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186 lines
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ReStructuredText
186 lines
6.0 KiB
ReStructuredText
====================
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The LLVM gold plugin
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====================
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Introduction
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============
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Building with link time optimization requires cooperation from
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the system linker. LTO support on Linux systems is available via the
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`gold linker`_ which supports LTO via plugins. This is the same mechanism
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used by the `GCC LTO`_ project.
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The LLVM gold plugin implements the gold plugin interface on top of
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:ref:`libLTO`. The same plugin can also be used by other tools such as
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``ar`` and ``nm``. Note that ld.bfd from binutils version 2.21.51.0.2
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and above also supports LTO via plugins. However, usage of the LLVM
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gold plugin with ld.bfd is not tested and therefore not officially
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supported or recommended.
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.. _`gold linker`: http://sourceware.org/binutils
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.. _`GCC LTO`: http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/LinkTimeOptimization
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.. _`gold plugin interface`: http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/whopr/driver
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.. _lto-how-to-build:
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How to build it
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===============
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You need to have gold with plugin support and build the LLVMgold plugin.
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The gold linker is installed as ld.gold. To see whether gold is the default
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on your system, run ``/usr/bin/ld -v``. It will report "GNU
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gold" or else "GNU ld" if not. If gold is already installed at
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``/usr/bin/ld.gold``, one option is to simply make that the default by
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backing up your existing ``/usr/bin/ld`` and creating a symbolic link
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with ``ln -s /usr/bin/ld.gold /usr/bin/ld``. Alternatively, you can build
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with clang's ``-fuse-ld=gold`` or add ``-fuse-ld=gold`` to LDFLAGS, which will
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cause the clang driver to invoke ``/usr/bin/ld.gold`` directly.
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If you have gold installed, check for plugin support by running
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``/usr/bin/ld.gold -plugin``. If it complains "missing argument" then
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you have plugin support. If not, and you get an error such as "unknown option",
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then you will either need to build gold or install a version with plugin
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support.
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* Download, configure and build gold with plugin support:
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.. code-block:: bash
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$ git clone --depth 1 git://sourceware.org/git/binutils-gdb.git binutils
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$ mkdir build
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$ cd build
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$ ../binutils/configure --enable-gold --enable-plugins --disable-werror
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$ make all-gold
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That should leave you with ``build/gold/ld-new`` which supports
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the ``-plugin`` option. Running ``make`` will additionally build
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``build/binutils/ar`` and ``nm-new`` binaries supporting plugins.
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Once you're ready to switch to using gold, backup your existing
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``/usr/bin/ld`` then replace it with ``ld-new``. Alternatively, install
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in ``/usr/bin/ld.gold`` and use ``-fuse-ld=gold`` as described earlier.
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Optionally, add ``--enable-gold=default`` to the above configure invocation
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to automatically install the newly built gold as the default linker with
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``make install``.
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* Build the LLVMgold plugin. Run CMake with
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``-DLLVM_BINUTILS_INCDIR=/path/to/binutils/include``. The correct include
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path will contain the file ``plugin-api.h``.
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Usage
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=====
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You should produce bitcode files from ``clang`` with the option
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``-flto``. This flag will also cause ``clang`` to look for the gold plugin in
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the ``lib`` directory under its prefix and pass the ``-plugin`` option to
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``ld``. It will not look for an alternate linker without ``-fuse-ld=gold``,
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which is why you otherwise need gold to be the installed system linker in
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your path.
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``ar`` and ``nm`` also accept the ``-plugin`` option and it's possible to
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to install ``LLVMgold.so`` to ``/usr/lib/bfd-plugins`` for a seamless setup.
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If you built your own gold, be sure to install the ``ar`` and ``nm-new`` you
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built to ``/usr/bin``.
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Example of link time optimization
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---------------------------------
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The following example shows a worked example of the gold plugin mixing LLVM
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bitcode and native code.
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.. code-block:: c
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--- a.c ---
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#include <stdio.h>
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extern void foo1(void);
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extern void foo4(void);
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void foo2(void) {
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printf("Foo2\n");
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}
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void foo3(void) {
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foo4();
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}
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int main(void) {
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foo1();
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}
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--- b.c ---
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#include <stdio.h>
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extern void foo2(void);
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void foo1(void) {
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foo2();
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}
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void foo4(void) {
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printf("Foo4");
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}
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.. code-block:: bash
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--- command lines ---
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$ clang -flto a.c -c -o a.o # <-- a.o is LLVM bitcode file
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$ ar q a.a a.o # <-- a.a is an archive with LLVM bitcode
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$ clang b.c -c -o b.o # <-- b.o is native object file
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$ clang -flto a.a b.o -o main # <-- link with LLVMgold plugin
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Gold informs the plugin that foo3 is never referenced outside the IR,
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leading LLVM to delete that function. However, unlike in the :ref:`libLTO
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example <libLTO-example>` gold does not currently eliminate foo4.
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Quickstart for using LTO with autotooled projects
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=================================================
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Once your system ``ld``, ``ar``, and ``nm`` all support LLVM bitcode,
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everything is in place for an easy to use LTO build of autotooled projects:
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* Follow the instructions :ref:`on how to build LLVMgold.so
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<lto-how-to-build>`.
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* Install the newly built binutils to ``$PREFIX``
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* Copy ``Release/lib/LLVMgold.so`` to ``$PREFIX/lib/bfd-plugins/``
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* Set environment variables (``$PREFIX`` is where you installed clang and
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binutils):
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.. code-block:: bash
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export CC="$PREFIX/bin/clang -flto"
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export CXX="$PREFIX/bin/clang++ -flto"
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export AR="$PREFIX/bin/ar"
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export NM="$PREFIX/bin/nm"
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export RANLIB=/bin/true #ranlib is not needed, and doesn't support .bc files in .a
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* Or you can just set your path:
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.. code-block:: bash
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export PATH="$PREFIX/bin:$PATH"
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export CC="clang -flto"
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export CXX="clang++ -flto"
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export RANLIB=/bin/true
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* Configure and build the project as usual:
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.. code-block:: bash
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% ./configure && make && make check
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The environment variable settings may work for non-autotooled projects too,
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but you may need to set the ``LD`` environment variable as well.
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Licensing
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=========
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Gold is licensed under the GPLv3. LLVMgold uses the interface file
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``plugin-api.h`` from gold which means that the resulting ``LLVMgold.so``
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binary is also GPLv3. This can still be used to link non-GPLv3 programs
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just as much as gold could without the plugin.
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