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* NEWS: Updated for the new -n option for the i386 assembler. * config/tc-i386.c (optimize_align_code): New. (md_shortopts): Add 'n'. (md_parse_option): Handle 'n'. (md_show_usage): Add '-n'. * config/tc-i386.h (optimize_align_code): Declared. (md_do_align): Optimize code alignment only if optimize_align_code is not 0. * doc/as.texinfo: Add the new -n option. * doc/c-i386.texi: Document the new -n option.
756 lines
29 KiB
Plaintext
756 lines
29 KiB
Plaintext
@c Copyright 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001
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@c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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@c This is part of the GAS manual.
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@c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
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@ifset GENERIC
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@page
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@node i386-Dependent
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@chapter 80386 Dependent Features
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@end ifset
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@ifclear GENERIC
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@node Machine Dependencies
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@chapter 80386 Dependent Features
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@end ifclear
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@cindex i386 support
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@cindex i80306 support
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@cindex x86-64 support
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The i386 version @code{@value{AS}} supports both the original Intel 386
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architecture in both 16 and 32-bit mode as well as AMD x86-64 architecture
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extending the Intel architecture to 64-bits.
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@menu
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* i386-Options:: Options
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* i386-Syntax:: AT&T Syntax versus Intel Syntax
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* i386-Mnemonics:: Instruction Naming
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* i386-Regs:: Register Naming
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* i386-Prefixes:: Instruction Prefixes
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* i386-Memory:: Memory References
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* i386-Jumps:: Handling of Jump Instructions
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* i386-Float:: Floating Point
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* i386-SIMD:: Intel's MMX and AMD's 3DNow! SIMD Operations
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* i386-16bit:: Writing 16-bit Code
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* i386-Arch:: Specifying an x86 CPU architecture
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* i386-Bugs:: AT&T Syntax bugs
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* i386-Notes:: Notes
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@end menu
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@node i386-Options
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@section Options
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@cindex options for i386
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@cindex options for x86-64
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@cindex i386 options
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@cindex x86-64 options
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The i386 version of @code{@value{AS}} has a few machine
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dependent options:
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@table @code
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@cindex @samp{--32} option, i386
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@cindex @samp{--32} option, x86-64
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@cindex @samp{--64} option, i386
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@cindex @samp{--64} option, x86-64
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@item --32 | --64
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Select the word size, either 32 bits or 64 bits. Selecting 32-bit
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implies Intel i386 architecture, while 64-bit implies AMD x86-64
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architecture.
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These options are only available with the ELF object file format, and
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require that the necessary BFD support has been included (on a 32-bit
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platform you have to add --enable-64-bit-bfd to configure enable 64-bit
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usage and use x86-64 as target platform).
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@item -n
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By default, x86 GAS replaces multiple nop instructions used for
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alignment within code sections with multi-byte nop instructions such
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as leal 0(%esi,1),%esi. This switch disables the optimization.
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@end table
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@node i386-Syntax
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@section AT&T Syntax versus Intel Syntax
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@cindex i386 intel_syntax pseudo op
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@cindex intel_syntax pseudo op, i386
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@cindex i386 att_syntax pseudo op
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@cindex att_syntax pseudo op, i386
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@cindex i386 syntax compatibility
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@cindex syntax compatibility, i386
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@cindex x86-64 intel_syntax pseudo op
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@cindex intel_syntax pseudo op, x86-64
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@cindex x86-64 att_syntax pseudo op
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@cindex att_syntax pseudo op, x86-64
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@cindex x86-64 syntax compatibility
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@cindex syntax compatibility, x86-64
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@code{@value{AS}} now supports assembly using Intel assembler syntax.
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@code{.intel_syntax} selects Intel mode, and @code{.att_syntax} switches
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back to the usual AT&T mode for compatibility with the output of
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@code{@value{GCC}}. Either of these directives may have an optional
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argument, @code{prefix}, or @code{noprefix} specifying whether registers
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require a @samp{%} prefix. AT&T System V/386 assembler syntax is quite
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different from Intel syntax. We mention these differences because
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almost all 80386 documents use Intel syntax. Notable differences
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between the two syntaxes are:
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@cindex immediate operands, i386
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@cindex i386 immediate operands
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@cindex register operands, i386
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@cindex i386 register operands
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@cindex jump/call operands, i386
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@cindex i386 jump/call operands
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@cindex operand delimiters, i386
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@cindex immediate operands, x86-64
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@cindex x86-64 immediate operands
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@cindex register operands, x86-64
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@cindex x86-64 register operands
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@cindex jump/call operands, x86-64
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@cindex x86-64 jump/call operands
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@cindex operand delimiters, x86-64
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@itemize @bullet
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@item
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AT&T immediate operands are preceded by @samp{$}; Intel immediate
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operands are undelimited (Intel @samp{push 4} is AT&T @samp{pushl $4}).
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AT&T register operands are preceded by @samp{%}; Intel register operands
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are undelimited. AT&T absolute (as opposed to PC relative) jump/call
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operands are prefixed by @samp{*}; they are undelimited in Intel syntax.
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@cindex i386 source, destination operands
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@cindex source, destination operands; i386
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@cindex x86-64 source, destination operands
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@cindex source, destination operands; x86-64
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@item
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AT&T and Intel syntax use the opposite order for source and destination
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operands. Intel @samp{add eax, 4} is @samp{addl $4, %eax}. The
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@samp{source, dest} convention is maintained for compatibility with
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previous Unix assemblers. Note that instructions with more than one
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source operand, such as the @samp{enter} instruction, do @emph{not} have
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reversed order. @ref{i386-Bugs}.
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@cindex mnemonic suffixes, i386
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@cindex sizes operands, i386
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@cindex i386 size suffixes
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@cindex mnemonic suffixes, x86-64
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@cindex sizes operands, x86-64
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@cindex x86-64 size suffixes
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@item
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In AT&T syntax the size of memory operands is determined from the last
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character of the instruction mnemonic. Mnemonic suffixes of @samp{b},
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@samp{w}, @samp{l} and @samp{q} specify byte (8-bit), word (16-bit), long
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(32-bit) and quadruple word (64-bit) memory references. Intel syntax accomplishes
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this by prefixing memory operands (@emph{not} the instruction mnemonics) with
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@samp{byte ptr}, @samp{word ptr}, @samp{dword ptr} and @samp{qword ptr}. Thus,
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Intel @samp{mov al, byte ptr @var{foo}} is @samp{movb @var{foo}, %al} in AT&T
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syntax.
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@cindex return instructions, i386
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@cindex i386 jump, call, return
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@cindex return instructions, x86-64
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@cindex x86-64 jump, call, return
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@item
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Immediate form long jumps and calls are
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@samp{lcall/ljmp $@var{section}, $@var{offset}} in AT&T syntax; the
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Intel syntax is
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@samp{call/jmp far @var{section}:@var{offset}}. Also, the far return
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instruction
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is @samp{lret $@var{stack-adjust}} in AT&T syntax; Intel syntax is
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@samp{ret far @var{stack-adjust}}.
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@cindex sections, i386
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@cindex i386 sections
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@cindex sections, x86-64
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@cindex x86-64 sections
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@item
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The AT&T assembler does not provide support for multiple section
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programs. Unix style systems expect all programs to be single sections.
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@end itemize
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@node i386-Mnemonics
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@section Instruction Naming
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@cindex i386 instruction naming
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@cindex instruction naming, i386
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@cindex x86-64 instruction naming
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@cindex instruction naming, x86-64
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Instruction mnemonics are suffixed with one character modifiers which
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specify the size of operands. The letters @samp{b}, @samp{w}, @samp{l}
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and @samp{q} specify byte, word, long and quadruple word operands. If
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no suffix is specified by an instruction then @code{@value{AS}} tries to
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fill in the missing suffix based on the destination register operand
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(the last one by convention). Thus, @samp{mov %ax, %bx} is equivalent
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to @samp{movw %ax, %bx}; also, @samp{mov $1, %bx} is equivalent to
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@samp{movw $1, bx}. Note that this is incompatible with the AT&T Unix
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assembler which assumes that a missing mnemonic suffix implies long
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operand size. (This incompatibility does not affect compiler output
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since compilers always explicitly specify the mnemonic suffix.)
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Almost all instructions have the same names in AT&T and Intel format.
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There are a few exceptions. The sign extend and zero extend
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instructions need two sizes to specify them. They need a size to
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sign/zero extend @emph{from} and a size to zero extend @emph{to}. This
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is accomplished by using two instruction mnemonic suffixes in AT&T
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syntax. Base names for sign extend and zero extend are
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@samp{movs@dots{}} and @samp{movz@dots{}} in AT&T syntax (@samp{movsx}
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and @samp{movzx} in Intel syntax). The instruction mnemonic suffixes
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are tacked on to this base name, the @emph{from} suffix before the
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@emph{to} suffix. Thus, @samp{movsbl %al, %edx} is AT&T syntax for
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``move sign extend @emph{from} %al @emph{to} %edx.'' Possible suffixes,
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thus, are @samp{bl} (from byte to long), @samp{bw} (from byte to word),
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@samp{wl} (from word to long), @samp{bq} (from byte to quadruple word),
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@samp{wq} (from word to quadruple word), and @samp{lq} (from long to
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quadruple word).
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@cindex conversion instructions, i386
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@cindex i386 conversion instructions
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@cindex conversion instructions, x86-64
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@cindex x86-64 conversion instructions
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The Intel-syntax conversion instructions
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@itemize @bullet
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@item
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@samp{cbw} --- sign-extend byte in @samp{%al} to word in @samp{%ax},
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@item
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@samp{cwde} --- sign-extend word in @samp{%ax} to long in @samp{%eax},
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@item
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@samp{cwd} --- sign-extend word in @samp{%ax} to long in @samp{%dx:%ax},
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@item
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@samp{cdq} --- sign-extend dword in @samp{%eax} to quad in @samp{%edx:%eax},
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@item
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@samp{cdqe} --- sign-extend dword in @samp{%eax} to quad in @samp{%rax}
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(x86-64 only),
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@item
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@samp{cdo} --- sign-extend quad in @samp{%rax} to octuple in
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@samp{%rdx:%rax} (x86-64 only),
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@end itemize
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@noindent
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are called @samp{cbtw}, @samp{cwtl}, @samp{cwtd}, @samp{cltd}, @samp{cltq}, and
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@samp{cqto} in AT&T naming. @code{@value{AS}} accepts either naming for these
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instructions.
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@cindex jump instructions, i386
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@cindex call instructions, i386
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@cindex jump instructions, x86-64
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@cindex call instructions, x86-64
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Far call/jump instructions are @samp{lcall} and @samp{ljmp} in
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AT&T syntax, but are @samp{call far} and @samp{jump far} in Intel
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convention.
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@node i386-Regs
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@section Register Naming
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@cindex i386 registers
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@cindex registers, i386
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@cindex x86-64 registers
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@cindex registers, x86-64
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Register operands are always prefixed with @samp{%}. The 80386 registers
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consist of
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@itemize @bullet
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@item
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the 8 32-bit registers @samp{%eax} (the accumulator), @samp{%ebx},
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@samp{%ecx}, @samp{%edx}, @samp{%edi}, @samp{%esi}, @samp{%ebp} (the
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frame pointer), and @samp{%esp} (the stack pointer).
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@item
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the 8 16-bit low-ends of these: @samp{%ax}, @samp{%bx}, @samp{%cx},
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@samp{%dx}, @samp{%di}, @samp{%si}, @samp{%bp}, and @samp{%sp}.
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@item
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the 8 8-bit registers: @samp{%ah}, @samp{%al}, @samp{%bh},
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@samp{%bl}, @samp{%ch}, @samp{%cl}, @samp{%dh}, and @samp{%dl} (These
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are the high-bytes and low-bytes of @samp{%ax}, @samp{%bx},
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@samp{%cx}, and @samp{%dx})
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@item
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the 6 section registers @samp{%cs} (code section), @samp{%ds}
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(data section), @samp{%ss} (stack section), @samp{%es}, @samp{%fs},
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and @samp{%gs}.
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@item
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the 3 processor control registers @samp{%cr0}, @samp{%cr2}, and
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@samp{%cr3}.
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@item
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the 6 debug registers @samp{%db0}, @samp{%db1}, @samp{%db2},
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@samp{%db3}, @samp{%db6}, and @samp{%db7}.
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@item
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the 2 test registers @samp{%tr6} and @samp{%tr7}.
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@item
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the 8 floating point register stack @samp{%st} or equivalently
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@samp{%st(0)}, @samp{%st(1)}, @samp{%st(2)}, @samp{%st(3)},
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@samp{%st(4)}, @samp{%st(5)}, @samp{%st(6)}, and @samp{%st(7)}.
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These registers are overloaded by 8 MMX registers @samp{%mm0},
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@samp{%mm1}, @samp{%mm2}, @samp{%mm3}, @samp{%mm4}, @samp{%mm5},
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@samp{%mm6} and @samp{%mm7}.
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@item
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the 8 SSE registers registers @samp{%xmm0}, @samp{%xmm1}, @samp{%xmm2},
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@samp{%xmm3}, @samp{%xmm4}, @samp{%xmm5}, @samp{%xmm6} and @samp{%xmm7}.
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@end itemize
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The AMD x86-64 architecture extends the register set by:
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@itemize @bullet
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@item
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enhancing the 8 32-bit registers to 64-bit: @samp{%rax} (the
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accumulator), @samp{%rbx}, @samp{%rcx}, @samp{%rdx}, @samp{%rdi},
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@samp{%rsi}, @samp{%rbp} (the frame pointer), @samp{%rsp} (the stack
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pointer)
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@item
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the 8 extended registers @samp{%r8}--@samp{%r15}.
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@item
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the 8 32-bit low ends of the extended registers: @samp{%r8d}--@samp{%r15d}
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@item
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the 8 16-bit low ends of the extended registers: @samp{%r8w}--@samp{%r15w}
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@item
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the 8 8-bit low ends of the extended registers: @samp{%r8b}--@samp{%r15b}
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@item
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the 4 8-bit registers: @samp{%sil}, @samp{%dil}, @samp{%bpl}, @samp{%spl}.
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@item
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the 8 debug registers: @samp{%db8}--@samp{%db15}.
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@item
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the 8 SSE registers: @samp{%xmm8}--@samp{%xmm15}.
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@end itemize
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@node i386-Prefixes
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@section Instruction Prefixes
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@cindex i386 instruction prefixes
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@cindex instruction prefixes, i386
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@cindex prefixes, i386
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Instruction prefixes are used to modify the following instruction. They
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are used to repeat string instructions, to provide section overrides, to
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perform bus lock operations, and to change operand and address sizes.
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(Most instructions that normally operate on 32-bit operands will use
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16-bit operands if the instruction has an ``operand size'' prefix.)
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Instruction prefixes are best written on the same line as the instruction
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they act upon. For example, the @samp{scas} (scan string) instruction is
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repeated with:
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@smallexample
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repne scas %es:(%edi),%al
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@end smallexample
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You may also place prefixes on the lines immediately preceding the
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instruction, but this circumvents checks that @code{@value{AS}} does
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with prefixes, and will not work with all prefixes.
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Here is a list of instruction prefixes:
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@cindex section override prefixes, i386
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@itemize @bullet
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@item
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Section override prefixes @samp{cs}, @samp{ds}, @samp{ss}, @samp{es},
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@samp{fs}, @samp{gs}. These are automatically added by specifying
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using the @var{section}:@var{memory-operand} form for memory references.
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@cindex size prefixes, i386
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@item
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Operand/Address size prefixes @samp{data16} and @samp{addr16}
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change 32-bit operands/addresses into 16-bit operands/addresses,
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while @samp{data32} and @samp{addr32} change 16-bit ones (in a
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@code{.code16} section) into 32-bit operands/addresses. These prefixes
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@emph{must} appear on the same line of code as the instruction they
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modify. For example, in a 16-bit @code{.code16} section, you might
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write:
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@smallexample
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addr32 jmpl *(%ebx)
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@end smallexample
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@cindex bus lock prefixes, i386
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@cindex inhibiting interrupts, i386
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@item
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The bus lock prefix @samp{lock} inhibits interrupts during execution of
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the instruction it precedes. (This is only valid with certain
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instructions; see a 80386 manual for details).
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@cindex coprocessor wait, i386
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@item
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The wait for coprocessor prefix @samp{wait} waits for the coprocessor to
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complete the current instruction. This should never be needed for the
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80386/80387 combination.
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@cindex repeat prefixes, i386
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@item
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The @samp{rep}, @samp{repe}, and @samp{repne} prefixes are added
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to string instructions to make them repeat @samp{%ecx} times (@samp{%cx}
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times if the current address size is 16-bits).
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@cindex REX prefixes, i386
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@item
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The @samp{rex} family of prefixes is used by x86-64 to encode
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extensions to i386 instruction set. The @samp{rex} prefix has four
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bits --- an operand size overwrite (@code{64}) used to change operand size
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from 32-bit to 64-bit and X, Y and Z extensions bits used to extend the
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register set.
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You may write the @samp{rex} prefixes directly. The @samp{rex64xyz}
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instruction emits @samp{rex} prefix with all the bits set. By omitting
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the @code{64}, @code{x}, @code{y} or @code{z} you may write other
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prefixes as well. Normally, there is no need to write the prefixes
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explicitly, since gas will automatically generate them based on the
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instruction operands.
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@end itemize
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@node i386-Memory
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@section Memory References
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@cindex i386 memory references
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@cindex memory references, i386
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@cindex x86-64 memory references
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@cindex memory references, x86-64
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An Intel syntax indirect memory reference of the form
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@smallexample
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@var{section}:[@var{base} + @var{index}*@var{scale} + @var{disp}]
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@end smallexample
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@noindent
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is translated into the AT&T syntax
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@smallexample
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@var{section}:@var{disp}(@var{base}, @var{index}, @var{scale})
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@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
where @var{base} and @var{index} are the optional 32-bit base and
|
|
index registers, @var{disp} is the optional displacement, and
|
|
@var{scale}, taking the values 1, 2, 4, and 8, multiplies @var{index}
|
|
to calculate the address of the operand. If no @var{scale} is
|
|
specified, @var{scale} is taken to be 1. @var{section} specifies the
|
|
optional section register for the memory operand, and may override the
|
|
default section register (see a 80386 manual for section register
|
|
defaults). Note that section overrides in AT&T syntax @emph{must}
|
|
be preceded by a @samp{%}. If you specify a section override which
|
|
coincides with the default section register, @code{@value{AS}} does @emph{not}
|
|
output any section register override prefixes to assemble the given
|
|
instruction. Thus, section overrides can be specified to emphasize which
|
|
section register is used for a given memory operand.
|
|
|
|
Here are some examples of Intel and AT&T style memory references:
|
|
|
|
@table @asis
|
|
@item AT&T: @samp{-4(%ebp)}, Intel: @samp{[ebp - 4]}
|
|
@var{base} is @samp{%ebp}; @var{disp} is @samp{-4}. @var{section} is
|
|
missing, and the default section is used (@samp{%ss} for addressing with
|
|
@samp{%ebp} as the base register). @var{index}, @var{scale} are both missing.
|
|
|
|
@item AT&T: @samp{foo(,%eax,4)}, Intel: @samp{[foo + eax*4]}
|
|
@var{index} is @samp{%eax} (scaled by a @var{scale} 4); @var{disp} is
|
|
@samp{foo}. All other fields are missing. The section register here
|
|
defaults to @samp{%ds}.
|
|
|
|
@item AT&T: @samp{foo(,1)}; Intel @samp{[foo]}
|
|
This uses the value pointed to by @samp{foo} as a memory operand.
|
|
Note that @var{base} and @var{index} are both missing, but there is only
|
|
@emph{one} @samp{,}. This is a syntactic exception.
|
|
|
|
@item AT&T: @samp{%gs:foo}; Intel @samp{gs:foo}
|
|
This selects the contents of the variable @samp{foo} with section
|
|
register @var{section} being @samp{%gs}.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
Absolute (as opposed to PC relative) call and jump operands must be
|
|
prefixed with @samp{*}. If no @samp{*} is specified, @code{@value{AS}}
|
|
always chooses PC relative addressing for jump/call labels.
|
|
|
|
Any instruction that has a memory operand, but no register operand,
|
|
@emph{must} specify its size (byte, word, long, or quadruple) with an
|
|
instruction mnemonic suffix (@samp{b}, @samp{w}, @samp{l} or @samp{q},
|
|
respectively).
|
|
|
|
The x86-64 architecture adds an RIP (instruction pointer relative)
|
|
addressing. This addressing mode is specified by using @samp{rip} as a
|
|
base register. Only constant offsets are valid. For example:
|
|
|
|
@table @asis
|
|
@item AT&T: @samp{1234(%rip)}, Intel: @samp{[rip + 1234]}
|
|
Points to the address 1234 bytes past the end of the current
|
|
instruction.
|
|
|
|
@item AT&T: @samp{symbol(%rip)}, Intel: @samp{[rip + symbol]}
|
|
Points to the @code{symbol} in RIP relative way, this is shorter than
|
|
the default absolute addressing.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
Other addressing modes remain unchanged in x86-64 architecture, except
|
|
registers used are 64-bit instead of 32-bit.
|
|
|
|
@node i386-Jumps
|
|
@section Handling of Jump Instructions
|
|
|
|
@cindex jump optimization, i386
|
|
@cindex i386 jump optimization
|
|
@cindex jump optimization, x86-64
|
|
@cindex x86-64 jump optimization
|
|
Jump instructions are always optimized to use the smallest possible
|
|
displacements. This is accomplished by using byte (8-bit) displacement
|
|
jumps whenever the target is sufficiently close. If a byte displacement
|
|
is insufficient a long displacement is used. We do not support
|
|
word (16-bit) displacement jumps in 32-bit mode (i.e. prefixing the jump
|
|
instruction with the @samp{data16} instruction prefix), since the 80386
|
|
insists upon masking @samp{%eip} to 16 bits after the word displacement
|
|
is added. (See also @pxref{i386-Arch})
|
|
|
|
Note that the @samp{jcxz}, @samp{jecxz}, @samp{loop}, @samp{loopz},
|
|
@samp{loope}, @samp{loopnz} and @samp{loopne} instructions only come in byte
|
|
displacements, so that if you use these instructions (@code{@value{GCC}} does
|
|
not use them) you may get an error message (and incorrect code). The AT&T
|
|
80386 assembler tries to get around this problem by expanding @samp{jcxz foo}
|
|
to
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
jcxz cx_zero
|
|
jmp cx_nonzero
|
|
cx_zero: jmp foo
|
|
cx_nonzero:
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@node i386-Float
|
|
@section Floating Point
|
|
|
|
@cindex i386 floating point
|
|
@cindex floating point, i386
|
|
@cindex x86-64 floating point
|
|
@cindex floating point, x86-64
|
|
All 80387 floating point types except packed BCD are supported.
|
|
(BCD support may be added without much difficulty). These data
|
|
types are 16-, 32-, and 64- bit integers, and single (32-bit),
|
|
double (64-bit), and extended (80-bit) precision floating point.
|
|
Each supported type has an instruction mnemonic suffix and a constructor
|
|
associated with it. Instruction mnemonic suffixes specify the operand's
|
|
data type. Constructors build these data types into memory.
|
|
|
|
@cindex @code{float} directive, i386
|
|
@cindex @code{single} directive, i386
|
|
@cindex @code{double} directive, i386
|
|
@cindex @code{tfloat} directive, i386
|
|
@cindex @code{float} directive, x86-64
|
|
@cindex @code{single} directive, x86-64
|
|
@cindex @code{double} directive, x86-64
|
|
@cindex @code{tfloat} directive, x86-64
|
|
@itemize @bullet
|
|
@item
|
|
Floating point constructors are @samp{.float} or @samp{.single},
|
|
@samp{.double}, and @samp{.tfloat} for 32-, 64-, and 80-bit formats.
|
|
These correspond to instruction mnemonic suffixes @samp{s}, @samp{l},
|
|
and @samp{t}. @samp{t} stands for 80-bit (ten byte) real. The 80387
|
|
only supports this format via the @samp{fldt} (load 80-bit real to stack
|
|
top) and @samp{fstpt} (store 80-bit real and pop stack) instructions.
|
|
|
|
@cindex @code{word} directive, i386
|
|
@cindex @code{long} directive, i386
|
|
@cindex @code{int} directive, i386
|
|
@cindex @code{quad} directive, i386
|
|
@cindex @code{word} directive, x86-64
|
|
@cindex @code{long} directive, x86-64
|
|
@cindex @code{int} directive, x86-64
|
|
@cindex @code{quad} directive, x86-64
|
|
@item
|
|
Integer constructors are @samp{.word}, @samp{.long} or @samp{.int}, and
|
|
@samp{.quad} for the 16-, 32-, and 64-bit integer formats. The
|
|
corresponding instruction mnemonic suffixes are @samp{s} (single),
|
|
@samp{l} (long), and @samp{q} (quad). As with the 80-bit real format,
|
|
the 64-bit @samp{q} format is only present in the @samp{fildq} (load
|
|
quad integer to stack top) and @samp{fistpq} (store quad integer and pop
|
|
stack) instructions.
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
Register to register operations should not use instruction mnemonic suffixes.
|
|
@samp{fstl %st, %st(1)} will give a warning, and be assembled as if you
|
|
wrote @samp{fst %st, %st(1)}, since all register to register operations
|
|
use 80-bit floating point operands. (Contrast this with @samp{fstl %st, mem},
|
|
which converts @samp{%st} from 80-bit to 64-bit floating point format,
|
|
then stores the result in the 4 byte location @samp{mem})
|
|
|
|
@node i386-SIMD
|
|
@section Intel's MMX and AMD's 3DNow! SIMD Operations
|
|
|
|
@cindex MMX, i386
|
|
@cindex 3DNow!, i386
|
|
@cindex SIMD, i386
|
|
@cindex MMX, x86-64
|
|
@cindex 3DNow!, x86-64
|
|
@cindex SIMD, x86-64
|
|
|
|
@code{@value{AS}} supports Intel's MMX instruction set (SIMD
|
|
instructions for integer data), available on Intel's Pentium MMX
|
|
processors and Pentium II processors, AMD's K6 and K6-2 processors,
|
|
Cyrix' M2 processor, and probably others. It also supports AMD's 3DNow!
|
|
instruction set (SIMD instructions for 32-bit floating point data)
|
|
available on AMD's K6-2 processor and possibly others in the future.
|
|
|
|
Currently, @code{@value{AS}} does not support Intel's floating point
|
|
SIMD, Katmai (KNI).
|
|
|
|
The eight 64-bit MMX operands, also used by 3DNow!, are called @samp{%mm0},
|
|
@samp{%mm1}, ... @samp{%mm7}. They contain eight 8-bit integers, four
|
|
16-bit integers, two 32-bit integers, one 64-bit integer, or two 32-bit
|
|
floating point values. The MMX registers cannot be used at the same time
|
|
as the floating point stack.
|
|
|
|
See Intel and AMD documentation, keeping in mind that the operand order in
|
|
instructions is reversed from the Intel syntax.
|
|
|
|
@node i386-16bit
|
|
@section Writing 16-bit Code
|
|
|
|
@cindex i386 16-bit code
|
|
@cindex 16-bit code, i386
|
|
@cindex real-mode code, i386
|
|
@cindex @code{code16gcc} directive, i386
|
|
@cindex @code{code16} directive, i386
|
|
@cindex @code{code32} directive, i386
|
|
@cindex @code{code64} directive, i386
|
|
@cindex @code{code64} directive, x86-64
|
|
While @code{@value{AS}} normally writes only ``pure'' 32-bit i386 code
|
|
or 64-bit x86-64 code depending on the default configuration,
|
|
it also supports writing code to run in real mode or in 16-bit protected
|
|
mode code segments. To do this, put a @samp{.code16} or
|
|
@samp{.code16gcc} directive before the assembly language instructions to
|
|
be run in 16-bit mode. You can switch @code{@value{AS}} back to writing
|
|
normal 32-bit code with the @samp{.code32} directive.
|
|
|
|
@samp{.code16gcc} provides experimental support for generating 16-bit
|
|
code from gcc, and differs from @samp{.code16} in that @samp{call},
|
|
@samp{ret}, @samp{enter}, @samp{leave}, @samp{push}, @samp{pop},
|
|
@samp{pusha}, @samp{popa}, @samp{pushf}, and @samp{popf} instructions
|
|
default to 32-bit size. This is so that the stack pointer is
|
|
manipulated in the same way over function calls, allowing access to
|
|
function parameters at the same stack offsets as in 32-bit mode.
|
|
@samp{.code16gcc} also automatically adds address size prefixes where
|
|
necessary to use the 32-bit addressing modes that gcc generates.
|
|
|
|
The code which @code{@value{AS}} generates in 16-bit mode will not
|
|
necessarily run on a 16-bit pre-80386 processor. To write code that
|
|
runs on such a processor, you must refrain from using @emph{any} 32-bit
|
|
constructs which require @code{@value{AS}} to output address or operand
|
|
size prefixes.
|
|
|
|
Note that writing 16-bit code instructions by explicitly specifying a
|
|
prefix or an instruction mnemonic suffix within a 32-bit code section
|
|
generates different machine instructions than those generated for a
|
|
16-bit code segment. In a 32-bit code section, the following code
|
|
generates the machine opcode bytes @samp{66 6a 04}, which pushes the
|
|
value @samp{4} onto the stack, decrementing @samp{%esp} by 2.
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
pushw $4
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
The same code in a 16-bit code section would generate the machine
|
|
opcode bytes @samp{6a 04} (ie. without the operand size prefix), which
|
|
is correct since the processor default operand size is assumed to be 16
|
|
bits in a 16-bit code section.
|
|
|
|
@node i386-Bugs
|
|
@section AT&T Syntax bugs
|
|
|
|
The UnixWare assembler, and probably other AT&T derived ix86 Unix
|
|
assemblers, generate floating point instructions with reversed source
|
|
and destination registers in certain cases. Unfortunately, gcc and
|
|
possibly many other programs use this reversed syntax, so we're stuck
|
|
with it.
|
|
|
|
For example
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
fsub %st,%st(3)
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
@noindent
|
|
results in @samp{%st(3)} being updated to @samp{%st - %st(3)} rather
|
|
than the expected @samp{%st(3) - %st}. This happens with all the
|
|
non-commutative arithmetic floating point operations with two register
|
|
operands where the source register is @samp{%st} and the destination
|
|
register is @samp{%st(i)}.
|
|
|
|
@node i386-Arch
|
|
@section Specifying CPU Architecture
|
|
|
|
@cindex arch directive, i386
|
|
@cindex i386 arch directive
|
|
@cindex arch directive, x86-64
|
|
@cindex x86-64 arch directive
|
|
|
|
@code{@value{AS}} may be told to assemble for a particular CPU
|
|
architecture with the @code{.arch @var{cpu_type}} directive. This
|
|
directive enables a warning when gas detects an instruction that is not
|
|
supported on the CPU specified. The choices for @var{cpu_type} are:
|
|
|
|
@multitable @columnfractions .20 .20 .20 .20
|
|
@item @samp{i8086} @tab @samp{i186} @tab @samp{i286} @tab @samp{i386}
|
|
@item @samp{i486} @tab @samp{i586} @tab @samp{i686} @tab @samp{pentium}
|
|
@item @samp{pentiumpro} @tab @samp{pentium4} @tab @samp{k6} @tab @samp{athlon}
|
|
@item @samp{sledgehammer}
|
|
@end multitable
|
|
|
|
Apart from the warning, there are only two other effects on
|
|
@code{@value{AS}} operation; Firstly, if you specify a CPU other than
|
|
@samp{i486}, then shift by one instructions such as @samp{sarl $1, %eax}
|
|
will automatically use a two byte opcode sequence. The larger three
|
|
byte opcode sequence is used on the 486 (and when no architecture is
|
|
specified) because it executes faster on the 486. Note that you can
|
|
explicitly request the two byte opcode by writing @samp{sarl %eax}.
|
|
Secondly, if you specify @samp{i8086}, @samp{i186}, or @samp{i286},
|
|
@emph{and} @samp{.code16} or @samp{.code16gcc} then byte offset
|
|
conditional jumps will be promoted when necessary to a two instruction
|
|
sequence consisting of a conditional jump of the opposite sense around
|
|
an unconditional jump to the target.
|
|
|
|
Following the CPU architecture, you may specify @samp{jumps} or
|
|
@samp{nojumps} to control automatic promotion of conditional jumps.
|
|
@samp{jumps} is the default, and enables jump promotion; All external
|
|
jumps will be of the long variety, and file-local jumps will be promoted
|
|
as necessary. (@pxref{i386-Jumps}) @samp{nojumps} leaves external
|
|
conditional jumps as byte offset jumps, and warns about file-local
|
|
conditional jumps that @code{@value{AS}} promotes.
|
|
Unconditional jumps are treated as for @samp{jumps}.
|
|
|
|
For example
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
.arch i8086,nojumps
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@node i386-Notes
|
|
@section Notes
|
|
|
|
@cindex i386 @code{mul}, @code{imul} instructions
|
|
@cindex @code{mul} instruction, i386
|
|
@cindex @code{imul} instruction, i386
|
|
@cindex @code{mul} instruction, x86-64
|
|
@cindex @code{imul} instruction, x86-64
|
|
There is some trickery concerning the @samp{mul} and @samp{imul}
|
|
instructions that deserves mention. The 16-, 32-, 64- and 128-bit expanding
|
|
multiplies (base opcode @samp{0xf6}; extension 4 for @samp{mul} and 5
|
|
for @samp{imul}) can be output only in the one operand form. Thus,
|
|
@samp{imul %ebx, %eax} does @emph{not} select the expanding multiply;
|
|
the expanding multiply would clobber the @samp{%edx} register, and this
|
|
would confuse @code{@value{GCC}} output. Use @samp{imul %ebx} to get the
|
|
64-bit product in @samp{%edx:%eax}.
|
|
|
|
We have added a two operand form of @samp{imul} when the first operand
|
|
is an immediate mode expression and the second operand is a register.
|
|
This is just a shorthand, so that, multiplying @samp{%eax} by 69, for
|
|
example, can be done with @samp{imul $69, %eax} rather than @samp{imul
|
|
$69, %eax, %eax}.
|
|
|