+                    "requires": requirements,
+                }
+            except (ImportError, AttributeError):
+                types[sandbox_type] = {
+                    "available": False,
+                    "description": description,
+                    "requires": requirements,
+                }
+        
+        return types

src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/sandbox/security.py

@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+"""
+Security pre-checks for sandbox code execution.
+
+Provides pre-execution analysis of code for potentially dangerous patterns.
+Note: These are warnings only - the sandbox provides the real isolation.
+"""
+
+import re
+import ast
+import logging
+from typing import List, Optional, Dict, Any
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+@dataclass 
+class SecurityWarning:
+    """A security warning from code analysis."""
+    
+    pattern: str
+    message: str
+    severity: str  # "low", "medium", "high", "critical"
+    line_number: Optional[int] = None
+    context: Optional[str] = None
+
+
+# Dangerous patterns to detect in code
+DANGEROUS_PATTERNS = [
+    # System/OS access
+    (r"import\s+os\s*;?\s*os\.system", "Direct system command execution via os.system", "high"),
+    (r"subprocess\.call.*shell\s*=\s*True", "Shell injection risk with subprocess", "high"),
+    (r"subprocess\.run.*shell\s*=\s*True", "Shell injection risk with subprocess", "high"),
+    (r"subprocess\.Popen.*shell\s*=\s*True", "Shell injection risk with subprocess", "high"),
+    (r"__import__\(['\"]os['\"]\)", "Dynamic import of os module", "medium"),
+    (r"eval\s*\(", "Dynamic code execution with eval()", "critical"),
+    (r"exec\s*\(", "Dynamic code execution with exec()", "critical"),
+    (r"compile\s*\(.*exec", "Code compilation for execution", "high"),
+    
+    # File system access
+    (r"open\s*\(.*['\"]\/etc", "Access to system configuration files", "medium"),
+    (r"open\s*\(.*['\"]\/root", "Access to root directory", "high"),
+    (r"open\s*\(.*['\"]\/home", "Access to user directories", "medium"),
+    (r"shutil\.rmtree", "Recursive directory deletion", "high"),
+    (r"os\.remove\s*\(", "File deletion", "medium"),
+    (r"os\.unlink\s*\(", "File deletion", "medium"),
+    (r"pathlib\.Path.*unlink", "File deletion via pathlib", "medium"),
+    
+    # Network access
+    (r"socket\.socket", "Direct socket creation", "medium"),
+    (r"urllib\.request", "HTTP requests via urllib", "low"),
+    (r"requests\.", "HTTP requests via requests library", "low"),
+    (r"http\.client", "HTTP client usage", "low"),
+    
+    # Process manipulation
+    (r"os\.fork\s*\(", "Process forking", "high"),
+    (r"multiprocessing\.", "Multiprocessing usage", "medium"),
+    (r"threading\.Thread", "Thread creation", "low"),
+    
+    # Potentially dangerous builtins
+    (r"getattr\s*\(.*__", "Dynamic attribute access to dunder methods", "medium"),
+    (r"setattr\s*\(.*__", "Dynamic attribute setting of dunder methods", "medium"),
+    (r"hasattr\s*\(.*__", "Dynamic attribute checking of dunder methods", "low"),
+    (r"globals\s*\(\)", "Access to global namespace", "medium"),
+    (r"locals\s*\(\)", "Access to local namespace", "low"),
+    (r"vars\s*\(", "Variable inspection", "low"),
+    (r"dir\s*\(", "Object inspection", "low"),
+    
+    # Code modification
+    (r"sys\.modules", "Module manipulation", "high"),
+    (r"importlib\.", "Dynamic import manipulation", "medium"),
+    (r"__builtins__", "Access to builtin functions", "high"),
+    
+    # Memory/performance
+    (r"while\s+True:", "Infinite loop (potential DoS)", "medium"),
+    (r"for.*in.*range\s*\(\s*[0-9]{6,}", "Large range iteration", "low"),
+    (r"list\s*\(\s*range\s*\(\s*[0-9]{6,}", "Large list creation", "low"),
+    (r"\*\s*[0-9]{6,}", "Large data multiplication", "low"),
+]
+
+
+def check_code_safety(code: str, language: str = "python") -> List[SecurityWarning]:
+    """Analyze code for potentially dangerous patterns.
+    
+    Args:
+        code: Code to analyze
+        language: Programming language (currently only 'python' supported)
+        
+    Returns:
+        List of security warnings found
+        
+    Note:
+        These are warnings only. The sandbox provides real isolation.
+        This is a best-effort static analysis for user awareness.
+    """
+    warnings = []
+    
+    if language == "python":
+        warnings.extend(_check_python_patterns(code))
+        warnings.extend(_check_python_ast(code))
+    elif language == "bash":
+        warnings.extend(_check_bash_patterns(code))
+    else:
+        # Fall back to basic pattern matching
+        warnings.extend(_check_generic_patterns(code))
+    
+    return warnings
+
+
+def _check_python_patterns(code: str) -> List[SecurityWarning]:
+    """Check Python code using regex patterns."""
+    warnings = []
+    lines = code.split('\n')
+    
+    for i, line in enumerate(lines, 1):
+        for pattern, message, severity in DANGEROUS_PATTERNS:
+            if re.search(pattern, line, re.IGNORECASE):
+                warnings.append(SecurityWarning(
+                    pattern=pattern,
+                    message=message,
+                    severity=severity,
+                    line_number=i,
+                    context=line.strip(),
+                ))
+    
+    return warnings
+
+
+def _check_python_ast(code: str) -> List[SecurityWarning]:
+    """Check Python code using AST analysis."""
+    warnings = []
+    
+    try:
+        tree = ast.parse(code)
+        visitor = DangerousASTVisitor()
+        visitor.visit(tree)
+        warnings.extend(visitor.warnings)
+    except SyntaxError:
+        # Invalid Python syntax - let the sandbox handle it
+        pass
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.debug(f"AST analysis failed: {e}")
+    
+    return warnings
+
+
+def _check_bash_patterns(code: str) -> List[SecurityWarning]:
+    """Check bash/shell code for dangerous patterns."""
+    warnings = []
+    lines = code.split('\n')
+    
+    bash_patterns = [
+        (r"rm\s+-rf\s+\/", "Recursive deletion of root directory", "critical"),
+        (r"rm\s+-rf\s+\*", "Recursive deletion with wildcard", "high"),
+        (r">\s*\/dev\/sd[a-z]", "Direct disk device access", "critical"),
+        (r"dd\s+if=.*of=", "Low-level disk operations", "high"),
+        (r"mkfs\.", "Filesystem creation", "critical"),
+        (r"fdisk", "Disk partitioning", "critical"),
+        (r"shutdown", "System shutdown", "high"),
+        (r"reboot", "System reboot", "high"),
+        (r"halt", "System halt", "high"),
+        (r"init\s+[0-6]", "System runlevel change", "high"),
+        (r"chmod\s+777", "Overly permissive file permissions", "medium"),
+        (r"curl.*\|\s*bash", "Piped execution from network", "high"),
+        (r"wget.*\|\s*bash", "Piped execution from network", "high"),
+        (r"\$\(.*\)", "Command substitution", "medium"),
+        (r"`.*`", "Command substitution (backticks)", "medium"),
+    ]
+    
+    for i, line in enumerate(lines, 1):
+        for pattern, message, severity in bash_patterns:
+            if re.search(pattern, line, re.IGNORECASE):
+                warnings.append(SecurityWarning(
+                    pattern=pattern,
+                    message=message,
+                    severity=severity,
+                    line_number=i,
+                    context=line.strip(),
+                ))
+    
+    return warnings
+
+
+def _check_generic_patterns(code: str) -> List[SecurityWarning]:
+    """Check code using generic patterns."""
+    warnings = []
+    lines = code.split('\n')
+    
+    generic_patterns = [
+        (r"eval\s*\(", "Dynamic code execution", "critical"),
+        (r"exec\s*\(", "Dynamic code execution", "critical"),
+        (r"system\s*\(", "System command execution", "high"),
+        (r"shell\s*\(", "Shell command execution", "high"),
+    ]
+    
+    for i, line in enumerate(lines, 1):
+        for pattern, message, severity in generic_patterns:
+            if re.search(pattern, line, re.IGNORECASE):
+                warnings.append(SecurityWarning(
+                    pattern=pattern,
+                    message=message,
+                    severity=severity,
+                    line_number=i,
+                    context=line.strip(),
+                ))
+    
+    return warnings
+
+
+class DangerousASTVisitor(ast.NodeVisitor):
+    """AST visitor to detect dangerous Python constructs."""
+    
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.warnings = []
+    
+    def visit_Call(self, node):
+        """Visit function calls."""
+        # Check for dangerous function calls
+        if isinstance(node.func, ast.Name):
+            func_name = node.func.id
+            if func_name in ("eval", "exec", "compile"):
+                self.warnings.append(SecurityWarning(
+                    pattern=f"{func_name}()",
+                    message=f"Dynamic code execution with {func_name}()",
+                    severity="critical",
+                    line_number=node.lineno,
+                ))
+        
+        # Check for attribute calls like os.system
+        elif isinstance(node.func, ast.Attribute):
+            if isinstance(node.func.value, ast.Name):
+                module = node.func.value.id
+                func = node.func.attr
+                
+                if module == "os" and func == "system":
+                    self.warnings.append(SecurityWarning(
+                        pattern="os.system()",
+                        message="Direct system command execution",
+                        severity="high",
+                        line_number=node.lineno,
+                    ))
+                elif module == "subprocess" and func in ("call", "run", "Popen"):
+                    # Check if shell=True is used
+                    for keyword in node.keywords:
+                        if keyword.arg == "shell" and isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Constant):
+                            if keyword.value.value is True:
+                                self.warnings.append(SecurityWarning(
+                                    pattern=f"subprocess.{func}(..., shell=True)",
+                                    message="Shell injection risk with subprocess",
+                                    severity="high",
+                                    line_number=node.lineno,
+                                ))
+        
+        self.generic_visit(node)
+    
+    def visit_Import(self, node):
+        """Visit import statements."""
+        for alias in node.names:
+            if alias.name in ("os", "subprocess", "sys"):
+                self.warnings.append(SecurityWarning(
+                    pattern=f"import {alias.name}",
+                    message=f"Import of potentially dangerous module: {alias.name}",
+                    severity="low",
+                    line_number=node.lineno,
+                ))
+        
+        self.generic_visit(node)
+    
+    def visit_ImportFrom(self, node):
+        """Visit from ... import statements."""
+        if node.module in ("os", "subprocess", "sys"):
+            for alias in node.names:
+                if alias.name in ("system", "call", "run", "Popen", "modules"):
+                    self.warnings.append(SecurityWarning(
+                        pattern=f"from {node.module} import {alias.name}",
+                        message=f"Import of dangerous function: {alias.name}",
+                        severity="medium",
+                        line_number=node.lineno,
+                    ))
+        
+        self.generic_visit(node)
+
+
+def format_warnings(warnings: List[SecurityWarning]) -> str:
+    """Format security warnings for display.
+    
+    Args:
+        warnings: List of security warnings
+        
+    Returns:
+        Formatted string of warnings
+    """
+    if not warnings:
+        return "No security issues detected."
+    
+    # Group by severity
+    by_severity = {"critical": [], "high": [], "medium": [], "low": []}
+    for warning in warnings:
+        by_severity[warning.severity].append(warning)
+    
+    lines = []
+    lines.append(f"Security analysis found {len(warnings)} potential issue(s):")
+    lines.append("")
+    
+    for severity in ["critical", "high", "medium", "low"]:
+        if by_severity[severity]:
+            lines.append(f"{severity.upper()} RISK:")
+            for warning in by_severity[severity]:
+                line_info = f" (line {warning.line_number})" if warning.line_number else ""
+                context_info = f"\n  Context: {warning.context}" if warning.context else ""
+                lines.append(f"  - {warning.message}{line_info}{context_info}")
+            lines.append("")
+    
+    lines.append("Note: These are warnings only. The sandbox provides real isolation.")
+    return "\n".join(lines)
+
+
+def get_security_summary(warnings: List[SecurityWarning]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """Get security analysis summary.
+    
+    Args:
+        warnings: List of security warnings
+        
+    Returns:
+        Dictionary with summary statistics
+    """
+    by_severity = {"critical": 0, "high": 0, "medium": 0, "low": 0}
+    for warning in warnings:
+        by_severity[warning.severity] += 1
+    
+    max_severity = "low"
+    if by_severity["critical"] > 0:
+        max_severity = "critical"
+    elif by_severity["high"] > 0:
+        max_severity = "high"  
+    elif by_severity["medium"] > 0:
+        max_severity = "medium"
+    
+    return {
+        "total_warnings": len(warnings),
+        "by_severity": by_severity,
+        "max_severity": max_severity,
+        "is_safe": len(warnings) == 0,
+        "has_critical": by_severity["critical"] > 0,
+    }

src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/skills/manager.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from typing import List, Optional, Dict
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 from .models import SkillMetadata
-from .discovery import discover_skills
+from .discovery import discover_skills, get_default_skill_dirs
 from .loader import SkillLoader, LoadedSkill
 from .prompt import generate_skills_xml
 from .substitution import render_skill_body
@@ -271,8 +271,7 @@ class SkillManager:
                 return {"success": False, "error": "Skill content exceeds maximum size (100KB)"}
             
             # Create skill directory
-            from .discovery import get_default_skill_directories
-            skill_dirs = get_default_skill_directories()
+            skill_dirs = get_default_skill_dirs()
             base_dir = skill_dirs[0] if skill_dirs else "~/.praisonai/skills"
             
             import os

src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/tools/__init__.py

@@ -75,12 +75,12 @@ TOOL_MAPPINGS = {
 
 
     # Python Tools
-    'execute_code': ('.python_tools', 'PythonTools'),
-    'analyze_code': ('.python_tools', 'PythonTools'),
-    'format_code': ('.python_tools', 'PythonTools'),
-    'lint_code': ('.python_tools', 'PythonTools'),
-    'disassemble_code': ('.python_tools', 'PythonTools'),
-    'python_tools': ('.python_tools', 'PythonTools'),
+    'execute_code': ('.python_tools', None),
+    'analyze_code': ('.python_tools', None),
+    'format_code': ('.python_tools', None),
+    'lint_code': ('.python_tools', None),
+    'disassemble_code': ('.python_tools', None),
+    'python_tools': ('.python_tools', None),
 
 
     # Chain of Thought Training Tools
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
         if name in [
             'duckduckgo', 'internet_search', 'searxng_search', 'searxng',
             'scrape_page', 'extract_links', 'crawl', 'extract_text',
-            'execute_command', 'list_processes', 'kill_process', 'get_system_info',
+            'execute_command', 'execute_code', 'analyze_code', 'format_code', 'lint_code', 'disassemble_code', 'list_processes', 'kill_process', 'get_system_info',
             'tavily', 'tavily_search', 'tavily_extract', 'tavily_crawl', 'tavily_map',
             'tavily_search_async', 'tavily_extract_async',
             'ydc', 'ydc_search', 'ydc_contents', 'ydc_news', 'ydc_images',

src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/tools/mentions.py

@@ -268,6 +268,11 @@ class MentionsParser:
     def _process_url_mention(self, url: str) -> Optional[str]:
         """Process @url:https://... mention."""
         try:
+            from praisonaiagents.tools.spider_tools import SpiderTools
+
+            if not SpiderTools()._validate_url(url):
+                return f"# URL: {url}\n[Blocked: URL is not allowed]"
+
             import urllib.request
             
             req = urllib.request.Request(

src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/tools/python_tools.py

@@ -36,6 +36,30 @@ def _safe_getattr(obj, name, *default):
     return getattr(obj, name, *default) if default else getattr(obj, name)
 
 
+_SANDBOX_BLOCKED_ATTRS = frozenset({
+    '__subclasses__', '__bases__', '__mro__', '__globals__',
+    '__code__', '__class__', '__dict__', '__builtins__',
+    '__import__', '__loader__', '__spec__', '__init_subclass__',
+    '__set_name__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__',
+    '__traceback__', '__qualname__', '__module__',
+    '__wrapped__', '__closure__', '__annotations__',
+    '__self__',  # C builtins leak real builtins module (GHSA-4mr5-g6f9-cfrh)
+    # Frame/code object introspection
+    'gi_frame', 'gi_code', 'cr_frame', 'cr_code',
+    'ag_frame', 'ag_code', 'tb_frame', 'tb_next',
+    'f_globals', 'f_locals', 'f_builtins', 'f_code',
+    'co_consts', 'co_names',
+    '__getattribute__', '__getattr__', '__setattr__', '__delattr__',
+    '__dir__', '__get__', '__set__', '__delete__',
+})
+
+_SANDBOX_BLOCKED_CALLS = frozenset({
+    'exec', 'eval', 'compile', '__import__',
+    'open', 'input', 'breakpoint',
+    'setattr', 'delattr', 'dir', 'vars',
+})
+
+
 def _validate_code_ast(code: str):
     """Validate code using AST — catches attacks that bypass text checks.
 
@@ -48,23 +72,6 @@ def _validate_code_ast(code: str):
     except SyntaxError:
         return None  # let compile() handle syntax errors later
 
-    # Dangerous dunder attributes attackers use for sandbox escape
-    _blocked_attrs = frozenset({
-        '__subclasses__', '__bases__', '__mro__', '__globals__',
-        '__code__', '__class__', '__dict__', '__builtins__',
-        '__import__', '__loader__', '__spec__', '__init_subclass__',
-        '__set_name__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__',
-        '__traceback__', '__qualname__', '__module__',
-        '__wrapped__', '__closure__', '__annotations__',
-        # Frame/code object introspection
-        'gi_frame', 'gi_code', 'cr_frame', 'cr_code',
-        'ag_frame', 'ag_code', 'tb_frame', 'tb_next',
-        'f_globals', 'f_locals', 'f_builtins', 'f_code',
-        'co_consts', 'co_names',
-        '__getattribute__', '__getattr__', '__setattr__', '__delattr__',
-        '__dir__', '__get__', '__set__', '__delete__',
-    })
-
     for node in ast.walk(tree):
         # Block import statements
         if isinstance(node, (ast.Import, ast.ImportFrom)):
@@ -72,28 +79,26 @@ def _validate_code_ast(code: str):
 
         # Block attribute access to dangerous dunders
         if isinstance(node, ast.Attribute):
-            if node.attr in _blocked_attrs:
+            if node.attr in _SANDBOX_BLOCKED_ATTRS:
                 return (
                     f"Access to attribute '{node.attr}' is restricted"
                 )
 
-        # Block calls to dangerous builtins by name
+        # Block calls to dangerous builtins (bare name or attribute access)
         if isinstance(node, ast.Call):
             func = node.func
-            if isinstance(func, ast.Name) and func.id in (
-                'exec', 'eval', 'compile', '__import__',
-                'open', 'input', 'breakpoint',
-                'setattr', 'delattr', 'dir',
-            ):
+            if isinstance(func, ast.Name) and func.id in _SANDBOX_BLOCKED_CALLS:
                 return f"Call to '{func.id}' is not allowed"
+            if isinstance(func, ast.Attribute) and func.attr in _SANDBOX_BLOCKED_CALLS:
+                return f"Call to '{func.attr}' is not allowed"
                 
         # Block dangerous constants (strings containing dunders)
         # Fallback for Python 3.7 ast.Str
         if isinstance(node, ast.Constant) and isinstance(node.value, str):
-            if any(attr in node.value for attr in _blocked_attrs):
+            if any(attr in node.value for attr in _SANDBOX_BLOCKED_ATTRS):
                 return f"String constant contains restricted attribute name"
         elif type(node).__name__ == 'Str':
-            if any(attr in getattr(node, 's', '') for attr in _blocked_attrs):
+            if any(attr in getattr(node, 's', '') for attr in _SANDBOX_BLOCKED_ATTRS):
                 return f"String constant contains restricted attribute name"
 
     return None
@@ -112,7 +117,16 @@ def _execute_code_sandboxed(
     """
     if limits is None:
         limits = ResourceLimits.minimal()
-    
+
+    ast_error = _validate_code_ast(code)
+    if ast_error:
+        return {
+            'result': None,
+            'stdout': '',
+            'stderr': f'Security Error: {ast_error}',
+            'success': False,
+        }
+
     try:
         # Create temporary file for the code
         with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w', suffix='.py', delete=False) as f:
@@ -151,21 +165,8 @@ def safe_execute():
             }}
         
         # Block dangerous patterns
-        blocked_attrs = {{
-            '__subclasses__', '__bases__', '__mro__', '__globals__',
-            '__code__', '__class__', '__dict__', '__builtins__',
-            '__import__', '__loader__', '__spec__', '__init_subclass__',
-            '__set_name__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__',
-            '__traceback__', '__qualname__', '__module__',
-            '__wrapped__', '__closure__', '__annotations__',
-            # Frame/code object introspection
-            'gi_frame', 'gi_code', 'cr_frame', 'cr_code',
-            'ag_frame', 'ag_code', 'tb_frame', 'tb_next',
-            'f_globals', 'f_locals', 'f_builtins', 'f_code',
-            'co_consts', 'co_names',
-            '__getattribute__', '__getattr__', '__setattr__', '__delattr__',
-            '__dir__', '__get__', '__set__', '__delete__',
-        }}
+        blocked_attrs = {set(_SANDBOX_BLOCKED_ATTRS)!r}
+        blocked_calls = {set(_SANDBOX_BLOCKED_CALLS)!r}
         
         for node in ast.walk(tree):
             if isinstance(node, (ast.Import, ast.ImportFrom)):
@@ -182,14 +183,20 @@ def safe_execute():
                     "stderr": f"Access to attribute '{{node.attr}}' is restricted",
                     "success": False
                 }}
-            if isinstance(node, ast.Call) and isinstance(node.func, ast.Name):
-                if node.func.id in ('exec', 'eval', 'compile', '__import__',
-                                     'open', 'input', 'breakpoint',
-                                     'setattr', 'delattr', 'dir'):
+            if isinstance(node, ast.Call):
+                func = node.func
+                if isinstance(func, ast.Name) and func.id in blocked_calls:
                     return {{
                         "result": None,
                         "stdout": "",
-                        "stderr": f"Call to '{{node.func.id}}' is not allowed",
+                        "stderr": f"Call to '{{func.id}}' is not allowed",
+                        "success": False
+                    }}
+                if isinstance(func, ast.Attribute) and func.attr in blocked_calls:
+                    return {{
+                        "result": None,
+                        "stdout": "",
+                        "stderr": f"Call to '{{func.attr}}' is not allowed",
                         "success": False
                     }}
             if isinstance(node, ast.Constant) and isinstance(node.value, str):
@@ -481,7 +488,7 @@ def _execute_code_direct(
             '__import__', 'import ', 'from ', 'exec', 'eval',
             'compile', 'open(', 'file(', 'input(', 'raw_input',
             '__subclasses__', '__bases__', '__globals__', '__code__',
-            '__class__', 'globals(', 'locals(', 'vars('
+            '__class__', '__self__', 'globals(', 'locals(', 'vars('
         ]
 
         code_lower = code.lower()

src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/tools/spider_tools.py

@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ content = scrape_page("https://example.com")
 """
 
 import logging
+import ipaddress
+import socket
 from typing import List, Dict, Union, Optional, Any
 from importlib import util
 import json
@@ -20,6 +22,48 @@ import os
 import hashlib
 import time
 
+
+def _host_is_blocked(hostname: str) -> bool:
+    """Return True when hostname resolves to loopback/private/internal targets."""
+    if not hostname:
+        return True
+    host = hostname.lower().rstrip(".")
+    if host in ("localhost", "0.0.0.0", "::1") or host.endswith(".localhost"):
+        return True
+    if host in ("169.254.169.254", "metadata.google.internal"):
+        return True
+    if any(host.endswith(suffix) for suffix in (".local", ".internal", ".localdomain")):
+        return True
+
+    def _ip_blocked(ip: ipaddress._BaseAddress) -> bool:
+        return bool(
+            ip.is_private or ip.is_loopback or ip.is_reserved or ip.is_link_local
+        )
+
+    if host.isdigit():
+        try:
+            return _ip_blocked(ipaddress.ip_address(int(host)))
+        except (ValueError, OverflowError):
+            return True
+
+    if host.startswith("0x"):
+        try:
+            return _ip_blocked(ipaddress.ip_address(int(host, 16)))
+        except (ValueError, OverflowError):
+            return True
+
+    try:
+        return _ip_blocked(ipaddress.ip_address(host))
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+
+    try:
+        return _ip_blocked(ipaddress.ip_address(socket.inet_aton(host)))
+    except OSError:
+        pass
+
+    return False
+
 class SpiderTools:
     """Tools for web scraping and crawling."""
     
@@ -59,31 +103,9 @@ class SpiderTools:
             if not parsed.hostname:
                 return False
             
-            # Reject local/internal addresses
-            hostname = parsed.hostname.lower()
-            
-            # Block localhost and loopback
-            if hostname in ['localhost', '127.0.0.1', '0.0.0.0', '::1']:
+            if _host_is_blocked(parsed.hostname):
                 return False
-            
-            # Block private IP ranges
-            import ipaddress
-            try:
-                ip = ipaddress.ip_address(hostname)
-                if ip.is_private or ip.is_reserved or ip.is_loopback or ip.is_link_local:
-                    return False
-            except ValueError:
-                # Not an IP address, continue with domain validation
-                pass
-            
-            # Block common internal domains
-            if any(hostname.endswith(domain) for domain in ['.local', '.internal', '.localdomain']):
-                return False
-            
-            # Block metadata service endpoints
-            if hostname in ['169.254.169.254', 'metadata.google.internal']:
-                return False
-            
+
             return True
             
         except Exception:

src/praisonai-agents/pyproject.toml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
 
 [project]
 name = "praisonaiagents"
-version = "1.6.37"
+version = "1.6.41"
 description = "Praison AI agents for completing complex tasks with Self Reflection Agents"
 readme = "README.md"
 requires-python = ">=3.10"
@@ -101,6 +101,16 @@ crawl = [
     "playwright>=1.47.0",
 ]
 
+# Sandbox dependencies
+sandbox = [
+    "e2b-code-interpreter>=1.0.0",
+]
+
+# Docker sandbox dependencies
+sandbox-docker = [
+    "docker>=7.0.0",
+]
+
 # Combined features
 all = [
     "praisonaiagents[memory]",
@@ -112,6 +122,7 @@ all = [
     "praisonaiagents[telemetry]",
     "praisonaiagents[mongodb]",
     "praisonaiagents[auth]",
+    "praisonaiagents[sandbox]",
     "praisonaiagents[search]",
     "praisonaiagents[crawl]",
     "praisonaiagents[autonomy]",

src/praisonai-agents/tests/unit/agents/test_server_registry_timeout.py

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+"""Test for agent server readiness timeout warning functionality."""
+
+import time
+import threading
+import logging
+import pytest
+from unittest.mock import patch, MagicMock
+from praisonaiagents.agents.agents import _AgentServerRegistry
+
+
+def test_server_readiness_timeout_emits_warning(caplog):
+    """A server that does not start in time must produce a WARNING log entry."""
+    registry = _AgentServerRegistry()
+    
+    # Create a mock FastAPI app that won't signal readiness
+    mock_app = MagicMock()
+    
+    # Register the app but don't set the ready event
+    with patch.dict(registry._apps, {8000: mock_app}):
+        with patch.dict(registry._ready_events, {8000: threading.Event()}):
+            with patch.dict(registry._started, {8000: False}):
+                with patch("threading.Thread.start"):  # Prevent real server spawning
+                    with caplog.at_level(logging.WARNING):
+                        # Use a very short timeout to ensure the test doesn't hang
+                        with patch.dict("os.environ", {"PRAISONAI_SERVER_READY_TIMEOUT": "0.1"}):
+                            result = registry.start_server_if_needed(8000, host="127.0.0.1")
+                    
+                    # The method should still return True but log a warning
+                    assert result is True
+                    assert "8000" in caplog.text
+                    assert "did not become ready" in caplog.text.lower()
+
+
+def test_server_readiness_timeout_configurable_via_env():
+    """The timeout should be configurable via PRAISONAI_SERVER_READY_TIMEOUT."""
+    registry = _AgentServerRegistry()
+    
+    # Create a mock FastAPI app
+    mock_app = MagicMock()
+    
+    # Register the app but don't set the ready event
+    with patch.dict(registry._apps, {8001: mock_app}):
+        with patch.dict(registry._ready_events, {8001: threading.Event()}):
+            with patch.dict(registry._started, {8001: False}):
+                with patch("threading.Thread.start"):  # Prevent real server spawning
+                    # Test with custom timeout
+                    with patch.dict("os.environ", {"PRAISONAI_SERVER_READY_TIMEOUT": "0.05"}):
+                        start_time = time.time()
+                        result = registry.start_server_if_needed(8001, host="127.0.0.1")
+                        duration = time.time() - start_time
+                    
+                    # Should respect the custom timeout and complete quickly
+                    assert result is True
+                    assert duration < 1.0  # Should be much less than default 5s
+
+
+def test_server_readiness_success_no_warning(caplog):
+    """A server that starts in time should not produce any warning."""
+    registry = _AgentServerRegistry()
+    
+    # Create a mock FastAPI app
+    mock_app = MagicMock()
+    ready_event = threading.Event()
+    
+    # Register the app and signal readiness immediately
+    with patch.dict(registry._apps, {8002: mock_app}):
+        with patch.dict(registry._ready_events, {8002: ready_event}):
+            with patch.dict(registry._started, {8002: False}):
+                with patch("threading.Thread.start"):  # Prevent real server spawning
+                    # Set the event immediately to simulate quick startup
+                    ready_event.set()
+                    
+                    with caplog.at_level(logging.WARNING):
+                        result = registry.start_server_if_needed(8002, host="127.0.0.1")
+                    
+                    # Should succeed without warnings
+                    assert result is True
+                    assert "did not become ready" not in caplog.text.lower()
+
+
+def test_default_timeout_value(monkeypatch):
+    """Test that the default timeout is 5.0 seconds when env var is not set."""
+    registry = _AgentServerRegistry()
+    
+    # Create a mock FastAPI app
+    mock_app = MagicMock()
+    ready_event = threading.Event()
+    
+    # Register the app but don't set the ready event
+    with patch.dict(registry._apps, {8003: mock_app}):
+        with patch.dict(registry._ready_events, {8003: ready_event}):
+            with patch.dict(registry._started, {8003: False}):
+                with patch("threading.Thread.start"):  # Prevent real server spawning
+                    # Remove only the specific env var so other env vars (PATH etc.) remain intact
+                    monkeypatch.delenv("PRAISONAI_SERVER_READY_TIMEOUT", raising=False)
+                    with patch("threading.Event.wait") as mock_wait:
+                        mock_wait.return_value = False
+                        result = registry.start_server_if_needed(8003, host="127.0.0.1")
+                    
+                    # Should have called wait with default timeout of 5.0
+                    mock_wait.assert_called_once_with(timeout=5.0)
+                    assert result is True
+
+
+def test_invalid_timeout_env_var_fallback(caplog):
+    """Test that invalid PRAISONAI_SERVER_READY_TIMEOUT falls back to default with warning."""
+    registry = _AgentServerRegistry()
+    
+    # Create a mock FastAPI app
+    mock_app = MagicMock()
+    ready_event = threading.Event()
+    
+    # Register the app but don't set the ready event
+    with patch.dict(registry._apps, {8004: mock_app}):
+        with patch.dict(registry._ready_events, {8004: ready_event}):
+            with patch.dict(registry._started, {8004: False}):
+                with patch("threading.Thread.start"):  # Prevent real server spawning
+                    # Test with invalid timeout value
+                    with patch.dict("os.environ", {"PRAISONAI_SERVER_READY_TIMEOUT": "invalid"}):
+                        with caplog.at_level(logging.WARNING):
+                            with patch("threading.Event.wait") as mock_wait:
+                                mock_wait.return_value = False
+                                result = registry.start_server_if_needed(8004, host="127.0.0.1")
+                    
+                    # Should have fallen back to 5.0 and logged warning
+                    mock_wait.assert_called_once_with(timeout=5.0)
+                    assert result is True
+                    assert "Invalid PRAISONAI_SERVER_READY_TIMEOUT" in caplog.text

src/praisonai-agents/tests/unit/sandbox/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Sandbox tests package

src/praisonai-agents/tests/unit/sandbox/test_sandbox_manager.py

@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+"""
+Unit tests for SandboxManager.
+"""
+
+import pytest
+from unittest.mock import Mock, AsyncMock, patch
+from praisonaiagents.sandbox.manager import SandboxManager
+from praisonaiagents.sandbox.config import SandboxConfig
+from praisonaiagents.sandbox.protocols import SandboxResult, SandboxStatus
+
+
+class TestSandboxManager:
+    """Test SandboxManager functionality."""
+
+    def test_init_default_config(self):
+        """Test initialization with default config."""
+        manager = SandboxManager()
+        assert manager.config is not None
+        assert manager.config.sandbox_type == "subprocess"
+
+    def test_init_with_config(self):
+        """Test initialization with custom config."""
+        config = SandboxConfig.docker("python:3.11")
+        manager = SandboxManager(config)
+        assert manager.config == config
+
+    @patch('praisonaiagents.sandbox.manager.SandboxManager._create_sandbox')
+    async def test_context_manager(self, mock_create_sandbox):
+        """Test SandboxManager as async context manager."""
+        mock_sandbox = AsyncMock()
+        mock_create_sandbox.return_value = mock_sandbox
+        
+        manager = SandboxManager()
+        
+        async with manager as sandbox:
+            assert sandbox == mock_sandbox
+            mock_create_sandbox.assert_called_once()
+        
+        # Cleanup should be called
+        mock_sandbox.stop.assert_called_once()
+        mock_sandbox.cleanup.assert_called_once()
+
+    @patch('praisonaiagents.sandbox.manager.SandboxManager._create_sandbox')
+    async def test_context_manager_cleanup_error(self, mock_create_sandbox):
+        """Test context manager cleanup with error."""
+        mock_sandbox = AsyncMock()
+        mock_sandbox.stop.side_effect = Exception("Stop failed")
+        mock_create_sandbox.return_value = mock_sandbox
+        
+        manager = SandboxManager()
+        
+        # Should not raise exception, just log warning
+        async with manager as sandbox:
+            assert sandbox == mock_sandbox
+        
+        mock_sandbox.stop.assert_called_once()
+        mock_sandbox.cleanup.assert_called_once()
+
+    @patch('praisonaiagents.sandbox.manager.SandboxManager._create_sandbox')
+    async def test_run_code_convenience_method(self, mock_create_sandbox):
+        """Test run_code convenience method."""
+        mock_sandbox = AsyncMock()
+        mock_result = SandboxResult(status=SandboxStatus.COMPLETED, stdout="output")
+        mock_sandbox.execute.return_value = mock_result
+        mock_create_sandbox.return_value = mock_sandbox
+        
+        manager = SandboxManager()
+        
+        result = await manager.run_code("print('hello')", language="python")
+        
+        assert result == mock_result
+        mock_sandbox.execute.assert_called_once_with("print('hello')", language="python")
+
+    async def test_create_sandbox_subprocess(self):
+        """Test creating subprocess sandbox."""
+        config = SandboxConfig.subprocess()
+        manager = SandboxManager(config)
+        
+        with patch('praisonai.sandbox.subprocess.SubprocessSandbox') as mock_class:
+            mock_instance = AsyncMock()
+            mock_class.return_value = mock_instance
+            mock_instance.is_available = True
+            
+            sandbox = await manager._create_sandbox()
+            
+            mock_class.assert_called_once_with(config)
+            assert sandbox == mock_instance
+
+    async def test_create_sandbox_docker(self):
+        """Test creating Docker sandbox."""
+        config = SandboxConfig.docker("python:3.11")
+        manager = SandboxManager(config)
+        
+        with patch('praisonai.sandbox.docker.DockerSandbox') as mock_class:
+            mock_instance = AsyncMock()
+            mock_class.return_value = mock_instance
+            mock_instance.is_available = True
+            
+            sandbox = await manager._create_sandbox()
+            
+            mock_class.assert_called_once_with(config)
+            assert sandbox == mock_instance
+
+    async def test_create_sandbox_e2b(self):
+        """Test creating E2B sandbox."""
+        config = SandboxConfig.e2b()
+        manager = SandboxManager(config)
+        
+        with patch('praisonai.sandbox.e2b.E2BSandbox') as mock_class:
+            mock_instance = AsyncMock()
+            mock_class.return_value = mock_instance
+            mock_instance.is_available = True
+            
+            sandbox = await manager._create_sandbox()
+            
+            mock_class.assert_called_once_with(config)
+            assert sandbox == mock_instance
+
+    async def test_create_sandbox_unknown_type(self):
+        """Test creating sandbox with unknown type."""
+        config = SandboxConfig(sandbox_type="unknown")
+        manager = SandboxManager(config)
+        
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Unknown sandbox type"):
+            await manager._create_sandbox()
+
+    async def test_create_sandbox_unavailable(self):
+        """Test creating sandbox when not available."""
+        config = SandboxConfig.docker("python:3.11")
+        manager = SandboxManager(config)
+        
+        with patch('praisonai.sandbox.docker.DockerSandbox') as mock_class:
+            mock_instance = Mock()
+            mock_instance.is_available = False
+            mock_class.return_value = mock_instance
+            
+            with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="not available"):
+                await manager._create_sandbox()
+
+    async def test_create_sandbox_import_error(self):
+        """Test creating sandbox with import error."""
+        config = SandboxConfig.e2b()
+        manager = SandboxManager(config)
+        
+        with patch('importlib.import_module', side_effect=ImportError("Module not found")):
+            with pytest.raises(ImportError, match="Module not found"):
+                await manager._create_sandbox()
+
+    def test_get_available_types(self):
+        """Test getting available sandbox types."""
+        manager = SandboxManager()
+        
+        with patch('praisonaiagents.sandbox.manager.SandboxManager._check_availability') as mock_check:
+            mock_check.side_effect = lambda t: t in ["subprocess", "docker"]
+            
+            available = manager.get_available_types()
+            
+            assert "subprocess" in available
+            assert available["subprocess"] is True
+            assert "docker" in available
+            assert available["docker"] is True
+            assert "e2b" in available
+            assert available["e2b"] is False
+
+    def test_check_availability_subprocess(self):
+        """Test checking subprocess availability."""
+        manager = SandboxManager()
+        
+        # Subprocess should always be available
+        available = manager._check_availability("subprocess")
+        assert available is True
+
+    def test_check_availability_docker(self):
+        """Test checking Docker availability."""
+        manager = SandboxManager()
+        
+        with patch('importlib.import_module') as mock_import:
+            with patch.object(mock_import.return_value, 'DockerSandbox') as mock_class:
+                mock_instance = Mock()
+                mock_instance.is_available = True
+                mock_class.return_value = mock_instance
+                
+                available = manager._check_availability("docker")
+                assert available is True
+
+    def test_check_availability_not_available(self):
+        """Test checking availability when not available."""
+        manager = SandboxManager()
+        
+        with patch('importlib.import_module', side_effect=ImportError()):
+            available = manager._check_availability("docker")
+            assert available is False
+
+    def test_check_availability_unknown(self):
+        """Test checking availability for unknown type."""
+        manager = SandboxManager()
+        
+        available = manager._check_availability("unknown")
+        assert available is False

src/praisonai-agents/tests/unit/sandbox/test_sandbox_mixin.py

@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+"""
+Unit tests for SandboxMixin functionality.
+"""
+
+import pytest
+from unittest.mock import Mock, AsyncMock, patch
+from praisonaiagents.agent.sandbox_mixin import SandboxMixin
+from praisonaiagents.sandbox import SandboxConfig, SandboxResult, SandboxStatus
+
+
+class MockAgent(SandboxMixin):
+    """Mock agent class for testing SandboxMixin."""
+    
+    def __init__(self, sandbox=None, verbose=False):
+        super().__init__(sandbox=sandbox)
+        self.verbose = verbose
+
+
+class TestSandboxMixin:
+    """Test SandboxMixin functionality."""
+
+    def test_init_no_sandbox(self):
+        """Test initialization without sandbox."""
+        agent = MockAgent()
+        assert not agent.has_sandbox
+        assert agent.sandbox_config is None
+
+    def test_init_with_boolean_true(self):
+        """Test initialization with sandbox=True."""
+        agent = MockAgent(sandbox=True)
+        assert agent.has_sandbox
+        assert agent.sandbox_config is not None
+        assert agent.sandbox_config.sandbox_type == "subprocess"
+
+    def test_init_with_config(self):
+        """Test initialization with explicit config."""
+        config = SandboxConfig.docker("python:3.11")
+        agent = MockAgent(sandbox=config)
+        assert agent.has_sandbox
+        assert agent.sandbox_config == config
+
+    def test_get_sandbox_manager_no_config(self):
+        """Test get_sandbox_manager without config."""
+        agent = MockAgent()
+        manager = agent.get_sandbox_manager()
+        assert manager is None
+
+    @patch('praisonaiagents.agent.sandbox_mixin.SandboxManager')
+    def test_get_sandbox_manager_with_config(self, mock_manager_class):
+        """Test get_sandbox_manager with config."""
+        config = SandboxConfig.subprocess()
+        agent = MockAgent(sandbox=config)
+        
+        manager = agent.get_sandbox_manager()
+        
+        mock_manager_class.assert_called_once_with(config)
+        assert agent._sandbox_manager is not None
+
+    def test_execute_code_without_sandbox_raises(self):
+        """Test that execute_code raises without sandbox."""
+        agent = MockAgent()
+        
+        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="No sandbox configured"):
+            agent.execute_code_sync("print('hello')")
+
+    @patch('praisonaiagents.agent.sandbox_mixin.check_code_safety')
+    @patch('praisonaiagents.agent.sandbox_mixin.SandboxManager')
+    async def test_execute_code_with_warnings(self, mock_manager_class, mock_check_safety):
+        """Test execute_code with security warnings."""
+        # Setup
+        config = SandboxConfig.subprocess()
+        agent = MockAgent(sandbox=config, verbose=True)
+        
+        mock_warnings = ["Potential security issue"]
+        mock_check_safety.return_value = mock_warnings
+        
+        mock_manager = AsyncMock()
+        mock_result = SandboxResult(status=SandboxStatus.COMPLETED, stdout="output")
+        mock_manager.run_code.return_value = mock_result
+        mock_manager_class.return_value = mock_manager
+        
+        # Execute
+        result = await agent.execute_code("print('test')", check_security=True)
+        
+        # Verify
+        mock_check_safety.assert_called_once_with("print('test')", "python")
+        mock_manager.run_code.assert_called_once()
+        assert result == mock_result
+
+    @patch('praisonaiagents.agent.sandbox_mixin.SandboxManager')
+    async def test_run_shell_command(self, mock_manager_class):
+        """Test run_shell_command functionality."""
+        config = SandboxConfig.subprocess()
+        agent = MockAgent(sandbox=config)
+        
+        # Mock manager as async context manager
+        mock_manager = AsyncMock()
+        mock_result = SandboxResult(status=SandboxStatus.COMPLETED, stdout="result")
+        mock_manager.__aenter__.return_value = mock_manager
+        mock_manager.__aexit__.return_value = None
+        mock_manager.run_command.return_value = mock_result
+        
+        mock_manager_class.return_value = mock_manager
+        
+        result = await agent.run_shell_command("echo hello")
+        
+        mock_manager.run_command.assert_called_once_with("echo hello")
+        assert result == mock_result
+
+    def test_get_sandbox_status_no_config(self):
+        """Test get_sandbox_status without config."""
+        agent = MockAgent()
+        status = agent.get_sandbox_status()
+        assert status == {"configured": False}
+
+    @patch('praisonaiagents.agent.sandbox_mixin.SandboxManager')
+    def test_get_sandbox_status_with_config(self, mock_manager_class):
+        """Test get_sandbox_status with config."""
+        config = SandboxConfig.subprocess()
+        agent = MockAgent(sandbox=config)
+        
+        mock_manager = Mock()
+        mock_manager.get_available_types.return_value = {"subprocess": True}
+        mock_manager_class.return_value = mock_manager
+        
+        status = agent.get_sandbox_status()
+        
+        assert status["configured"] is True
+        assert status["config"] is not None
+        assert status["available_types"] == {"subprocess": True}
+        assert status["current_type"] == "subprocess"
+
+    def test_get_code_execution_tools_no_sandbox(self):
+        """Test _get_code_execution_tools without sandbox."""
+        agent = MockAgent()
+        tools = agent._get_code_execution_tools()
+        assert tools == []
+
+    @patch('praisonaiagents.agent.sandbox_mixin.SandboxManager')
+    def test_get_code_execution_tools_with_sandbox(self, mock_manager_class):
+        """Test _get_code_execution_tools with sandbox."""
+        config = SandboxConfig.subprocess()
+        agent = MockAgent(sandbox=config)
+        
+        tools = agent._get_code_execution_tools()
+        
+        assert len(tools) == 2
+        # Check that tools are functions
+        assert callable(tools[0])
+        assert callable(tools[1])
+
+    async def test_sandbox_cleanup(self):
+        """Test sandbox cleanup functionality."""
+        agent = MockAgent()
+        
+        # Mock manager
+        mock_manager = AsyncMock()
+        agent._sandbox_manager = mock_manager
+        
+        await agent.sandbox_cleanup()
+        
+        mock_manager.__aexit__.assert_called_once_with(None, None, None)
+        assert agent._sandbox_manager is None
+
+    async def test_sandbox_cleanup_with_error(self):
+        """Test sandbox cleanup with error handling."""
+        agent = MockAgent()
+        
+        # Mock manager that raises exception
+        mock_manager = AsyncMock()
+        mock_manager.__aexit__.side_effect = Exception("Cleanup failed")
+        agent._sandbox_manager = mock_manager
+        
+        # Should not raise, just log warning
+        await agent.sandbox_cleanup()
+        
+        assert agent._sandbox_manager is None

src/praisonai-agents/tests/unit/sandbox/test_security.py

@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+"""
+Unit tests for sandbox security module.
+"""
+
+import pytest
+from praisonaiagents.sandbox.security import (
+    check_code_safety, 
+    format_warnings,
+    SecurityWarning,
+    SecurityLevel,
+    SecurityAnalyzer
+)
+
+
+class TestCodeSafety:
+    """Test code safety checking functionality."""
+
+    def test_empty_code(self):
+        """Test empty code returns no warnings."""
+        warnings = check_code_safety("", "python")
+        assert warnings == []
+
+    def test_safe_code(self):
+        """Test safe code returns no warnings."""
+        safe_code = """
+x = 1 + 2
+print(f"Result: {x}")
+"""
+        warnings = check_code_safety(safe_code, "python")
+        assert warnings == []
+
+    def test_dangerous_imports(self):
+        """Test detection of dangerous imports."""
+        dangerous_code = """
+import os
+import subprocess
+os.system('rm -rf /')
+"""
+        warnings = check_code_safety(dangerous_code, "python")
+        assert len(warnings) > 0
+        assert any("os.system" in str(w) for w in warnings)
+
+    def test_eval_exec_usage(self):
+        """Test detection of eval/exec usage."""
+        dangerous_code = """
+user_input = input("Enter code: ")
+eval(user_input)
+exec(user_input)
+"""
+        warnings = check_code_safety(dangerous_code, "python")
+        assert len(warnings) > 0
+        assert any("eval" in str(w) or "exec" in str(w) for w in warnings)
+
+    def test_network_operations(self):
+        """Test detection of network operations."""
+        network_code = """
+import urllib.request
+import socket
+urllib.request.urlopen('http://example.com')
+"""
+        warnings = check_code_safety(network_code, "python")
+        assert len(warnings) > 0
+
+    def test_file_operations(self):
+        """Test detection of file operations."""
+        file_code = """
+with open('/etc/passwd', 'r') as f:
+    data = f.read()
+"""
+        warnings = check_code_safety(file_code, "python")
+        assert len(warnings) > 0
+
+    def test_bash_commands(self):
+        """Test bash command safety checking."""
+        dangerous_bash = "rm -rf / --no-preserve-root"
+        warnings = check_code_safety(dangerous_bash, "bash")
+        assert len(warnings) > 0
+
+    def test_sql_injection_patterns(self):
+        """Test SQL injection pattern detection."""
+        sql_code = """
+query = f"SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = {user_id}"
+cursor.execute(query)
+"""
+        warnings = check_code_safety(sql_code, "python")
+        assert len(warnings) > 0
+
+    def test_format_warnings(self):
+        """Test warning formatting."""
+        warnings = [
+            SecurityWarning("Test warning", SecurityLevel.HIGH, "eval", 1),
+            SecurityWarning("Another warning", SecurityLevel.MEDIUM, "import os", 2)
+        ]
+        
+        formatted = format_warnings(warnings)
+        assert "Test warning" in formatted
+        assert "Another warning" in formatted
+        assert "HIGH" in formatted
+        assert "MEDIUM" in formatted
+
+    def test_format_warnings_empty(self):
+        """Test formatting empty warnings list."""
+        formatted = format_warnings([])
+        assert formatted == ""
+
+
+class TestSecurityAnalyzer:
+    """Test SecurityAnalyzer class."""
+
+    def test_analyzer_initialization(self):
+        """Test SecurityAnalyzer initialization."""
+        analyzer = SecurityAnalyzer()
+        assert analyzer is not None
+
+    def test_analyze_safe_code(self):
+        """Test analyzer with safe code."""
+        analyzer = SecurityAnalyzer()
+        code = "print('Hello, World!')"
+        
+        warnings = analyzer.analyze(code, "python")
+        assert warnings == []
+
+    def test_analyze_unsafe_code(self):
+        """Test analyzer with unsafe code."""
+        analyzer = SecurityAnalyzer()
+        code = "import os; os.system('rm -rf /')"
+        
+        warnings = analyzer.analyze(code, "python")
+        assert len(warnings) > 0
+        assert all(isinstance(w, SecurityWarning) for w in warnings)
+
+    def test_different_languages(self):
+        """Test analyzer with different languages."""
+        analyzer = SecurityAnalyzer()
+        
+        # Python
+        python_warnings = analyzer.analyze("import os", "python")
+        assert len(python_warnings) > 0
+        
+        # Bash
+        bash_warnings = analyzer.analyze("rm -rf /", "bash")
+        assert len(bash_warnings) > 0
+        
+        # JavaScript (should fall back to basic checks)
+        js_warnings = analyzer.analyze("eval(userInput)", "javascript")
+        assert len(js_warnings) > 0
+
+    def test_security_levels(self):
+        """Test different security levels are detected."""
+        analyzer = SecurityAnalyzer()
+        
+        # High risk
+        high_risk_code = "import os; os.system('rm -rf /')"
+        warnings = analyzer.analyze(high_risk_code, "python")
+        high_warnings = [w for w in warnings if w.level == SecurityLevel.HIGH]
+        assert len(high_warnings) > 0
+        
+        # Medium risk
+        medium_risk_code = "import subprocess"
+        warnings = analyzer.analyze(medium_risk_code, "python")
+        medium_warnings = [w for w in warnings if w.level == SecurityLevel.MEDIUM]
+        # May or may not have medium warnings depending on implementation
+
+    def test_line_numbers(self):
+        """Test that line numbers are correctly reported."""
+        analyzer = SecurityAnalyzer()
+        code = """
+print("Safe line")
+import os
+os.system('dangerous')
+"""
+        
+        warnings = analyzer.analyze(code, "python")
+        assert len(warnings) > 0
+        
+        # Check that line numbers are reasonable
+        line_numbers = [w.line_number for w in warnings if w.line_number is not None]
+        assert all(ln > 0 for ln in line_numbers)
+        assert all(ln <= 4 for ln in line_numbers)  # Within the code block
+
+    def test_pattern_matching(self):
+        """Test that specific patterns are matched correctly."""
+        analyzer = SecurityAnalyzer()
+        
+        test_cases = [
+            ("eval(x)", ["eval"]),
+            ("exec('code')", ["exec"]),
+            ("__import__('os')", ["__import__"]),
+            ("open('/etc/passwd')", ["file access"]),
+            ("subprocess.call(['rm', 'file'])", ["subprocess"]),
+        ]
+        
+        for code, expected_patterns in test_cases:
+            warnings = analyzer.analyze(code, "python")
+            assert len(warnings) > 0, f"No warnings for: {code}"
+            
+            # Check that at least one expected pattern is found
+            warning_texts = [str(w) for w in warnings]
+            found = any(
+                any(pattern.lower() in text.lower() for text in warning_texts)
+                for pattern in expected_patterns
+            )
+            assert found, f"Expected patterns {expected_patterns} not found in warnings for: {code}"

src/praisonai-agents/tests/unit/test_botos_integration.py

@@ -21,6 +21,16 @@ import pytest
 from unittest.mock import MagicMock
 
 
+def _unregister_bot_platform(name: str) -> None:
+    """Remove a runtime-registered bot platform (tests only)."""
+    from praisonai.bots._registry import get_default_bot_registry
+
+    try:
+        get_default_bot_registry().unregister(name.lower())
+    except (KeyError, ValueError):
+        pass
+
+
 # ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
 # Helper: Mock adapter that simulates a platform bot
 # ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
@@ -59,9 +69,10 @@ class TestBotWithMockAdapter:
     """Integration tests for Bot class with a mock platform adapter."""
 
     def setup_method(self):
-        from praisonai.bots._registry import register_platform, _custom_platforms
+        from praisonai.bots._registry import register_platform
+
         register_platform("mockbot", MockPlatformAdapter)
-        self._cleanup = lambda: _custom_platforms.pop("mockbot", None)
+        self._cleanup = lambda: _unregister_bot_platform("mockbot")
 
     def teardown_method(self):
         self._cleanup()
@@ -148,10 +159,14 @@ class TestBotOSLifecycle:
     """Integration tests for BotOS multi-bot orchestration."""
 
     def setup_method(self):
-        from praisonai.bots._registry import register_platform, _custom_platforms
+        from praisonai.bots._registry import register_platform
+
         register_platform("mock1", MockPlatformAdapter)
         register_platform("mock2", MockPlatformAdapter)
-        self._cleanup = lambda: (_custom_platforms.pop("mock1", None), _custom_platforms.pop("mock2", None))
+        self._cleanup = lambda: (
+            _unregister_bot_platform("mock1"),
+            _unregister_bot_platform("mock2"),
+        )
 
     def teardown_method(self):
         self._cleanup()
@@ -212,9 +227,10 @@ class TestRealAgentInBot:
     """Tests with a real praisonaiagents.Agent inside Bot."""
 
     def setup_method(self):
-        from praisonai.bots._registry import register_platform, _custom_platforms
+        from praisonai.bots._registry import register_platform
+
         register_platform("mockbot", MockPlatformAdapter)
-        self._cleanup = lambda: _custom_platforms.pop("mockbot", None)
+        self._cleanup = lambda: _unregister_bot_platform("mockbot")
 
     def teardown_method(self):
         self._cleanup()
@@ -246,9 +262,10 @@ class TestAgentTeamInBotOS:
     """AgentTeam (multi-agent) inside Bot and BotOS."""
 
     def setup_method(self):
-        from praisonai.bots._registry import register_platform, _custom_platforms
+        from praisonai.bots._registry import register_platform
+
         register_platform("mockbot", MockPlatformAdapter)
-        self._cleanup = lambda: _custom_platforms.pop("mockbot", None)
+        self._cleanup = lambda: _unregister_bot_platform("mockbot")
 
     def teardown_method(self):
         self._cleanup()
@@ -300,9 +317,10 @@ class TestAgentFlowInBotOS:
     """AgentFlow (deterministic workflow) inside Bot and BotOS."""
 
     def setup_method(self):
-        from praisonai.bots._registry import register_platform, _custom_platforms
+        from praisonai.bots._registry import register_platform
+
         register_platform("mockbot", MockPlatformAdapter)
-        self._cleanup = lambda: _custom_platforms.pop("mockbot", None)
+        self._cleanup = lambda: _unregister_bot_platform("mockbot")
 
     def teardown_method(self):
         self._cleanup()
@@ -355,9 +373,8 @@ class TestPlatformExtensibility:
     """Third-party platform registration and usage."""
 
     def teardown_method(self):
-        from praisonai.bots._registry import _custom_platforms
-        _custom_platforms.pop("custom_chat", None)
-        _custom_platforms.pop("my_platform", None)
+        _unregister_bot_platform("custom_chat")
+        _unregister_bot_platform("my_platform")
 
     def test_register_and_use_custom_platform(self):
         from praisonai.bots._registry import register_platform, resolve_adapter
@@ -389,7 +406,7 @@ class TestPlatformExtensibility:
 
     def test_resolve_unknown_platform_raises(self):
         from praisonai.bots._registry import resolve_adapter
-        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Unknown platform"):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=r"Unknown .*plugin"):
             resolve_adapter("nonexistent_xyz")
 
 
@@ -401,9 +418,10 @@ class TestBotOSFromConfig:
     """BotOS.from_config() YAML config loading."""
 
     def setup_method(self):
-        from praisonai.bots._registry import register_platform, _custom_platforms
+        from praisonai.bots._registry import register_platform
+
         register_platform("mockbot", MockPlatformAdapter)
-        self._cleanup = lambda: _custom_platforms.pop("mockbot", None)
+        self._cleanup = lambda: _unregister_bot_platform("mockbot")
 
     def teardown_method(self):
         self._cleanup()
@@ -459,7 +477,8 @@ platforms:
 
     def test_from_config_multi_platform(self):
         from praisonai.bots import BotOS
-        from praisonai.bots._registry import register_platform, _custom_platforms
+        from praisonai.bots._registry import register_platform
+
         register_platform("mock2", MockPlatformAdapter)
 
         yaml_content = """\
@@ -484,7 +503,7 @@ platforms:
             assert "mock2" in botos.list_bots()
         finally:
             os.unlink(path)
-            _custom_platforms.pop("mock2", None)
+            _unregister_bot_platform("mock2")
 
     def test_from_config_invalid_raises(self):
         from praisonai.bots import BotOS

src/praisonai-agents/tests/unit/tools/test_mentions_url_ssrf.py

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+"""@url mentions must not fetch loopback targets."""
+
+from praisonaiagents.tools.mentions import MentionsParser
+
+
+def test_url_mention_blocks_loopback():
+    parser = MentionsParser()
+    result = parser._process_url_mention("http://127.0.0.1:8765/")
+    assert result is not None
+    assert "Blocked" in result

src/praisonai-agents/tests/unit/tools/test_profiles.py

@@ -361,3 +361,11 @@ class TestProfileExports:
         from praisonaiagents.tools import AUTONOMY_PROFILE
         
         assert AUTONOMY_PROFILE is not None
+
+    def test_import_execute_code_uses_module_function(self):
+        """execute_code should resolve to python_tools.execute_code function."""
+        from praisonaiagents.tools import execute_code
+        from praisonaiagents.tools.python_tools import execute_code as execute_code_impl
+
+        assert callable(execute_code)
+        assert execute_code is execute_code_impl

src/praisonai-agents/tests/unit/tools/test_python_tools_sandbox.py

@@ -112,6 +112,22 @@ class TestSandboxEscapePrevention:
         result = sandbox.run("__import__('os')")
         assert result["success"] is False
 
+    def test_print_self_blocked(self, sandbox):
+        """print.__self__ leaks real builtins module (GHSA-4mr5-g6f9-cfrh)."""
+        result = sandbox.run("b = print.__self__")
+        assert result["success"] is False
+        assert "restricted" in result["stderr"].lower()
+
+    def test_vars_call_blocked(self, sandbox):
+        """vars() can expose builtins.__dict__ after __self__ leak."""
+        result = sandbox.run("vars({})")
+        assert result["success"] is False
+
+    def test_attribute_dunder_call_blocked(self, sandbox):
+        """Attribute calls bypass bare-name Call checks."""
+        result = sandbox.run("(1).__class__.__mro__")
+        assert result["success"] is False
+
 
 # ── Legitimate Code (all must PASS) ─────────────────────────────────────────
 

src/praisonai-agents/tests/unit/tools/test_spider_url_validation.py

@@ -38,6 +38,16 @@ def test_still_blocks_loopback():
     assert spider._validate_url("http://localhost/") is False
 
 
+def test_blocks_alternate_loopback_encodings():
+    """GHSA-5c6w-wwfq-7qqm: non-canonical loopback host forms."""
+    spider = SpiderTools()
+    assert spider._validate_url("http://localhost.:8765/") is False
+    assert spider._validate_url("http://127.1:8765/") is False
+    assert spider._validate_url("http://0177.0.0.1:8765/") is False
+    assert spider._validate_url("http://0x7f000001:8765/") is False
+    assert spider._validate_url("http://2130706433:8765/") is False
+
+
 def test_rejects_non_string_input():
     spider = SpiderTools()
     assert spider._validate_url(None) is False  # type: ignore[arg-type]

src/praisonai-agents/uv.lock

@@ -21,16 +21,16 @@ wheels = [
 
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+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/26/30/f84a107a9c4331c14b2b586036f40965c128aa4fee4dda5d3d51cb14ad54/aiohappyeyeballs-2.6.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:c3f9d0113123803ccadfdf3f0faa505bc78e6a72d1cc4806cbd719826e943558", size = 22760, upload-time = "2025-03-12T01:42:48.764Z" }
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+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/0f/15/5bf3b99495fb160b63f95972b81750f18f7f4e02ad051373b669d17d44f2/aiohappyeyeballs-2.6.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:f349ba8f4b75cb25c99c5c2d84e997e485204d2902a9597802b0371f09331fb8", size = 15265, upload-time = "2025-03-12T01:42:47.083Z" },
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 [[package]]
 name = "aiohttp"
-version = "3.11.11"
+version = "3.13.4"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
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@@ -42,80 +42,123 @@ dependencies = [
     { name = "propcache" },
     { name = "yarl" },
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 ]
 
 [[package]]

src/praisonai-platform/praisonai_platform/__main__.py

@@ -7,12 +7,18 @@ Usage::
 """
 
 import argparse
+import os
 import sys
 
 
 def main() -> None:
+    default_host = os.environ.get("PLATFORM_HOST", "127.0.0.1")
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="PraisonAI Platform Server")
-    parser.add_argument("--host", default="0.0.0.0", help="Bind host (default: 0.0.0.0)")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--host",
+        default=default_host,
+        help="Bind host (default: 127.0.0.1, or PLATFORM_HOST env)",
+    )
     parser.add_argument("--port", type=int, default=8000, help="Bind port (default: 8000)")
     parser.add_argument("--reload", action="store_true", help="Enable auto-reload for development")
     args = parser.parse_args()

src/praisonai-platform/praisonai_platform/api/deps.py

@@ -71,3 +71,57 @@ async def require_workspace_member(
         )
     user.workspace_id = workspace_id
     return user
+
+
+async def require_workspace_admin(
+    workspace_id: str,
+    user: AuthIdentity = Depends(get_current_user),
+    session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
+) -> AuthIdentity:
+    """Require admin or owner role in the workspace."""
+    return await require_workspace_member(
+        workspace_id, user, session, min_role="admin"
+    )
+
+
+async def require_workspace_owner(
+    workspace_id: str,
+    user: AuthIdentity = Depends(get_current_user),
+    session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
+) -> AuthIdentity:
+    """Require owner role in the workspace."""
+    return await require_workspace_member(
+        workspace_id, user, session, min_role="owner"
+    )
+
+
+def ensure_resource_in_workspace(
+    resource_workspace_id: str | None,
+    workspace_id: str,
+    *,
+    label: str = "Resource",
+) -> None:
+    """Reject cross-workspace access (IDOR) with a generic 404."""
+    if resource_workspace_id != workspace_id:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND,
+            detail=f"{label} not found",
+        )
+
+
+async def require_issue_in_workspace(
+    workspace_id: str,
+    issue_id: str,
+    session: AsyncSession,
+):
+    """Load an issue and verify it belongs to the URL workspace."""
+    from ..db.models import Issue
+
+    issue = await session.get(Issue, issue_id)
+    if issue is None:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND,
+            detail="Issue not found",
+        )
+    ensure_resource_in_workspace(issue.workspace_id, workspace_id, label="Issue")
+    return issue

src/praisonai-platform/praisonai_platform/api/routes/activity.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
 
 from praisonaiagents.auth import AuthIdentity
 
-from ..deps import get_db, require_workspace_member
+from ..deps import get_db, require_issue_in_workspace, require_workspace_member
 from ..schemas import ActivityLogResponse
 from ...services.activity_service import ActivityService
 
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ async def list_issue_activity(
     user: AuthIdentity = Depends(require_workspace_member),
     session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
 ):
+    await require_issue_in_workspace(workspace_id, issue_id, session)
     svc = ActivityService(session)
     logs = await svc.list_for_issue(issue_id, limit=limit, offset=offset)
     return [ActivityLogResponse.model_validate(log) for log in logs]

src/praisonai-platform/praisonai_platform/api/routes/agents.py

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ async def get_agent(
     session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
 ):
     svc = AgentService(session)
-    agent = await svc.get(agent_id)
+    agent = await svc.get(agent_id, workspace_id=workspace_id)
     if agent is None:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Agent not found")
     return AgentResponse.model_validate(agent)
@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ async def update_agent(
     svc = AgentService(session)
     agent = await svc.update(
         agent_id,
+        workspace_id=workspace_id,
         name=body.name,
         status=body.status,
         instructions=body.instructions,
@@ -95,6 +96,6 @@ async def delete_agent(
     session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
 ):
     svc = AgentService(session)
-    deleted = await svc.delete(agent_id)
+    deleted = await svc.delete(agent_id, workspace_id=workspace_id)
     if not deleted:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Agent not found")

src/praisonai-platform/praisonai_platform/api/routes/dependencies.py

@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
 
 from praisonaiagents.auth import AuthIdentity
 
-from ..deps import get_db, require_workspace_member
-from ..schemas import DependencyCreate, DependencyResponse
+from ..deps import get_db, require_issue_in_workspace, require_workspace_member
 from ...services.dependency_service import DependencyService
+from ..schemas import DependencyCreate, DependencyResponse
 
 router = APIRouter(
     prefix="/workspaces/{workspace_id}/issues/{issue_id}/dependencies",
@@ -27,6 +27,10 @@ async def create_dependency(
     user: AuthIdentity = Depends(require_workspace_member),
     session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
 ):
+    await require_issue_in_workspace(workspace_id, issue_id, session)
+    await require_issue_in_workspace(
+        workspace_id, body.depends_on_issue_id, session
+    )
     svc = DependencyService(session)
     dep = await svc.create(issue_id, body.depends_on_issue_id, body.type)
     return DependencyResponse.model_validate(dep)
@@ -39,6 +43,7 @@ async def list_dependencies(
     user: AuthIdentity = Depends(require_workspace_member),
     session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
 ):
+    await require_issue_in_workspace(workspace_id, issue_id, session)
     svc = DependencyService(session)
     deps = await svc.list_for_issue(issue_id)
     return [DependencyResponse.model_validate(d) for d in deps]
@@ -52,7 +57,13 @@ async def delete_dependency(
     user: AuthIdentity = Depends(require_workspace_member),
     session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
 ):
+    await require_issue_in_workspace(workspace_id, issue_id, session)
     svc = DependencyService(session)
+    dep = await svc.get(dep_id)
+    if dep is None:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Dependency not found")
+    if dep.issue_id != issue_id and dep.depends_on_issue_id != issue_id:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Dependency not found")
     deleted = await svc.delete(dep_id)
     if not deleted:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Dependency not found")

src/praisonai-platform/praisonai_platform/api/routes/issues.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
 
 from praisonaiagents.auth import AuthIdentity
 
-from ..deps import get_db, require_workspace_member
+from ..deps import ensure_resource_in_workspace, get_db, require_workspace_member
 from ..schemas import (
     CommentCreate,
     CommentResponse,
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ async def get_issue(
     session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
 ):
     svc = IssueService(session)
-    issue = await svc.get(issue_id)
+    issue = await svc.get(issue_id, workspace_id=workspace_id)
     if issue is None:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Issue not found")
     return IssueResponse.model_validate(issue)
@@ -104,6 +104,7 @@ async def update_issue(
     svc = IssueService(session)
     issue = await svc.update(
         issue_id,
+        workspace_id=workspace_id,
         title=body.title,
         description=body.description,
         status=body.status,
@@ -132,7 +133,7 @@ async def delete_issue(
     session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
 ):
     svc = IssueService(session)
-    deleted = await svc.delete(issue_id)
+    deleted = await svc.delete(issue_id, workspace_id=workspace_id)
     if not deleted:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Issue not found")
 
@@ -148,6 +149,11 @@ async def add_comment(
     user: AuthIdentity = Depends(require_workspace_member),
     session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
 ):
+    issue_svc = IssueService(session)
+    issue = await issue_svc.get(issue_id)
+    if issue is None:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Issue not found")
+    ensure_resource_in_workspace(issue.workspace_id, workspace_id, label="Issue")
     svc = CommentService(session)
     comment = await svc.create(
         issue_id=issue_id,
@@ -166,6 +172,11 @@ async def list_comments(
     user: AuthIdentity = Depends(require_workspace_member),
     session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
 ):
+    issue_svc = IssueService(session)
+    issue = await issue_svc.get(issue_id)
+    if issue is None:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Issue not found")
+    ensure_resource_in_workspace(issue.workspace_id, workspace_id, label="Issue")
     svc = CommentService(session)
     comments = await svc.list_for_issue(issue_id)
     return [CommentResponse.model_validate(c) for c in comments]

src/praisonai-platform/praisonai_platform/api/routes/labels.py

@@ -9,7 +9,12 @@ from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
 
 from praisonaiagents.auth import AuthIdentity
 
-from ..deps import get_db, require_workspace_member
+from ..deps import (
+    ensure_resource_in_workspace,
+    get_db,
+    require_issue_in_workspace,
+    require_workspace_member,
+)
 from ..schemas import LabelCreate, LabelResponse, LabelUpdate
 from ...services.label_service import LabelService
 
@@ -48,6 +53,10 @@ async def update_label(
     session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
 ):
     svc = LabelService(session)
+    label = await svc.get(label_id)
+    if label is None:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Label not found")
+    ensure_resource_in_workspace(label.workspace_id, workspace_id, label="Label")
     label = await svc.update(label_id, body.name, body.color)
     if label is None:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Label not found")
@@ -62,6 +71,10 @@ async def delete_label(
     session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
 ):
     svc = LabelService(session)
+    label = await svc.get(label_id)
+    if label is None:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Label not found")
+    ensure_resource_in_workspace(label.workspace_id, workspace_id, label="Label")
     deleted = await svc.delete(label_id)
     if not deleted:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Label not found")
@@ -78,7 +91,12 @@ async def add_label_to_issue(
     user: AuthIdentity = Depends(require_workspace_member),
     session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
 ):
+    await require_issue_in_workspace(workspace_id, issue_id, session)
     svc = LabelService(session)
+    label = await svc.get(label_id)
+    if label is None:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Label not found")
+    ensure_resource_in_workspace(label.workspace_id, workspace_id, label="Label")
     await svc.add_to_issue(issue_id, label_id)
 
 
@@ -90,7 +108,12 @@ async def remove_label_from_issue(
     user: AuthIdentity = Depends(require_workspace_member),
     session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
 ):
+    await require_issue_in_workspace(workspace_id, issue_id, session)
     svc = LabelService(session)
+    label = await svc.get(label_id)
+    if label is None:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Label not found")
+    ensure_resource_in_workspace(label.workspace_id, workspace_id, label="Label")
     await svc.remove_from_issue(issue_id, label_id)
 
 
@@ -101,6 +124,7 @@ async def list_issue_labels(
     user: AuthIdentity = Depends(require_workspace_member),
     session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
 ):
+    await require_issue_in_workspace(workspace_id, issue_id, session)
     svc = LabelService(session)
     labels = await svc.list_for_issue(issue_id)
     return [LabelResponse.model_validate(l) for l in labels]

src/praisonai-platform/praisonai_platform/api/routes/projects.py

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ async def get_project(
     session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
 ):
     svc = ProjectService(session)
-    project = await svc.get(project_id)
+    project = await svc.get(project_id, workspace_id=workspace_id)
     if project is None:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Project not found")
     return ProjectResponse.model_validate(project)
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ async def update_project(
     svc = ProjectService(session)
     project = await svc.update(
         project_id,
+        workspace_id=workspace_id,
         title=body.title,
         description=body.description,
         status=body.status,
@@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ async def delete_project(
     session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
 ):
     svc = ProjectService(session)
-    deleted = await svc.delete(project_id)
+    deleted = await svc.delete(project_id, workspace_id=workspace_id)
     if not deleted:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Project not found")
 
@@ -105,4 +106,7 @@ async def project_stats(
     session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
 ):
     svc = ProjectService(session)
+    project = await svc.get(project_id, workspace_id=workspace_id)
+    if project is None:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Project not found")
     return await svc.get_stats(project_id)

src/praisonai-platform/praisonai_platform/api/routes/workspaces.py

@@ -9,7 +9,13 @@ from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
 
 from praisonaiagents.auth import AuthIdentity
 
-from ..deps import get_current_user, get_db, require_workspace_member
+from ..deps import (
+    get_current_user,
+    get_db,
+    require_workspace_admin,
+    require_workspace_member,
+    require_workspace_owner,
+)
 from ..schemas import (
     MemberAdd,
     MemberResponse,
@@ -64,7 +70,7 @@ async def get_workspace(
 async def update_workspace(
     workspace_id: str,
     body: WorkspaceUpdate,
-    user: AuthIdentity = Depends(require_workspace_member),
+    user: AuthIdentity = Depends(require_workspace_admin),
     session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
 ):
     ws_svc = WorkspaceService(session)
@@ -77,7 +83,7 @@ async def update_workspace(
 @router.delete("/{workspace_id}", status_code=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)
 async def delete_workspace(
     workspace_id: str,
-    user: AuthIdentity = Depends(require_workspace_member),
+    user: AuthIdentity = Depends(require_workspace_owner),
     session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
 ):
     ws_svc = WorkspaceService(session)
@@ -93,10 +99,16 @@ async def delete_workspace(
 async def add_member(
     workspace_id: str,
     body: MemberAdd,
-    user: AuthIdentity = Depends(require_workspace_member),
+    user: AuthIdentity = Depends(require_workspace_admin),
     session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
 ):
     member_svc = MemberService(session)
+    if body.role in ("owner", "admin"):
+        if not await member_svc.has_role(workspace_id, user.id, "owner"):
+            raise HTTPException(
+                status_code=status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN,
+                detail="Only owners can add admin or owner roles",
+            )
     member = await member_svc.add(workspace_id, body.user_id, body.role)
     return MemberResponse.model_validate(member)
 
@@ -117,10 +129,32 @@ async def update_member_role(
     workspace_id: str,
     user_id: str,
     body: MemberUpdate,
-    user: AuthIdentity = Depends(require_workspace_member),
+    user: AuthIdentity = Depends(require_workspace_admin),
     session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
 ):
     member_svc = MemberService(session)
+    target = await member_svc.get(workspace_id, user_id)
+    if target is None:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Member not found")
+    if user_id == user.id and body.role != target.role:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN,
+            detail="Cannot change your own role",
+        )
+    if body.role in ("owner", "admin") and not await member_svc.has_role(
+        workspace_id, user.id, "owner"
+    ):
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN,
+            detail="Only owners can assign admin or owner roles",
+        )
+    if target.role == "owner" and not await member_svc.has_role(
+        workspace_id, user.id, "owner"
+    ):
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN,
+            detail="Only owners can change an owner's role",
+        )
     member = await member_svc.update_role(workspace_id, user_id, body.role)
     if member is None:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Member not found")
@@ -131,10 +165,25 @@ async def update_member_role(
 async def remove_member(
     workspace_id: str,
     user_id: str,
-    user: AuthIdentity = Depends(require_workspace_member),
+    user: AuthIdentity = Depends(require_workspace_admin),
     session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
 ):
     member_svc = MemberService(session)
+    if user_id == user.id:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN,
+            detail="Cannot remove yourself from the workspace",
+        )
+    target = await member_svc.get(workspace_id, user_id)
+    if target is None:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Member not found")
+    if target.role == "owner" and not await member_svc.has_role(
+        workspace_id, user.id, "owner"
+    ):
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN,
+            detail="Only owners can remove an owner",
+        )
     removed = await member_svc.remove(workspace_id, user_id)
     if not removed:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Member not found")

src/praisonai-platform/praisonai_platform/services/agent_service.py

@@ -50,9 +50,16 @@ class AgentService:
         await self._session.flush()
         return agent
 
-    async def get(self, agent_id: str) -> Optional[Agent]:
-        """Get agent by ID."""
-        return await self._session.get(Agent, agent_id)
+    async def get(
+        self, agent_id: str, *, workspace_id: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> Optional[Agent]:
+        """Get agent by ID, optionally scoped to a workspace."""
+        agent = await self._session.get(Agent, agent_id)
+        if agent is None:
+            return None
+        if workspace_id is not None and agent.workspace_id != workspace_id:
+            return None
+        return agent
 
     async def list_for_workspace(
         self,
@@ -72,6 +79,8 @@ class AgentService:
     async def update(
         self,
         agent_id: str,
+        *,
+        workspace_id: Optional[str] = None,
         name: Optional[str] = None,
         status: Optional[str] = None,
         instructions: Optional[str] = None,
@@ -80,7 +89,7 @@ class AgentService:
         max_concurrent_tasks: Optional[int] = None,
     ) -> Optional[Agent]:
         """Update agent fields."""
-        agent = await self.get(agent_id)
+        agent = await self.get(agent_id, workspace_id=workspace_id)
         if agent is None:
             return None
         if name is not None:
@@ -102,9 +111,11 @@ class AgentService:
         await self._session.flush()
         return agent
 
-    async def delete(self, agent_id: str) -> bool:
+    async def delete(
+        self, agent_id: str, *, workspace_id: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> bool:
         """Delete an agent."""
-        agent = await self.get(agent_id)
+        agent = await self.get(agent_id, workspace_id=workspace_id)
         if agent is None:
             return False
         await self._session.delete(agent)

src/praisonai-platform/praisonai_platform/services/auth_service.py

@@ -113,6 +113,10 @@ class AuthService:
 
     def _issue_token(self, user: User) -> str:
         """Issue a JWT for a user."""
+        if JWT_SECRET == _DEFAULT_SECRET and os.environ.get("PLATFORM_ENV", "dev") != "dev":
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Refusing to issue JWT with default PLATFORM_JWT_SECRET outside dev"
+            )
         now = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
         payload = {
             "sub": user.id,

src/praisonai-platform/praisonai_platform/services/issue_service.py

@@ -69,9 +69,16 @@ class IssueService:
         await self._session.flush()
         return issue
 
-    async def get(self, issue_id: str) -> Optional[Issue]:
-        """Get issue by ID."""
-        return await self._session.get(Issue, issue_id)
+    async def get(
+        self, issue_id: str, *, workspace_id: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> Optional[Issue]:
+        """Get issue by ID, optionally scoped to a workspace."""
+        issue = await self._session.get(Issue, issue_id)
+        if issue is None:
+            return None
+        if workspace_id is not None and issue.workspace_id != workspace_id:
+            return None
+        return issue
 
     async def list_for_workspace(
         self,
@@ -97,6 +104,8 @@ class IssueService:
     async def update(
         self,
         issue_id: str,
+        *,
+        workspace_id: Optional[str] = None,
         title: Optional[str] = None,
         description: Optional[str] = None,
         status: Optional[str] = None,
@@ -106,7 +115,7 @@ class IssueService:
         project_id: Optional[str] = None,
     ) -> Optional[Issue]:
         """Update issue fields."""
-        issue = await self.get(issue_id)
+        issue = await self.get(issue_id, workspace_id=workspace_id)
         if issue is None:
             return None
         if title is not None:
@@ -135,21 +144,27 @@ class IssueService:
         issue_id: str,
         assignee_type: str,
         assignee_id: str,
+        *,
+        workspace_id: Optional[str] = None,
     ) -> Optional[Issue]:
         """Assign an issue to a member or agent."""
         if assignee_type not in VALID_ASSIGNEE_TYPES:
             raise ValueError(f"Invalid assignee_type: {assignee_type}")
         return await self.update(
-            issue_id, assignee_type=assignee_type, assignee_id=assignee_id
+            issue_id, workspace_id=workspace_id, assignee_type=assignee_type, assignee_id=assignee_id
         )
 
-    async def transition(self, issue_id: str, new_status: str) -> Optional[Issue]:
+    async def transition(
+        self, issue_id: str, new_status: str, *, workspace_id: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> Optional[Issue]:
         """Transition an issue to a new status."""
-        return await self.update(issue_id, status=new_status)
+        return await self.update(issue_id, workspace_id=workspace_id, status=new_status)
 
-    async def delete(self, issue_id: str) -> bool:
+    async def delete(
+        self, issue_id: str, *, workspace_id: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> bool:
         """Delete an issue."""
-        issue = await self.get(issue_id)
+        issue = await self.get(issue_id, workspace_id=workspace_id)
         if issue is None:
             return False
         await self._session.delete(issue)

src/praisonai-platform/praisonai_platform/services/project_service.py

@@ -44,9 +44,16 @@ class ProjectService:
         await self._session.flush()
         return project
 
-    async def get(self, project_id: str) -> Optional[Project]:
-        """Get project by ID."""
-        return await self._session.get(Project, project_id)
+    async def get(
+        self, project_id: str, *, workspace_id: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> Optional[Project]:
+        """Get project by ID, optionally scoped to a workspace."""
+        project = await self._session.get(Project, project_id)
+        if project is None:
+            return None
+        if workspace_id is not None and project.workspace_id != workspace_id:
+            return None
+        return project
 
     async def list_for_workspace(
         self,
@@ -62,6 +69,8 @@ class ProjectService:
     async def update(
         self,
         project_id: str,
+        *,
+        workspace_id: Optional[str] = None,
         title: Optional[str] = None,
         description: Optional[str] = None,
         status: Optional[str] = None,
@@ -69,7 +78,7 @@ class ProjectService:
         lead_id: Optional[str] = None,
     ) -> Optional[Project]:
         """Update project fields."""
-        project = await self.get(project_id)
+        project = await self.get(project_id, workspace_id=workspace_id)
         if project is None:
             return None
         if title is not None:
@@ -85,9 +94,11 @@ class ProjectService:
         await self._session.flush()
         return project
 
-    async def delete(self, project_id: str) -> bool:
+    async def delete(
+        self, project_id: str, *, workspace_id: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> bool:
         """Delete a project."""
-        project = await self.get(project_id)
+        project = await self.get(project_id, workspace_id=workspace_id)
         if project is None:
             return False
         await self._session.delete(project)

src/praisonai-platform/praisonai_platform/services/workspace_service.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import re
 from typing import Optional
 
-from sqlalchemy import select
+from sqlalchemy import delete, select
 from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
 
 from ..db.models import Member, Workspace
@@ -98,10 +98,13 @@ class WorkspaceService:
         return ws
 
     async def delete(self, workspace_id: str) -> bool:
-        """Delete a workspace."""
+        """Delete a workspace and its memberships."""
         ws = await self.get(workspace_id)
         if ws is None:
             return False
+        await self._session.execute(
+            delete(Member).where(Member.workspace_id == workspace_id)
+        )
         await self._session.delete(ws)
         await self._session.flush()
         return True

src/praisonai-platform/pyproject.toml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
 
 [project]
 name = "praisonai-platform"
-version = "0.1.2"
+version = "0.1.4"
 description = "Platform layer for PraisonAI — workspace, auth, issues, projects"
 readme = "README.md"
 requires-python = ">=3.10"

src/praisonai-platform/tests/test_resource_idor.py

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+"""Cross-workspace IDOR guards for platform resources."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import pytest
+from fastapi import HTTPException
+
+from praisonai_platform.api.deps import ensure_resource_in_workspace
+
+
+def test_project_workspace_mismatch():
+    with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc:
+        ensure_resource_in_workspace("ws-other", "ws-mine", label="Project")
+    assert exc.value.status_code == 404
+
+
+def test_label_workspace_mismatch():
+    with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc:
+        ensure_resource_in_workspace("ws-other", "ws-mine", label="Label")
+    assert exc.value.status_code == 404

src/praisonai-platform/tests/test_service_workspace_scope.py

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+"""Service-layer workspace scoping for issues and projects."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import pytest
+
+from praisonai_platform.services.auth_service import AuthService
+from praisonai_platform.services.issue_service import IssueService
+from praisonai_platform.services.project_service import ProjectService
+from praisonai_platform.services.workspace_service import WorkspaceService
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_issue_get_rejects_wrong_workspace(session):
+    auth = AuthService(session)
+    user, _ = await auth.register("[email protected]", "pass")
+    ws_a = await WorkspaceService(session).create("A", user.id)
+    ws_b = await WorkspaceService(session).create("B", user.id)
+    issue_svc = IssueService(session)
+    issue = await issue_svc.create(
+        workspace_id=ws_a.id,
+        title="secret",
+        creator_id=user.id,
+    )
+    assert await issue_svc.get(issue.id, workspace_id=ws_a.id) is not None
+    assert await issue_svc.get(issue.id, workspace_id=ws_b.id) is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_project_delete_scoped_to_workspace(session):
+    auth = AuthService(session)
+    user, _ = await auth.register("[email protected]", "pass")
+    ws_a = await WorkspaceService(session).create("PA", user.id)
+    ws_b = await WorkspaceService(session).create("PB", user.id)
+    proj_svc = ProjectService(session)
+    project = await proj_svc.create(workspace_id=ws_a.id, title="p1")
+    assert await proj_svc.delete(project.id, workspace_id=ws_b.id) is False
+    assert await proj_svc.delete(project.id, workspace_id=ws_a.id) is True

src/praisonai-platform/tests/test_workspace_rbac.py

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+"""Workspace member RBAC and cross-workspace IDOR guards."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import pytest
+from fastapi import HTTPException
+
+from praisonai_platform.api.deps import ensure_resource_in_workspace
+
+
+def test_ensure_resource_in_workspace_rejects_mismatch():
+    with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc:
+        ensure_resource_in_workspace("ws-a", "ws-b", label="Issue")
+    assert exc.value.status_code == 404
+
+
+def test_ensure_resource_in_workspace_allows_match():
+    ensure_resource_in_workspace("ws-a", "ws-a", label="Issue")

src/praisonai-platform/uv.lock

@@ -1208,7 +1208,7 @@ wheels = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "praisonai-platform"
-version = "0.1.2"
+version = "0.1.4"
 source = { editable = "." }
 dependencies = [
     { name = "aiosqlite" },

src/praisonai-rust/FEATURE_PARITY_TRACKER.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "version": "1.5.87",
-  "lastUpdated": "2026-05-08",
+  "lastUpdated": "2026-05-19",
   "generatedBy": "praisonai._dev.parity.generator",
   "sourceOfTruth": "Python SDK (praisonaiagents)",
   "status": "PARITY_ACHIEVED",
@@ -1725,6 +1725,7 @@
       "planning": [],
       "plugins": [
         "PluginRegistry",
+        "ToolDefinition",
         "disable_plugins",
         "enable_plugins",
         "get_plugin_manager",
@@ -1749,7 +1750,6 @@
       "tools": [
         "FunctionTool",
         "Tool",
-        "ToolDefinition",
         "ToolRegistry",
         "ToolResult"
       ],

src/praisonai-ts/FEATURE_PARITY_TRACKER.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "version": "1.5.87",
-  "lastUpdated": "2026-05-08",
+  "lastUpdated": "2026-05-19",
   "generatedBy": "praisonai._dev.parity.generator",
   "sourceOfTruth": "Python SDK (praisonaiagents)",
   "summary": {

src/praisonai-ts/PARITY.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Feature Parity Tracker
 
-> **Version:** 1.5.87 | **Last Updated:** 2026-05-08
+> **Version:** 1.5.87 | **Last Updated:** 2026-05-19
 > **Source of Truth:** Python SDK (praisonaiagents)
 
 ## Summary

src/praisonai/README.md

@@ -294,8 +294,35 @@ def search(query: str) -> str:
 
 @tool
 def calculate(expression: str) -> float:
-    """Evaluate a math expression."""
-    return eval(expression)
+    """Safely evaluate a numeric arithmetic expression."""
+    import ast
+    import operator
+    
+    # Define allowed operations
+    _OPS = {
+        ast.Add: operator.add,
+        ast.Sub: operator.sub,
+        ast.Mult: operator.mul,
+        ast.Div: operator.truediv,
+        ast.Pow: operator.pow,
+        ast.USub: operator.neg,
+        ast.UAdd: operator.pos,
+    }
+    
+    def _safe_eval(node):
+        if isinstance(node, ast.Constant) and isinstance(node.value, (int, float)):
+            return node.value
+        elif isinstance(node, ast.BinOp) and type(node.op) in _OPS:
+            return _OPS[type(node.op)](_safe_eval(node.left), _safe_eval(node.right))
+        elif isinstance(node, ast.UnaryOp) and type(node.op) in _OPS:
+            return _OPS[type(node.op)](_safe_eval(node.operand))
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Unsupported expression")
+    
+    try:
+        return _safe_eval(ast.parse(expression, mode="eval").body)
+    except (ValueError, SyntaxError, TypeError, ZeroDivisionError, OverflowError):
+        raise ValueError("Invalid arithmetic expression")
 
 agent = Agent(
     instructions="You are a helpful assistant",
@@ -304,6 +331,7 @@ agent = Agent(
 agent.start("Search for AI news and calculate 15*4")
 ```
 
+> ⚠️ **Security Note:** Never use `eval()`, `exec()`, or `subprocess` in tool functions that process LLM-generated or user-supplied input. Always validate and sanitize inputs to prevent code injection attacks.
 > 📖 [Full tools docs](https://docs.praison.ai/docs/tools/tools) — BaseTool, tool packages, 100+ built-in tools
 
 ### 5. Persistence (Databases)
@@ -330,6 +358,15 @@ pip install "praisonai[claw]"
 praisonai claw
 ```
 
+#### Required Environment Variables
+
+Copy `.env.example` to `.env` and configure the following variables:
+
+| Variable | Required | Description |
+|----------|----------|-------------|
+| `OPENAI_API_KEY` | Yes | OpenAI API key for all LLM calls |
+| `TAVILY_API_KEY` | Yes (Claw) | Tavily key for the built-in web-search tool. Get one free at https://app.tavily.com |
+
 Open **http://localhost:8082** — the dashboard comes with 13 built-in pages: Chat, Agents, Memory, Knowledge, Channels, Guardrails, Cron, and more. Add messaging channels directly from the UI.
 
 > 📖 [Full Claw docs](https://docs.praison.ai/docs/concepts/claw) — platform tokens, CLI options, Docker, and YAML agent mode

src/praisonai/praisonai.rb

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ class Praisonai < Formula
   
     desc "AI tools for various AI applications"
     homepage "https://github.com/MervinPraison/PraisonAI"
-    url "https://github.com/MervinPraison/PraisonAI/archive/refs/tags/v4.6.37.tar.gz"
-    sha256 `curl -sL https://github.com/MervinPraison/PraisonAI/archive/refs/tags/v4.6.37.tar.gz | shasum -a 256`.split.first
+    url "https://github.com/MervinPraison/PraisonAI/archive/refs/tags/v4.6.41.tar.gz"
+    sha256 `curl -sL https://github.com/MervinPraison/PraisonAI/archive/refs/tags/v4.6.41.tar.gz | shasum -a 256`.split.first
     license "MIT"
   
     depends_on "[email protected]"

src/praisonai/praisonai/__init__.py

@@ -36,10 +36,34 @@ __all__ = [
 _telemetry_lock = threading.Lock()
 _telemetry_initialized = False
 
+def _get_telemetry_defaults() -> dict[str, str]:
+    """Get telemetry environment defaults without mutating os.environ.
+    
+    Returns:
+        Dict of environment variable defaults for telemetry
+    """
+    import os
+    defaults = {}
+    
+    # Respect any value the user already set
+    if "OTEL_SDK_DISABLED" not in os.environ:
+        langfuse_configured = bool(
+            os.getenv("LANGFUSE_PUBLIC_KEY")
+            or os.path.exists(os.path.expanduser("~/.praisonai/langfuse.env"))
+        )
+        defaults["OTEL_SDK_DISABLED"] = "false" if langfuse_configured else "true"
+    
+    if "EC_TELEMETRY" not in os.environ:
+        defaults["EC_TELEMETRY"] = "false"
+    
+    return defaults
+
+
 def _ensure_telemetry_defaults() -> None:
     """Apply telemetry env defaults exactly once, on first observability use.
     
     Thread-safe implementation using double-checked locking pattern.
+    DEPRECATED: Use _apply_telemetry_defaults() with explicit config instead.
     """
     global _telemetry_initialized
     if _telemetry_initialized:  # fast path, OK without lock
@@ -47,18 +71,21 @@ def _ensure_telemetry_defaults() -> None:
     with _telemetry_lock:
         if _telemetry_initialized:
             return
-        import os
-        # Respect any value the user already set
-        if "OTEL_SDK_DISABLED" not in os.environ:
-            langfuse_configured = bool(
-                os.getenv("LANGFUSE_PUBLIC_KEY")
-                or os.path.exists(os.path.expanduser("~/.praisonai/langfuse.env"))
-            )
-            os.environ["OTEL_SDK_DISABLED"] = "false" if langfuse_configured else "true"
-        os.environ.setdefault("EC_TELEMETRY", "false")  # respect user overrides
+        _apply_telemetry_defaults(_get_telemetry_defaults())
         _telemetry_initialized = True
 
 
+def _apply_telemetry_defaults(env_vars: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+    """Apply telemetry defaults to os.environ.
+    
+    Args:
+        env_vars: Dict of environment variables to set
+    """
+    import os
+    for key, value in env_vars.items():
+        os.environ.setdefault(key, value)
+
+
 # Lazy loading for heavy imports
 def __getattr__(name):
     """Lazy load heavy modules to improve import time."""

src/praisonai/praisonai/_registry.py

@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+"""Generic plugin registry implementation for PraisonAI.
+
+This module provides a unified registry pattern to replace the divergent singleton
+implementations across the codebase. It supports both built-in and entry-point
+based plugin discovery with thread-safe registration and dependency injection.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import threading
+from importlib.metadata import entry_points
+from typing import Callable, Dict, Generic, Optional, Type, TypeVar
+import logging
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class PluginRegistry(Generic[T]):
+    """Generic plugin registry: builtins + entry points + runtime register().
+    
+    This replaces the singleton pattern with dependency injection while maintaining
+    the same functionality. Supports:
+    - Built-in plugins with lazy loading
+    - Entry points discovery
+    - Runtime registration
+    - Alias support for alternative names
+    - Thread-safe operations
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, 
+        *,
+        entry_point_group: str,
+        builtins: Optional[Dict[str, Callable[[], Type[T]]]] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize the registry.
+        
+        Args:
+            entry_point_group: Entry points group name for plugin discovery
+            builtins: Dict of name -> loader function for built-in plugins
+        """
+        self._entry_point_group = entry_point_group
+        self._items: Dict[str, Type[T]] = {}
+        self._aliases: Dict[str, str] = {}  # alias -> canonical name
+        self._lock = threading.Lock()
+        
+        # Load built-in plugins with error handling
+        if builtins:
+            for name, loader in builtins.items():
+                try:
+                    self._items[name] = loader()
+                except ImportError:
+                    # Built-in plugin dependencies not available, skip
+                    pass
+                except Exception:
+                    # Log other errors but don't crash initialization
+                    logger.warning("Failed to load built-in plugin %r", name, exc_info=True)
+        
+        self._load_entry_points()
+
+    def _load_entry_points(self) -> None:
+        """Load plugins from entry points."""
+        try:
+            for ep in entry_points(group=self._entry_point_group):
+                try:
+                    plugin_class = ep.load()
+                    with self._lock:
+                        self._items[ep.name] = plugin_class
+                except Exception:
+                    # Do not break plugin dispatch because one plugin is broken
+                    logger.warning(
+                        "Failed to load plugin %r from entry point",
+                        ep.name,
+                        exc_info=True,
+                    )
+        except Exception:
+            # entry_points() might not be available in older Python versions
+            logger.debug("Entry points not available for group %s", self._entry_point_group)
+
+    def register(
+        self, 
+        name: str, 
+        cls: Type[T], 
+        *, 
+        aliases: Optional[list[str]] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Register a plugin at runtime.
+        
+        Args:
+            name: Plugin name
+            cls: Plugin class
+            aliases: Optional list of alias names for this plugin
+        """
+        with self._lock:
+            canonical_name = name.lower()
+            self._items[canonical_name] = cls
+            
+            # Register aliases
+            if aliases:
+                for alias in aliases:
+                    normalized_alias = alias.lower()
+                    self._aliases[normalized_alias] = canonical_name
+
+    def unregister(self, name: str) -> bool:
+        """Unregister a plugin.
+        
+        Args:
+            name: Plugin name
+            
+        Returns:
+            True if plugin was found and removed, False otherwise
+        """
+        with self._lock:
+            normalized_name = name.lower()
+            
+            # Check if it's an alias
+            if normalized_name in self._aliases:
+                del self._aliases[normalized_name]
+                return True
+            
+            # Check if it's a canonical name
+            if normalized_name in self._items:
+                # Remove all aliases pointing to this plugin
+                aliases_to_remove = [
+                    alias for alias, canonical in self._aliases.items()
+                    if canonical == normalized_name
+                ]
+                for alias in aliases_to_remove:
+                    del self._aliases[alias]
+                
+                del self._items[normalized_name]
+                return True
+            
+            return False
+
+    def resolve(self, name: str) -> Type[T]:
+        """Resolve a plugin name to its class.
+        
+        Args:
+            name: Plugin name
+            
+        Returns:
+            Plugin class
+            
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If plugin is not found
+        """
+        with self._lock:
+            normalized_name = name.lower()
+            
+            # Resolve alias to canonical name
+            canonical_name = self._aliases.get(normalized_name, normalized_name)
+            cls = self._items.get(canonical_name)
+            
+            # Capture available plugins snapshot while holding lock
+            # to avoid race condition between check and error message
+            if cls is None:
+                available_plugins = sorted(self._items.keys())
+                available_aliases = sorted(self._aliases.keys())
+                available_snapshot = available_plugins + available_aliases
+            else:
+                available_snapshot = None
+        
+        if cls is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Unknown {self._entry_point_group} plugin: {name!r}. "
+                f"Available: {available_snapshot}"
+            )
+        return cls
+
+    def create(self, name: str, *args, **kwargs) -> T:
+        """Create an instance of the specified plugin.
+        
+        Args:
+            name: Plugin name
+            *args, **kwargs: Arguments to pass to plugin constructor
+            
+        Returns:
+            Plugin instance
+            
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If plugin is not found
+        """
+        cls = self.resolve(name)
+        return cls(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def list_names(self) -> list[str]:
+        """List all registered plugin names.
+        
+        Returns:
+            Sorted list of plugin names
+        """
+        with self._lock:
+            return sorted(self._items.keys())
+
+    def is_available(self, name: str) -> bool:
+        """Check if a plugin is available.
+        
+        Args:
+            name: Plugin name
+            
+        Returns:
+            True if plugin exists and can be created
+        """
+        try:
+            self.resolve(name)
+            return True
+        except ValueError:
+            return False
+
+    def list_aliases(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """List all aliases and their target plugins.
+        
+        Returns:
+            Dict mapping alias -> canonical name
+        """
+        with self._lock:
+            return dict(self._aliases)
+
+    def list_all_names(self) -> list[str]:
+        """List all names including aliases.
+        
+        Returns:
+            Sorted list of all registered names and aliases
+        """
+        with self._lock:
+            return sorted(list(self._items.keys()) + list(self._aliases.keys()))

src/praisonai/praisonai/agents_generator.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ import difflib
 
 # Import new architecture components
 from .framework_adapters.base import FrameworkAdapter
-from .framework_adapters.registry import FrameworkAdapterRegistry
+from .framework_adapters.registry import FrameworkAdapterRegistry, get_default_registry
 from .tool_registry import ToolRegistry
 
 # Import availability flags
@@ -43,10 +43,12 @@ except ImportError:
 # Check for additional framework availability
 AG2_AVAILABLE = False
 PRAISONAI_AVAILABLE = False
+AGENTOPS_AVAILABLE = False
 try:
     import importlib.util
     AG2_AVAILABLE = importlib.util.find_spec("ag2") is not None
     PRAISONAI_AVAILABLE = importlib.util.find_spec("praisonaiagents") is not None
+    AGENTOPS_AVAILABLE = importlib.util.find_spec("agentops") is not None
 except ImportError:
     pass
 
@@ -179,7 +181,7 @@ def _resolve_yaml_cli_backend(cli_backend_config, logger):
 
 
 class AgentsGenerator:
-    def __init__(self, agent_file, framework, config_list, log_level=None, agent_callback=None, task_callback=None, agent_yaml=None, tools=None, cli_config=None):
+    def __init__(self, agent_file, framework, config_list, log_level=None, agent_callback=None, task_callback=None, agent_yaml=None, tools=None, cli_config=None, adapter_registry=None):
         """
         Initialize the AgentsGenerator object.
 
@@ -193,6 +195,7 @@ class AgentsGenerator:
             agent_yaml (str, optional): The content of the YAML file. Defaults to None.
             tools (dict, optional): A dictionary containing the tools to be used for the agents. Defaults to None.
             cli_config (dict, optional): CLI configuration to override YAML settings. Defaults to None.
+            adapter_registry (FrameworkAdapterRegistry, optional): Registry for framework adapters. Defaults to process default.
 
         Attributes:
             agent_file (str): The path to the agent file.
@@ -233,6 +236,10 @@ class AgentsGenerator:
         self.tool_registry = ToolRegistry()
         self.tool_registry.register_builtin_autogen_adapters()
         
+        # DI-friendly: tests/multi-tenant runtimes pass their own registry;
+        # CLI users get the process default.
+        self._adapter_registry = adapter_registry or get_default_registry()
+        
         # Get framework adapter (availability already validated at CLI entry)
         self.framework_adapter = self._get_framework_adapter(framework)
 
@@ -249,8 +256,7 @@ class AgentsGenerator:
         Raises:
             ValueError: If framework is not supported
         """
-        adapter_registry = FrameworkAdapterRegistry.get_instance()
-        return adapter_registry.create(framework)
+        return self._adapter_registry.create(framework)
 
     def _merge_cli_config(self, config, cli_config):
         """
@@ -375,20 +381,19 @@ class AgentsGenerator:
 
     def load_tools_from_module(self, module_path):
         """
-        Loads tools from a specified module path.
+        Load function tools from a user-supplied module (gated by PRAISONAI_ALLOW_LOCAL_TOOLS).
 
         Parameters:
             module_path (str): The path to the module containing the tools.
 
         Returns:
             dict: A dictionary containing the names of the tools as keys and the corresponding functions or objects as values.
-
-        Raises:
-            FileNotFoundError: If the specified module path does not exist.
+                  Returns an empty dict if the module cannot be loaded (path missing, loading blocked by PRAISONAI_ALLOW_LOCAL_TOOLS, or any other load error).
         """
-        spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location("tools_module", module_path)
-        module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
-        spec.loader.exec_module(module)
+        from ._safe_loader import load_user_module
+        module = load_user_module(module_path, name="tools_module")
+        if module is None:
+            return {}
         return {name: obj for name, obj in inspect.getmembers(module, self.is_function_or_decorated)}
     
     def _extract_tool_classes(self, module):
@@ -411,21 +416,13 @@ class AgentsGenerator:
     
     def load_tools_from_module_class(self, module_path):
         """
-        Loads tools from a specified module path containing classes that inherit from BaseTool 
-        or are part of langchain_community.tools package.
+        Load BaseTool / langchain tool classes from a user-supplied module (gated by PRAISONAI_ALLOW_LOCAL_TOOLS).
         """
-        spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location("tools_module", module_path)
-        module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
-        try:
-            spec.loader.exec_module(module)
-            return {name: obj() for name, obj in inspect.getmembers(module, 
-                lambda x: inspect.isclass(x) and (
-                    x.__module__.startswith('langchain_community.tools') or 
-                    (PRAISONAI_TOOLS_AVAILABLE and BaseTool and issubclass(x, BaseTool))
-                ) and x is not BaseTool)}
-        except ImportError as e:
-            self.logger.warning(f"Error loading tools from {module_path}: {e}")
+        from ._safe_loader import load_user_module
+        module = load_user_module(module_path, name="tools_module")
+        if module is None:
             return {}
+        return self._extract_tool_classes(module)
 
     def load_tools_from_package(self, package_path):
         """
@@ -451,36 +448,6 @@ class AgentsGenerator:
                     tools_dict[name] = obj
         return tools_dict
 
-    def load_tools_from_tools_py(self):
-        """
-        Imports and returns all contents from tools.py file.
-        Uses the tool registry instead of global namespace pollution.
-
-        Returns:
-            list: A list of callable functions with proper formatting
-        """
-        tools_list = []
-        try:
-            # Try to import tools.py from current directory using safe loading
-            from ._safe_loader import load_user_module
-            module = load_user_module("tools.py", name="tools")
-            if module is None:
-                self.logger.debug("tools.py not found or local tools loading disabled")
-                return tools_list
-
-            # Register functions in the tool registry instead of globals()
-            registered_tools = self.tool_registry.register_from_module(module)
-            tools_list = [self.tool_registry.get_function(name) for name in registered_tools]
-
-            self.logger.debug(f"Loaded {len(tools_list)} tool functions from tools.py")
-            self.logger.debug(f"Registered tools: {registered_tools}")
-            
-        except FileNotFoundError:
-            self.logger.debug("tools.py not found in current directory")
-        except Exception as e:
-            self.logger.warning(f"Error loading tools from tools.py: {e}")
-            
-        return tools_list
 
     def generate_crew_and_kickoff(self):
         """
@@ -590,12 +557,10 @@ class AgentsGenerator:
         tools_py_path = os.path.join(root_directory, 'tools.py')
         tools_dir_path = Path(root_directory) / 'tools'
         
+        # Use consolidated ToolResolver for tools.py loading
+        tools_dict.update(self.tool_resolver.get_local_tool_classes())
         if os.path.isfile(tools_py_path):
-            from ._safe_loader import load_user_module
-            module = load_user_module(tools_py_path, name="tools_module")
-            if module is not None:
-                tools_dict.update(self._extract_tool_classes(module))
-                self.logger.debug("tools.py exists in the root directory. Loading tools.py and skipping tools folder.")
+            self.logger.debug("tools.py exists in the root directory. Loading tools.py and skipping tools folder.")
         elif tools_dir_path.is_dir():
             from ._safe_loader import load_user_module
             for py_file in tools_dir_path.glob("*.py"):
@@ -784,7 +749,11 @@ class AgentsGenerator:
         result = "### Output ###\n" + response[-1].summary if hasattr(response[-1], 'summary') else ""
         
         if AGENTOPS_AVAILABLE:
-            agentops.end_session("Success")
+            import agentops
+            try:
+                agentops.end_session("Success")
+            except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001 -- agentops errors must not crash the caller
+                self.logger.warning(f"agentops.end_session failed: {e}")
             
         return result
 
@@ -1171,7 +1140,11 @@ class AgentsGenerator:
         result = f"### Task Output ###\n{response}"
         
         if AGENTOPS_AVAILABLE:
-            agentops.end_session("Success")
+            import agentops
+            try:
+                agentops.end_session("Success")
+            except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001 -- agentops errors must not crash the caller
+                self.logger.warning(f"agentops.end_session failed: {e}")
             
         return result
 
@@ -1190,8 +1163,8 @@ class AgentsGenerator:
 
         # Use existing tool resolver instance
         
-        # Load tools from local tools.py (backward compat)
-        tools_list = self.load_tools_from_tools_py()
+        # Load tools from local tools.py (backward compat) - use consolidated ToolResolver
+        tools_list = self.tool_resolver.get_local_callables()
         self.logger.debug(f"Loaded tools from tools.py: {tools_list}")
 
         # Initialize InteractiveRuntime for ACP/LSP if enabled globally
@@ -1199,9 +1172,9 @@ class AgentsGenerator:
         acp_enabled = global_config.get('acp', False)
         lsp_enabled = global_config.get('lsp', False)
         interactive_runtime = None
-        interactive_loop = None
         
         if acp_enabled or lsp_enabled:
+            runtime_started = False
             try:
                 import asyncio
                 from praisonai.cli.features.interactive_runtime import InteractiveRuntime, RuntimeConfig
@@ -1217,27 +1190,34 @@ class AgentsGenerator:
                 interactive_runtime = InteractiveRuntime(runtime_config)
                 self.logger.info(f"Starting InteractiveRuntime (ACP: {acp_enabled}, LSP: {lsp_enabled})")
                 
-                # Create a scoped event loop instead of modifying process globals
-                interactive_loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()
-                try:
-                    interactive_loop.run_until_complete(interactive_runtime.start())
-                    
-                    centric_tools = create_agent_centric_tools(interactive_runtime)
-                    self.logger.info(f"Loaded {len(centric_tools)} InteractiveRuntime tools")
-                    tools_list.extend(centric_tools)
-                    
-                finally:
-                    try:
-                        interactive_loop.run_until_complete(interactive_runtime.stop())
-                    except Exception as stop_error:
-                        self.logger.warning(f"Error stopping InteractiveRuntime: {stop_error}")
-                    finally:
-                        interactive_loop.close()
+                # Runs on the persistent background loop; safe from sync and async callers.
+                # run_sync raises RuntimeError early if called from inside a running loop
+                # so the bug is loud instead of a deadlock.
+                from ._async_bridge import run_sync
+                run_sync(interactive_runtime.start())
+                runtime_started = True
+                
+                centric_tools = create_agent_centric_tools(interactive_runtime)
+                self.logger.info(f"Loaded {len(centric_tools)} InteractiveRuntime tools")
+                tools_list.extend(centric_tools)
                 
             except ImportError as e:
                 self.logger.warning(f"Failed to load InteractiveRuntime components: {e}")
+                interactive_runtime = None
+            except RuntimeError:
+                # Don't swallow RuntimeError from run_sync - preserve fail-fast semantics
+                raise
             except Exception as e:
+                if runtime_started and interactive_runtime is not None:
+                    try:
+                        from ._async_bridge import run_sync
+                        run_sync(interactive_runtime.stop())
+                    except Exception as stop_error:
+                        self.logger.error(
+                            f"Error stopping partially started InteractiveRuntime: {stop_error}"
+                        )
                 self.logger.error(f"Error starting InteractiveRuntime: {e}")
+                interactive_runtime = None
 
         # Create agents from config
         for role, details in config['roles'].items():
@@ -1471,14 +1451,19 @@ class AgentsGenerator:
             self.logger.debug(f"Result: {response}")
             result = response if response else ""
         finally:
-            if interactive_runtime and interactive_loop:
+            if interactive_runtime:
                 try:
                     self.logger.info("Stopping InteractiveRuntime...")
-                    interactive_loop.run_until_complete(interactive_runtime.stop())
+                    from ._async_bridge import run_sync
+                    run_sync(interactive_runtime.stop())
                 except Exception as e:
                     self.logger.error(f"Error stopping InteractiveRuntime: {e}")
         
         if AGENTOPS_AVAILABLE:
-            agentops.end_session("Success")
+            import agentops
+            try:
+                agentops.end_session("Success")
+            except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001 -- agentops errors must not crash the caller
+                self.logger.warning(f"agentops.end_session failed: {e}")
             
         return result

src/praisonai/praisonai/api/agent_invoke.py

@@ -29,14 +29,26 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 # Authentication
 import os
 CALL_SERVER_TOKEN = os.getenv('CALL_SERVER_TOKEN')
+_CALL_AUTH_DISABLED = os.getenv('PRAISONAI_CALL_AUTH', '').lower() == 'disabled'
+
 
 async def verify_token(
     request: Request, 
     authorization: Optional[str] = Header(None)
 ) -> None:
     """Verify API token for authentication."""
-    if not FASTAPI_AVAILABLE or not CALL_SERVER_TOKEN:
-        return  # No authentication if FastAPI unavailable or no token set
+    if not FASTAPI_AVAILABLE:
+        return
+    if _CALL_AUTH_DISABLED:
+        return
+    if not CALL_SERVER_TOKEN:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=503,
+            detail=(
+                "CALL_SERVER_TOKEN is not configured. Set CALL_SERVER_TOKEN or "
+                "PRAISONAI_CALL_AUTH=disabled to run without authentication."
+            ),
+        )
         
     token = None
     

src/praisonai/praisonai/async_agent_scheduler.py

@@ -250,10 +250,21 @@ class AsyncAgentScheduler:
             self.is_running = False
         
         logger.info("Async agent scheduler stopped")
-        logger.info(f"Execution stats - Total: {self._execution_count}, Success: {self._success_count}, Failed: {self._failure_count}")
+        
+        # Log final stats with consistent snapshot
+        if self._stats_lock is not None:
+            async with self._stats_lock:
+                total = self._execution_count
+                ok = self._success_count
+                fail = self._failure_count
+        else:
+            total = self._execution_count
+            ok = self._success_count
+            fail = self._failure_count
+        logger.info(f"Execution stats - Total: {total}, Success: {ok}, Failed: {fail}")
         return True
     
-    def get_stats(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    async def get_stats(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
         """
         Get current execution statistics (synchronous, best-effort).
         
@@ -264,12 +275,26 @@ class AsyncAgentScheduler:
         Returns:
             Dictionary with execution stats
         """
+        # Primitives are created lazily in _ensure_async_primitives(); if not yet
+        # initialized there are no concurrent writers, so a direct read is safe.
+        if self._stats_lock is not None:
+            async with self._stats_lock:
+                total = self._execution_count
+                ok = self._success_count
+                fail = self._failure_count
+                running = self.is_running
+        else:
+            total = self._execution_count
+            ok = self._success_count
+            fail = self._failure_count
+            running = self.is_running
+            
         return {
-            "is_running": self.is_running,
-            "total_executions": self._execution_count,
-            "successful_executions": self._success_count,
-            "failed_executions": self._failure_count,
-            "success_rate": (self._success_count / self._execution_count * 100) if self._execution_count > 0 else 0
+            "is_running": running,
+            "total_executions": total,
+            "successful_executions": ok,
+            "failed_executions": fail,
+            "success_rate": (ok / total * 100) if total > 0 else 0
         }
     
     async def get_stats_async(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
@@ -327,11 +352,8 @@ class AsyncAgentScheduler:
     
     async def _execute_with_retry(self, max_retries: int):
         """Execute agent with retry logic."""
-        # Ensure async primitives are available
-        if self._stats_lock is None:
-            self._ensure_async_primitives()
-        
-        # Atomically increment execution count
+        self._ensure_async_primitives()  # guarantees _stats_lock is bound to current loop
+
         async with self._stats_lock:
             self._execution_count += 1
         
@@ -344,7 +366,6 @@ class AsyncAgentScheduler:
                 logger.info(f"Async agent execution successful on attempt {attempt + 1}")
                 logger.info(f"Result: {result}")
                 
-                # Atomically increment success count
                 async with self._stats_lock:
                     self._success_count += 1
                 safe_call(self.on_success, result)
@@ -359,7 +380,6 @@ class AsyncAgentScheduler:
                     logger.info(f"Waiting {wait_time}s before async retry...")
                     await asyncio.sleep(wait_time)
         
-        # Atomically increment failure count
         async with self._stats_lock:
             self._failure_count += 1
         logger.error(f"Async agent execution failed after {max_retries} attempts")

src/praisonai/praisonai/auto.py

@@ -15,9 +15,8 @@ from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Type, TypeVar
 import os
 import json
 import yaml
-from rich import print
 import threading
-from collections import OrderedDict
+from rich import print
 from praisonai._logging import get_logger
 
 # Type variable for Pydantic models
@@ -59,10 +58,6 @@ def _load_optional(key: str, loader):
         return _optional_cache[key]
 
 
-# Bounded LRU cache for OpenAI clients (one per (api_key, base_url) tuple)
-_OPENAI_CLIENT_CACHE_MAX = 8
-_openai_clients: "OrderedDict[tuple, object]" = OrderedDict()
-_openai_clients_lock = threading.Lock()
 
 
 # --- CrewAI lazy loading ---
@@ -199,38 +194,6 @@ def _check_openai_available() -> bool:
     return result is not None
 
 
-def _get_openai_client(api_key: str = None, base_url: str = None):
-    """Lazy load OpenAI client with bounded LRU cache (thread-safe, multi-tenant).
-
-    Multi-tenant safe: each (api_key, base_url) tuple gets its own cached client.
-    Bounded by _OPENAI_CLIENT_CACHE_MAX with proper LRU eviction.
-    """
-    key = (api_key or os.environ.get("OPENAI_API_KEY"), base_url)
-
-    with _openai_clients_lock:
-        # Check if client exists and update LRU position
-        client = _openai_clients.get(key)
-        if client is not None:
-            _openai_clients.move_to_end(key)
-            return client
-
-        # Create new client
-        try:
-            from openai import OpenAI
-        except ImportError as e:
-            raise ImportError("Install with: pip install openai") from e
-        client = OpenAI(api_key=key[0], base_url=key[1])
-        _openai_clients[key] = client
-
-        # Bound the cache; close the LRU victim
-        if len(_openai_clients) > _OPENAI_CLIENT_CACHE_MAX:
-            _, victim = _openai_clients.popitem(last=False)
-            try:
-                victim.close()
-            except Exception:
-                pass  # Best-effort cleanup
-
-        return client
 
 
 # Use namespaced logger; root logger is configured only by the CLI
@@ -478,6 +441,38 @@ class BaseAutoGenerator:
                 'api_key': ep.api_key
             }
         ]
+        self._openai_client = None  # lazy, per-instance
+        self._openai_client_lock = threading.Lock()
+        
+    def _get_openai_client(self):
+        """Get or create the OpenAI client for this instance."""
+        if self._openai_client is None:
+            with self._openai_client_lock:
+                if self._openai_client is None:
+                    try:
+                        from openai import OpenAI
+                    except ImportError as e:
+                        raise ImportError("Install with: pip install openai") from e
+                    cfg = self.config_list[0]
+                    self._openai_client = OpenAI(
+                        api_key=cfg.get("api_key") or os.environ.get("OPENAI_API_KEY"),
+                        base_url=cfg.get("base_url"),
+                    )
+        return self._openai_client
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Close the OpenAI client if it exists."""
+        if not hasattr(self, '_openai_client_lock'):
+            return  # Object was never fully initialized
+        with self._openai_client_lock:
+            client = getattr(self, '_openai_client', None)
+            self._openai_client = None
+        if client is not None:
+            client.close()
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        """Best-effort cleanup, but the canonical path is explicit close()."""
+        self.close()
     
     def _structured_completion(self, response_model: Type[T], messages: List[Dict], **kwargs) -> T:
         """
@@ -514,10 +509,7 @@ class BaseAutoGenerator:
         
         # Fallback to OpenAI SDK (uses beta.chat.completions.parse)
         if _check_openai_available():
-            client = _get_openai_client(
-                api_key=self.config_list[0].get('api_key'),
-                base_url=self.config_list[0].get('base_url')
-            )
+            client = self._get_openai_client()
             response = client.beta.chat.completions.parse(
                 model=model_name,
                 messages=messages,
@@ -628,7 +620,8 @@ class AutoGenerator(BaseAutoGenerator):
     
     def __init__(self, topic="Movie Story writing about AI", agent_file="test.yaml", 
                  framework="crewai", config_list: Optional[List[Dict]] = None,
-                 pattern: str = "sequential", single_agent: bool = False):
+                 pattern: str = "sequential", single_agent: bool = False, 
+                 adapter_registry=None):
         """
         Initialize the AutoGenerator class with the specified topic, agent file, and framework.
         
@@ -646,15 +639,15 @@ class AutoGenerator(BaseAutoGenerator):
         super().__init__(config_list=config_list)
         
         # Validate framework availability using adapter registry
-        from .framework_adapters.registry import FrameworkAdapterRegistry
+        from .framework_adapters.registry import get_default_registry
         
-        registry = FrameworkAdapterRegistry.get_instance()
+        self._adapter_registry = adapter_registry or get_default_registry()
         try:
-            adapter = registry.create(framework)
+            adapter = self._adapter_registry.create(framework)
         except ValueError as e:
             raise ImportError(
                 f"Unknown framework '{framework}'. Available frameworks: "
-                f"{', '.join(registry.list_registered())}"
+                f"{', '.join(self._adapter_registry.list_registered())}"
             ) from e
 
         # Use safe fallbacks for new adapter attributes
@@ -1536,4 +1529,4 @@ Generate a workflow for: {self.topic}
         with open(full_path, 'w') as f:
             yaml.dump(workflow_yaml, f, default_flow_style=False, sort_keys=False)
         
-        return full_path
+        return full_path

src/praisonai/praisonai/bots/__init__.py

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from .agentmail import AgentMailBot
     from .bot import Bot
     from .botos import BotOS
+    from ._session import BotSessionManager
+    from ._dlq import InboundDLQ, DLQEntry
     from ._slack_approval import SlackApproval
     from ._telegram_approval import TelegramApproval
     from ._discord_approval import DiscordApproval
@@ -74,11 +76,20 @@ def __getattr__(name: str):
     if name == "BotSessionManager":
         from ._session import BotSessionManager
         return BotSessionManager
+    # N4 — inbound dead-letter queue
+    if name == "InboundDLQ":
+        from ._dlq import InboundDLQ
+        return InboundDLQ
+    if name == "DLQEntry":
+        from ._dlq import DLQEntry
+        return DLQEntry
     raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__!r} has no attribute {name!r}")
 
 __all__ = [
     "TelegramBot", "DiscordBot", "SlackBot", "WhatsAppBot", "LinearBot", "EmailBot", "AgentMailBot",
     "Bot", "BotOS",
+    "BotSessionManager",
+    "InboundDLQ", "DLQEntry",
     "SlackApproval", "TelegramApproval", "DiscordApproval",
     "WebhookApproval", "HTTPApproval",
     # W1

src/praisonai/praisonai/bots/_dlq.py

@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+"""
+Inbound Dead-Letter Queue (N4) for PraisonAI bot adapters.
+
+When ``BotSessionManager.chat()`` raises (LLM 5xx, transient timeout,
+provider rate-limit, etc.) the user message is normally lost. This
+module persists those failed inbound messages so an operator can
+inspect, retry, or purge them later.
+
+Design constraints (per PraisonAI principles):
+  - Wrapper-only — heavy code stays out of the core SDK.
+  - Lazy: ``sqlite3`` is stdlib so no extra dependency.
+  - Default OFF — ``BotSessionManager`` works exactly as before unless
+    a ``dlq=InboundDLQ(...)`` is passed.
+  - Bounded: TTL + ``max_size`` prevent unbounded disk growth.
+  - Thread-safe: a per-instance ``threading.Lock`` guards SQLite writes
+    (sqlite3 connections are not thread-safe by default).
+  - Reuses ``_resilience.BackoffPolicy`` for retry timing on replay.
+
+Storage schema::
+
+    entries(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+            ts REAL,
+            platform TEXT, user_id TEXT, prompt TEXT,
+            chat_id TEXT, thread_id TEXT, user_name TEXT,
+            error TEXT,
+            attempts INTEGER DEFAULT 0)
+
+Public API:
+  - ``InboundDLQ(path, *, max_size=10_000, ttl_seconds=7*86400)``
+  - ``enqueue(platform, user_id, prompt, error, ...)``
+  - ``size()`` / ``list(limit=100)`` / ``purge()``
+  - ``evict_expired()``
+  - ``replay(handler)`` — async, drops entries handler returns ``True`` for.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+import sqlite3
+import threading
+import time
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Awaitable, Callable, List, Optional, Union
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+# 7 days default — long enough for ops to notice and act, short enough
+# not to blow up disk on chronic LLM failures.
+_DEFAULT_TTL_SECONDS = 7 * 86400
+_DEFAULT_MAX_SIZE = 10_000
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class DLQEntry:
+    """A single failed inbound message awaiting replay."""
+
+    id: int
+    ts: float
+    platform: str
+    user_id: str
+    prompt: str
+    chat_id: str
+    thread_id: str
+    user_name: str
+    error: str
+    attempts: int
+
+
+# Replay handler signature: takes an entry, returns True on success
+# (entry will be deleted) or False to keep it for later retry.
+ReplayHandler = Callable[[DLQEntry], Awaitable[bool]]
+
+
+class InboundDLQ:
+    """SQLite-backed dead-letter queue for failed inbound bot messages.
+
+    Args:
+        path: SQLite file path. Created if missing; parent dirs created.
+        max_size: Maximum entries kept; oldest evicted when exceeded.
+        ttl_seconds: Entries older than this are evicted on the next
+            ``enqueue()`` or ``evict_expired()`` call.
+
+    Example::
+
+        from praisonai.bots import InboundDLQ, BotSessionManager
+
+        dlq = InboundDLQ(path="~/.praisonai/dlq.sqlite")
+        mgr = BotSessionManager(platform="telegram", dlq=dlq)
+
+        # Later, an admin replays:
+        async def my_handler(entry):
+            try:
+                await mgr.chat(agent, entry.user_id, entry.prompt)
+                return True
+            except Exception:
+                return False
+        await dlq.replay(my_handler)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        path: Union[str, Path],
+        *,
+        max_size: int = _DEFAULT_MAX_SIZE,
+        ttl_seconds: int = _DEFAULT_TTL_SECONDS,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.path = Path(path).expanduser()
+        self.max_size = int(max_size)
+        self.ttl_seconds = int(ttl_seconds)
+        self._lock = threading.Lock()
+        self.path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        self._init_schema()
+
+    # ── Schema ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def _connect(self) -> sqlite3.Connection:
+        conn = sqlite3.connect(str(self.path))
+        conn.execute("PRAGMA journal_mode=WAL")
+        conn.execute("PRAGMA synchronous=NORMAL")
+        return conn
+
+    def _init_schema(self) -> None:
+        with self._lock, self._connect() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                """
+                CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS entries (
+                    id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+                    ts REAL NOT NULL,
+                    platform TEXT NOT NULL,
+                    user_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+                    prompt TEXT NOT NULL,
+                    chat_id TEXT DEFAULT '',
+                    thread_id TEXT DEFAULT '',
+                    user_name TEXT DEFAULT '',
+                    error TEXT DEFAULT '',
+                    attempts INTEGER DEFAULT 0
+                )
+                """
+            )
+            conn.execute("CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_ts ON entries(ts)")
+
+    # ── Mutations ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def enqueue(
+        self,
+        *,
+        platform: str,
+        user_id: str,
+        prompt: str,
+        error: str,
+        chat_id: str = "",
+        thread_id: str = "",
+        user_name: str = "",
+    ) -> int:
+        """Persist a failed inbound message. Returns its row id.
+
+        Runs ``evict_expired`` and ``_evict_overflow`` as side-effects so
+        TTL and ``max_size`` invariants are kept tight without a
+        background sweeper.
+        """
+        with self._lock, self._connect() as conn:
+            try:
+                conn.execute("BEGIN IMMEDIATE")
+                self._evict_expired_locked(conn)
+                cur = conn.execute(
+                    """
+                    INSERT INTO entries(ts, platform, user_id, prompt,
+                                        chat_id, thread_id, user_name, error)
+                    VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+                    """,
+                    (
+                        time.time(), platform, user_id, prompt,
+                        chat_id, thread_id, user_name, error,
+                    ),
+                )
+                self._evict_overflow_locked(conn)
+                conn.commit()
+                return int(cur.lastrowid)
+            except Exception:
+                conn.rollback()
+                raise
+
+    def purge(self) -> int:
+        """Delete all entries. Returns count removed."""
+        with self._lock, self._connect() as conn:
+            n = conn.execute("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM entries").fetchone()[0]
+            conn.execute("DELETE FROM entries")
+            return int(n)
+
+    def evict_expired(self) -> int:
+        """Drop entries older than ``ttl_seconds``. Returns count removed."""
+        with self._lock, self._connect() as conn:
+            return self._evict_expired_locked(conn)
+
+    def _evict_expired_locked(self, conn: sqlite3.Connection) -> int:
+        cutoff = time.time() - self.ttl_seconds
+        cur = conn.execute("DELETE FROM entries WHERE ts <= ?", (cutoff,))
+        return int(cur.rowcount or 0)
+
+    def _evict_overflow_locked(self, conn: sqlite3.Connection) -> int:
+        n = conn.execute("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM entries").fetchone()[0]
+        if n <= self.max_size:
+            return 0
+        excess = n - self.max_size
+        cur = conn.execute(
+            "DELETE FROM entries WHERE id IN "
+            "(SELECT id FROM entries ORDER BY ts ASC LIMIT ?)",
+            (excess,),
+        )
+        return int(cur.rowcount or 0)
+
+    # ── Queries ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def size(self) -> int:
+        with self._lock, self._connect() as conn:
+            return int(conn.execute("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM entries").fetchone()[0])
+
+    def list(self, limit: int = 100) -> List[DLQEntry]:
+        """Return up to ``limit`` entries, newest first."""
+        with self._lock, self._connect() as conn:
+            rows = conn.execute(
+                """
+                SELECT id, ts, platform, user_id, prompt,
+                       chat_id, thread_id, user_name, error, attempts
+                FROM entries
+                ORDER BY ts DESC
+                LIMIT ?
+                """,
+                (int(limit),),
+            ).fetchall()
+        return [DLQEntry(*r) for r in rows]
+
+    def _list_oldest_first(self, limit: int = 100) -> List[DLQEntry]:
+        """Return up to ``limit`` entries, oldest first for replay."""
+        with self._lock, self._connect() as conn:
+            rows = conn.execute(
+                """
+                SELECT id, ts, platform, user_id, prompt,
+                       chat_id, thread_id, user_name, error, attempts
+                FROM entries
+                ORDER BY ts ASC
+                LIMIT ?
+                """,
+                (int(limit),),
+            ).fetchall()
+        return [DLQEntry(*r) for r in rows]
+
+    # ── Replay ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    async def replay(
+        self,
+        handler: ReplayHandler,
+        *,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> tuple[int, int]:
+        """Re-deliver entries via ``handler``.
+
+        ``handler(entry)`` must return ``True`` on success (entry is
+        deleted) or ``False`` to keep the entry for later. Exceptions
+        from the handler are caught and treated as ``False`` (entry is
+        kept and ``attempts`` incremented).
+
+        Returns ``(succeeded, failed)`` counts.
+        """
+        # Fetch entries oldest-first for correct replay order
+        entries = self._list_oldest_first(limit=limit if limit is not None else self.max_size)
+        succeeded = failed = 0
+        for entry in entries:
+            try:
+                ok = await handler(entry)
+            except Exception as e:  # pragma: no cover — defensive
+                logger.warning("DLQ replay handler raised: %s", e)
+                ok = False
+            if ok:
+                self._delete(entry.id)
+                succeeded += 1
+            else:
+                self._increment_attempts(entry.id)
+                failed += 1
+        return succeeded, failed
+
+    def _delete(self, entry_id: int) -> None:
+        with self._lock, self._connect() as conn:
+            conn.execute("DELETE FROM entries WHERE id = ?", (entry_id,))
+
+    def _increment_attempts(self, entry_id: int) -> None:
+        with self._lock, self._connect() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                "UPDATE entries SET attempts = attempts + 1 WHERE id = ?",
+                (entry_id,),
+            )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return (
+            f"InboundDLQ(path={str(self.path)!r}, "
+            f"size={self.size()}, "
+            f"max_size={self.max_size}, ttl={self.ttl_seconds}s)"
+        )
+
+
+__all__ = ["InboundDLQ", "DLQEntry", "ReplayHandler"]

src/praisonai/praisonai/bots/_registry.py

@@ -7,34 +7,111 @@ Extensible: third-party platforms can register via ``register_platform()``.
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Type
+import threading
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Type, Optional
 
-# Lazy references: (module_path, class_name)
-_BUILTIN_PLATFORMS: Dict[str, tuple] = {
-    "telegram": ("praisonai.bots.telegram", "TelegramBot"),
-    "discord": ("praisonai.bots.discord", "DiscordBot"),
-    "slack": ("praisonai.bots.slack", "SlackBot"),
-    "whatsapp": ("praisonai.bots.whatsapp", "WhatsAppBot"),
-    "linear": ("praisonai.bots.linear", "LinearBot"),
-    "email": ("praisonai.bots.email", "EmailBot"),
-    "agentmail": ("praisonai.bots.agentmail", "AgentMailBot"),
+from .._registry import PluginRegistry
+
+
+def _telegram_loader():
+    import importlib
+    mod = importlib.import_module("praisonai.bots.telegram")
+    return getattr(mod, "TelegramBot")
+
+def _discord_loader():
+    import importlib
+    mod = importlib.import_module("praisonai.bots.discord")
+    return getattr(mod, "DiscordBot")
+
+def _slack_loader():
+    import importlib
+    mod = importlib.import_module("praisonai.bots.slack")
+    return getattr(mod, "SlackBot")
+
+def _whatsapp_loader():
+    import importlib
+    mod = importlib.import_module("praisonai.bots.whatsapp")
+    return getattr(mod, "WhatsAppBot")
+
+def _linear_loader():
+    import importlib
+    mod = importlib.import_module("praisonai.bots.linear")
+    return getattr(mod, "LinearBot")
+
+def _email_loader():
+    import importlib
+    mod = importlib.import_module("praisonai.bots.email")
+    return getattr(mod, "EmailBot")
+
+def _agentmail_loader():
+    import importlib
+    mod = importlib.import_module("praisonai.bots.agentmail")
+    return getattr(mod, "AgentMailBot")
+
+# Built-in bot platforms with lazy loading
+_BUILTIN_PLATFORMS = {
+    "telegram": _telegram_loader,
+    "discord": _discord_loader,
+    "slack": _slack_loader,
+    "whatsapp": _whatsapp_loader,
+    "linear": _linear_loader,
+    "email": _email_loader,
+    "agentmail": _agentmail_loader,
 }
 
-# Custom platforms registered at runtime
-_custom_platforms: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+class BotPlatformRegistry(PluginRegistry):
+    """Registry for bot platform adapters."""
+    
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__(
+            entry_point_group="praisonai.bots",
+            builtins=_BUILTIN_PLATFORMS
+        )
+
+
+# Default registry (lazy, module-private)
+_default_registry: Optional[BotPlatformRegistry] = None
+_default_lock = threading.Lock()
+
+
+def get_default_bot_registry() -> BotPlatformRegistry:
+    """Return the process-default bot registry. Prefer DI; use this only at the edge.""" 
+    global _default_registry
+    if _default_registry is None:
+        with _default_lock:
+            if _default_registry is None:
+                _default_registry = BotPlatformRegistry()
+    return _default_registry
+
+
+# Backward compatibility API - lazy loading to preserve original behavior
+_bot_registry = None
+
+def _get_lazy_registry():
+    """Get registry lazily to avoid eager loading at module import."""
+    global _bot_registry
+    if _bot_registry is None:
+        _bot_registry = get_default_bot_registry()
+    return _bot_registry
 
 
 def get_platform_registry() -> Dict[str, Any]:
     """Return the combined registry of all known platforms.
-
-    Keys are platform names, values are either:
-    - A class (custom platforms, already resolved)
-    - A (module, classname) tuple (builtins, lazy-resolved on use)
+    
+    Backward compatibility function that returns original format:
+    {name: class_or_tuple} to preserve external caller contracts.
     """
-    combined: Dict[str, Any] = {}
-    combined.update(_BUILTIN_PLATFORMS)
-    combined.update(_custom_platforms)
-    return combined
+    registry = _get_lazy_registry()
+    result = {}
+    for name in registry.list_names():
+        try:
+            # Return the resolved class to maintain original API contract
+            result[name] = registry.resolve(name)
+        except ValueError:
+            # Skip broken registrations
+            pass
+    return result
 
 
 def register_platform(name: str, adapter_class: Type) -> None:
@@ -44,12 +121,12 @@ def register_platform(name: str, adapter_class: Type) -> None:
         name: Platform identifier (lowercase).
         adapter_class: The bot adapter class.
     """
-    _custom_platforms[name.lower()] = adapter_class
+    _get_lazy_registry().register(name.lower(), adapter_class)
 
 
 def list_platforms() -> List[str]:
     """List all registered platform names."""
-    return sorted(set(list(_BUILTIN_PLATFORMS.keys()) + list(_custom_platforms.keys())))
+    return _get_lazy_registry().list_names()
 
 
 def resolve_adapter(name: str) -> Type:
@@ -64,24 +141,4 @@ def resolve_adapter(name: str) -> Type:
     Raises:
         ValueError: If the platform is not registered.
     """
-    key = name.lower()
-
-    # Custom platforms are already classes
-    if key in _custom_platforms:
-        cls = _custom_platforms[key]
-        if isinstance(cls, type):
-            return cls
-
-    # Builtins are lazy (module, classname) tuples
-    if key in _BUILTIN_PLATFORMS:
-        ref = _BUILTIN_PLATFORMS[key]
-        if isinstance(ref, tuple):
-            module_path, class_name = ref
-            import importlib
-            mod = importlib.import_module(module_path)
-            return getattr(mod, class_name)
-
-    raise ValueError(
-        f"Unknown platform: {name!r}. "
-        f"Available: {', '.join(list_platforms())}"
-    )
+    return _get_lazy_registry().resolve(name.lower())

src/praisonai/praisonai/bots/_session.py

@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ class BotSessionManager:
         max_history: int = 100,
         store: Optional[Any] = None,
         platform: str = "",
+        dlq: Optional[Any] = None,
         identity_resolver: Optional[Any] = None,
     ) -> None:
         self._histories: Dict[str, List[Dict[str, Any]]] = {}
@@ -71,6 +72,10 @@ class BotSessionManager:
         self._store = store
         self._platform = platform
         self._last_active: Dict[str, float] = {}
+        # N4: optional inbound DLQ — when set, failed agent.chat() calls
+        # are persisted for later replay. Default ``None`` preserves
+        # legacy behaviour (exception bubbles up untouched).
+        self._dlq = dlq
         # W1: optional cross-platform identity resolver. When set, the
         # session key is the resolver-returned unified user id, so the
         # same human pinging from multiple platforms shares one history.
@@ -172,6 +177,13 @@ class BotSessionManager:
 
         Uses both a per-user lock (serialise same user) and a per-agent
         lock (prevent concurrent history swaps on a shared Agent).
+
+        N4 — Inbound DLQ: if a ``dlq`` was passed to ``__init__`` and
+        ``agent.chat()`` raises, the failing message is persisted to
+        the dead-letter queue **before** the exception is re-raised.
+        This makes the error visible to the caller (so the bot adapter
+        can log / show the user a friendly message) while preserving
+        the message for later replay.
         """
         self._last_active[self._storage_key(user_id)] = time.monotonic()
         user_lock = self._get_lock(user_id)
@@ -209,9 +221,6 @@ class BotSessionManager:
                 # W1 robustness: hold ``agent_lock`` across the FULL LLM call
                 # (not only the history swap) so concurrent users on a shared
                 # Agent instance never observe each other's chat_history.
-                # Throughput on a shared agent is then bounded by the LLM's
-                # serial latency — this is correct: a single Agent's
-                # ``chat_history`` is mutable and cannot be safely interleaved.
                 async with agent_lock:
                     saved_history = agent.chat_history
                     agent.chat_history = user_history
@@ -226,6 +235,28 @@ class BotSessionManager:
                         )
                         # Capture updated history before restoring caller's.
                         updated_history = agent.chat_history
+                    except Exception as exc:
+                        # N4: persist the failed inbound message before bubbling.
+                        if self._dlq is not None:
+                            try:
+                                await loop.run_in_executor(
+                                    None,
+                                    lambda: self._dlq.enqueue(
+                                        platform=self._platform,
+                                        user_id=user_id,
+                                        prompt=prompt,
+                                        error=f"{type(exc).__name__}: {exc}",
+                                        chat_id=chat_id,
+                                        thread_id=thread_id,
+                                        user_name=user_name,
+                                    )
+                                )
+                            except Exception as dlq_exc:  # pragma: no cover — defensive
+                                logger.error(
+                                    "Failed to enqueue inbound DLQ entry: %s", dlq_exc
+                                )
+                        agent.chat_history = saved_history
+                        raise
                     finally:
                         agent.chat_history = saved_history
 

src/praisonai/praisonai/capabilities/guardrails.py

@@ -86,6 +86,8 @@ Only respond with the JSON, no other text."""
         )
         
         import json
+        if not response.choices or response.choices[0].message is None:
+            raise ValueError("LLM returned empty or filtered response")
         result_text = response.choices[0].message.content
         result_data = json.loads(result_text)
         
@@ -160,6 +162,8 @@ Only respond with the JSON, no other text."""
         )
         
         import json
+        if not response.choices or response.choices[0].message is None:
+            raise ValueError("LLM returned empty or filtered response")
         result_text = response.choices[0].message.content
         result_data = json.loads(result_text)
         

src/praisonai/praisonai/capabilities/rag.py

@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ def rag_query(
         **kwargs
     )
     
-    answer = response.choices[0].message.content if response.choices else ""
+    answer = response.choices[0].message.content if response.choices and response.choices[0].message is not None else ""
     
     usage = None
     if hasattr(response, 'usage') and response.usage:
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ async def arag_query(
         **kwargs
     )
     
-    answer = response.choices[0].message.content if response.choices else ""
+    answer = response.choices[0].message.content if response.choices and response.choices[0].message is not None else ""
     
     usage = None
     if hasattr(response, 'usage') and response.usage:

src/praisonai/praisonai/cli/commands/bot.py

@@ -556,6 +556,123 @@ def bot_install_daemon(
         raise typer.Exit(1)
 
 
+# ── N4: Inbound DLQ subcommand group ─────────────────────────────────
+dlq_app = typer.Typer(
+    help="Inspect / replay / purge the inbound dead-letter queue.",
+    no_args_is_help=True,
+)
+app.add_typer(dlq_app, name="dlq")
+
+
+def _resolve_dlq_path(path: Optional[str]) -> str:
+    import os
+    if path:
+        return os.path.expanduser(path)
+    return os.path.expanduser(
+        os.environ.get("PRAISONAI_DLQ_PATH", "~/.praisonai/dlq.sqlite")
+    )
+
+
+@dlq_app.command("list")
+def dlq_list(
+    path: Optional[str] = typer.Option(
+        None, "--path", "-p", help="Path to DLQ sqlite file."
+    ),
+    limit: int = typer.Option(20, "--limit", "-n", help="Max entries to show."),
+):
+    """List entries in the inbound DLQ (newest first)."""
+    from praisonai.bots import InboundDLQ
+
+    dlq = InboundDLQ(path=_resolve_dlq_path(path))
+    entries = dlq.list(limit=limit)
+    if not entries:
+        typer.echo(f"DLQ empty (path={dlq.path})")
+        raise typer.Exit(0)
+
+    typer.echo(f"DLQ {dlq.path} — {dlq.size()} entries (showing {len(entries)}):")
+    for e in entries:
+        prompt_preview = (e.prompt[:60] + "…") if len(e.prompt) > 60 else e.prompt
+        typer.echo(
+            f"  [{e.id:>5}] {e.platform:<10} user={e.user_id:<16} "
+            f"attempts={e.attempts}  err={e.error[:50]}  prompt={prompt_preview!r}"
+        )
+
+
+@dlq_app.command("purge")
+def dlq_purge(
+    path: Optional[str] = typer.Option(None, "--path", "-p"),
+    yes: bool = typer.Option(False, "--yes", "-y", help="Skip confirmation."),
+):
+    """Delete all entries from the DLQ."""
+    from praisonai.bots import InboundDLQ
+
+    dlq = InboundDLQ(path=_resolve_dlq_path(path))
+    n = dlq.size()
+    if n == 0:
+        typer.echo("DLQ already empty.")
+        raise typer.Exit(0)
+
+    if not yes:
+        confirm = typer.confirm(f"Delete all {n} entries from {dlq.path}?")
+        if not confirm:
+            raise typer.Exit(0)
+
+    removed = dlq.purge()
+    typer.echo(f"Purged {removed} entries.")
+
+
+@dlq_app.command("replay")
+def dlq_replay(
+    config: str = typer.Option(
+        ..., "--config", "-c",
+        help="Path to bot YAML config (provides agent + platform).",
+    ),
+    path: Optional[str] = typer.Option(None, "--path", "-p"),
+    limit: int = typer.Option(50, "--limit", "-n"),
+):
+    """Replay DLQ entries through the configured agent.
+
+    Loads the bot YAML, instantiates the agent, and re-runs each entry
+    through ``BotSessionManager.chat()``. Successful entries are removed;
+    failed entries are kept for the next attempt.
+    """
+    import asyncio
+    from praisonai.bots import InboundDLQ, BotSessionManager
+    from praisonai.cli.features.bots_cli import _load_bot_config, _build_agent
+
+    cfg = _load_bot_config(config)
+    agent = _build_agent(cfg)
+    platform = cfg.get("platform", "")
+
+    dlq = InboundDLQ(path=_resolve_dlq_path(path))
+    if dlq.size() == 0:
+        typer.echo("DLQ empty — nothing to replay.")
+        raise typer.Exit(0)
+
+    mgr = BotSessionManager(platform=platform)
+
+    async def replayer(entry):
+        try:
+            await mgr.chat(
+                agent, entry.user_id, entry.prompt,
+                chat_id=entry.chat_id,
+                thread_id=entry.thread_id,
+                user_name=entry.user_name,
+            )
+            return True
+        except Exception as e:
+            typer.echo(f"  entry {entry.id} failed: {e}")
+            return False
+
+    succeeded, failed = asyncio.run(dlq.replay(replayer, limit=limit))
+    typer.echo(f"Replay done: succeeded={succeeded}, failed={failed}, "
+               f"remaining={dlq.size()}")
+    
+    # Return non-zero exit code if any failures occurred and entries remain
+    if failed > 0 and dlq.size() > 0:
+        raise typer.Exit(1)
+
+
 @app.callback(invoke_without_command=True)
 def bot_callback(ctx: typer.Context):
     """Show bot help if no subcommand provided."""

src/praisonai/praisonai/cli/commands/port.py

@@ -73,48 +73,52 @@ def _get_process_using_port(port: int) -> Optional[Dict]:
         elif sys.platform == "win32":
             # Use netstat on Windows
             result = subprocess.run(
-                ["netstat", "-ano", "|", "findstr", f":{port}"],
+                ["netstat", "-ano"],
                 capture_output=True,
                 text=True,
-                shell=True,
-                timeout=5
+                timeout=10
             )
             
             if result.returncode != 0 or not result.stdout:
                 return None
             
-            # Parse netstat output
+            # Parse netstat output and filter by exact port
             lines = result.stdout.strip().split("\n")
             for line in lines:
-                if f":{port}" in line and "LISTENING" in line:
-                    parts = line.split()
-                    if len(parts) >= 5:
-                        pid = parts[-1]
-                        # Get process name from PID
-                        try:
-                            proc_result = subprocess.run(
-                                ["tasklist", "/FI", f"PID eq {pid}"],
-                                capture_output=True,
-                                text=True,
-                                timeout=5
-                            )
-                            name = "unknown"
-                            if proc_result.returncode == 0:
-                                proc_lines = proc_result.stdout.strip().split("\n")
-                                if len(proc_lines) >= 2:
-                                    name = proc_lines[1].split()[0]
-                            
-                            return {
-                                "name": name,
-                                "pid": pid,
-                                "user": "unknown",
-                                "type": "IPv4",
-                                "protocol": "TCP",
-                                "port": port,
-                                "raw": line
-                            }
-                        except Exception:
-                            pass
+                parts = line.split()
+                if len(parts) >= 5 and "LISTENING" in line:
+                    local_addr = parts[1]
+                    # Extract port from address, handle IPv6 format [::]:port and IPv4 format host:port
+                    port_match = re.search(r":(\d+)$", local_addr)
+                    if not port_match or int(port_match.group(1)) != port:
+                        continue
+                    
+                    pid = parts[-1]
+                    # Get process name from PID
+                    try:
+                        proc_result = subprocess.run(
+                            ["tasklist", "/FI", f"PID eq {pid}"],
+                            capture_output=True,
+                            text=True,
+                            timeout=5
+                        )
+                        name = "unknown"
+                        if proc_result.returncode == 0:
+                            proc_lines = proc_result.stdout.strip().split("\n")
+                            if len(proc_lines) >= 2:
+                                name = proc_lines[1].split()[0]
+                        
+                        return {
+                            "name": name,
+                            "pid": pid,
+                            "user": "unknown",
+                            "type": "IPv4",
+                            "protocol": "TCP",
+                            "port": port,
+                            "raw": line
+                        }
+                    except Exception:
+                        pass
     
     except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
         pass
@@ -166,7 +170,6 @@ def _get_all_ports() -> List[Dict]:
                 ["netstat", "-ano"],
                 capture_output=True,
                 text=True,
-                shell=True,
                 timeout=10
             )
             

src/praisonai/praisonai/cli/execution/profiler.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import pstats
 import time
 import platform
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
 
 from .request import ExecutionRequest
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ class ProfileReport:
     def __post_init__(self):
         """Set timestamp if not provided."""
         if not self.timestamp:
-            self.timestamp = datetime.utcnow().isoformat() + "Z"
+            self.timestamp = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
     
     def to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
         """Convert to dictionary for JSON serialization."""

src/praisonai/praisonai/cli/features/profiler/core.py

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import subprocess
 import sys
 import time
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
 
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class ProfilerResult:
     callees: Dict[str, List[str]] = field(default_factory=dict)
     import_times: List[Tuple[str, float]] = field(default_factory=list)
     metadata: Dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)
-    timestamp: str = field(default_factory=lambda: datetime.utcnow().isoformat() + "Z")
+    timestamp: str = field(default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat())
     
     def to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
         return {
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ class QueryProfiler:
             "platform": platform.platform(),
             "praisonai_version": praisonai_version,
             "model": model or "default",
-            "timestamp": datetime.utcnow().isoformat() + "Z",
+            "timestamp": datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat(),
         }
     
     def _extract_function_stats(self) -> List[FunctionStats]:

src/praisonai/praisonai/cli/features/profiler/suite.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import subprocess
 import sys
 import time
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
 
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class SuiteResult:
     startup_cold_ms: float = 0.0
     startup_warm_ms: float = 0.0
     import_analysis: List[Dict[str, Any]] = field(default_factory=list)
-    timestamp: str = field(default_factory=lambda: datetime.utcnow().isoformat() + "Z")
+    timestamp: str = field(default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat())
     metadata: Dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)
     
     def to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ class ProfileSuiteRunner:
             "python_version": platform.python_version(),
             "platform": platform.platform(),
             "praisonai_version": praisonai_version,
-            "timestamp": datetime.utcnow().isoformat() + "Z",
+            "timestamp": datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat(),
         }
     
     def _measure_startup(self) -> tuple:

src/praisonai/praisonai/cli/main.py

@@ -4065,6 +4065,31 @@ Do NOT add any explanations or formatting."""
         
         return results[-1].get("output", "") if results else ""
 
+    def _execute_agent_with_budget_handling(self, agent, method_name, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Run ``agent.<method_name>(*args, **kwargs)`` with a graceful
+        BudgetExceededError handler.
+
+        Wrapper-only fix (no core SDK changes). Users configure budgets via
+        ``execution=ExecutionConfig(max_budget=...)`` on the Agent — per
+        AGENTS.md §5.3 there is NO top-level ``max_budget=`` parameter on
+        Agent.__init__ (avoids parameter bloat).
+
+        When the budget is hit this prints a single-line actionable error
+        message and exits with code 1 instead of leaking a raw traceback.
+        Any other exception is re-raised unchanged.
+        """
+        from praisonaiagents.errors import BudgetExceededError
+        try:
+            return getattr(agent, method_name)(*args, **kwargs)
+        except BudgetExceededError as e:
+            from rich import print as rich_print
+            rich_print(
+                f"[red]Budget limit exceeded: {e!s}. "
+                "Hint: set budget via "
+                "execution=ExecutionConfig(max_budget=1.00) on your Agent.[/red]"
+            )
+            sys.exit(1)
+
     def _extract_cli_config_for_yaml(self):
         """
         Extract CLI configuration that should be passed to YAML processing.
@@ -4611,9 +4636,9 @@ Do NOT add any explanations or formatting."""
                     from rich.panel import Panel
                     
                     with Live(Panel(Spinner("dots", text="Generating..."), border_style="cyan"), refresh_per_second=10, transient=True):
-                        result = auto_rag.chat(prompt)
+                        result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(auto_rag, 'chat', prompt)
                 else:
-                    result = auto_rag.chat(prompt)
+                    result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(auto_rag, 'chat', prompt)
             else:
                 # Resolve display mode from CLI flags
                 display_mode = self._resolve_display_mode()
@@ -4621,16 +4646,16 @@ Do NOT add any explanations or formatting."""
                 if display_mode == 'silent':
                     # -qq: No output at all, exit code only
                     if hasattr(agent, 'start'):
-                        result = agent.start(prompt)
+                        result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(agent, 'start', prompt)
                     else:
-                        result = agent.chat(prompt)
+                        result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(agent, 'chat', prompt)
                 
                 elif display_mode == 'quiet':
                     # -q: Result only, no spinners or status
                     if hasattr(agent, 'start'):
-                        result = agent.start(prompt)
+                        result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(agent, 'start', prompt)
                     else:
-                        result = agent.chat(prompt)
+                        result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(agent, 'chat', prompt)
                     if result is not None:
                         output = getattr(result, 'output', None) or (str(result) if result else None)
                         if output:
@@ -4642,15 +4667,15 @@ Do NOT add any explanations or formatting."""
                         from praisonaiagents.output.status import enable_status_output, disable_status_output
                         enable_status_output(show_timestamps=True, show_metrics=True)
                         if hasattr(agent, 'start'):
-                            result = agent.start(prompt)
+                            result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(agent, 'start', prompt)
                         else:
-                            result = agent.chat(prompt)
+                            result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(agent, 'chat', prompt)
                         disable_status_output()
                     except ImportError:
                         if hasattr(agent, 'start'):
-                            result = agent.start(prompt)
+                            result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(agent, 'start', prompt)
                         else:
-                            result = agent.chat(prompt)
+                            result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(agent, 'chat', prompt)
                 
                 elif display_mode == 'debug':
                     # -vv: SDK TraceOutput with markdown rendering
@@ -4658,15 +4683,15 @@ Do NOT add any explanations or formatting."""
                         from praisonaiagents.output.trace import enable_trace_output, disable_trace_output
                         enable_trace_output(use_markdown=True)
                         if hasattr(agent, 'start'):
-                            result = agent.start(prompt)
+                            result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(agent, 'start', prompt)
                         else:
-                            result = agent.chat(prompt)
+                            result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(agent, 'chat', prompt)
                         disable_trace_output()
                     except ImportError:
                         if hasattr(agent, 'start'):
-                            result = agent.start(prompt)
+                            result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(agent, 'start', prompt)
                         else:
-                            result = agent.chat(prompt)
+                            result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(agent, 'chat', prompt)
                 
                 elif display_mode == 'jsonl':
                     # --output jsonl: JSONL structured output for CI/CD
@@ -4688,9 +4713,9 @@ Do NOT add any explanations or formatting."""
                     
                     start_time = time.time()
                     if hasattr(agent, 'start'):
-                        result = agent.start(prompt)
+                        result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(agent, 'start', prompt)
                     else:
-                        result = agent.chat(prompt)
+                        result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(agent, 'chat', prompt)
                     
                     # Emit final result
                     reason = getattr(result, 'completion_reason', None) if hasattr(result, 'completion_reason') else 'complete'
@@ -4709,9 +4734,9 @@ Do NOT add any explanations or formatting."""
                     import json as json_mod
                     start_time = time.time()
                     if hasattr(agent, 'start'):
-                        result = agent.start(prompt)
+                        result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(agent, 'start', prompt)
                     else:
-                        result = agent.chat(prompt)
+                        result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(agent, 'chat', prompt)
                     
                     output = result.output if hasattr(result, 'output') else str(result)
                     envelope = {
@@ -4732,15 +4757,15 @@ Do NOT add any explanations or formatting."""
                         flow = track_workflow()
                         flow.start()
                         if hasattr(agent, 'start'):
-                            result = agent.start(prompt)
+                            result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(agent, 'start', prompt)
                         else:
-                            result = agent.chat(prompt)
+                            result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(agent, 'chat', prompt)
                         flow.stop()
                     except ImportError:
                         if hasattr(agent, 'start'):
-                            result = agent.start(prompt)
+                            result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(agent, 'start', prompt)
                         else:
-                            result = agent.chat(prompt)
+                            result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(agent, 'chat', prompt)
                 
                 elif display_mode == 'editor':
                     # --output editor: User-friendly step-by-step format
@@ -4750,9 +4775,9 @@ Do NOT add any explanations or formatting."""
                     
                     # Run agent
                     if hasattr(agent, 'start'):
-                        result = agent.start(prompt)
+                        result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(agent, 'start', prompt)
                     else:
-                        result = agent.chat(prompt)
+                        result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(agent, 'chat', prompt)
                     
                     # SDK callbacks (interaction, llm_content) handle display —
                     # no explicit editor.output() needed here.
@@ -4774,15 +4799,15 @@ Do NOT add any explanations or formatting."""
                         from praisonaiagents.output.status import enable_status_output, disable_status_output
                         enable_status_output(show_timestamps=False, show_metrics=False)
                         if hasattr(agent, 'start'):
-                            result = agent.start(prompt)
+                            result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(agent, 'start', prompt)
                         else:
-                            result = agent.chat(prompt)
+                            result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(agent, 'chat', prompt)
                         disable_status_output()
                     except ImportError:
                         if hasattr(agent, 'start'):
-                            result = agent.start(prompt)
+                            result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(agent, 'start', prompt)
                         else:
-                            result = agent.chat(prompt)
+                            result = self._execute_agent_with_budget_handling(agent, 'chat', prompt)
             
             # ===== POST-PROCESSING WITH NEW FEATURES =====
             

src/praisonai/praisonai/cli/state/identifiers.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import os
 import secrets
 import threading
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from typing import Dict, Optional
 
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ def generate_run_id() -> str:
     Format: run_YYYYMMDD_HHMMSS_<random>
     Example: run_20241231_143022_a1b2c3
     """
-    timestamp = datetime.utcnow().strftime("%Y%m%d_%H%M%S")
+    timestamp = datetime.now(timezone.utc).strftime("%Y%m%d_%H%M%S")
     random_suffix = secrets.token_hex(3)  # 6 characters
     return f"run_{timestamp}_{random_suffix}"
 
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class RunContext:
     """
     run_id: str = field(default_factory=generate_run_id)
     trace_id: str = field(default_factory=generate_trace_id)
-    start_time: datetime = field(default_factory=datetime.utcnow)
+    start_time: datetime = field(default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(timezone.utc))
     
     # Agent tracking
     agents: Dict[str, str] = field(default_factory=dict)  # name -> agent_id

src/praisonai/praisonai/cli/state/sessions.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Provides persistence and resume functionality for sessions.
 import json
 import shutil
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, TYPE_CHECKING
 
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ class SessionManager:
         session_dir = self._get_session_dir(session_id)
         session_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
         
-        now = datetime.utcnow()
+        now = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
         metadata = SessionMetadata(
             session_id=session_id,
             run_id=context.run_id,
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ class SessionManager:
         metadata = self._load_metadata(session_id)
         if metadata:
             metadata.event_count += 1
-            metadata.updated_at = datetime.utcnow()
+            metadata.updated_at = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
             self._save_metadata(metadata)
     
     def get(self, session_id: str) -> Optional[SessionMetadata]:
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ class SessionManager:
         metadata = self._load_metadata(session_id)
         if metadata:
             metadata.status = status
-            metadata.updated_at = datetime.utcnow()
+            metadata.updated_at = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
             self._save_metadata(metadata)
 
 

src/praisonai/praisonai/cli_backends/registry.py

@@ -8,10 +8,36 @@ Plugin registry for CLI backend implementations following AGENTS.md patterns:
 
 import threading
 from typing import Dict, Callable, Any, Optional, Union
+from .._registry import PluginRegistry
 
-# Thread-safe registry for CLI backend factories
-_REGISTRY: Dict[str, Callable[[], Any]] = {}
-_REGISTRY_LOCK = threading.Lock()
+# CLI Backend Registry using canonical PluginRegistry
+def _get_builtin_cli_backend_loaders() -> Dict[str, Callable[[], Any]]:
+    """Get built-in CLI backend loaders."""
+    def claude_loader():
+        def factory():
+            from .claude import ClaudeCodeBackend
+            return ClaudeCodeBackend()
+        return factory
+    
+    return {
+        "claude-code": claude_loader
+    }
+
+# Global CLI backend registry instance
+_cli_backend_registry: Optional[PluginRegistry] = None
+_registry_lock = threading.Lock()
+
+def _get_cli_backend_registry() -> PluginRegistry:
+    """Get the CLI backend registry instance."""
+    global _cli_backend_registry
+    if _cli_backend_registry is None:
+        with _registry_lock:
+            if _cli_backend_registry is None:
+                _cli_backend_registry = PluginRegistry(
+                    entry_point_group="praisonai.cli_backends",
+                    builtins=_get_builtin_cli_backend_loaders()
+                )
+    return _cli_backend_registry
 
 
 def register_cli_backend(backend_id: str, factory: Callable[[], Any]) -> None:
@@ -21,14 +47,18 @@ def register_cli_backend(backend_id: str, factory: Callable[[], Any]) -> None:
         backend_id: Unique identifier (e.g., "claude-code", "codex-cli") 
         factory: Factory function that returns a CliBackendProtocol instance
     """
-    with _REGISTRY_LOCK:
-        _REGISTRY[backend_id] = factory
+    # Wrap factory in a loader function for PluginRegistry
+    def factory_loader():
+        return factory
+    
+    registry = _get_cli_backend_registry()
+    registry.register(backend_id, factory_loader)
 
 
 def list_cli_backends() -> list[str]:
     """List all registered CLI backend IDs."""
-    with _REGISTRY_LOCK:
-        return list(_REGISTRY.keys())
+    registry = _get_cli_backend_registry()
+    return registry.list_names()
 
 
 def resolve_cli_backend(
@@ -47,12 +77,15 @@ def resolve_cli_backend(
     Raises:
         ValueError: If backend_id is not registered
     """
-    with _REGISTRY_LOCK:
-        if backend_id not in _REGISTRY:
-            available = list(_REGISTRY.keys())
-            raise ValueError(f"Unknown CLI backend: {backend_id}. Available: {available}")
-        
-        factory = _REGISTRY[backend_id]
+    registry = _get_cli_backend_registry()
+    
+    try:
+        # Get the factory loader and create the factory
+        factory_loader = registry.resolve(backend_id)
+        factory = factory_loader()
+    except ValueError:
+        available = registry.list_names()
+        raise ValueError(f"Unknown CLI backend: {backend_id}. Available: {available}")
     
     # Create instance with factory
     backend = factory()
@@ -77,24 +110,4 @@ def resolve_cli_backend(
     return backend
 
 
-def _register_builtin_backends() -> None:
-    """Register built-in CLI backends (lazy loaded)."""
-    # Only register if not already done
-    with _REGISTRY_LOCK:
-        if "claude-code" in _REGISTRY:
-            return
-    
-    def claude_factory():
-        from .claude import ClaudeCodeBackend
-        return ClaudeCodeBackend()
-    
-    register_cli_backend("claude-code", claude_factory)
-
-
-# Auto-register built-in backends on first access
-def __getattr__(name: str):
-    """Lazy registration trigger."""
-    _register_builtin_backends()
-    raise AttributeError(f"No attribute {name}")
-
-# Registration happens lazily via __getattr__ on first attribute access
+# Built-in backends are now registered via _get_builtin_cli_backend_loaders()

src/praisonai/praisonai/code/tools/write_file.py

@@ -58,9 +58,10 @@ def write_file(
         >>> if result['success']:
         ...     print(f"Wrote to {result['path']}")
     """
-    # Resolve path
-    if workspace and not os.path.isabs(path):
-        abs_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(workspace, path))
+    # Resolve path — default workspace is cwd so relative paths cannot escape
+    effective_workspace = workspace or os.getcwd()
+    if not os.path.isabs(path):
+        abs_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(effective_workspace, path))
     else:
         abs_path = os.path.abspath(path)
     
@@ -73,14 +74,12 @@ def write_file(
             'path': path,
         }
 
-    # Security check - ensure path is within workspace if specified
-    if workspace:
-        if not is_path_within_directory(abs_path, workspace):
-            return {
-                'success': False,
-                'error': f"Path '{path}' is outside the workspace",
-                'path': path,
-            }
+    if not is_path_within_directory(abs_path, effective_workspace):
+        return {
+            'success': False,
+            'error': f"Path '{path}' is outside the workspace",
+            'path': path,
+        }
     
     # Process content
     processed_content = content

src/praisonai/praisonai/db/adapter.py

@@ -554,6 +554,162 @@ class PraisonAIDB:
             return traces[: max(limit, 0)]
         return traces
     
+    # ========================================================================
+    # Async Surface for async-safe agents
+    # ========================================================================
+    
+    async def aon_agent_start(
+        self, 
+        session_id: str, 
+        name: str, 
+        agent_id: str = "", 
+        metadata: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Async version of on_agent_start."""
+        self._init_stores()
+        
+        if self._state_store:
+            if hasattr(self._state_store, "async_set_agent_state"):
+                await self._state_store.async_set_agent_state(
+                    session_id, 
+                    agent_id or name,
+                    {"status": "started", "metadata": metadata or {}}
+                )
+            else:
+                import asyncio
+                await asyncio.to_thread(
+                    self._state_store.set_agent_state,
+                    session_id, 
+                    agent_id or name,
+                    {"status": "started", "metadata": metadata or {}}
+                )
+
+    async def aon_user_message(
+        self,
+        session_id: str,
+        content: str,
+        metadata: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Async version of on_user_message."""
+        self._init_stores()
+        
+        if self._conversation_store:
+            from ..persistence.conversation.models import ConversationMessage
+            msg = ConversationMessage(
+                role="user",
+                content=content,
+                metadata=metadata or {}
+            )
+            
+            if hasattr(self._conversation_store, "async_add_message"):
+                await self._conversation_store.async_add_message(session_id, msg)
+            else:
+                import asyncio
+                await asyncio.to_thread(self._conversation_store.add_message, session_id, msg)
+
+    async def aon_agent_message(
+        self,
+        session_id: str,
+        content: str,
+        metadata: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Async version of on_agent_message."""
+        self._init_stores()
+        
+        if self._conversation_store:
+            from ..persistence.conversation.models import ConversationMessage
+            msg = ConversationMessage(
+                role="assistant", 
+                content=content,
+                metadata=metadata or {}
+            )
+            
+            if hasattr(self._conversation_store, "async_add_message"):
+                await self._conversation_store.async_add_message(session_id, msg)
+            else:
+                import asyncio
+                await asyncio.to_thread(self._conversation_store.add_message, session_id, msg)
+
+    async def aon_tool_call(
+        self,
+        session_id: str,
+        tool_name: str,
+        arguments: Dict[str, Any],
+        result: Any = None,
+        metadata: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Async version of on_tool_call."""
+        self._init_stores()
+        
+        if self._conversation_store:
+            if hasattr(self._conversation_store, "async_add_tool_call"):
+                await self._conversation_store.async_add_tool_call(
+                    session_id, tool_name, arguments, result, metadata
+                )
+            elif hasattr(self._conversation_store, "add_tool_call"):
+                import asyncio
+                await asyncio.to_thread(
+                    self._conversation_store.add_tool_call,
+                    session_id, tool_name, arguments, result, metadata
+                )
+
+    async def aon_agent_end(
+        self,
+        session_id: str,
+        name: str,
+        agent_id: str = "",
+        metadata: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Async version of on_agent_end."""
+        self._init_stores()
+        
+        if self._state_store:
+            if hasattr(self._state_store, "async_set_agent_state"):
+                await self._state_store.async_set_agent_state(
+                    session_id,
+                    agent_id or name,
+                    {"status": "ended", "metadata": metadata or {}}
+                )
+            else:
+                import asyncio
+                await asyncio.to_thread(
+                    self._state_store.set_agent_state,
+                    session_id,
+                    agent_id or name,
+                    {"status": "ended", "metadata": metadata or {}}
+                )
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        """Async version of close."""
+        stores = [self._conversation_store, self._state_store, self._knowledge_store]
+        
+        for store in stores:
+            if store is None:
+                continue
+            if hasattr(store, "async_close"):
+                await store.async_close()
+            else:
+                import asyncio
+                await asyncio.to_thread(store.close)
+
+    async def __aenter__(self):
+        """Async context manager entry."""
+        self._init_stores()
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        """Async context manager exit."""
+        await self.aclose()
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        """Sync context manager entry."""
+        self._init_stores()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        """Sync context manager exit."""
+        self.close()
+    
     def close(self) -> None:
         """Close all database connections."""
         if self._conversation_store:

src/praisonai/praisonai/deploy.py

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class CloudDeployer:
             file.write("FROM python:3.11-slim\n")
             file.write("WORKDIR /app\n")
             file.write("COPY . .\n")
-            file.write("RUN pip install flask praisonai==4.6.37 gunicorn markdown\n")
+            file.write("RUN pip install flask praisonai==4.6.41 gunicorn markdown\n")
             file.write("EXPOSE 8080\n")
             file.write('CMD ["gunicorn", "-b", "0.0.0.0:8080", "api:app"]\n')
             
@@ -76,7 +76,8 @@ class CloudDeployer:
         with open("api.py", "w") as file:
             file.write("from flask import Flask\n")
             file.write("from praisonai import PraisonAI\n")
-            file.write("import markdown\n\n")
+            file.write("import markdown\n")
+            file.write("import bleach\n\n")
             file.write("app = Flask(__name__)\n\n")
             file.write("def basic():\n")
             file.write("    praisonai = PraisonAI(agent_file=\"agents.yaml\")\n")
@@ -84,8 +85,9 @@ class CloudDeployer:
             file.write("@app.route('/')\n")
             file.write("def home():\n")
             file.write("    output = basic()\n")
-            file.write("    html_output = markdown.markdown(output)\n")
-            file.write("    return f'<html><body>{html_output}</body></html>'\n\n")
+            file.write("    rendered = markdown.markdown(str(output))\n")
+            file.write("    safe_html = bleach.clean(rendered, tags=bleach.sanitizer.ALLOWED_TAGS, attributes=bleach.sanitizer.ALLOWED_ATTRIBUTES)\n")
+            file.write("    return f'<html><body>{safe_html}</body></html>'\n\n")
             file.write("if __name__ == \"__main__\":\n")
             file.write("    import os\n")
             file.write("    app.run(debug=os.environ.get('DEBUG', 'false').lower() == 'true')\n")

src/praisonai/praisonai/framework_adapters/autogen_adapter.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Provides lazy-loaded integration with AutoGen v0.2, AutoGen v0.4, and AG2 framew
 """
 
 import logging
-from typing import Dict, List, Any
+from typing import Dict, List, Any, Optional, Callable
 from .base import BaseFrameworkAdapter
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -26,7 +26,17 @@ class AutoGenAdapter(BaseFrameworkAdapter):
         except ImportError:
             return False
     
-    def run(self, config: Dict[str, Any], llm_config: List[Dict], topic: str) -> str:
+    def run(
+        self,
+        config: Dict[str, Any],
+        llm_config: List[Dict],
+        topic: str,
+        *,
+        tools_dict: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        agent_callback: Optional[Callable] = None,
+        task_callback: Optional[Callable] = None,
+        cli_config: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    ) -> str:
         """
         Run AutoGen v0.2 with given configuration.
         
@@ -34,6 +44,10 @@ class AutoGenAdapter(BaseFrameworkAdapter):
             config: AutoGen configuration with agents
             llm_config: LLM configuration list
             topic: Topic for the tasks
+            tools_dict: Available tools dictionary
+            agent_callback: Callback for agent events
+            task_callback: Callback for task events
+            cli_config: CLI configuration
             
         Returns:
             Execution result as string
@@ -110,7 +124,17 @@ class AutoGenV4Adapter(BaseFrameworkAdapter):
         except ImportError:
             return False
     
-    def run(self, config: Dict[str, Any], llm_config: List[Dict], topic: str) -> str:
+    def run(
+        self,
+        config: Dict[str, Any],
+        llm_config: List[Dict],
+        topic: str,
+        *,
+        tools_dict: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        agent_callback: Optional[Callable] = None,
+        task_callback: Optional[Callable] = None,
+        cli_config: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    ) -> str:
         """
         Run AutoGen v0.4 with given configuration.
         
@@ -118,6 +142,10 @@ class AutoGenV4Adapter(BaseFrameworkAdapter):
             config: AutoGen v0.4 configuration with agents
             llm_config: LLM configuration list
             topic: Topic for the tasks
+            tools_dict: Available tools dictionary
+            agent_callback: Callback for agent events
+            task_callback: Callback for task events
+            cli_config: CLI configuration
             
         Returns:
             Execution result as string
@@ -128,7 +156,7 @@ class AutoGenV4Adapter(BaseFrameworkAdapter):
         # For now, return a proper error message instead of delegating
         # TODO: Implement full AutoGen v0.4 adapter logic
         logger.warning("AutoGen v0.4 adapter is not yet fully implemented")
-        return "### AutoGen v0.4 Output ###\nAutoGen v0.4 adapter is not yet fully implemented. Please use 'autogen' framework for AutoGen v0.2 support."
+        raise NotImplementedError("AutoGen v0.4 adapter is not yet fully implemented. Please use 'autogen' framework for AutoGen v0.2 support.")
 
 
 class AG2Adapter(BaseFrameworkAdapter):
@@ -148,7 +176,17 @@ class AG2Adapter(BaseFrameworkAdapter):
         except Exception:
             return False
     
-    def run(self, config: Dict[str, Any], llm_config: List[Dict], topic: str) -> str:
+    def run(
+        self,
+        config: Dict[str, Any],
+        llm_config: List[Dict],
+        topic: str,
+        *,
+        tools_dict: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        agent_callback: Optional[Callable] = None,
+        task_callback: Optional[Callable] = None,
+        cli_config: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    ) -> str:
         """
         Run AG2 with given configuration.
         
@@ -156,6 +194,10 @@ class AG2Adapter(BaseFrameworkAdapter):
             config: AG2 configuration with agents
             llm_config: LLM configuration list  
             topic: Topic for the tasks
+            tools_dict: Available tools dictionary
+            agent_callback: Callback for agent events
+            task_callback: Callback for task events
+            cli_config: CLI configuration
             
         Returns:
             Execution result as string
@@ -166,4 +208,4 @@ class AG2Adapter(BaseFrameworkAdapter):
         # For now, return a proper error message instead of delegating
         # TODO: Implement full AG2 adapter logic
         logger.warning("AG2 adapter is not yet fully implemented")
-        return "### AG2 Output ###\nAG2 adapter is not yet fully implemented. Please use 'autogen' framework for AutoGen/AG2 support."
+        raise NotImplementedError("AG2 adapter is not yet fully implemented. Please use 'autogen' framework for AutoGen/AG2 support.")

src/praisonai/praisonai/framework_adapters/registry.py

@@ -3,148 +3,68 @@ Framework Adapter Registry for PraisonAI.
 
 Provides a registry pattern for managing framework adapters with entry points support,
 enabling dynamic registration and discovery of framework adapters.
-Mirrors the design of integrations/registry.py for consistency.
+Uses dependency injection instead of singleton pattern.
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import threading
-from importlib.metadata import entry_points
 from typing import Dict, Type, Optional
 import logging
 
 from .base import FrameworkAdapter
+from .._registry import PluginRegistry
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-class FrameworkAdapterRegistry:
+def _crewai_loader():
+    from .crewai_adapter import CrewAIAdapter
+    return CrewAIAdapter
+
+def _autogen_loader():
+    from .autogen_adapter import AutoGenAdapter
+    return AutoGenAdapter
+
+def _autogen_v4_loader():
+    from .autogen_adapter import AutoGenV4Adapter
+    return AutoGenV4Adapter
+
+def _ag2_loader():
+    from .autogen_adapter import AG2Adapter
+    return AG2Adapter
+
+def _praisonai_loader():
+    from .praisonai_adapter import PraisonAIAdapter
+    return PraisonAIAdapter
+
+# Built-in framework adapters with lazy loading
+_BUILTIN_ADAPTERS = {
+    "crewai": _crewai_loader,
+    "autogen": _autogen_loader,
+    "autogen_v4": _autogen_v4_loader,
+    "ag2": _ag2_loader,
+    "praisonai": _praisonai_loader,
+}
+
+class FrameworkAdapterRegistry(PluginRegistry[FrameworkAdapter]):
     """
     Registry for framework adapters.
     
     Provides centralized management of framework adapters with support
     for dynamic registration, entry points discovery, and availability checking.
     
-    Uses singleton pattern to ensure consistent state across the application.
+    Uses dependency injection pattern instead of singleton.
     """
-    
-    _instance: Optional["FrameworkAdapterRegistry"] = None
-    _instance_lock = threading.Lock()
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         """Initialize the registry with built-in adapters."""
-        self._adapters: Dict[str, Type[FrameworkAdapter]] = {}
-        self._lock = threading.Lock()
-        self._register_builtin()
-        self._register_entry_points()
-
-    @classmethod
-    def get_instance(cls) -> "FrameworkAdapterRegistry":
-        """
-        Get the singleton registry instance.
-        
-        Returns:
-            FrameworkAdapterRegistry: The singleton registry
-        """
-        if cls._instance is None:
-            with cls._instance_lock:
-                if cls._instance is None:
-                    cls._instance = cls()
-        return cls._instance
-
-    def _register_builtin(self) -> None:
-        """Register built-in framework adapters with lazy imports."""
-        # Lazy, optional imports - mirrors integrations/registry.py pattern
-        try:
-            from .crewai_adapter import CrewAIAdapter
-            self._adapters["crewai"] = CrewAIAdapter
-        except ImportError:
-            pass
-        
-        try:
-            from .autogen_adapter import AutoGenAdapter, AutoGenV4Adapter, AG2Adapter
-            self._adapters["autogen"] = AutoGenAdapter
-            self._adapters["autogen_v4"] = AutoGenV4Adapter
-            self._adapters["ag2"] = AG2Adapter
-        except ImportError:
-            pass
-        
-        try:
-            from .praisonai_adapter import PraisonAIAdapter
-            self._adapters["praisonai"] = PraisonAIAdapter
-        except ImportError:
-            pass
-
-    def _register_entry_points(self) -> None:
-        """Register framework adapters from entry points."""
-        try:
-            for ep in entry_points(group="praisonai.framework_adapters"):
-                try:
-                    adapter_class = ep.load()
-                    self._adapters[ep.name] = adapter_class
-                except Exception:
-                    # Do not break framework dispatch because one plugin is broken.
-                    # Surface via structured logging instead of swallowing silently.
-                    logger.warning(
-                        "Failed to load framework adapter %r from entry point",
-                        ep.name,
-                        exc_info=True,
-                    )
-        except Exception:
-            # entry_points() might not be available in older Python versions
-            # or in certain packaging environments
-            logger.debug("Entry points not available for framework adapters")
-
-    def register(self, name: str, adapter_class: Type[FrameworkAdapter]) -> None:
-        """
-        Register a new framework adapter.
-        
-        Args:
-            name: Unique name for the adapter
-            adapter_class: The adapter class (must implement FrameworkAdapter protocol)
-        """
-        # Note: We don't enforce strict type checking here since FrameworkAdapter is a Protocol
-        # and isinstance() doesn't work with Protocols. The runtime will catch typing issues.
-        with self._lock:
-            self._adapters[name] = adapter_class
-
-    def unregister(self, name: str) -> bool:
-        """
-        Unregister a framework adapter.
-        
-        Args:
-            name: Name of the adapter to unregister
-            
-        Returns:
-            bool: True if the adapter was found and removed, False otherwise
-        """
-        with self._lock:
-            return self._adapters.pop(name, None) is not None
-
-    def create(self, name: str) -> FrameworkAdapter:
-        """
-        Create an instance of the specified framework adapter.
-        
-        Args:
-            name: Name of the adapter to create
-            
-        Returns:
-            FrameworkAdapter: Instance of the adapter
-            
-        Raises:
-            ValueError: If the adapter is not found
-        """
-        with self._lock:
-            adapter_class = self._adapters.get(name)
-        
-        if adapter_class is None:
-            raise ValueError(
-                f"Unsupported framework: {name}. "
-                f"Registered: {sorted(self._adapters)}"
-            )
-        
-        return adapter_class()
+        super().__init__(
+            entry_point_group="praisonai.framework_adapters",
+            builtins=_BUILTIN_ADAPTERS
+        )
 
+    # Backward compatibility aliases - delegate to parent methods
     def list_registered(self) -> list[str]:
         """
         List all registered framework adapter names.
@@ -152,8 +72,7 @@ class FrameworkAdapterRegistry:
         Returns:
             list[str]: Sorted list of registered adapter names
         """
-        with self._lock:
-            return sorted(self._adapters)
+        return self.list_names()
 
     def is_available(self, name: str) -> bool:
         """
@@ -174,4 +93,19 @@ class FrameworkAdapterRegistry:
             return adapter.is_available()
         except Exception:
             logger.warning("is_available() raised for adapter %r", name, exc_info=True)
-            return False
+            return False
+
+
+# Default registry (lazy, module-private). NOT exposed as a singleton getter.
+_default_registry: Optional[FrameworkAdapterRegistry] = None
+_default_lock = threading.Lock()
+
+
+def get_default_registry() -> FrameworkAdapterRegistry:
+    """Return the process-default registry. Prefer DI; use this only at the edge."""
+    global _default_registry
+    if _default_registry is None:
+        with _default_lock:
+            if _default_registry is None:
+                _default_registry = FrameworkAdapterRegistry()
+    return _default_registry

src/praisonai/praisonai/framework_adapters/validators.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Provides early validation of framework availability to fail fast at CLI entry
 rather than inside run() methods after expensive setup work.
 """
 
-from .registry import FrameworkAdapterRegistry
+from .registry import get_default_registry
 
 
 # Install hints for common frameworks
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def assert_framework_available(name: str) -> None:
     Raises:
         ImportError: If framework is not available with actionable install hint
     """
-    registry = FrameworkAdapterRegistry.get_instance()
+    registry = get_default_registry()
     
     if not registry.is_available(name):
         hint = _INSTALL_HINTS.get(name, f"pip install {name}")

src/praisonai/praisonai/gateway/exec_approval.py

@@ -256,17 +256,42 @@ class ExecApprovalManager:
             logger.debug("Expired approval request: %s", rid)
 
 
-# ── Module-level singleton accessor ──────────────────────────────────
+# ── Manager accessor (non-singleton) ─────────────────────────────────
 
-_global_manager: Optional[ExecApprovalManager] = None
+# Default manager for CLI/backward compatibility
+_default_manager: Optional[ExecApprovalManager] = None
 _manager_lock = threading.Lock()
 
 
-def get_exec_approval_manager(ttl: float = 300.0) -> ExecApprovalManager:
-    """Get or create the global :class:`ExecApprovalManager` singleton."""
-    global _global_manager
-    if _global_manager is None:
+def get_default_exec_approval_manager(ttl: float = 300.0) -> ExecApprovalManager:
+    """Get the default exec approval manager (for CLI and backward compatibility).
+    
+    Args:
+        ttl: Seconds before approval requests auto-expire (default 5 min).
+        
+    Returns:
+        The default ExecApprovalManager instance.
+    """
+    global _default_manager
+    if _default_manager is None:
         with _manager_lock:
-            if _global_manager is None:
-                _global_manager = ExecApprovalManager(ttl=ttl)
-    return _global_manager
+            if _default_manager is None:
+                _default_manager = ExecApprovalManager(ttl=ttl)
+    return _default_manager
+
+
+def get_exec_approval_manager(ttl: float = 300.0) -> ExecApprovalManager:
+    """Backward compatibility alias for get_default_exec_approval_manager."""
+    return get_default_exec_approval_manager(ttl)
+
+
+def create_exec_approval_manager(ttl: float = 300.0) -> ExecApprovalManager:
+    """Create a new exec approval manager instance (for per-agent use).
+    
+    Args:
+        ttl: Seconds before approval requests auto-expire (default 5 min).
+        
+    Returns:
+        A new ExecApprovalManager instance.
+    """
+    return ExecApprovalManager(ttl=ttl)

src/praisonai/praisonai/inbuilt_tools/__init__.py

@@ -1,49 +1,33 @@
-# Lazy availability checks using find_spec (no actual import)
-# This avoids the ~3200ms crewai import at CLI startup
+"""Lazy access to autogen_tools, with `find_spec` startup probes for crewai/autogen."""
 import importlib.util
+from praisonai.auto import _load_optional
 
 CREWAI_AVAILABLE = importlib.util.find_spec("crewai") is not None
 AUTOGEN_AVAILABLE = importlib.util.find_spec("autogen") is not None
-PRAISONAI_TOOLS_AVAILABLE = False
+PRAISONAI_TOOLS_PACKAGE_AVAILABLE = importlib.util.find_spec("praisonai_tools") is not None
+
+
+def _load_autogen_tools():
+    # Load the autogen_tools module unconditionally since it can work with just praisonai_tools
+    import importlib
+    return importlib.import_module(__name__ + ".autogen_tools")
 
-# Guard against recursive imports
-_importing_autogen_tools = False
-_autogen_tools_module = None
 
-# Lazy import helper - only imports when actually needed
 def _get_autogen_tools():
-    """Lazy import autogen_tools only when needed."""
-    global PRAISONAI_TOOLS_AVAILABLE, _importing_autogen_tools, _autogen_tools_module
-    
-    # Return cached module if already imported
-    if _autogen_tools_module is not None:
-        return _autogen_tools_module
-    
-    # Prevent recursive import
-    if _importing_autogen_tools:
-        return None
-    
-    if CREWAI_AVAILABLE or AUTOGEN_AVAILABLE:
-        try:
-            _importing_autogen_tools = True
-            from . import autogen_tools
-            _autogen_tools_module = autogen_tools
-            PRAISONAI_TOOLS_AVAILABLE = True
-            return autogen_tools
-        except ImportError:
-            pass
-        finally:
-            _importing_autogen_tools = False
-    return None
+    """Thread-safe, single-shot lazy import. Negative result is cached too."""
+    return _load_optional("inbuilt_autogen_tools", _load_autogen_tools)
 
-# For backward compatibility, provide __getattr__ for lazy access
+
+def _praisonai_tools_available() -> bool:
+    """Read-only accessor — never mutate this from inside a function."""
+    return PRAISONAI_TOOLS_PACKAGE_AVAILABLE or _get_autogen_tools() is not None
+
+
+# Backward-compat: keep the constant, computed lazily on attribute access.
 def __getattr__(name):
-    """Lazy load autogen_tools exports on demand."""
-    # Avoid recursion during import
-    if _importing_autogen_tools:
-        raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__!r} has no attribute {name!r}")
-    
+    if name == "PRAISONAI_TOOLS_AVAILABLE":
+        return _praisonai_tools_available()
     tools_module = _get_autogen_tools()
-    if tools_module and hasattr(tools_module, name):
+    if tools_module is not None and hasattr(tools_module, name):
         return getattr(tools_module, name)
     raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__!r} has no attribute {name!r}")

src/praisonai/praisonai/integrations/registry.py

@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ Features:
 - Backward compatibility with existing get_available_integrations()
 
 Usage:
-    from praisonai.integrations.registry import ExternalAgentRegistry
+    from praisonai.integrations.registry import get_default_registry
     
-    # Get singleton registry
-    registry = ExternalAgentRegistry.get_instance()
+    # Get default registry (or inject custom for multi-tenant)
+    registry = get_default_registry()
     
     # Register custom integration
     registry.register('my-agent', MyCustomIntegration)
@@ -30,67 +30,50 @@ import threading
 from typing import Dict, Type, Optional, Any, List
 
 from .base import BaseCLIIntegration
+from .._registry import PluginRegistry
 
 
-class ExternalAgentRegistry:
+def _claude_code_loader():
+    from .claude_code import ClaudeCodeIntegration
+    return ClaudeCodeIntegration
+
+def _gemini_cli_loader():
+    from .gemini_cli import GeminiCLIIntegration
+    return GeminiCLIIntegration
+
+def _codex_cli_loader():
+    from .codex_cli import CodexCLIIntegration
+    return CodexCLIIntegration
+
+def _cursor_cli_loader():
+    from .cursor_cli import CursorCLIIntegration
+    return CursorCLIIntegration
+
+# Built-in external agent integrations with lazy loading
+_BUILTIN_INTEGRATIONS = {
+    "claude": _claude_code_loader,
+    "gemini": _gemini_cli_loader,
+    "codex": _codex_cli_loader,
+    "cursor": _cursor_cli_loader,
+}
+
+
+class ExternalAgentRegistry(PluginRegistry[BaseCLIIntegration]):
     """
     Registry for external CLI integrations.
     
     Provides centralized management of external agent integrations
     with support for dynamic registration and availability checking.
     
-    Uses singleton pattern to ensure consistent state across the application.
+    Uses dependency injection pattern instead of singleton.
     """
     
-    _instance: Optional['ExternalAgentRegistry'] = None
-    _instance_lock = threading.Lock()
-    
     def __init__(self):
         """Initialize the registry with built-in integrations."""
-        self._integrations: Dict[str, Type[BaseCLIIntegration]] = {}
-        self._lock = threading.Lock()
-        self._register_builtin_integrations()
-    
-    @classmethod
-    def get_instance(cls) -> 'ExternalAgentRegistry':
-        """
-        Get the singleton registry instance.
-        
-        Returns:
-            ExternalAgentRegistry: The singleton registry
-        """
-        if cls._instance is None:
-            with cls._instance_lock:
-                if cls._instance is None:
-                    cls._instance = cls()
-        return cls._instance
-    
-    def _register_builtin_integrations(self):
-        """Register built-in integrations."""
-        # Lazy imports to avoid circular dependencies and performance impact
-        try:
-            from .claude_code import ClaudeCodeIntegration
-            self._integrations['claude'] = ClaudeCodeIntegration
-        except ImportError:
-            pass
-        
-        try:
-            from .gemini_cli import GeminiCLIIntegration
-            self._integrations['gemini'] = GeminiCLIIntegration
-        except ImportError:
-            pass
-        
-        try:
-            from .codex_cli import CodexCLIIntegration
-            self._integrations['codex'] = CodexCLIIntegration
-        except ImportError:
-            pass
-        
-        try:
-            from .cursor_cli import CursorCLIIntegration
-            self._integrations['cursor'] = CursorCLIIntegration
-        except ImportError:
-            pass
+        super().__init__(
+            entry_point_group="praisonai.external_agents", 
+            builtins=_BUILTIN_INTEGRATIONS
+        )
     
     def register(self, name: str, integration_class: Type[BaseCLIIntegration]) -> None:
         """
@@ -108,24 +91,19 @@ class ExternalAgentRegistry:
                 f"Integration class {integration_class.__name__} must inherit from BaseCLIIntegration"
             )
         
-        # Thread-safe registration
-        with self._lock:
-            self._integrations[name] = integration_class
+        # Delegate to parent
+        super().register(name, integration_class)
     
-    def unregister(self, name: str) -> bool:
+    # Backward compatibility methods
+    def list_registered(self) -> List[str]:
         """
-        Unregister an external agent integration.
+        List all registered integration names.
         
-        Args:
-            name: Name of the integration to unregister
-            
         Returns:
-            bool: True if the integration was found and removed, False otherwise
+            List[str]: List of registered integration names
         """
-        # Thread-safe unregistration with atomic check-then-delete
-        with self._lock:
-            return self._integrations.pop(name, None) is not None
-    
+        return self.list_names()
+        
     def create(self, name: str, **kwargs: Any) -> Optional[BaseCLIIntegration]:
         """
         Create an instance of the specified integration.
@@ -137,23 +115,10 @@ class ExternalAgentRegistry:
         Returns:
             BaseCLIIntegration: Instance of the integration, or None if not found
         """
-        with self._lock:
-            integration_class = self._integrations.get(name)
-        
-        if integration_class is None:
+        try:
+            return super().create(name, **kwargs)
+        except ValueError:
             return None
-        
-        return integration_class(**kwargs)
-    
-    def list_registered(self) -> List[str]:
-        """
-        List all registered integration names.
-        
-        Returns:
-            List[str]: List of registered integration names
-        """
-        with self._lock:
-            return list(self._integrations.keys())
     
     async def get_available(self) -> Dict[str, bool]:
         """
@@ -165,8 +130,9 @@ class ExternalAgentRegistry:
         import inspect
         availability = {}
         
+        # Get snapshot of all items from parent class
         with self._lock:
-            snapshot = list(self._integrations.items())
+            snapshot = list(self._items.items())
         
         for name, integration_class in snapshot:
             try:
@@ -201,15 +167,30 @@ class ExternalAgentRegistry:
         return [name for name, available in availability.items() if available]
 
 
-# Factory functions for convenient access
+# Default registry (lazy, module-private). NOT exposed as a singleton getter.
+_default_registry: Optional[ExternalAgentRegistry] = None
+_default_lock = threading.Lock()
+
+
+def get_default_registry() -> ExternalAgentRegistry:
+    """Return the process-default registry. Prefer DI; use this only at the edge.""" 
+    global _default_registry
+    if _default_registry is None:
+        with _default_lock:
+            if _default_registry is None:
+                _default_registry = ExternalAgentRegistry()
+    return _default_registry
+
+
+# Factory functions for convenient access - using default registry
 def get_registry() -> ExternalAgentRegistry:
     """
-    Get the singleton external agent registry.
+    Get the default external agent registry.
     
     Returns:
-        ExternalAgentRegistry: The singleton registry instance
+        ExternalAgentRegistry: The default registry instance
     """
-    return ExternalAgentRegistry.get_instance()
+    return get_default_registry()
 
 
 def register_integration(name: str, integration_class: Type[BaseCLIIntegration]) -> None:
@@ -220,7 +201,7 @@ def register_integration(name: str, integration_class: Type[BaseCLIIntegration])
         name: Unique name for the integration
         integration_class: The integration class (must inherit from BaseCLIIntegration)
     """
-    registry = get_registry()
+    registry = get_default_registry()
     registry.register(name, integration_class)
 
 
@@ -235,7 +216,7 @@ def create_integration(name: str, **kwargs: Any) -> Optional[BaseCLIIntegration]
     Returns:
         BaseCLIIntegration: Instance of the integration, or None if not found
     """
-    registry = get_registry()
+    registry = get_default_registry()
     return registry.create(name, **kwargs)
 
 
@@ -249,7 +230,7 @@ def get_available_integrations() -> Dict[str, bool]:
         Dict[str, bool]: Mapping of integration name to availability status
     """
     import asyncio
-    registry = get_registry()
+    registry = get_default_registry()
     
     from .._async_bridge import run_sync
     return run_sync(registry.get_available())

src/praisonai/praisonai/jobs/models.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Defines the data structures for job submission, status, and results.
 import uuid
 from enum import Enum
 from typing import Optional, Dict, Any, List
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, field_validator
 import socket
 import ipaddress
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ class Job(BaseModel):
     run_id: Optional[str] = Field(None)
     
     # Timestamps
-    created_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=datetime.utcnow)
+    created_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(timezone.utc))
     started_at: Optional[datetime] = Field(None)
     completed_at: Optional[datetime] = Field(None)
     
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ class Job(BaseModel):
         """Calculate job duration."""
         if self.started_at is None:
             return None
-        end_time = self.completed_at or datetime.utcnow()
+        end_time = self.completed_at or datetime.now(timezone.utc)
         return (end_time - self.started_at).total_seconds()
     
     @property
@@ -247,26 +247,26 @@ class Job(BaseModel):
     def start(self):
         """Mark job as started."""
         self.status = JobStatus.RUNNING
-        self.started_at = datetime.utcnow()
+        self.started_at = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
     
     def succeed(self, result: Any, metrics: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None):
         """Mark job as succeeded."""
         self.status = JobStatus.SUCCEEDED
         self.result = result
         self.metrics = metrics
-        self.completed_at = datetime.utcnow()
+        self.completed_at = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
         self.progress_percentage = 100.0
     
     def fail(self, error: str):
         """Mark job as failed."""
         self.status = JobStatus.FAILED
         self.error = error
-        self.completed_at = datetime.utcnow()
+        self.completed_at = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
     
     def cancel(self):
         """Mark job as cancelled."""
         self.status = JobStatus.CANCELLED
-        self.completed_at = datetime.utcnow()
+        self.completed_at = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
         self._cancel_requested = True
     
     def update_progress(

src/praisonai/praisonai/jobs/router.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Provides HTTP endpoints for job management.
 import asyncio
 import logging
 from typing import Optional
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 
 from fastapi import APIRouter, HTTPException, Header, Request, Query, Response
 from sse_starlette.sse import EventSourceResponse
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ def create_router(store: JobStore, executor: JobExecutor) -> APIRouter:
                         # Send heartbeat
                         yield {
                             "event": "heartbeat",
-                            "data": f'{{"timestamp": "{datetime.utcnow().isoformat()}"}}'
+                            "data": f'{{"timestamp": "{datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()}"}}'
                         }
             finally:
                 executor.unregister_progress_callback(job_id)

src/praisonai/praisonai/jobs/store.py

@@ -83,8 +83,9 @@ class InMemoryJobStore(JobStore):
     def _get_lock(self) -> asyncio.Lock:
         """Get the asyncio lock, creating it lazily if needed.
         
-        This deferred creation is required for Python 3.9 compatibility
-        where asyncio.Lock() calls get_event_loop() at creation time.
+        Deferred creation avoids touching the event loop at __init__ time,
+        which keeps the store safe to instantiate from sync contexts on
+        Python 3.9 (where asyncio.Lock() implicitly calls get_event_loop()).
         """
         if self.__lock is None:
             self.__lock = asyncio.Lock()
@@ -125,14 +126,14 @@ class InMemoryJobStore(JobStore):
     
     async def get(self, job_id: str) -> Optional[Job]:
         """Get a job by ID."""
-        return self._jobs.get(job_id)
+        async with self._get_lock():
+            return self._jobs.get(job_id)
     
     async def get_by_idempotency_key(self, key: str) -> Optional[Job]:
         """Get a job by idempotency key."""
-        job_id = self._idempotency_keys.get(key)
-        if job_id:
-            return self._jobs.get(job_id)
-        return None
+        async with self._get_lock():
+            job_id = self._idempotency_keys.get(key)
+            return self._jobs.get(job_id) if job_id else None
     
     async def list_jobs(
         self,
@@ -142,9 +143,10 @@ class InMemoryJobStore(JobStore):
         offset: int = 0
     ) -> List[Job]:
         """List jobs with optional filters."""
-        jobs = list(self._jobs.values())
+        async with self._get_lock():
+            jobs = list(self._jobs.values())
         
-        # Apply filters
+        # Apply filters outside the lock - values() snapshot is already taken
         if status:
             jobs = [j for j in jobs if j.status == status]
         if session_id:
@@ -162,7 +164,8 @@ class InMemoryJobStore(JobStore):
         session_id: Optional[str] = None
     ) -> int:
         """Count jobs matching filters."""
-        jobs = list(self._jobs.values())
+        async with self._get_lock():
+            jobs = list(self._jobs.values())
         
         if status:
             jobs = [j for j in jobs if j.status == status]
@@ -201,15 +204,20 @@ class InMemoryJobStore(JobStore):
             
             return len(to_remove)
     
-    def get_stats(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    async def get_stats(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
         """Get store statistics."""
+        async with self._get_lock():
+            # Take a snapshot to avoid RuntimeError if the dict is mutated concurrently
+            jobs_snapshot = list(self._jobs.values())
+            idempotency_count = len(self._idempotency_keys)
+        
         status_counts = {}
-        for job in self._jobs.values():
+        for job in jobs_snapshot:
             status_counts[job.status.value] = status_counts.get(job.status.value, 0) + 1
         
         return {
-            "total_jobs": len(self._jobs),
-            "idempotency_keys": len(self._idempotency_keys),
+            "total_jobs": len(jobs_snapshot),
+            "idempotency_keys": idempotency_count,
             "max_jobs": self._max_jobs,
             "status_counts": status_counts
         }

src/praisonai/praisonai/llm/registry.py

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ Example:
 
 from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Type, Union
 import threading
+from .._registry import PluginRegistry
 
 
 # Type aliases
@@ -30,171 +31,46 @@ ProviderFactory = Callable[[str, Optional[Dict[str, Any]]], Any]
 ProviderType = Union[ProviderClass, ProviderFactory]
 
 
-class LLMProviderRegistry:
+class LLMProviderRegistry(PluginRegistry[ProviderType]):
     """
     Registry for LLM providers.
     
     Manages registration and resolution of LLM providers by name.
     Supports lazy loading, aliases, and isolated instances.
     Thread-safe for concurrent operations.
+    
+    Now inherits from PluginRegistry to eliminate duplication.
     """
     
-    _instance: Optional["LLMProviderRegistry"] = None
-    _instance_lock = threading.Lock()
-    
     def __init__(self):
-        """Initialize an empty registry."""
-        self._providers: Dict[str, ProviderType] = {}
-        self._aliases: Dict[str, str] = {}  # alias -> canonical name
-        self._lock = threading.RLock()  # RLock for re-entrant calls
-        # Register built-in providers during initialization
-        _register_builtin_providers(self)
-    
-    @classmethod
-    def get_instance(cls) -> "LLMProviderRegistry":
-        """
-        Get the singleton registry instance.
+        """Initialize LLM provider registry."""
+        # Get built-in provider loaders
+        builtins = _get_builtin_provider_loaders()
         
-        Returns:
-            LLMProviderRegistry: The singleton registry instance
-        """
-        if cls._instance is None:
-            with cls._instance_lock:
-                if cls._instance is None:
-                    cls._instance = cls()
-        return cls._instance
+        # Initialize parent with entry points and builtins
+        super().__init__(
+            entry_point_group="praisonai.llm_providers",
+            builtins=builtins
+        )
+        
+        # Register aliases for built-in providers
+        self._register_builtin_aliases()
     
-    def register(
-        self,
-        name: str,
-        provider: ProviderType,
-        *,
-        override: bool = False,
-        aliases: Optional[List[str]] = None
-    ) -> None:
-        """
-        Register a provider by name.
+    def _register_builtin_aliases(self) -> None:
+        """Register aliases for built-in providers."""
+        aliases_map = [
+            ("openai", ("oai",)),
+            ("anthropic", ("claude",)),
+            ("google", ("gemini", "google_genai")),
+        ]
         
-        Args:
-            name: Provider name (e.g., 'cloudflare', 'ollama')
-            provider: Provider class or factory function
-            override: Allow overwriting existing registration
-            aliases: Additional names that resolve to this provider
-            
-        Raises:
-            ValueError: If name is already registered (unless override=True)
-        """
         with self._lock:
-            normalized_name = name.lower()
-            
-            # Check for existing registration
-            if normalized_name in self._providers and not override:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    f"Provider '{name}' is already registered. "
-                    f"Use override=True to replace it."
-                )
-            
-            # Check if this canonical name conflicts with existing alias
-            if normalized_name in self._aliases and not override:
-                existing_target = self._aliases[normalized_name] 
-                raise ValueError(
-                    f"Cannot register provider '{name}' - it conflicts with existing alias "
-                    f"(currently points to '{existing_target}'). Use override=True to replace it."
-                )
-            
-            # If override=True, clean up any existing alias before registering canonical name
-            if override and normalized_name in self._aliases:
-                del self._aliases[normalized_name]
-            
-            self._providers[normalized_name] = provider
-            
-            # Register aliases
-            if aliases:
-                for alias in aliases:
-                    normalized_alias = alias.lower()
-                    # Check collision with existing provider name
-                    if normalized_alias in self._providers and not override:
-                        raise ValueError(
-                            f"Alias '{alias}' conflicts with existing provider name. "
-                            f"Use override=True to replace it."
-                        )
-                    # Check collision with existing alias
-                    if normalized_alias in self._aliases and not override:
-                        existing_target = self._aliases[normalized_alias]
-                        raise ValueError(
-                            f"Alias '{alias}' is already registered (points to '{existing_target}'). "
-                            f"Use override=True to replace it."
-                        )
-                    self._aliases[normalized_alias] = normalized_name
+            for name, aliases in aliases_map:
+                if name in self._items:  # Only add aliases if the provider loaded
+                    for alias in aliases:
+                        self._aliases[alias.lower()] = name.lower()
     
-    def unregister(self, name: str) -> bool:
-        """
-        Unregister a provider by name.
-        
-        Args:
-            name: Provider name to unregister
-            
-        Returns:
-            True if provider was unregistered, False if not found
-        """
-        with self._lock:
-            normalized_name = name.lower()
-            
-            # Check if it's an alias
-            if normalized_name in self._aliases:
-                del self._aliases[normalized_name]
-                return True
-            
-            # Check if it's a canonical name
-            if normalized_name in self._providers:
-                # Remove all aliases pointing to this provider
-                aliases_to_remove = [
-                    alias for alias, canonical in self._aliases.items()
-                    if canonical == normalized_name
-                ]
-                for alias in aliases_to_remove:
-                    del self._aliases[alias]
-                
-                del self._providers[normalized_name]
-                return True
-            
-            return False
-    
-    def has(self, name: str) -> bool:
-        """
-        Check if a provider is registered.
-        
-        Args:
-            name: Provider name to check
-            
-        Returns:
-            True if provider is registered
-        """
-        with self._lock:
-            normalized_name = name.lower()
-            return normalized_name in self._providers or normalized_name in self._aliases
-    
-    def list(self) -> List[str]:
-        """
-        List all registered provider names (canonical names only).
-        
-        Returns:
-            List of provider names
-        """
-        with self._lock:
-            return list(self._providers.keys())
-    
-    def list_all(self) -> List[str]:
-        """
-        List all names including aliases.
-        
-        Returns:
-            List of all registered names and aliases
-        """
-        with self._lock:
-            return list(self._providers.keys()) + list(self._aliases.keys())
-    
-    def resolve(
+    def resolve_provider(
         self,
         name: str,
         model_id: str,
@@ -214,23 +90,69 @@ class LLMProviderRegistry:
         Raises:
             ValueError: If provider not found
         """
-        with self._lock:
-            normalized_name = name.lower()
-            
-            # Resolve alias to canonical name
-            canonical_name = self._aliases.get(normalized_name, normalized_name)
-            
-            provider = self._providers.get(canonical_name)
-            if provider is None:
-                available = list(self._providers.keys())  # Don't call self.list() to avoid double-locking
-                raise ValueError(
-                    f"Unknown provider: '{name}'. "
-                    f"Available providers: {', '.join(available) if available else 'none'}. "
-                    f"Register a custom provider with register_llm_provider('{name}', YourProviderClass)."
-                )
-        
+        provider_cls = self.resolve(name)
         # Create instance outside the lock
-        return provider(model_id, config)
+        return provider_cls(model_id, config)
+
+    def register_provider(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        provider: ProviderType,
+        *,
+        override: bool = False,
+        aliases: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Register a provider by name with override validation.
+        
+        Args:
+            name: Provider name (e.g., 'cloudflare', 'ollama')
+            provider: Provider class or factory function
+            override: Allow overwriting existing registration
+            aliases: Additional names that resolve to this provider
+            
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If name is already registered (unless override=True)
+        """
+        # Check for existing registration if override is False
+        if not override and self.is_available(name):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Provider '{name}' is already registered. "
+                f"Use override=True to replace it."
+            )
+        
+        # Check alias conflicts if override is False
+        if not override and aliases:
+            for alias in aliases:
+                if self.is_available(alias):
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"Alias '{alias}' is already registered. "
+                        f"Use override=True to replace it."
+                    )
+        
+        # If override=True, unregister existing entries first
+        if override:
+            self.unregister(name)
+            if aliases:
+                for alias in aliases:
+                    self.unregister(alias)
+        
+        # Use parent class registration
+        self.register(name, provider, aliases=aliases)
+    
+    # Inherit unregister, is_available, list_names from parent
+    # Add backwards compatibility aliases
+    def has(self, name: str) -> bool:
+        """Check if a provider is registered (alias for is_available)."""
+        return self.is_available(name)
+    
+    def list(self) -> List[str]:
+        """List provider names (alias for list_names)."""
+        return self.list_names()
+    
+    def list_all(self) -> List[str]:
+        """List all names including aliases (alias for list_all_names)."""
+        return self.list_all_names()
     
     def get(self, name: str) -> Optional[ProviderType]:
         """
@@ -242,30 +164,40 @@ class LLMProviderRegistry:
         Returns:
             Provider class/factory or None
         """
-        with self._lock:
-            normalized_name = name.lower()
-            canonical_name = self._aliases.get(normalized_name, normalized_name)
-            return self._providers.get(canonical_name)
+        try:
+            return self.resolve(name)
+        except ValueError:
+            return None
 
 
 # ============================================================================
-# Default Registry Singleton
+# Default Registry Instance (No Singleton)
 # ============================================================================
 
+# Default module-level registry instance
+_default_llm_registry: Optional[LLMProviderRegistry] = None
+_default_llm_lock = threading.Lock()
+
 def get_default_llm_registry() -> LLMProviderRegistry:
     """
     Get the default global LLM provider registry.
     
     This is the registry used by create_llm_provider() when no custom registry
-    is specified. Uses the thread-safe singleton pattern.
+    is specified. Uses lazy initialization pattern.
     """
-    return LLMProviderRegistry.get_instance()
+    global _default_llm_registry
+    if _default_llm_registry is None:
+        with _default_llm_lock:
+            if _default_llm_registry is None:
+                _default_llm_registry = LLMProviderRegistry()
+    return _default_llm_registry
 
 
-def _register_builtin_providers(registry: LLMProviderRegistry) -> None:
+def _get_builtin_provider_loaders() -> Dict[str, Callable[[], ProviderType]]:
     """
-    Register built-in providers to a registry.
+    Get built-in provider loaders.
     
+    Returns a dict of name -> loader function that creates provider factories.
     Uses lazy loading to avoid importing heavy dependencies at module load time.
     """
     # Built-in adapter that wraps LiteLLM so create_llm_provider works out of the box.
@@ -324,13 +256,22 @@ def _register_builtin_providers(registry: LLMProviderRegistry) -> None:
             return _LiteLLMProvider(model_id, cfg)
         return factory
 
+    # Build loader dict for the canonical PluginRegistry
+    loaders: Dict[str, Callable[[], ProviderType]] = {}
+    
     # Cover the providers parse_model_string() already special-cases.
     for name, aliases in [
         ("openai",    ("oai",)),
         ("anthropic", ("claude",)),
         ("google",    ("gemini", "google_genai")),
     ]:
-        registry.register(name, _make_litellm_factory(name), aliases=list(aliases))
+        # Use local function to capture name correctly in closure
+        def make_loader(provider_name):
+            return lambda: _make_litellm_factory(provider_name)
+        loaders[name] = make_loader(name)
+        # Note: aliases will be registered separately via PluginRegistry.register()
+    
+    return loaders
 
 
 def register_llm_provider(
@@ -354,7 +295,7 @@ def register_llm_provider(
         
         register_llm_provider("cloudflare", CloudflareProvider)
     """
-    get_default_llm_registry().register(name, provider, override=override, aliases=aliases)
+    get_default_llm_registry().register_provider(name, provider, override=override, aliases=aliases)
 
 
 def unregister_llm_provider(name: str) -> bool:
@@ -456,12 +397,12 @@ def create_llm_provider(
         name = input_value["name"]
         model_id = input_value.get("model_id", "default")
         provider_config = input_value.get("config") or config
-        return reg.resolve(name, model_id, provider_config)
+        return reg.resolve_provider(name, model_id, provider_config)
     
     # Case 3: String - parse and resolve
     if isinstance(input_value, str):
         parsed = parse_model_string(input_value)
-        return reg.resolve(parsed["provider_id"], parsed["model_id"], config)
+        return reg.resolve_provider(parsed["provider_id"], parsed["model_id"], config)
     
     raise ValueError(
         f"Invalid provider input. Expected string, provider instance, or spec dict. "
@@ -471,5 +412,6 @@ def create_llm_provider(
 
 def _reset_default_registry() -> None:
     """Reset the default registry (mainly for testing)."""
-    with LLMProviderRegistry._instance_lock:
-        LLMProviderRegistry._instance = None
+    global _default_llm_registry
+    with _default_llm_lock:
+        _default_llm_registry = None