A running container may reference an image record that no longer
exists: under the containerd image store, `up --build` with identical
content moves the tag to a new index digest (provenance attestation
churn) and the daemon drops the old index the container was created
from — without compose recreating the container, by design (#13636).
`docker rmi -f` of a running container's image produces the same state.
`compose images` used to fail the whole listing on the resulting
NotFound. Degrade to what the container itself knows (image ID, and
repository/tag when the reference is not a raw ID) instead of failing.
Fixes#14014
Signed-off-by: Nicolas De Loof <[email protected]>