ps1: implement GTE command timing

ps1: fix breakpoint and address-error exceptions
ps1: fix spu envelopes and cd audio capture
2026-11-07 17:01:59 -10:00 · 2026-11-06 21:32:31 +00:00 · 2026-11-06 21:31:44 +00:00 · 2026-11-04 19:53:25 +00:00 · 2026-11-04 19:23:03 +00:00 · 2026-11-03 15:34:12 +00:00
2669 changed files with 263307 additions and 321815 deletions
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 # yaml-language-server: $schema=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BlankSpruce/gersemi/master/gersemi/configuration.schema.json

-color: false
 definitions: [ares/CMakeLists.txt]
 line_length: 120
 indent: 2
 list_expansion: favour-inlining
-quiet: false
 unsafe: false
 warn_about_unknown_commands: false
-workers: 10
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# dummy GitHub target used to enable editing of GitHub files within generated IDE projects
+
+add_library(.github INTERFACE)
+
+set(.github_sources
+    ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
+    ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
+    ISSUE_TEMPLATE/game-issue-report.md
+    scripts/build_macos.sh
+    scripts/build_sdl.sh
+    scripts/build_ubuntu.sh
+    scripts/build_windows.sh
+    scripts/package_artifacts.sh
+    workflows/build-aux.yml
+    workflows/build.yml
+    workflows/pr.yml
+    workflows/push.yml
+    workflows/release.yml
+)
+
+target_sources(
+  .github
+  PRIVATE
+  ${.github_sources}
+  ../.gitignore
+  ../.gitattributes
+  ../README.md
+  ../LICENSE
+)
+
+source_group(TREE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR} FILES ${.github_sources})
+
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+
+# clone the SDL repository
+git clone https://github.com/libsdl-org/SDL.git
+# change into the SDL directory
+pushd SDL
+mkdir build
+# build SDL
+cmake -S . -B build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release
+cmake --build build --config Release
+# install SDL libs and include files to /usr/local
+sudo cmake --install build --prefix=/usr/local
+popd
@@ -17,11 +17,13 @@ jobs:
          msystem: mingw64
          install: make git cmake ccache ninja mingw-w64-x86_64-toolchain
          target-cmake-preset: windows-ci-mingw-native
-        - name: windows-clang-cl-x64
+        - name: windows-mingw-clang64-x64
          os: windows-latest
-          windres: rc
-          shell: bash
-          target-cmake-preset: windows-ci-cl-native
+          compiler: clang++
+          shell: 'msys2 {0}'
+          msystem: clang64
+          install: make git cmake ccache ninja mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-clang
+          target-cmake-preset: windows-ci-mingw-native
        - name: windows-arm64
          os: windows-11-arm
          compiler: clang++
@@ -56,6 +58,14 @@ jobs:
          os: ubuntu-24.04-arm
          shell: bash
          target-cmake-preset: ubuntu-ci-clang
+        - name: ubuntu-gcc-arm64-qt
+          os: ubuntu-24.04-arm
+          shell: bash
+          target-cmake-preset: ubuntu-ci-qt
+        - name: freebsd
+          os: ubuntu-24.04
+          shell: cpa.sh {0}
+          target-cmake-preset: ubuntu-ci-clang
    name: ${{ matrix.program }}-${{ matrix.platform.name }}
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform.os }}
    defaults:
@@ -78,12 +88,15 @@ jobs:
      run: |
        git config core.autocrlf true
    - name: Install Linux Dependencies
-      if: runner.os == 'Linux'
+      if: runner.os == 'Linux' && matrix.platform.name != 'freebsd'
      run: |
        sudo apt-get update -y -qq
-        sudo apt-get install cmake ccache ninja-build libsdl2-dev libgtk-3-dev libao-dev libopenal-dev
+        sudo apt-get install cmake ccache ninja-build libsdl2-dev libgtk-3-dev qt6-base-dev
+    - name: Build SDL3
+      if: runner.os == 'Linux' && matrix.platform.name != 'freebsd'
+      run: .github/scripts/build_sdl.sh
    - name: "Build: Linux"
-      if: runner.os == 'Linux'
+      if: runner.os == 'Linux' && matrix.platform.name != 'freebsd'
      run: .github/scripts/build_ubuntu.sh
      env:
        TARGET_PRESET: ${{ matrix.platform.target-cmake-preset }}
@@ -95,6 +108,23 @@ jobs:
        CROSS_COMPILE: ${{ matrix.platform.native-cmake-preset != '' }}
        NATIVE_PRESET: ${{ matrix.platform.native-cmake-preset }}
        TARGET_PRESET: ${{ matrix.platform.target-cmake-preset }}
+    - name: "Start FreeBSD VM"
+      if: matrix.platform.name == 'freebsd'
+      uses: cross-platform-actions/action@e0b9770014ba65d5e0815f15b74031c3a635f641
+      with:
+        operating_system: freebsd
+        version: '15.1'
+    - name: "Install FreeBSD Dependencies"
+      if: matrix.platform.name == 'freebsd'
+      run: |
+        sudo pkg upgrade -y
+        sudo pkg install -y cmake-core pkgconf ccache ninja gtk3 sdl3 librashader
+    - name: "Build: FreeBSD"
+      if: matrix.platform.name == 'freebsd'
+      env:
+        TARGET_PRESET: ${{ matrix.platform.target-cmake-preset }}
+      shell: cpa.sh {0} --environment-variables TARGET_PRESET
+      run: .github/scripts/build_ubuntu.sh
    - name: "Compress Build Artifacts (Windows)"
      if: runner.os != 'macOS' && runner.os != 'Linux'
      run: |
@@ -24,11 +24,9 @@ jobs:
        platform:
        - name: windows-x64
          os: windows-latest
-          compiler: clang++
-          shell: 'msys2 {0}'
-          msystem: clang64
-          install: make git cmake ccache ninja mingw-w64-clang-x86_64-clang
-          target-cmake-preset: windows-ci-mingw-native
+          windres: rc
+          shell: bash
+          target-cmake-preset: windows-ci-cl-native
        - name: windows-clang-cl-arm64
          os: windows-latest
          windres: rc
@@ -77,6 +75,7 @@ jobs:
    - name: Install macOS Dependencies
      if: runner.os == 'macOS'
      run: |
+        brew uninstall --ignore-dependencies cmake
        brew install ${{ matrix.platform.install }}
    - name: "Build: Windows"
      if: runner.os != 'macOS' && runner.os != 'Linux'
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 name: Release
+permissions:
+  contents: write
 on:
  workflow_call:
    inputs:
@@ -41,6 +41,9 @@ desktop-ui/resource/resource.hpp
 mia/resource/resource.cpp
 mia/resource/resource.hpp

+# Exclude Qt generated MOC file
+hiro/qt/qt.moc
+
 # Exclude fetched third-party processor test binaries
 tests/arm7tdmi/tests
 tests/m68000/tests
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.28...4.0)
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.28...4.1)

 include("${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/common/bootstrap.cmake" NO_POLICY_SCOPE)

@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ include(compilerconfig)
 include(defaults)
 include(helpers)

-add_subdirectory(cmake)
-
 add_subdirectory(thirdparty)

 add_subdirectory(nall/nall)
@@ -20,8 +18,8 @@ add_subdirectory(hiro)
 # gersemi: off
 set(
  ARES_CORES
-  a26 fc sfc sg ms md ps1 pce ng msx cv myvision gb gba ws ngp spec n64
-  CACHE STRING LIST
+  a26 a52 fc sfc sg ms md ps1 pce ng msx cv myvision gb gba ws ngp spec n64
+  CACHE STRING "List of systems to be built by the project"
 )
 # gersemi: on

@@ -32,24 +30,28 @@ add_subdirectory(desktop-ui)
 option(ARES_BUILD_OPTIONAL_TARGETS "Include supplemental tools and tests" OFF)

 if(ARES_BUILD_OPTIONAL_TARGETS)
+  enable_testing()
  add_subdirectory(tests/arm7tdmi)
+  add_subdirectory(tests/armv6m)
  add_subdirectory(tests/i8080)
  add_subdirectory(tests/m68000)
-  if(NOT OS_WINDOWS AND NOT OS_MACOS)
+  if(HIRO_BACKEND STREQUAL "GTK3")
    add_subdirectory(tools/genius)
  else()
    target_disable_subproject(genius "genius (database editor)")
  endif()
-  add_subdirectory(tools/mame2bml)
 else()
  target_disable_subproject(arm7tdmi "arm7tdmi processor test harness")
+  target_disable_subproject(armv6m "armv6m processor test harness")
  target_disable_subproject(i8080 "i8080 processor test harness")
  target_disable_subproject(m68000 "m68000 processor test harness")
-  target_disable_subproject(mame2bml "mame2bml (MAME manifest converter)")
  target_disable_subproject(genius "genius (database editor)")
 endif()

 add_subdirectory(tools/sourcery)

 message_configuration()
+
+add_subdirectory(.github)
+add_subdirectory(cmake)
 return()
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
        "rhs": "Windows"
      },
      "binaryDir": "${sourceDir}/build_vsclang",
-      "generator": "Visual Studio 17 2022",
+      "generator": "Visual Studio 18 2026",
      "toolset": "ClangCL",
      "cacheVariables": {
        "ENABLE_CCACHE": true
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
        "rhs": "Windows"
      },
      "binaryDir": "${sourceDir}/build_msvc",
-      "generator": "Visual Studio 17 2022",
+      "generator": "Visual Studio 18 2026",
      "cacheVariables": {
        "ENABLE_CCACHE": true
      }
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
      "binaryDir": "${sourceDir}/build",
      "cacheVariables": {
        "CMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES": {"type": "STRING", "value": "x86_64;arm64"},
-        "CMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET": {"type": "STRING", "value": "10.15"},
+        "CMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET": {"type": "STRING", "value": "11.0"},
        "ARES_CODESIGN_IDENTITY": {"type": "STRING", "value": "$penv{MACOS_CERTIFICATE_NAME}"},
        "ARES_CODESIGN_TEAM": {"type": "STRING", "value": "$penv{MACOS_NOTARIZATION_TEAMID}"},
        "ENABLE_CCACHE": true,
@@ -103,7 +103,8 @@
        "ARES_BUILD_OPTIONAL_TARGETS": true,
        "ARES_UNITY_CORES": true,
        "ARES_PRECOMPILE_HEADERS": true,
-        "CMAKE_MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY": {"type": "STRING", "value": "MultiThreaded"}
+        "CMAKE_MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY": {"type": "STRING", "value": "MultiThreaded"},
+        "CMAKE_IGNORE_PATH": {"type": "STRING", "value": "C:/Strawberry/c/bin/"}
      }
    },
    {
@@ -117,7 +118,7 @@
      "name": "windows-ci-cl-native",
      "displayName": "Windows for CI (x64 ClangCL)",
      "description": "Single-arch binary for building on Github Actions",
-      "generator": "Visual Studio 17 2022",
+      "generator": "Visual Studio 18 2026",
      "inherits": ["windows-ci-base"],
      "toolset": "ClangCL"
    },
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@
      "displayName": "Windows for CI (arm64 ClangCL)",
      "description": "Single-arch binary for building on Github Actions",
      "inherits": ["windows-ci-base"],
-      "generator": "Visual Studio 17 2022",
+      "generator": "Visual Studio 18 2026",
      "architecture": "arm64",
      "toolset": "ClangCL",
      "cacheVariables": {
@@ -137,14 +138,14 @@
      "name": "windows-ci-msvc-native",
      "displayName": "Windows for CI (x64 MSVC)",
      "description": "Single-arch binary for building on Github Actions",
-      "generator": "Visual Studio 17 2022",
+      "generator": "Visual Studio 18 2026",
      "inherits": ["windows-ci-base"]
    },
    {
      "name": "windows-ci-msvc-cross",
      "displayName": "Windows for CI (arm64 MSVC)",
      "description": "Single-arch binary for building on Github Actions",
-      "generator": "Visual Studio 17 2022",
+      "generator": "Visual Studio 18 2026",
      "architecture": "arm64",
      "inherits": ["windows-ci-base"],
      "cacheVariables": {
@@ -160,6 +161,7 @@
      "cacheVariables": {
        "CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE": {"type": "STRING", "value": "RelWithDebInfo"},
        "ENABLE_CCACHE": true,
+        "ENABLE_IPO": false,
        "ARES_BUILD_LOCAL": false,
        "ARES_BUILD_OPTIONAL_TARGETS": true,
        "ARES_PRECOMPILE_HEADERS": false
@@ -174,6 +176,16 @@
        "CMAKE_C_COMPILER": "clang",
        "CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER": "clang++"
      }
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "ubuntu-ci-qt",
+      "displayName": "Ubuntu CI (arm64, gcc, Qt)",
+      "description": "Single-arch binary for building on Github Actions",
+      "inherits": ["ubuntu-ci"],
+      "cacheVariables": {
+        "USE_QT6": true,
+        "ARES_BUILD_OPTIONAL_TARGETS": false
+      }
    }
  ],
  "buildPresets": [
@@ -16,6 +16,40 @@ ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
 OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------

+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+MAME-derived ROM decryption and arcade database
+
+Portions of the ROM decryption code are derived from MAME source files
+licensed under the BSD 3-Clause License. The arcade database is generated
+from MAME machine data.
+
+Copyright (c) 1997-2026 MAMEdev and contributors. All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
+   this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+   this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+   and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its contributors
+   may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+   without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
+CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
+SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
+INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
+CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
+POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 Stack-less Just-In-Time compiler

@@ -38,12 +38,18 @@ When started from the command-line, ares accepts a few options.
 Usage: ./ares [options] game(s)

  --help                 Displays available options and exit
+  --version              Displays the version string of the application
+  --terminal             Create new terminal window (Windows only)
  --fullscreen           Start in full screen mode
+  --pseudofullscreen     Start in pseudo full screen mode
+  --kiosk                Start in minimal UI mode (implies --no-file-prompt)
  --system system        Specify the system name
  --shader shader        Specify a slang shader to load (requires OpenGL or Metal)
  --setting name=value   Specify a value for a setting
  --dump-all-settings    Show a list of all existing settings and exit
  --no-file-prompt       Do not prompt to load (optional) additional roms (eg: 64DD)
+  --settings-file path   Specify a settings file override (settings.bml)
+  --save-state slot      Specify a save state slot to load (1-9)
 ```

 The --system option is useful when the system type cannot be auto-detected.
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ if(ARES_PRECOMPILE_HEADERS)
  target_precompile_headers(ares PRIVATE "$<$<COMPILE_LANGUAGE:CXX>:ares/ares.hpp>")
 endif()

-target_link_libraries(ares PUBLIC libco sljit nall)
+target_link_libraries(ares PRIVATE libco ares::nall::headers $<$<BOOL:${ARES_ENABLE_CHD}>:chdr-static> PUBLIC sljit)

 if(ARES_PROFILE_ACCURACY)
  target_compile_definitions(ares PUBLIC PROFILE_ACCURACY)
@@ -99,6 +99,18 @@ target_sources(
    ares/node/video/video.hpp
 )

+target_sources(
+  ares
+  PRIVATE
+    ares/node/debugger/debugger.hpp
+    ares/node/debugger/graphics.hpp
+    ares/node/debugger/memory.hpp
+    ares/node/debugger/properties.hpp
+    ares/node/debugger/tracer/tracer.hpp
+    ares/node/debugger/tracer/instruction.hpp
+    ares/node/debugger/tracer/notification.hpp
+)
+
 if(OS_WINDOWS)
  include(cmake/os-windows.cmake)
 elseif(OS_MACOS)
@@ -140,6 +152,13 @@ else()
  disable_core("Atari 2600")
 endif()

+if(a52 IN_LIST ARES_CORES)
+  enable_core("Atari 5200")
+  add_subdirectory(a52)
+else()
+  disable_core("Atari 5200")
+endif()
+
 if(fc IN_LIST ARES_CORES)
  enable_core("NES / Famicom")
  add_subdirectory(fc)
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-ares_components(mos6502)
+ares_components(arm7tdmi armv6m m24c mos6502)

 ares_add_sources(
  CORE #
@@ -10,6 +10,9 @@ ares_add_sources(
    controller/controller.cpp
    cartridge/cartridge.cpp
    cpu/cpu.cpp
+    elf/elf.cpp
+    harmony/harmony.cpp
+    video/video.cpp
    tia/tia.cpp
    riot/riot.cpp
 )
@@ -19,6 +22,7 @@ ares_add_sources(
    a26
  INCLUDED #
    a26.hpp
+    persistent-memory.hpp
    CMakeLists.txt
 )

@@ -36,11 +40,48 @@ ares_add_sources(
    cartridge/board/board.cpp
    cartridge/board/board.hpp
    cartridge/board/commavid.cpp
+    cartridge/board/cdf.cpp
+    cartridge/board/bus.cpp
+    cartridge/board/chetiry.cpp
+    cartridge/board/fa2.cpp
+    cartridge/board/dpc-plus.cpp
+    cartridge/board/elf.cpp
    cartridge/board/linear.cpp
+    cartridge/board/movie-cart.cpp
    cartridge/board/parker-bros.cpp
    cartridge/board/tigervision.cpp
 )

+ares_add_sources(
+  CORE #
+    a26
+  INCLUDED #
+    movie-cart/format.hpp
+)
+
+ares_add_sources(
+  CORE #
+    a26
+  INCLUDED #
+    elf/elf.hpp
+    elf/queue.cpp
+    elf/parser.cpp
+    elf/linker.cpp
+    elf/memory.cpp
+    elf/vcslib.cpp
+    elf/runtime.cpp
+)
+
+ares_add_sources(
+  CORE #
+    a26
+  INCLUDED #
+    harmony/harmony.hpp
+    harmony/memory.cpp
+    harmony/serialization.cpp
+    harmony/timing.cpp
+)
+
 ares_add_sources(
  CORE #
    a26
@@ -50,6 +91,25 @@ ares_add_sources(
    controller/port.hpp
    controller/gamepad/gamepad.cpp
    controller/gamepad/gamepad.hpp
+    controller/booster-grip/booster-grip.cpp
+    controller/booster-grip/booster-grip.hpp
+    controller/sega-genesis/sega-genesis.cpp
+    controller/sega-genesis/sega-genesis.hpp
+    controller/joy2b-plus/joy2b-plus.cpp
+    controller/joy2b-plus/joy2b-plus.hpp
+    controller/savekey/savekey.cpp
+    controller/savekey/savekey.hpp
+    controller/atarivox/atarivox.cpp
+    controller/atarivox/atarivox.hpp
+    controller/atarivox/speakjet.cpp
+    controller/atarivox/speakjet.hpp
+    controller/kidvid/audio.cpp
+    controller/kidvid/audio.hpp
+    controller/kidvid/kidvid.cpp
+    controller/kidvid/kidvid.hpp
+    controller/kidvid/tables.hpp
+    controller/quadtari/quadtari.cpp
+    controller/quadtari/quadtari.hpp
 )

 ares_add_sources(
@@ -81,18 +141,33 @@ ares_add_sources(
    system/system.hpp
 )

+ares_add_sources(
+  CORE #
+    a26
+  INCLUDED #
+    video/color.cpp
+    video/receiver.cpp
+    video/serialization.cpp
+    video/video.hpp
+)
+
 ares_add_sources(
  CORE #
    a26
  INCLUDED #
    tia/audio.cpp
+    tia/analog.cpp
    tia/ball.cpp
-    tia/color.cpp
+    tia/collision.cpp
    tia/io.cpp
    tia/missile.cpp
+    tia/objects.cpp
    tia/player.cpp
    tia/playfield.cpp
+    tia/priority.cpp
    tia/serialization.cpp
+    tia/timing.cpp
    tia/tia.hpp
+    tia/trigger.cpp
    tia/write-queue.cpp
 )
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-
 #include <a26/cartridge/cartridge.cpp>
 #include <a26/controller/controller.cpp>
 #include <a26/cpu/cpu.cpp>
+#include <a26/elf/elf.cpp>
+#include <a26/harmony/harmony.cpp>
+#include <a26/video/video.cpp>
 #include <a26/riot/riot.cpp>
 #include <a26/system/system.cpp>
 #include <a26/tia/tia.cpp>
@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
 #pragma once

 #include <ares/ares.hpp>
+#include <array>
+#include <vector>

 #include <component/processor/mos6502/mos6502.hpp>
+#include <component/processor/arm7tdmi/arm7tdmi.hpp>
+#include <component/processor/armv6m/armv6m.hpp>
+#include <component/eeprom/m24c/m24c.hpp>

 namespace ares::Atari2600 {
  #include <ares/inline.hpp>
-  auto enumerate() -> vector<string>;
+  auto enumerate() -> std::vector<string>;
  auto load(Node::System& node, string name) -> bool;

  struct Region {
@@ -15,11 +20,15 @@ namespace ares::Atari2600 {
    static inline auto SECAM() -> bool;
  };

+  #include <a26/movie-cart/format.hpp>
+  #include <a26/persistent-memory.hpp>
  #include <a26/controller/controller.hpp>
  #include <a26/system/system.hpp>
+  #include <a26/elf/elf.hpp>
+  #include <a26/harmony/harmony.hpp>
  #include <a26/cartridge/cartridge.hpp>
  #include <a26/cpu/cpu.hpp>
+  #include <a26/video/video.hpp>
  #include <a26/tia/tia.hpp>
  #include <a26/riot/riot.hpp>
 }
-
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+struct Activision8k : Interface {
+  using Interface::Interface;
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  n1 bank;
+  bool lastAccessWasFE;
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
+  }
+
+  auto save() -> void override {
+  }
+
+  auto unload() -> void override {
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    if(address.bit(12)) data = rom.read((bank * 0x1000) + (address & 0xfff));
+    access(address, data);
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    access(address, data);
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    bank = 0;
+    lastAccessWasFE = false;
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    s(bank);
+    s(lastAccessWasFE);
+  }
+
+private:
+  auto access(n16 address, n8 data) -> void {
+    if(lastAccessWasFE) {
+      //Released 8 KiB FE cartridges ignore D7-D6 and invert D5 to select one of two banks.
+      bank = data.bit(5) ^ 1;
+      lastAccessWasFE = false;
+      return;
+    }
+    lastAccessWasFE = address == 0x01fe;
+  }
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+struct AmigaFC : Interface {
+  using Interface::Interface;
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  u32 bankCount = 0;
+  u8 activeBank = 0;
+  u8 targetBank = 0;
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    if(!Interface::load(rom, "program.rom")) return;
+    bankCount = rom.size() / 4_KiB;
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(address == 0x1ffc) activeBank = targetBank % bankCount;
+    if(address.bit(12)) return rom.read(activeBank * 0x1000 + (address & 0xfff));
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(address == 0x1ff8) {
+      targetBank = data & 3;
+    } else if(address == 0x1ff9) {
+      auto highBank = (u32)data << 2;
+      if(highBank < bankCount) {
+        targetBank += highBank;
+        targetBank %= bankCount;
+      } else {
+        targetBank = data % bankCount;
+      }
+    } else if(address == 0x1ffc) {
+      activeBank = targetBank % bankCount;
+    }
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    activeBank = 0;
+    targetBank = 0;
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    s(activeBank);
+    s(targetBank);
+  }
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+struct Atari32In1 : Interface {
+  using Interface::Interface;
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  n5 game;
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    if(address.bit(12)) return rom.read(game * 0x800 + (address & 0x07ff));
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    //MAME's verified software-list contract cycles 32 2 KiB games on machine reset.
+    //Stella instead presents the same image as frontend-selected slices; no PCB or schematic
+    //presently proves the physical counter or latch behavior.
+    if(reset) game++;
+    else game = 0;
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    s(game);
+  }
+};
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 struct Atari16k : Interface {
-  using Interface::Interface;
+  Atari16k(Cartridge& cartridge, bool hasSaraRam = false) : Interface(cartridge), saraRam(hasSaraRam) {}
  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
-  Memory::Writable<n8> ram;
+  SaraRam saraRam;
  n2 bank;
-  bool hasRam;

  auto load() -> void override {
    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
@@ -15,44 +14,37 @@ struct Atari16k : Interface {
  auto unload() -> void override {
  }

-  auto read(n16 address) -> n8 override {
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
    if(address == 0x1ff6) bank = 0;
    if(address == 0x1ff7) bank = 1;
    if(address == 0x1ff8) bank = 2;
    if(address == 0x1ff9) bank = 3;

    if(address.bit(12)) {
-      if(hasRam && address >= 0x1080 && address <= 0x10ff) return ram.read(address & 0x7f);
+      if(saraRam.readable(address)) return saraRam.read(address, data);
      return rom.read((bank * 0x1000) + (address & 0xfff));
    }

-    return 0xff;
+    return data;
  }
   
-  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> bool override {
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
    if(address == 0x1ff6) bank = 0;
    if(address == 0x1ff7) bank = 1;
    if(address == 0x1ff8) bank = 2;
    if(address == 0x1ff9) bank = 3;

-    if(address >= 0x1000 && address <= 0x107f) {
-      hasRam = true;
-      ram.write(address & 0x7f, data);
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    return false;
+    saraRam.write(address, data);
+    return data;
  }

-  auto power() -> void override {
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
    bank = 0;
-    hasRam = 0;
-    ram.allocate(128);
+    saraRam.power();
  }

  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
    s(bank);
-    s(hasRam);
-    s(ram);
+    saraRam.serialize(s);
  }
 };
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 struct Atari32k : Interface {
-  using Interface::Interface;
+  Atari32k(Cartridge& cartridge, bool hasSaraRam = false) : Interface(cartridge), saraRam(hasSaraRam) {}
  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
-  Memory::Writable<n8> ram;
+  SaraRam saraRam;
  n3 bank;
-  bool hasRam;

  auto load() -> void override {
    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
@@ -15,7 +14,7 @@ struct Atari32k : Interface {
  auto unload() -> void override {
  }

-  auto read(n16 address) -> n8 override {
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
    if(address == 0x1ff4) bank = 0;
    if(address == 0x1ff5) bank = 1;
    if(address == 0x1ff6) bank = 2;
@@ -26,14 +25,14 @@ struct Atari32k : Interface {
    if(address == 0x1ffb) bank = 7;

    if(address.bit(12)) {
-      if(hasRam && address >= 0x1080 && address <= 0x10ff) return ram.read(address & 0x7f);
+      if(saraRam.readable(address)) return saraRam.read(address, data);
      return rom.read((bank * 0x1000) + (address & 0xfff));
    }

-    return 0xff;
+    return data;
  }
   
-  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> bool override {
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
    if(address == 0x1ff4) bank = 0;
    if(address == 0x1ff5) bank = 1;
    if(address == 0x1ff6) bank = 2;
@@ -43,24 +42,17 @@ struct Atari32k : Interface {
    if(address == 0x1ffa) bank = 6;
    if(address == 0x1ffb) bank = 7;

-    if(address >= 0x1000 && address <= 0x107f) {
-      hasRam = true;
-      ram.write(address & 0x7f, data);
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    return false;
+    saraRam.write(address, data);
+    return data;
  }

-  auto power() -> void override {
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
    bank = 0;
-    hasRam = 0;
-    ram.allocate(128);
+    saraRam.power();
  }

  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
    s(bank);
-    s(hasRam);
-    s(ram);
+    saraRam.serialize(s);
  }
 };
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 struct Atari8k : Interface {
-  using Interface::Interface;
+  Atari8k(Cartridge& cartridge, bool hasSaraRam = false) : Interface(cartridge), saraRam(hasSaraRam) {}
  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
-  Memory::Writable<n8> ram;
+  SaraRam saraRam;
  n1 bank;
-  bool hasRam;

  auto load() -> void override {
    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
@@ -15,40 +14,33 @@ struct Atari8k : Interface {
  auto unload() -> void override {
  }

-  auto read(n16 address) -> n8 override {
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
    if(address == 0x1ff8) bank = 0;
    if(address == 0x1ff9) bank = 1;

    if(address.bit(12)) {
-      if(hasRam && address >= 0x1080 && address <= 0x10ff) return ram.read(address & 0x7f);
+      if(saraRam.readable(address)) return saraRam.read(address, data);
      return rom.read((bank * 0x1000) + (address & 0xfff));
    }

-    return 0xff;
+    return data;
  }
   
-  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> bool override {
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
    if(address == 0x1ff8) bank = 0;
    if(address == 0x1ff9) bank = 1;

-    if(address >= 0x1000 && address <= 0x107f) {
-      hasRam = true;
-      ram.write(address & 0x7f, data);
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    return false;
+    saraRam.write(address, data);
+    return data;
  }

-  auto power() -> void override {
-    bank = 0;
-    hasRam = 0;
-    ram.allocate(128);
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    bank = 1;
+    saraRam.power();
  }

  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
    s(bank);
-    s(hasRam);
-    s(ram);
+    saraRam.serialize(s);
  }
 };
@@ -1,12 +1,45 @@
 namespace Board {

+#include "sara-ram.cpp"
 #include "linear.cpp"
+#include "activision.cpp"
 #include "atari8k.cpp"
 #include "atari16k.cpp"
 #include "atari32k.cpp"
 #include "commavid.cpp"
 #include "parker-bros.cpp"
+#include "parker-bros-03e0.cpp"
+#include "jvp.cpp"
 #include "tigervision.cpp"
+#include "ua.cpp"
+#include "cbs-ram-plus.cpp"
+#include "m-network.cpp"
+#include "amiga-fc.cpp"
+#include "wickstead.cpp"
+#include "jane.cpp"
+#include "dpc.cpp"
+#include "mega-boy.cpp"
+#include "atari-32-in-1.cpp"
+
+//Homebrew
+#include "dpc-plus.cpp"
+#include "cdf.cpp"
+#include "bus.cpp"
+#include "chetiry.cpp"
+#include "fa2.cpp"
+#include "elf.cpp"
+#include "movie-cart.cpp"
+#include "cpuwiz-4ksc.cpp"
+#include "three-e.cpp"
+#include "three-ex.cpp"
+#include "three-e-plus.cpp"
+#include "enhanced-3f.cpp"
+#include "four-a50.cpp"
+#include "ef.cpp"
+#include "mdm.cpp"
+#include "x07.cpp"
+#include "econo-banking.cpp"
+#include "superbanking.cpp"

 auto Interface::load(Memory::Readable<n8>& memory, string name) -> bool {
  if(auto fp = pak->read(name)) {
@@ -34,4 +67,35 @@ auto Interface::save(Memory::Writable<n8>& memory, string name) -> bool {
  return false;
 }

+auto Interface::readARMMemory(Memory::Readable<n8>& rom, Memory::Writable<n8>& ram,
+  u32 mode, n32 address, u32 romBase, u32 ramLimit, n32& data) -> Harmony::Access {
+  u32 size = mode & ARM7TDMI::Byte ? 1 : mode & ARM7TDMI::Half ? 2 : 4;
+  u32 location = address;
+  auto read = [&](auto& memory, u32 offset) -> Harmony::Access {
+    if(offset > memory.size() || size > memory.size() - offset) return Harmony::Access::Fault;
+    data = 0;
+    for(u32 byte : range(size)) data |= memory.read(offset + byte) << byte * 8;
+    return Harmony::Access::Granted;
+  };
+
+  if(location >= romBase && location < rom.size()) return read(rom, location);
+  if(location >= 0x40000000 && location - 0x40000000 < ramLimit) {
+    return read(ram, location - 0x40000000);
+  }
+  return Harmony::Access::Unmapped;
+}
+
+auto Interface::writeARMMemory(Memory::Writable<n8>& ram, u32 mode, n32 address,
+  u32 ramLimit, n32 data) -> Harmony::Access {
+  u32 size = mode & ARM7TDMI::Byte ? 1 : mode & ARM7TDMI::Half ? 2 : 4;
+  u32 location = address;
+  if(location < 0x40000000 || location - 0x40000000 >= ramLimit) return Harmony::Access::Unmapped;
+  auto offset = location - 0x40000000;
+  if(offset > ram.size() || size > ram.size() - offset || size > ramLimit - offset) {
+    return Harmony::Access::Fault;
+  }
+  for(u32 byte : range(size)) ram.write(offset + byte, data >> byte * 8);
+  return Harmony::Access::Granted;
+}
+
 }
@@ -8,15 +8,30 @@ struct Interface {
  virtual auto load() -> void {}
  virtual auto save() -> void {}
  virtual auto unload() -> void {}
-  virtual auto read(n16 address) -> n8 { return 0xff; }
-  virtual auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> bool { return false; }
-  virtual auto power() -> void {}
+  virtual auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 { return data; }
+  virtual auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 { return data; }
+  virtual auto power(bool reset) -> void {}
  virtual auto serialize(serializer&) -> void {}

+  virtual auto armInvocation() const -> Harmony::Invocation { return {}; }
+  virtual auto readARM(u32 mode, n32 address, n32& data) -> Harmony::Access {
+    return Harmony::Access::Unmapped;
+  }
+  virtual auto writeARM(u32 mode, n32 address, n32 data) -> Harmony::Access {
+    return Harmony::Access::Unmapped;
+  }
+  virtual auto trapARM(u32 address, n32& value, n32 argument) -> bool { return false; }
+  virtual auto stepARM(u32 clocks) -> void {}
+
  auto load(Memory::Readable<n8>&, string name) -> bool;
  auto load(Memory::Writable<n8>&, string name) -> bool;
  auto save(Memory::Writable<n8>&, string name) -> bool;

+  auto readARMMemory(Memory::Readable<n8>& rom, Memory::Writable<n8>& ram,
+    u32 mode, n32 address, u32 romBase, u32 ramLimit, n32& data) -> Harmony::Access;
+  auto writeARMMemory(Memory::Writable<n8>& ram, u32 mode, n32 address,
+    u32 ramLimit, n32 data) -> Harmony::Access;
+
  Cartridge& cartridge;
 };

@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+struct BUS : Interface {
+  using Interface::Interface;
+
+  enum class Revision : u32 { BUS0, BUS1, BUS2, BUS3 };
+
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  Memory::Writable<n8> ram;
+  Revision revision = Revision::BUS0;
+  n3 bank;
+  n8 mode;
+  n2 fastJumpActive;
+  n16 styOperand;
+  n16 busOverdriveAddress;
+  n16 jumpOperand;
+  n32 musicCounter[3];
+  n32 musicFrequency[3];
+  n8 waveformShift[3];
+  u16 datastreamBase = 0;
+  u16 incrementBase = 0;
+  u16 mapBase = 0;
+  u16 waveformBase = 0;
+  u32 audioPhase = 0;
+
+  static constexpr u8 CommunicationStream = 0x10;
+  static constexpr u8 JumpStream = 0x11;
+
+  template<typename MemoryType>
+  auto read32(u32 address, const MemoryType& memory) const -> u32 {
+    if(address + 3 >= memory.size()) return 0;
+    return memory.read(address + 0) << 0 | memory.read(address + 1) << 8
+      | memory.read(address + 2) << 16 | memory.read(address + 3) << 24;
+  }
+
+  auto write32(u32 address, u32 data) -> void {
+    if(address + 3 >= ram.size()) return;
+    for(u32 byte : range(4)) ram.write(address + byte, data >> byte * 8);
+  }
+
+  auto scan(u32 value) const -> u32 {
+    for(u32 offset = 0; offset + 3 < min<u32>(rom.size(), 3_KiB); offset += 4) {
+      if(read32(offset, rom) == value) return offset;
+    }
+    return ~0u;
+  }
+
+  auto detectRevision() -> void {
+    auto signature = scan(0x00535542);
+    if(signature == 0x07f4) revision = Revision::BUS1;
+    else if(signature == 0x0778) revision = Revision::BUS2;
+    else if(signature == 0x0770) revision = Revision::BUS3;
+    else revision = Revision::BUS0;
+
+    if(revision == Revision::BUS0) {
+      datastreamBase = 0x0ae0;
+      incrementBase = 0x0b20;
+      mapBase = 0x0b64;
+      waveformBase = 0;
+    } else {
+      datastreamBase = revision == Revision::BUS3 ? 0x06d8 : 0x06e0;
+      incrementBase = 0x0720;
+      mapBase = 0x0760;
+      waveformBase = 0x07f4;
+    }
+  }
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
+    detectRevision();
+    ram.allocate(8_KiB, 0x00);
+    harmony.load(cartridge.node);
+  }
+
+  auto unload() -> void override {
+    harmony.unload();
+  }
+
+  auto armInvocation() const -> Harmony::Invocation override {
+    if(revision == Revision::BUS0) return {.pc = 0x0c08, .lr = 0x0c00, .sp = 0x40001ffc};
+    return {.pc = 0x0808, .lr = 0x0800, .sp = 0x40001ffc};
+  }
+
+  auto readARM(u32 mode, n32 address, n32& data) -> Harmony::Access override {
+    auto romBase = mode & ARM7TDMI::Prefetch ? 0x50u : 0x0750u;
+    return readARMMemory(rom, ram, mode, address, romBase, min<u32>(8_KiB, ram.size()), data);
+  }
+
+  auto writeARM(u32 mode, n32 address, n32 data) -> Harmony::Access override {
+    u32 location = address;
+    if(location >= 0x40000000 && location - 0x40000000 < min<u32>(8_KiB, ram.size())) {
+      auto offset = location - 0x40000000;
+      if(offset > 0x28 && offset < 0x06d8) return Harmony::Access::Fault;
+    }
+    return writeARMMemory(ram, mode, address, min<u32>(8_KiB, ram.size()), data);
+  }
+
+  auto trapARM(u32 address, n32& voice, n32 value) -> bool override {
+    constexpr u32 base = 0x06da;
+    if(address < base || address > base + 12 || (address - base) % 4) return false;
+    if(voice >= 3) {
+      if(address == base + 8) voice = 0;
+      return true;
+    }
+    if(address == base + 0) musicFrequency[voice] = value;
+    if(address == base + 4) musicCounter[voice] = 0;
+    if(address == base + 8) voice = musicCounter[voice];
+    if(address == base + 12) waveformShift[voice] = min<u32>(value, 31);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  auto stepARM(u32 clocks) -> void override {
+    stepAudio(clocks);
+  }
+
+  auto programBase() const -> u32 {
+    return revision == Revision::BUS0 ? 3_KiB : 4_KiB;
+  }
+
+  auto displayBase() const -> u32 {
+    return revision == Revision::BUS0 ? 3_KiB : 2_KiB;
+  }
+
+  auto program(u32 address) const -> n8 {
+    auto offset = programBase() + u32{bank} * 4_KiB + (address & 0x0fff);
+    if(offset < rom.size()) return rom.read(offset);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  auto displayRead(u32 address) const -> u8 {
+    if(displayBase() + address < ram.size()) return ram.read(displayBase() + address);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  auto displayWrite(u32 address, u8 data) -> void {
+    if(displayBase() + address < ram.size()) ram.write(displayBase() + address, data);
+  }
+
+  auto streamPointer(u8 index) const -> u32 {
+    return read32(datastreamBase + index * 4, ram);
+  }
+
+  auto setStreamPointer(u8 index, u32 value) -> void {
+    write32(datastreamBase + index * 4, value);
+  }
+
+  auto streamIncrement(u8 index) const -> u32 {
+    return read32(incrementBase + index * 4, ram);
+  }
+
+  auto setStreamIncrement(u8 index, u32 value) -> void {
+    write32(incrementBase + index * 4, value);
+  }
+
+  auto addressMap(u8 index) const -> u32 {
+    return read32(mapBase + index * 4, ram);
+  }
+
+  auto setAddressMap(u8 index, u32 value) -> void {
+    write32(mapBase + index * 4, value);
+  }
+
+  auto nextStreamByte(u8 index) -> u8 {
+    auto pointer = streamPointer(index);
+    auto result = displayRead(pointer >> 20);
+    pointer += streamIncrement(index) << 12;
+    setStreamPointer(index, pointer);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  auto stepAudio(u32 clocks) -> void {
+    audioPhase += clocks;
+    auto ticks = audioPhase / 3500;
+    audioPhase %= 3500;
+    for(u32 voice : range(3)) musicCounter[voice] += u32{musicFrequency[voice]} * ticks;
+  }
+
+  auto waveform(u32 voice) const -> u32 {
+    auto address = read32(waveformBase + voice * 4, ram);
+    if(address < 0x40000800) return 0;
+    address -= 0x40000800;
+    return address < 4_KiB ? address : 0;
+  }
+
+  auto amplitude() -> u8 {
+    if((mode & 0xf0) == 0) {
+      auto address = read32(waveformBase, ram) + (u32{musicCounter[0]} >> 21);
+      u8 sample = 0;
+      if(address < rom.size()) sample = rom.read(address);
+      else if(address >= 0x40000000 && address - 0x40000000 < ram.size()) {
+        sample = ram.read(address - 0x40000000);
+      }
+      if(!(u32{musicCounter[0]} & 1 << 20)) sample >>= 4;
+      return sample & 15;
+    }
+
+    u32 result = 0;
+    for(u32 voice : range(3)) {
+      result += displayRead(waveform(voice) + (u32{musicCounter[voice]} >> waveformShift[voice]));
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  auto switchBank(u32 address) -> void {
+    if(revision == Revision::BUS0) {
+      if(address >= 0x0ff6 && address <= 0x0ffb) bank = address - 0x0ff6;
+      return;
+    }
+    if(address >= 0x0ff5 && address <= 0x0ffb) bank = address - 0x0ff5;
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(!address.bit(12)) return data;
+    u32 offset = address & 0x0fff;
+    u8 value = program(offset);
+
+    if(revision == Revision::BUS3) {
+      if(fastJumpActive && jumpOperand == offset) {
+        fastJumpActive--;
+        jumpOperand++;
+        auto pointer = streamPointer(JumpStream);
+        auto result = displayRead(pointer >> 20);
+        setStreamPointer(JumpStream, pointer + 0x00100000);
+        return result;
+      }
+      if((mode & 15) == 0 && value == 0x4c && offset <= 0x0ffd
+        && program(offset + 1) == 0 && program(offset + 2) == 0) {
+        fastJumpActive = 2;
+        jumpOperand = offset + 1;
+        return value;
+      }
+      jumpOperand = 0;
+    }
+
+    if((mode & 15) == 0 && styOperand == offset) busOverdriveAddress = value;
+    styOperand = 0;
+
+    if(revision == Revision::BUS0 && offset < 0x10) return nextStreamByte(offset);
+    if((revision == Revision::BUS1 || revision == Revision::BUS2) && offset < 0x20) {
+      if(offset < 0x10) return nextStreamByte(offset);
+      if(offset == 0x18) return amplitude();
+      return 0;
+    }
+    if(revision == Revision::BUS3 && offset >= 0x0fee && offset <= 0x0ff3) {
+      if(offset == 0x0fee) return amplitude();
+      if(offset == 0x0fef) return nextStreamByte(CommunicationStream);
+    }
+
+    switchBank(offset);
+    if((mode & 15) == 0 && value == 0x84) styOperand = offset + 1;
+    return value;
+  }
+
+  auto writeBelowCartridge(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 {
+    bool matches = address == busOverdriveAddress;
+    busOverdriveAddress = 0xff;
+    if(!matches) return data;
+    auto target = u8(address & 0x7f);
+    if(target > 0x24) return data;
+    auto mappings = addressMap(target);
+    auto stream = u8(mappings & 15);
+    auto stuffed = u8(data) & nextStreamByte(stream);
+    setAddressMap(target, mappings >> 4 | u32{stream} << 28);
+    return stuffed;
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(!address.bit(12)) return writeBelowCartridge(address, data);
+    u32 offset = address & 0x0fff;
+
+    if(revision == Revision::BUS0) {
+      auto index = u8(offset & 15);
+      if(offset >= 0x10 && offset <= 0x13) {
+        auto pointer = streamPointer(index);
+        displayWrite(pointer >> 20, data);
+        setStreamPointer(index, pointer + 0x00100000);
+      }
+      if(offset == 0x1b && (data == 254 || data == 255)) harmony.call(data == 254);
+      if(offset == 0x1c) mode = data == 0 ? 0 : 0x0f;
+      if(offset >= 0x20 && offset <= 0x2f) {
+        auto pointer = streamPointer(index) << 8;
+        setStreamPointer(index, pointer & 0xf0000000 | u32{data} << 20);
+      }
+      if(offset >= 0x30 && offset <= 0x3f) setStreamIncrement(index, data);
+      switchBank(offset);
+      return data;
+    }
+
+    switchBank(offset);
+    if(revision == Revision::BUS3) {
+      if(offset == 0x0ff0) {
+        auto pointer = streamPointer(CommunicationStream);
+        displayWrite(pointer >> 20, data);
+        setStreamPointer(CommunicationStream, pointer + 0x00100000);
+      }
+      if(offset == 0x0ff1) {
+        auto pointer = streamPointer(CommunicationStream) << 8;
+        setStreamPointer(CommunicationStream, pointer & 0xf0000000 | u32{data} << 20);
+      }
+      if(offset == 0x0ff2) mode = data;
+      if(offset == 0x0ff3 && (data == 254 || data == 255)) harmony.call(data == 254);
+      return data;
+    }
+
+    if(offset >= 0x10 && offset <= 0x1f) {
+      auto index = u8(offset & 15);
+      if(index <= 3) {
+        auto pointer = streamPointer(index);
+        displayWrite(pointer >> 20, data);
+        setStreamPointer(index, pointer + 0x00100000);
+      }
+      if(index >= 4 && index <= 7) {
+        index &= 3;
+        auto pointer = streamPointer(index) << 8;
+        setStreamPointer(index, pointer & 0xf0000000 | u32{data} << 20);
+      }
+      if(index == 9) mode = data == 0 ? 0 : 0x0f;
+      if(index == 10 && (data == 254 || data == 255)) harmony.call(data == 254);
+    }
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    ram.fill(0x00);
+    auto driverSize = revision == Revision::BUS0 ? 3_KiB : 2_KiB;
+    for(u32 offset : range(min<u32>(driverSize, rom.size()))) ram.write(offset, rom.read(offset));
+    bank = revision == Revision::BUS0 ? 5 : 6;
+    mode = 0xff;
+    fastJumpActive = 0;
+    styOperand = 0;
+    busOverdriveAddress = 0;
+    jumpOperand = 0;
+    for(auto& item : musicCounter) item = 0;
+    for(auto& item : musicFrequency) item = 0;
+    for(auto& item : waveformShift) item = 27;
+    audioPhase = 0;
+    harmony.power();
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    s(ram);
+    s(bank);
+    s(mode);
+    s(fastJumpActive);
+    s(styOperand);
+    s(busOverdriveAddress);
+    s(jumpOperand);
+    for(auto& item : musicCounter) s(item);
+    for(auto& item : musicFrequency) s(item);
+    for(auto& item : waveformShift) s(item);
+    s(audioPhase);
+    harmony.serialize(s);
+  }
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+struct CbsRamPlus : Interface {
+  using Interface::Interface;
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  Memory::Writable<n8> ram;
+  n2 bank;
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    if(address >= 0x1ff8 && address <= 0x1ffa) bank = address - 0x1ff8;
+    if(address >= 0x1000 && address <= 0x10ff) {
+      ram.write(address & 0xff, data);
+      return data;
+    }
+    if(address >= 0x1100 && address <= 0x11ff) return ram.read(address & 0xff);
+    if(address.bit(12)) return rom.read((bank * 0x1000) + (address & 0x0fff));
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    if(address >= 0x1ff8 && address <= 0x1ffa) bank = address - 0x1ff8;
+    if(address >= 0x1000 && address <= 0x10ff) {
+      ram.write(address & 0xff, data);
+      return data;
+    }
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    bank = 2;
+    ram.allocate(256, 0x00);
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    s(bank);
+    s(ram);
+  }
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+struct CDF : Interface {
+  using Interface::Interface;
+
+  enum class Revision : u32 { CDF0, CDF1, CDFJ, CDFJPlus };
+
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  Memory::Writable<n8> ram;
+  Revision revision = Revision::CDF0;
+  n3 bank;
+  n8 mode;
+  n2 fastJumpActive;
+  n6 fastJumpStream;
+  n16 immediateOperand;
+  n16 jumpOperand;
+  n32 musicCounter[3];
+  n32 musicFrequency[3];
+  n8 waveformShift[3];
+  u16 datastreamBase = 0;
+  u16 incrementBase = 0;
+  u16 waveformBase = 0;
+  u16 fastFetcherOffset = 0;
+  u8 amplitudeStream = 0;
+  u8 fastJumpMask = 0;
+  bool ldxEnabled = false;
+  bool ldyEnabled = false;
+  u32 audioPhase = 0;
+
+  static constexpr u8 CommunicationStream = 0x20;
+  static constexpr u8 JumpStreamBase = 0x21;
+  static constexpr u16 NoImmediate = 0xffff;
+
+  template<typename MemoryType>
+  auto read32(u32 address, const MemoryType& memory) const -> u32 {
+    if(address + 3 >= memory.size()) return 0;
+    return memory.read(address + 0) << 0 | memory.read(address + 1) << 8
+      | memory.read(address + 2) << 16 | memory.read(address + 3) << 24;
+  }
+
+  auto write32(u32 address, u32 data) -> void {
+    if(address + 3 >= ram.size()) return;
+    for(u32 byte : range(4)) ram.write(address + byte, data >> byte * 8);
+  }
+
+  auto scan(u32 value) const -> u32 {
+    if(rom.size() < 2_KiB) return ~0u;
+    for(u32 offset = 0; offset < 2_KiB; offset += 4) {
+      if(read32(offset, rom) == value) return offset;
+    }
+    return ~0u;
+  }
+
+  auto detectRevision() -> void {
+    auto plusSignature = scan(0x53554c50);
+    if(plusSignature != ~0u && read32(plusSignature + 4, rom) == 0x4a464443
+      && read32(plusSignature + 8, rom) == 1) {
+      revision = Revision::CDFJPlus;
+      amplitudeStream = 0x23;
+      fastJumpMask = 0xfe;
+      datastreamBase = 0x0098;
+      incrementBase = 0x0124;
+      waveformBase = 0x01b0;
+      for(u32 offset = 0; offset < 2_KiB; offset += 4) {
+        auto word = read32(offset, rom);
+        if(word == 0x135200a2) ldxEnabled = true;
+        if(word == 0x135200a0) ldyEnabled = true;
+        if((word & 0xffffff00) == 0xe2422000) fastFetcherOffset = offset;
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+
+    u8 subversion = 0;
+    for(u32 offset = 0; offset + 11 < min<u32>(rom.size(), 2_KiB); offset += 4) {
+      if(rom.read(offset + 0) == 'C' && rom.read(offset + 1) == 'D' && rom.read(offset + 2) == 'F'
+        && rom.read(offset + 4) == 'C' && rom.read(offset + 5) == 'D' && rom.read(offset + 6) == 'F'
+        && rom.read(offset + 8) == 'C' && rom.read(offset + 9) == 'D' && rom.read(offset + 10) == 'F') {
+        subversion = rom.read(offset + 3);
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if(subversion == 0x4a) {
+      revision = Revision::CDFJ;
+      amplitudeStream = 0x23;
+      fastJumpMask = 0xfe;
+      datastreamBase = 0x0098;
+      incrementBase = 0x0124;
+      waveformBase = 0x01b0;
+    } else if(subversion == 0) {
+      revision = Revision::CDF0;
+      amplitudeStream = 0x22;
+      fastJumpMask = 0xff;
+      datastreamBase = 0x06e0;
+      incrementBase = 0x0768;
+      waveformBase = 0x07f0;
+    } else {
+      revision = Revision::CDF1;
+      amplitudeStream = 0x22;
+      fastJumpMask = 0xff;
+      datastreamBase = 0x00a0;
+      incrementBase = 0x0128;
+      waveformBase = 0x01b0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  auto isPlus() const -> bool {
+    return revision == Revision::CDFJPlus;
+  }
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
+    detectRevision();
+    ram.allocate(isPlus() ? 32_KiB : 8_KiB, 0x00);
+    harmony.load(cartridge.node);
+  }
+
+  auto unload() -> void override {
+    harmony.unload();
+  }
+
+  auto armInvocation() const -> Harmony::Invocation override {
+    if(isPlus()) {
+      auto address = read32(0x17f8, rom) & ~1u;
+      return {.pc = address, .lr = address, .sp = read32(0x17f4, rom)};
+    }
+    return {.pc = 0x0808, .lr = 0x0800, .sp = 0x40001ffc};
+  }
+
+  auto armRamLimit() const -> u32 {
+    if(!isPlus()) return min<u32>(8_KiB, ram.size());
+    if(rom.size() == 64_KiB || rom.size() == 128_KiB) return min<u32>(16_KiB, ram.size());
+    if(rom.size() == 256_KiB || rom.size() == 512_KiB) return min<u32>(32_KiB, ram.size());
+    return min<u32>(8_KiB, ram.size());
+  }
+
+  auto readARM(u32 mode, n32 address, n32& data) -> Harmony::Access override {
+    auto romBase = mode & ARM7TDMI::Prefetch ? 0x50u : 0x0750u;
+    return readARMMemory(rom, ram, mode, address, romBase, armRamLimit(), data);
+  }
+
+  auto writeProtectedARM(u32 offset) const -> bool {
+    if(revision == Revision::CDF0) {
+      return offset > 0x28 && offset < 0x0800 && !(offset >= 0x06e0 && offset < 0x07fc);
+    }
+    if(revision == Revision::CDF1) {
+      return offset > 0x28 && offset < 0x0800 && !(offset >= 0x00a0 && offset < 0x01bc);
+    }
+    return offset > 0x28 && offset < 0x0800 && !(offset >= 0x0098 && offset < 0x01bc)
+      && !(isPlus() && offset == 0x03e0);
+  }
+
+  auto writeARM(u32 mode, n32 address, n32 data) -> Harmony::Access override {
+    u32 location = address;
+    if(location >= 0x40000000 && location - 0x40000000 < armRamLimit()) {
+      if(writeProtectedARM(location - 0x40000000)) return Harmony::Access::Fault;
+    }
+    return writeARMMemory(ram, mode, address, armRamLimit(), data);
+  }
+
+  auto trapARM(u32 address, n32& voice, n32 value) -> bool override {
+    u32 base = revision == Revision::CDF0 ? 0x06e2 : 0x0752;
+    if(address < base || address > base + 12 || (address - base) % 4) return false;
+    if(voice >= 3) {
+      if(address == base + 8) voice = 0;
+      return true;
+    }
+    if(address == base + 0) musicFrequency[voice] = value;
+    if(address == base + 4) musicCounter[voice] = 0;
+    if(address == base + 8) voice = musicCounter[voice];
+    if(address == base + 12) waveformShift[voice] = min<u32>(value, 31);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  auto stepARM(u32 clocks) -> void override {
+    stepAudio(clocks);
+  }
+
+  auto programBase() const -> u32 {
+    return isPlus() ? 2_KiB : 4_KiB;
+  }
+
+  auto program(u32 address) const -> n8 {
+    u32 offset = programBase() + u32{bank} * 4_KiB + (address & 0x0fff);
+    if(offset < rom.size()) return rom.read(offset);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  auto displaySize() const -> u32 {
+    return ram.size() > 2_KiB ? ram.size() - 2_KiB : 0;
+  }
+
+  auto displayRead(u32 address) const -> u8 {
+    if(address < displaySize()) return ram.read(2_KiB + address);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  auto displayWrite(u32 address, u8 data) -> void {
+    if(address < displaySize()) ram.write(2_KiB + address, data);
+  }
+
+  auto streamPointer(u8 index) const -> u32 {
+    return read32(datastreamBase + index * 4, ram);
+  }
+
+  auto setStreamPointer(u8 index, u32 value) -> void {
+    write32(datastreamBase + index * 4, value);
+  }
+
+  auto streamIncrement(u8 index) const -> u32 {
+    return read32(incrementBase + index * 4, ram);
+  }
+
+  auto nextStreamByte(u8 index) -> u8 {
+    if(index > amplitudeStream) return 0;
+    auto pointer = streamPointer(index);
+    u32 location = isPlus() ? pointer >> 16 : pointer >> 20;
+    auto data = displayRead(location);
+    pointer += streamIncrement(index) << (isPlus() ? 8 : 12);
+    setStreamPointer(index, pointer);
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto waveform(u32 voice) const -> u32 {
+    u32 address = read32(waveformBase + voice * 4, ram);
+    address -= 0x40000800;
+    if(!isPlus() && address >= 4_KiB) address &= 0x0fff;
+    if(isPlus() && address >= displaySize()) return 0;
+    return address;
+  }
+
+  auto stepAudio(u32 clocks) -> void {
+    audioPhase += clocks;
+    auto ticks = audioPhase / 3500;
+    audioPhase %= 3500;
+    for(u32 voice : range(3)) musicCounter[voice] += u32{musicFrequency[voice]} * ticks;
+  }
+
+  auto audioValue() -> u8 {
+    if((mode & 0xf0) == 0) {
+      u32 address = read32(waveformBase, ram) + (u32{musicCounter[0]} >> (isPlus() ? 13 : 21));
+      u8 sample = 0;
+      if(address < rom.size()) sample = rom.read(address);
+      else if(address >= 0x40000000 && address - 0x40000000 < ram.size()) sample = ram.read(address - 0x40000000);
+      if(!(u32{musicCounter[0]} & 1 << (isPlus() ? 12 : 20))) sample >>= 4;
+      return sample & 15;
+    }
+
+    u32 result = 0;
+    for(u32 voice : range(3)) {
+      auto location = waveform(voice) + (u32{musicCounter[voice]} >> waveformShift[voice]);
+      result += displayRead(location);
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  auto switchBank(u32 address) -> void {
+    if(address < 0x0ff4 || address > 0x0ffb) return;
+    if(isPlus()) bank = address == 0x0ffb ? 0 : address - 0x0ff4;
+    else bank = address == 0x0ff4 || address == 0x0ffb ? 6 : address - 0x0ff5;
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(!address.bit(12)) return data;
+    u32 offset = address & 0x0fff;
+    u8 value = program(offset);
+
+    if(fastJumpActive && jumpOperand == offset) {
+      fastJumpActive--;
+      jumpOperand++;
+      auto pointer = streamPointer(fastJumpStream);
+      auto result = displayRead(isPlus() ? pointer >> 16 : pointer >> 20);
+      pointer += isPlus() ? 0x00010000 : 0x00100000;
+      setStreamPointer(fastJumpStream, pointer);
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    if((mode & 15) == 0 && value == 0x4c && offset <= 0x0ffd
+      && !(program(offset + 1) & fastJumpMask) && program(offset + 2) == 0) {
+      fastJumpActive = 2;
+      jumpOperand = offset + 1;
+      fastJumpStream = program(offset + 1) + JumpStreamBase;
+      return value;
+    }
+    jumpOperand = 0;
+
+    bool fastFetch = false;
+    if((mode & 15) == 0 && immediateOperand == offset) {
+      u8 base = 0;
+      if(fastFetcherOffset && fastFetcherOffset < ram.size()) base = ram.read(fastFetcherOffset);
+      fastFetch = value >= base && u32{value} <= u32{base} + amplitudeStream;
+      if(fastFetch && fastFetcherOffset) value -= base;
+    }
+    immediateOperand = NoImmediate;
+    if(fastFetch) return value == amplitudeStream ? audioValue() : nextStreamByte(value);
+
+    switchBank(offset);
+    if((mode & 15) == 0 && (value == 0xa9 || (ldxEnabled && value == 0xa2) || (ldyEnabled && value == 0xa0))) {
+      immediateOperand = offset + 1;
+    }
+    return value;
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(!address.bit(12)) return data;
+    u32 offset = address & 0x0fff;
+    if(offset == 0x0ff0) {
+      auto pointer = streamPointer(CommunicationStream);
+      displayWrite(isPlus() ? pointer >> 16 : pointer >> 20, data);
+      setStreamPointer(CommunicationStream, pointer + (isPlus() ? 0x00010000 : 0x00100000));
+    }
+    if(offset == 0x0ff1) {
+      auto pointer = streamPointer(CommunicationStream) << 8;
+      pointer = isPlus() ? (pointer & 0xff000000) | u32{data} << 16
+        : (pointer & 0xf0000000) | u32{data} << 20;
+      setStreamPointer(CommunicationStream, pointer);
+    }
+    if(offset == 0x0ff2) mode = data;
+    if(offset == 0x0ff3 && (data == 254 || data == 255)) harmony.call(data == 254);
+    switchBank(offset);
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    ram.fill(0x00);
+    for(u32 offset : range(min<u32>(2_KiB, rom.size()))) ram.write(offset, rom.read(offset));
+    bank = isPlus() ? 0 : 6;
+    mode = 0xff;
+    fastJumpActive = 0;
+    fastJumpStream = 0;
+    immediateOperand = NoImmediate;
+    jumpOperand = 0;
+    for(auto& item : musicCounter) item = 0;
+    for(auto& item : musicFrequency) item = 0;
+    for(auto& item : waveformShift) item = 27;
+    audioPhase = 0;
+    harmony.power();
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    s(ram);
+    s(bank);
+    s(mode);
+    s(fastJumpActive);
+    s(fastJumpStream);
+    s(immediateOperand);
+    s(jumpOperand);
+    for(auto& item : musicCounter) s(item);
+    for(auto& item : musicFrequency) s(item);
+    for(auto& item : waveformShift) s(item);
+    s(audioPhase);
+    harmony.serialize(s);
+  }
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+struct Chetiry : Interface, Thread {
+  using Interface::Interface;
+
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  Memory::Readable<n8> tunes;
+  Memory::Writable<n8> ram;
+  PersistentMemory persistent;
+  n3 bank;
+  n8 operation;
+  n16 tunePosition;
+  n1 ldaImmediate;
+  n32 random = 0x2b435044;
+  n32 musicCounter[3];
+  n32 musicFrequency[3];
+  n15 busyTicks;
+  n1 operationCompleted;
+  n1 operationSucceeded;
+  n3 tune;
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    Memory::Readable<n8> image;
+    Interface::load(image, "program.rom");
+    rom.allocate(32_KiB, 0x00);
+    for(u32 offset : range(min<u32>(image.size(), 32_KiB))) rom.program(offset, image.read(offset));
+    tunes.allocate(28_KiB, 0x00);
+    if(image.size() > 32_KiB) {
+      for(u32 offset : range(min<u32>(image.size() - 32_KiB, 28_KiB))) {
+        tunes.program(offset, image.read(32_KiB + offset));
+      }
+    }
+    persistent.load(pak, "save.eeprom", 256, 0x00);
+  }
+
+  auto save() -> void override {
+    persistent.flush(pak);
+  }
+
+  auto unload() -> void override {
+    persistent.flush(pak);
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(!address.bit(12)) return data;
+    auto value = rom.read(bank * 4_KiB + (address & 0x0fff));
+    if(ldaImmediate && value == 0xf2) {
+      ldaImmediate = 0;
+      return (musicCounter[0] >> 31) + (musicCounter[1] >> 31) + (musicCounter[2] >> 31) << 2;
+    }
+    ldaImmediate = 0;
+
+    if(address <= 0x103f) {
+      ram.write(address & 0x3f, data);
+      return data;
+    }
+    if(address <= 0x107f) return readRAM(address & 0x3f);
+    if(address == 0x1ff4) return operate(value);
+    bankswitch(address);
+    ldaImmediate = value == 0xa9;
+    return value;
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(!address.bit(12)) return data;
+    if(address <= 0x103f) {
+      writeRAM(address & 0x3f, data);
+      return data;
+    }
+    if(address == 0x1ff4) {
+      operate(rom.read(bank * 4_KiB + 0x0ff4));
+      return data;
+    }
+    bankswitch(address);
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto main() -> void {
+    for(u32 channel : range(3)) musicCounter[channel] += musicFrequency[channel];
+    if(busyTicks && !--busyTicks) {
+      operationCompleted = 1;
+      ram.write(0, operationSucceeded ? 0x00 : 0xff);
+    }
+    step(1);
+    Thread::synchronize(cpu);
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    Thread::create(20'000, std::bind_front(&Chetiry::main, this));
+    bank = 1;
+    operation = 0;
+    tunePosition = 0;
+    ldaImmediate = 0;
+    random = 0x2b435044;
+    busyTicks = 0;
+    operationCompleted = 0;
+    operationSucceeded = 0;
+    tune = 0;
+    for(auto& counter : musicCounter) counter = 0;
+    for(auto& frequency : musicFrequency) frequency = 0;
+    ram.allocate(64, 0x00);
+    for(u32 offset : range(4)) ram.write(offset, 0xff);
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    Thread::serialize(s);
+    s(bank);
+    s(operation);
+    s(tunePosition);
+    s(ldaImmediate);
+    s(random);
+    s(musicCounter);
+    s(musicFrequency);
+    s(busyTicks);
+    s(operationCompleted);
+    s(operationSucceeded);
+    s(tune);
+    s(ram);
+  }
+
+private:
+  static auto noteFrequency(u32 note) -> u32 {
+    static constexpr u32 table[63] = {
+      0, 0, 0, 11811160, 12513387, 13257490, 14045832, 14881203, 15765966,
+      16703557, 17696768, 18749035, 19864009, 21045125, 22296464, 23622320,
+      25026989, 26515195, 28091878, 29762191, 31531932, 33406900, 35393537,
+      37498071, 39727803, 42090250, 44592927, 47244640, 50053978, 53030391,
+      56183756, 59524596, 63064079, 66814014, 70787074, 74996142, 79455606,
+      84180285, 89186069, 94489281, 100107957, 106060567, 112367297,
+      119048977, 126128157, 133628029, 141573933, 149992288, 158911428,
+      168360785, 178371925, 188978561, 200215913, 212121348, 224734593,
+      238098169, 252256099, 267256058, 283147866, 299984783, 317822855,
+      336721571, 356744064,
+    };
+    return note < 63 ? table[note] : 0;
+  }
+
+  auto bankswitch(n16 address) -> void {
+    if(address >= 0x1ff5 && address <= 0x1ffb) bank = address - 0x1ff4;
+  }
+
+  auto readRAM(u32 address) -> n8 {
+    if(address == 0) return ram.read(0);
+    if(address == 1) {
+      random = (random.bit(10) ? 0x10adab1e : 0) ^ (u32{random} >> 11 | u32{random} << 21);
+      return random.byte(0);
+    }
+    if(address == 2) return tunePosition.byte(0);
+    if(address == 3) return tunePosition.byte(1);
+    return ram.read(address);
+  }
+
+  auto writeRAM(u32 address, n8 data) -> void {
+    if(address == 0) operation = data;
+    else if(address == 1) random = 0x2b435044;
+    else if(address == 2) {
+      tunePosition = 0;
+      for(auto& counter : musicCounter) counter = 0;
+      for(auto& frequency : musicFrequency) frequency = 0;
+    } else if(address == 3) {
+      updateTune();
+    } else {
+      ram.write(address, data);
+    }
+  }
+
+  auto updateTune() -> void {
+    auto position = u32{tune} * 4_KiB + u32{tunePosition} * 3;
+    if(position + 2 >= tunes.size() || position + 2 >= (u32{tune} + 1) * 4_KiB) {
+      tunePosition = 0;
+      return;
+    }
+    tunePosition++;
+    auto note0 = tunes.read(position + 0);
+    auto note1 = tunes.read(position + 1);
+    auto note2 = tunes.read(position + 2);
+    if(note0) musicFrequency[0] = noteFrequency(note0);
+    if(note1) musicFrequency[1] = noteFrequency(note1);
+    if(note2 == 1) tunePosition = 0;
+    else musicFrequency[2] = noteFrequency(note2);
+  }
+
+  auto operate(n8 value) -> n8 {
+    if(busyTicks) return value | 0x40;
+    if(operationCompleted) {
+      operationCompleted = 0;
+      return value & ~0x40;
+    }
+    auto index = u32{operation} >> 4;
+    auto command = u32{operation} & 15;
+    operationSucceeded = 1;
+    if(command == 1 && index < 7) {
+      tune = index;
+      tunePosition = 0;
+      busyTicks = 10'000;
+    } else if(command == 2 && index < 4) {
+      for(u32 offset : range(4, 64)) ram.write(offset, persistent.read(index * 64 + offset));
+      busyTicks = 10'000;
+    } else if(command == 3 && index < 4) {
+      for(u32 offset : range(4, 64)) persistent.write(index * 64 + offset, ram.read(offset));
+      busyTicks = 20'000;
+    } else if(command == 4) {
+      persistent.erase();
+      busyTicks = 20'000;
+    } else {
+      operationSucceeded = 0;
+      ram.write(0, 0xff);
+      return value & ~0x40;
+    }
+    return value | 0x40;
+  }
+};
@@ -13,25 +13,25 @@ struct Commavid : Interface {
  auto unload() -> void override {
  }

-  auto read(n16 address) -> n8 override {
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
    if(address.bit(12)) {
      if(address >= 0x1000 && address <= 0x13ff) return ram.read(address & 0x3ff);
      return rom.read(address & 0xfff);
    }

-    return 0xff;
+    return data;
  }
   
-  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> bool override {
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
    if(address >= 0x1400 && address <= 0x17ff) {
      ram.write(address & 0x3ff, data);
-      return true;
+      return data;
    }

-    return false;
+    return data;
  }

-  auto power() -> void override {
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
    ram.allocate(1_KiB);
  }

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+struct CPUWiz4KSC : Interface {
+  using Interface::Interface;
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  Memory::Writable<n8> ram;
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
+  }
+
+  auto save() -> void override {
+  }
+
+  auto unload() -> void override {
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(address < 0x1000) return data;
+    if(address <= 0x107f) {
+      ram.write(address & 0x7f, data);
+      return data;
+    }
+    if(address <= 0x10ff) return ram.read(address & 0x7f);
+    return rom.read(address & 0xfff);
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(address < 0x1000 || address > 0x107f) return data;
+    ram.write(address & 0x7f, data);
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    ram.allocate(128, 0x00);
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    s(ram);
+  }
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+struct DPCPlus : Interface {
+  using Interface::Interface;
+
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  Memory::Writable<n8> ram;
+  n3 bank;
+  n8 top[8];
+  n8 bottom[8];
+  n12 counter[8];
+  n20 fractionalCounter[8];
+  n8 fractionalIncrement[8];
+  n32 musicCounter[3];
+  n32 musicFrequency[3];
+  n7 musicWaveform[3];
+  n32 random;
+  n1 fastFetch;
+  n1 ldaImmediate;
+  n8 parameter[8];
+  n4 parameterPointer;
+  u32 fractionalLowMask = 0x0f00ff;
+  u32 audioPhase = 0;
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    Memory::Readable<n8> image;
+    Interface::load(image, "program.rom");
+    auto size = min<u32>(image.size(), 32_KiB);
+    rom.allocate(32_KiB, 0x00);
+    auto destination = 32_KiB - size;
+    for(u32 offset : range(size)) rom.program(destination + offset, image.read(offset));
+
+    if(image.size() >= 3_KiB) {
+      Hash::SHA256 hash;
+      for(u32 offset : range(3_KiB)) hash.input((u8)image.read(offset));
+      auto driver = hash.digest();
+      if(driver == "bcbe33dc02ad5104f3a3a53a856a23c57f435344790843f4fb6e746193468d0c"
+        || driver == "445ca7866a0efdf0e35076a25e963708dc630f80fd82dcdaf775fb80c8b0c58d") {
+        fractionalLowMask = 0x0f0000;
+      }
+    }
+    ram.allocate(8_KiB, 0x00);
+    harmony.load(cartridge.node);
+  }
+
+  auto unload() -> void override {
+    harmony.unload();
+  }
+
+  auto armInvocation() const -> Harmony::Invocation override {
+    return {.pc = 0x0c08, .lr = 0x0c00, .sp = 0x40001ffc};
+  }
+
+  auto readARM(u32 mode, n32 address, n32& data) -> Harmony::Access override {
+    auto romBase = mode & ARM7TDMI::Prefetch ? 0x50u : 0x0c00u;
+    return readARMMemory(rom, ram, mode, address, romBase, min<u32>(8_KiB, ram.size()), data);
+  }
+
+  auto writeARM(u32 mode, n32 address, n32 data) -> Harmony::Access override {
+    u32 location = address;
+    if(location >= 0x40000000 && location - 0x40000000 < min<u32>(8_KiB, ram.size())) {
+      auto offset = location - 0x40000000;
+      if(offset > 0x28 && offset < 0x0c00) return Harmony::Access::Fault;
+    }
+    return writeARMMemory(ram, mode, address, min<u32>(8_KiB, ram.size()), data);
+  }
+
+  auto stepARM(u32 clocks) -> void override {
+    stepAudio(clocks);
+  }
+
+  auto program(u32 address) const -> n8 {
+    return rom.read(3_KiB + bank * 4_KiB + (address & 0x0fff));
+  }
+
+  auto displayRead(u32 address) const -> n8 {
+    return ram.read(3_KiB + (address & 0x0fff));
+  }
+
+  auto displayWrite(u32 address, n8 data) -> void {
+    ram.write(3_KiB + (address & 0x0fff), data);
+  }
+
+  auto frequency(u32 note) const -> u32 {
+    u32 address = 7_KiB + (note << 2);
+    return ram.read(address + 0) << 0 | ram.read(address + 1) << 8
+      | ram.read(address + 2) << 16 | ram.read(address + 3) << 24;
+  }
+
+  auto clockRandom() -> void {
+    random = (random.bit(10) ? 0x10adab1e : 0) ^ (u32{random} >> 11 | u32{random} << 21);
+  }
+
+  auto priorRandom() -> void {
+    u32 value = random;
+    if(value >> 31) value ^= 0x10adab1e;
+    random = value << 11 | value >> 21;
+  }
+
+  auto stepAudio(u32 clocks) -> void {
+    audioPhase += clocks;
+    auto ticks = audioPhase / 3500;
+    audioPhase %= 3500;
+    for(u32 channel : range(3)) musicCounter[channel] += u32{musicFrequency[channel]} * ticks;
+  }
+
+  auto amplitude() -> n8 {
+    u32 value = 0;
+    for(u32 channel : range(3)) {
+      value += displayRead((u32{musicWaveform[channel]} << 5) + (u32{musicCounter[channel]} >> 27));
+    }
+    return value;
+  }
+
+  auto readRegister(u32 address) -> n8 {
+    u32 index = address & 7;
+    u32 function = address >> 3 & 7;
+    u8 topDistance = u8(u32{top[index]} - (u32{counter[index]} & 0xff));
+    u8 window = u8(u32{top[index]} - u32{bottom[index]});
+    n8 flag = topDistance > window ? 0xff : 0x00;
+
+    if(function == 0) {
+      if(index == 0) return clockRandom(), random.byte(0);
+      if(index == 1) return priorRandom(), random.byte(0);
+      if(index == 2) return random.byte(1);
+      if(index == 3) return random.byte(2);
+      if(index == 4) return random.byte(3);
+      if(index == 5) return amplitude();
+      return 0;
+    }
+    if(function == 1) {
+      auto data = displayRead(counter[index]);
+      counter[index]++;
+      return data;
+    }
+    if(function == 2) {
+      auto data = displayRead(counter[index]) & flag;
+      counter[index]++;
+      return data;
+    }
+    if(function == 3) {
+      auto data = displayRead(u32{fractionalCounter[index]} >> 8);
+      fractionalCounter[index] += fractionalIncrement[index];
+      return data;
+    }
+    if(function == 4 && index < 4) return flag;
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  auto callFunction(n8 function) -> void {
+    u32 source = parameter[0] | parameter[1] << 8;
+    if(function == 0) parameterPointer = 0;
+    if(function == 1 || function == 2) {
+      u32 destination = counter[parameter[2] & 7];
+      u32 count = parameter[3];
+      if(destination < 4_KiB) {
+        count = min(count, 4_KiB - destination);
+        if(function == 1 && source < rom.size() - 3_KiB) {
+          count = min(count, rom.size() - 3_KiB - source);
+          for(u32 offset : range(count)) displayWrite(destination + offset, rom.read(3_KiB + source + offset));
+        }
+        if(function == 2) {
+          for(u32 offset : range(count)) displayWrite(destination + offset, parameter[0]);
+        }
+      }
+      parameterPointer = 0;
+    }
+    if(function == 254 || function == 255) {
+      harmony.call(function == 254);
+    }
+  }
+
+  auto writeRegister(u32 address, n8 data) -> void {
+    u32 index = address & 7;
+    u32 function = (address - 0x28) >> 3 & 15;
+    if(function == 0) fractionalCounter[index] =
+      (u32{fractionalCounter[index]} & fractionalLowMask) | u32{data} << 8;
+    if(function == 1) fractionalCounter[index] =
+      ((u32{data} & 15) << 16) | (u32{fractionalCounter[index]} & 0xffff);
+    if(function == 2) {
+      fractionalIncrement[index] = data;
+      fractionalCounter[index] = u32{fractionalCounter[index]} & 0x0fff00;
+    }
+    if(function == 3) top[index] = data;
+    if(function == 4) bottom[index] = data;
+    if(function == 5) counter[index] = (u32{counter[index]} & 0x0f00) | data;
+    if(function == 6) {
+      if(index == 0) fastFetch = data == 0;
+      if(index == 1 && parameterPointer < 8) parameter[parameterPointer++] = data;
+      if(index == 2) callFunction(data);
+      if(index >= 5) musicWaveform[index - 5] = data & 0x7f;
+    }
+    if(function == 7) {
+      counter[index]--;
+      displayWrite(counter[index], data);
+    }
+    if(function == 8) counter[index] = ((u32{data} & 15) << 8) | (u32{counter[index]} & 0xff);
+    if(function == 9) {
+      if(index == 0) random = 0x2b435044;
+      if(index >= 1 && index <= 4) random.byte(index - 1) = data;
+      if(index >= 5) musicFrequency[index - 5] = frequency(data);
+    }
+    if(function == 10) {
+      displayWrite(counter[index], data);
+      counter[index]++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(!address.bit(12)) return data;
+    u32 offset = address & 0x0fff;
+    n8 result = program(offset);
+
+    if(fastFetch && ldaImmediate && result < 0x28) offset = result;
+    ldaImmediate = 0;
+    if(offset < 0x28) return readRegister(offset);
+
+    if(offset >= 0x0ff6 && offset <= 0x0ffb) bank = offset - 0x0ff6;
+    if(fastFetch) ldaImmediate = result == 0xa9;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(!address.bit(12)) return data;
+    u32 offset = address & 0x0fff;
+    if(offset >= 0x28 && offset < 0x80) {
+      writeRegister(offset, data);
+      return data;
+    }
+    if(offset >= 0x0ff6 && offset <= 0x0ffb) bank = offset - 0x0ff6;
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    ram.fill(0x00);
+    if(rom.size() >= 32_KiB) {
+      for(u32 offset : range(5_KiB)) ram.write(3_KiB + offset, rom.read(27_KiB + offset));
+    }
+    bank = 5;
+    for(auto& item : top) item = 0;
+    for(auto& item : bottom) item = 0;
+    for(auto& item : counter) item = 0;
+    for(auto& item : fractionalCounter) item = 0;
+    for(auto& item : fractionalIncrement) item = 0;
+    for(auto& item : musicCounter) item = 0;
+    for(auto& item : musicFrequency) item = 0;
+    for(auto& item : musicWaveform) item = 0;
+    for(auto& item : parameter) item = 0;
+    random = 0x2b435044;
+    fastFetch = 0;
+    ldaImmediate = 0;
+    parameterPointer = 0;
+    audioPhase = 0;
+    harmony.power();
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    s(ram);
+    s(bank);
+    for(auto& item : top) s(item);
+    for(auto& item : bottom) s(item);
+    for(auto& item : counter) s(item);
+    for(auto& item : fractionalCounter) s(item);
+    for(auto& item : fractionalIncrement) s(item);
+    for(auto& item : musicCounter) s(item);
+    for(auto& item : musicFrequency) s(item);
+    for(auto& item : musicWaveform) s(item);
+    s(random);
+    s(fastFetch);
+    s(ldaImmediate);
+    for(auto& item : parameter) s(item);
+    s(parameterPointer);
+    s(audioPhase);
+    harmony.serialize(s);
+  }
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+struct DPC : Interface, Thread {
+  using Interface::Interface;
+
+  struct Fetcher {
+    n8 top;
+    n8 bottom;
+    n8 low;
+    n3 high;
+    n1 flag;
+    n1 musicMode;
+    n1 oscillatorClock;
+  } fetcher[8];
+
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  n1 bank;
+  n8 random;
+  n4 movement;
+  n8 drawLatch;
+  n8 drawOperand;
+  n1 drawCarry;
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
+  }
+
+  auto clockRandom() -> void {
+    n1 input = !((random.bit(7) ^ random.bit(5)) ^ (random.bit(4) ^ random.bit(3)));
+    random = random << 1 | input;
+  }
+
+  auto checkFlag(u32 index) -> void {
+    if(fetcher[index].low == fetcher[index].top) fetcher[index].flag = 1;
+    if(fetcher[index].low == fetcher[index].bottom) fetcher[index].flag = 0;
+  }
+
+  auto decrement(u32 index) -> void {
+    if(--fetcher[index].low == 0xff) {
+      fetcher[index].high--;
+      if(index >= 5 && fetcher[index].musicMode) fetcher[index].low = fetcher[index].top;
+    }
+    checkFlag(index);
+  }
+
+  auto display(u32 index) -> n8 {
+    auto counter = fetcher[index].high << 8 | fetcher[index].low;
+    return rom.read(8_KiB + (0x7ff - counter));
+  }
+
+  auto music() -> n4 {
+    static constexpr u8 amplitude[] = {0x0, 0x4, 0x5, 0x9, 0x6, 0xa, 0xb, 0xf};
+    u32 state = 0;
+    if(fetcher[5].musicMode && fetcher[5].flag) state |= 1;
+    if(fetcher[6].musicMode && fetcher[6].flag) state |= 2;
+    if(fetcher[7].musicMode && fetcher[7].flag) state |= 4;
+    return amplitude[state];
+  }
+
+  auto reverse(n8 data) -> n8 {
+    n8 result;
+    for(u32 bit : range(8)) result.bit(7 - bit) = data.bit(bit);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  auto readRegister(n16 address) -> n8 {
+    auto index = address & 7;
+    auto function = address.bit(3, 5);
+
+    if(function == 0) {
+      if(index < 4) return random;
+      if(index <= 5) {
+        drawOperand = drawLatch;
+        auto sum = u32{drawOperand} + u32{fetcher[4].top};
+        drawLatch = sum;
+        drawCarry = sum > 0xff;
+      }
+      return n8{drawCarry ? movement << 4 : 0} | music();
+    }
+
+    checkFlag(index);
+    auto data = display(index);
+    n8 result;
+    if(function == 1) result = data;
+    if(function == 2) result = fetcher[index].flag ? data : n8{0};
+    if(function == 3) result = fetcher[index].flag ? n8{data << 4 | data >> 4} : n8{0};
+    if(function == 4) result = fetcher[index].flag ? reverse(data) : n8{0};
+    if(function == 5) result = fetcher[index].flag ? n8{data >> 1} : n8{0};
+    if(function == 6) result = fetcher[index].flag ? n8{data << 1} : n8{0};
+    if(function == 7) result = fetcher[index].flag ? 0xff : 0x00;
+
+    if(index < 5 || !fetcher[index].oscillatorClock) decrement(index);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  auto writeRegister(n16 address, n8 data) -> void {
+    auto index = address & 7;
+    auto function = address.bit(3, 5);
+
+    if(function == 0) {
+      fetcher[index].top = data;
+      fetcher[index].flag = 0;
+    }
+    if(function == 1) {
+      fetcher[index].bottom = data;
+      checkFlag(index);
+    }
+    if(function == 2) {
+      fetcher[index].low = index >= 5 && fetcher[index].musicMode ? fetcher[index].top : data;
+      if(index == 4) drawLatch = data;
+      checkFlag(index);
+    }
+    if(function == 3) {
+      fetcher[index].high = data.bit(0, 2);
+      if(index >= 5) {
+        fetcher[index].musicMode = data.bit(4);
+        fetcher[index].oscillatorClock = data.bit(5);
+        if(fetcher[index].musicMode && fetcher[index].low == 0xff) {
+          fetcher[index].low = fetcher[index].top;
+          checkFlag(index);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if(function == 4) movement = data.bit(4, 7);
+    if(function == 6) random = 0;
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(!address.bit(12)) return data;
+    clockRandom();
+
+    if(address == 0x1ff8) bank = 0;
+    if(address == 0x1ff9) bank = 1;
+    if(address <= 0x103f) return readRegister(address);
+    return rom.read(bank * 4_KiB + (address & 0xfff));
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(!address.bit(12)) return data;
+    clockRandom();
+
+    if(address == 0x1ff8) bank = 0;
+    if(address == 0x1ff9) bank = 1;
+    if(address >= 0x1040 && address <= 0x107f) {
+      writeRegister(address, data);
+      return data;
+    }
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto main() -> void {
+    for(u32 index = 5; index < 8; index++) {
+      if(fetcher[index].oscillatorClock) decrement(index);
+    }
+    step(1);
+    Thread::synchronize(cpu);
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    Thread::create(20'000, std::bind_front(&DPC::main, this));
+    //Stella latch bank 1.
+    //MAME latch bank 0.
+    bank = 1;
+    random = 0;
+    movement = 0;
+    drawLatch = 0;
+    drawOperand = 0;
+    drawCarry = 0;
+    for(auto& item : fetcher) item = {};
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    Thread::serialize(s);
+    s(bank);
+    s(random);
+    s(movement);
+    s(drawLatch);
+    s(drawOperand);
+    s(drawCarry);
+    for(auto& item : fetcher) {
+      s(item.top);
+      s(item.bottom);
+      s(item.low);
+      s(item.high);
+      s(item.flag);
+      s(item.musicMode);
+      s(item.oscillatorClock);
+    }
+  }
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+struct EconoBanking : Interface {
+  using Interface::Interface;
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  n1 bank;
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    select(address);
+    if(address.bit(12)) return rom.read(bank * 0x1000 + (address & 0x0fff));
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    select(address);
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    bank = 0;
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    s(bank);
+  }
+
+private:
+  auto select(n16 address) -> void {
+    if((address & 0x1840) == 0x0800) bank = 0;
+    if((address & 0x1840) == 0x0840) bank = 1;
+  }
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+struct EFBase : Interface {
+  EFBase(Cartridge& cartridge, n16 hotspotMask, n16 hotspot, n6 startupBank, bool hasRam = false)
+  : Interface(cartridge), hotspotMask(hotspotMask), hotspot(hotspot), startupBank(startupBank), hasRam(hasRam) {}
+
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  Memory::Writable<n8> ram;
+  const n16 hotspotMask;
+  const n16 hotspot;
+  const n6 startupBank;
+  const bool hasRam;
+  n6 bank;
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    bankswitch(address);
+    if(!address.bit(12)) return data;
+    if(hasRam && address <= 0x107f) {
+      ram.write(address & 0x7f, data);
+      return data;
+    }
+    if(hasRam && address <= 0x10ff) return ram.read(address & 0x7f);
+    return rom.read(bank * 0x1000 + (address & 0x0fff));
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    bankswitch(address);
+    if(hasRam && address >= 0x1000 && address <= 0x107f) {
+      ram.write(address & 0x7f, data);
+      return data;
+    }
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    bank = startupBank;
+    if(hasRam) ram.allocate(128, 0x00);
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    s(bank);
+    if(hasRam) s(ram);
+  }
+
+private:
+  auto bankswitch(n16 address) -> void {
+    if((address & hotspotMask) == hotspot) bank = address - hotspot;
+  }
+};
+
+struct EF : EFBase {
+  EF(Cartridge& cartridge) : EFBase(cartridge, 0x1ff0, 0x1fe0, 1) {}
+};
+
+struct EFF : EFBase {
+  EFF(Cartridge& cartridge) : EFBase(cartridge, 0x1ff0, 0x1fe0, 1) {}
+
+  M24C eeprom;
+  PersistentMemory persistent;
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    EFBase::load();
+    persistent.load(pak, "save.eeprom", 2_KiB, 0xff);
+    eeprom.load(M24C::Type::M24C16);
+    std::copy(persistent.memory.begin(), persistent.memory.end(), std::begin(eeprom.memory));
+  }
+
+  auto save() -> void override {
+    persistent.flush(pak);
+  }
+
+  auto unload() -> void override {
+    persistent.flush(pak);
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(address >= 0x1ff0 && address <= 0x1ff4) {
+      if(address == 0x1ff0) setClock(0);
+      if(address == 0x1ff1) setClock(1);
+      if(address == 0x1ff2) setData(0);
+      if(address == 0x1ff3) setData(1);
+      if(address == 0x1ff4) return rom.read(bank * 0x1000 + 0x0ff4 + eeprom.read());
+    }
+    return EFBase::read(address, data);
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(address >= 0x1ff0 && address <= 0x1ff3) {
+      if(address == 0x1ff0) setClock(0);
+      if(address == 0x1ff1) setClock(1);
+      if(address == 0x1ff2) setData(0);
+      if(address == 0x1ff3) setData(1);
+    }
+    return EFBase::write(address, data);
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    EFBase::power(reset);
+    eeprom.power();
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    EFBase::serialize(s);
+    eeprom.serialize(s, false);
+    if(s.reading()) {
+      std::copy(persistent.memory.begin(), persistent.memory.end(), std::begin(eeprom.memory));
+    }
+  }
+
+private:
+  auto synchronizePersistent() -> void {
+    persistent.replace({(const u8*)eeprom.memory, eeprom.size()});
+  }
+
+  auto setClock(bool value) -> void {
+    eeprom.clock = eeprom.clock();
+    eeprom.data = eeprom.data();
+    eeprom.clock = value;
+    eeprom.write();
+    synchronizePersistent();
+  }
+
+  auto setData(bool value) -> void {
+    eeprom.clock = eeprom.clock();
+    eeprom.data = eeprom.data();
+    eeprom.data = value;
+    eeprom.write();
+    synchronizePersistent();
+  }
+};
+
+struct DF : EFBase {
+  DF(Cartridge& cartridge) : EFBase(cartridge, 0x1fe0, 0x1fc0, 15) {}
+};
+
+struct BF : EFBase {
+  BF(Cartridge& cartridge) : EFBase(cartridge, 0x1fc0, 0x1f80, 1) {}
+};
+
+struct EFSC : EFBase {
+  EFSC(Cartridge& cartridge) : EFBase(cartridge, 0x1ff0, 0x1fe0, 15, true) {}
+};
+
+struct DFSC : EFBase {
+  DFSC(Cartridge& cartridge) : EFBase(cartridge, 0x1fe0, 0x1fc0, 15, true) {}
+};
+
+struct BFSC : EFBase {
+  BFSC(Cartridge& cartridge) : EFBase(cartridge, 0x1fc0, 0x1f80, 15, true) {}
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+struct ELFCartridge : Interface {
+  ELFCartridge(Cartridge& cartridge) : Interface(cartridge) {}
+
+  auto fail(string reason) -> void {
+    runtime.unload();
+    publishedError = std::move(reason);
+    ready = false;
+    cartridge.node->setAttribute("error", publishedError);
+  }
+
+  auto clearError() -> void {
+    publishedError = {};
+    cartridge.node->setAttribute("error");
+  }
+
+  auto publishRuntimeError() -> bool {
+    if(!runtime.faulted()) return false;
+    auto error = runtime.error();
+    if(error != publishedError) {
+      publishedError = std::move(error);
+      cartridge.node->setAttribute("error", publishedError);
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  auto access(n16 address, n8 value) -> n8 {
+    if(!ready || publishRuntimeError()) return value;
+    return runtime.access(address, value);
+  }
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    image.clear();
+    object = {};
+    linker = {};
+    ready = false;
+    clearError();
+    if(auto fp = pak->read("program.elf")) {
+      if(fp->size() > ELF::MaximumImageSize) return fail("ELF image exceeds 16 MiB");
+      image.resize(fp->size());
+      fp->read({image.data(), image.size()});
+    } else {
+      return fail("ELF package is missing program.elf");
+    }
+    if(!object.parse(image)) return fail(object.error());
+    if(!linker.link(object, ELF::externalSymbols(Region::NTSC()))) return fail(linker.error());
+    ready = true;
+  }
+
+  auto unload() -> void override {
+    runtime.unload();
+    image.clear();
+    object = {};
+    linker = {};
+    ready = false;
+    publishedError = {};
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool) -> void override {
+    if(!ready) return;
+    if(!linker.link(object, ELF::externalSymbols(Region::NTSC()))) return fail(linker.error());
+    runtime.power(linker.result(), Region::NTSC());
+    clearError();
+    publishRuntimeError();
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 value) -> n8 override {
+    return access(address, value);
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 value) -> n8 override {
+    return access(address, value);
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    if(!ready) return;
+    runtime.serialize(s);
+    if(s.reading()) {
+      clearError();
+      publishRuntimeError();
+    }
+  }
+
+  std::vector<u8> image;
+  ELF::Object object;
+  ELF::Linker linker;
+  ELF::Runtime runtime;
+  bool ready = false;
+  string publishedError;
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+struct Enhanced3F : Interface {
+  using Interface::Interface;
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  n8 bank;
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(!address.bit(12)) return data;
+    if(!address.bit(11)) return rom.read(bank * 0x800 + (address & 0x07ff));
+    return rom.read(rom.size() - 0x800 + (address & 0x07ff));
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(address <= 0x003f) bank = data % (rom.size() >> 11);
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    //Stella powers bank 0; MAME powers the final bank.
+    bank = 0;
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    s(bank);
+  }
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+struct FA2 : Interface, Thread {
+  using Interface::Interface;
+
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  Memory::Writable<n8> ram;
+  PersistentMemory persistent;
+  n3 bank;
+  n9 busyTicks;
+  n1 operationCompleted;
+  n1 operationSucceeded;
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    Memory::Readable<n8> image;
+    Interface::load(image, "program.rom");
+    if(image.size() >= 29_KiB) {
+      rom.allocate(28_KiB, 0x00);
+      for(u32 offset : range(28_KiB)) rom.program(offset, image.read(1_KiB + offset));
+    } else {
+      rom.allocate(image.size(), 0x00);
+      for(u32 offset : range(image.size())) rom.program(offset, image.read(offset));
+    }
+    persistent.load(pak, "save.flash", 256, 0x00);
+  }
+
+  auto save() -> void override {
+    persistent.flush(pak);
+  }
+
+  auto unload() -> void override {
+    persistent.flush(pak);
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(!address.bit(12)) return data;
+    if(address == 0x1ff4 && rom.size() == 28_KiB) return operate();
+    bankswitch(address);
+    if(address <= 0x10ff) {
+      ram.write(address & 0xff, data);
+      return data;
+    }
+    if(address <= 0x11ff) return ram.read(address & 0xff);
+    return rom.read(bank * 4_KiB + (address & 0x0fff));
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(!address.bit(12)) return data;
+    if(address == 0x1ff4 && rom.size() == 28_KiB) {
+      operate();
+      return data;
+    }
+    bankswitch(address);
+    if(address <= 0x10ff) ram.write(address & 0xff, data);
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto main() -> void {
+    if(busyTicks && !--busyTicks) {
+      operationCompleted = 1;
+      ram.write(255, operationSucceeded ? 0x00 : 0xff);
+    }
+    step(1);
+    Thread::synchronize(cpu);
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    Thread::create(2'000, std::bind_front(&FA2::main, this));
+    bank = 0;
+    busyTicks = 0;
+    operationCompleted = 0;
+    operationSucceeded = 0;
+    ram.allocate(256, 0x00);
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    Thread::serialize(s);
+    s(bank);
+    s(busyTicks);
+    s(operationCompleted);
+    s(operationSucceeded);
+    s(ram);
+  }
+
+private:
+  auto bankswitch(n16 address) -> void {
+    if(address < 0x1ff5 || address > 0x1ffb) return;
+    auto selected = address - 0x1ff5;
+    if(selected < rom.size() / 4_KiB) bank = selected;
+  }
+
+  auto operate() -> n8 {
+    auto value = rom.read(bank * 4_KiB + 0x0ff4);
+    if(busyTicks) return value | 0x40;
+    if(operationCompleted) {
+      operationCompleted = 0;
+      return value & ~0x40;
+    }
+
+    operationSucceeded = 1;
+    auto command = ram.read(255);
+    if(command == 0) {
+      persistent.erase();
+      busyTicks = 202;
+    } else if(command == 1) {
+      for(u32 offset : range(256)) ram.write(offset, persistent.read(offset));
+      busyTicks = 1;
+    } else if(command == 2) {
+      persistent.replace({(const u8*)ram.data(), 256});
+      busyTicks = 202;
+    } else {
+      operationSucceeded = 0;
+      ram.write(255, 0xff);
+      return value & ~0x40;
+    }
+    return value | 0x40;
+  }
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+struct FourA50 : Interface {
+  using Interface::Interface;
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  Memory::Writable<n8> ram;
+  n16 sliceLow;
+  n16 sliceMiddle;
+  n16 sliceHigh;
+  n1 romLow;
+  n1 romMiddle;
+  n1 romHigh;
+  n16 lastAddress;
+  n8 lastData;
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(!address.bit(12)) {
+      checkBankSwitch(address, data);
+    } else if((address & 0x1800) == 0x1000) {
+      data = romLow ? readRom(sliceLow + (address & 0x07ff)) : ram.read(sliceLow + (address & 0x07ff));
+    } else if(address <= 0x1dff) {
+      data = romMiddle ? readRom(0x10000 + sliceMiddle + (address & 0x07ff))
+                       : ram.read(sliceMiddle + (address & 0x07ff));
+    } else if(address <= 0x1eff) {
+      data = romHigh ? readRom(0x10000 + sliceHigh + (address & 0x00ff))
+                     : ram.read(sliceHigh + (address & 0x00ff));
+    } else {
+      data = readRom(0x1ff00 + (address & 0x00ff));
+      if((lastData & 0xe0) == 0x60 && (lastAddress >= 0x1000 || lastAddress < 0x0200)) {
+        sliceHigh = (sliceHigh & 0xf0ff) | ((address & 0x0008) << 8) | ((address & 0x0070) << 4);
+      }
+    }
+    lastData = data;
+    lastAddress = address;
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(!address.bit(12)) {
+      checkBankSwitch(address, data);
+    } else if((address & 0x1800) == 0x1000) {
+      if(!romLow) {
+        ram.write(sliceLow + (address & 0x07ff), data);
+      }
+    } else if(address <= 0x1dff) {
+      if(!romMiddle) {
+        ram.write(sliceMiddle + (address & 0x07ff), data);
+      }
+    } else if(address <= 0x1eff) {
+      if(!romHigh) {
+        ram.write(sliceHigh + (address & 0x00ff), data);
+      }
+    } else if((lastData & 0xe0) == 0x60 && (lastAddress >= 0x1000 || lastAddress < 0x0200)) {
+      sliceHigh = (sliceHigh & 0xf0ff) | ((address & 0x0008) << 8) | ((address & 0x0070) << 4);
+    }
+    lastData = data;
+    lastAddress = address;
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    sliceLow = 0;
+    sliceMiddle = 0;
+    sliceHigh = 0;
+    romLow = 1;
+    romMiddle = 1;
+    romHigh = 1;
+    lastAddress = 0xffff;
+    lastData = 0xff;
+    ram.allocate(32_KiB, 0x00);
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    s(ram);
+    s(sliceLow);
+    s(sliceMiddle);
+    s(sliceHigh);
+    s(romLow);
+    s(romMiddle);
+    s(romHigh);
+    s(lastAddress);
+    s(lastData);
+  }
+
+private:
+  auto readRom(u32 address) -> n8 {
+    return rom.read(address % rom.size());
+  }
+
+  auto bankROMLower(u16 value) -> void { romLow = 1; sliceLow = value << 11; }
+  auto bankRAMLower(u16 value) -> void { romLow = 0; sliceLow = value << 11; }
+  auto bankROMMiddle(u16 value) -> void { romMiddle = 1; sliceMiddle = value << 11; }
+  auto bankRAMMiddle(u16 value) -> void { romMiddle = 0; sliceMiddle = value << 11; }
+  auto bankROMHigh(u16 value) -> void { romHigh = 1; sliceHigh = value << 8; }
+  auto bankRAMHigh(u16 value) -> void { romHigh = 0; sliceHigh = value << 8; }
+
+  auto checkBankSwitch(n16 address, n8 data) -> void {
+    if((lastData & 0xe0) == 0x60 && (lastAddress >= 0x1000 || lastAddress < 0x0200)) {
+      if((address & 0x0f00) == 0x0c00) bankROMHigh(address & 0x00ff);
+      else if((address & 0x0f00) == 0x0d00) bankRAMHigh(address & 0x007f);
+      else if((address & 0x0f40) == 0x0e00) bankROMLower(address & 0x001f);
+      else if((address & 0x0f40) == 0x0e40) bankRAMLower(address & 0x000f);
+      else if((address & 0x0f40) == 0x0f00) bankROMMiddle(address & 0x001f);
+      else if((address & 0x0f50) == 0x0f40) bankRAMMiddle(address & 0x000f);
+      else if((address & 0x0f00) == 0x0400) sliceLow ^= 0x0800;
+      else if((address & 0x0f00) == 0x0500) sliceLow ^= 0x1000;
+      else if((address & 0x0f00) == 0x0800) sliceMiddle ^= 0x0800;
+      else if((address & 0x0f00) == 0x0900) sliceMiddle ^= 0x1000;
+    }
+
+    if((address & 0x0f75) == 0x0074) bankROMHigh(data);
+    else if((address & 0x0f75) == 0x0075) bankRAMHigh(data & 0x7f);
+    else if((address & 0x0f7c) == 0x0078) {
+      if((data & 0xf0) == 0x00) bankROMLower(data & 0x0f);
+      else if((data & 0xf0) == 0x40) bankRAMLower(data & 0x0f);
+      else if((data & 0xf0) == 0x90) bankROMMiddle((data & 0x0f) | 0x10);
+      else if((data & 0xf0) == 0xc0) bankRAMMiddle(data & 0x0f);
+    }
+  }
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+struct Jane : Interface {
+  using Interface::Interface;
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  n2 bank;
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    select(address);
+    if(address.bit(12)) return rom.read(bank * 0x1000 + (address & 0x0fff));
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    select(address);
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    bank = 1;
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    s(bank);
+  }
+
+private:
+  auto select(n16 address) -> void {
+    if(address == 0x1ff0) bank = 0;
+    if(address == 0x1ff1) bank = 1;
+    if(address == 0x1ff8) bank = 2;
+    if(address == 0x1ff9) bank = 3;
+  }
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+struct JVP : Interface {
+  using Interface::Interface;
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  n1 bank;
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    select(address);
+    if(address.bit(12)) return rom.read(bank * 0x1000 + (address & 0x0fff));
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    select(address);
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    //Stella powers bank 1; MAME powers bank 0.
+    bank = 0;
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    s(bank);
+  }
+
+private:
+  auto select(n16 address) -> void {
+    //Stella selects directly; MAME toggles either hotspot.
+    if((address & 0x16e0) == 0x06a0) bank = 0;
+    if((address & 0x16e0) == 0x06c0) bank = 1;
+  }
+};
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 struct Linear : Interface {
  using Interface::Interface;
  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
-  Memory::Writable<n8> ram;
-  bool hasRam;

  auto load() -> void override {
    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
@@ -14,32 +12,19 @@ struct Linear : Interface {
  auto unload() -> void override {
  }

-  auto read(n16 address) -> n8 override {
-    if(address.bit(12)) {
-      if(hasRam && address >= 0x1080 && address <= 0x10ff) return ram.read(address & 0x7f);
-      return rom.read(address & 0xfff);
-    }
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    if(address.bit(12)) return rom.read(address & 0xfff);

-    return 0xff;
+    return data;
  }
   
-  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> bool override {
-    if(address >= 0x1000 && address <= 0x107f) {
-      hasRam = true;
-      ram.write(address & 0x7f, data);
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    return false;
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    return data;
  }

-  auto power() -> void override {
-    hasRam = 0;
-    ram.allocate(128);
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
  }

  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
-    s(hasRam);
-    s(ram);
  }
 };
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+struct MNetwork : Interface {
+  using Interface::Interface;
+  static constexpr u8 LowerRam = 7;
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  Memory::Writable<n8> ram;
+  n3 lowerSelector;
+  n2 upperRamBank;
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
+  }
+
+  auto select(n16 address) -> void {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(address >= 0x1fe8 && address <= 0x1feb) upperRamBank = address - 0x1fe8;
+    if(address < 0x1fe0 || address > 0x1fe7) return;
+
+    auto selector = address - 0x1fe0;
+    if(selector == 7) {
+      lowerSelector = LowerRam;
+      return;
+    }
+    if(rom.size() == 8_KiB) {
+      if(selector >= 4) lowerSelector = selector - 4;
+      return;
+    }
+    if(rom.size() == 12_KiB) {
+      static constexpr u8 banks[] = {0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4};
+      lowerSelector = banks[selector];
+      return;
+    }
+    lowerSelector = selector;
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    select(address);
+
+    if(address >= 0x1000 && address <= 0x13ff) {
+      if(lowerSelector != LowerRam) return rom.read((lowerSelector * 0x800) + (address & 0x7ff));
+      ram.write(address & 0x3ff, data);
+      return data;
+    }
+    if(address >= 0x1400 && address <= 0x17ff) {
+      if(lowerSelector != LowerRam) return rom.read((lowerSelector * 0x800) + (address & 0x7ff));
+      return ram.read(address & 0x3ff);
+    }
+    if(address >= 0x1800 && address <= 0x18ff) {
+      auto offset = 0x400 + upperRamBank * 0x100 + (address & 0xff);
+      ram.write(offset, data);
+      return data;
+    }
+    if(address >= 0x1900 && address <= 0x19ff) {
+      return ram.read(0x400 + upperRamBank * 0x100 + (address & 0xff));
+    }
+    if(address >= 0x1a00) return rom.read((rom.size() - 0x800) + (address & 0x7ff));
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    select(address);
+
+    if(lowerSelector == LowerRam && address >= 0x1000 && address <= 0x13ff) {
+      ram.write(address & 0x3ff, data);
+      return data;
+    }
+    if(address >= 0x1800 && address <= 0x18ff) {
+      ram.write(0x400 + upperRamBank * 0x100 + (address & 0xff), data);
+      return data;
+    }
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    lowerSelector = 0;
+    upperRamBank = 0;
+    ram.allocate(2_KiB, 0x00);
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    s(lowerSelector);
+    s(upperRamBank);
+    s(ram);
+  }
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+struct MDM : Interface {
+  using Interface::Interface;
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  n7 bank;
+  n1 bankingDisabled;
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    bankswitch(address);
+    if(address.bit(12)) return rom.read(bank * 0x1000 + (address & 0x0fff));
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    bankswitch(address & 0x1fff);
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    bank = 0;
+    bankingDisabled = 0;
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    s(bank);
+    s(bankingDisabled);
+  }
+
+private:
+  auto bankswitch(n16 address) -> void {
+    if(bankingDisabled || (address & 0x1c00) != 0x0800) return;
+    auto selector = address & 0x00ff;
+    bank = selector % (rom.size() >> 12);
+    if(selector > 127) bankingDisabled = 1;
+  }
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+struct MegaBoy : Interface {
+  using Interface::Interface;
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  n4 bank;
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    select(address);
+    if(address.bit(12)) return rom.read(bank * 0x1000 + (address & 0x0fff));
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    select(address);
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    //Stella latch bank 15.
+    //MAME latch bank 0.
+    bank = 0;
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    s(bank);
+  }
+
+private:
+  auto select(n16 address) -> void {
+    if(address == 0x1ff0) bank++;
+  }
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,702 @@
+struct MovieCart : Interface {
+  using Interface::Interface;
+
+  static constexpr u32 TitleCycles = 1'000'000;
+  static constexpr u16 StreamRoutine = 0x1080;
+  static constexpr u16 BlankRoutine = 0x1180;
+  static constexpr u16 InputRoutine = 0x1100;
+  static constexpr u16 DifficultyRoutine = 0x1200;
+  static constexpr u16 ConsoleRoutine = 0x1300;
+  static constexpr u16 PulseRoutine = 0x1560;
+  static constexpr u16 LineTrampoline = 0x1070;
+
+  struct Kernel {
+    std::array<u8, 1_KiB> image{};
+    u16 vsyncLines = 0;
+    u16 vblankLines = 0;
+    u16 overscanLines = 0;
+    u16 visibleDone = 0;
+    u16 visibleExit = 0;
+    u16 background = 0;
+    std::array<u16, 5> playfieldColor{};
+    u16 playfield0Left = 0;
+    u16 playfield1Left = 0;
+    u16 playfield2Left = 0;
+    u16 playfield0Right = 0;
+    u16 playfield1Right = 0;
+    u16 playfield2Right = 0;
+    std::array<u16, 2> audioVolume{};
+  } kernel;
+
+  VFS::File stream;
+  std::array<std::array<u8, MVC::FieldSize>, 2> fields{};
+  MVC::FieldDescriptor descriptors[2];
+  std::array<u32, 2> loadedFields = {~0u, ~0u};
+  std::array<bool, 2> blankFields{};
+  std::array<u8, 32> fingerprint{};
+  u64 streamSize = 0;
+  u32 fieldCount = 0;
+  u32 fieldNumber = 0;
+  u16 scanline = 0;
+  n1 activeBuffer = 0;
+  n1 odd = 1;
+  n1 a7 = 0;
+  n1 a10 = 0;
+  n16 a10Pulses = 0;
+  bool streamStarted = false;
+  u8 previousCommand = 0;
+  u8 repeatFields = 0;
+  u8 seekSpeed = 2;
+  u8 muteFields = 0;
+  u8 volume = 15;
+  u8 brightness = 15;
+  u8 osdMode = 0;
+  bool monochrome = false;
+  bool playing = true;
+  enum class TitleState : u8 { Display, Exiting, Stream } titleState = TitleState::Display;
+  u32 titleCycles = 0;
+  bool ready = false;
+
+  auto emit(u16& pc, u8 value) -> void {
+    kernel.image[pc++ & 0x03ff] = value;
+  }
+
+  auto immediate(u16& pc, u8 opcode, u8 value, u16* operand = nullptr) -> void {
+    emit(pc, opcode);
+    if(operand) *operand = pc;
+    emit(pc, value);
+  }
+
+  auto absolute(u16& pc, u8 opcode, u16 address) -> void {
+    emit(pc, opcode);
+    emit(pc, address);
+    emit(pc, address >> 8);
+  }
+
+  auto zeroPage(u16& pc, u8 opcode, u8 address) -> void {
+    emit(pc, opcode);
+    emit(pc, address);
+  }
+
+  auto branch(u16& pc, u8 opcode, u16 target) -> void {
+    emit(pc, opcode);
+    auto origin = pc + 1;
+    emit(pc, (u8)(target - origin));
+  }
+
+  auto branchPlaceholder(u16& pc, u8 opcode) -> u16 {
+    emit(pc, opcode);
+    auto operand = pc;
+    emit(pc, 0);
+    return operand;
+  }
+
+  auto patchBranch(u16 operand, u16 target) -> void {
+    kernel.image[operand & 0x03ff] = (u8)(target - (operand + 1));
+  }
+
+  auto buildKernel() -> void {
+    kernel = {};
+    kernel.image.fill(0xea);
+    u16 pc = 0;
+
+    emit(pc, 0x78);                              //SEI
+    emit(pc, 0xd8);                              //CLD
+    immediate(pc, 0xa2, 0xff);                   //LDX #$ff
+    emit(pc, 0x9a);                              //TXS
+    immediate(pc, 0xa9, 0x02);                   //LDA #$02
+    zeroPage(pc, 0x85, 0x01);                    //STA VBLANK
+    immediate(pc, 0xa9, 0x00);                   //LDA #$00
+    zeroPage(pc, 0x85, 0x0a);                    //STA CTRLPF
+    immediate(pc, 0xa9, 0x04);                   //LDA #pure tone
+    zeroPage(pc, 0x85, 0x15);                    //STA AUDC0
+    immediate(pc, 0xa9, 0x00);                   //LDA #frequency
+    zeroPage(pc, 0x85, 0x17);                    //STA AUDF0
+
+    auto frame = pc;
+    immediate(pc, 0xa9, 0x02);                   //LDA #$02
+    zeroPage(pc, 0x85, 0x00);                    //STA VSYNC
+    immediate(pc, 0xa2, 3, &kernel.vsyncLines);  //LDX #vsync
+    auto vsyncLoop = pc;
+    absolute(pc, 0x20, BlankRoutine);            //JSR blank line
+    emit(pc, 0xca);                              //DEX
+    branch(pc, 0xd0, vsyncLoop);                 //BNE
+    immediate(pc, 0xa9, 0x00);                   //LDA #0
+    zeroPage(pc, 0x85, 0x00);                    //STA VSYNC
+    immediate(pc, 0xa2, 37, &kernel.vblankLines);//LDX #vblank
+    auto vblankLoop = pc;
+    absolute(pc, 0x20, BlankRoutine);            //JSR blank line
+    emit(pc, 0xca);                              //DEX
+    branch(pc, 0xd0, vblankLoop);                //BNE
+    immediate(pc, 0xa9, 0x00);                   //LDA #0
+    zeroPage(pc, 0x85, 0x01);                    //STA VBLANK
+    absolute(pc, 0x4c, StreamRoutine);            //JMP visible stream
+    auto visibleDone = pc;
+    kernel.visibleExit = visibleDone + 0x1000;
+    immediate(pc, 0xa9, 0x02);                   //LDA #2
+    zeroPage(pc, 0x85, 0x01);                    //STA VBLANK
+    absolute(pc, 0x20, InputRoutine);             //JSR input sampler
+    immediate(pc, 0xa2, 30, &kernel.overscanLines);//LDX #overscan
+    auto overscanLoop = pc;
+    absolute(pc, 0x20, BlankRoutine);            //JSR blank line
+    emit(pc, 0xca);                              //DEX
+    branch(pc, 0xd0, overscanLoop);               //BNE
+    absolute(pc, 0x4c, 0x1000 + frame);           //JMP frame
+
+    pc = LineTrampoline & 0x03ff;
+    emit(pc, 0x4c);                              //JMP visible stream/done
+    kernel.visibleDone = pc;
+    emit(pc, StreamRoutine & 0xff);
+    emit(pc, StreamRoutine >> 8);
+
+    pc = PulseRoutine & 0x03ff;
+    emit(pc, 0x60);                              //RTS (one A10 pulse)
+
+    pc = StreamRoutine & 0x03ff;
+    zeroPage(pc, 0x85, 0x02);                    //STA WSYNC
+    immediate(pc, 0xa9, 0x00, &kernel.background);
+    zeroPage(pc, 0x85, 0x09);                    //STA COLUBK
+    immediate(pc, 0xa9, 0x0e, &kernel.playfieldColor[0]);
+    zeroPage(pc, 0x85, 0x08);                    //STA COLUPF
+    immediate(pc, 0xa9, 0x00, &kernel.playfield0Left);
+    zeroPage(pc, 0x85, 0x0d);                    //STA PF0
+    immediate(pc, 0xa9, 0x00, &kernel.playfield1Left);
+    zeroPage(pc, 0x85, 0x0e);                    //STA PF1
+    immediate(pc, 0xa9, 0x00, &kernel.playfield2Left);
+    zeroPage(pc, 0x85, 0x0f);                    //STA PF2
+    immediate(pc, 0xa9, 0x00, &kernel.audioVolume[0]);
+    zeroPage(pc, 0x85, 0x19);                    //STA AUDV0
+    emit(pc, 0xea);                              //align five color cells
+    immediate(pc, 0xa9, 0x0e, &kernel.playfieldColor[1]);
+    zeroPage(pc, 0x85, 0x08);                    //STA COLUPF
+    immediate(pc, 0xa9, 0x0e, &kernel.playfieldColor[2]);
+    zeroPage(pc, 0x85, 0x08);                    //STA COLUPF
+    immediate(pc, 0xa9, 0x00, &kernel.playfield0Right);
+    zeroPage(pc, 0x85, 0x0d);                    //STA PF0
+    immediate(pc, 0xa9, 0x0e, &kernel.playfieldColor[3]);
+    zeroPage(pc, 0x85, 0x08);                    //STA COLUPF
+    immediate(pc, 0xa9, 0x00, &kernel.playfield1Right);
+    zeroPage(pc, 0x85, 0x0e);                    //STA PF1
+    immediate(pc, 0xa9, 0x0e, &kernel.playfieldColor[4]);
+    zeroPage(pc, 0x85, 0x08);                    //STA COLUPF
+    immediate(pc, 0xa9, 0x00, &kernel.playfield2Right);
+    zeroPage(pc, 0x85, 0x0f);                    //STA PF2
+    absolute(pc, 0x4c, LineTrampoline);           //JMP low-page trampoline
+
+    pc = BlankRoutine & 0x03ff;
+    zeroPage(pc, 0x85, 0x02);                    //STA WSYNC
+    immediate(pc, 0xa9, 0x00, &kernel.audioVolume[1]);
+    zeroPage(pc, 0x85, 0x19);                    //STA AUDV0
+    emit(pc, 0x60);                              //RTS
+
+    pc = InputRoutine & 0x03ff;
+    zeroPage(pc, 0xa5, 0x0c);                    //LDA INPT4
+    auto noFire = branchPlaceholder(pc, 0x30);   //BMI not pressed
+    absolute(pc, 0x20, PulseRoutine);
+    emit(pc, 0x60);                              //fire = command 1
+    patchBranch(noFire, pc);
+
+    auto joystickCommand = [&](u8 mask, u8 pulses) {
+      absolute(pc, 0xad, 0x0280);                //LDA SWCHA
+      immediate(pc, 0x29, mask);                 //AND direction
+      auto notPressed = branchPlaceholder(pc, 0xd0);
+      for(u32 pulse : range(pulses)) absolute(pc, 0x20, PulseRoutine);
+      emit(pc, 0x60);
+      patchBranch(notPressed, pc);
+    };
+    joystickCommand(0x40, 2);                    //left = seek backward
+    joystickCommand(0x80, 3);                    //right = seek forward
+    joystickCommand(0x10, 4);                    //up = volume up
+    joystickCommand(0x20, 5);                    //down = volume down
+    absolute(pc, 0x4c, DifficultyRoutine);        //JMP difficulty sampler
+
+    pc = DifficultyRoutine & 0x03ff;
+    auto difficultyCommand = [&](u8 mask, u8 pulses) {
+      absolute(pc, 0xad, 0x0282);                //LDA SWCHB
+      immediate(pc, 0x29, mask);                 //AND difficulty switch
+      auto inactive = branchPlaceholder(pc, 0xd0);
+      for(u32 pulse : range(pulses)) absolute(pc, 0x20, PulseRoutine);
+      emit(pc, 0x60);
+      patchBranch(inactive, pc);
+    };
+    difficultyCommand(0x40, 9);                  //left difficulty = ten seconds back
+    difficultyCommand(0x80, 10);                 //right difficulty = single step
+    absolute(pc, 0x4c, ConsoleRoutine);           //JMP console sampler
+
+    pc = ConsoleRoutine & 0x03ff;
+    auto consoleCommand = [&](u8 mask, u8 pulses) {
+      absolute(pc, 0xad, 0x0282);                //LDA SWCHB
+      immediate(pc, 0x29, mask);                 //AND console switch
+      auto inactive = branchPlaceholder(pc, 0xd0);
+      for(u32 pulse : range(pulses)) absolute(pc, 0x20, PulseRoutine);
+      emit(pc, 0x60);
+      patchBranch(inactive, pc);
+    };
+    consoleCommand(0x02, 6);                     //select = cycle OSD
+    consoleCommand(0x01, 7);                     //reset = restart movie
+    consoleCommand(0x08, 8);                     //B/W = monochrome toggle
+    emit(pc, 0x60);
+
+    kernel.image[0x03fc] = 0x00;
+    kernel.image[0x03fd] = 0x10;
+    kernel.image[0x03fe] = 0x00;
+    kernel.image[0x03ff] = 0x10;
+  }
+
+  auto fail(string reason) -> void {
+    ready = false;
+    cartridge.node->setAttribute("error", reason);
+  }
+
+  auto updateStatus() -> void {
+    cartridge.node->setAttribute("moviecart-field", string{fieldNumber});
+    cartridge.node->setAttribute("moviecart-state", playing ? "playing" : "paused");
+    cartridge.node->setAttribute("moviecart-volume", string{volume});
+    cartridge.node->setAttribute("moviecart-brightness", string{brightness});
+    cartridge.node->setAttribute("moviecart-monochrome", monochrome ? "on" : "off");
+    cartridge.node->setAttribute("moviecart-osd", string{osdMode});
+    cartridge.node->setAttribute("moviecart-seek-speed", string{seekSpeed});
+    cartridge.node->setAttribute("moviecart-repeat", string{repeatFields});
+    cartridge.node->setAttribute("moviecart-mute", string{muteFields});
+    static constexpr const char* titleNames[] = {"display", "exiting", "stream"};
+    cartridge.node->setAttribute("moviecart-title", titleNames[(u32)titleState]);
+  }
+
+  auto readField(u32 number, u32 buffer) -> bool {
+    if(!stream || number >= fieldCount || buffer >= fields.size()) return false;
+    auto offset = (u64)number * MVC::FieldSize;
+    if(offset > streamSize || MVC::FieldSize > streamSize - offset) return false;
+    std::array<u8, MVC::FieldSize> candidate{};
+    stream->seek(offset);
+    stream->read({candidate.data(), candidate.size()});
+    MVC::FieldDescriptor descriptor;
+    if(!MVC::parseField(candidate, descriptor)) {
+      loadedFields[buffer] = number;
+      blankFields[buffer] = true;
+      return false;
+    }
+    fields[buffer] = candidate;
+    descriptors[buffer] = descriptor;
+    loadedFields[buffer] = number;
+    blankFields[buffer] = false;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  auto calculateFingerprint() -> void {
+    Hash::SHA256 hash;
+    MVC::fingerprintPrefix(hash, streamSize, fields[0], fields[1]);
+    stream->seek(streamSize - MVC::FieldSize);
+    for(u32 byte : range(MVC::FieldSize)) hash.input(stream->read());
+    auto output = hash.output();
+    for(u32 index : range(fingerprint.size())) fingerprint[index] = output[index];
+  }
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    cartridge.node->setAttribute("error");
+    stream = pak->read("stream.mvc");
+    if(!stream) return fail("MovieCart package is missing stream.mvc");
+    streamSize = stream->size();
+    if(streamSize < MVC::MinimumSize || streamSize % MVC::FieldSize) return fail("invalid MovieCart stream size");
+    if(streamSize / MVC::FieldSize > 0xffffffffull) return fail("MovieCart stream has too many fields");
+    fieldCount = streamSize / MVC::FieldSize;
+    if(!readField(0, 0) || !readField(1, 1)) return fail("invalid initial MovieCart field");
+    calculateFingerprint();
+    ready = true;
+  }
+
+  auto unload() -> void override {
+    stream.reset();
+    for(auto& field : fields) field.fill(0);
+    descriptors[0] = {};
+    descriptors[1] = {};
+    loadedFields = {~0u, ~0u};
+    blankFields = {};
+    fingerprint.fill(0);
+    streamSize = 0;
+    fieldCount = 0;
+    ready = false;
+  }
+
+  auto activateField() -> void {
+    auto& descriptor = descriptors[(u32)activeBuffer];
+    scanline = 0;
+    if(!descriptor.valid) return;
+    odd = descriptor.embeddedFrame & 1;
+    kernel.image[kernel.vsyncLines] = descriptor.vsync;
+    kernel.image[kernel.vblankLines] = descriptor.vblank;
+    kernel.image[kernel.overscanLines] = descriptor.overscan;
+    kernel.image[kernel.visibleDone + 0] = StreamRoutine & 0xff;
+    kernel.image[kernel.visibleDone + 1] = StreamRoutine >> 8;
+    if(blankFields[(u32)activeBuffer]) {
+      cartridge.node->setAttribute("error", string{"invalid MovieCart field ", fieldNumber});
+    } else {
+      cartridge.node->setAttribute("error");
+    }
+    patchLeft();
+  }
+
+  auto clearLeft() -> void {
+    kernel.image[kernel.background] = 0;
+    for(u32 cell : range(3)) kernel.image[kernel.playfieldColor[cell]] = 0;
+    kernel.image[kernel.playfield0Left] = 0;
+    kernel.image[kernel.playfield1Left] = 0;
+    kernel.image[kernel.playfield2Left] = 0;
+  }
+
+  auto clearRight() -> void {
+    for(u32 cell : range(3, 5)) kernel.image[kernel.playfieldColor[cell]] = 0;
+    kernel.image[kernel.playfield0Right] = 0;
+    kernel.image[kernel.playfield1Right] = 0;
+    kernel.image[kernel.playfield2Right] = 0;
+  }
+
+  static auto reverseByte(u8 value) -> u8 {
+    value = (value & 0x55) << 1 | (value & 0xaa) >> 1;
+    value = (value & 0x33) << 2 | (value & 0xcc) >> 2;
+    return value << 4 | value >> 4;
+  }
+
+  static auto reverseNybble(u8 value) -> u8 {
+    value &= 15;
+    return ((value & 1) << 3) | ((value & 2) << 1) | ((value & 4) >> 1) | ((value & 8) >> 3);
+  }
+
+  auto adjustColor(u8 color) const -> u8 {
+    auto luminance = ((color & 0x0e) * brightness / 15) & 0x0e;
+    return (monochrome ? 0 : color & 0xf0) | luminance;
+  }
+
+  static auto titlePixel(u32 x, u32 y) -> bool {
+    auto letterM = (x == 2 || x == 11) || (y < 5 && (x == 2 + y || x == 11 - y));
+    auto letterV = x == 15 + y / 2 || x == 24 - y / 2;
+    auto letterC = (x == 28 && y > 0 && y < 11) || ((y == 0 || y == 11) && x >= 29 && x <= 37);
+    return letterM || letterV || letterC;
+  }
+
+  auto titleByte(u32 visibleLine, u32 cell, u32 visibleLines) const -> u8 {
+    static constexpr u32 height = 12;
+    auto presentationLines = Region::NTSC() ? 192u : 228u;
+    auto top = (presentationLines - height) / 2;
+    if(visibleLines < top + height) top = visibleLines > height ? visibleLines - height : 0;
+    if(visibleLine < top || visibleLine >= top + height) return 0;
+    auto y = visibleLine - top;
+    u8 output = 0;
+    for(u32 bit : range(8)) if(titlePixel(cell * 8 + bit, y)) output |= 0x80 >> bit;
+    return output;
+  }
+
+  auto patchLeft() -> void {
+    auto buffer = (u32)activeBuffer;
+    auto& descriptor = descriptors[buffer];
+    if(blankFields[buffer] || !descriptor.valid || scanline >= descriptor.audioCount) {
+      clearLeft();
+      for(auto operand : kernel.audioVolume) kernel.image[operand] = 0;
+      return;
+    }
+
+    auto visibleStart = (u32)descriptor.vsync + descriptor.vblank;
+    if(titleState != TitleState::Stream) {
+      for(auto operand : kernel.audioVolume) kernel.image[operand] = 0;
+      if(scanline < visibleStart || scanline >= visibleStart + descriptor.visible) return clearLeft();
+      auto visibleLine = scanline - visibleStart;
+      auto graph0 = titleByte(visibleLine, 0, descriptor.visible);
+      auto graph1 = titleByte(visibleLine, 1, descriptor.visible);
+      auto graph2 = titleByte(visibleLine, 2, descriptor.visible);
+      kernel.image[kernel.background] = adjustColor(((visibleLine / 12 + 1) & 15) << 4 | 0x02);
+      for(u32 cell : range(3)) kernel.image[kernel.playfieldColor[cell]] = adjustColor(0x0e);
+      kernel.image[kernel.playfield0Left] = reverseNybble(graph0 >> 4) << 4;
+      kernel.image[kernel.playfield1Left] = graph0 << 4 | graph1 >> 4;
+      kernel.image[kernel.playfield2Left] = reverseByte(graph1 << 4 | graph2 >> 4);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    auto& field = fields[buffer];
+    auto audio = muteFields ? 0 : (field[descriptor.audioOffset + scanline] & 15) * volume / 15;
+    for(auto operand : kernel.audioVolume) kernel.image[operand] = audio;
+    if(scanline < visibleStart || scanline >= visibleStart + descriptor.visible) {
+      clearLeft();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    auto visibleLine = scanline - visibleStart;
+    auto overlay = osdMode && visibleLine < descriptor.timecodeCount / 5;
+    auto graph = overlay ? descriptor.timecodeOffset + visibleLine * 5
+                         : descriptor.graphOffset + visibleLine * 5;
+    auto color = descriptor.colorOffset + visibleLine * 5;
+    auto backgroundLine = min<u32>(visibleLine + !odd, descriptor.backgroundCount - 1);
+    auto graph0 = field[graph + 0];
+    auto graph1 = field[graph + 1];
+    auto graph2 = field[graph + 2];
+    kernel.image[kernel.background] = overlay ? 0 : adjustColor(field[descriptor.backgroundOffset + backgroundLine]);
+    for(u32 cell : range(3)) {
+      kernel.image[kernel.playfieldColor[cell]] = overlay ? adjustColor(0x0e) : adjustColor(field[color + cell]);
+    }
+    kernel.image[kernel.playfield0Left] = reverseNybble(graph0 >> 4) << 4;
+    kernel.image[kernel.playfield1Left] = graph0 << 4 | graph1 >> 4;
+    kernel.image[kernel.playfield2Left] = reverseByte(graph1 << 4 | graph2 >> 4);
+  }
+
+  auto patchRight() -> void {
+    auto buffer = (u32)activeBuffer;
+    auto& descriptor = descriptors[buffer];
+    auto visibleStart = (u32)descriptor.vsync + descriptor.vblank;
+    if(blankFields[buffer] || !descriptor.valid || scanline < visibleStart
+      || scanline >= visibleStart + descriptor.visible) {
+      clearRight();
+      return;
+    }
+    if(titleState != TitleState::Stream) {
+      auto visibleLine = scanline - visibleStart;
+      auto graph2 = titleByte(visibleLine, 2, descriptor.visible);
+      kernel.image[kernel.playfield0Right] = reverseNybble(graph2) << 4;
+      kernel.image[kernel.playfield1Right] = titleByte(visibleLine, 3, descriptor.visible);
+      kernel.image[kernel.playfield2Right] = reverseByte(titleByte(visibleLine, 4, descriptor.visible));
+      kernel.image[kernel.playfieldColor[3]] = adjustColor(0x0e);
+      kernel.image[kernel.playfieldColor[4]] = adjustColor(0x0e);
+      return;
+    }
+    auto& field = fields[buffer];
+    auto visibleLine = scanline - visibleStart;
+    auto overlay = osdMode && visibleLine < descriptor.timecodeCount / 5;
+    auto graph = overlay ? descriptor.timecodeOffset + visibleLine * 5
+                         : descriptor.graphOffset + visibleLine * 5;
+    auto color = descriptor.colorOffset + visibleLine * 5;
+    auto graph2 = field[graph + 2];
+    kernel.image[kernel.playfield0Right] = reverseNybble(graph2) << 4;
+    kernel.image[kernel.playfield1Right] = field[graph + 3];
+    kernel.image[kernel.playfield2Right] = reverseByte(field[graph + 4]);
+    kernel.image[kernel.playfieldColor[3]] = overlay ? adjustColor(0x0e) : adjustColor(field[color + 3]);
+    kernel.image[kernel.playfieldColor[4]] = overlay ? adjustColor(0x0e) : adjustColor(field[color + 4]);
+  }
+
+  auto advanceField() -> void {
+    if(titleState != TitleState::Stream) {
+      a10Pulses = 0;
+      previousCommand = 0;
+      fieldNumber = 0;
+      activeBuffer = loadedFields[0] == 0 ? 0 : 1;
+      activateField();
+      updateStatus();
+      return;
+    }
+    auto command = min<u32>(a10Pulses, 10);
+    a10Pulses = 0;
+    if(muteFields) muteFields--;
+    s32 seek = 0;
+    bool restart = false;
+    bool step = false;
+    auto fresh = command != previousCommand;
+    if(command == 2 || command == 3) {
+      if(fresh) {
+        repeatFields = 0;
+        seekSpeed = 2;
+      } else {
+        if(repeatFields < 255) repeatFields++;
+        if(repeatFields && repeatFields % 30 == 0) seekSpeed = min<u32>(seekSpeed * 2, 64);
+      }
+      seek = command == 2 ? -(s32)seekSpeed : +(s32)seekSpeed;
+    } else {
+      repeatFields = 0;
+      seekSpeed = 2;
+    }
+    if(fresh) {
+      if(command == 1) playing = !playing;
+      if(command == 4) {
+        if(osdMode == 2 && brightness < 15) brightness++;
+        else if(osdMode != 2 && volume < 15) volume++;
+      }
+      if(command == 5) {
+        if(osdMode == 2 && brightness > 0) brightness--;
+        else if(osdMode != 2 && volume > 0) volume--;
+      }
+      if(command == 6) osdMode = (osdMode + 1) % 3;
+      if(command == 7) {
+        restart = true;
+        playing = true;
+      }
+      if(command == 8) monochrome = !monochrome;
+      if(command == 9) seek = -(s32)descriptors[(u32)activeBuffer].rate * 10;
+      if(command == 10) {
+        playing = false;
+        step = true;
+      }
+    }
+    previousCommand = command;
+
+    s64 requested = fieldNumber;
+    if(restart) requested = 0;
+    else if(seek) requested += seek;
+    else if(step) requested++;
+    else if(playing) requested++;
+    while(requested < 0) requested += 2;
+    auto reachedEOF = requested >= fieldCount;
+    while(requested >= fieldCount) requested -= 2;
+    if(reachedEOF) {
+      repeatFields = 0;
+      seekSpeed = 2;
+      muteFields = 2;
+    }
+    auto next = (u32)requested;
+    auto targetBuffer = next == fieldNumber ? (u32)activeBuffer : (u32)!activeBuffer;
+    if(loadedFields[targetBuffer] != next) readField(next, targetBuffer);
+    fieldNumber = next;
+    activeBuffer = targetBuffer;
+    auto lookahead = fieldNumber + 1;
+    if(lookahead >= fieldCount) lookahead = fieldCount - 2;
+    auto lookaheadBuffer = (u32)!activeBuffer;
+    if(loadedFields[lookaheadBuffer] != lookahead) readField(lookahead, lookaheadBuffer);
+    activateField();
+    updateStatus();
+  }
+
+  auto process(n16 address) -> void {
+    if(titleState == TitleState::Display && ++titleCycles >= TitleCycles) titleState = TitleState::Exiting;
+    auto nextA10 = address.bit(10);
+    if(!a10 && nextA10 && !address.bit(7)) a10Pulses++;
+    a10 = nextA10;
+    auto nextA7 = address.bit(7);
+    if(!streamStarted) {
+      auto routine = address & 0x03ff;
+      if(nextA7 && (routine == (StreamRoutine & 0x03ff) || routine == (BlankRoutine & 0x03ff))) {
+        streamStarted = true;
+        patchRight();
+      }
+      a7 = nextA7;
+      return;
+    }
+    if(titleState == TitleState::Exiting && !a7 && nextA7) {
+      titleState = TitleState::Stream;
+      fieldNumber = 0;
+      activeBuffer = loadedFields[0] == 0 ? 0 : 1;
+      activateField();
+      updateStatus();
+    }
+    if(!a7 && nextA7) patchRight();
+    if(a7 && !nextA7) {
+      scanline++;
+      auto& descriptor = descriptors[(u32)activeBuffer];
+      auto totalLines = (u32)descriptor.vsync + descriptor.vblank + descriptor.visible + descriptor.overscan;
+      if(!descriptor.valid || scanline >= totalLines) advanceField();
+      else {
+        patchLeft();
+        auto visibleEnd = (u32)descriptor.vsync + descriptor.vblank + descriptor.visible;
+        if(scanline == visibleEnd) {
+          kernel.image[kernel.visibleDone + 0] = kernel.visibleExit & 0xff;
+          kernel.image[kernel.visibleDone + 1] = kernel.visibleExit >> 8;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    a7 = nextA7;
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool) -> void override {
+    if(!ready) return;
+    buildKernel();
+    if(!readField(0, 0) || !readField(1, 1)) return fail("MovieCart stream changed while attached");
+    fieldNumber = 0;
+    activeBuffer = 0;
+    odd = 0;
+    a7 = 0;
+    a10 = 0;
+    a10Pulses = 0;
+    streamStarted = false;
+    previousCommand = 0;
+    repeatFields = 0;
+    seekSpeed = 2;
+    muteFields = 0;
+    volume = 15;
+    brightness = 15;
+    osdMode = 0;
+    monochrome = false;
+    playing = true;
+    titleState = TitleState::Display;
+    titleCycles = 0;
+    activateField();
+    updateStatus();
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(!ready || !address.bit(12)) return data;
+    process(address);
+    return kernel.image[address & 0x03ff];
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(ready && address.bit(12)) process(address);
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto serializeDescriptor(serializer& s, MVC::FieldDescriptor& descriptor) -> void {
+    s(descriptor.valid);
+    s(descriptor.extended);
+    s(descriptor.signatureOffset);
+    s(descriptor.vsync);
+    s(descriptor.vblank);
+    s(descriptor.overscan);
+    s(descriptor.visible);
+    s(descriptor.rate);
+    s(descriptor.embeddedFrame);
+    s(descriptor.audioOffset);
+    s(descriptor.audioCount);
+    s(descriptor.graphOffset);
+    s(descriptor.graphCount);
+    s(descriptor.colorOffset);
+    s(descriptor.colorCount);
+    s(descriptor.backgroundOffset);
+    s(descriptor.backgroundCount);
+    s(descriptor.timecodeOffset);
+    s(descriptor.timecodeCount);
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    if(!ready) return;
+    auto savedSize = streamSize;
+    auto savedFingerprint = fingerprint;
+    s(std::span<u8>{kernel.image.data(), kernel.image.size()});
+    for(auto& field : fields) s(std::span<u8>{field.data(), field.size()});
+    serializeDescriptor(s, descriptors[0]);
+    serializeDescriptor(s, descriptors[1]);
+    for(auto& loadedField : loadedFields) s(loadedField);
+    for(auto& blankField : blankFields) s(blankField);
+    s(std::span<u8>{savedFingerprint.data(), savedFingerprint.size()});
+    s(savedSize);
+    s(fieldNumber);
+    s(scanline);
+    s(activeBuffer);
+    s(odd);
+    s(a7);
+    s(a10);
+    s(a10Pulses);
+    s(streamStarted);
+    s(previousCommand);
+    s(repeatFields);
+    s(seekSpeed);
+    s(muteFields);
+    s(volume);
+    s(brightness);
+    s(osdMode);
+    s(monochrome);
+    s(playing);
+    s(titleState);
+    s(titleCycles);
+    if(s.reading()) {
+      if(savedSize != streamSize || savedFingerprint != fingerprint) return fail("MovieCart state media mismatch");
+      MVC::FieldDescriptor parsed[2];
+      if(!MVC::parseField(fields[0], parsed[0]) || !MVC::parseField(fields[1], parsed[1])
+        || parsed[0] != descriptors[0] || parsed[1] != descriptors[1]) {
+        return fail("invalid MovieCart field state");
+      }
+      auto& descriptor = descriptors[(u32)activeBuffer];
+      auto totalLines = (u32)descriptor.vsync + descriptor.vblank + descriptor.visible + descriptor.overscan;
+      if(fieldNumber >= fieldCount || loadedFields[0] >= fieldCount || loadedFields[1] >= fieldCount
+        || loadedFields[(u32)activeBuffer] != fieldNumber || scanline >= totalLines
+        || previousCommand > 10 || !seekSpeed || seekSpeed > 64 || volume > 15 || brightness > 15 || osdMode > 2
+        || (u32)titleState > (u32)TitleState::Stream || titleCycles > TitleCycles) {
+        return fail("invalid MovieCart cursor state");
+      }
+      updateStatus();
+    }
+  }
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+struct ParkerBros03E0 : Interface {
+  using Interface::Interface;
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  n3 chunks[3];
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    select(address);
+    if(address.bit(12)) {
+      u32 segment = address.bit(10, 11);
+      u32 chunk = 7;
+      if(segment < 3) chunk = chunks[segment];
+      return rom.read(chunk * 0x400 + (address & 0x03ff));
+    }
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    select(address);
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    chunks[0] = 4;
+    chunks[1] = 5;
+    chunks[2] = 6;
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    s(chunks[0]);
+    s(chunks[1]);
+    s(chunks[2]);
+  }
+
+private:
+  auto select(n16 address) -> void {
+    if(address < 0x0380 || address > 0x03ff) return;
+    auto chunk = address & 7;
+    if(!address.bit(4)) chunks[0] = chunk;
+    if(!address.bit(5)) chunks[1] = chunk;
+    if(!address.bit(6)) chunks[2] = chunk;
+  }
+};
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ struct ParkerBros : Interface {
  auto unload() -> void override {
  }

-  auto read(n16 address) -> n8 override {
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
    bankswitch(address);

    if(address.bit(12)) {
@@ -23,12 +23,12 @@ struct ParkerBros : Interface {
      if(address >= 0x1c00 && address <= 0x1fff) return rom.read((      7  * 0x400) + (address & 0x3ff));
    }

-    return 0xff;
+    return data;
  }
   
-  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> bool override {
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
    bankswitch(address);
-    return false;
+    return data;
  }

  auto bankswitch(n16 address) -> void {
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ struct ParkerBros : Interface {
    if(address >= 0x1ff0 && address <= 0x1ff7) banks[2] = address - 0x1ff0;
  }

-  auto power() -> void override {
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
    banks[0] = 0;
    banks[1] = 1;
    banks[2] = 2;
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+struct SaraRam {
+  SaraRam(bool present = false) : present(present) {}
+
+  auto readable(n16 address) -> bool {
+    return present && address >= 0x1000 && address <= 0x10ff;
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 {
+    if(address <= 0x107f) {
+      ram.write(address & 0x7f, data);
+      return data;
+    }
+    return ram.read(address & 0x7f);
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> bool {
+    if(!present || address < 0x1000 || address > 0x107f) return false;
+    ram.write(address & 0x7f, data);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  auto power() -> void {
+    if(present) ram.allocate(128, 0x00);
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void {
+    if(present) s(ram);
+  }
+
+  const bool present;
+  Memory::Writable<n8> ram;
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+struct Superbanking : Interface {
+  using Interface::Interface;
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  n6 bank;
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    select(address);
+    if(address.bit(12)) return rom.read(bank * 0x1000 + (address & 0x0fff));
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    select(address & 0x1fff);
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    bank = (rom.size() >> 12) - 1;
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    s(bank);
+  }
+
+private:
+  auto select(n16 address) -> void {
+    if((address & 0x1800) == 0x0800) bank = address & ((rom.size() >> 12) - 1);
+  }
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+struct ThreeEPlus : Interface {
+  using Interface::Interface;
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  Memory::Writable<n8> ram;
+  n1 ramSelected[4];
+  n6 bank[4];
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(!address.bit(12)) return data;
+
+    auto segment = address.bit(10, 11);
+    auto offset = address & 0x03ff;
+    if(!ramSelected[segment]) return rom.read((u32)(bank[segment] % (rom.size() >> 10)) * 0x400 + offset);
+
+    auto ramOffset = (u32)bank[segment] * 0x200 + (offset & 0x01ff);
+    if(!(offset & 0x0200)) return ram.read(ramOffset);
+    ram.write(ramOffset, data);
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(address == 0x003e || address == 0x003f) {
+      auto segment = data.bit(6, 7);
+      ramSelected[segment] = address == 0x003e;
+      bank[segment] = data.bit(0, 5);
+      return data;
+    }
+
+    if(!address.bit(12)) return data;
+    auto segment = address.bit(10, 11);
+    auto offset = address & 0x03ff;
+    if(ramSelected[segment] && (offset & 0x0200)) {
+      ram.write((u32)bank[segment] * 0x200 + (offset & 0x01ff), data);
+      return data;
+    }
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    for(auto segment : range(4)) {
+      ramSelected[segment] = 0;
+      bank[segment] = 0;
+    }
+    ram.allocate(32_KiB, 0x00);
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    for(auto segment : range(4)) {
+      s(ramSelected[segment]);
+      s(bank[segment]);
+    }
+    s(ram);
+  }
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+struct ThreeE : Interface {
+  using Interface::Interface;
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  Memory::Writable<n8> ram;
+  n1 ramSelected;
+  n8 bank;
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(!address.bit(12)) return data;
+    if(address.bit(11)) return rom.read(rom.size() - 0x800 + (address & 0x07ff));
+    if(!ramSelected) return rom.read(bank * 0x800 + (address & 0x07ff));
+
+    auto offset = bank * 0x400 + (address & 0x03ff);
+    if(!address.bit(10)) return ram.read(offset);
+    ram.write(offset, data);
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(address == 0x003e) {
+      ramSelected = 1;
+      bank = data & 31;
+      return data;
+    }
+    if(address == 0x003f) {
+      ramSelected = 0;
+      bank = data % (rom.size() >> 11);
+      return data;
+    }
+    if(ramSelected && address >= 0x1400 && address <= 0x17ff) {
+      ram.write(bank * 0x400 + (address & 0x03ff), data);
+      return data;
+    }
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    //Stella powers bank 0 and MAME the final bank.
+    //Boulder Dash Demo 2 selects bank 1 before using the lower window.
+    ramSelected = 0;
+    bank = 1;
+    ram.allocate(32_KiB, 0x00);
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    s(ramSelected);
+    s(bank);
+    s(ram);
+  }
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+struct ThreeEX : Interface {
+  using Interface::Interface;
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  Memory::Writable<n8> ram;
+  n1 ramSelected;
+  n8 bank;
+  u16 ramBankCount = 1;
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(!address.bit(12)) return data;
+    if(address.bit(11)) return rom.read(rom.size() - 0x800 + (address & 0x07ff));
+    if(!ramSelected) return rom.read(bank * 0x800 + (address & 0x07ff));
+
+    auto offset = bank * 0x400 + (address & 0x03ff);
+    if(!address.bit(10)) return ram.read(offset);
+    ram.write(offset, data);
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    if(address == 0x003e) {
+      ramSelected = 1;
+      bank = data % ramBankCount;
+      return data;
+    }
+    if(address == 0x003f) {
+      ramSelected = 0;
+      bank = data % (rom.size() >> 11);
+      return data;
+    }
+    if(ramSelected && address >= 0x1400 && address <= 0x17ff) {
+      ram.write(bank * 0x400 + (address & 0x03ff), data);
+      return data;
+    }
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    ramSelected = 0;
+    bank = 1;
+    ramBankCount = (u16)rom.read(rom.size() - 6);
+    ramBankCount++;
+    ram.allocate(ramBankCount * 1_KiB, 0x00);
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    s(ramSelected);
+    s(bank);
+    s(ram);
+  }
+};
@@ -14,23 +14,23 @@ struct Tigervision : Interface {
  auto unload() -> void override {
  }

-  auto read(n16 address) -> n8 override {
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
    if(address.bit(12)) {
      if(bank != nextBank) bank = nextBank;
      if(address <= 0x17ff) return rom.read((bank * 0x800) + (address & 0x7ff));
      return rom.read((rom.size() - 0x800) + (address & 0x7ff));
    }

-    return 0xff;
+    return data;
  }
   
-  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> bool override {
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
    if(address.bit(12) && bank != nextBank) bank = nextBank;
    if(address <= 0x3f) nextBank = data;
-    return false;
+    return data;
  }

-  auto power() -> void override {
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
    bank = 0;
    nextBank = 0;
  }
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+struct UA8k : Interface {
+  UA8k(Cartridge& cartridge, bool swapped = false) : Interface(cartridge), swapped(swapped) {}
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  const bool swapped;
+  n1 bank;
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
+  }
+
+  auto save() -> void override {
+  }
+
+  auto unload() -> void override {
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    bankswitch(address);
+    if(address.bit(12)) return rom.read((bank * 0x1000) + (address & 0x0fff));
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    bankswitch(address);
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    bank = 0;
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    s(bank);
+  }
+
+private:
+  auto bankswitch(n16 address) -> void {
+    if((address & 0x1260) == 0x0220) bank = swapped ? 1 : 0;
+    if((address & 0x1260) == 0x0240) bank = swapped ? 0 : 1;
+  }
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+struct Wickstead : Interface {
+  using Interface::Interface;
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  Memory::Writable<n8> ram;
+  n3 arrangement;
+  n3 pendingArrangement;
+  u8 delay;
+  bool pending;
+
+  static constexpr u8 arrangements[8][4] = {
+    {0, 0, 1, 3},
+    {0, 1, 2, 3},
+    {4, 5, 6, 7},
+    {7, 4, 2, 3},
+    {0, 0, 6, 7},
+    {0, 1, 7, 6},
+    {2, 3, 4, 5},
+    {6, 0, 5, 1},
+  };
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    advance(true);
+
+    if(address >= 0x0030 && address <= 0x003f) {
+      pendingArrangement = address & 7;
+      delay = 3;
+      pending = true;
+      return data;
+    }
+    if(address >= 0x1000 && address <= 0x103f) return ram.read(address & 0x3f);
+    if(address >= 0x1040 && address <= 0x107f) {
+      ram.write(address & 0x3f, data);
+      return data;
+    }
+    if(address.bit(12)) {
+      auto segment = (address >> 10) & 3;
+      auto chunk = arrangements[arrangement][segment];
+      return rom.read(chunk * 1_KiB + (address & 0x3ff));
+    }
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    advance(false);
+    if(address >= 0x1040 && address <= 0x107f) {
+      ram.write(address & 0x3f, data);
+      return data;
+    }
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    arrangement = 0;
+    pendingArrangement = 0;
+    delay = 0;
+    pending = false;
+    ram.allocate(64, 0x00);
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    s(arrangement);
+    s(pendingArrangement);
+    s(delay);
+    s(pending);
+    s(ram);
+  }
+
+private:
+  auto advance(bool isRead) -> void {
+    if(!pending) return;
+    if(delay) {
+      delay--;
+      return;
+    }
+    if(isRead) {
+      arrangement = pendingArrangement;
+      pending = false;
+    }
+  }
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+struct X07 : Interface {
+  using Interface::Interface;
+
+  Memory::Readable<n8> rom;
+  n4 bank;
+
+  auto load() -> void override {
+    Interface::load(rom, "program.rom");
+  }
+
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    address &= 0x1fff;
+    bankswitch(address);
+    if(address.bit(12)) return rom.read(bank * 0x1000 + (address & 0x0fff));
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 override {
+    bankswitch(address & 0x1fff);
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override {
+    bank = 0;
+  }
+
+  auto serialize(serializer& s) -> void override {
+    s(bank);
+  }
+
+private:
+  auto bankswitch(n16 address) -> void {
+    if((address & 0x180f) == 0x080d) {
+      bank = address.bit(4, 7);
+    } else if((address & 0x1880) == 0 && bank >= 14) {
+      bank = 14 | address.bit(6);
+    }
+  }
+};
@@ -18,24 +18,72 @@ auto Cartridge::connect() -> void {
  information.title  = pak->attribute("title");
  information.region = pak->attribute("region");
  information.board  = pak->attribute("board");
+  information.phosphor = pak->attribute("phosphor").boolean();
+  if(auto fp = pak->read("program.rom")) {
+    information.sha256 = Hash::SHA256({fp->data(), fp->size()}).digest();
+  }

-  if(information.board == "Linear") board = new Board::Linear{*this};
-  if(information.board == "Atari8k") board = new Board::Atari8k{*this};
-  if(information.board == "Atari16k") board = new Board::Atari16k{*this};
-  if(information.board == "Atari32k") board = new Board::Atari32k{*this};
-  if(information.board == "Commavid") board = new Board::Commavid{*this};
-  if(information.board == "ParkerBros8k") board = new Board::ParkerBros{*this};
-  if(information.board == "Tigervision") board = new Board::Tigervision{*this};
+  if(information.board == "Linear")         board = std::make_unique<Board::Linear>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "Activision8k")   board = std::make_unique<Board::Activision8k>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "Atari8k")        board = std::make_unique<Board::Atari8k>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "Atari8kSC")      board = std::make_unique<Board::Atari8k>(*this, true);
+  if(information.board == "Atari16k")       board = std::make_unique<Board::Atari16k>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "Atari16kSC")     board = std::make_unique<Board::Atari16k>(*this, true);
+  if(information.board == "Atari32k")       board = std::make_unique<Board::Atari32k>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "Atari32kSC")     board = std::make_unique<Board::Atari32k>(*this, true);
+  if(information.board == "Commavid")       board = std::make_unique<Board::Commavid>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "ParkerBros8k")   board = std::make_unique<Board::ParkerBros>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "ParkerBros03E0") board = std::make_unique<Board::ParkerBros03E0>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "JVP")            board = std::make_unique<Board::JVP>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "Tigervision")    board = std::make_unique<Board::Tigervision>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "UA8k")           board = std::make_unique<Board::UA8k>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "UASW")           board = std::make_unique<Board::UA8k>(*this, true);
+  if(information.board == "CbsRamPlus")     board = std::make_unique<Board::CbsRamPlus>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "MNetwork")       board = std::make_unique<Board::MNetwork>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "AmigaFC")        board = std::make_unique<Board::AmigaFC>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "Wickstead")      board = std::make_unique<Board::Wickstead>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "Jane")           board = std::make_unique<Board::Jane>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "DPC")            board = std::make_unique<Board::DPC>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "MegaBoy")        board = std::make_unique<Board::MegaBoy>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "Atari32In1")     board = std::make_unique<Board::Atari32In1>(*this);

-  if(!board) board = new Board::Interface{*this};
+  //Homebrew
+  if(information.board == "DPC+")           board = std::make_unique<Board::DPCPlus>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "CDF")            board = std::make_unique<Board::CDF>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "BUS")            board = std::make_unique<Board::BUS>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "Chetiry")        board = std::make_unique<Board::Chetiry>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "FA2")            board = std::make_unique<Board::FA2>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "ELF")            board = std::make_unique<Board::ELFCartridge>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "MovieCart")      board = std::make_unique<Board::MovieCart>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "4KSC")           board = std::make_unique<Board::CPUWiz4KSC>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "3E")             board = std::make_unique<Board::ThreeE>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "3EX")            board = std::make_unique<Board::ThreeEX>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "3E+")            board = std::make_unique<Board::ThreeEPlus>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "Enhanced3F")     board = std::make_unique<Board::Enhanced3F>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "4A50")           board = std::make_unique<Board::FourA50>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "EF")             board = std::make_unique<Board::EF>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "EFF")            board = std::make_unique<Board::EFF>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "DF")             board = std::make_unique<Board::DF>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "BF")             board = std::make_unique<Board::BF>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "EFSC")           board = std::make_unique<Board::EFSC>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "DFSC")           board = std::make_unique<Board::DFSC>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "BFSC")           board = std::make_unique<Board::BFSC>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "MDM")            board = std::make_unique<Board::MDM>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "X07")            board = std::make_unique<Board::X07>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "EconoBanking")   board = std::make_unique<Board::EconoBanking>(*this);
+  if(information.board == "Superbanking")   board = std::make_unique<Board::Superbanking>(*this);
+
+  if(!board) board = std::make_unique<Board::Interface>(*this);
  board->pak = pak;
  board->load();
-  power();
+  video.setPhosphor(information.phosphor);
+  power(false);
 }

 auto Cartridge::disconnect() -> void {
  if(!node || !board) return;
  board->unload();
+  video.setPhosphor(false);
  board->pak.reset();
  board.reset();
  node.reset();
@@ -46,21 +94,44 @@ auto Cartridge::save() -> void {
  if(board) board->save();
 }

-auto Cartridge::power() -> void {
-  if(board) board->power();
+auto Cartridge::power(bool reset) -> void {
+  if(board) board->power(reset);
 }

-auto Cartridge::read(n16 address) -> n8 {
-  if(!node) return 0xff;
-  if(board) return board->read(address);
-
-  return 0xff;
+auto Cartridge::read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 {
+  if(!node) return data;
+  if(board) return board->read(address, data);
+  return data;
 }

-auto Cartridge::write(n16 address, n8 data) -> bool {
-  if(!node) return false;
+auto Cartridge::write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8 {
+  if(!node) return data;
  if(board) return board->write(address, data);
+  return data;
+}
+
+auto Cartridge::armInvocation() const -> Harmony::Invocation {
+  if(board) return board->armInvocation();
+  return {};
+}
+
+auto Cartridge::readARM(u32 mode, n32 address, n32& data) -> Harmony::Access {
+  if(board) return board->readARM(mode, address, data);
+  return Harmony::Access::Unmapped;
+}
+
+auto Cartridge::writeARM(u32 mode, n32 address, n32 data) -> Harmony::Access {
+  if(board) return board->writeARM(mode, address, data);
+  return Harmony::Access::Unmapped;
+}
+
+auto Cartridge::trapARM(u32 address, n32& value, n32 argument) -> bool {
+  if(board) return board->trapARM(address, value, argument);
  return false;
 }

+auto Cartridge::stepARM(u32 clocks) -> void {
+  if(board) board->stepARM(clocks);
+}
+
 }
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ struct Cartridge {

  auto title() const -> string { return information.title; }
  auto region() const -> string { return information.region; }
+  auto sha256() const -> string { return information.sha256; }

  //cartridge.cpp
  auto allocate(Node::Port) -> Node::Peripheral;
@@ -14,21 +15,29 @@ struct Cartridge {
  auto disconnect() -> void;

  auto save() -> void;
-  auto power() -> void;
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void;

-  auto read(n16 address) -> n8;
-  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> bool;
+  auto read(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8;
+  auto write(n16 address, n8 data) -> n8;
+
+  auto armInvocation() const -> Harmony::Invocation;
+  auto readARM(u32 mode, n32 address, n32& data) -> Harmony::Access;
+  auto writeARM(u32 mode, n32 address, n32 data) -> Harmony::Access;
+  auto trapARM(u32 address, n32& value, n32 argument) -> bool;
+  auto stepARM(u32 clocks) -> void;

  //serialization.cpp
  auto serialize(serializer&) -> void;

-  unique_pointer<Board::Interface> board;
+  std::unique_ptr<Board::Interface> board;

 //private:
  struct Information {
    string title;
    string region;
    string board;
+    string sha256;
+    bool phosphor;
  } information;
 };

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+AmigaMouse::AmigaMouse(Node::Port parent)
+: RelativePointingDevice(parent, "Amiga Mouse", 4) {
+}
+
+auto AmigaMouse::encode(u8 xPhase, u8 yPhase, bool, bool) const -> u8 {
+  static constexpr u8 horizontal[4] = {0b0000, 0b1000, 0b1010, 0b0010};
+  static constexpr u8 vertical[4] = {0b0000, 0b0100, 0b0101, 0b0001};
+  return horizontal[xPhase & 3] | vertical[yPhase & 3];
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+struct AmigaMouse : RelativePointingDevice {
+  AmigaMouse(Node::Port);
+
+protected:
+  auto encode(u8 xPhase, u8 yPhase, bool left, bool down) const -> u8 override;
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+AtariMouse::AtariMouse(Node::Port parent)
+: RelativePointingDevice(parent, "Atari Mouse", 4) {
+}
+
+auto AtariMouse::encode(u8 xPhase, u8 yPhase, bool, bool) const -> u8 {
+  static constexpr u8 horizontal[4] = {0b0000, 0b0001, 0b0011, 0b0010};
+  static constexpr u8 vertical[4] = {0b0000, 0b0100, 0b1100, 0b1000};
+  return horizontal[xPhase & 3] | vertical[yPhase & 3];
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+struct AtariMouse : RelativePointingDevice {
+  AtariMouse(Node::Port);
+
+protected:
+  auto encode(u8 xPhase, u8 yPhase, bool left, bool down) const -> u8 override;
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+AtariVox::AtariVox(Node::Port parent) : SaveKey(parent, "AtariVox", "atarivox.eeprom") {
+  stream = node->append<Node::Audio::Stream>("AtariVox");
+  stream->setChannels(1);
+  stream->setFrequency(SpeakJet::Frequency);
+
+  speakjet.reset();
+  serialBits = 0;
+  serialData = 0;
+  serialValid = 1;
+  serialCycle = 0;
+  Thread::create(SpeakJet::Frequency, std::bind_front(&AtariVox::main, this));
+}
+
+AtariVox::~AtariVox() {
+  Thread::destroy();
+  stream.reset();
+}
+
+auto AtariVox::main() -> void {
+  stream->frame(speakjet.clock());
+  Thread::step(1);
+  Thread::synchronize(cpu);
+}
+
+auto AtariVox::power(bool reset) -> void {
+  SaveKey::power(reset);
+  speakjet.reset();
+  serialBits = 0;
+  serialData = 0;
+  serialValid = 1;
+  serialCycle = 0;
+  Thread::create(SpeakJet::Frequency, std::bind_front(&AtariVox::main, this));
+}
+
+auto AtariVox::read() -> n8 {
+  n8 data = SaveKey::read();
+  data.bit(1) = speakjet.ready();
+  return data;
+}
+
+auto AtariVox::write(n8 data) -> void {
+  SaveKey::write(data);
+  receiveSerial(data.bit(0));
+}
+
+auto AtariVox::serialize(serializer& s) -> void {
+  SaveKey::serialize(s);
+  Thread::serialize(s);
+  speakjet.serialize(s);
+  s(serialBits);
+  s(serialData);
+  s(serialValid);
+  s(serialCycle);
+}
+
+auto AtariVox::receiveSerial(bool level) -> void {
+  if(!cpu.scalar()) return;
+  //The CPU Thread advances three color clocks per 6507 cycle. Stella's serial
+  //thresholds are expressed in CPU cycles, so compare in that same domain.
+  auto cycle = cpu.clock() / cpu.scalar() / 3;
+
+  if(serialBits && (cycle < serialCycle || cycle > serialCycle + 1000)) {
+    serialBits = 0;
+    serialData = 0;
+    serialValid = 1;
+  }
+
+  if(!serialBits && level) {
+    serialCycle = cycle;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if(serialBits && cycle >= serialCycle && cycle < serialCycle + 62) {
+    serialCycle = cycle;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if(serialBits == 0) {
+    serialValid = !level;
+  } else if(serialBits <= 8) {
+    serialData.bit(serialBits - 1) = level;
+  } else {
+    serialValid &= level;
+  }
+
+  serialCycle = cycle;
+  if(++serialBits < 10) return;
+  if(serialValid) speakjet.enqueue(serialData);
+  serialBits = 0;
+  serialData = 0;
+  serialValid = 1;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#include "speakjet.hpp"
+
+struct AtariVox : SaveKey, Thread {
+  AtariVox(Node::Port);
+  ~AtariVox();
+
+  auto main() -> void;
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override;
+  auto read() -> n8 override;
+  auto write(n8 data) -> void override;
+  auto serialize(serializer&) -> void override;
+
+private:
+  auto receiveSerial(bool level) -> void;
+
+  Node::Audio::Stream stream;
+  SpeakJet speakjet;
+
+  n4 serialBits;
+  n8 serialData;
+  n1 serialValid;
+  u64 serialCycle;
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+namespace {
+
+constexpr u16 AllophoneDuration[] = {
+   70,  70,  70,  70,  70,  70,  70,  70,  70,  70,  70,  70,
+   70,  70,  70,  70,  70,  70,  70,  70,  70, 200, 200, 190,
+  200, 185, 165, 200, 225, 185, 170, 140, 180, 170, 170, 200,
+  131,  70,  70,  70,  70,  70,  45,  45,  10,  10,  45,  45,
+   10,  10,  55,  55,  55,  55,  70,  70,  70,  70,  70,  40,
+   40,  50,  40,  50,  70, 170,  55,  55,  55,  45,  99,  99,
+};
+
+constexpr u16 EffectDuration[] = {
+   80,  80,  80,  80,  80,  80,  80,  80,  80,  80,
+  300, 101, 102, 540, 530, 500, 135, 600, 300, 250,
+  200, 270, 280, 260, 300, 100, 104, 100, 270, 262,
+  160, 300, 182, 120, 175, 350, 160, 260,  95,  75,
+   95,  95,  95,  95,  95,  95,  95,  95,  95,  95,  95,  95,
+  125, 250, 530,
+};
+
+constexpr u16 PauseDuration[] = {0, 100, 200, 700, 30, 60, 90};
+
+static_assert(std::size(AllophoneDuration) == 72);
+static_assert(std::size(EffectDuration) == 55);
+
+}
+
+auto SpeakJet::reset() -> void {
+  std::fill(std::begin(fifo), std::end(fifo), 0);
+  fifoRead = 0;
+  fifoWrite = 0;
+  fifoCount = 0;
+  parameterPending = 0;
+  pendingCommand = 0;
+  waiting = 0;
+  volume = 96;
+  speed = 114;
+  pitch = 88;
+  bend = 5;
+  portControl = 7;
+  portOutput = 0;
+  repeatRequest = 0;
+  repeatCode = 0;
+  repeatRemaining = 0;
+  nextDurationScale = 1.0;
+  nextPitchScale = 1.0;
+  soundCode = 0;
+  soundClass = SoundClass::None;
+  soundSamples = 0;
+  soundRemaining = 0;
+  soundPitchScale = 1.0;
+  std::fill(std::begin(phase), std::end(phase), 0.0);
+  for(auto& stage : filter) std::fill(std::begin(stage), std::end(stage), 0.0);
+  noiseLfsr = 0x4a3d;
+}
+
+auto SpeakJet::enqueue(u8 data) -> bool {
+  if(fifoCount == 64) return false;
+  fifo[fifoWrite++] = data;
+  fifoCount++;
+  return true;
+}
+
+auto SpeakJet::clock() -> f64 {
+  if(!soundRemaining && !waiting) processCommands();
+  if(!soundRemaining) return 0.0;
+
+  auto sample = synthesize();
+  if(!--soundRemaining) finishSound();
+  return sample;
+}
+
+auto SpeakJet::serialize(serializer& s) -> void {
+  for(auto& byte : fifo) s(byte);
+  s(fifoRead);
+  s(fifoWrite);
+  s(fifoCount);
+  s(parameterPending);
+  s(pendingCommand);
+  s(waiting);
+  s(volume);
+  s(speed);
+  s(pitch);
+  s(bend);
+  s(portControl);
+  s(portOutput);
+  s(repeatRequest);
+  s(repeatCode);
+  s(repeatRemaining);
+  s(nextDurationScale);
+  s(nextPitchScale);
+  s(soundCode);
+  s(soundClass);
+  s(soundSamples);
+  s(soundRemaining);
+  s(soundPitchScale);
+  for(auto& value : phase) s(value);
+  for(auto& stage : filter) for(auto& value : stage) s(value);
+  s(noiseLfsr);
+}
+
+auto SpeakJet::dequeue() -> u8 {
+  if(!fifoCount) return 0;
+  auto data = fifo[fifoRead++];
+  fifoCount--;
+  return data;
+}
+
+auto SpeakJet::processCommands() -> void {
+  for(u32 commands : range(64)) {
+    if(parameterPending) {
+      if(!fifoCount) return;
+      parameter(pendingCommand, dequeue());
+      parameterPending = 0;
+      if(soundRemaining || waiting) return;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if(repeatRemaining) {
+      execute(repeatCode, true);
+      if(soundRemaining || waiting) return;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if(!fifoCount) return;
+    execute(dequeue());
+    if(soundRemaining || waiting) return;
+  }
+}
+
+auto SpeakJet::execute(u8 code, bool repeated) -> void {
+  if(repeated) repeatRemaining--;
+
+  if(code <= 6) {
+    startSound(code);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  switch(code) {
+  case 7: nextDurationScale = 0.5; return;
+  case 8: nextDurationScale = 1.5; return;
+  case 14: nextPitchScale = 1.08; return;
+  case 15: nextPitchScale = 0.92; return;
+  case 16: waiting = 1; return;
+  case 20: case 21: case 22: case 23: case 24: case 25: case 26: case 28: case 29: case 30:
+    pendingCommand = code;
+    parameterPending = 1;
+    return;
+  case 31:
+    volume = 96;
+    speed = 114;
+    pitch = 88;
+    bend = 5;
+    nextDurationScale = 1.0;
+    nextPitchScale = 1.0;
+    return;
+  case 255:
+    repeatRequest = 0;
+    repeatRemaining = 0;
+    nextDurationScale = 1.0;
+    nextPitchScale = 1.0;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if(code < 128) return;
+  if(!repeated && repeatRequest) {
+    repeatCode = code;
+    repeatRemaining = repeatRequest;
+    repeatRequest = 0;
+  }
+  startSound(code);
+}
+
+auto SpeakJet::parameter(u8 command, u8 value) -> void {
+  switch(command) {
+  case 20: volume = min(value, (u8)127); break;
+  case 21: speed = min(value, (u8)127); break;
+  case 22: pitch = value; break;
+  case 23: bend = min(value, (u8)15); break;
+  case 24: portControl = value & 7; break;
+  case 25: portOutput = value & 7; break;
+  case 26: repeatRequest = value; break;
+  case 28: break;  //Phrase EEPROM execution is outside the behavioral model.
+  case 29: break;  //Phrase EEPROM execution is outside the behavioral model.
+  case 30:
+    soundCode = command;
+    soundClass = SoundClass::Pause;
+    auto samples = value * Frequency / 100.0;
+    soundSamples = soundRemaining = samples > 0.0 ? max(1u, (u32)(samples + 0.5)) : 0;
+    break;
+  }
+}
+
+auto SpeakJet::startSound(u8 code) -> void {
+  soundCode = code;
+  soundClass = classify(code);
+  auto milliseconds = duration(code);
+  auto scaled = milliseconds * Frequency / 1000.0;
+  scaled *= 114.0 / max(1.0, (f64)speed);
+  scaled *= nextDurationScale;
+  soundSamples = soundRemaining = scaled > 0.0 ? max(1u, (u32)(scaled + 0.5)) : 0;
+  soundPitchScale = nextPitchScale;
+  nextDurationScale = 1.0;
+  nextPitchScale = 1.0;
+  std::fill(std::begin(phase), std::end(phase), 0.0);
+  for(auto& stage : filter) std::fill(std::begin(stage), std::end(stage), 0.0);
+}
+
+auto SpeakJet::finishSound() -> void {
+  soundClass = SoundClass::None;
+  soundSamples = 0;
+}
+
+auto SpeakJet::synthesize() -> f64 {
+  if(soundClass == SoundClass::Pause) return 0.0;
+  auto progress = soundSamples ? 1.0 - (f64)soundRemaining / soundSamples : 1.0;
+  auto attack = min(1.0, progress * 12.0);
+  auto release = min(1.0, (1.0 - progress) * 10.0);
+  auto envelope = attack * release;
+  auto sample = soundCode < 200 ? synthesizeSpeech(progress) : synthesizeEffect(progress);
+  sample *= envelope * ((f64)volume / 127.0);
+  return max(-1.0, min(1.0, sample));
+}
+
+auto SpeakJet::synthesizeSpeech(f64 progress) -> f64 {
+  //The public MSA tables specify identities and durations, not oscillator trajectories.
+  //Use a deterministic phonetic-class model rather than importing a third-party voice table.
+  auto identity = soundCode - 128;
+  auto voiced = soundCode <= 181;
+  auto fundamental = (f64)pitch * soundPitchScale;
+  auto glottal = fundamental ? oscillator(0, fundamental) * 2.0 - 1.0 : 0.0;
+  auto source = voiced ? glottal : 0.0;
+  auto breath = noise();
+
+  if(soundClass == SoundClass::Fricative) source = voiced ? 0.4 * glottal + 0.75 * breath : breath;
+  if(soundClass == SoundClass::Affricate) source = 0.35 * glottal + 0.85 * breath;
+  if(soundClass == SoundClass::Stop) {
+    if(progress < 0.45) source = 0.0;
+    else source = (voiced ? 0.25 * glottal : 0.0) + breath * (1.0 - progress);
+  }
+  if(soundClass == SoundClass::Nasal) source = 0.75 * glottal + 0.1 * breath;
+
+  auto bendScale = 0.75 + (f64)bend * 0.05;
+  auto formant1 = (330.0 + (identity * 73) % 520) * bendScale;
+  auto formant2 = (850.0 + (identity * 97) % 1300) * bendScale;
+  auto formant3 = (2100.0 + (identity * 53) % 1050) * bendScale;
+  if(soundClass == SoundClass::Nasal) {
+    formant1 *= 0.72;
+    formant2 *= 0.82;
+  }
+  if(soundClass == SoundClass::Resonate) formant2 *= 0.88;
+
+  auto low = resonator(0, source, formant1, 110.0);
+  auto middle = resonator(1, source, formant2, 170.0);
+  auto high = resonator(2, source, formant3, 260.0);
+  return 0.95 * low + 0.65 * middle + 0.4 * high;
+}
+
+auto SpeakJet::synthesizeEffect(f64 progress) -> f64 {
+  auto index = soundCode % 10;
+
+  switch(soundClass) {
+  case SoundClass::Robot: {
+    auto carrier = oscillator(0, 90.0 + index * 31.0) < 0.5 ? -1.0 : 1.0;
+    auto modulator = oscillator(1, 8.0 + index * 2.0) * 2.0 - 1.0;
+    return carrier * (0.45 + 0.35 * modulator);
+  }
+  case SoundClass::Alarm: {
+    auto sweep = 250.0 + index * 45.0 + 900.0 * progress;
+    return 0.65 * sin(2.0 * Math::Pi * oscillator(0, sweep))
+         + 0.25 * sin(2.0 * Math::Pi * oscillator(1, sweep * 1.51));
+  }
+  case SoundClass::Beep:
+    return 0.8 * sin(2.0 * Math::Pi * oscillator(0, 420.0 + index * 145.0));
+  case SoundClass::Biological: {
+    auto chirp = 130.0 + index * 37.0 + sin(progress * Math::Pi * 6.0) * (90.0 + index * 9.0);
+    return 0.6 * sin(2.0 * Math::Pi * oscillator(0, chirp)) + 0.2 * noise();
+  }
+  case SoundClass::DTMF: {
+    static constexpr u16 low[] = {941, 697, 697, 697, 770, 770, 770, 852, 852, 852, 941, 941};
+    static constexpr u16 high[] = {1336, 1209, 1336, 1477, 1209, 1336, 1477, 1209, 1336, 1477, 1209, 1477};
+    auto digit = soundCode - 240;
+    return 0.45 * sin(2.0 * Math::Pi * oscillator(0, low[digit]))
+         + 0.45 * sin(2.0 * Math::Pi * oscillator(1, high[digit]));
+  }
+  case SoundClass::Sonar: {
+    auto frequency = 1500.0 - 900.0 * progress;
+    return sin(2.0 * Math::Pi * oscillator(0, frequency)) * (1.0 - progress);
+  }
+  case SoundClass::Pistol:
+    return noise() * (1.0 - progress) * (1.0 - progress);
+  case SoundClass::Wow: {
+    auto frequency = 180.0 + 780.0 * sin(progress * Math::Pi);
+    return 0.7 * sin(2.0 * Math::Pi * oscillator(0, frequency));
+  }
+  default: return 0.0;
+  }
+}
+
+auto SpeakJet::resonator(u32 index, f64 input, f64 frequency, f64 bandwidth) -> f64 {
+  frequency = min(frequency, 3999.0);
+  auto radius = exp(-Math::Pi * bandwidth / Frequency);
+  auto output = (1.0 - radius) * input
+              + 2.0 * radius * cos(2.0 * Math::Pi * frequency / Frequency) * filter[index][0]
+              - radius * radius * filter[index][1];
+  filter[index][1] = filter[index][0];
+  filter[index][0] = output;
+  return output;
+}
+
+auto SpeakJet::oscillator(u32 index, f64 frequency) -> f64 {
+  phase[index] += min(frequency, 3999.0) / Frequency;
+  if(phase[index] >= 1.0) phase[index] -= 1.0;
+  return phase[index];
+}
+
+auto SpeakJet::noise() -> f64 {
+  auto feedback = (noiseLfsr ^ (noiseLfsr >> 2) ^ (noiseLfsr >> 3) ^ (noiseLfsr >> 5)) & 1;
+  noiseLfsr = (noiseLfsr >> 1) | feedback << 15;
+  return (noiseLfsr & 1) ? 1.0 : -1.0;
+}
+
+auto SpeakJet::duration(u8 code) -> u32 {
+  if(code <= 6) return PauseDuration[code];
+  if(code >= 128 && code <= 199) return AllophoneDuration[code - 128];
+  if(code >= 200 && code <= 254) return EffectDuration[code - 200];
+  return 0;
+}
+
+auto SpeakJet::classify(u8 code) -> SoundClass {
+  if(code <= 6) return SoundClass::Pause;
+  if(code >= 128 && (code <= 139 || code >= 149 && code <= 164)) return SoundClass::Vowel;
+  if(code >= 140 && code <= 144) return SoundClass::Nasal;
+  if(code >= 145 && code <= 148) return SoundClass::Resonate;
+  if(code == 165 || code == 182) return SoundClass::Affricate;
+  if((code >= 166 && code <= 169) || (code >= 183 && code <= 190)) return SoundClass::Fricative;
+  if((code >= 170 && code <= 181) || (code >= 191 && code <= 199)) return SoundClass::Stop;
+  if(code >= 200 && code <= 209) return SoundClass::Robot;
+  if(code >= 210 && code <= 219) return SoundClass::Alarm;
+  if(code >= 220 && code <= 229) return SoundClass::Beep;
+  if(code >= 230 && code <= 239) return SoundClass::Biological;
+  if(code >= 240 && code <= 251) return SoundClass::DTMF;
+  if(code == 252) return SoundClass::Sonar;
+  if(code == 253) return SoundClass::Pistol;
+  if(code == 254) return SoundClass::Wow;
+  return SoundClass::None;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+struct SpeakJet {
+  static constexpr f64 Frequency = 8192.0;
+
+  enum class SoundClass : u8 {
+    None,
+    Vowel,
+    Nasal,
+    Resonate,
+    Affricate,
+    Fricative,
+    Stop,
+    Robot,
+    Alarm,
+    Beep,
+    Biological,
+    DTMF,
+    Sonar,
+    Pistol,
+    Wow,
+    Pause,
+  };
+
+  auto reset() -> void;
+  auto enqueue(u8 data) -> bool;
+  auto ready() const -> bool { return fifoCount < 64; }
+  auto buffered() const -> u32 { return fifoCount; }
+  auto speaking() const -> bool { return soundRemaining; }
+  auto clock() -> f64;
+  auto serialize(serializer&) -> void;
+
+  static auto duration(u8 code) -> u32;
+  static auto classify(u8 code) -> SoundClass;
+
+private:
+  auto dequeue() -> u8;
+  auto processCommands() -> void;
+  auto execute(u8 code, bool repeated = false) -> void;
+  auto parameter(u8 command, u8 value) -> void;
+  auto startSound(u8 code) -> void;
+  auto finishSound() -> void;
+  auto synthesize() -> f64;
+  auto synthesizeSpeech(f64 progress) -> f64;
+  auto synthesizeEffect(f64 progress) -> f64;
+  auto resonator(u32 index, f64 input, f64 frequency, f64 bandwidth) -> f64;
+  auto oscillator(u32 index, f64 frequency) -> f64;
+  auto noise() -> f64;
+
+  u8 fifo[64] = {};
+  n6 fifoRead;
+  n6 fifoWrite;
+  n7 fifoCount;
+
+  n1 parameterPending;
+  u8 pendingCommand;
+  n1 waiting;
+  u8 volume;
+  u8 speed;
+  u8 pitch;
+  u8 bend;
+  n3 portControl;
+  n3 portOutput;
+  u8 repeatRequest;
+  u8 repeatCode;
+  u8 repeatRemaining;
+  f64 nextDurationScale;
+  f64 nextPitchScale;
+
+  u8 soundCode;
+  SoundClass soundClass;
+  u32 soundSamples;
+  u32 soundRemaining;
+  f64 soundPitchScale;
+  f64 phase[5] = {};
+  f64 filter[3][2] = {};
+  u16 noiseLfsr;
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+BoosterGrip::BoosterGrip(Node::Port parent) : Gamepad(parent, "Booster Grip") {
+  booster = node->append<Node::Input::Button>("Booster");
+  trigger = node->append<Node::Input::Button>("Trigger");
+}
+
+auto BoosterGrip::readAnalog(n1 index) -> AnalogConnection {
+  auto& button = index ? booster : trigger;
+  platform->input(button);
+  return button->value() ? AnalogConnection::vcc() : AnalogConnection::disconnected();
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+struct BoosterGrip : Gamepad {
+  Node::Input::Button booster;
+  Node::Input::Button trigger;
+
+  BoosterGrip(Node::Port);
+
+  auto readAnalog(n1 index) -> AnalogConnection override;
+};
@@ -1,8 +1,27 @@
 #include <a26/a26.hpp>
+#include <ares/resource/resource.hpp>

 namespace ares::Atari2600 {

 #include "port.cpp"
 #include "gamepad/gamepad.cpp"
+#include "booster-grip/booster-grip.cpp"
+#include "sega-genesis/sega-genesis.cpp"
+#include "joy2b-plus/joy2b-plus.cpp"
+#include "paddles/paddles.cpp"
+#include "driving/driving.cpp"
+#include "keyboard/keyboard.cpp"
+#include "relative-pointing/relative-pointing.cpp"
+#include "trak-ball/trak-ball.cpp"
+#include "atari-mouse/atari-mouse.cpp"
+#include "amiga-mouse/amiga-mouse.cpp"
+#include "xg1-light-gun/xg1-light-gun.cpp"
+#include "mindlink/mindlink.cpp"
+#include "savekey/savekey.cpp"
+#include "atarivox/speakjet.cpp"
+#include "atarivox/atarivox.cpp"
+#include "kidvid/audio.cpp"
+#include "kidvid/kidvid.cpp"
+#include "quadtari/quadtari.cpp"

 }
@@ -1,11 +1,47 @@
 struct Controller {
  Node::Peripheral node;

+  struct AnalogConnection {
+    enum class Type : u32 { Disconnected, Ground, Vcc };
+
+    static auto disconnected() -> AnalogConnection { return {}; }
+    static auto ground(u32 resistance = 0) -> AnalogConnection { return {Type::Ground, resistance}; }
+    static auto vcc(u32 resistance = 0) -> AnalogConnection { return {Type::Vcc, resistance}; }
+
+    Type type = Type::Disconnected;
+    u32 resistance = 0;
+  };
+
  virtual ~Controller() = default;

+  virtual auto save() -> void {}
+  virtual auto power(bool reset) -> void {}
+  virtual auto poll() -> void {}
+  virtual auto frame() -> void {}
+  virtual auto clock() -> void {}
+  virtual auto vblank(n1 dumped) -> void {}
  virtual auto read() -> n8 { return 0xff; }
  virtual auto write(n8 data) -> void {}
+  virtual auto controlWrite(n8 data) -> void {}
+  virtual auto readAnalog(n1 index) -> AnalogConnection { return AnalogConnection::disconnected(); }
+  virtual auto serialize(serializer&) -> void {}
 };

 #include "port.hpp"
 #include "gamepad/gamepad.hpp"
+#include "booster-grip/booster-grip.hpp"
+#include "sega-genesis/sega-genesis.hpp"
+#include "joy2b-plus/joy2b-plus.hpp"
+#include "paddles/paddles.hpp"
+#include "driving/driving.hpp"
+#include "keyboard/keyboard.hpp"
+#include "relative-pointing/relative-pointing.hpp"
+#include "trak-ball/trak-ball.hpp"
+#include "atari-mouse/atari-mouse.hpp"
+#include "amiga-mouse/amiga-mouse.hpp"
+#include "xg1-light-gun/xg1-light-gun.hpp"
+#include "mindlink/mindlink.hpp"
+#include "savekey/savekey.hpp"
+#include "atarivox/atarivox.hpp"
+#include "kidvid/kidvid.hpp"
+#include "quadtari/quadtari.hpp"
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+Driving::Driving(Node::Port parent) {
+  node = parent->append<Node::Peripheral>("Driving");
+
+  wheel = node->append<Node::Input::Axis>("Wheel");
+  fire = node->append<Node::Input::Button>("Fire");
+}
+
+auto Driving::poll() -> void {
+  platform->input(wheel);
+
+  auto value = wheel->value();
+  s32 nextDirection = value < -16384 ? -1 : value > 16384 ? 1 : 0;
+  if(nextDirection && nextDirection != direction) {
+    auto phase = position.bit(8, 9);
+    if(nextDirection < 0) position = (phase + 4) * 256 - 1;
+    if(nextDirection > 0) position = (phase + 1) * 256;
+  } else if(nextDirection) {
+    auto distance = value / 512 + (value > 0);
+    position = (position + distance + 1024) & 1023;
+  }
+  direction = nextDirection;
+}
+
+auto Driving::read() -> n8 {
+  platform->input(fire);
+
+  static constexpr u8 gray[4] = {0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x02};
+
+  n8 data = 0xff;
+  data.bit(0, 1) = gray[position.bit(8, 9)];
+  data.bit(4) = !fire->value();
+  return data;
+}
+
+auto Driving::serialize(serializer& s) -> void {
+  s(position);
+  s(direction);
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+struct Driving : Controller {
+  Node::Input::Axis wheel;
+  Node::Input::Button fire;
+
+  Driving(Node::Port);
+
+  auto poll() -> void override;
+  auto read() -> n8 override;
+  auto serialize(serializer&) -> void override;
+
+private:
+  n10 position = 0;
+  s8 direction = 0;
+};
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-Gamepad::Gamepad(Node::Port parent) {
-  node = parent->append<Node::Peripheral>("Gamepad");
+Gamepad::Gamepad(Node::Port parent, string name) {
+  node = parent->append<Node::Peripheral>(name);

  up    = node->append<Node::Input::Button>("Up");
  down  = node->append<Node::Input::Button>("Down");
@@ -15,23 +15,11 @@ auto Gamepad::read() -> n8 {
  platform->input(right);
  platform->input(fire);

-  if(!(up->value() & down->value())) {
-    yHold = 0, upLatch = up->value(), downLatch = down->value();
-  } else if(!yHold) {
-    yHold = 1, swap(upLatch, downLatch);
-  }
-
-  if(!(left->value() & right->value())) {
-    xHold = 0, leftLatch = left->value(), rightLatch = right->value();
-  } else if(!xHold) {
-    xHold = 1, swap(leftLatch, rightLatch);
-  }
-
  n8 data = 0xff;
-  data.bit(0) = !upLatch;
-  data.bit(1) = !downLatch;
-  data.bit(2) = !leftLatch;
-  data.bit(3) = !rightLatch;
+  data.bit(0) = !up->value();
+  data.bit(1) = !down->value();
+  data.bit(2) = !left->value();
+  data.bit(3) = !right->value();
  data.bit(4) = !fire->value();
  return data;
 }
@@ -5,15 +5,7 @@ struct Gamepad : Controller {
  Node::Input::Button right;
  Node::Input::Button fire;

-  Gamepad(Node::Port);
+  Gamepad(Node::Port, string name = "Gamepad");

  auto read() -> n8 override;
-
-private:
-  b1 yHold;
-  b1 upLatch;
-  b1 downLatch;
-  b1 xHold;
-  b1 leftLatch;
-  b1 rightLatch;
 };
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Joy2BPlus::Joy2BPlus(Node::Port parent) : Gamepad(parent, "Joy 2B+") {
+  buttonC = node->append<Node::Input::Button>("C");
+  button3 = node->append<Node::Input::Button>("Button 3");
+}
+
+auto Joy2BPlus::readAnalog(n1 index) -> AnalogConnection {
+  auto& button = index ? buttonC : button3;
+  platform->input(button);
+  return button->value() ? AnalogConnection::ground(330) : AnalogConnection::vcc();
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+struct Joy2BPlus : Gamepad {
+  Node::Input::Button buttonC;
+  Node::Input::Button button3;
+
+  Joy2BPlus(Node::Port);
+
+  auto readAnalog(n1 index) -> AnalogConnection override;
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+Keyboard::Keyboard(Node::Port parent) {
+  node = parent->append<Node::Peripheral>("Keyboard");
+
+  static constexpr const char* names[12] = {
+    "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", "*", "0", "#"
+  };
+  for(u32 index : range(12)) key[index] = node->append<Node::Input::Button>(names[index]);
+}
+
+auto Keyboard::read() -> n8 {
+  n8 data = 0xff;
+  data.bit(4) = readColumn(2) != ColumnState::Ground;
+  return data;
+}
+
+auto Keyboard::write(n8 data) -> void {
+  rows = data.bit(0, 3);
+}
+
+auto Keyboard::readAnalog(n1 index) -> AnalogConnection {
+  switch(readColumn(index)) {
+  case ColumnState::Pullup: return AnalogConnection::vcc(4700);
+  case ColumnState::Ground: return AnalogConnection::ground();
+  case ColumnState::Vcc:    return AnalogConnection::vcc();
+  }
+  unreachable;
+}
+
+auto Keyboard::readColumn(u32 column) -> ColumnState {
+  bool vcc = false;
+  for(u32 row : range(4)) {
+    auto& button = key[row * 3 + column];
+    platform->input(button);
+    if(!button->value()) continue;
+    if(!rows.bit(row)) return ColumnState::Ground;
+    vcc = true;
+  }
+  return vcc ? ColumnState::Vcc : ColumnState::Pullup;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+struct Keyboard : Controller {
+  Node::Input::Button key[12];
+
+  Keyboard(Node::Port);
+
+  auto read() -> n8 override;
+  auto write(n8 data) -> void override;
+  auto readAnalog(n1 index) -> AnalogConnection override;
+
+private:
+  enum class ColumnState : u32 { Pullup, Ground, Vcc };
+
+  auto readColumn(u32 column) -> ColumnState;
+
+  n4 rows = 0x0f;
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+auto KidVidAudio::load(VFS::Pak pak) -> void {
+  static constexpr u64 MaximumFileSize = 64_MiB;
+  static constexpr std::array<const char*, (u32)File::Count> Names = {
+    "KVS3.WAV", "KVS1.WAV", "KVS2.WAV",
+    "KVB3.WAV", "KVB1.WAV", "KVB2.WAV",
+    "KVSHARED.WAV",
+  };
+
+  reset();
+  sources = {};
+  mediaIdentity = 14695981039346656037ull;
+  for(u32 index : range((u32)File::Count)) {
+    auto fp = pak ? pak->read(Names[index]) : VFS::File{};
+    if(!fp) continue;
+    if(fp->size() > MaximumFileSize) continue;
+    auto& item = sources[index];
+    item.bytes.resize(fp->size());
+    if(!item.bytes.empty()) memory::copy(item.bytes.data(), fp->data(), item.bytes.size());
+    for(auto byte : item.bytes) {
+      mediaIdentity ^= byte;
+      mediaIdentity *= 1099511628211ull;
+    }
+    mediaIdentity ^= index;
+    mediaIdentity *= 1099511628211ull;
+    item.valid = parse(item);
+  }
+}
+
+auto KidVidAudio::reset() -> void {
+  activeFile = File::Shared;
+  cursor = 0;
+  end = 0;
+  active = false;
+}
+
+auto KidVidAudio::available(File file) const -> bool {
+  return file < File::Count && source(file).valid;
+}
+
+auto KidVidAudio::play(File file, u32 begin, u32 end) -> bool {
+  stop();
+  if(!available(file)) return false;
+  auto& item = source(file);
+  if(begin < item.dataBegin || end < begin || end > item.dataEnd) return false;
+  activeFile = file;
+  cursor = begin;
+  this->end = end;
+  active = cursor < end;
+  return active;
+}
+
+auto KidVidAudio::stop() -> void {
+  active = false;
+  cursor = end;
+}
+
+auto KidVidAudio::remaining() const -> u32 {
+  if(!active || cursor >= end) return 0;
+  return end - cursor;
+}
+
+auto KidVidAudio::clock() -> f64 {
+  if(!active) return 0.0;
+  auto& item = source(activeFile);
+  if(cursor >= end || cursor >= item.bytes.size()) {
+    stop();
+    return 0.0;
+  }
+  auto sample = item.bytes[cursor++];
+  if(cursor >= end) active = false;
+  return ((s32)sample - 128) / 128.0;
+}
+
+auto KidVidAudio::serialize(serializer& s) -> bool {
+  auto identity = mediaIdentity;
+  u32 file = (u32)activeFile;
+  s(identity);
+  s(file);
+  s(cursor);
+  s(end);
+  s(active);
+
+  if(s.reading()) {
+    if(identity != mediaIdentity || file >= (u32)File::Count) {
+      reset();
+      return false;
+    }
+    activeFile = (File)file;
+    if(!active) {
+      reset();
+      return true;
+    }
+    auto& item = source(activeFile);
+    if(!item.valid || cursor < item.dataBegin || end < cursor || end > item.dataEnd) {
+      reset();
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+auto KidVidAudio::parse(Source& source) -> bool {
+  auto& bytes = source.bytes;
+  if(bytes.size() < 12) return false;
+  auto tag = [&](u32 offset, const char* text) {
+    return offset <= bytes.size() - 4 && bytes[offset + 0] == text[0] && bytes[offset + 1] == text[1]
+      && bytes[offset + 2] == text[2] && bytes[offset + 3] == text[3];
+  };
+  auto read16 = [&](u32 offset) -> u16 {
+    return (u16)bytes[offset] | (u16)bytes[offset + 1] << 8;
+  };
+  auto read32 = [&](u32 offset) -> u32 {
+    return (u32)bytes[offset] | (u32)bytes[offset + 1] << 8
+      | (u32)bytes[offset + 2] << 16 | (u32)bytes[offset + 3] << 24;
+  };
+
+  if(!tag(0, "RIFF") || !tag(8, "WAVE")) return false;
+  auto declaredEnd = (u64)read32(4) + 8;
+  if(declaredEnd > bytes.size() || declaredEnd < 12) return false;
+
+  bool formatValid = false;
+  bool dataFound = false;
+  for(u64 offset = 12; offset + 8 <= declaredEnd;) {
+    auto chunkSize = read32((u32)offset + 4);
+    auto dataBegin = offset + 8;
+    auto dataEnd = dataBegin + chunkSize;
+    if(dataEnd > declaredEnd || dataEnd < dataBegin) return false;
+
+    if(tag((u32)offset, "fmt ")) {
+      if(chunkSize < 16) return false;
+      formatValid = read16((u32)dataBegin + 0) == 1
+        && read16((u32)dataBegin + 2) == 1
+        && read32((u32)dataBegin + 4) == 16000
+        && read16((u32)dataBegin + 12) == 1
+        && read16((u32)dataBegin + 14) == 8;
+    }
+    if(tag((u32)offset, "data") && !dataFound) {
+      source.dataBegin = dataBegin;
+      source.dataEnd = dataEnd;
+      dataFound = true;
+    }
+
+    offset = dataEnd;
+    //Several canonical KidVid WAVs end on an odd-sized data chunk without a
+    //physical pad byte. A pad is required before another chunk, not after EOF.
+    if((chunkSize & 1) && offset < declaredEnd) offset++;
+    if(offset > declaredEnd) return false;
+  }
+  return formatValid && dataFound && source.dataBegin < source.dataEnd;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+struct KidVidAudio {
+  enum class File : u32 {
+    Smurfs3,
+    Smurfs1,
+    Smurfs2,
+    Bears3,
+    Bears1,
+    Bears2,
+    Shared,
+    Count,
+  };
+
+  auto load(VFS::Pak) -> void;
+  auto reset() -> void;
+  auto available(File) const -> bool;
+  auto play(File, u32 begin, u32 end) -> bool;
+  auto stop() -> void;
+  auto playing() const -> bool { return active; }
+  auto remaining() const -> u32;
+  auto clock() -> f64;
+  auto serialize(serializer&) -> bool;
+
+private:
+  struct Source {
+    std::vector<u8> bytes;
+    u32 dataBegin = 0;
+    u32 dataEnd = 0;
+    bool valid = false;
+  };
+
+  auto parse(Source&) -> bool;
+  auto source(File file) -> Source& { return sources[(u32)file]; }
+  auto source(File file) const -> const Source& { return sources[(u32)file]; }
+
+  std::array<Source, (u32)File::Count> sources;
+  u64 mediaIdentity = 0;
+  File activeFile = File::Shared;
+  u32 cursor = 0;
+  u32 end = 0;
+  bool active = false;
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+#include "tables.hpp"
+
+static constexpr const char* KidVidSmurfsSha256 =
+  "bbe0f1d952aab334de82db18cd84feb49a7fd9beb60a39c52658483564af78be";
+static constexpr const char* KidVidBearsSha256 =
+  "6161ac39cddfe7773c553f1b7a5925b703025ebe6ac18e934b8eb94465ed4548";
+
+KidVid::KidVid(Node::Port parent) {
+  node = parent->append<Node::Peripheral>("KidVid Voice Module");
+  game1 = node->append<Node::Input::Button>("Game 1");
+  game2 = node->append<Node::Input::Button>("Game 2");
+  game3 = node->append<Node::Input::Button>("Game 3");
+  skip = node->append<Node::Input::Button>("Skip");
+
+  stream = node->append<Node::Audio::Stream>("KidVid");
+  stream->setChannels(1);
+  stream->setFrequency(16000);
+
+  node->setPak(pak = platform->pak(node));
+  audio.load(pak);
+  if(cartridge.sha256() == KidVidSmurfsSha256) profile = Profile::Smurfs;
+  if(cartridge.sha256() == KidVidBearsSha256) profile = Profile::Bears;
+  rewind();
+  Thread::create(16000, std::bind_front(&KidVid::main, this));
+}
+
+KidVid::~KidVid() {
+  Thread::destroy();
+  stream.reset();
+  pak.reset();
+}
+
+auto KidVid::main() -> void {
+  stream->frame(audio.clock());
+  Thread::step(1);
+  Thread::synchronize(cpu);
+}
+
+auto KidVid::power(bool reset) -> void {
+  if(!reset || profile == Profile::Smurfs) rewind();
+  Thread::create(16000, std::bind_front(&KidVid::main, this));
+}
+
+auto KidVid::poll() -> void {
+  platform->input(game1);
+  platform->input(game2);
+  platform->input(game3);
+  platform->input(skip);
+}
+
+auto KidVid::frame() -> void {
+  if(profile == Profile::Unknown) return;
+  if(profile == Profile::Smurfs && system.controls.reset->value()) rewind();
+
+  if(skip->value() && song && KidVidData::ClipOrder[song - 1] != 0
+    && KidVidData::ClipOrder[song - 1] != 11) {
+    audio.stop();
+  }
+
+  if(!tape) {
+    if(game1->value()) select(1);
+    else if(game2->value()) select(2);
+    else if(game3->value()) select(3);
+  }
+
+  if(tape && run && !tapeBusy) advanceCassette();
+  updatePlayback();
+}
+
+auto KidVid::read() -> n8 {
+  n8 lines = 0xff;
+  lines.bit(3) = data;
+  return lines;
+}
+
+auto KidVid::write(n8 lines) -> void {
+  run = lines.bit(0);
+}
+
+auto KidVid::serialize(serializer& s) -> void {
+  Thread::serialize(s);
+  auto audioStateCompatible = audio.serialize(s);
+  s(tape);
+  s(bit);
+  s(bitsRemaining);
+  s(block);
+  s(song);
+  s(fallbackFrames);
+  s(run);
+  s(data);
+  s(tapeBusy);
+  s(songPlaying);
+  s(beep);
+
+  if(s.reading()) {
+    auto cassetteBits = KidVidData::CassetteData.size() * 8;
+    if(tape > 4 || bit >= cassetteBits || !bitsRemaining || bitsRemaining > 48
+      || bitsRemaining > cassetteBits - bit || song > KidVidData::ClipOrder.size() || fallbackFrames > 92) {
+      rewind();
+    }
+    mediaAvailable = tape && audio.available(KidVidAudio::File::Shared) && audio.available(tapeFile());
+    if(!audioStateCompatible) {
+      mediaAvailable = false;
+      songPlaying = false;
+      beep = true;
+      tapeBusy = tape != 0;
+      fallbackFrames = tape ? 92 : 0;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+auto KidVid::rewind() -> void {
+  audio.reset();
+  tape = 0;
+  bit = profile == Profile::Bears ? 48 : 0;
+  bitsRemaining = 48;
+  block = 0;
+  song = 0;
+  fallbackFrames = 0;
+  data = true;
+  tapeBusy = false;
+  songPlaying = false;
+  beep = false;
+  mediaAvailable = false;
+}
+
+auto KidVid::select(u32 game) -> void {
+  if(game < 1 || game > 3) return;
+  tape = game == 1 ? 2 : game == 2 ? 3 : profile == Profile::Bears ? 4 : 1;
+  bit = profile == Profile::Bears ? 48 : 0;
+  bitsRemaining = 48;
+  block = 0;
+  song = KidVidData::FirstClip[tapeIndex()];
+  fallbackFrames = 0;
+  tapeBusy = false;
+  songPlaying = false;
+  beep = false;
+  mediaAvailable = audio.available(KidVidAudio::File::Shared) && audio.available(tapeFile());
+}
+
+auto KidVid::tapeIndex() const -> u32 {
+  if(tape == 4) return 3;
+  return profile == Profile::Smurfs ? tape - 1 : tape + 2;
+}
+
+auto KidVid::tapeFile() const -> KidVidAudio::File {
+  return (KidVidAudio::File)tapeIndex();
+}
+
+auto KidVid::advanceCassette() -> void {
+  auto byte = KidVidData::CassetteData[bit >> 3];
+  data = byte >> (7 - (bit & 7)) & 1;
+  bit++;
+  if(--bitsRemaining) return;
+
+  if(block == 0) {
+    bit = 96 + (tape - 1) * 48;
+  } else if(block >= KidVidData::BlockCounts[tapeIndex()]) {
+    bit = 336;
+  } else {
+    bit = 288;
+    startNextClip();
+  }
+  block++;
+  bitsRemaining = 48;
+}
+
+auto KidVid::startNextClip() -> void {
+  if(!mediaAvailable || song >= KidVidData::ClipOrder.size()) {
+    beep = true;
+    tapeBusy = true;
+    songPlaying = false;
+    fallbackFrames = 92;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  auto entry = KidVidData::ClipOrder[song++];
+  beep = !(entry & 0x80);
+  auto clip = entry & 0x7f;
+  if(clip + 1 >= KidVidData::ClipBoundaries.size()) {
+    mediaAvailable = false;
+    return startNextClip();
+  }
+
+  auto begin = KidVidData::ClipBoundaries[clip];
+  auto end = KidVidData::ClipBoundaries[clip + 1];
+  if(end < begin + 786) {
+    mediaAvailable = false;
+    return startNextClip();
+  }
+  auto file = clip < 10 ? KidVidAudio::File::Shared : tapeFile();
+  if(!audio.play(file, begin, end - 786)) {
+    mediaAvailable = false;
+    return startNextClip();
+  }
+  songPlaying = true;
+  tapeBusy = true;
+}
+
+auto KidVid::updatePlayback() -> void {
+  if(mediaAvailable) {
+    if(!songPlaying) return;
+    auto remaining = audio.remaining();
+    tapeBusy = remaining > 262 * 60 || !beep;
+    if(remaining) return;
+    songPlaying = false;
+    tapeBusy = !beep;
+    if(!beep) startNextClip();
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if(fallbackFrames) {
+    fallbackFrames--;
+    tapeBusy = fallbackFrames > 60;
+  }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+#include "audio.hpp"
+
+struct KidVid : Controller, Thread {
+  KidVid(Node::Port);
+  ~KidVid();
+
+  auto main() -> void;
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override;
+  auto poll() -> void override;
+  auto frame() -> void override;
+  auto read() -> n8 override;
+  auto write(n8 data) -> void override;
+  auto serialize(serializer&) -> void override;
+
+private:
+  enum class Profile : u32 { Unknown, Smurfs, Bears };
+
+  auto rewind() -> void;
+  auto select(u32 game) -> void;
+  auto tapeIndex() const -> u32;
+  auto tapeFile() const -> KidVidAudio::File;
+  auto advanceCassette() -> void;
+  auto startNextClip() -> void;
+  auto updatePlayback() -> void;
+
+  Node::Input::Button game1;
+  Node::Input::Button game2;
+  Node::Input::Button game3;
+  Node::Input::Button skip;
+  Node::Audio::Stream stream;
+  VFS::Pak pak;
+  KidVidAudio audio;
+
+  Profile profile = Profile::Unknown;
+  u32 tape = 0;
+  u32 bit = 0;
+  u32 bitsRemaining = 48;
+  u32 block = 0;
+  u32 song = 0;
+  u32 fallbackFrames = 0;
+  bool run = true;
+  bool data = true;
+  bool tapeBusy = false;
+  bool songPlaying = false;
+  bool beep = false;
+  bool mediaAvailable = false;
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+namespace KidVidData {
+
+//Connector data recorded by the two supported programs. Each cassette block
+//is six bytes and is shifted most-significant bit first.
+static constexpr std::array<u8, 48> CassetteData = {
+  0x7b, 0x1e, 0xc6, 0x31, 0xec, 0x60,
+  0x7b, 0x1e, 0xc6, 0x3d, 0x8c, 0x60,
+  0xf6, 0x31, 0x8c, 0x63, 0x18, 0xc0,
+  0xf6, 0x31, 0x8c, 0x63, 0x18, 0xf0,
+  0xf6, 0x31, 0x8c, 0x63, 0x1e, 0xc0,
+  0xf6, 0x31, 0x8c, 0x63, 0x1e, 0xf0,
+  0x3f, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+  0xf7, 0xb1, 0x8c, 0x63, 0x18, 0xc0,
+};
+
+//Order: Smurfs 3/1/2, then Bears 3/1/2.
+static constexpr std::array<u8, 6> BlockCounts = {42, 23, 37, 102, 120, 102};
+static constexpr std::array<u16, 6> FirstClip = {82, 0, 44, 266, 124, 186};
+
+//The high bit marks a segment that ends without the cassette acknowledgement
+//beep. The low seven bits select adjacent boundaries from ClipBoundaries.
+static constexpr std::array<u8, 328> ClipOrder = {
+  11, 12+0x80, 13+0x80, 14, 15+0x80, 16, 8+0x80, 17, 18+0x80, 19, 20+0x80,
+  21, 8+0x80, 22, 15+0x80, 23, 18+0x80, 14, 20+0x80, 16, 18+0x80,
+  17, 15+0x80, 19, 8+0x80, 21, 20+0x80, 22, 18+0x80, 23, 15+0x80,
+  14, 20+0x80, 16, 8+0x80, 22, 15+0x80, 23, 18+0x80, 14, 20+0x80,
+  16, 8+0x80, 9,
+
+  25+0x80, 26, 27, 28, 8, 29, 30, 26, 27, 28, 8, 29, 30, 26, 27, 28, 8, 29,
+  30, 26, 27, 28, 8, 29, 30, 26, 27, 28, 8, 29, 30, 26, 27, 28, 8, 29,
+  30+0x80, 9,
+
+  32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 34, 42, 36, 43, 40, 39, 38, 37,
+  34, 43, 36, 39, 40, 37, 38, 43, 34, 37, 36, 43, 40, 39, 38, 37, 34, 43,
+  36, 39, 40, 37, 38+0x80, 9,
+
+  0, 1, 45, 2, 3, 46, 4, 5, 47, 6, 7, 48, 4, 3, 49, 2, 1, 50, 6, 7, 51,
+  4, 5, 52, 6, 1, 53, 2, 7, 54, 6, 5, 45, 2, 1, 46, 4, 3, 47, 2, 5, 48,
+  4, 7, 49, 6, 1, 50, 2, 5, 51, 6, 3, 52, 4, 7, 53, 2, 1, 54, 6+0x80, 9,
+
+  0, 1, 56, 4, 3, 57, 2, 5, 58, 6, 7, 59, 2, 3, 60, 4, 1, 61, 6, 7, 62,
+  2, 5, 63, 6, 1, 64, 4, 7, 65, 6, 5, 66, 4, 1, 67, 2, 3, 68, 6, 5, 69,
+  2, 7, 70, 4, 1, 71, 2, 5, 72, 4, 3, 73, 6, 7, 74, 2, 1, 75, 6, 3, 76,
+  4, 5, 77, 6, 7, 78, 2, 3, 79, 4, 1, 80, 2, 7, 81, 4+0x80, 9,
+
+  0, 1, 83, 2, 3, 84, 4, 5, 85, 6, 7, 86, 4, 3, 87, 2, 1, 88, 6, 7, 89,
+  2, 5, 90, 6, 1, 91, 4, 7, 92, 6, 5, 93, 4, 1, 94, 2, 3, 95, 6, 5, 96,
+  2, 7, 97, 4, 1, 98, 6, 5, 99, 4, 3, 100, 2, 7, 101, 4, 1, 102, 2+0x80, 9,
+};
+
+//Absolute byte offsets in the canonical RIFF files. Indexes 0..10 belong to
+//KVSHARED; every later index belongs to the selected tape file.
+static constexpr std::array<u32, 104> ClipBoundaries = {
+  44, 980829, 1178398, 1430063, 1691136, 1841665, 2100386, 2283843, 2629588, 2824805, 3059116,
+
+  44, 164685, 395182, 750335, 962016, 1204273, 1538258, 1801683, 2086276, 2399093,
+  2589606, 2801287, 3111752, 3436329,
+
+  44, 778557, 1100782, 1293648, 1493569, 1801682, 2086275,
+
+  44, 686829, 893806, 1143119, 1385376, 1578241, 1942802, 2168595, 2493172,
+  2662517, 3022374, 3229351, 3720920,
+
+  44, 592749, 936142, 1465343, 1787568, 2145073, 2568434, 2822451, 3045892, 3709157, 4219542,
+
+  44, 303453, 703294, 1150175, 1514736, 2208577, 2511986, 2864787, 3306964, 3864389,
+  4148982, 4499431, 4824008, 5162697, 5581354, 5844779, 6162300, 6590365, 6839678,
+  7225407, 7552336, 7867505, 8316738, 8608387, 8940020, 9274005, 9593878,
+
+  44, 341085, 653902, 1018463, 1265424, 1669969, 1919282, 2227395, 2535508, 3057653,
+  3375174, 3704455, 4092536, 4487673, 5026282, 5416715, 5670732, 6225805, 6736190,
+  7110159, 7676992,
+};
+
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+MindLink::MindLink(Node::Port parent) {
+  node = parent->append<Node::Peripheral>("MindLink");
+
+  x = node->append<Node::Input::Axis>("X");
+  trigger = node->append<Node::Input::Button>("Trigger");
+}
+
+auto MindLink::poll() -> void {
+  platform->input(x);
+  platform->input(trigger);
+
+  auto next = (s64)(position & ~TriggerValue) + x->value() * PositionScale;
+  position = std::clamp<s64>(next, MinimumPosition, MaximumPosition);
+
+  //Stella exposes this compatibility trigger, but the physical MindLink had no button.
+  if(trigger->value()) position |= TriggerValue;
+
+  lines = 0x1f;
+  shift = 1;
+  nextBit();
+}
+
+auto MindLink::read() -> n8 {
+  n8 data = 0xff;
+  data.bit(0, 4) = lines;
+  return data;
+}
+
+auto MindLink::write(n8 data) -> void {
+  lines.bit(0, 3) = data.bit(0, 3);
+}
+
+auto MindLink::controlWrite(n8 data) -> void {
+  if(data.bit(0)) nextBit();
+}
+
+auto MindLink::serialize(serializer& s) -> void {
+  s(position);
+  s(shift);
+  s(lines);
+}
+
+auto MindLink::nextBit() -> void {
+  lines.bit(2) = 0;
+  lines.bit(3) = (position & shift) != 0;
+  shift <<= 1;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+struct MindLink : Controller {
+  Node::Input::Axis x;
+  Node::Input::Button trigger;
+
+  MindLink(Node::Port);
+
+  auto poll() -> void override;
+  auto read() -> n8 override;
+  auto write(n8 data) -> void override;
+  auto controlWrite(n8 data) -> void override;
+  auto serialize(serializer&) -> void override;
+
+private:
+  auto nextBit() -> void;
+
+  u32 position = 0x2a00;
+  u32 shift = 1;
+  n5 lines = 0x1f;
+
+  static constexpr s32 PositionScale = 10;
+  static constexpr s32 MinimumPosition = 0x0b00;
+  static constexpr s32 MaximumPosition = 0x6500;
+  static constexpr u32 TriggerValue = 0x8000;
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+Paddles::Paddles(Node::Port parent, bool axes) {
+  node = parent->append<Node::Peripheral>("Paddles");
+
+  if(axes) {
+    axis[0] = node->append<Node::Input::Axis>("Paddle 1");
+    axis[1] = node->append<Node::Input::Axis>("Paddle 2");
+  }
+  fire[0] = node->append<Node::Input::Button>("Paddle 1 Fire");
+  fire[1] = node->append<Node::Input::Button>("Paddle 2 Fire");
+}
+
+auto Paddles::read() -> n8 {
+  platform->input(fire[0]);
+  platform->input(fire[1]);
+
+  n8 data = 0xff;
+  data.bit(3) = !fire[0]->value();
+  data.bit(2) = !fire[1]->value();
+  return data;
+}
+
+auto Paddles::readAnalog(n1 index) -> AnalogConnection {
+  if(!axis[index]) return AnalogConnection::disconnected();
+  platform->input(axis[index]);
+  auto value = std::clamp<s64>(axis[index]->value(), -32768, 32767);
+  auto resistance = (u64)(32767 - value) * MaximumResistance / 65535;
+  return AnalogConnection::vcc(resistance);
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+struct Paddles : Controller {
+  Node::Input::Axis axis[2];
+  Node::Input::Button fire[2];
+
+  Paddles(Node::Port, bool axes = true);
+
+  auto read() -> n8 override;
+  auto readAnalog(n1 index) -> AnalogConnection override;
+
+  static constexpr u32 MaximumResistance = 1'000'000;
+};
@@ -10,20 +10,61 @@ auto ControllerPort::load(Node::Object parent) -> void {
  port->setType("Controller");
  port->setHotSwappable(true);
  port->setAllocate([&](auto name) { return allocate(name); });
-  port->setDisconnect([&] { device.reset(); });
-  port->setSupported({"Gamepad"});
+  port->setDisconnect([&] {
+    save();
+    device.reset();
+  });
+  std::vector<string> supported = {
+    "Gamepad", "Paddles", "Driving", "Keyboard",
+    "Booster Grip", "Sega Genesis", "Joy 2B+",
+    "CX-22 Trak-Ball", "CX-80 Trak-Ball", "Atari Mouse", "Amiga Mouse",
+    "XG-1 Light Gun", "MindLink", "SaveKey", "AtariVox", "QuadTari",
+  };
+  if(name == "Controller Port 2") supported.push_back("KidVid Voice Module");
+  port->setSupported(supported);
+  output = 0x0f;
 }

 auto ControllerPort::unload() -> void {
  device = {};
  port = {};
+  output = 0x0f;
 }

 auto ControllerPort::allocate(string name) -> Node::Peripheral {
-  if(name == "Gamepad") device = new Gamepad(port);
-  if(device) return device->node;
+  auto role = this == &controllerPort2 ? Role::ConsoleRight : Role::ConsoleLeft;
+  device = create(port, name, role);
+  if(device) {
+    device->write(output);
+    return device->node;
+  }
+  return {};
+}
+
+auto ControllerPort::create(Node::Port port, string name, Role role) -> std::unique_ptr<Controller> {
+  auto quadTariChild = role == Role::QuadTariChild;
+  if(name == "Gamepad")             return std::make_unique<Gamepad>    (port);
+  if(name == "Paddles")             return std::make_unique<Paddles>    (port, !quadTariChild);
+  if(name == "Driving")             return std::make_unique<Driving>    (port);
+  if(name == "Keyboard")            return std::make_unique<Keyboard>   (port);
+  if(name == "Booster Grip")        return std::make_unique<BoosterGrip>(port);
+  if(name == "Sega Genesis")        return std::make_unique<SegaGenesis>(port);
+  if(name == "Joy 2B+")             return std::make_unique<Joy2BPlus>  (port);
+  if(name == "CX-22 Trak-Ball")     return std::make_unique<TrakBall>   (port, name);
+  if(name == "CX-80 Trak-Ball")     return std::make_unique<TrakBall>   (port, name);
+  if(name == "Atari Mouse")         return std::make_unique<AtariMouse> (port);
+  if(name == "Amiga Mouse")         return std::make_unique<AmigaMouse> (port);
+  if(name == "XG-1 Light Gun")      return std::make_unique<XG1LightGun>(port);
+  if(name == "MindLink")            return std::make_unique<MindLink>   (port);
+  if(name == "SaveKey")             return std::make_unique<SaveKey>    (port);
+  if(name == "AtariVox")            return std::make_unique<AtariVox>   (port);
+  if(name == "KidVid Voice Module")
+    if(role == Role::ConsoleRight)  return std::make_unique<KidVid>     (port);
+  if(name == "QuadTari")
+    if(!quadTariChild)              return std::make_unique<QuadTari>   (port);
  return {};
 }

 auto ControllerPort::serialize(serializer& s) -> void {
+  if(device) device->serialize(s);
 }
@@ -1,19 +1,44 @@
 struct ControllerPort {
+  enum class Role : u32 { ConsoleLeft, ConsoleRight, QuadTariChild };
+
  Node::Port port;
-  unique_pointer<Controller> device;
+  std::unique_ptr<Controller> device;

  //port.cpp
  ControllerPort(string name);
  auto load(Node::Object) -> void;
  auto unload() -> void;
  auto allocate(string name) -> Node::Peripheral;
+  static auto create(Node::Port, string name, Role) -> std::unique_ptr<Controller>;
+  auto save() -> void { if(device) device->save(); }
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void {
+    if(device) {
+      device->power(reset);
+      device->write(output);
+    }
+  }

+  auto poll() -> void { if(device) device->poll(); }
+  auto frame() -> void { if(device) device->frame(); }
+  auto clock() -> void { if(device) device->clock(); }
+  auto vblank(n1 dumped) -> void { if(device) device->vblank(dumped); }
  auto read() -> n8 { if(device) return device->read(); return 0xff; }
-  auto write(n8 data) -> void { if(device) return device->write(data); }
+  auto write(n8 data) -> void {
+    output = data;
+    if(device) device->write(data);
+  }
+  auto controlWrite(n4 data) -> void {
+    if(device) device->controlWrite(data);
+  }
+  auto readAnalog(n1 index) -> Controller::AnalogConnection {
+    if(device) return device->readAnalog(index);
+    return Controller::AnalogConnection::disconnected();
+  }

  auto serialize(serializer&) -> void;

  const string name;
+  n4 output = 0x0f;
 };

 extern ControllerPort controllerPort1;
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+QuadTari::QuadTari(Node::Port parent) : first(*this), second(*this) {
+  node = parent->append<Node::Peripheral>("QuadTari");
+
+  auto left = parent->name() == "Controller Port 1";
+  first.load(node, left ? "QuadTari Player 1" : "QuadTari Player 2");
+  second.load(node, left ? "QuadTari Player 3" : "QuadTari Player 4");
+}
+
+QuadTari::~QuadTari() {
+  first.unload();
+  second.unload();
+}
+
+auto QuadTari::Slot::load(Node::Peripheral parent, string name) -> void {
+  port = parent->append<Node::Port>(name);
+  port->setFamily(system.name());
+  port->setType("Controller");
+  port->setHotSwappable(true);
+  port->setAllocate([&](auto name) { return allocate(name); });
+  port->setDisconnect([&] {
+    save();
+    device.reset();
+  });
+  port->setSupported({"Gamepad", "Paddles", "Driving", "SaveKey", "AtariVox"});
+  port->allocate("Gamepad");
+  port->connect();
+}
+
+auto QuadTari::Slot::unload() -> void {
+  save();
+  device = {};
+  port = {};
+}
+
+auto QuadTari::Slot::allocate(string name) -> Node::Peripheral {
+  save();
+  device = {};
+  if(name != "Gamepad" && name != "Paddles" && name != "Driving" && name != "SaveKey" && name != "AtariVox") {
+    return {};
+  }
+  device = ControllerPort::create(port, name, ControllerPort::Role::QuadTariChild);
+  if(device) {
+    device->write(owner.output);
+    device->controlWrite(owner.control);
+    return device->node;
+  }
+  return {};
+}
+
+auto QuadTari::Slot::save() -> void {
+  if(device) device->save();
+}
+
+auto QuadTari::Slot::power(bool reset) -> void {
+  if(device) device->power(reset);
+}
+
+auto QuadTari::Slot::serialize(serializer& s) -> void {
+  if(device) device->serialize(s);
+}
+
+auto QuadTari::save() -> void {
+  first.save();
+  second.save();
+}
+
+auto QuadTari::power(bool reset) -> void {
+  first.power(reset);
+  second.power(reset);
+  dumped = 0;
+  selected = 0;
+  pending = 0;
+  settling = 0;
+  output = 0x0f;
+  control = 0x0f;
+}
+
+auto QuadTari::poll() -> void {
+  if(first.device) first.device->poll();
+  if(second.device) second.device->poll();
+}
+
+auto QuadTari::frame() -> void {
+  if(first.device) first.device->frame();
+  if(second.device) second.device->frame();
+}
+
+auto QuadTari::clock() -> void {
+  if(settling && !--settling) {
+    selected = pending;
+    synchronizeActive();
+  }
+}
+
+auto QuadTari::vblank(n1 dumped) -> void {
+  if(this->dumped == dumped) return;
+  this->dumped = dumped;
+  pending = dumped;
+  settling = SettlingClocks;
+}
+
+auto QuadTari::read() -> n8 {
+  if(auto device = active()) return device->read();
+  return 0xff;
+}
+
+auto QuadTari::write(n8 data) -> void {
+  output = data;
+  if(auto device = active()) device->write(data);
+}
+
+auto QuadTari::controlWrite(n8 data) -> void {
+  control = data;
+  if(auto device = active()) device->controlWrite(data);
+}
+
+auto QuadTari::readAnalog(n1 index) -> AnalogConnection {
+  return index ? AnalogConnection::vcc() : AnalogConnection::ground();
+}
+
+auto QuadTari::serialize(serializer& s) -> void {
+  s(dumped);
+  s(selected);
+  s(pending);
+  s(settling);
+  s(output);
+  s(control);
+  first.serialize(s);
+  second.serialize(s);
+
+  if(s.reading() && settling > SettlingClocks) {
+    dumped = 0;
+    selected = 0;
+    pending = 0;
+    settling = 0;
+    output = 0x0f;
+    control = 0x0f;
+    synchronizeActive();
+  }
+}
+
+auto QuadTari::active() -> Controller* {
+  auto& slot = selected ? second : first;
+  return slot.device.get();
+}
+
+auto QuadTari::synchronizeActive() -> void {
+  if(auto device = active()) {
+    device->write(output);
+    device->controlWrite(control);
+  }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+struct QuadTari : Controller {
+  struct Slot {
+    Slot(QuadTari& owner) : owner(owner) {}
+
+    auto load(Node::Peripheral, string name) -> void;
+    auto unload() -> void;
+    auto allocate(string name) -> Node::Peripheral;
+    auto save() -> void;
+    auto power(bool reset) -> void;
+    auto serialize(serializer&) -> void;
+
+    QuadTari& owner;
+    Node::Port port;
+    std::unique_ptr<Controller> device;
+  };
+
+  QuadTari(Node::Port);
+  ~QuadTari() override;
+
+  auto save() -> void override;
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override;
+  auto poll() -> void override;
+  auto frame() -> void override;
+  auto clock() -> void override;
+  auto vblank(n1 dumped) -> void override;
+  auto read() -> n8 override;
+  auto write(n8 data) -> void override;
+  auto controlWrite(n8 data) -> void override;
+  auto readAnalog(n1 index) -> AnalogConnection override;
+  auto serialize(serializer&) -> void override;
+
+  static constexpr u16 SettlingClocks = 228;
+
+private:
+  auto active() -> Controller*;
+  auto synchronizeActive() -> void;
+
+public:
+  Slot first;
+  Slot second;
+  n1 dumped = 0;
+  n1 selected = 0;
+  n1 pending = 0;
+  u16 settling = 0;
+  n4 output = 0x0f;
+  n4 control = 0x0f;
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+RelativePointingDevice::RelativePointingDevice(Node::Port parent, string name, u32 scaleNumerator)
+: scaleNumerator(scaleNumerator) {
+  node = parent->append<Node::Peripheral>(name);
+
+  x = node->append<Node::Input::Axis>("X");
+  y = node->append<Node::Input::Axis>("Y");
+  fire = node->append<Node::Input::Button>("Fire");
+}
+
+auto RelativePointingDevice::poll() -> void {
+  finish(horizontal);
+  finish(vertical);
+
+  platform->input(x);
+  platform->input(y);
+  queue(horizontal, -x->value());
+  queue(vertical, -y->value());
+}
+
+auto RelativePointingDevice::read() -> n8 {
+  advance(horizontal, cpu.clock());
+  advance(vertical, cpu.clock());
+  platform->input(fire);
+
+  n8 data = 0xff;
+  data.bit(0, 3) = encode(horizontal.phase, vertical.phase,
+    horizontal.direction < 0, vertical.direction > 0);
+  data.bit(4) = !fire->value();
+  return data;
+}
+
+auto RelativePointingDevice::finish(AxisState& axis) -> void {
+  if(axis.remaining) {
+    auto offset = axis.direction * (s32)(axis.remaining & 3);
+    axis.phase = (axis.phase + 4 + offset) & 3;
+  }
+  axis.remaining = 0;
+  axis.next = 0;
+  axis.interval = 1;
+}
+
+auto RelativePointingDevice::queue(AxisState& axis, s64 delta) -> void {
+  if(delta < -32768) delta = -32768;
+  if(delta >  32767) delta =  32767;
+
+  auto scaled = delta * scaleNumerator + axis.remainder;
+  auto transitions = scaled < 0
+    ? (scaled - ScaleDenominator / 2) / ScaleDenominator
+    : (scaled + ScaleDenominator / 2) / ScaleDenominator;
+  axis.remainder = scaled - transitions * ScaleDenominator;
+  if(transitions < -(s64)MaximumTransitions) transitions = -(s64)MaximumTransitions;
+  if(transitions >  (s64)MaximumTransitions) transitions =  (s64)MaximumTransitions;
+  if(!transitions) return;
+
+  axis.direction = transitions < 0 ? -1 : 1;
+  axis.remaining = abs(transitions);
+  axis.interval = max((u64)1, windowDuration() / axis.remaining);
+  axis.next = axis.interval;
+}
+
+auto RelativePointingDevice::advance(AxisState& axis, u64 timestamp) -> void {
+  if(!axis.remaining || timestamp < axis.next) return;
+
+  auto due = 1 + (timestamp - axis.next) / axis.interval;
+  if(due > axis.remaining) due = axis.remaining;
+  auto offset = axis.direction * (s32)(due & 3);
+  axis.phase = (axis.phase + 4 + offset) & 3;
+  axis.remaining -= due;
+  axis.next += axis.interval * due;
+}
+
+auto RelativePointingDevice::windowDuration() const -> u64 {
+  return cpu.scalar() * 228 * (Region::NTSC() ? 262 : 312);
+}
+
+auto RelativePointingDevice::serialize(serializer& s) -> void {
+  for(auto* axis : {&horizontal, &vertical}) {
+    s(axis->phase);
+    s(axis->direction);
+    s(axis->remaining);
+    s(axis->next);
+    s(axis->interval);
+    s(axis->remainder);
+  }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+struct RelativePointingDevice : Controller {
+  Node::Input::Axis x;
+  Node::Input::Axis y;
+  Node::Input::Button fire;
+
+  RelativePointingDevice(Node::Port, string name, u32 scaleNumerator);
+
+  auto poll() -> void override;
+  auto read() -> n8 override;
+  auto serialize(serializer&) -> void override;
+
+protected:
+  virtual auto encode(u8 xPhase, u8 yPhase, bool left, bool down) const -> u8 = 0;
+
+private:
+  struct AxisState {
+    u8 phase = 0;
+    s8 direction = 0;
+    u32 remaining = 0;
+    u64 next = 0;
+    u64 interval = 1;
+    s32 remainder = 0;
+  } horizontal, vertical;
+
+  auto finish(AxisState&) -> void;
+  auto queue(AxisState&, s64 delta) -> void;
+  auto advance(AxisState&, u64 timestamp) -> void;
+  auto windowDuration() const -> u64;
+
+  const u32 scaleNumerator;
+  static constexpr u32 ScaleDenominator = 5;
+  static constexpr u32 MaximumTransitions = 32767;
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+SaveKey::SaveKey(Node::Port parent, string name, string filename) {
+  node = parent->append<Node::Peripheral>(name);
+  node->setPak(pak = platform->pak(node));
+
+  persistent.load(pak, filename, 32_KiB, 0xff);
+  eeprom.load(M24C::Type::M24C256);
+  synchronizeEeprom();
+  eeprom.power();
+}
+
+auto SaveKey::save() -> void {
+  synchronizePersistent();
+  persistent.flush(pak);
+}
+
+auto SaveKey::power(bool reset) -> void {
+  eeprom.power();
+}
+
+auto SaveKey::read() -> n8 {
+  n8 data = 0xff;
+  data.bit(2) = eeprom.read();
+  return data;
+}
+
+auto SaveKey::write(n8 data) -> void {
+  auto transactionBoundary = eeprom.clock() && data.bit(3) && eeprom.data() != data.bit(2);
+  eeprom.clock = eeprom.clock();
+  eeprom.data = eeprom.data();
+  eeprom.clock = data.bit(3);
+  eeprom.data = data.bit(2);
+  eeprom.write();
+  if(transactionBoundary) synchronizePersistent();
+}
+
+auto SaveKey::serialize(serializer& s) -> void {
+  if(s.writing()) synchronizePersistent();
+  eeprom.serialize(s, false);
+  if(s.reading()) synchronizeEeprom();
+}
+
+auto SaveKey::synchronizeEeprom() -> void {
+  std::copy(persistent.memory.begin(), persistent.memory.end(), std::begin(eeprom.memory));
+}
+
+auto SaveKey::synchronizePersistent() -> void {
+  persistent.replace({(const u8*)eeprom.memory, eeprom.size()});
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+struct SaveKey : Controller {
+  SaveKey(Node::Port, string name = "SaveKey", string filename = "savekey.eeprom");
+
+  auto save() -> void override;
+  auto power(bool reset) -> void override;
+  auto read() -> n8 override;
+  auto write(n8 data) -> void override;
+  auto serialize(serializer&) -> void override;
+
+protected:
+  auto synchronizeEeprom() -> void;
+  auto synchronizePersistent() -> void;
+
+  VFS::Pak pak;
+  M24C eeprom;
+  PersistentMemory persistent;
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+SegaGenesis::SegaGenesis(Node::Port parent) : Gamepad(parent, "Sega Genesis") {
+  buttonC = node->append<Node::Input::Button>("C");
+}
+
+auto SegaGenesis::readAnalog(n1 index) -> AnalogConnection {
+  if(!index) return AnalogConnection::vcc();
+  platform->input(buttonC);
+  return buttonC->value() ? AnalogConnection::ground() : AnalogConnection::vcc();
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+struct SegaGenesis : Gamepad {
+  Node::Input::Button buttonC;
+
+  SegaGenesis(Node::Port);
+
+  auto readAnalog(n1 index) -> AnalogConnection override;
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+TrakBall::TrakBall(Node::Port parent, string name)
+: RelativePointingDevice(parent, name, 2) {
+}
+
+auto TrakBall::encode(u8 xPhase, u8 yPhase, bool left, bool down) const -> u8 {
+  static constexpr u8 horizontal[2][2] = {
+    {0b00, 0b01}, {0b10, 0b11},
+  };
+  static constexpr u8 vertical[2][2] = {
+    {0b0100, 0b0000}, {0b1100, 0b1000},
+  };
+  return horizontal[xPhase & 1][left] | vertical[yPhase & 1][down];
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+struct TrakBall : RelativePointingDevice {
+  TrakBall(Node::Port, string name);
+
+protected:
+  auto encode(u8 xPhase, u8 yPhase, bool left, bool down) const -> u8 override;
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+XG1LightGun::XG1LightGun(Node::Port parent) {
+  node = parent->append<Node::Peripheral>("XG-1 Light Gun");
+
+  x = node->append<Node::Input::Axis>("X");
+  y = node->append<Node::Input::Axis>("Y");
+  trigger = node->append<Node::Input::Button>("Trigger");
+
+  targetY = video.displayHeight() / 2;
+  sprite = node->append<Node::Video::Sprite>("Crosshair");
+  sprite->setImage(Resource::Sprite::Famicom::Crosshair);
+  video.screen->attach(sprite);
+  updateCrosshair();
+}
+
+XG1LightGun::~XG1LightGun() {
+  if(video.screen) video.screen->detach(sprite);
+}
+
+auto XG1LightGun::poll() -> void {
+  platform->input(x);
+  platform->input(y);
+
+  targetX = std::clamp<s64>(targetX + x->value(), -TargetMargin, 160 + TargetMargin - 1);
+  targetY = std::clamp<s64>(targetY + y->value(), -TargetMargin,
+    video.displayHeight() + TargetMargin - 1);
+  updateCrosshair();
+}
+
+auto XG1LightGun::read() -> n8 {
+  platform->input(trigger);
+
+  n8 data = 0xff;
+  data.bit(0) = !trigger->value();
+  data.bit(4) = !lightDetected();
+  return data;
+}
+
+auto XG1LightGun::serialize(serializer& s) -> void {
+  s(targetX);
+  s(targetY);
+  if(s.reading()) updateCrosshair();
+}
+
+auto XG1LightGun::lightDetected() const -> bool {
+  auto beamX = tia.displayPosition() - 68 + HorizontalOffset;
+  if(beamX < 0) beamX += HorizontalClocks;
+  auto beamY = video.y() + VerticalOffset;
+  auto deltaX = beamX - targetX;
+  auto deltaY = beamY - targetY;
+  return deltaX >= 0 && deltaX < DetectionWidth && deltaY >= 0;
+}
+
+auto XG1LightGun::updateCrosshair() -> void {
+  sprite->setPosition(targetX + VideoLeftMargin - CrosshairRadius, targetY - CrosshairRadius);
+  sprite->setVisible(targetX >= 0 && targetX < 160 && targetY >= 0 && targetY < video.displayHeight());
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+struct XG1LightGun : Controller {
+  Node::Input::Axis x;
+  Node::Input::Axis y;
+  Node::Input::Button trigger;
+  Node::Video::Sprite sprite;
+
+  XG1LightGun(Node::Port);
+  ~XG1LightGun();
+
+  auto poll() -> void override;
+  auto read() -> n8 override;
+  auto serialize(serializer&) -> void override;
+
+private:
+  auto lightDetected() const -> bool;
+  auto updateCrosshair() -> void;
+
+  i16 targetX = 80;
+  i16 targetY = 114;
+
+  static constexpr s32 TargetMargin = 16;
+  static constexpr s32 HorizontalClocks = 228;
+  static constexpr s32 HorizontalOffset = -23;
+  static constexpr s32 VerticalOffset = 1;
+  static constexpr s32 DetectionWidth = 15;
+  static constexpr s32 CrosshairRadius = 8;
+  static constexpr s32 VideoLeftMargin = 10;
+};