Merge pull request #15038 from horizon-rust/fix/main-ci-after-bulk-merge

Fix CEM compilation and scaled mob culling bounds

AGENTS.md

@@ -20,6 +20,13 @@ Feature → files → harness for the most-changed areas: [docs/architecture.md]
   is the GitHub account the PR is opened from (`gh api user --jq .login`). Issues say "Filed by", reviews
   "Review by". Every comment starts with `🤖 Agent:`. Write only as the person you work for: the lines on
   this page that name Ludovic are for his own agents (account `ludovic111`), never for anyone else's.
+- **Review only when asked, and decide.** Review a pull request only when its author or a maintainer asks.
+  Asked by a maintainer to review open pull requests in general, take them one at a time, oldest first, skipping
+  drafts, your person's own and those they already reviewed. Check that the change does what it says (bugs, edge
+  cases), what it could break, whether tests cover it, and whether its scope and description hold up. Report only
+  what you can point to with a `file:line`, each point marked Blocker (fix before merge), Important, Nit,
+  Suggestion, Question or Praise. Submit a decision, never a plain comment: `gh pr review --approve` when nothing
+  blocks, `--request-changes` when something does.
 - **Attribution.** Commits end with a `Co-Authored-By:` line for the agent that wrote them, and PR bodies
   with that agent's own "Generated with" line. Example, Ludovic's agents (Claude Code on `ludovic111`):
   first line `> 🤖 Opened by Ludovic's AI agent (Claude), not by Ludovic himself.`, commits

THIRD_PARTY_NOTICES.md

@@ -358,3 +358,29 @@ state of Starling's `crates/horizon-client-render/src/touch.rs` at the same comm
 
 `crates/horizon-client-render/src/android_runtime.rs` and `android_runtime/tests/` are adapted from the
 input part of Starling's `crates/horizon-client-render/src/android_runtime.rs` at the same commit.
+
+## PCG3D hash
+
+`hash3` in `crates/horizon-client-render/src/hdr.wgsl`, the noise HDR10 output's dither is made from, is the
+`pcg3d` hash of Mark Jarzynski and Marc Olano ("Hash Functions for GPU Rendering", Journal of Computer Graphics
+Techniques 9(3), 2020), from <https://github.com/markjarzynski/PCG3D>. Copyright 2020 Mark Jarzynski & Marc Olano,
+licensed under MIT:
+
+```
+Copyright 2020 Mark Jarzynski & Marc Olano
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and
+associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute,
+sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial
+portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT
+NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES
+OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+```

crates/horizon-client-core/src/lang.rs

@@ -74,11 +74,70 @@ pub trait ResourceSource {
         vec!["minecraft".into()]
     }
 }
+/// The bundled file a language reads, and whether it drops `ß`: a regional variant reads its
+/// language's file (Swiss German writes "ss" for "ß", as vanilla's de_ch does).
+fn bundled_code(code: &str) -> (&str, bool) {
+    match code {
+        "ko" => ("ko_kr", false),
+        "hr" => ("hr_hr", false),
+        "de_at" => ("de_de", false),
+        "de_ch" => ("de_de", true),
+        "fr_ca" | "fr_ch" => ("fr_fr", false),
+        "es_ar" | "es_cl" | "es_ec" | "es_mx" | "es_uy" | "es_ve" => ("es_es", false),
+        code => (code, false),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Lang files crates above the engine ship (`horizon_hooks::lang`), each a list of
+/// (code, JSON) pairs. The game's entry installs them once, before any language loads.
+static CRATE_FILES: std::sync::OnceLock<&'static [&'static [(&'static str, &'static str)]]> =
+    std::sync::OnceLock::new();
+
+/// Installs the crates' lang files (`horizon_hooks::lang::engine::all()`). Only the first call
+/// counts.
+pub fn install_crate_files(files: &'static [&'static [(&'static str, &'static str)]]) {
+    let _ = CRATE_FILES.set(files);
+}
+
+/// The crates' entries for language `code` (through [`bundled_code`]'s variants) that the
+/// engine's own `horizon` file for it doesn't have: on a key both have, the engine wins.
+fn read_crate_files(files: &[&[(&str, &str)]], code: &str, map: &mut HashMap<String, String>) {
+    if files.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+    let (file, swiss) = bundled_code(code);
+    let mut own = HashMap::new();
+    if let Some(bytes) = Bundled.read(&format!("assets/horizon/lang/{code}.json")) {
+        read_lang_file(&bytes, &mut own);
+    }
+    for (c, json) in files.iter().flat_map(|f| f.iter()) {
+        if *c != file {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let mut theirs = HashMap::new();
+        if swiss {
+            read_lang_file(json.replace('ß', "ss").as_bytes(), &mut theirs);
+        } else {
+            read_lang_file(json.as_bytes(), &mut theirs);
+        }
+        for (key, value) in theirs {
+            if !own.contains_key(&key) {
+                map.insert(key, value);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Horizon's own strings, compiled in so they need no prepared resources.
 struct Bundled;
 impl ResourceSource for Bundled {
     fn read(&self, path: &str) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
-        let body = match path {
+        let code = path
+            .strip_prefix("assets/horizon/lang/")?
+            .strip_suffix(".json")?;
+        let (file, swiss) = bundled_code(code);
+        let path = format!("assets/horizon/lang/{file}.json");
+        let body = match path.as_str() {
             "assets/horizon/lang/en_us.json" => {
                 include_str!("../../horizon-client/assets/horizon/lang/en_us.json")
             }
@@ -103,10 +162,10 @@ impl ResourceSource for Bundled {
             "assets/horizon/lang/tr_tr.json" => {
                 include_str!("../../horizon-client/assets/horizon/lang/tr_tr.json")
             }
-            "assets/horizon/lang/ko_kr.json" | "assets/horizon/lang/ko.json" => {
+            "assets/horizon/lang/ko_kr.json" => {
                 include_str!("../../horizon-client/assets/horizon/lang/ko_kr.json")
             }
-            "assets/horizon/lang/hr_hr.json" | "assets/horizon/lang/hr.json" => {
+            "assets/horizon/lang/hr_hr.json" => {
                 include_str!("../../horizon-client/assets/horizon/lang/hr_hr.json")
             }
             "assets/horizon/lang/pt_pt.json" => {
@@ -331,30 +390,20 @@ impl ResourceSource for Bundled {
             "assets/horizon/lang/vec_it.json" => {
                 include_str!("../../horizon-client/assets/horizon/lang/vec_it.json")
             }
-            "assets/horizon/lang/de_de.json" | "assets/horizon/lang/de_at.json" => {
+            "assets/horizon/lang/de_de.json" => {
                 include_str!("../../horizon-client/assets/horizon/lang/de_de.json")
             }
-            // Swiss German writes "ss" for "ß", as vanilla's de_ch does.
-            "assets/horizon/lang/de_ch.json" => {
-                let de = include_str!("../../horizon-client/assets/horizon/lang/de_de.json");
-                return Some(de.replace('ß', "ss").into_bytes());
-            }
-            "assets/horizon/lang/fr_fr.json"
-            | "assets/horizon/lang/fr_ca.json"
-            | "assets/horizon/lang/fr_ch.json" => {
+            "assets/horizon/lang/fr_fr.json" => {
                 include_str!("../../horizon-client/assets/horizon/lang/fr_fr.json")
             }
-            "assets/horizon/lang/es_es.json"
-            | "assets/horizon/lang/es_ar.json"
-            | "assets/horizon/lang/es_cl.json"
-            | "assets/horizon/lang/es_ec.json"
-            | "assets/horizon/lang/es_mx.json"
-            | "assets/horizon/lang/es_uy.json"
-            | "assets/horizon/lang/es_ve.json" => {
+            "assets/horizon/lang/es_es.json" => {
                 include_str!("../../horizon-client/assets/horizon/lang/es_es.json")
             }
             _ => return None,
         };
+        if swiss {
+            return Some(body.replace('ß', "ss").into_bytes());
+        }
         Some(body.as_bytes().to_vec())
     }
     fn namespaces(&self) -> Vec<String> {
@@ -438,6 +487,16 @@ impl Language {
     /// from every namespace and every source in priority order (later sources
     /// override).
     pub fn load(sources: &[&dyn ResourceSource], code: &str) -> Self {
+        let crate_files = CRATE_FILES.get().copied().unwrap_or_default();
+        Self::load_with(sources, code, crate_files)
+    }
+
+    /// [`Language::load`] with these crates' lang files.
+    fn load_with(
+        sources: &[&dyn ResourceSource],
+        code: &str,
+        crate_files: &[&[(&str, &str)]],
+    ) -> Self {
         let mut map = HashMap::new();
         let mut codes = vec![DEFAULT];
         if code != DEFAULT {
@@ -453,12 +512,14 @@ impl Language {
             sources.iter().flat_map(|s| s.namespaces()).collect();
         for c in codes {
             for namespace in &namespaces {
-                for source in sources {
-                    let Some(bytes) = source.read(&format!("assets/{namespace}/lang/{c}.json"))
-                    else {
-                        continue;
-                    };
-                    read_lang_file(&bytes, &mut map);
+                for (i, source) in sources.iter().enumerate() {
+                    if let Some(bytes) = source.read(&format!("assets/{namespace}/lang/{c}.json")) {
+                        read_lang_file(&bytes, &mut map);
+                    }
+                    // The crates' text right after the engine's own (`Bundled`, the first source).
+                    if i == 0 && namespace == "horizon" {
+                        read_crate_files(crate_files, c, &mut map);
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -688,6 +749,43 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn a_crates_text_loads_after_the_engines_and_before_packs() {
+        static CRATE: &[(&str, &str)] = &[
+            (
+                "en_us",
+                r#"{"test.crate.hello": "Hello", "horizon.osk.close": "Shut", "test.crate.packed": "Crate"}"#,
+            ),
+            (
+                "de_de",
+                r#"{"test.crate.hello": "Grüß dich", "horizon.osk.close": "Zu"}"#,
+            ),
+            ("fr_fr", r#"{"test.crate.hello": "Bonjour"}"#),
+        ];
+        let pack = Mem(HashMap::from([(
+            "assets/horizon/lang/en_us.json".to_owned(),
+            br#"{"test.crate.packed": "Pack"}"#.to_vec(),
+        )]));
+        let load = |code| Language::load_with(&[&pack], code, &[CRATE]);
+        let en = load("en_us");
+        assert_eq!(en.get("test.crate.hello"), Some("Hello"));
+        // The engine's own file wins on a key both have; a pack wins over both.
+        assert_eq!(en.get("horizon.osk.close"), Some("Close"));
+        assert_eq!(en.get("test.crate.packed"), Some("Pack"));
+        let de = load("de_de");
+        assert_eq!(de.get("test.crate.hello"), Some("Grüß dich"));
+        assert_eq!(de.get("horizon.osk.close"), Some("Schließen"));
+        // Regional variants read their language's file, as the engine's do.
+        assert_eq!(load("de_ch").get("test.crate.hello"), Some("Grüss dich"));
+        assert_eq!(load("fr_ca").get("test.crate.hello"), Some("Bonjour"));
+        // A language the crate lacks falls back to its English.
+        assert_eq!(load("pl_pl").get("test.crate.hello"), Some("Hello"));
+        // Without crate files, nothing changes.
+        let plain = Language::load_with(&[&pack], "de_de", &[]);
+        assert_eq!(plain.get("test.crate.hello"), None);
+        assert_eq!(plain.len() + 1, de.len());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn a_scoped_language_is_the_calling_threads_and_reports_what_it_lacks() {
         let empty = Mem(HashMap::new());
@@ -739,6 +837,20 @@ mod tests {
         std::path::Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
             .join("../horizon-client/assets/horizon/lang")
     }
+    /// The crates whose own lang files the game loads (`crates/<name>/assets/lang`,
+    /// registered through `horizon_hooks::lang`), with that folder.
+    fn crate_lang_dirs() -> Vec<(String, std::path::PathBuf)> {
+        let crates = std::path::Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR")).join("..");
+        let mut dirs: Vec<_> = std::fs::read_dir(&crates)
+            .unwrap()
+            .flatten()
+            .map(|e| (e.file_name().into_string().unwrap(), e.path()))
+            .map(|(name, path)| (name, path.join("assets/lang")))
+            .filter(|(_, dir)| dir.join("en_us.json").is_file())
+            .collect();
+        dirs.sort();
+        dirs
+    }
     /// The keys of a flat bundled file in file order, duplicates included (a map
     /// would keep only the last of two equal keys). One `"key": "value"` per line.
     fn file_keys(body: &str) -> Vec<String> {
@@ -776,11 +888,33 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn bundled_files_are_served_and_have_no_stale_or_repeated_keys() {
-        let dir = bundled_dir();
+        let engine = check_lang_dir(&bundled_dir(), true);
+        assert!(
+            engine.1 >= 7,
+            "found {} bundled lang files in {}",
+            engine.1,
+            bundled_dir().display()
+        );
+        // A crate's files pass the same checks. Its keys are its own: on a key the engine's
+        // files also have, the engine's text would win and hide the crate's.
+        for (name, dir) in crate_lang_dirs() {
+            let (en, _) = check_lang_dir(&dir, false);
+            for key in en.keys() {
+                assert!(
+                    !engine.0.contains_key(key),
+                    "{name}: {key} is also the engine's"
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The checks every lang folder passes: flat maps, no repeated key, no key en_us lacks, the
+    /// same placeholders as English, no empty text. Its en_us and how many files it has.
+    fn check_lang_dir(dir: &std::path::Path, bundled: bool) -> (HashMap<String, String>, usize) {
         let en_body = std::fs::read_to_string(dir.join("en_us.json")).unwrap();
         let en: HashMap<String, String> = serde_json::from_str(&en_body).unwrap();
         let mut seen = 0;
-        for entry in std::fs::read_dir(&dir).unwrap().flatten() {
+        for entry in std::fs::read_dir(dir).unwrap().flatten() {
             let name = entry.file_name().into_string().unwrap();
             let Some(code) = name.strip_suffix(".json") else {
                 continue;
@@ -789,7 +923,7 @@ mod tests {
             // A file that Bundled::read does not name is never loaded.
             let path = format!("assets/horizon/lang/{name}");
             assert!(
-                Bundled.read(&path).is_some(),
+                !bundled || Bundled.read(&path).is_some(),
                 "{name} is not served by Bundled"
             );
             let body = std::fs::read_to_string(entry.path()).unwrap();
@@ -815,11 +949,7 @@ mod tests {
                 assert!(!value.trim().is_empty(), "{code}: {key} is empty");
             }
         }
-        assert!(
-            seen >= 7,
-            "found {seen} bundled lang files in {}",
-            dir.display()
-        );
+        (en, seen)
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -834,10 +964,10 @@ mod tests {
                 }
             }
         }
-        let en: HashMap<String, String> = serde_json::from_str(
-            &std::fs::read_to_string(bundled_dir().join("en_us.json")).unwrap(),
-        )
-        .unwrap();
+        let english = |dir: &std::path::Path| -> HashMap<String, String> {
+            serde_json::from_str(&std::fs::read_to_string(dir.join("en_us.json")).unwrap()).unwrap()
+        };
+        let mut en = english(&bundled_dir());
         let crates = std::path::Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR")).join("..");
         let mut files = Vec::new();
         for krate in [
@@ -847,6 +977,11 @@ mod tests {
         ] {
             rust_files(&crates.join(krate).join("src"), &mut files);
         }
+        // A crate that ships lang files names its keys in its own sources.
+        for (name, dir) in crate_lang_dirs() {
+            en.extend(english(&dir));
+            rust_files(&crates.join(name).join("src"), &mut files);
+        }
         assert!(files.len() > 100, "found only {} sources", files.len());
         let mut found = 0;
         for file in files {

crates/horizon-client-render/src/biome.rs

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use serde_json::Value;
 use std::{
     collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap},
     path::Path,
-    sync::Arc,
+    sync::{Arc, OnceLock},
 };
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -398,7 +398,37 @@ impl Biomes {
     pub fn contains(&self, name: &str) -> bool {
         self.index.contains_key(name)
     }
+    /// The biome at `id`, clamped to the last entry when `id` is past the
+    /// table (a stale column from an older registry keeps its id).
+    ///
+    /// When the table is empty (a resource pack with no biome files), returns
+    /// a shared default plains biome instead of panicking on `list.len() - 1`.
     pub fn get(&self, id: u16) -> &BiomeInfo {
+        if self.list.is_empty() {
+            static DEFAULT: OnceLock<BiomeInfo> = OnceLock::new();
+            return DEFAULT.get_or_init(|| BiomeInfo {
+                spawns: HashMap::new(),
+                spawn_costs: HashMap::new(),
+                creature_probability: 0.0,
+                increased_fire_burnout: false,
+                name: "minecraft:plains".to_owned(),
+                temperature: 0.8,
+                frozen: false,
+                downfall: 0.4,
+                precipitation: false,
+                grass: 0x7f_c0_55,
+                modifier: GrassModifier::None,
+                foliage: 0x6a_ab_37,
+                dry_foliage: 0x79_75_54,
+                water: 0x3f_76_e4,
+                sky: None,
+                fog: None,
+                water_fog: 0x3f_76_e4,
+                ambient_particles: Vec::new(),
+                features: Vec::new(),
+                attributes: Default::default(),
+            });
+        }
         &self.list[usize::from(id).min(self.list.len() - 1)]
     }
     /// The name of biome `id`, plains (as for an unknown name) when the id is
@@ -795,4 +825,34 @@ mod blend_tests {
         }
         assert!(at(-2.0) > 0.0 && at(-2.0) < 0.5);
     }
+
+    /// An empty biome table (a resource pack with no biome files) must not
+    /// panic on `get`: before the fix, `list.len() - 1` underflowed.
+    #[test]
+    fn get_on_empty_biome_table_returns_default_instead_of_panicking() {
+        use std::sync::Arc;
+
+        let empty = Biomes {
+            builtin: Arc::new(Vec::new()),
+            index: HashMap::new(),
+            list: Vec::new(),
+            info_noise: SimplexNoise::with_skipped_offsets(&mut LegacyRandom::new(2345), true),
+            colormaps: Arc::new(Colormaps {
+                grass: Vec::new(),
+                foliage: Vec::new(),
+                dry: Vec::new(),
+            }),
+            packs: BTreeMap::new(),
+        };
+        // Any id returns the shared default plains biome, no panic.
+        let b = empty.get(0);
+        assert_eq!(b.name, "minecraft:plains");
+        let b = empty.get(65535);
+        assert_eq!(b.name, "minecraft:plains");
+        // Colours and temperature come from the default.
+        assert_eq!(b.temperature, 0.8);
+        assert_eq!(b.grass, 0x7f_c0_55);
+        assert_eq!(b.foliage, 0x6a_ab_37);
+        assert_eq!(b.water, 0x3f_76_e4);
+    }
 }

crates/horizon-client-render/src/brewing.rs

@@ -84,6 +84,71 @@ pub fn contents_effects(stack: &ItemStack) -> Vec<(&'static str, i32, i32)> {
         )
         .collect()
 }
+/// `PotionContents.getAllEffects`, retaining each custom instance's flags.
+pub fn contents_instances(stack: &ItemStack) -> Vec<crate::effects::EffectInstance> {
+    use horizon_client_core::nbt_value::{number, text};
+    use horizon_world::nbt::Tag;
+    let mut effects: Vec<_> = stack
+        .potion()
+        .and_then(potion)
+        .map_or(&[][..], |p| p.effects)
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(id, duration, amp)| crate::effects::EffectInstance::new(id, *duration, *amp))
+        .collect();
+    if let Some((_, Tag::List(custom))) = stack
+        .data()
+        .and_then(|d| d.potion_extra.iter().find(|(k, _)| k == "custom_effects"))
+    {
+        for e in custom {
+            let Some(def) = text(e.get("id")).and_then(|id| effect(&id)) else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            let mut instance = crate::effects::EffectInstance::new(
+                def.id,
+                number(e.get("duration")).unwrap_or(0) as i32,
+                number(e.get("amplifier")).unwrap_or(0).clamp(0, 255) as i32,
+            );
+            instance.ambient = number(e.get("ambient")).unwrap_or(0) != 0;
+            instance.visible = number(e.get("show_particles")) != Some(0);
+            effects.push(instance);
+        }
+    }
+    effects
+}
+/// `PotionContents.getColor`: an explicit colour wins; otherwise mix only
+/// visible base and custom effects, with their amplifier weights.
+pub fn contents_color(stack: &ItemStack) -> u32 {
+    use horizon_client_core::nbt_value::number;
+    if let Some(color) = stack
+        .data()
+        .and_then(|d| d.potion_extra.iter().find(|(k, _)| k == "custom_color"))
+        .and_then(|(_, v)| number(Some(v)))
+    {
+        return color as u32;
+    }
+    0xFF00_0000
+        | horizon_client_core::potions::effects_color(
+            contents_instances(stack)
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|e| e.visible)
+                .map(|e| (e.id, e.amplifier)),
+        )
+}
+/// `PotionContents.equals(EMPTY)`: colour and custom name also make contents
+/// nonempty, even when there is no registered potion or custom effect.
+pub fn contents_empty(stack: &ItemStack) -> bool {
+    use horizon_world::nbt::Tag;
+    stack.potion().is_none()
+        && stack.data().is_none_or(|d| {
+            d.potion_extra
+                .iter()
+                .all(|(key, value)| match key.as_str() {
+                    "custom_effects" => matches!(value, Tag::List(list) if list.is_empty()),
+                    "custom_color" | "custom_name" => false,
+                    _ => true,
+                })
+        })
+}
 /// Roman amplifier suffix (`potion.potency.N`) and duration lines of a potion.
 pub fn tooltip(
     potion: Option<&str>,
@@ -706,4 +771,39 @@ mod tests {
         let lines = effect_lines([("minecraft:resistance", 15, 0)], 1.0, &translate);
         assert_eq!(lines[0].0, "resistance");
     }
+    #[test]
+    fn custom_contents_color_and_empty_semantics() {
+        use horizon_world::nbt::Tag;
+        let mut stack = ItemStack::new("minecraft:tipped_arrow", 1);
+        assert!(contents_empty(&stack));
+        stack
+            .data_mut()
+            .potion_extra
+            .push(("custom_effects".into(), Tag::List(Vec::new())));
+        assert!(contents_empty(&stack));
+        stack.data_mut().potion_extra = vec![(
+            "custom_effects".into(),
+            Tag::List(vec![
+                Tag::compound([
+                    ("id", Tag::String("minecraft:glowing".into())),
+                    ("amplifier", Tag::Int(1)),
+                ]),
+                Tag::compound([
+                    ("id", Tag::String("minecraft:poison".into())),
+                    ("show_particles", Tag::Byte(0)),
+                ]),
+            ]),
+        )];
+        assert!(!contents_empty(&stack));
+        // Glowing's colour; hidden poison contributes no weight.
+        assert_eq!(contents_color(&stack), 0xFF94_A061);
+        stack
+            .data_mut()
+            .potion_extra
+            .push(("custom_color".into(), Tag::Int(123456)));
+        assert_eq!(contents_color(&stack), 123456);
+        stack.data_mut().potion_extra = vec![("custom_name".into(), Tag::String("test".into()))];
+        assert!(!contents_empty(&stack));
+        assert_eq!(contents_color(&stack), 0xFF38_5DC6);
+    }
 }

crates/horizon-client-render/src/chunk/block_entity.rs

@@ -539,6 +539,7 @@ pub struct Data {
     pub current: Option<Info>,
     pub travel: i32,
     pub selector: Selector,
+    pub reload_particle: bool,
 }
 /// Which sculk block entity this is.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]

crates/horizon-client-render/src/datapack.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 //! Data packs (`<world>/datapacks`: folders and zips with `pack.mcmeta`) and
 //! the parts of them commands use: `.mcfunction` functions (with macros and
 //! line continuation), function tags and predicates.
+mod slot_sources;
 use crate::zip::Zip;
 use horizon_world::{
     nbt::Tag,
@@ -663,6 +664,8 @@ pub struct DataStore {
     pub item_modifiers: BTreeMap<String, serde_json::Value>,
     /// `slot_source` definitions, evaluated against a command's live accessor.
     pub slot_sources: BTreeMap<String, serde_json::Value>,
+    /// Slot-source tags belong to the same loaded snapshot as their definitions.
+    pub slot_source_tags: BTreeMap<String, Vec<(String, bool)>>,
     /// The content tables' raw files from the packs after the built-in one:
     /// `recipe/`, `recipe_filter/`, `loot_table/`, `advancement/`, `dialog/`, `damage_type/`, `data_maps/`, `enchantment/` and `tags/…/` files, by
     /// `<kind-dir>/<ns>:<path>`, each id's files in pack order. The tables
@@ -759,6 +762,16 @@ impl DataStore {
                     && let Ok(v) = serde_json::from_slice(&bytes)
                 {
                     s.item_modifiers.insert(id, v);
+                } else if let Some(id) = resource_id(&f, "tags/slot_source", ".json")
+                    && let Some(bytes) = pack.read(&f)
+                    && let Ok(v) = serde_json::from_slice::<serde_json::Value>(&bytes)
+                {
+                    let entries = tag_entries(&v);
+                    let slot = s.slot_source_tags.entry(id).or_default();
+                    if v["replace"].as_bool() == Some(true) {
+                        slot.clear();
+                    }
+                    slot.extend(entries);
                 } else if let Some(id) = resource_id(&f, "slot_source", ".json")
                     && let Some(bytes) = pack.read(&f)
                     && let Ok(v) = serde_json::from_slice(&bytes)

crates/horizon-client-render/src/datapack/slot_sources.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+//! Slot-source holder-set tags share DataStore's pack ordering and snapshot.
+use super::DataStore;
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+impl DataStore {
+    /// TagLoader's required-member validation and first-seen membership order.
+    pub fn slot_source_tag(&self, id: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
+        fn visit(
+            store: &DataStore,
+            id: &str,
+            active: &mut BTreeSet<String>,
+        ) -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
+            if !active.insert(id.to_owned()) {
+                return Err(format!("Recursive slot-source tag #{id}"));
+            }
+            let result = (|| {
+                let entries = store
+                    .slot_source_tags
+                    .get(id)
+                    .ok_or_else(|| format!("Unknown slot-source tag #{id}"))?;
+                let mut out = Vec::new();
+                for (entry, required) in entries {
+                    let values = if let Some(tag) = entry.strip_prefix('#') {
+                        visit(store, tag, active)
+                    } else if store.slot_sources.contains_key(entry) {
+                        Ok(vec![entry.clone()])
+                    } else {
+                        Err(format!("Unknown slot source {entry}"))
+                    };
+                    match values {
+                        Ok(values) => {
+                            for value in values {
+                                if !out.contains(&value) {
+                                    out.push(value);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        Err(error) if *required => return Err(error),
+                        Err(_) => {}
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(out)
+            })();
+            active.remove(id);
+            result
+        }
+        visit(self, id, &mut BTreeSet::new())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    #[test]
+    fn holder_set_tags_keep_order_required_members_and_snapshot_authority() {
+        let mut store = DataStore::default();
+        for name in ["t:a", "t:b"] {
+            store.slot_sources.insert(
+                name.into(),
+                serde_json::json!({"type":"slot_range","slots":"container.0"}),
+            );
+        }
+        store.slot_source_tags.insert(
+            "t:child".into(),
+            vec![("t:b".into(), true), ("t:a".into(), true)],
+        );
+        store.slot_source_tags.insert(
+            "t:all".into(),
+            vec![
+                ("t:a".into(), true),
+                ("#t:child".into(), true),
+                ("t:absent".into(), false),
+            ],
+        );
+        assert_eq!(store.slot_source_tag("t:all").unwrap(), ["t:a", "t:b"]);
+        store
+            .slot_source_tags
+            .get_mut("t:all")
+            .unwrap()
+            .push(("t:absent".into(), true));
+        assert!(store.slot_source_tag("t:all").is_err());
+        store
+            .slot_source_tags
+            .insert("t:cycle".into(), vec![("#t:cycle".into(), true)]);
+        assert!(store.slot_source_tag("t:cycle").is_err());
+    }
+}

crates/horizon-client-render/src/gfx/binding_cache.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+//! A bind group's validity depends on the identity of its buffers and the
+//! bound slice, not on the bytes written into those buffers.
+
+pub(super) struct BindingKey<B, const N: usize> {
+    pub first: u64,
+    pub count: u64,
+    pub buffers: [B; N],
+}
+
+impl<B: PartialEq, const N: usize> BindingKey<B, N> {
+    pub fn matches(&self, first: u64, count: u64, buffers: [&B; N]) -> bool {
+        self.first == first
+            && self.count == count
+            && self
+                .buffers
+                .iter()
+                .zip(buffers)
+                .all(|(old, new)| old == new)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn changes_to_any_resource_or_range_invalidate_the_binding() {
+        let key = BindingKey {
+            first: 16,
+            count: 8,
+            buffers: [1u64, 2, 3, 4],
+        };
+        assert!(key.matches(16, 8, [&1, &2, &3, &4]));
+        assert!(!key.matches(0, 8, [&1, &2, &3, &4]));
+        assert!(!key.matches(16, 9, [&1, &2, &3, &4]));
+        for i in 0..4 {
+            let mut resources = [1u64, 2, 3, 4];
+            resources[i] += 100;
+            assert!(!key.matches(16, 8, resources.each_ref()));
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/horizon-client-render/src/gfx/flat.rs

@@ -19,7 +19,10 @@
 //! start, and the run is drawn indirectly with the count the copy reached.
 use super::SolidPipeline;
 use super::arena::GRAIN;
-use smallvec::SmallVec;
+
+#[path = "binding_cache.rs"]
+mod binding_cache;
+use binding_cache::BindingKey;
 
 /// One section draw for `flatten.wgsl`: index count, first sorted index (or
 /// `QUADS` for a solid draw; phase 2: its entry in phase 2's draws), base
@@ -85,6 +88,11 @@ pub struct Call {
     pub count: u32,
 }
 
+struct CachedGroup<const N: usize> {
+    key: BindingKey<wgpu::Buffer, N>,
+    group: wgpu::BindGroup,
+}
+
 pub struct Flat {
     /// The solid draws in one pass (`fs_solid`), where the GPU doesn't hide pixels
     /// by tiles (`split_solid` in `Renderer::draw_frame`: elsewhere than Metal).
@@ -109,8 +117,9 @@ pub struct Flat {
     phase2_call_data: Vec<[u32; 5]>,
     /// GPU culling's phase 2 uses indirect draws; flat draws without culling do not.
     indirect_execution: bool,
-    /// The copy of phase 2's draws, and its ranges.
-    phase2_group: Option<(wgpu::BindGroup, u32)>,
+    /// Bindings reused while the range and all GPU buffers are unchanged.
+    phase2_group: Option<CachedGroup<4>>,
+    groups: Vec<CachedGroup<3>>,
     /// The layout of a page's bind group 1 (shader packs' terrain pipelines share it).
     pub(super) draw_layout: wgpu::BindGroupLayout,
     blocks_per_page: u64,
@@ -515,6 +524,7 @@ impl Flat {
             phase2_call_data: Vec::new(),
             indirect_execution,
             phase2_group: None,
+            groups: Vec::new(),
             draw_layout,
             blocks_per_page: page_vertices.div_ceil(GRAIN),
             translucent_blocks_per_page: page_vertices.div_ceil(GRAIN),
@@ -626,6 +636,8 @@ impl Flat {
     }
     pub fn clear(&mut self) {
         self.pages.clear();
+        self.groups.clear();
+        self.phase2_group = None;
         self.free_ids.clear();
         self.next_id = 0;
     }
@@ -665,7 +677,6 @@ impl Flat {
         sorted_page: impl Fn(u32) -> wgpu::Buffer,
         timing: Option<&mut super::pack_timing::PassTiming>,
     ) -> bool {
-        self.phase2_group = None;
         let phase2 = phase2.filter(|_| self.indirect_execution);
         let phase1_draws = if phase2.is_some() {
             phase1_draws
@@ -729,6 +740,9 @@ impl Flat {
         self.shadow_calls = shadow_calls;
         self.pass_calls = pass_calls;
         if total == 0 || total * 4 > device.limits().max_storage_buffer_binding_size {
+            // Do not retain bindings for a frame that cannot use flat draws.
+            self.phase2_group = None;
+            self.groups.clear();
             self.calls.clear();
             self.phase1_calls = 0;
             self.solid_calls = 0;
@@ -802,39 +816,63 @@ impl Flat {
             phase2,
             self.segments.iter().find(|(s, ..)| *s == Source::Seen),
         ) {
-            let group = device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
-                label: Some("Flatten phase 2 section draws"),
-                layout: &self.seen_layout,
-                entries: &[
-                    wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
-                        binding: 0,
-                        resource: ranges_at(first, count),
+            let buffers = [&self.ranges, &self.indices, phase2, &self.phase2_calls];
+            if !self
+                .phase2_group
+                .as_ref()
+                .is_some_and(|cached| cached.key.matches(first, count, buffers))
+            {
+                let group = device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
+                    label: Some("Flatten phase 2 section draws"),
+                    layout: &self.seen_layout,
+                    entries: &[
+                        wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+                            binding: 0,
+                            resource: ranges_at(first, count),
+                        },
+                        wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+                            binding: 2,
+                            resource: self.indices.as_entire_binding(),
+                        },
+                        wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+                            binding: 3,
+                            resource: phase2.as_entire_binding(),
+                        },
+                        wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+                            binding: 4,
+                            resource: self.phase2_calls.as_entire_binding(),
+                        },
+                    ],
+                });
+                self.phase2_group = Some(CachedGroup {
+                    key: BindingKey {
+                        first,
+                        count,
+                        buffers: buffers.map(|b| b.clone()),
                     },
-                    wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
-                        binding: 2,
-                        resource: self.indices.as_entire_binding(),
-                    },
-                    wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
-                        binding: 3,
-                        resource: phase2.as_entire_binding(),
-                    },
-                    wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
-                        binding: 4,
-                        resource: self.phase2_calls.as_entire_binding(),
-                    },
-                ],
-            });
-            self.phase2_group = Some((group, count as u32));
+                    group,
+                });
+            }
+        } else {
+            self.phase2_group = None;
         }
-        let groups: SmallVec<[(wgpu::BindGroup, u32); 8]> = self
-            .segments
-            .iter()
-            .filter_map(|&(source, first, count)| {
-                let sorted = match source {
-                    Source::Quads => None,
-                    Source::Seen => return None,
-                    Source::Sorted(page) => Some(sorted_page(page)),
-                };
+        let mut groups = 0;
+        for &(source, first, count) in &self.segments {
+            let sorted = match source {
+                Source::Quads => None,
+                Source::Seen => continue,
+                Source::Sorted(page) => Some(sorted_page(page)),
+            };
+            let buffers = [
+                &self.ranges,
+                sorted.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.empty),
+                &self.indices,
+            ];
+            if self
+                .groups
+                .get(groups)
+                .is_none_or(|cached| !cached.key.matches(first, count, buffers))
+            {
                 let group = device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
                     label: Some("Flatten section draws"),
                     layout: &self.compute_layout,
@@ -845,7 +883,7 @@ impl Flat {
                         },
                         wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
                             binding: 1,
-                            resource: sorted.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.empty).as_entire_binding(),
+                            resource: buffers[1].as_entire_binding(),
                         },
                         wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
                             binding: 2,
@@ -853,17 +891,32 @@ impl Flat {
                         },
                     ],
                 });
-                Some((group, count as u32))
-            })
-            .collect();
+                let cached = CachedGroup {
+                    key: BindingKey {
+                        first,
+                        count,
+                        buffers: buffers.map(|b| b.clone()),
+                    },
+                    group,
+                };
+                if groups < self.groups.len() {
+                    self.groups[groups] = cached;
+                } else {
+                    self.groups.push(cached);
+                }
+            }
+            groups += 1;
+        }
+        self.groups.truncate(groups);
         let mut pass = encoder.begin_compute_pass(&wgpu::ComputePassDescriptor {
             label: Some("Flatten section draws"),
             timestamp_writes: timing.and_then(|t| t.compute_writes("Flatten")),
         });
         pass.set_pipeline(&self.flatten);
-        for (group, count) in &groups {
-            pass.set_bind_group(0, group, &[]);
-            pass.dispatch_workgroups((*count).min(GROUP_LIMIT), count.div_ceil(GROUP_LIMIT), 1);
+        for cached in &self.groups {
+            let count = cached.key.count as u32;
+            pass.set_bind_group(0, &cached.group, &[]);
+            pass.dispatch_workgroups(count.min(GROUP_LIMIT), count.div_ceil(GROUP_LIMIT), 1);
         }
         drop(pass);
         true
@@ -919,16 +972,17 @@ impl Flat {
         encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder,
         timing: Option<&mut super::pack_timing::PassTiming>,
     ) {
-        let Some((group, count)) = &self.phase2_group else {
+        let Some(cached) = &self.phase2_group else {
             return;
         };
+        let count = cached.key.count as u32;
         let mut pass = encoder.begin_compute_pass(&wgpu::ComputePassDescriptor {
             label: Some("Flatten phase 2 section draws"),
             timestamp_writes: timing.and_then(|t| t.compute_writes("Flatten phase 2")),
         });
         pass.set_pipeline(&self.flatten_seen);
-        pass.set_bind_group(0, group, &[]);
-        pass.dispatch_workgroups((*count).min(GROUP_LIMIT), count.div_ceil(GROUP_LIMIT), 1);
+        pass.set_bind_group(0, &cached.group, &[]);
+        pass.dispatch_workgroups(count.min(GROUP_LIMIT), count.div_ceil(GROUP_LIMIT), 1);
     }
 
     /// The camera's translucent calls.

crates/horizon-client-render/src/gfx/hdr.rs

@@ -169,7 +169,8 @@ pub struct Hdr {
     hand_mark: wgpu::RenderPipeline,
     params: wgpu::Buffer,
     /// The same pass drawing HDR10 for a screenshot (`capture`), with its own parameters,
-    /// so it can differ from the swapchain's in one frame.
+    /// so it can differ from the swapchain's in one frame, and without the swapchain's dither:
+    /// a screenshot keeps the exact codes.
     capture_pipeline: wgpu::RenderPipeline,
     capture_params: wgpu::Buffer,
     pub output: Output,
@@ -286,8 +287,9 @@ impl Hdr {
                 entries: &entries,
             })
         };
-        // One full-screen pass of hdr.wgsl's `entry` into `format`, reading `layout`.
-        let pass = |label, layout: &wgpu::BindGroupLayout, entry, format| {
+        // One full-screen pass of hdr.wgsl's `entry` into `format`, reading `layout`; `dither`
+        // for the last pass into the HDR10 swapchain (`pq_dither`).
+        let pass = |label, layout: &wgpu::BindGroupLayout, entry, format, dither: bool| {
             let pipeline_layout = device.create_pipeline_layout(&wgpu::PipelineLayoutDescriptor {
                 label: Some(label),
                 bind_group_layouts: &[Some(layout)],
@@ -308,7 +310,10 @@ impl Hdr {
                 fragment: Some(wgpu::FragmentState {
                     module: &shader,
                     entry_point: Some(entry),
-                    compilation_options: Default::default(),
+                    compilation_options: wgpu::PipelineCompilationOptions {
+                        constants: &[("pq_dither", f64::from(u8::from(dither)))],
+                        ..Default::default()
+                    },
                     targets: &[Some(wgpu::ColorTargetState {
                         format,
                         blend: None,
@@ -321,7 +326,8 @@ impl Hdr {
         };
         let layout_bindings: &[u32] = if coverage { &[0, 3, 4, 5] } else { &[0, 1, 3] };
         let display = layout("Horizon HDR bindings", layout_bindings, true);
-        let pipeline_for = |format| pass("Horizon HDR", &display, entry_point, format);
+        let pipeline_for =
+            |format, dither| pass("Horizon HDR", &display, entry_point, format, dither);
         let params = || {
             device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
                 label: Some("Horizon HDR parameters"),
@@ -333,7 +339,7 @@ impl Hdr {
         let layered = coverage.then(|| {
             let with = |label, textures: &[u32], params, entry, format| {
                 let layout = layout(label, textures, params);
-                let pipeline = pass(label, &layout, entry, format);
+                let pipeline = pass(label, &layout, entry, format, false);
                 (layout, pipeline)
             };
             let hud = super::hud_coverage::HUD_FORMAT;
@@ -395,8 +401,8 @@ impl Hdr {
         );
         Self {
             logo: logo_mask(device, queue),
-            pipeline: pipeline_for(output.format()),
-            capture_pipeline: pipeline_for(Output::Pq.format()),
+            pipeline: pipeline_for(output.format(), output == Output::Pq),
+            capture_pipeline: pipeline_for(Output::Pq.format(), false),
             layout: display,
             clear_alpha,
             hand_mark,
@@ -1709,19 +1715,32 @@ struct ReferenceParams { peak: f32, scene: f32, world: f32, debug: f32, share: v
                     super::super::hud_coverage::clear(&mut encoder, &hdr.coverage_view().unwrap());
                     hdr.begin(&queue, true);
                     hdr.present(&queue, &mut encoder, &target, true, None);
-                    let got = texel(&device, &queue, encoder, &target);
-                    for c in &got[..3] {
-                        let c = f64::from(*c);
-                        let ok = match output {
-                            // 10-bit codes, a step either way for rounding.
-                            Output::Pq => (c - 1023.0 * pq(want)).abs() <= 1.0,
-                            // 80 nits a unit, in half floats.
-                            Output::ScRgb => (c * 80.0 - want).abs() <= 2e-3 * want + 1e-4,
+                    // HDR10's exact codes are a screenshot's copy: the swapchain's own get a
+                    // code of dither either way.
+                    let exact = (output == Output::Pq)
+                        .then(|| hdr.capture(&device, &queue, &mut encoder, true).unwrap());
+                    let presented = texel(&device, &queue, encoder, &target);
+                    let exact = exact.map(|copy| {
+                        let encoder = device.create_command_encoder(&Default::default());
+                        texel(&device, &queue, encoder, &copy)
+                    });
+                    for (got, codes) in [(Some(presented), 2.0), (exact, 1.0)] {
+                        let Some(got) = got else {
+                            continue;
                         };
-                        assert!(
-                            ok,
-                            "{output:?} black {black}, light {light}: {got:?}, not {want} nits"
-                        );
+                        for c in &got[..3] {
+                            let c = f64::from(*c);
+                            let ok = match output {
+                                // 10-bit codes, a step either way for rounding.
+                                Output::Pq => (c - 1023.0 * pq(want)).abs() <= codes,
+                                // 80 nits a unit, in half floats.
+                                Output::ScRgb => (c * 80.0 - want).abs() <= 2e-3 * want + 1e-4,
+                            };
+                            assert!(
+                                ok,
+                                "{output:?} black {black}, light {light}: {got:?}, not {want} nits"
+                            );
+                        }
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -2078,3 +2097,7 @@ mod lighting_tests {
 #[cfg(test)]
 #[path = "hdr_written_tests.rs"]
 mod written_tests;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[path = "hdr_dither_tests.rs"]
+mod dither_tests;

crates/horizon-client-render/src/gfx/hdr_dither_tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+//! HDR10's dither (`hdr.wgsl`, `dithered`): the last pass into the 10-bit swapchain, and what
+//! must stay without it.
+use super::{
+    Hdr, Output,
+    tests::{fill, gpu},
+};
+use wgpu::TextureFormat as F;
+
+const SIZE: [u32; 2] = [64, 1024];
+/// The ramp: grey rising by one half-float step every `ROWS` rows from `FIRST / 2048`. That is
+/// three PQ codes down the picture around 91 nits: as slow as a clear sky, and as fine as the
+/// float frame holds.
+const FIRST: u32 = 1434;
+const ROWS: u32 = 52;
+
+/// SMPTE ST 2084: nits as a 10-bit PQ code, before rounding.
+fn code(nits: f64) -> f64 {
+    let y = (nits / 10_000.0).powf(0.1593017578125);
+    1023.0 * ((0.8359375 + 18.8515625 * y) / (1.0 + 18.6875 * y)).powf(78.84375)
+}
+
+/// The ramp's row `y` as a PQ code, at the 200-nit paper white `Hdr` starts with.
+fn ramp_code(y: u32) -> f64 {
+    code(200.0 * (f64::from(FIRST + y / ROWS) / 2048.0).powf(2.2))
+}
+
+fn ramp(device: &wgpu::Device, encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder, frame: &wgpu::Texture) {
+    let shader = device.create_shader_module(wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor {
+        label: None,
+        source: wgpu::ShaderSource::Wgsl(
+            format!(
+                r#"
+@vertex fn vs(@builtin(vertex_index) i: u32) -> @builtin(position) vec4<f32> {{
+    return vec4(vec2(f32((i << 1u) & 2u), f32(i & 2u)) * 2.0 - 1.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+}}
+@fragment fn fs(@builtin(position) pos: vec4<f32>) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {{
+    return vec4(vec3(f32({FIRST}u + u32(pos.y) / {ROWS}u) / 2048.0), 1.0);
+}}
+"#
+            )
+            .into(),
+        ),
+    });
+    let pipeline = device.create_render_pipeline(&wgpu::RenderPipelineDescriptor {
+        label: None,
+        layout: None,
+        vertex: wgpu::VertexState {
+            module: &shader,
+            entry_point: Some("vs"),
+            compilation_options: Default::default(),
+            buffers: &[],
+        },
+        primitive: Default::default(),
+        depth_stencil: None,
+        multisample: Default::default(),
+        fragment: Some(wgpu::FragmentState {
+            module: &shader,
+            entry_point: Some("fs"),
+            compilation_options: Default::default(),
+            targets: &[Some(frame.format().into())],
+        }),
+        multiview_mask: None,
+        cache: None,
+    });
+    let view = frame.create_view(&Default::default());
+    let mut pass = encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
+        color_attachments: &[Some(super::super::hud_coverage::attachment(&view))],
+        ..Default::default()
+    });
+    pass.set_pipeline(&pipeline);
+    pass.draw(0..3, 0..1);
+}
+
+/// What `hdr` writes for the float frame `paint` fills, with no HUD over it: its last pass into
+/// a swapchain image of its output (`Hdr::present`), or a screenshot's HDR10 copy
+/// (`Hdr::capture`). Every pixel's bytes, row by row.
+fn shown(
+    (device, queue): &(wgpu::Device, wgpu::Queue),
+    hdr: &mut Hdr,
+    screenshot: bool,
+    paint: impl Fn(&mut wgpu::CommandEncoder, &wgpu::Texture),
+) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let frame = hdr.frame(device, SIZE);
+    let mut encoder = device.create_command_encoder(&Default::default());
+    paint(&mut encoder, &frame);
+    hdr.keep_world(&mut encoder, None);
+    super::super::hud_coverage::clear(&mut encoder, &hdr.coverage_view().unwrap());
+    let image = if screenshot {
+        hdr.capture(device, queue, &mut encoder, true).unwrap()
+    } else {
+        let image = device.create_texture(&wgpu::TextureDescriptor {
+            label: None,
+            size: frame.size(),
+            mip_level_count: 1,
+            sample_count: 1,
+            dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
+            format: hdr.output.format(),
+            usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_SRC,
+            view_formats: &[],
+        });
+        hdr.present(queue, &mut encoder, &image, true, None);
+        image
+    };
+    let row = SIZE[0] * image.format().block_copy_size(None).unwrap();
+    let buffer = device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
+        label: None,
+        size: u64::from(row * SIZE[1]),
+        usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST | wgpu::BufferUsages::MAP_READ,
+        mapped_at_creation: false,
+    });
+    encoder.copy_texture_to_buffer(
+        image.as_image_copy(),
+        wgpu::TexelCopyBufferInfo {
+            buffer: &buffer,
+            layout: wgpu::TexelCopyBufferLayout {
+                offset: 0,
+                bytes_per_row: Some(row),
+                rows_per_image: None,
+            },
+        },
+        image.size(),
+    );
+    queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);
+    buffer.map_async(wgpu::MapMode::Read, .., |r| r.unwrap());
+    device.poll(wgpu::PollType::wait_indefinitely()).unwrap();
+    buffer.get_mapped_range(..).unwrap().to_vec()
+}
+
+fn float_hdr((device, queue): &(wgpu::Device, wgpu::Queue), output: Output) -> Hdr {
+    Hdr::with_debug(device, queue, F::Rgba16Float, output, true, None)
+}
+
+/// An HDR10 picture's 10-bit codes, red, green and blue.
+fn codes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Vec<[u32; 3]> {
+    let pixels = bytes.as_chunks::<4>().0.iter();
+    pixels
+        .map(|p| [0, 10, 20].map(|shift| (u32::from_le_bytes(*p) >> shift) & 0x3ff))
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// Down every column of a channel: the longest run of rows with one code, and the runs' mean
+/// length.
+fn runs(codes: &[[u32; 3]], channel: usize) -> (u32, f64) {
+    let (mut longest, mut count) = (0, 0);
+    for x in 0..SIZE[0] {
+        let mut run = 0;
+        for y in 0..SIZE[1] {
+            let at = |y: u32| codes[(y * SIZE[0] + x) as usize][channel];
+            if y > 0 && at(y) != at(y - 1) {
+                (longest, count, run) = (longest.max(run), count + 1, 0);
+            }
+            run += 1;
+        }
+        (longest, count) = (longest.max(run), count + 1);
+    }
+    (longest, f64::from(SIZE[0] * SIZE[1]) / f64::from(count))
+}
+
+/// Whether every row of a picture is one value from side to side: no noise in it.
+fn rows_are_flat(bytes: &[u8]) -> bool {
+    let pixel = bytes.len() / (SIZE[0] * SIZE[1]) as usize;
+    bytes
+        .chunks(pixel * SIZE[0] as usize)
+        .all(|row| row.chunks(pixel).all(|p| p == &row[..pixel]))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_slow_gradient_gets_grain_instead_of_bands_on_hdr10() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let ramp = |encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder, frame: &wgpu::Texture| {
+        ramp(&gpu.0, encoder, frame);
+    };
+    let mut hdr = float_hdr(&gpu, Output::Pq);
+    // The ramp is what the test says: three codes, top to bottom.
+    let span = ramp_code(SIZE[1] - 1) - ramp_code(0);
+    assert!((2.9..3.2).contains(&span), "{span}");
+    // Without dither, as a screenshot's copy stays: each row its nearest code, in bands hundreds
+    // of rows tall. A GPU need not round at exactly half a code: an NVIDIA one rounds up from
+    // 0.55 here, which shows as 0.05 of a code less, so the bounds below leave a quarter code.
+    let plain = codes(&shown(&gpu, &mut hdr, true, ramp));
+    let dithered = codes(&shown(&gpu, &mut hdr, false, ramp));
+    let want = |i: usize| ramp_code(i as u32 / SIZE[0]);
+    for channel in 0..3 {
+        for (i, p) in plain.iter().enumerate() {
+            let off = (f64::from(p[channel]) - want(i)).abs();
+            assert!(
+                off <= 0.75,
+                "plain {channel} at {i}: {p:?}, not {}",
+                want(i)
+            );
+        }
+        let (longest, _) = runs(&plain, channel);
+        assert!(longest >= 250, "plain {channel}: bands of {longest} rows");
+        // With it: each pixel within the noise's one code of its light (and half a code of
+        // rounding), no column holds a code for long, and a run is a few rows on average.
+        for (i, d) in dithered.iter().enumerate() {
+            let off = (f64::from(d[channel]) - want(i)).abs();
+            assert!(
+                off <= 1.75,
+                "dithered {channel} at {i}: {d:?}, not {}",
+                want(i)
+            );
+        }
+        let (longest, mean) = runs(&dithered, channel);
+        eprintln!(
+            "HDR10 dither GPU, channel {channel}: longest run {longest} rows, mean {mean:.2}"
+        );
+        assert!(longest <= 64, "dithered {channel}: a run of {longest} rows");
+        assert!(mean < 4.0, "dithered {channel}: runs of {mean} rows");
+        // The mean of each 64-row block is the light meant.
+        let mut worst = 0.0_f64;
+        for block in 0..SIZE[1] / 64 {
+            let rows = (block * 64 * SIZE[0]) as usize..((block + 1) * 64 * SIZE[0]) as usize;
+            let n = rows.len() as f64;
+            let got = dithered[rows.clone()]
+                .iter()
+                .map(|d| f64::from(d[channel]))
+                .sum::<f64>()
+                / n;
+            let meant = rows.map(want).sum::<f64>() / n;
+            worst = worst.max((got - meant).abs());
+            assert!(
+                (got - meant).abs() < 0.25,
+                "block {block} of {channel}: {got}, not {meant}"
+            );
+        }
+        eprintln!("HDR10 dither GPU, channel {channel}: block means within {worst:.3} of a code");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hdr10s_dither_keeps_both_ends_exact_and_leans_to_them_in_their_last_code() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let mut hdr = float_hdr(&gpu, Output::Pq);
+    let grey = |g: f64| {
+        move |encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder, frame: &wgpu::Texture| {
+            fill(encoder, frame, [g, g, g, 1.0]);
+        }
+    };
+    // How far the picture's mean code is from `end`.
+    let mean_from = |picture: &[[u32; 3]], end: f64| {
+        let sum: f64 = picture.iter().flatten().map(|c| f64::from(*c)).sum();
+        (sum / (picture.len() * 3) as f64 - end).abs()
+    };
+    // Within a code of an end the noise shrinks to the distance to it. A third of a code from
+    // the end, the signal plus that noise passes half a code only where the noise is over half
+    // its range, an eighth of a triangle: so the picture's mean is an eighth of a code from the
+    // end, not a third. That lean to the end, in the last code alone, is the price of keeping
+    // the end itself exact. Bound: a GPU that rounds a tenth of a code off the half (as above)
+    // shows between 0.02 and 0.32 of a code, always short of the third.
+    let leans = |mean: f64| (0.015..0.325).contains(&mean);
+
+    // Black gets no noise: every pixel stays off.
+    let black = codes(&shown(&gpu, &mut hdr, false, grey(0.0)));
+    assert!(black.iter().all(|p| *p == [0; 3]));
+    // A third of a code above black (this grey is a half float): 0 or 1, never lifted past it.
+    let dim = 0.00038433074951171875;
+    let meant = code(200.0 * f64::powf(dim, 2.2));
+    assert!((meant - 1.0 / 3.0).abs() < 0.001, "{meant}");
+    let near_black = codes(&shown(&gpu, &mut hdr, false, grey(dim)));
+    assert!(near_black.iter().flatten().all(|c| *c <= 1));
+    let mean = mean_from(&near_black, 0.0);
+    eprintln!("HDR10 dither GPU: a third of a code above black shows as {mean:.3}");
+    assert!(leans(mean), "{mean} above black");
+
+    // The top of the range, PQ's 10 000 nits, stays the top: nothing wraps or dims. Light past
+    // the peak is held at it, so the Peak setting is the signal here.
+    hdr.peak = 10_000.0;
+    let top = codes(&shown(&gpu, &mut hdr, false, grey(20.0)));
+    assert!(top.iter().all(|p| *p == [1023; 3]));
+    // A third of a code under the top, mirrored: 1022 or 1023.
+    let (mut under, mut over) = (9000.0, 10_000.0);
+    for _ in 0..60 {
+        let middle = (under + over) / 2.0;
+        if code(middle) < 1023.0 - 1.0 / 3.0 {
+            under = middle;
+        } else {
+            over = middle;
+        }
+    }
+    hdr.peak = under as f32;
+    let meant = code(f64::from(hdr.peak));
+    assert!((1023.0 - meant - 1.0 / 3.0).abs() < 0.001, "{meant}");
+    let near_top = codes(&shown(&gpu, &mut hdr, false, grey(20.0)));
+    assert!(near_top.iter().flatten().all(|c| *c >= 1022));
+    let mean = mean_from(&near_top, 1023.0);
+    eprintln!("HDR10 dither GPU: a third of a code under the top shows as {mean:.3} under");
+    assert!(leans(mean), "{mean} under the top");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn scrgb_and_screenshots_get_no_dither() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let ramp = |encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder, frame: &wgpu::Texture| {
+        ramp(&gpu.0, encoder, frame);
+    };
+    let (mut hdr10, mut scrgb) = (float_hdr(&gpu, Output::Pq), float_hdr(&gpu, Output::ScRgb));
+    // scRGB's swapchain is float: every row is one value from side to side.
+    assert!(rows_are_flat(&shown(&gpu, &mut scrgb, false, ramp)));
+    // A screenshot's HDR10 copy is the same bytes whichever swapchain is presented, the
+    // dithered one included, and has no noise in it.
+    let screenshot = shown(&gpu, &mut hdr10, true, ramp);
+    assert!(rows_are_flat(&screenshot));
+    assert_eq!(screenshot, shown(&gpu, &mut scrgb, true, ramp));
+    // The swapchain's own picture differs from it: the dither is on there.
+    assert_ne!(screenshot, shown(&gpu, &mut hdr10, false, ramp));
+}

crates/horizon-client-render/src/gfx/native_post.rs

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 
 use glam::{Mat4, Vec3};
 use horizon_shader_api::{
-    Api, Frame as FrameInputs, StageKind, check::CheckedStage, stages::GROUP,
+    Api, Frame as FrameInputs, Primaries, StageKind, check::CheckedStage, stages::GROUP,
 };
 
 use super::Frame;
@@ -1596,7 +1596,11 @@ pub fn frame_inputs(
         paper_white: 80.0,
         peak: 80.0,
         black_level: 0.0,
-        padding: [0; 3],
+        // No pack is served another space yet (`[frame] primaries`).
+        primaries: Primaries::Bt709 as u32,
+        luminance_gap: [0; 2],
+        luminance: Primaries::Bt709.luminance(),
+        padding: 0,
     }
 }
 

crates/horizon-client-render/src/hdr.wgsl

@@ -173,13 +173,52 @@ fn calibration_picture(pos: vec4<f32>) -> vec4<f32> {
     return vec4(nits / 80.0, 1.0);
 }
 
-// Light in units of paper white, as the swapchain takes it: HDR10 or scRGB, the black level
-// lifted.
-fn display(light: vec3<f32>) -> vec4<f32> {
+// On for the HDR10 swapchain alone (Hdr::new): its 10 bits get dither. A screenshot's HDR10 copy
+// (Hdr::capture) keeps the exact codes, and scRGB's floats need none.
+override pq_dither: bool = false;
+
+// Three even random values in [0, 1) for `at`: PCG's 3D hash (Jarzynski and Olano, "Hash Functions
+// for GPU Rendering", JCGT 2020). Integers only, so it is the same on every GPU and at every
+// resolution, where hashes built on `fract(sin())` repeat or streak at 4K's coordinates.
+// Copyright 2020 Mark Jarzynski & Marc Olano, MIT (github.com/markjarzynski/PCG3D; the license is in
+// THIRD_PARTY_NOTICES.md).
+fn hash3(at: vec3<u32>) -> vec3<f32> {
+    var v = at * 1664525u + 1013904223u;
+    v.x += v.y * v.z;
+    v.y += v.z * v.x;
+    v.z += v.x * v.y;
+    v ^= v >> vec3(16u);
+    v.x += v.y * v.z;
+    v.y += v.z * v.x;
+    v.z += v.x * v.y;
+    return vec3<f32>(v >> vec3(8u)) / 16777216.0;
+}
+
+// The PQ signal `e` with dither for its 10 bits: triangular noise of one code either way, each
+// channel's own, so a slow gradient (a clear sky is a few codes tall) shows as grain a code deep
+// instead of bands, and its mean is the light meant. The noise is the pixel's alone: no frame
+// counter, so a still picture stays still. Within a code of black or of the top it shrinks to
+// what fits: the signal never leaves 0..1, and black stays exactly black (an OLED's pixel off).
+// The price is in that last code alone: the smaller noise keeps the signal's mean but not the
+// rounded one, which leans to the end (a third of a code from it shows as an eighth). Under
+// 0.00004 nits at black, that is the accepted cost of a true 0.
+fn dithered(e: vec3<f32>, pixel: vec2<f32>) -> vec3<f32> {
+    let at = vec2<u32>(pixel);
+    let noise = hash3(vec3(at, 0u)) + hash3(vec3(at, 1u)) - 1.0;
+    return e + noise * min(min(e, 1.0 - e), vec3(1.0 / 1023.0));
+}
+
+// Light in units of paper white at the pixel `pos`, as the swapchain takes it: HDR10 or scRGB,
+// the black level lifted.
+fn display(light: vec3<f32>, pos: vec4<f32>) -> vec4<f32> {
     let scrgb = light * params.paper;
     if params.pq > 0.5 {
         let e = pq(BT709_TO_BT2020 * scrgb * 80.0);
-        return vec4(select(e, lift_black(e), params.black > 0.0), 1.0);
+        let lifted = select(e, lift_black(e), params.black > 0.0);
+        if pq_dither {
+            return vec4(dithered(lifted, pos.xy), 1.0);
+        }
+        return vec4(lifted, 1.0);
     }
     if params.black > 0.0 {
         return vec4(pq_nits(lift_black(pq(scrgb * 80.0))) / 80.0, 1.0);
@@ -209,7 +248,7 @@ fn display(light: vec3<f32>) -> vec4<f32> {
     // The HUD and menus at their own brightness, by how much they cover, no brighter than the
     // peak (as `fs_hdr_layered`): UI Brightness can pass paper white.
     light = min(light * mix(1.0, params.ui, ui), vec3(params.peak));
-    return display(light);
+    return display(light, pos);
 }
 
 // The tone curve's knee: up to it light stays as it is. Where HDR lighting eased into the peak
@@ -328,5 +367,5 @@ override screenshot_shoulder: bool = true;
     if calibrating(pos) {
         return calibration_picture(pos);
     }
-    return display(min(pow(layered(vec2<i32>(pos.xy)), vec3(2.2)), vec3(params.peak)));
+    return display(min(pow(layered(vec2<i32>(pos.xy)), vec3(2.2)), vec3(params.peak)), pos);
 }

crates/horizon-client-render/src/hud.rs

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ pub struct TextureFlags {
 impl TextureFlags {
     /// The `texture` section of a `.png.mcmeta` file, if it sets either flag.
     pub fn from_mcmeta(json: &str) -> Option<Self> {
-        let meta: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(json).ok()?;
+        let meta = crate::packs::first_json(json.as_bytes())?;
         let section = meta.get("texture")?;
         let flag = |key| section.get(key).and_then(serde_json::Value::as_bool) == Some(true);
         let flags = Self {
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ fn strip_frame(pixels: &[u8], stride: u32, x: u32, y: u32, w: u32, h: u32) -> Ve
 }
 /// The `animation` section of a texture's `.mcmeta`.
 fn animation_of(mcmeta: Option<&str>) -> Option<AnimationMetadata> {
-    let meta: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(mcmeta?).ok()?;
+    let meta = crate::packs::first_json(mcmeta?.as_bytes())?;
     AnimationMetadata::from_json(&meta.get("animation")?.to_string()).ok()
 }
 /// An animated strip's first frame: the region the mcmeta's frame size picks
@@ -3110,6 +3110,18 @@ mod coverage_tests;
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    #[test]
+    fn animated_texture_metadata_ignores_trailing_pack_signature() {
+        let meta = r#"{"animation":{"frametime":2,"width":2,"height":2}}
+// High Contrast pack signature"#;
+        let animation = animation_of(Some(meta)).expect("the first JSON value is metadata");
+        assert_eq!(animation.frame_size(8, 4), [2, 2]);
+        let pixels = (0..8 * 4).flat_map(|i| [i as u8, 0, 0, 255]).collect();
+        let (_, height, first) = first_frame((8, 4, pixels), Some(&animation));
+        assert_eq!(height, 2);
+        assert_eq!(first.len(), 2 * 2 * 4);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn object_skin_revision_tracks_changes_and_capacity_clear() {
         let mut atlas = HudAtlas::boot();

crates/horizon-client-render/src/light.rs

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ use crate::{
 use horizon_core::geometry::{Direction, ShapeOp, VoxelShape};
 use horizon_world::registry::{BlockRegistry, BlockStateId};
 use std::{
+    cell::RefCell,
     collections::{HashMap, VecDeque},
     path::Path,
     sync::Arc,
@@ -365,6 +366,48 @@ fn give_scratch(scratch: LightScratch) {
     }
 }
 
+thread_local! {
+    static RELIGHT_SCRATCH: RefCell<RelightScratch> = RefCell::new(RelightScratch::new());
+}
+
+struct RelightScratch {
+    decrease: VecDeque<(Pos, u8)>,
+    cleared: Vec<Pos>,
+    increase: VecDeque<Pos>,
+    sources: FxHashMap<(i32, i32), i32>,
+}
+
+impl RelightScratch {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            decrease: VecDeque::new(),
+            cleared: Vec::new(),
+            increase: VecDeque::new(),
+            sources: FxHashMap::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn clear(&mut self) {
+        const MAX_CAPACITY: usize = 16_384;
+        self.decrease.clear();
+        if self.decrease.capacity() > MAX_CAPACITY {
+            self.decrease.shrink_to(MAX_CAPACITY);
+        }
+        self.cleared.clear();
+        if self.cleared.capacity() > MAX_CAPACITY {
+            self.cleared.shrink_to(MAX_CAPACITY);
+        }
+        self.increase.clear();
+        if self.increase.capacity() > MAX_CAPACITY {
+            self.increase.shrink_to(MAX_CAPACITY);
+        }
+        self.sources.clear();
+        if self.sources.capacity() > MAX_CAPACITY {
+            self.sources.shrink_to(MAX_CAPACITY);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Where a section sits in the 48-wide region.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 struct At {
@@ -880,12 +923,12 @@ impl<'w> Region<'w> {
         Self {
             layout: world.layout(),
             world,
-            slots: Vec::new(),
+            slots: Vec::with_capacity(16),
             index: FxHashMap::default(),
             last: ((i32::MIN, 0, 0), NONE),
         }
     }
-    #[inline]
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn slot(&mut self, x: i32, y: i32, z: i32) -> Option<usize> {
         let s = self.layout.section_index(y)?;
         let key = (x >> 4, s as i32, z >> 4);
@@ -1142,10 +1185,25 @@ pub fn relight(
     force: bool,
     changed: &mut LightChanges,
 ) {
-    let mut region = Region::new(world);
-    changed.keyed(region.layout);
-    relight_region(&mut region, tables, sky_light, positions, force, changed);
-    region.finish();
+    changed.keyed(world.layout());
+    if positions.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+    RELIGHT_SCRATCH.with_borrow_mut(|scratch| {
+        scratch.clear();
+        let mut region = Region::new(world);
+        relight_region(
+            &mut region,
+            tables,
+            sky_light,
+            positions,
+            force,
+            scratch,
+            changed,
+        );
+        region.finish();
+        scratch.clear();
+    });
 }
 /// The columns `changed` touched that border a loaded column not lit yet
 /// (`unlit`). `relight` reads and writes only lit columns, so an edit's
@@ -1170,10 +1228,11 @@ fn relight_region(
     sky_light: bool,
     positions: &[Pos],
     force: bool,
+    scratch: &mut RelightScratch,
     changed: &mut LightChanges,
 ) {
     crate::spans::time("lt_block", || {
-        relight_layer(world, tables, false, positions.to_vec(), force, changed)
+        relight_layer(world, tables, false, positions, force, scratch, changed)
     });
     if sky_light {
         let (min_y, max_y) = (world.layout.min_y(), world.layout.max_y());
@@ -1201,7 +1260,7 @@ fn relight_region(
             }
         });
         crate::spans::time("lt_sky", || {
-            relight_layer(world, tables, true, seeds, force, changed)
+            relight_layer(world, tables, true, &seeds, force, scratch, changed)
         });
     }
 }
@@ -1209,14 +1268,30 @@ fn relight_layer(
     world: &mut Region,
     tables: &LightTables,
     sky: bool,
-    seeds: Vec<Pos>,
+    seeds: &[Pos],
     force: bool,
+    scratch: &mut RelightScratch,
     changed: &mut LightChanges,
 ) {
-    let mut decrease: VecDeque<(Pos, u8)> = VecDeque::new();
-    let mut cleared: Vec<Pos> = Vec::new();
-    let mut increase: VecDeque<Pos> = VecDeque::new();
-    for p in seeds {
+    scratch.decrease.clear();
+    scratch.cleared.clear();
+    scratch.increase.clear();
+    scratch.sources.clear();
+
+    if seeds.len() > scratch.decrease.capacity() {
+        scratch.decrease.reserve(seeds.len());
+    }
+    if seeds.len() > scratch.cleared.capacity() {
+        scratch.cleared.reserve(seeds.len());
+    }
+    if seeds.len() > scratch.increase.capacity() {
+        scratch.increase.reserve(seeds.len());
+    }
+
+    let decrease = &mut scratch.decrease;
+    let cleared = &mut scratch.cleared;
+    let increase = &mut scratch.increase;
+    for &p in seeds {
         let Some(old) = level(world, sky, p) else {
             continue;
         };
@@ -1267,13 +1342,22 @@ fn relight_layer(
         }
     }
     // Sources inside the cleared area light up again.
-    let mut sources: FxHashMap<(i32, i32), i32> = FxHashMap::default();
+    let sources = &mut scratch.sources;
+    let mut last_xz = (i32::MIN, i32::MIN);
+    let mut last_lowest = 0;
     crate::spans::time("lt_sources", || {
-        for p in cleared {
+        for &p in cleared.iter() {
             let seed = if sky {
-                let lowest = *sources
-                    .entry((p.0, p.2))
-                    .or_insert_with(|| lowest_sky_source(world, tables, p.0, p.2));
+                let lowest = if (p.0, p.2) == last_xz {
+                    last_lowest
+                } else {
+                    let lowest = *sources
+                        .entry((p.0, p.2))
+                        .or_insert_with(|| lowest_sky_source(world, tables, p.0, p.2));
+                    last_xz = (p.0, p.2);
+                    last_lowest = lowest;
+                    lowest
+                };
                 if p.1 >= lowest { 15 } else { 0 }
             } else {
                 world
@@ -2119,9 +2203,39 @@ pub(crate) mod tests {
             relight(&mut w, &t, true, &positions, false, &mut changed);
         }
         println!(
-            "relight_bench: {:?}, {} sections",
-            start.elapsed(),
-            changed.sections().count()
+            "relight_bench (large batch: 400 rounds x 32 blocks): {:?}",
+            start.elapsed()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore]
+    fn relight_single_block_bench() {
+        let mut w: FxHashMap<_, _> = world(|_| {}).into_iter().collect();
+        let t = tables();
+        let mut rng = 0x2545_f491_u32;
+        let mut next = |n: i32| {
+            rng ^= rng << 13;
+            rng ^= rng >> 17;
+            rng ^= rng << 5;
+            (rng % n as u32) as i32
+        };
+        let start = std::time::Instant::now();
+        let mut changed = LightChanges::default();
+        for round in 0..2000 {
+            let state = [TORCH, SLAB, AIR][round % 3];
+            let pos = (next(32) - 8, next(12), next(32) - 8);
+            Arc::make_mut(w.get_mut(&(pos.0 >> 4, pos.2 >> 4)).unwrap()).set(
+                pos.0 & 15,
+                pos.1,
+                pos.2 & 15,
+                state,
+            );
+            relight(&mut w, &t, true, &[pos], false, &mut changed);
+        }
+        println!(
+            "relight_single_block_bench (single block: 2000 rounds): {:?}",
+            start.elapsed()
         );
     }
 

crates/horizon-client-render/src/packs.rs

@@ -466,6 +466,13 @@ fn read_meta(source: &Source) -> Option<serde_json::Value> {
 /// file with a comment after the closing brace. Gson reads past a UTF-8 byte order mark;
 /// serde_json rejects it.
 pub(crate) fn parse_meta(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<serde_json::Value> {
+    first_json(bytes)
+}
+
+/// Reads the first JSON value from resource metadata, matching Gson's
+/// `JsonReader` (which ignores a trailing signature or comment). Resource
+/// packs commonly append such text to texture metadata as well as pack.mcmeta.
+pub(crate) fn first_json(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<serde_json::Value> {
     serde_json::Deserializer::from_slice(bytes.strip_prefix(b"\xEF\xBB\xBF").unwrap_or(bytes))
         .into_iter()
         .next()?

crates/horizon-client-render/src/particles.rs

@@ -526,6 +526,8 @@ pub struct Particle {
     no_render: bool,
     /// Ticked once when created (`CritParticle` constructor).
     pre_tick: bool,
+    /// A Polytone particle with physics, which joins only where its box is clear of blocks.
+    spawn_check: bool,
     /// `Particle.random`: the particle's own generator (`RandomSource.create()`).
     random: LegacyRandom,
     controller: Option<Box<dyn native::Controller>>,
@@ -895,6 +897,7 @@ impl Particle {
             behaviour: Behaviour::Base,
             no_render: false,
             pre_tick: false,
+            spawn_check: false,
             frame_ticks: 0,
             random: LegacyRandom::new(0),
             controller: None,
@@ -1759,28 +1762,6 @@ impl ParticleEngine {
         particle.controller = Some(Box::new(controller));
         Some(particle)
     }
-    /// Sets (or clears) the resource packs' Polytone custom particle types.
-    pub fn set_polytone(&mut self, registry: Option<std::sync::Arc<polytone::Registry>>) {
-        let registry = registry.filter(|r| !r.is_empty());
-        let same = match (&self.polytone, &registry) {
-            (Some(a), Some(b)) => std::sync::Arc::ptr_eq(a, b),
-            (None, None) => true,
-            _ => false,
-        };
-        if !same {
-            self.polytone_gpu.clear();
-            self.polytone_overrides = registry
-                .iter()
-                .flat_map(|r| {
-                    ParticleType::ALL.iter().filter_map(|&ty| {
-                        let id = format!("minecraft:{}", ty.name());
-                        r.get(&id).is_some().then_some((ty, id))
-                    })
-                })
-                .collect();
-        }
-        self.polytone = registry;
-    }
     /// The quads the last render blends additively (`RenderPipelines` additive, src alpha and
     /// one), for the frame's additive pass.
     pub fn take_additive(&self) -> Vec<Vertex> {
@@ -3621,13 +3602,14 @@ impl ParticleEngine {
         self.sprite_from_age(&mut q);
         q
     }
-    /// ClientLevel.createFireworks: a Starter (or poofs without explosions).
+    /// ClientLevel.createFireworks: a Starter (or poofs without explosions) with `playSound`.
     pub fn fireworks(
         &mut self,
         at: [f64; 3],
         v: [f64; 3],
         explosions: Vec<FireworkExplosion>,
         camera: [f64; 3],
+        play_sound: bool,
     ) {
         if explosions.is_empty() {
             for _ in 0..self.random.next_int_bound(3).unwrap_or(0) + 2 {
@@ -3651,17 +3633,17 @@ impl ParticleEngine {
             life: 0,
             lifetime,
             twinkle_delay: twinkle,
-            far,
+            sound: play_sound.then_some(far),
         });
     }
     fn tick_starters(&mut self) {
         for mut s in std::mem::take(&mut self.starters) {
-            if s.life == 0 {
+            if s.life == 0 && s.sound.is_some() {
                 let large = s.explosions.len() >= 3
                     || s.explosions
                         .iter()
                         .any(|e| e.shape == FireworkShape::LargeBall);
-                let sound = match (large, s.far) {
+                let sound = match (large, s.sound == Some(true)) {
                     (true, true) => "minecraft:entity.firework_rocket.large_blast_far",
                     (true, false) => "minecraft:entity.firework_rocket.large_blast",
                     (false, true) => "minecraft:entity.firework_rocket.blast_far",
@@ -3704,16 +3686,13 @@ impl ParticleEngine {
                     (c & 255) as f32 / 255.0,
                     ((c >> 24) & 255) as f32 / 255.0,
                 ];
-                self.create(
-                    &ParticleOptions::colored(ParticleType::Flash, rgba),
-                    s.at,
-                    [0.0; 3],
-                );
+                let flash = ParticleOptions::colored(ParticleType::Flash, rgba);
+                self.create(&flash, s.at, [0.0; 3]);
             }
             s.life += 1;
             if s.life > s.lifetime {
-                if s.twinkle_delay {
-                    let sound = if s.far {
+                if s.twinkle_delay && s.sound.is_some() {
+                    let sound = if s.sound == Some(true) {
                         "minecraft:entity.firework_rocket.twinkle_far"
                     } else {
                         "minecraft:entity.firework_rocket.twinkle"
@@ -3846,6 +3825,9 @@ impl ParticleEngine {
         }
         let pending = std::mem::take(&mut self.pending);
         for mut p in pending {
+            if p.spawn_check && !polytone::unobstructed(level, p.bb) {
+                continue;
+            }
             if p.pre_tick {
                 p.pre_tick = false;
                 self.tick_particle(&mut p, level);
@@ -5054,7 +5036,9 @@ struct Starter {
     life: i32,
     lifetime: i32,
     twinkle_delay: bool,
-    far: bool,
+    /// `FireworkParticles.Starter.playSound`, with `isFarAwayFromCamera` when
+    /// it plays: `None` for a silent rocket.
+    sound: Option<bool>,
 }
 const STAR: [[f64; 2]; 6] = [
     [0.0, 1.0],

crates/horizon-client-render/src/particles/polytone.rs

@@ -1090,6 +1090,16 @@ const INITIALIZED: [&str; 13] = [
     "dz",
 ];
 
+/// Whether no block's collision shape overlaps `bb` (where the query fails, nothing does).
+pub(super) fn unobstructed(level: &ParticleLevel<'_>, bb: horizon_core::geometry::Aabb) -> bool {
+    let mut scene = crate::collisions::SceneCollisions {
+        world: level.world,
+        binding: level.collision,
+        subject: None,
+    };
+    scene.cells_without_collision(bb) || scene.unobstructed(bb).unwrap_or(true)
+}
+
 impl super::ParticleController for Controller {
     fn tick(&mut self, p: &mut Particle, level: &ParticleLevel<'_>) -> ParticleUpdate {
         let mut update = ParticleUpdate::default();
@@ -1320,6 +1330,10 @@ pub(super) fn make(
     particle.polytone_type =
         (def.limit.is_some() || def.exclusion_radius > 0.0).then(|| Arc::from(name));
     particle.bb = super::aabb_at(position, particle.bb_width, particle.bb_height);
+    // A particle with physics whose box starts inside a block's collision never joins the world:
+    // it is not drawn and none of its emitters run (measured on the mod: one spawned just under a
+    // block, where falling leaves start, never shows; one 0.01 clear of it does).
+    particle.spawn_check = def.has_physics;
     particle.controller = Some(Box::new(Controller {
         def: def.clone(),
         registry: registry.clone(),
@@ -1531,6 +1545,31 @@ impl ParticleEngine {
     }
 }
 
+impl ParticleEngine {
+    /// Sets (or clears) the resource packs' Polytone custom particle types.
+    pub fn set_polytone(&mut self, registry: Option<Arc<Registry>>) {
+        let registry = registry.filter(|r| !r.is_empty());
+        let same = match (&self.polytone, &registry) {
+            (Some(a), Some(b)) => Arc::ptr_eq(a, b),
+            (None, None) => true,
+            _ => false,
+        };
+        if !same {
+            self.polytone_gpu.clear();
+            self.polytone_overrides = registry
+                .iter()
+                .flat_map(|r| {
+                    ParticleType::ALL.iter().filter_map(|&ty| {
+                        let id = format!("minecraft:{}", ty.name());
+                        r.get(&id).is_some().then_some((ty, id))
+                    })
+                })
+                .collect();
+        }
+        self.polytone = registry;
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -2244,6 +2283,144 @@ mod tests {
         std::fs::remove_dir_all(root).unwrap();
     }
 
+    /// `scene`, with the torch a full block of collision: something a particle's box can start in.
+    fn solid_scene(blocks: &'static BlockRegistry) -> Scene {
+        use horizon_core::geometry::{Axis, VoxelShape};
+        let tag = |shape: VoxelShape| {
+            let sizes = shape.sizes();
+            let occupied = (0..sizes[2])
+                .flat_map(|z| {
+                    (0..sizes[1]).flat_map(move |y| (0..sizes[0]).map(move |x| (x, y, z)))
+                })
+                .map(|(x, y, z)| u8::from(shape.is_full(x as i32, y as i32, z as i32)))
+                .collect();
+            let (min, max) = shape.discrete_bounds();
+            let axes = shape
+                .cube_coordinate_axes()
+                .iter()
+                .enumerate()
+                .fold(0, |mask, (i, on)| mask | (i8::from(*on) << i));
+            let mut fields = vec![
+                ("occupied", Tag::ByteArray(occupied)),
+                ("cube", Tag::Byte(i8::from(shape.is_cube()))),
+                ("cube_axes", Tag::Byte(axes)),
+                ("discrete_min", Tag::IntArray(min.to_vec())),
+                ("discrete_max", Tag::IntArray(max.to_vec())),
+            ];
+            for (axis, name) in [(Axis::X, "x"), (Axis::Y, "y"), (Axis::Z, "z")] {
+                let bits = shape.coordinates(axis).iter().map(|v| v.to_bits() as i64);
+                fields.push((name, Tag::LongArray(bits.collect())));
+            }
+            Tag::compound(fields)
+        };
+        let names = || Tag::List(STATES.iter().map(|s| Tag::String((*s).into())).collect());
+        let cached = CachedCollisionRegistry::from_nbt(
+            &Tag::compound([
+                ("DataVersion", Tag::Int(DATA_VERSION)),
+                ("states", names()),
+                (
+                    "shapes",
+                    Tag::List(vec![tag(VoxelShape::empty()), tag(VoxelShape::block())]),
+                ),
+                ("cached_shapes", Tag::IntArray(vec![0, 1])),
+            ]),
+            blocks,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        Scene {
+            collision: BlockCollisionRegistry::new(Arc::new(cached)).unwrap(),
+            ..scene(blocks)
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_particle_with_physics_born_inside_a_block_never_joins() {
+        let blocks = blocks();
+        let leaf = |physics| {
+            serde_json::json!({"has_physics": physics, "render_type": "invisible",
+                "initializer": {"lifetime": "20", "hitbox_size": "0.08"},
+                "particle_emitters": [{"particle": "test:mark", "chance": "1"}]})
+        };
+        let root = pack(&[
+            (
+                "assets/test/polytone/custom_particles/leaf.json",
+                leaf(true),
+            ),
+            (
+                "assets/test/polytone/custom_particles/ghost.json",
+                leaf(false),
+            ),
+            (
+                "assets/test/polytone/custom_particles/mark.json",
+                serde_json::json!({"render_type": "invisible", "has_physics": false}),
+            ),
+            (
+                "assets/minecraft/polytone/entity_modifiers/player.json",
+                serde_json::json!({"emitters": [{"particle": "test:leaf", "chance": "1"}]}),
+            ),
+            (
+                "assets/test/polytone/custom_particles/wide.json",
+                serde_json::json!({"has_physics": true, "render_type": "invisible",
+                    "initializer": {"lifetime": "20", "hitbox_size": 10},
+                    "particle_emitters": [{"particle": "test:mark", "chance": "1"}]}),
+            ),
+            (
+                "assets/test/polytone/custom_particles/parent.json",
+                serde_json::json!({"has_physics": true, "render_type": "invisible",
+                    "initializer": {"lifetime": "20", "hitbox_size": "0.08"},
+                    "particle_emitters": [{"particle": "test:wide", "chance": "1", "y": "-0.05"}]}),
+            ),
+            (
+                "assets/minecraft/polytone/entity_modifiers/skeleton.json",
+                serde_json::json!({"emitters": [{"particle": "test:parent", "chance": "1", "x": "-4.5"}]}),
+            ),
+            (
+                "assets/minecraft/polytone/entity_modifiers/creeper.json",
+                serde_json::json!({"emitters": [{"particle": "test:wide", "chance": "1", "x": "-4.5"}]}),
+            ),
+            (
+                "assets/minecraft/polytone/entity_modifiers/zombie.json",
+                serde_json::json!({"emitters": [{"particle": "test:ghost", "chance": "1"}]}),
+            ),
+        ]);
+        let scene = solid_scene(blocks);
+        let level = ParticleLevel {
+            world: &scene.world,
+            facts: &scene.facts,
+            collision: &scene.collision,
+            player: None,
+            cached_chunk: std::cell::Cell::new(None),
+        };
+        let mut engine = engine(Registry::read(&root, Default::default(), blocks));
+        // The solid block is at (1, 64, 1): its bottom face is y 64.
+        // Spawns one particle, lets the engine take it in and tick it: whether it joined, and
+        // how many particles it emitted.
+        let mut spawn = |entity: &str, y: f64| {
+            engine.particles.clear();
+            engine.pending.clear();
+            engine.polytone_entity(&level, entity, [1.5, y, 1.5]);
+            engine.tick(&level);
+            let joined = engine.particles.len();
+            engine.tick(&level);
+            (
+                joined,
+                engine.particles.len() + engine.pending.len() - joined,
+            )
+        };
+        // The solid block is at (1, 64, 1): its bottom face is y 64.
+        // 0.05 under the block, a 0.08 box reaches into it: it never joins, nothing emitted.
+        assert_eq!(spawn("minecraft:player", 63.95), (0, 0));
+        // 0.01 clear of it, it joins and emits.
+        assert_eq!(spawn("minecraft:player", 63.91), (1, 1));
+        // Without physics nothing collides.
+        assert_eq!(spawn("minecraft:zombie", 63.95), (1, 1));
+        // A wide box reaching a block from five blocks away does not join either.
+        assert_eq!(spawn("minecraft:creeper", 60.0), (0, 0));
+        // Nor does one a clear particle emits there: the small one joins, its wide copy never.
+        assert_eq!(spawn("minecraft:skeleton", 60.0), (1, 0));
+        std::fs::remove_dir_all(root).unwrap();
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn a_pack_custom_particle_replaces_the_vanilla_type_of_its_id() {
         let root = pack(&[(

crates/horizon-client-render/src/particles/tick_bench.rs

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ fn spawn_tick(engine: &mut ParticleEngine, rng: &mut Lcg, types: &[Emitter], roc
             twinkle: false,
         };
         let at = [-5.5 + rng.next() * 12.0, f64::from(FLOOR_Y + 20), 20.5];
-        engine.fireworks(at, [0.0, 0.1, 0.0], vec![explosion], engine.camera);
+        engine.fireworks(at, [0.0, 0.1, 0.0], vec![explosion], engine.camera, true);
     }
     for &(ty, count, center, delta, speed) in types {
         let options = ParticleOptions::simple(ty);

crates/horizon-client-render/src/potent_sulfur.rs

@@ -7,13 +7,16 @@ use horizon_core::{
     geometry::{Vec3, traverse_blocks},
     position::BlockPos,
 };
+use horizon_world::collision_context::CollisionContext;
 
 /// `PotentSulfurBlock.ALLOWED_WATER_BLOCKS_ABOVE`.
 const ALLOWED_WATER_BLOCKS_ABOVE: i32 = 4;
 
 /// `PotentSulfurBlockEntity.isGeyserPassableBlock`: air, water, or a block
-/// with no collision shape.
-pub fn is_geyser_passable_block(level: &ParticleLevel, pos: [i32; 3]) -> bool {
+/// with no collision shape for `CollisionContext.positionContext(context_y)`.
+/// Vanilla passes the height of the block under the column it reads, so
+/// scaffolding seen from below lets the gas and the geyser through.
+pub fn is_geyser_passable_block(level: &ParticleLevel, pos: [i32; 3], context_y: i32) -> bool {
     let state = level.world.block(pos[0], pos[1], pos[2]);
     if level.facts.is_air(state) || &*level.facts.get(state).name == "minecraft:water" {
         return true;
@@ -23,7 +26,9 @@ pub fn is_geyser_passable_block(level: &ParticleLevel, pos: [i32; 3]) -> bool {
         binding: level.collision,
         subject: None,
     };
-    match level.collision.collision_shape(&mut scene, state, pos) {
+    let context = CollisionContext::position(f64::from(context_y));
+    let position = BlockPos::new(pos[0], pos[1], pos[2]);
+    match (level.collision).collision_shape_with_context(&mut scene, state, position, &context) {
         Ok(shape) => shape.is_empty(),
         Err(_) => !level.facts.get(state).full_collision,
     }
@@ -46,9 +51,9 @@ pub fn find_noxious_gas_source_block(level: &ParticleLevel, origin: [i32; 3]) ->
         let state = level.world.block(pos[0], pos[1], pos[2]);
         let is_water_block = &*level.facts.get(state).name == "minecraft:water";
         if !is_water_source(level, pos)
-            || (!is_water_block && !is_geyser_passable_block(level, pos))
+            || (!is_water_block && !is_geyser_passable_block(level, pos, origin[1]))
         {
-            if level.facts.is_air(state) || is_geyser_passable_block(level, pos) {
+            if level.facts.is_air(state) || is_geyser_passable_block(level, pos, origin[1]) {
                 return Some(pos);
             }
             break;
@@ -63,7 +68,7 @@ pub fn find_noxious_gas_source_block(level: &ParticleLevel, origin: [i32; 3]) ->
 pub fn unobstructed_block_count(level: &ParticleLevel, pos: [i32; 3], water_blocks: i32) -> i32 {
     let geyser_force_height = 6 * water_blocks;
     for i in 0..geyser_force_height {
-        if !is_geyser_passable_block(level, [pos[0], pos[1] + i, pos[2]]) {
+        if !is_geyser_passable_block(level, [pos[0], pos[1] + i, pos[2]], pos[1] - 1) {
             return i;
         }
     }
@@ -79,7 +84,7 @@ pub fn can_be_reached_by_noxious_gas(
     pos: [f64; 3],
 ) -> bool {
     let block = ParticleLevel::block_at(pos);
-    if !is_geyser_passable_block(level, block) {
+    if !is_geyser_passable_block(level, block, block[1] - 1) {
         return false;
     }
     let center = source_block.map(|c| f64::from(c) + 0.5);

crates/horizon-client-render/src/sculk.rs

@@ -232,6 +232,8 @@ impl Selector {
 pub struct Tick {
     /// A vibration was chosen: its travel time (the particle starts).
     pub started: Option<(Info, i32)>,
+    /// A vibration was reloaded from save: particle resumes from interpolated pos.
+    pub resumed: Option<(Info, i32)>,
     /// A vibration arrived.
     pub received: Option<Info>,
     /// `onDataChanged`.
@@ -261,6 +263,10 @@ impl Data {
             self.selector.start_over();
         }
         if let Some(info) = self.current {
+            if self.reload_particle {
+                self.reload_particle = false;
+                out.resumed = Some((info, self.travel));
+            }
             let mut changed = self.travel > 0;
             self.travel = (self.travel - 1).max(0);
             if self.travel <= 0 {
@@ -293,8 +299,11 @@ impl Data {
         Tag::compound(entries)
     }
     pub fn from_nbt(tag: &Tag) -> Self {
+        let current = tag.get("event").and_then(info_from_nbt);
+        let reload_particle = current.is_some();
         let mut data = Self {
-            current: tag.get("event").and_then(info_from_nbt),
+            current,
+            reload_particle,
             ..Self::default()
         };
         if let Some(Tag::Int(t)) = tag.get("event_delay") {
@@ -979,4 +988,30 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(back.spreader.cursors[0].charge, 1000);
         assert_eq!(back.spreader.cursors[1].charge, 500);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn vibration_reloads_particle() {
+        let tag = Tag::compound([
+            (
+                "event",
+                Tag::compound([
+                    ("game_event", Tag::String("minecraft:step".into())),
+                    ("distance", Tag::Float(4.0f32.to_bits())),
+                    (
+                        "pos",
+                        Tag::List(vec![
+                            Tag::Double(1.0f64.to_bits()),
+                            Tag::Double(0),
+                            Tag::Double(0),
+                        ]),
+                    ),
+                ]),
+            ),
+            ("event_delay", Tag::Int(3)),
+        ]);
+        let mut d = Data::from_nbt(&tag);
+        assert!(d.reload_particle && d.current.is_some());
+        let tick = d.tick(10, true, true, |dist| dist as i32);
+        assert!(tick.resumed.is_some() && !d.reload_particle);
+    }
 }

crates/horizon-client-render/src/terrain.wgsl

@@ -965,13 +965,13 @@ const PI: f32 = 3.14159265;
 fn disc_distance(d: vec3<f32>, y: f32) -> vec2<f32> {
     if d.y * y <= 0.0 { return vec2(-1.0); }
     let p = d * (y / d.y);
-    let h = length(p.xz);
-    let phi = atan2(p.z, p.x);
-    let sector = PI / 4.0;
-    let delta = phi - (floor(phi / sector) * sector + sector * 0.5);
-    let edge = 512.0 * cos(sector * 0.5) / cos(delta);
-    if h > edge { return vec2(-1.0); }
-    let s = h / edge;
+    // The regular octagon's edge parameter, directly from its half planes.
+    // max(|x| + tan(pi/8)*|z|, |z| + tan(pi/8)*|x|) / radius
+    // equals length(p.xz) / edge without atan2, floor or cos per pixel.
+    let a = abs(p.xz);
+    let diagonal = 0.41421356237309503;
+    let s = max(a.x + diagonal * a.y, a.y + diagonal * a.x) / 512.0;
+    if s > 1.0 { return vec2(-1.0); }
     let ay = abs(y);
     let rim = sqrt(512.0 * 512.0 + y * y);
     return vec2(ay + s * (rim - ay), ay + s * (512.0 - ay));

crates/horizon-client-render/src/widgets.rs

@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ pub enum Cursor {
     Arrow,
     PointingHand,
     NotAllowed,
+    /// `CursorTypes.RESIZE_NS`: a scroller held vertically (`MerchantScreen`).
+    ResizeNs,
 }
 
 thread_local! {

crates/horizon-client/src/arrows.rs

@@ -274,8 +274,8 @@ impl ArrowState {
     /// `Arrow.getColor` of the server's own arrow: the colour of the potion on
     /// its pickup item, None for a plain arrow (`PotionContents.EMPTY`).
     pub fn potion_color(&self) -> Option<u32> {
-        let potion = self.pickup_item.potion()?;
-        Some(crate::brewing::potion_color(Some(potion)))
+        (!crate::brewing::contents_empty(&self.pickup_item))
+            .then(|| crate::brewing::contents_color(&self.pickup_item))
     }
     /// The `AbstractArrow` constructor's `pickupItemStack`: the drawn ammo
     /// (one item). Ammo drawn without being used up (`INTANGIBLE_PROJECTILE`)

crates/horizon-client/src/client_lib.rs

@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ pub mod join_seq;
 pub mod lan;
 pub mod landing;
 pub mod legacy_combat;
+pub mod living_death;
 pub mod locator_bar;
 pub mod lod_net;
 pub mod menu;

crates/horizon-client/src/debug_keys.rs

@@ -137,6 +137,15 @@ pub struct DebugKeys {
 }
 
 impl DebugKeys {
+    /// Window focus lost, or input reset: clear held modifier state.
+    pub fn reset(&mut self) {
+        self.modifier_down = false;
+        self.used_debug_key_as_modifier = false;
+        if self.crash_key_time > 0 {
+            self.crash_key_time = -1;
+        }
+    }
+
     /// `keyPress` once the open screen (if any) did not take the key. `key`
     /// is the physical key's name (`key.keyboard.f3`); `crash_key_down`
     /// whether the crash mapping's key is held (`InputConstants.isKeyDown`).
@@ -487,4 +496,18 @@ mod tests {
         press(&mut k, &mut h, &b, "key.keyboard.k", 2);
         assert_eq!(h.actions, [(DebugAction::ShowChunkBorders, false)]);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reset_on_focus_loss_clears_held_modifier_and_avoids_spurious_shortcuts() {
+        let (mut k, mut h, b) = (DebugKeys::default(), Host::default(), KeyBinds::default());
+        press(&mut k, &mut h, &b, F3, 0);
+        assert!(k.modifier_down);
+        // Window loses focus while F3 was down (e.g. desktop shortcut Ctrl+F3)
+        k.reset();
+        assert!(!k.modifier_down);
+        assert!(!k.used_debug_key_as_modifier);
+        // User refocuses and presses 'b': it should NOT trigger ShowHitboxes
+        assert!(press(&mut k, &mut h, &b, "key.keyboard.b", 1));
+        assert!(h.actions.is_empty());
+    }
 }

crates/horizon-client/src/entry.rs

@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ pub fn main_with(mods: crate::mod_api::Mods) {
     // then the Horizon parts still in this crate; none registers after this point.
     game::player_hooks::register();
     horizon_hooks::engine::seal();
+    // The text crates ship (`horizon_hooks::lang`), loaded with the game's own languages.
+    horizon_client::lang::install_crate_files(horizon_hooks::lang::engine::all());
     horizon_client::spans::startup::init(std::time::Instant::now());
     horizon_client::spans::trace::start_from_env();
     let args: Vec<String> = std::env::args().skip(1).collect();
@@ -230,6 +232,14 @@ pub fn main_with(mods: crate::mod_api::Mods) {
         living_jump: |entity, kind| {
             crate::mod_api::dispatch_living_jump(crate::mod_api::mods(), entity, kind);
         },
+        living_death_message: |entity, kind, message| {
+            crate::mod_api::dispatch_living_death_message(
+                crate::mod_api::mods(),
+                entity,
+                kind,
+                message,
+            );
+        },
         register_goals: |mob| {
             crate::mod_api::dispatch_register_goals(crate::mod_api::mods(), mob);
         },

crates/horizon-client/src/game.rs

@@ -1505,7 +1505,7 @@ impl LevelAccess for GameLevel<'_> {
         {
             return signal;
         }
-        machines::container_signal(self.world, self.behaviours, self.items, self.registry, pos)
+        machines::container_signal(self, pos)
     }
     fn item_frame_analog_output(&self, pos: BlockPos, facing: Direction) -> Option<i32> {
         let mut frames = self
@@ -2328,6 +2328,8 @@ struct Game<'a> {
     last_device_recovery: Option<Instant>,
     /// CPU geometry storage retained across frames, including empty/title frames.
     entity_vertices: Vec<Vertex>,
+    /// Falling models by state and selected-model address list; cleared on pack/atlas replacement.
+    falling_vertices: RefCell<HashMap<BlockStateId, Vec<(Vec<usize>, Vec<Vertex>)>>>,
     /// Horizon Extras' dynamic lights this frame (`dynamic_lights.rs`), and how brightly each
     /// item glows (built the first time the extra is on).
     dynamic_lights: Vec<[f32; 4]>,
@@ -5033,8 +5035,8 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             self.loot_block_entity(pos, &facts.name)
         };
         if let Some(entity) = self.world.block_entities.get(&key).cloned() {
-            let name = self.world.block_names.get(&key).cloned();
-            self.pending.record(pos, &entity, &facts.name, name);
+            self.pending
+                .record_from(&self.world, pos, &entity, &facts.name);
         } else if let Some(tag) = spill::saved_entity(&self.world, pos) {
             self.pending.record_saved(pos, &tag);
         }
@@ -7158,14 +7160,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             let packed = (u32::from(light >> 4) * 16) | ((u32::from(light & 15) * 16) << 8);
             let start = out.len();
             self.mark_motion(start, Self::MOTION_OBJECT | u64::from(f.id));
-            self.block_model_vertices(
-                f.state,
-                horizon_core::random::position_seed(f.start_pos),
-                glam::Mat4::from_translation(o),
-                packed,
-                false,
-                &mut out,
-            );
+            self.falling_model_vertices(f.state, f.start_pos, o, packed, &mut out);
             let tint = horizon_client::mobs::render::abgr(tint);
             for vertex in &mut out[start..] {
                 vertex.color = horizon_client::hud_layout::multiply(vertex.color, tint);
@@ -8211,10 +8206,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             }
             if let Some(kind) = mob {
                 if let Some(id) = self.spawn_mob_at(kind, (target[0], target[1], target[2]), true) {
-                    if let Some(m) = self.mobs.iter_mut().find(|m| m.id == id) {
-                        horizon_client::entity_nbt::apply_item_components(m, stack);
-                    }
-                    self.mob_placed(id)?;
+                    self.mob_placed(id, stack)?;
                 }
                 self.post_block_game_event(
                     "minecraft:entity_place",
@@ -9972,20 +9964,10 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             self.drag_button = None;
         }
         if let WindowEvent::ModifiersChanged(m) = &event {
-            self.modifiers = m.state();
-            horizon_client_input::modifiers::reconcile(
-                self.modifiers,
-                &mut self.physical_keys,
-                &self.settings.keys,
-                &mut self.toggles,
-                [self.settings.toggle_crouch, self.settings.toggle_sprint],
-                [
-                    self.pad.holds_action("key.sneak"),
-                    self.pad.holds_action("key.sprint"),
-                ],
-            );
-            self.sync_toggle(SNEAK);
-            self.sync_toggle(SPRINT);
+            self.update_modifiers(m.state());
+        }
+        if let WindowEvent::Focused(false) = &event {
+            self.update_modifiers(winit::keyboard::ModifiersState::empty());
         }
         // `PackSelectionScreen.onFilesDrop` on the Create New World screen.
         if let WindowEvent::DroppedFile(path) = &event
@@ -10391,6 +10373,8 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                         let held = self.captured;
                         if self.control.is_none() {
                             self.keys.clear();
+                            self.modifiers = winit::keyboard::ModifiersState::empty();
+                            self.debug_keys.reset();
                             // Latched sneak/sprint live in `toggles`, not in the
                             // physical keys: put them back so a short alt-tab
                             // (no pause screen) does not drop them. Only a mapping
@@ -10398,21 +10382,18 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                             // no state to keep, and an unfocused window never gets
                             // its key release, so leaving it down would keep the
                             // player sneaking or sprinting until the key is tapped.
-                            for (slot, needs_toggle) in [
+                            let toggles = [
                                 self.settings.toggle_crouch,
                                 self.settings.toggle_sprint,
                                 self.settings.toggle_attack,
                                 self.settings.toggle_use,
-                            ]
-                            .into_iter()
-                            .enumerate()
-                            {
+                            ];
+                            for (slot, needs_toggle) in toggles.into_iter().enumerate() {
                                 self.toggles.0[slot].set_down(false, needs_toggle);
                             }
                             self.sync_toggle(0);
                             self.sync_toggle(1);
-                            self.left = false;
-                            self.right = false;
+                            (self.left, self.right) = (false, false);
                             self.capture(false);
                         }
                         self.regrab_on_refocus = held;
@@ -11685,6 +11666,7 @@ impl<'a> Game<'a> {
             renderer: None,
             last_device_recovery: None,
             entity_vertices: Vec::new(),
+            falling_vertices: Default::default(),
             dynamic_lights: Vec::new(),
             luminance: Default::default(),
             see_through_vertices: Vec::new(),

crates/horizon-client/src/game/advancements.rs

@@ -230,15 +230,10 @@ impl adv::World for View<'_, '_> {
             _ => None,
         }
     }
+    /// `Level.canSeeSky`: sky light 15 at the position, whatever stands
+    /// above it, as `MobWorld` reads it for the spawn rules.
     fn can_see_sky(&self, p: [i32; 3]) -> bool {
-        (p[1] + 1..p[1] + 200).all(|y| {
-            !self
-                .0
-                .res
-                .facts()
-                .get(self.0.world.block(p[0], y, p[2]))
-                .full_collision
-        })
+        self.0.mob_world_base(&[]).can_see_sky(p[0], p[1], p[2])
     }
     fn light(&self, p: [i32; 3]) -> i32 {
         let l = self.0.world.light(p[0], p[1], p[2]);

crates/horizon-client/src/game/block_entity_ticks.rs

@@ -153,7 +153,18 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                 .shulkers
                 .get_mut(&pos)
                 .map(|shulker| shulker.tick(pos, facing));
-            if let Some(push) = tick.and_then(|tick| tick.push) {
+            let Some(tick) = tick else { continue };
+            // `ShulkerBoxBlockEntity.doNeighborUpdates` at the start and the
+            // end of an opening or closing lid: the box's collision shape
+            // moved, so the neighbours' shapes and their redstone updates run.
+            for _ in 0..tick.neighbor_updates {
+                let state = self.world.block(pos[0], pos[1], pos[2]);
+                let at = BlockPos::new(pos[0], pos[1], pos[2]);
+                self.with_level(|b, level, ticks| {
+                    b.shulker_neighbor_updates(level, ticks, at, state)
+                });
+            }
+            if let Some(push) = tick.push {
                 pushes.push((pos, facing, push));
             }
         }

crates/horizon-client/src/game/block_items.rs

@@ -47,8 +47,9 @@ fn clone_item<'a>(name: &str, block_item: &'a str) -> &'a str {
         "minecraft:kelp_plant" => "minecraft:kelp",
         "minecraft:twisting_vines_plant" => "minecraft:twisting_vines",
         "minecraft:weeping_vines_plant" => "minecraft:weeping_vines",
-        // CandleCakeBlock: new ItemStack(Blocks.CAKE), for every colour.
-        _ if name.ends_with("_candle_cake") => "minecraft:cake",
+        // CandleCakeBlock: new ItemStack(Blocks.CAKE), for every colour and
+        // the plain `minecraft:candle_cake`, whose own item is air.
+        _ if name == "minecraft:candle_cake" || name.ends_with("_candle_cake") => "minecraft:cake",
         _ => block_item,
     }
 }
@@ -424,6 +425,7 @@ mod tests {
             ("minecraft:kelp_plant", "minecraft:kelp"),
             ("minecraft:twisting_vines_plant", "minecraft:twisting_vines"),
             ("minecraft:weeping_vines_plant", "minecraft:weeping_vines"),
+            ("minecraft:candle_cake", "minecraft:cake"),
             ("minecraft:white_candle_cake", "minecraft:cake"),
             ("minecraft:light_blue_candle_cake", "minecraft:cake"),
         ] {

crates/horizon-client/src/game/books.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //! pixels, 1024 characters, 100 pages), signing it into a written book,
 //! reading written books, and lecterns (placing a book, turning its pages
 //! with a redstone pulse, the comparator output and taking the book).
-use super::{Game, lan::LanHost, screen_info};
+use super::{Game, chat::PLAYER_NAME, lan::LanHost, screen_info};
 use horizon_client::{
     containers::{BlockEntity, Lectern},
     first_person::Hand,
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ use horizon_client::{
 use horizon_core::position::BlockPos;
 use horizon_protocol::packets::play::{self, Clientbound as C, Serverbound as S};
 use horizon_world::level::flags as level_flags;
+use horizon_world::nbt::Tag;
 use winit::{
     event::{ElementState, KeyEvent},
     keyboard::{KeyCode, PhysicalKey},
@@ -213,6 +214,15 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             "minecraft:written_book" => true,
             _ => return false,
         };
+        // `ServerPlayer.openItemGui` resolves a written book for the player
+        // opening it before the screen reads it.
+        let held;
+        let stack = if written && self.resolve_held_book() {
+            held = self.held().cloned();
+            held.as_ref().unwrap_or(stack)
+        } else {
+            stack
+        };
         if self.lan_acting.is_some() {
             if written {
                 let hand = i32::from(self.hand == Hand::Off);
@@ -227,6 +237,56 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         self.swing_arm();
         true
     }
+    /// `ServerPlayer.openItemGui` -> `WrittenBookContent.resolveForItem`: the
+    /// selectors and scores of the written book in the acting hand become
+    /// their text for the player opening it, and the book is marked resolved
+    /// (so it is never resolved again). True when the pages were rewritten.
+    fn resolve_held_book(&mut self) -> bool {
+        let Some(mut book) = self
+            .held()
+            .and_then(|s| s.data())
+            .and_then(|d| d.written.clone())
+        else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        if book.resolved {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let string = |v: &Tag| match v {
+            Tag::String(s) => Some(s.to_string_lossy()),
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        let changed = book.resolve(|tag| {
+            let Tag::Compound(c) = tag else { return None };
+            if let Some(Tag::String(selector)) = c.get(&"selector".into()) {
+                let selector = selector.to_string_lossy();
+                return Some(self.resolve_selector_text(&selector));
+            }
+            let score = c.get(&"score".into())?;
+            let name = score.get("name").and_then(string).unwrap_or_default();
+            let objective = score.get("objective").and_then(string).unwrap_or_default();
+            let name = if name == "*" {
+                PLAYER_NAME
+            } else {
+                name.as_str()
+            };
+            Some(
+                self.score
+                    .board
+                    .score(name, &objective)
+                    .map_or_else(String::new, |s| s.value.to_string()),
+            )
+        });
+        if let Some(stack) = self.held_mut() {
+            stack.data_mut().written = Some(book);
+        }
+        // A guest's copy of the book lives in its mirrored inventory: the
+        // host sends the resolved slot back with the rest of the inventory.
+        if self.lan_acting.is_some() {
+            self.guest_inventory_resend = true;
+        }
+        changed
+    }
     /// The screen a book in hand opens: `BookEditScreen` for a book and
     /// quill, `BookViewScreen` for a written book.
     fn book_screen(&self, stack: &ItemStack) -> Option<BookScreen> {
@@ -349,6 +409,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                 generation: 0,
                 pages,
                 page_tags: Vec::new(),
+                resolved: false,
             });
             *stack = written;
         } else {

crates/horizon-client/src/game/breeding_orb_tests.rs

@@ -23,3 +23,34 @@ fn breeding_drops_one_orb_of_the_whole_roll() {
     }
     assert!(values.iter().any(|v| matches!(v, 4..=6)), "{values:?}");
 }
+
+/// `Turtle.TurtleBreedGoal.breed` overrides `Animal.breed`, so a bred turtle
+/// never runs `finalizeSpawnChildFromBreeding`'s heart burst (entity event
+/// 18); `Frog.spawnChildFromBreeding` still does.
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "needs prepared resources (HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES)"]
+fn a_bred_turtle_posts_no_heart_burst_but_a_bred_frog_does() {
+    let mut game = super::super::native_machines::tests::server_game();
+    game.audio.capture = Some(Vec::new());
+    for (kind_id, hearts) in [("minecraft:turtle", 0), ("minecraft:frog", 1)] {
+        let kind = game.res.mob_types().get(kind_id).unwrap().clone();
+        game.mobs
+            .push(Mob::new(1, kind.clone(), Vec3::new(8.5, 64.0, 8.5), 0.0));
+        game.mobs
+            .push(Mob::new(2, kind, Vec3::new(9.5, 64.0, 8.5), 0.0));
+        game.lan_entity_events.clear();
+        game.breed(1, 2, None);
+        let burst = game
+            .lan_entity_events
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|(id, event, _)| *id == 1 && *event == 18)
+            .count();
+        assert_eq!(
+            burst, hearts,
+            "{kind_id} heartbeat events: {:?}",
+            game.lan_entity_events
+        );
+        game.mobs.clear();
+        game.orbs.clear();
+    }
+}

crates/horizon-client/src/game/campfire.rs

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 use super::Game;
 use horizon_assets::item_model::DisplayContext;
 use horizon_client::{
-    Result, block_entities::Pos, block_entity_render::vertex_light, containers::BlockEntity,
-    items::ItemStack, mesher::Vertex, mobs::Who,
+    Result, actions::Action, block_entities::Pos, block_entity_render::vertex_light,
+    containers::BlockEntity, items::ItemStack, mesher::Vertex, mobs::Who,
 };
 use horizon_core::position::BlockPos;
 
@@ -25,6 +25,13 @@ impl Game<'_> {
     /// to the server. Whether the food went in; None when this isn't a
     /// campfire use, so the item's own use runs.
     pub(super) fn use_on_campfire(&mut self, pos: [i32; 3]) -> Result<Option<bool>> {
+        // `ServerPlayerGameMode.useItemOn`'s `suppressUsingBlock`: sneaking
+        // with a stack in either hand never reaches the block's `useItemOn`,
+        // so the food stays in the hand and the item's own use (eating)
+        // runs instead.
+        if self.keys.held(Action::Sneak) {
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
         let state = self.world.block(pos[0], pos[1], pos[2]);
         if !is_campfire(&self.res.facts().get(state).name) {
             return Ok(None);
@@ -60,6 +67,11 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             );
             self.mark_block_entity_updated(key);
         }
+        // `ServerPlayerGameMode.useItemOn` triggers ITEM_USED_ON_BLOCK with
+        // the stack before the use once `useItemOn` consumed the click, both
+        // when the food went in (SUCCESS_SERVER) and on a full campfire
+        // (CONSUME).
+        self.trigger_block("minecraft:item_used_on_block", pos, &held);
         Ok(Some(placed))
     }
 
@@ -198,3 +210,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         }
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[path = "campfire_tests.rs"]
+mod campfire_tests;

crates/horizon-client/src/game/campfire_tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+//! Campfire food placement's gate and criterion: `CampfireBlock.useItemOn`
+//! reached through `ServerPlayerGameMode.useItemOn`, which skips the block
+//! while sneaking with something in hand and then triggers
+//! ITEM_USED_ON_BLOCK for the use it consumed.
+use super::*;
+use crate::game::{Hit, native_machines::tests::server_game};
+use horizon_client::{
+    advancements::{Advancement, Criterion, Rewards, Tree},
+    held::Source,
+    items::ItemStack,
+    motion::PlayerMotion,
+};
+use horizon_core::geometry::Vec3;
+use horizon_world::lazy_json::LazyJson;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use winit::keyboard::KeyCode;
+
+/// A server game with a campfire at `pos` (its block entity too) and beef in
+/// the main hand, the click forced onto that block.
+fn campfire_game(pos: [i32; 3]) -> Game<'static> {
+    let mut game = server_game();
+    // A local player, not a dedicated server's silent world: criteria and
+    // statistics apply to them.
+    game.options.dedicated = None;
+    let state = game
+        .pack
+        .assets
+        .registry
+        .default_state("minecraft:campfire")
+        .unwrap();
+    game.world.set(pos[0], pos[1], pos[2], state).unwrap();
+    game.world.block_entities.put(
+        (pos[0], pos[1], pos[2]),
+        BlockEntity::Campfire(Box::default()),
+    );
+    let mut player = PlayerMotion::new(
+        game.motion,
+        Vec3::new(
+            f64::from(pos[0]) + 0.5,
+            f64::from(pos[1]),
+            f64::from(pos[2]) + 2.5,
+        ),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    // `Player.canEat`: hungry, so the beef's own use can start.
+    player.health.food.food = 6;
+    game.player = Some(player);
+    game.creative = false;
+    *game.held_mut() = Some(ItemStack::new("minecraft:beef", 4));
+    game.forced_hit = Some(Hit {
+        pos,
+        face: [0, 1, 0],
+        point: [
+            f64::from(pos[0]) + 0.5,
+            f64::from(pos[1]) + 1.0,
+            f64::from(pos[2]) + 0.5,
+        ],
+    });
+    game
+}
+
+/// The campfire's four cooking slots.
+fn slots(game: &Game<'_>, pos: [i32; 3]) -> usize {
+    match game.world.block_entities.get(&(pos[0], pos[1], pos[2])) {
+        Some(BlockEntity::Campfire(c)) => c.items.iter().filter(|i| i.is_some()).count(),
+        _ => panic!("no campfire block entity at {pos:?}"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// `ServerPlayerGameMode.useItemOn`: with something in hand, sneaking skips
+/// `state.useItemOn` entirely (`suppressUsingBlock`), so the beef is neither
+/// placed nor consumed; the item's own use, eating, starts instead. Without
+/// the sneak the campfire takes the beef, and the use it consumed triggers
+/// ITEM_USED_ON_BLOCK with the stack before the use.
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+fn a_sneak_keeps_the_food_and_placing_it_fires_item_used_on_block() {
+    const POS: [i32; 3] = [2, 4, 3];
+    let mut game = campfire_game(POS);
+    // The tree a data pack with one `item_used_on_block` criterion on this
+    // campfire would be indexed into.
+    let mut tree = Tree::default();
+    tree.list.push(Advancement {
+        id: "horizon:test/campfire".into(),
+        parent: None,
+        display: None,
+        criteria: vec![Criterion {
+            name: "food".into(),
+            trigger: "minecraft:item_used_on_block".into(),
+            conditions: LazyJson::from(serde_json::json!({
+                "location": {
+                    "type": "minecraft:location_check",
+                    "predicate": {"block": {"blocks": "minecraft:campfire"}}
+                }
+            })),
+        }],
+        requirements: vec![vec!["food".into()]],
+        rewards: Rewards::default(),
+    });
+    tree.by_id.insert("horizon:test/campfire".into(), 0);
+    tree.by_trigger
+        .insert("minecraft:item_used_on_block".into(), vec![(0, 0)]);
+    game.adv.tree = Arc::new(tree);
+    let hit = game.forced_hit.unwrap();
+    game.keys.press(KeyCode::ShiftLeft, Source::Keyboard);
+    assert!(game.use_hand(Some(&hit)).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(slots(&game, POS), 0, "the sneak put no beef on the fire");
+    assert_eq!(game.held().unwrap().count, 4, "the beef stayed in hand");
+    assert!(game.using.is_some(), "the beef is being eaten");
+    assert!(
+        !game.adv.progress.has("horizon:test/campfire", "food"),
+        "the skipped block use triggers nothing"
+    );
+    // Stop eating, let go of the sneak: the same click now feeds the fire.
+    game.using = None;
+    game.keys.release(&KeyCode::ShiftLeft, Source::Keyboard);
+    assert!(game.use_hand(Some(&hit)).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(slots(&game, POS), 1, "the beef went on the fire");
+    assert_eq!(game.held().unwrap().count, 3, "one beef was used");
+    assert!(game.using.is_none(), "the click was consumed");
+    assert!(
+        game.adv.progress.has("horizon:test/campfire", "food"),
+        "the placed food fired item_used_on_block"
+    );
+}

crates/horizon-client/src/game/combat.rs

@@ -608,7 +608,13 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         if !host && !guest {
             return;
         }
-        let message = self.mob_death_message(m, killer);
+        let mut built = Some(self.mob_death_message(m, killer));
+        let kind = super::native_hooks::mob_kind(m);
+        horizon_client::living_death::native_living_death_message(m.id, &kind, &mut built);
+        // A native mod may have changed the message, or set it to None to tell the owner nothing.
+        let Some(message) = built else {
+            return;
+        };
         if host {
             self.system_message(message);
         } else if let Some(lan) = &self.lan {

crates/horizon-client/src/game/commands.rs

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ pub(super) use data::place_summoned;
 mod effects;
 pub(super) mod execute;
 pub(super) mod extra;
+mod item_count;
 pub(in crate::game) mod items;
 mod misc;
 mod place;
@@ -3951,6 +3952,12 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             };
             let present = components.get(&id.as_str().into());
             let result = match term[split..].chars().next() {
+                // Both count wrappers in `ItemPredicateArgument` use the live
+                // stack count and the same integer bounds matcher.
+                Some('=' | '~') if id == "minecraft:count" => {
+                    let value = horizon_world::nbt::parse_snbt(term[split + 1..].trim());
+                    value.is_ok_and(|(v, _)| item_count::matches(stack.count, &v))
+                }
                 Some('=') => {
                     let value = horizon_world::nbt::parse_snbt(term[split + 1..].trim())
                         .ok()
@@ -3964,28 +3971,11 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                     }
                 }
                 Some('~') => {
-                    // Sub-predicates: `count` and component predicates.
+                    // Component sub-predicates.
                     let value = horizon_world::nbt::parse_snbt(term[split + 1..].trim())
                         .ok()
                         .map(|(t, _)| t);
                     match (id.as_str(), value) {
-                        ("minecraft:count", Some(v)) => {
-                            let n = i64::from(stack.count);
-                            match &v {
-                                horizon_world::nbt::Tag::Compound(_) => {
-                                    let get = |k: &str| match v.get(k) {
-                                        Some(horizon_world::nbt::Tag::Int(i)) => {
-                                            Some(i64::from(*i))
-                                        }
-                                        _ => None,
-                                    };
-                                    get("min").is_none_or(|m| n >= m)
-                                        && get("max").is_none_or(|m| n <= m)
-                                }
-                                horizon_world::nbt::Tag::Int(i) => n == i64::from(*i),
-                                _ => false,
-                            }
-                        }
                         // `MinMaxBounds.Ints.matches`: DamagePredicate's damage-only
                         // Int bounds shape; effective DAMAGE presence is required.
                         // Other fields keep the entire existing predicate path.
@@ -6044,3 +6034,7 @@ mod global_selector_order_tests {
         );
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[path = "item_count_predicate_tests.rs"]
+mod item_count_predicate_tests;

crates/horizon-client/src/game/commands/data.rs

@@ -516,9 +516,11 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                     new.glow = old.glow;
                     // ItemFrame.readAdditionalSaveData: ItemStack.matches includes
                     // count, item and components, before adopting the new stack.
+                    // It compares the stack as read; setItem keeps one of it
+                    // only after, as `new.item` already does.
+                    let read = tag.get("Item").and_then(save::item_from_nbt);
                     if old.item.as_ref().is_some_and(|a| {
-                        new.item
-                            .as_ref()
+                        read.as_ref()
                             .is_none_or(|b| a.count != b.count || !a.same_item_same_components(b))
                     }) {
                         let old = old.clone();

crates/horizon-client/src/game/commands/item_count.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//! The `count` wrapper of an item predicate (`ItemPredicateArgument`): both
+//! `count=` and `count~` read the live stack count.
+
+use horizon_world::nbt::Tag;
+
+/// `MinMaxBounds.Ints.matches` on the stack count: an exact Int, or a
+/// compound with optional Int `min` and `max`.
+pub(super) fn matches(count: impl Into<i64>, want: &Tag) -> bool {
+    let n = count.into();
+    match want {
+        Tag::Compound(_) => {
+            let get = |k: &str| match want.get(k) {
+                Some(Tag::Int(i)) => Some(i64::from(*i)),
+                _ => None,
+            };
+            get("min").is_none_or(|m| n >= m) && get("max").is_none_or(|m| n <= m)
+        }
+        Tag::Int(i) => n == i64::from(*i),
+        _ => false,
+    }
+}

crates/horizon-client/src/game/commands/items.rs

@@ -535,6 +535,15 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         let Some(stack) = stack.filter(|s| &*s.item != "minecraft:air" && s.count > 0) else {
             return true;
         };
+        // SulfurCube.getEquipmentSlotForItem: a swallowable item is a body item.
+        if let Slot::Mob(id, "body") = s
+            && self.mobs.iter().find(|m| m.id == *id).is_some_and(|m| {
+                m.species() == horizon_client::mobs::Species::SulfurCube
+                    && horizon_client::mobs::sulfur_cube::swallowable(m, &stack.item)
+            })
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
         self.items()
             .get(&stack.item)
             .is_some_and(|info| info.equip_slot.as_deref() == Some(name))
@@ -1979,6 +1988,31 @@ mod mob_equipment_command_tests {
             }
         });
     }
+    /// `SulfurCube.getEquipmentSlotForItem`: a `#sulfur_cube_swallowable`
+    /// item is a body item, so the body's `SlotAccess` takes it (#12038).
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+    fn a_sulfur_cubes_body_takes_a_swallowable_block() {
+        with_game(|game| {
+            assert!(game.run_command("summon sulfur_cube 4.5 200 4.5 {NoAI:1b,Tags:[\"cube\"]}"));
+            let body = |game: &Game<'_>| {
+                let m = game
+                    .mobs
+                    .iter()
+                    .find(|m| m.kind.id == "minecraft:sulfur_cube");
+                m.and_then(|m| m.extra.body.clone())
+            };
+            let replace = "item replace entity @e[tag=cube,limit=1] armor.body with";
+            assert!(game.run_command(&format!("{replace} white_wool")));
+            assert_eq!(body(game).as_deref(), Some("minecraft:white_wool"));
+            // An item outside the tag stays out, and the body stays on.
+            assert!(!game.run_command(&format!("{replace} diamond")));
+            assert_eq!(body(game).as_deref(), Some("minecraft:white_wool"));
+            // An empty stack always fits: the body comes off.
+            assert!(game.run_command(&format!("{replace} air")));
+            assert_eq!(body(game), None);
+        });
+    }
     #[test]
     #[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
     fn effective_item_composition_rejects_before_destination_mutation() {

crates/horizon-client/src/game/commands/terrain_cmds.rs

@@ -770,7 +770,13 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                 let mut pending = crate::game::spill::Pending::default();
                 let key = (p[0], p[1], p[2]);
                 let has_block_entity = if let Some(entity) = self.world.block_entities.get(&key) {
-                    pending.record(p, entity, &name, self.world.block_names.get(&key).cloned());
+                    pending.record(
+                        p,
+                        entity,
+                        &name,
+                        self.world.block_names.get(&key).cloned(),
+                        self.world.block_lock(key),
+                    );
                     true
                 } else if let Some(saved) = self.block_entity_nbt(p) {
                     pending.record_saved(p, &saved);

crates/horizon-client/src/game/creatures.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 //! chunk-generation spawning (`NaturalSpawner`), mob events (attacks,
 //! breeding, conversions, drops), projectiles, player interactions
 //! (feeding, shearing, milking, spawn eggs, throwing) and rendering.
+mod bred_draws;
 mod mob_geometry;
 mod projectile_world;
 mod pufferfish_player;
@@ -3869,18 +3870,18 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             q.extra.in_love = 0;
         }
         let q = self.mobs.iter().find(|m| m.id == partner).cloned();
-        // Animal.finalizeSpawnChildFromBreeding: entity event 18 for the parent.
-        self.mob_event_particles(parent, 18);
+        // Animal.finalizeSpawnChildFromBreeding's heart burst, not a turtle's.
+        if p.species() != Species::Turtle {
+            self.mob_event_particles(parent, 18);
+        }
         // Sniffer.spawnChildFromBreeding: an egg instead of a baby.
         if p.species() == Species::Sniffer {
             self.lay_sniffer_egg(&p);
             return;
         }
-        // TurtleBreedGoal.breed: the goal gave the mother her egg; only the
-        // experience is left, and only with mob loot on.
+        // TurtleBreedGoal.breed and Frog.spawnChildFromBreeding: only experience.
         if matches!(p.species(), Species::Turtle | Species::Frog) {
-            // One `new ExperienceOrb` of 1 to 7 from the mother's random (not
-            // split up as `ExperienceOrb.award` does).
+            // One `new ExperienceOrb` of 1 to 7 from the mother's random.
             if self.ui.rules.bool("mob_drops")
                 && let Some(m) = self.mobs.iter_mut().find(|m| m.id == parent)
             {
@@ -3889,9 +3890,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             }
             return;
         }
-        // (Mooshroom draws its own coin in getOffspringVariant.)
-        let coin = p.species() != Species::Mooshroom
-            && self.world.random.next_int_bound(2).unwrap_or(0) == 0;
+        let coin = self.bred_coat_coin(parent, p.species());
         // Axolotl.getBreedOffspring: useRareVariant (one in 1200) makes it blue,
         // else either parent's variant. The draws come from the mother's random.
         let axolotl = if p.species() == Species::Axolotl {
@@ -3943,7 +3942,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             // No Mob.finalizeSpawn either: no follow range bonus, right-handed.
             spawning::bred_offspring(child);
             // getBreedOffspring creates the baby without finalizeSpawn: it keeps
-            // the default (`classic`) sound variant.
+            // the default (`classic`) sound variant (a wolf picks its own below).
             child.extra.sound_variant = None;
             // Fox.getBreedOffspring runs no finalizeSpawn: nothing in the
             // baby fox's mouth.
@@ -4058,6 +4057,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                         c.extra.color = mixed;
                     }
                 }
+                self.pick_bred_wolf_voice(parent, id);
                 self.breeding_orb(parent, [p.position.x, p.position.y, p.position.z]);
                 return;
             }
@@ -4546,6 +4546,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         // The impacts the mods may cancel (`native_projectile_impact`), on a server.
         let hear = self.native_hears_impacts();
         let mut impacts: Vec<Impact> = Vec::new();
+        let mut vehicle_winds = self.vehicle_winds();
         {
             let targets = self.projectile_targets();
             let breezes: Vec<u32> = self
@@ -4653,6 +4654,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                 };
                 // The projectile as it was, to fly on if a mod cancels its impact.
                 let before = (hear && !p.stuck).then(|| p.clone());
+                let wind_before = vehicle_winds.before(p);
                 let mob_shot = !matches!(p.owner, Some(Who::Player));
                 // A player's arrows, snowballs and eggs meet every player; a
                 // guest's flies from that guest (Projectile.getOwner), not
@@ -4787,6 +4789,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                     keep_flags[i] = false;
                     continue;
                 }
+                vehicle_winds.met(wind_before, hit);
                 if hit != Hit::None {
                     if let Some(before) = before {
                         impacts.push(Impact {
@@ -4859,6 +4862,9 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         }
         self.creatures.projectiles.append(&mut projectiles);
         for (p, hit) in hits {
+            let Some((p, hit)) = self.broken_vehicle_retick(p, hit, &mut vehicle_winds) else {
+                continue;
+            };
             // A player's arrow on another player lands as the victim's hurt.
             if let Some(victim) = self.projectile_pvp_victim(&p, hit) {
                 self.projectile_hits_player(&p, hit, victim)?;
@@ -4973,17 +4979,6 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             8.0,
         )
     }
-    /// A projectile's hurt of `amount` on the boat or minecart `id`
-    /// (`VehicleEntity.hurtServer`): even 0 shakes it (`Snowball`, `ThrownEgg`,
-    /// `ThrownEnderpearl` `.onHitEntity`), 5 from a small fireball destroys it.
-    fn hurt_vehicle(&mut self, p: &Projectile, id: u32, amount: f32) {
-        let creative = p.owner == Some(Who::Player) && self.creative;
-        if let Some(i) = self.boats.iter().position(|b| b.id == id) {
-            self.hurt_boat(i, amount, creative);
-        } else if let Some(i) = self.carts.iter().position(|c| c.id == id) {
-            self.hurt_cart(i, amount, creative, false);
-        }
-    }
     /// `BellBlock.onProjectileHit`: a projectile that strikes the bell proper
     /// rings it, and a player's shot counts as the player's ring.
     fn bell_projectile_hit(
@@ -5168,19 +5163,16 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             ArrowEvent::ShootEvent | ArrowEvent::Drop => {}
         }
     }
-    /// `Level.isRainingAt` for arrows.
+    /// The boats, minecarts and primed TNT a projectile can strike
+    /// (`VehicleEntity.isPickable`, `PrimedTnt.isPickable`).
+    pub(super) fn pickable_object_targets(&self) -> Vec<(Who, Aabb)> {
+        let boats = self.boats.iter().map(|b| (Who::Mob(b.id), b.bounds()));
+        let carts = self.carts.iter().map(|c| (Who::Mob(c.id), c.bounds()));
+        let tnts = self.tnts.iter().map(|t| (Who::Mob(t.id), t.bounds()));
+        boats.chain(carts).chain(tnts).collect()
+    }
     /// What a projectile can hit: the mobs, the player, the dragon's parts and
     /// the End crystals (under reserved ids, game/dragon.rs).
-    /// The boats and minecarts a projectile can strike.
-    pub(super) fn vehicle_targets(&self) -> Vec<(Who, Aabb)> {
-        let mut targets: Vec<(Who, Aabb)> = self
-            .boats
-            .iter()
-            .map(|b| (Who::Mob(b.id), b.bounds()))
-            .collect();
-        targets.extend(self.carts.iter().map(|c| (Who::Mob(c.id), c.bounds())));
-        targets
-    }
     pub(super) fn projectile_targets(&self) -> Vec<(Who, Aabb)> {
         let mut targets: Vec<(Who, Aabb)> = self
             .mobs
@@ -5198,9 +5190,9 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|(id, b)| (Who::Mob(id), b)),
         );
-        // Boats and minecarts are pickable for every projectile
-        // (`VehicleEntity.isPickable`), so every kind shares this one list.
-        targets.extend(self.vehicle_targets());
+        // Boats, minecarts and primed TNT are pickable for every projectile,
+        // so every kind shares this one list.
+        targets.extend(self.pickable_object_targets());
         targets
     }
     pub(super) fn arrow_rain(&self) -> impl Fn(BlockPos) -> bool + '_ {

crates/horizon-client/src/game/creatures/bred_draws.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+//! The breeding parent's own random in `getBreedOffspring`: the offspring's
+//! coat coin and a wolf pup's voice.
+use super::super::Game;
+use horizon_client::mobs::Species;
+use horizon_core::random::RandomSource;
+
+impl Game<'_> {
+    /// Cow, Pig, Chicken, Fox, Cat and Wolf.getBreedOffspring: the offspring's
+    /// variant coin is the breeding parent's own first draw, not the level's.
+    /// (Mooshroom draws its own coin in getOffspringVariant.)
+    pub(super) fn bred_coat_coin(&mut self, parent: u32, species: Species) -> bool {
+        matches!(
+            species,
+            Species::Cow
+                | Species::Pig
+                | Species::Chicken
+                | Species::Fox
+                | Species::Cat
+                | Species::Wolf
+        ) && self
+            .mobs
+            .iter_mut()
+            .find(|m| m.id == parent)
+            .is_some_and(|m| m.random.next_boolean())
+    }
+    /// WolfSoundVariants.pickRandomSoundVariant: Registry.getRandom over the
+    /// wolf voice registry, from the parent's own random, after the collar
+    /// colour's mix.
+    pub(super) fn pick_bred_wolf_voice(&mut self, parent: u32, child: u32) {
+        let voices = horizon_client::mobs::finalize::sound_variants(Species::Wolf);
+        let voice = self.mobs.iter_mut().find(|m| m.id == parent).and_then(|m| {
+            let i = m.random.next_int_bound(voices.len() as i32).ok()?;
+            Some(i as u8)
+        });
+        if let Some(c) = self.mobs.iter_mut().find(|m| m.id == child) {
+            c.extra.sound_variant = voice;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::super::*;
+
+    /// `Cow`, `Pig`, `Chicken`, `Fox`, `Cat` and `Wolf.getBreedOffspring` draw
+    /// the offspring's coat from the breeding parent's own random, and only a
+    /// wolf picks a voice there (`WolfSoundVariants.pickRandomSoundVariant`,
+    /// that same random, after the collar colour's mix). The level's random
+    /// answers neither: two runs that differ only in the level's seed must
+    /// agree, and the parent's stream must read as vanilla's own draws in
+    /// vanilla's order.
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "needs prepared resources (HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES)"]
+    fn a_pup_takes_its_coat_and_voice_from_the_parents_own_random() {
+        use horizon_core::random::{LegacyRandom, RandomSource};
+        // The voice registry, not a hardcoded count of wolf voices.
+        let voices = horizon_client::mobs::finalize::sound_variants(Species::Wolf).len() as i32;
+        assert!(voices > 1, "a wolf has several voices");
+        let cases = [
+            ("minecraft:wolf", 2u8, 8u8),
+            ("minecraft:wolf", 6, 0),
+            ("minecraft:cow", 1, 0),
+            ("minecraft:pig", 2, 0),
+            ("minecraft:chicken", 0, 1),
+            ("minecraft:fox", 1, 0),
+            ("minecraft:cat", 4, 0),
+        ];
+        let mut heard = std::collections::BTreeSet::new();
+        // One server game: its resources load once, and only the level's seed
+        // and the pair change between runs.
+        let mut game = super::super::super::native_machines::tests::server_game();
+        for (n, &(kind, own, mate)) in cases.iter().enumerate() {
+            // Independent entity randoms, kept clear of the ids the spawner
+            // hands out: the parent is `part`, the partner `mate_id`.
+            let parent_seed = 4_242 + 1_009 * n as i64;
+            let mut outcomes = Vec::new();
+            for (r, level_seed) in [11i64, 2_000_003].into_iter().enumerate() {
+                game.world.random = LegacyRandom::new(level_seed);
+                game.mobs.clear();
+                let (part, mate_id) = (7u32, 8u32);
+                // Ids the spawner hands out stay clear of the pair's.
+                game.next_entity = 1_000 + 10 * n as u32 + 2 * r as u32;
+                let t = game
+                    .res
+                    .mob_types()
+                    .get(kind)
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("a {kind}"))
+                    .clone();
+                for (id, variant) in [(part, own), (mate_id, mate)] {
+                    let mut m = Mob::new(id, t.clone(), Vec3::new(8.5, 64.0, 8.5), 0.0);
+                    m.random = LegacyRandom::new(parent_seed + i64::from(id));
+                    m.extra.variant = variant;
+                    m.extra.in_love = 600;
+                    game.mobs.push(m);
+                }
+                game.breed(part, mate_id, None);
+                let child = game
+                    .mobs
+                    .iter()
+                    .find(|m| m.id != part && m.id != mate_id)
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{kind}: a pup"));
+                assert_eq!(child.extra.age, -24000, "{kind}: a baby");
+                // What the parent's own stream answers, draw for draw.
+                let mut expected = LegacyRandom::new(parent_seed + i64::from(part));
+                let coin = expected.next_boolean();
+                let coat = if coin { own } else { mate };
+                let voice = (kind == "minecraft:wolf").then(|| {
+                    let i = expected.next_int_bound(voices).unwrap() as u8;
+                    heard.insert(i);
+                    i
+                });
+                assert_eq!(
+                    child.extra.variant, coat,
+                    "{kind}: the parent's coin picks the coat (level seed {level_seed})"
+                );
+                assert_eq!(
+                    child.extra.sound_variant, voice,
+                    "{kind}: the parent's next draw picks the voice (level seed {level_seed})"
+                );
+                // The stream ends where vanilla's does: the coin, a wolf's
+                // voice, then finalizeSpawnChildFromBreeding's 1-to-7 roll.
+                if game.ui.rules.bool("mob_drops") {
+                    let _ = expected.next_int_bound(7);
+                }
+                let mut parent = game
+                    .mobs
+                    .iter()
+                    .find(|m| m.id == part)
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .random
+                    .clone();
+                for _ in 0..4 {
+                    assert_eq!(
+                        parent.next_int(),
+                        expected.next_int(),
+                        "{kind}: the parent's stream goes on where vanilla leaves it"
+                    );
+                }
+                outcomes.push((child.extra.variant, child.extra.sound_variant));
+            }
+            assert_eq!(
+                outcomes[0], outcomes[1],
+                "{kind}: the level's seed does not decide the pup"
+            );
+        }
+        assert!(heard.len() > 1, "the wolf's voices vary: {heard:?}");
+    }
+}

crates/horizon-client/src/game/creatures/projectile_world.rs

@@ -47,6 +47,9 @@ impl ProjectileWorld for ProjWorld<'_, '_> {
     fn in_water(&self, bounds: Aabb) -> bool {
         self.w.fluids(bounds, bounds.max_position().y).in_water
     }
+    fn pushed_by_currents(&self, bounds: Aabb, velocity: Vec3) -> Vec3 {
+        self.w.pushed_by_currents(bounds, velocity)
+    }
     fn targets(&self) -> &[(Who, Aabb)] {
         &self.targets
     }

crates/horizon-client/src/game/dispense_fixture.rs

@@ -1123,6 +1123,8 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             let mut stand = horizon_client::entities::ArmorStand::new(id, at, yaw);
             stand.marker = e["marker"].as_bool().unwrap_or(false);
             stand.on_ground = e["ground"].as_bool().unwrap_or(false);
+            stand.show_arms = e["arms"].as_bool().unwrap_or(false);
+            stand.disabled_slots = e["disabled"].as_i64().unwrap_or(0) as i32;
             if let Some(last_hit) = e["last_hit"].as_i64() {
                 stand.last_hit = last_hit;
             }

crates/horizon-client/src/game/dispenser.rs

@@ -85,6 +85,14 @@ fn block_box(p: Pos) -> Aabb {
         Vec3::new(f64::from(p.0 + 1), f64::from(p.1 + 1), f64::from(p.2 + 1)),
     )
 }
+/// `EntitySectionStorage.forEachAccessibleNonEmptySection`: x ascending, then
+/// the packed key (`SectionPos.asLong`: z as 22 unsigned bits, then y as 20);
+/// within a section the entities go in the order they joined, which ids follow.
+fn section_order(at: Vec3) -> (i32, u32, u32) {
+    let s = |v: f64| (v.floor() as i32) >> 4;
+    let (x, y, z) = (s(at.x), s(at.y), s(at.z));
+    (x, z as u32 & 0x3F_FFFF, y as u32 & 0xF_FFFF)
+}
 fn overlaps(a: Aabb, b: Aabb) -> bool {
     let (a0, a1, b0, b1) = (
         a.min_position(),
@@ -131,6 +139,8 @@ fn optional_event(behaviour: &'static str) -> i32 {
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 enum Target {
     Player,
+    /// A server player, by connection: the integrated owner and every guest.
+    Guest(u32),
     Mob(usize),
     Stand(usize),
 }
@@ -459,7 +469,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             r.triangle(0.2, spread),
             r.triangle(f64::from(s[2]) * pow, spread),
         ];
-        self.spawn_item(stack, at, v, 0);
+        self.spawn_item_thrown(stack, at, v);
     }
     /// `DefaultDispenseItemBehavior.execute`: drop one item.
     fn default_execute(
@@ -719,34 +729,57 @@ impl Game<'_> {
 
     // ---- entities ----
 
-    /// Entities whose box overlaps the block at `p`, in the order the level
-    /// added them (an entity section keeps insertion order; ids grow with it).
+    /// Entities whose box overlaps the block at `p`, in `getEntitiesOfClass`
+    /// order ([`section_order`]): players are entities of the level like any
+    /// other, so they sort with the mobs and stands.
     fn targets_at(&self, p: Pos) -> Vec<Target> {
         let block = block_box(p);
-        let mut found: Vec<(u32, Target)> = self
+        let key = |at: Vec3, id: u32| (section_order(at), id);
+        let mut found: Vec<(_, Target)> = self
             .mobs
             .iter()
             .enumerate()
             .filter(|(_, m)| !m.removed && overlaps(m.bounds(), block))
-            .map(|(i, m)| (m.id, Target::Mob(i)))
+            .map(|(i, m)| (key(m.position, m.id), Target::Mob(i)))
             .collect();
         found.extend(
             self.armor_stands
                 .iter()
                 .enumerate()
                 .filter(|(_, s)| overlaps(s.bounds(), block))
-                .map(|(i, s)| (s.id, Target::Stand(i))),
+                .map(|(i, s)| (key(s.position, s.id), Target::Stand(i))),
         );
-        found.sort_by_key(|(id, _)| *id);
-        let mut out: Vec<Target> = found.into_iter().map(|(_, t)| t).collect();
+        // `ServerLevel.getEntities`: every player placed in this level, the
+        // integrated owner included (a server has no player of its own), its
+        // client loaded or not (it joins the level at placeNewPlayer/respawn).
+        if let Some(host) = &self.lan {
+            found.extend(
+                (host.hub.guests.iter())
+                    .filter(|g| host.hub.here(g) && !g.dead && !g.spectator())
+                    .filter(|g| overlaps(g.bounds(), block))
+                    .map(|g| {
+                        (
+                            key(
+                                Vec3::new(g.position[0], g.position[1], g.position[2]),
+                                g.entity_id as u32,
+                            ),
+                            Target::Guest(g.conn),
+                        )
+                    }),
+            );
+        }
         if let Some(v) = self.player_view()
             && v.alive
             && !self.spectator()
             && overlaps(v.bounds, block)
         {
-            out.push(Target::Player);
+            // The local player joins before the chunks around it load their
+            // entities (prepareLevels loads only saved tickets): the lowest id,
+            // 0 as `own_entity_id` has it.
+            found.push((key(v.position, 0), Target::Player));
         }
-        out
+        found.sort_by_key(|(k, _)| *k);
+        found.into_iter().map(|(_, t)| t).collect()
     }
     /// `EntityType.getYOffset(level, pos, false, box)`: [`Self::drop_offset_from`] without
     /// `movedUp`.
@@ -851,6 +884,22 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         self.spawn_jockeys(id, false);
         Some(id)
     }
+    /// `Player.setItemSlot` of a dispensed piece for the player in place:
+    /// `onEquipItem` plays the sound and the event; the modifiers follow.
+    fn put_on_player(&mut self, slot: Slot, one: &ItemStack) {
+        let name = match slot.armor_index() {
+            Some(i) => {
+                self.armor[i] = Some(one.clone());
+                ["head", "chest", "legs", "feet"][i]
+            }
+            None => {
+                self.offhand = Some(one.clone());
+                "offhand"
+            }
+        };
+        self.player_equipped(name, Some(one));
+        self.apply_equipment();
+    }
     /// `EquipmentDispenseItemBehavior.dispenseEquipment`: the first living
     /// entity in front that `canEquipWithDispenser` gets one of the item.
     fn dispense_equipment(&mut self, pos: Pos, facing: Direction, stack: &mut ItemStack) -> bool {
@@ -887,8 +936,23 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                         _ => slot.armor_index().is_some_and(|i| self.armor[i].is_none()),
                     }
             }
+            Target::Guest(conn) => {
+                allows("minecraft:player")
+                    && self
+                        .lan
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .and_then(|h| h.hub.guest(conn))
+                        .is_some_and(|g| match slot {
+                            Slot::OffHand => g.offhand.is_none(),
+                            _ => slot.armor_index().is_some_and(|i| g.armor[i].is_none()),
+                        })
+            }
+            // ArmorStand.canUseSlot: not a locked slot, and a hand needs arms.
             Target::Stand(i) => slot.stand_index().is_some_and(|s| {
-                allows("minecraft:armor_stand") && self.armor_stands[i].equipment[s].is_none()
+                let stand = &self.armor_stands[i];
+                allows("minecraft:armor_stand")
+                    && !stand.is_disabled(s)
+                    && stand.equipment[s].is_none()
             }),
             Target::Mob(i) => {
                 let m = &self.mobs[i];
@@ -905,20 +969,28 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         stack.count -= 1;
         // setItemSlot: onEquipItem plays the equip sound and the equip event.
         let (at, sound) = match target {
+            Target::Guest(conn) => {
+                // The guest's own turn: their state in place, so the slot, the
+                // sound, the game event and the equipment sync run as for the host.
+                let done = self
+                    .for_player(super::commands::Target::Guest(conn), |g| {
+                        g.put_on_player(slot, &one)
+                    })
+                    .is_some();
+                if !done {
+                    stack.count += 1;
+                    return false;
+                }
+                self.native_block_dispense_armor(
+                    self.dim.id(),
+                    [pos.0, pos.1, pos.2],
+                    &stack.item,
+                    "player",
+                );
+                return true;
+            }
             Target::Player => {
-                // Player.setItemSlot: onEquipItem plays the sound and the event.
-                let name = match slot.armor_index() {
-                    Some(i) => {
-                        self.armor[i] = Some(one.clone());
-                        ["head", "chest", "legs", "feet"][i]
-                    }
-                    None => {
-                        self.offhand = Some(one.clone());
-                        "offhand"
-                    }
-                };
-                self.player_equipped(name, Some(&one));
-                self.apply_equipment();
+                self.put_on_player(slot, &one);
                 self.native_block_dispense_armor(
                     self.dim.id(),
                     [pos.0, pos.1, pos.2],
@@ -953,7 +1025,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             }
             let who = match target {
                 Target::Mob(i) => Some(horizon_client::mobs::Who::Mob(self.mobs[i].id)),
-                Target::Player | Target::Stand(_) => None,
+                Target::Player | Target::Guest(_) | Target::Stand(_) => None,
             };
             let ctx = self.who_context(who, None);
             self.post_game_event("minecraft:equip", [at.x, at.y, at.z], ctx);
@@ -965,7 +1037,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             match target {
                 Target::Stand(_) => "armor_stand",
                 Target::Mob(_) => "mob",
-                Target::Player => "player",
+                Target::Player | Target::Guest(_) => "player",
             },
         );
         true
@@ -987,22 +1059,35 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         self.mobs.insert(i, m);
         self.handle_mob_events(events)
     }
-    /// A mob a bucket emptied: `setFromBucket` keeps it, then it calls out.
-    /// Fish and axolotls carry the flag itself (saved as `FromBucket`, read by
-    /// `requiresCustomPersistence`); the others stay persistent instead.
-    pub(super) fn mob_placed(&mut self, id: u32) -> Result<()> {
+    /// A mob a bucket emptied (`MobBucketItem.spawn`): the bucket's components
+    /// and entity data (`loadFromBucketTag`), then `setFromBucket(true)`, which
+    /// `requiresCustomPersistence` reads, then it calls out. Only the bucket's
+    /// data can make it persistent, not the spawn: `spawn_mob_at` creates a
+    /// persistent mob. A tadpole's setter does nothing: its `fromBucket` is
+    /// always true.
+    pub(super) fn mob_placed(&mut self, id: u32, stack: &ItemStack) -> Result<()> {
         if let Some(m) = self.mobs.iter_mut().find(|m| m.id == id) {
-            if matches!(
-                m.species(),
+            m.persistent = false;
+            horizon_client::entity_nbt::apply_item_components(m, stack);
+            match m.species() {
                 Species::Cod
-                    | Species::Salmon
-                    | Species::Pufferfish
-                    | Species::TropicalFish
-                    | Species::Axolotl
-            ) {
-                m.extra.from_bucket = true;
-            } else {
-                m.persistent = true;
+                | Species::Salmon
+                | Species::Pufferfish
+                | Species::TropicalFish
+                | Species::Axolotl => m.extra.from_bucket = true,
+                Species::SulfurCube => {
+                    // SulfurCube.loadFromBucketTag: its own lowercase keys, 0
+                    // and false when absent, whatever `Age` the data holds.
+                    let data = stack
+                        .data()
+                        .and_then(|c| c.other("minecraft:bucket_entity_data"));
+                    let age = data.and_then(|d| horizon_client::save::number(d.get("age")));
+                    m.extra.age = age.unwrap_or(0) as i32;
+                    m.extra.age_locked =
+                        data.is_some_and(|d| horizon_client::entity_nbt::flag(d, "age_locked"));
+                    m.extra.scratch[3] = 1;
+                }
+                _ => {}
             }
         }
         self.mob_ambient(id)
@@ -1353,13 +1438,10 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             self.evaporation_smoke([target.0, target.1, target.2]);
         }
         if let Some(kind) = mob {
-            // MobBucketItem.checkExtraContent: the mob (from the bucket, so
-            // persistent) calls out, then ENTITY_PLACE.
+            // MobBucketItem.checkExtraContent: the mob from the bucket calls
+            // out, then ENTITY_PLACE.
             if let Some(id) = self.spawn_mob_at(kind, target, true) {
-                if let Some(m) = self.mobs.iter_mut().find(|m| m.id == id) {
-                    horizon_client::entity_nbt::apply_item_components(m, &stack);
-                }
-                self.mob_placed(id)?;
+                self.mob_placed(id, &stack)?;
             }
             self.post_block_game_event(
                 "minecraft:entity_place",
@@ -2083,7 +2165,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                 };
                 (Holder::Player, v.bounds.center(), None)
             }
-            Target::Stand(_) => return false,
+            Target::Guest(_) | Target::Stand(_) => return false,
         };
         let area = Aabb::new(centre, centre).inflate(Vec3::new(16.0, 16.0, 16.0));
         let mut leashed: Vec<(u32, usize)> = self
@@ -2334,4 +2416,229 @@ mod tests {
             Some((None, 0))
         );
     }
+
+    use horizon_client::lan::{Joined, NetConfig, PlayerSender, guest::Guest, hub::HubConfig};
+    use horizon_protocol::packets::configuration::ClientInformation;
+    use std::sync::{Arc, atomic::AtomicI32, mpsc};
+
+    /// A server with no player of its own, an open hub and one guest (conn 2)
+    /// standing at (8.5, 200, 8.5) on a stone floor.
+    fn server_with_guest() -> Game<'static> {
+        let mut game = super::super::native_machines::tests::server_game();
+        game.build_registries();
+        game.set_allow_commands(true);
+        game.block_ticks
+            .add_empty_chunk(horizon_core::position::ChunkPos::new(0, 0))
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(game.run_command("fill 0 199 0 15 199 15 stone"));
+        game.lan_host(
+            super::super::lan::LanSettings {
+                port: 0,
+                guest_commands: true,
+                force_game_mode: false,
+            },
+            NetConfig {
+                announce: false,
+                ..NetConfig::loopback(0, "dispenser-equip-test".into(), 2)
+            },
+            HubConfig {
+                default_game_mode: 0,
+                guest_commands: true,
+                force_game_mode: false,
+                hardcore: false,
+                view_distance: 2,
+                simulation_distance: 2,
+                dimension: "minecraft:overworld".into(),
+                allow_flight: false,
+                seed: 0,
+                max_players: 2,
+                integrated: false,
+                levels: Default::default(),
+            },
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let (tx, _rx) = mpsc::channel();
+        let mut guest = Guest::new(
+            Joined {
+                conn: 2,
+                uuid: 208,
+                name: "Wearer".into(),
+                properties: Vec::new(),
+                info: ClientInformation::new(2),
+                brand: "test".into(),
+                sender: PlayerSender::new(tx, Arc::default()),
+                latency: Arc::new(AtomicI32::new(0)),
+                address: "127.0.0.1:25565".parse().unwrap(),
+                expected: false,
+                configured: Default::default(),
+            },
+            2,
+            [8.5, 200.0, 8.5],
+            2,
+        );
+        guest.dimension = "minecraft:overworld".into();
+        guest.placed = true;
+        guest.loaded = true;
+        game.lan.as_mut().unwrap().hub.guests.push(guest);
+        game
+    }
+
+    fn dispense_at_guest(game: &mut Game<'_>, item: &str) -> (bool, u32) {
+        let mut stack = ItemStack::new(item, 2);
+        // The dispenser sits one block over the guest's feet, facing down.
+        let done = game.dispense_equipment((8, 201, 8), Direction::Down, &mut stack);
+        (done, stack.count)
+    }
+
+    /// `EquipmentDispenseItemBehavior`: a server's player, the integrated
+    /// owner or a guest, takes the piece (a server has no player of its own).
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+    fn a_dispenser_equips_a_server_player_in_front() {
+        let mut game = server_with_guest();
+        assert!(game.player.is_none(), "the server thread has no player");
+        // The guest's feet are in block (8, 200, 8): the dispenser at y 201
+        // facing down targets the block under it.
+        let mut stack = ItemStack::new("minecraft:carved_pumpkin", 3);
+        assert!(game.dispense_equipment((8, 201, 8), Direction::Down, &mut stack));
+        assert_eq!(stack.count, 2);
+        let guest = game.lan.as_ref().unwrap().hub.guest(2).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            guest.armor[0].as_ref().map(|s| (&*s.item, s.count)),
+            Some(("minecraft:carved_pumpkin", 1))
+        );
+        // The head is taken now: a second pumpkin is not dispensed onto them.
+        assert!(!game.dispense_equipment((8, 201, 8), Direction::Down, &mut stack));
+        assert_eq!(stack.count, 2);
+        // A boots piece still has its own empty slot.
+        let (done, left) = dispense_at_guest(&mut game, "minecraft:iron_boots");
+        assert_eq!((done, left), (true, 1), "boots go on the free feet slot");
+        let guest = game.lan.as_ref().unwrap().hub.guest(2).unwrap();
+        assert!(guest.armor[3].is_some() && guest.armor[1].is_none());
+    }
+
+    /// A spectator is not a target (`canEquipWithDispenser`: `!isSpectator()`).
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+    fn a_dispenser_skips_a_spectator_and_a_dead_player() {
+        let mut game = server_with_guest();
+        for spectate in [true, false] {
+            let g = &mut game.lan.as_mut().unwrap().hub.guests[0];
+            g.game_mode = if spectate { 3 } else { 0 };
+            g.dead = !spectate;
+            let mut stack = ItemStack::new("minecraft:iron_helmet", 1);
+            assert!(!game.dispense_equipment((8, 201, 8), Direction::Down, &mut stack));
+            assert_eq!(stack.count, 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `ArmorStand.canUseSlot` through `isDisabled`: the first stand in front
+    /// that can wear the piece gets it. Bit `1 << filterBit` locks a slot
+    /// (head 4, chest 3, legs 2, feet 1); a hand needs arms.
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+    fn a_dispenser_skips_an_armor_stand_whose_slot_is_locked() {
+        use horizon_client::entities::ArmorStand;
+        let mut game = server_with_guest();
+        game.lan.as_mut().unwrap().hub.guests.clear();
+        let at = horizon_core::geometry::Vec3::new(8.5, 200.0, 8.5);
+        let mut stands = [(1, 1u32 << 4), (2, 0)].map(|(id, locked)| {
+            let mut s = ArmorStand::new(id, at, 0.0);
+            s.disabled_slots = locked as i32;
+            s
+        });
+        stands[0].show_arms = true;
+        game.armor_stands = stands.to_vec().into();
+        // The head-locked first stand is skipped for a helmet; the second wears it.
+        let mut stack = ItemStack::new("minecraft:iron_helmet", 1);
+        assert!(game.dispense_equipment((8, 201, 8), Direction::Down, &mut stack));
+        assert!(game.armor_stands[0].equipment[5].is_none());
+        assert!(game.armor_stands[1].equipment[5].is_some());
+        // The same stand takes chest armour: only its head is locked.
+        let mut stack = ItemStack::new("minecraft:iron_chestplate", 1);
+        assert!(game.dispense_equipment((8, 201, 8), Direction::Down, &mut stack));
+        assert!(game.armor_stands[0].equipment[4].is_some());
+        // Every stand locked for that slot: nothing takes it (the dispenser ejects it).
+        game.armor_stands[0].disabled_slots = 1 << 4;
+        game.armor_stands[1].disabled_slots = 1 << 4;
+        game.armor_stands[1].equipment[5] = None;
+        let mut stack = ItemStack::new("minecraft:iron_helmet", 1);
+        assert!(!game.dispense_equipment((8, 201, 8), Direction::Down, &mut stack));
+        assert_eq!(stack.count, 1);
+    }
+
+    /// A stand of entity id `id` standing at `x`, 200, `z`.
+    fn stand_at(id: u32, x: f64, z: f64) -> horizon_client::entities::ArmorStand {
+        let at = horizon_core::geometry::Vec3::new(x, 200.0, z);
+        horizon_client::entities::ArmorStand::new(id, at, 0.0)
+    }
+
+    /// A guest whose client is still on its loading screen (joined or
+    /// respawned, no ServerboundPlayerLoadedPacket yet) is in the level all the
+    /// same: `getEntitiesOfClass` finds it and it wears the piece.
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+    fn a_dispenser_equips_a_player_whose_client_is_still_loading() {
+        let mut game = server_with_guest();
+        let g = &mut game.lan.as_mut().unwrap().hub.guests[0];
+        (g.loaded, g.loading) = (false, true);
+        let (done, left) = dispense_at_guest(&mut game, "minecraft:iron_helmet");
+        assert_eq!((done, left), (true, 1));
+        let guest = game.lan.as_ref().unwrap().hub.guest(2).unwrap();
+        let head = guest.armor[0].as_ref().map(|s| &*s.item);
+        assert_eq!(head, Some("minecraft:iron_helmet"));
+    }
+
+    /// Players are entities of the level: in one section they go in join
+    /// order (entity ids) with the mobs and stands, not after them.
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+    fn a_player_and_a_stand_in_front_go_in_join_order() {
+        // (stand id, guest id) -> who wears the helmet: the lower id joined first.
+        for (stand_id, guest_id, guest_first) in [(7, 5, true), (3, 5, false)] {
+            let mut game = server_with_guest();
+            game.lan.as_mut().unwrap().hub.guests[0].entity_id = guest_id;
+            game.armor_stands = vec![stand_at(stand_id, 8.5, 8.5)].into();
+            let (done, _) = dispense_at_guest(&mut game, "minecraft:iron_helmet");
+            assert!(done);
+            let guest = game.lan.as_ref().unwrap().hub.guest(2).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(
+                guest.armor[0].is_some(),
+                guest_first,
+                "stand {stand_id}, guest {guest_id}"
+            );
+            assert_eq!(game.armor_stands[0].equipment[5].is_some(), !guest_first);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `forEachAccessibleNonEmptySection` walks sections before join order:
+    /// a stand whose feet are in section x 1 but whose box reaches into block
+    /// x 15 comes after one in section x 0, even with the lower id.
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+    fn a_dispenser_walks_entity_sections_before_ids() {
+        let mut game = server_with_guest();
+        game.lan.as_mut().unwrap().hub.guests.clear();
+        // Stand boxes are 0.5 wide: x 16.2 spans 15.95..16.45.
+        game.armor_stands = vec![stand_at(1, 16.2, 8.5), stand_at(2, 15.5, 8.5)].into();
+        let mut stack = ItemStack::new("minecraft:iron_helmet", 1);
+        assert!(game.dispense_equipment((15, 201, 8), Direction::Down, &mut stack));
+        assert!(game.armor_stands[0].equipment[5].is_none());
+        assert!(game.armor_stands[1].equipment[5].is_some());
+    }
+
+    /// `SectionPos.asLong` packs z (22 bits) over y (20 bits) under a fixed x,
+    /// and the section set is sorted as longs: z -1 packs as 0x3FFFFF << 20,
+    /// above z 0's 0; y -1 at z 0 packs as 0xFFFFF, below z 1's 1 << 20.
+    #[test]
+    fn sections_sort_as_their_packed_keys() {
+        use horizon_core::geometry::Vec3;
+        let at = |x: f64, y: f64, z: f64| super::section_order(Vec3::new(x, y, z));
+        assert!(at(0.0, 0.0, -1.0) > at(0.0, 0.0, 0.0));
+        assert!(at(0.0, -1.0, 0.0) < at(0.0, 0.0, 16.0));
+        assert!(at(0.0, -1.0, 0.0) > at(0.0, 0.0, 0.0));
+        // x is the outer loop, ascending as a signed coordinate.
+        assert!(at(-1.0, 0.0, 0.0) < at(0.0, 0.0, 0.0));
+        assert!(at(15.9, 0.0, 0.0) < at(16.0, 0.0, 0.0));
+    }
 }

crates/horizon-client/src/game/enderman_hurt_teleport_tests.rs

@@ -285,3 +285,109 @@ fn a_teleporting_shulker_leaves_its_rider_behind() {
     }
     assert!(teleported > 0, "no shulker teleported");
 }
+
+/// `Shulker.teleportSomewhere`: the teleport posts `GameEvent.TELEPORT` at
+/// the block it left, between its sound and level event 2016, so a sculk
+/// sensor where it stood hears the shulker arrive.
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+fn a_teleporting_shulker_posts_teleport_where_it_stood() {
+    let root = std::path::PathBuf::from(std::env::var_os("HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES").unwrap());
+    let mut game = floored_game(&root);
+    game.build_registries();
+    game.set_allow_commands(true);
+    // A sensor just above the shulker hears the vibration where it stands.
+    game.sculk_prepare();
+    assert!(game.run_command("setblock 8 5 8 sculk_sensor"));
+    game.sculk_sync_index();
+    let at = Vec3::new(8.5, 4.0, 8.5);
+    let old = [at.x, at.y, at.z];
+    // `LevelAccessor.gameEvent(Holder, BlockPos, ..)` centers the block.
+    let old_center = [at.x, at.y + 0.5, at.z];
+    let mut teleported = false;
+    for seed in 0..40 {
+        let id = 900 + seed as u32;
+        let mut mob = shulker(&game, id, at, seed);
+        // What `after_hurt` leaves for a low-health teleport.
+        mob.extra.flag = true;
+        let uuid = game.level.player_uuid;
+        let others: Vec<_> = game
+            .mobs
+            .iter()
+            .map(|m| super::creatures::seen(m, uuid))
+            .collect();
+        let mut level_random = game.world.random.clone();
+        let mut events = Vec::new();
+        {
+            let world = game.mob_world_base(&others);
+            horizon_client::mobs::shulker::run_pending_teleports(
+                &mut mob,
+                &world,
+                &mut level_random,
+                &mut events,
+            );
+        }
+        if mob.position.distance(at) <= 0.5 {
+            continue;
+        }
+        teleported = true;
+        let sound = events.iter().position(|e| {
+            matches!(e, MobEvent::Sound(name, p, ..) if *name == "entity.shulker.teleport" && *p == old)
+        });
+        let teleport = events.iter().position(|e| {
+            matches!(
+                e,
+                MobEvent::GameEvent { event, at: p, source, .. }
+                    if *event == "minecraft:teleport" && *p == old_center && *source == id
+            )
+        });
+        let level = events.iter().position(
+            |e| matches!(e, MobEvent::LevelEvent { id: 2016, pos, .. } if *pos == [8, 4, 8]),
+        );
+        assert!(
+            sound.is_some(),
+            "seed {seed}: no teleport sound: {events:?}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            teleport.is_some(),
+            "seed {seed}: no minecraft:teleport game event: {events:?}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            level.is_some(),
+            "seed {seed}: no level event 2016: {events:?}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            sound < teleport && teleport < level,
+            "seed {seed}: the game event is not between the sound and level event: {events:?}"
+        );
+        game.mobs.push(mob);
+        super::sculk::TEST_POSTED_EVENTS.with(|events| *events.borrow_mut() = Some(Vec::new()));
+        game.handle_mob_events(events).unwrap();
+        let posted: Vec<_> = super::sculk::TEST_POSTED_EVENTS.with(|events| {
+            events
+                .borrow_mut()
+                .take()
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+                .into_iter()
+                .filter(|(event, _, _)| *event == "minecraft:teleport")
+                .map(|(_, pos, source)| (pos, source))
+                .collect()
+        });
+        assert_eq!(
+            posted,
+            [(old_center, Some(horizon_client::mobs::Who::Mob(id)))],
+            "seed {seed}: the teleport event is posted from the shulker at its old position"
+        );
+        // The sensor above the old block holds that vibration.
+        game.chat_capture = Some(Vec::new());
+        assert!(game.run_command("data get block 8 5 8 listener.selector.event"));
+        let said = game.chat_capture.take().unwrap_or_default();
+        let said: String = said.iter().map(horizon_client::text::Text::plain).collect();
+        assert!(
+            said.contains("minecraft:teleport") && said.contains("[8.5d, 4.5d, 8.5d]"),
+            "seed {seed}: the sensor did not hear the teleport: {said}"
+        );
+        break;
+    }
+    assert!(teleported, "no shulker teleported");
+}

crates/horizon-client/src/game/entity.rs

@@ -262,6 +262,14 @@ pub(super) trait Entity: EntityRules {
     fn is_vehicle(&self) -> bool {
         false
     }
+    /// `Entity.getDimensionChangingDelay`, overridden by vehicles and projectiles.
+    fn dimension_changing_delay(&self) -> i32 {
+        horizon_client::nether_portal::ENTITY_DELAY
+    }
+    /// Whether movement applies portal block effects before Entity's base tick.
+    fn portal_after_move(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
     /// Where it stood at the start of its tick, for the kinds that store it
     /// (None: `portals.before` has it).
     fn portal_from(&self) -> Option<Vec3> {
@@ -323,7 +331,14 @@ impl RenderEntityBounds for Mob {
             self.species(),
             Species::Guardian | Species::ElderGuardian | Species::Phantom
         ) {
-            let radius = width.max(height) * 2.5 + 3.0;
+            // The model's root scales its appendages too (the elder guardian
+            // uses 2.35), so the margin must grow along with the model.
+            let root_scale = self.kind.model.pose[6..]
+                .iter()
+                .copied()
+                .map(f32::abs)
+                .fold(1.0, f32::max);
+            let radius = width.max(height) * 2.5 + 3.0 * f64::from(root_scale * self.model_scale());
             return Aabb::of_size(at, Vec3::new(radius * 2.0, radius * 2.0, radius * 2.0));
         }
 
@@ -1322,6 +1337,9 @@ impl Entity for ExperienceOrb {
 }
 
 impl Entity for Boat {
+    fn dimension_changing_delay(&self) -> i32 {
+        10
+    }
     fn set_on_ground(&mut self, on_ground: bool) {
         self.on_ground = on_ground;
     }
@@ -1397,6 +1415,9 @@ impl Entity for Boat {
 }
 
 impl Entity for Minecart {
+    fn dimension_changing_delay(&self) -> i32 {
+        10
+    }
     fn set_on_ground(&mut self, on_ground: bool) {
         self.on_ground = on_ground;
     }
@@ -1723,6 +1744,16 @@ impl Entity for FallingBlock {
 }
 
 impl Entity for Projectile {
+    fn portal_after_move(&self) -> bool {
+        !matches!(
+            self.kind,
+            horizon_client::projectiles::ProjectileKind::LlamaSpit
+                | horizon_client::projectiles::ProjectileKind::ShulkerBullet { .. }
+        )
+    }
+    fn dimension_changing_delay(&self) -> i32 {
+        2
+    }
     fn rotation(&self) -> [f32; 2] {
         [self.yaw, self.pitch]
     }
@@ -1843,6 +1874,9 @@ impl Entity for Projectile {
 }
 
 impl Entity for Rocket {
+    fn dimension_changing_delay(&self) -> i32 {
+        2
+    }
     fn rotation(&self) -> [f32; 2] {
         self.rotation
     }
@@ -1910,6 +1944,12 @@ impl Entity for Rocket {
 }
 
 impl Entity for ThrownTrident {
+    fn portal_after_move(&self) -> bool {
+        true
+    }
+    fn dimension_changing_delay(&self) -> i32 {
+        2
+    }
     fn rotation(&self) -> [f32; 2] {
         [self.yaw, self.pitch]
     }

crates/horizon-client/src/game/explosion.rs

@@ -1130,7 +1130,8 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         }
         if let Some(entity) = self.world.block_entities.get(&key).cloned() {
             let custom = self.world.block_names.get(&key).cloned();
-            self.pending.record(pos, &entity, &name, custom);
+            self.pending
+                .record(pos, &entity, &name, custom, self.world.block_lock(key));
         } else if let Some(tag) = super::spill::saved_entity(&self.world, pos) {
             self.pending.record_saved(pos, &tag);
         }
@@ -1793,3 +1794,158 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod shulker_lock_drop_tests {
+    use super::super::native_machines::tests::server_game;
+    use super::*;
+    use horizon_client::{containers::BlockEntity, save};
+    use horizon_world::nbt::Tag;
+
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES and scratch homes/cwd"]
+    fn destruction_captures_the_external_shulker_lock_before_removal() {
+        let mut game = server_game();
+        game.build_registries();
+        game.set_allow_commands(true);
+        game.block_ticks
+            .add_empty_chunk(BlockPos::new(0, 0, 0).chunk())
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(game.run_command("fill 0 199 0 15 199 15 stone"));
+        assert!(
+            game.ui.rules.bool("block_drops"),
+            "actual drop rule must be enabled"
+        );
+        game.creative = false;
+        game.selected = 0;
+        game.inventory[0] = Some(ItemStack::new("minecraft:diamond_pickaxe", 1));
+        let clock = game.world.game_time;
+        let mut missing = Vec::new();
+        for (x, z, kind, locked, route) in [
+            (3, 3, "shulker_box", true, "command"),
+            (11, 3, "shulker_box", true, "player"),
+            (3, 11, "shulker_box", true, "explosion"),
+            (11, 11, "red_shulker_box", false, "command"),
+            (7, 3, "chest", true, "command"),
+            (7, 11, "crafter", true, "command"),
+        ] {
+            let shulker = kind.ends_with("shulker_box");
+            let mut fields = Vec::new();
+            if shulker {
+                fields.push("CustomName:\"Box\"");
+                fields.push("Items:[{Slot:0b,id:\"minecraft:diamond\",count:3,components:{\"minecraft:custom_data\":{h211:1}}},{Slot:26b,id:\"minecraft:apple\",count:5}]");
+            }
+            if locked {
+                fields.push("lock:{items:\"minecraft:diamond\"}");
+            }
+            assert!(game.run_command(&format!(
+                "setblock {x} 200 {z} minecraft:{kind}{{{}}}",
+                fields.join(",")
+            )));
+            let pos = [x, 200, z];
+            let key = (x, 200, z);
+            assert_eq!(
+                &*game.res.facts().get(game.world.block(x, 199, z)).name,
+                "minecraft:stone",
+                "positive floor"
+            );
+            let actual_lock = game.world.block_lock(key).cloned();
+            assert_eq!(actual_lock.is_some(), locked, "actual external source lock");
+            if locked {
+                assert!(matches!(&actual_lock,Some(Tag::Compound(c)) if !c.is_empty()));
+            }
+            let entity = game
+                .world
+                .block_entities
+                .get(&key)
+                .expect("actual command-created source");
+            assert!(
+                save::encode_block_entity(key, entity, &format!("minecraft:{kind}"))
+                    .get("lock")
+                    .is_none(),
+                "external lock must not be invented in modeled serializer"
+            );
+            if shulker {
+                let BlockEntity::Chest(slots) = entity else {
+                    panic!("modeled shulker inventory missing");
+                };
+                assert_eq!(slots[0].as_ref().unwrap().count, 3);
+                assert_eq!(slots[26].as_ref().unwrap().count, 5);
+                assert_eq!(
+                    game.world.block_names.get(&key),
+                    Some(&Tag::String("Box".into()))
+                );
+            }
+            let start = game.dropped.len();
+            match route {
+                "command" => {
+                    assert!(game.run_command(&format!("setblock {x} 200 {z} air destroy")))
+                }
+                "player" => game.break_block(pos).unwrap(),
+                "explosion" => game
+                    .server_explode(
+                        pos.map(|v| f64::from(v) + 0.5),
+                        2.0,
+                        BlockInteraction::Destroy,
+                        false,
+                    )
+                    .unwrap(),
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            }
+            game.flush_spill();
+            assert!(
+                game.res.facts().is_air(game.world.block(x, 200, z)),
+                "actual destruction occurred: {route}"
+            );
+            assert!(!game.world.block_entities.contains_key(&key));
+            assert!(
+                game.world.block_lock(key).is_none(),
+                "actual external source was removed"
+            );
+            let item_id = format!("minecraft:{kind}");
+            let drops: Vec<_> = game.dropped[start..]
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|d| *d.stack.item == item_id)
+                .collect();
+            assert_eq!(drops.len(), 1, "actual one-item drop: {kind}/{route}");
+            let stack = &drops[0].stack;
+            assert_eq!(stack.count, 1);
+            let data = stack.data();
+            let dropped_lock = data.and_then(|d| d.other("minecraft:lock"));
+            if shulker {
+                let data = data.expect("actual shulker components");
+                assert_eq!(data.custom_name, Some(Tag::String("Box".into())));
+                let slots = &data.container;
+                assert_eq!(slots.len(), 2);
+                let diamond = &slots.iter().find(|(slot, _)| *slot == 0).unwrap().1;
+                assert_eq!((&*diamond.item, diamond.count), ("minecraft:diamond", 3));
+                assert_eq!(
+                    diamond
+                        .data()
+                        .and_then(|d| d.other("minecraft:custom_data"))
+                        .and_then(|t| t.get("h211")),
+                    Some(&Tag::Int(1))
+                );
+                assert_eq!(
+                    slots.iter().find(|(slot, _)| *slot == 26).unwrap().1.count,
+                    5
+                );
+            }
+            if shulker && locked {
+                if dropped_lock != actual_lock.as_ref() {
+                    missing.push((route, dropped_lock.cloned(), actual_lock));
+                }
+            } else {
+                assert!(
+                    dropped_lock.is_none(),
+                    "non-shulker/unlocked policy unchanged"
+                );
+            }
+            assert_eq!(game.world.game_time, clock, "zero observation ticks");
+        }
+        assert!(
+            missing.is_empty(),
+            "actual external lock lost at destruction capture sites: {missing:?}"
+        );
+    }
+}

crates/horizon-client/src/game/falling_blocks.rs

@@ -3,6 +3,66 @@
 use super::*;
 
 impl Game<'_> {
+    /// Cache only model-dependent work, never an entity's seed, light or pose.
+    pub(super) fn falling_model_vertices(
+        &self,
+        state: BlockStateId,
+        start_pos: BlockPos,
+        origin: glam::Vec3,
+        light: u32,
+        out: &mut Vec<Vertex>,
+    ) {
+        // `FallingBlockRenderer`: the model is picked by the block's starting position.
+        let seed = horizon_core::random::position_seed(start_pos);
+        let Ok(models) = self.pack.render.model_catalog.collect_seeded(state, seed) else {
+            return;
+        };
+        // Baked models live at stable addresses until the pack is replaced.
+        // Keep multipart order and duplicates: both affect the emitted vertices.
+        let mut cache = self.falling_vertices.borrow_mut();
+        let entries = cache.entry(state).or_default();
+        let index = entries.iter().position(|(ptrs, _)| {
+            ptrs.iter()
+                .copied()
+                .eq(models.iter().map(|(_, m)| *m as *const _ as usize))
+        });
+        let index = index.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let mut vertices = Vec::new();
+            self.block_model_vertices(state, seed, glam::Mat4::IDENTITY, 0, false, &mut vertices);
+            // Preserve the original coordinates, including signed zero, rather
+            // than composing an identity transform with the frame's translation.
+            let positions = models.iter().flat_map(|(_, model)| {
+                model
+                    .faces
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter(|face| {
+                        self.pack
+                            .layer_names
+                            .get(&face.layer)
+                            .is_some_and(|name| self.gui.atlas.sprites.contains_key(name))
+                    })
+                    .flat_map(|face| face.quad.positions)
+            });
+            for (vertex, pos) in vertices.iter_mut().zip(positions) {
+                vertex.pos = pos;
+            }
+            let ptrs = models
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(_, m)| *m as *const _ as usize)
+                .collect();
+            entries.push((ptrs, vertices));
+            entries.len() - 1
+        });
+        let start = out.len();
+        out.extend_from_slice(&entries[index].1);
+        let matrix = glam::Mat4::from_translation(origin);
+        for vertex in &mut out[start..] {
+            vertex.pos = matrix
+                .transform_point3(glam::Vec3::from_array(vertex.pos))
+                .to_array();
+            vertex.light = light;
+        }
+    }
     /// FallingBlockEntity.tick: fall with 0.04 gravity and 0.98F drag, then land.
     /// One falling block's `tick`: places or drops its block in its own tick,
     /// so a block falling onto one that just landed lands on top of it. `i` is
@@ -14,6 +74,25 @@ impl Game<'_> {
     /// shifted every block after it twice, for every falling block, every tick.
     /// One that lands, drops or goes leaves the list before its block is placed
     /// or dropped, as before; on an error the list keeps it as it was.
+    /// The end of a piston's `Entity.move(MoverType.PISTON, …)` for falling
+    /// block `i` after a step of `moved`: `checkFallDamage` adds the drop and,
+    /// on the ground, runs fallOn and posts HIT_GROUND after a fall, then
+    /// forgets it, so its own next tick does not land again.
+    pub(super) fn finish_falling_piston_move(&mut self, i: usize, moved: Vec3) {
+        let mut f = self.falling[i].clone();
+        if moved.y < 0.0 {
+            f.fall_distance -= f64::from(moved.y as f32);
+        }
+        if f.on_ground {
+            self.falling_block_impact(&mut f);
+            if f.fall_distance > 0.0 {
+                let bounds = horizon_client::falling_block::bounds(f.position);
+                self.post_landing_event(f.position, bounds, false);
+            }
+            f.fall_distance = 0.0;
+        }
+        self.falling[i] = f;
+    }
     pub(super) fn tick_one_falling(&mut self, i: usize, entities: &[Aabb]) -> Result<()> {
         let entity_drops = self.ui.rules.bool("entity_drops");
         let join = self.falling[i].join;
@@ -134,7 +213,12 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             f.velocity.z = 0.0;
         }
         if on_ground {
+            // fallOn (causeFallDamage), then HIT_GROUND after a fall.
             self.falling_block_impact(f);
+            if f.fall_distance > 0.0 {
+                let bounds = horizon_client::falling_block::bounds(f.position);
+                self.post_landing_event(f.position, bounds, false);
+            }
             f.fall_distance = 0.0;
         }
         // applyEffectsFromBlocks: WebBlock.entityInside makes it stuck
@@ -233,3 +317,98 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         }
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod geometry_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+    fn falling_model_cache_matches_direct_vertices() {
+        let root = PathBuf::from(std::env::var_os("HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES").unwrap());
+        let settings = Settings::default();
+        let loaded = load_resources(
+            root.clone(),
+            None,
+            &root,
+            &settings,
+            Instant::now(),
+            false,
+            false,
+            &Progress::new(),
+            &mut |_, _| unreachable!(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let mut options = Options::parse(std::iter::empty()).unwrap().unwrap();
+        options.resources = root.clone();
+        options.execution_role = execution_role::ExecutionRole::IntegratedServer;
+        let game = Game::new(
+            &loaded.resources,
+            loaded.pack,
+            loaded.gui.unwrap(),
+            options,
+            settings,
+            Audio::silent(&root),
+            None,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        for frame in 0..2 {
+            for (name, pos, origin, light) in [
+                (
+                    "minecraft:sand",
+                    BlockPos::new(1, 80, 3),
+                    glam::Vec3::new(-3.25, 12.5, 0.0),
+                    0x7010,
+                ),
+                (
+                    "minecraft:sand",
+                    BlockPos::new(9, 90, -4),
+                    glam::Vec3::new(8.125, -0.0, -9.5),
+                    0xf020,
+                ),
+                (
+                    "minecraft:gravel",
+                    BlockPos::new(-2, 70, 5),
+                    glam::Vec3::new(-0.0, -17.75, 2.5),
+                    0x5080,
+                ),
+            ] {
+                let state = game.pack.assets.registry.default_state(name).unwrap();
+                let seed = horizon_core::random::position_seed(pos);
+                let mut expected = Vec::new();
+                game.block_model_vertices(
+                    state,
+                    seed,
+                    glam::Mat4::from_translation(origin),
+                    light,
+                    false,
+                    &mut expected,
+                );
+                let mut actual = Vec::new();
+                game.falling_model_vertices(state, pos, origin, light, &mut actual);
+                let (_, tint) = game.block_face_sprite(state).unwrap();
+                let tint = horizon_client::mobs::render::abgr(tint);
+                for vertices in [&mut expected, &mut actual] {
+                    for v in vertices {
+                        v.color = horizon_client::hud_layout::multiply(v.color, tint);
+                    }
+                }
+                assert!(!expected.is_empty());
+                assert_eq!(actual.len(), expected.len());
+                for (a, b) in actual.iter().zip(&expected) {
+                    assert_eq!(
+                        a.pos.map(f32::to_bits),
+                        b.pos.map(f32::to_bits),
+                        "frame {frame}"
+                    );
+                    assert_eq!(a.uv.map(f32::to_bits), b.uv.map(f32::to_bits));
+                    assert_eq!(a.glint_uv.map(f32::to_bits), b.glint_uv.map(f32::to_bits));
+                    assert_eq!(
+                        (a.color, a.light, a.normal, a.layer),
+                        (b.color, b.light, b.normal, b.layer)
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/horizon-client/src/game/fireworks.rs

@@ -342,6 +342,8 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         if !self.creative {
             self.consume_held();
         }
+        // `ItemStack.useOn` awards ITEM_USED for `FireworkRocketItem.useOn`'s SUCCESS.
+        self.award_stat("used", "minecraft:firework_rocket", 1);
         self.swing_arm();
         true
     }
@@ -571,6 +573,8 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             host.hub
                 .entity_event(r.id as i32, FIREWORK_EXPLODE_EVENT, at);
         }
+        // `this.gameEvent(GameEvent.EXPLODE, this.getOwner())`, before the blast.
+        self.rocket_explode_event(r.owner, r.guest, at);
         if !r.explosions.is_empty() {
             let damage = 5.0 + r.explosions.len() as f32 * 2.0;
             let from = r.position;
@@ -648,9 +652,34 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         let camera = self.eye_position().unwrap_or(at);
         let v = [r.velocity.x, r.velocity.y, r.velocity.z];
         self.particles
-            .fireworks(at, v, r.explosions.clone(), camera);
+            .fireworks(at, v, r.explosions.clone(), camera, !r.silent);
         self.native_firework_explode(r.id, at, r.explosions.len());
     }
+    /// `FireworkRocketEntity.explode`'s game event: EXPLODE at the rocket, from
+    /// its owner (`Projectile.getOwner`), a guest's rocket as theirs.
+    fn rocket_explode_event(&mut self, mut owner: Option<Who>, guest: Option<u32>, at: [f64; 3]) {
+        if let Some(conn) = guest.filter(|conn| self.lan_acting != Some(*conn)) {
+            let posted = if let Some(mut host) = self.lan.take() {
+                let posted = self
+                    .as_guest(&mut host, conn, |g| {
+                        let ctx = g.who_context(owner, None);
+                        g.post_game_event("minecraft:explode", at, ctx);
+                    })
+                    .is_some();
+                self.lan = Some(host);
+                posted
+            } else {
+                false
+            };
+            if posted {
+                return;
+            }
+            // An owner who left cannot resolve to the host: no source entity.
+            owner = None;
+        }
+        let ctx = self.who_context(owner, None);
+        self.post_game_event("minecraft:explode", at, ctx);
+    }
     fn rocket_hurt_mobs(&mut self, hits: &[(u32, f32)], attacker: Option<Who>, at: [f64; 3]) {
         let _attacker = self.knockback_scope(if attacker == Some(Who::Player) {
             self.player.as_ref().map_or(0, |p| p.entity_id)
@@ -751,7 +780,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             let at = [r.position.x, r.position.y, r.position.z];
             let v = [r.velocity.x, r.velocity.y, r.velocity.z];
             self.particles
-                .fireworks(at, v, r.explosions.clone(), camera.unwrap_or(at));
+                .fireworks(at, v, r.explosions.clone(), camera.unwrap_or(at), !r.silent);
         }
     }
     /// `dealExplosionDamage` on a player that is not the rocket's
@@ -861,6 +890,10 @@ fn use_on_passes(fall_flying: bool) -> bool {
     fall_flying
 }
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[path = "fireworks_events_tests.rs"]
+mod events_tests;
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     /// A rocket draws its UUID's two longs first, then the motion's two triangles

crates/horizon-client/src/game/fireworks_events_tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+//! `FireworkRocketEntity.explode`'s game event and sound gate, and the
+//! `ITEM_USED` an `useOn` counts. Prepared resources only.
+use super::Game;
+use crate::game::{Audio, Options, Progress, Settings, load_resources};
+use horizon_client::{
+    chunk::Chunk,
+    items::ItemStack,
+    mobs::Who,
+    particles::{FireworkExplosion, FireworkShape, ParticleLevel},
+};
+use horizon_core::{geometry::Vec3, position::ChunkPos, random::LegacyRandom};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+fn with_game(test: impl FnOnce(&mut Game<'_>)) {
+    let root = std::path::PathBuf::from(std::env::var_os("HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES").unwrap());
+    let settings = Settings::default();
+    let loaded = load_resources(
+        root.clone(),
+        None,
+        &root,
+        &settings,
+        std::time::Instant::now(),
+        false,
+        true,
+        &Progress::new(),
+        &mut |_, _| unreachable!(),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    let mut options = Options::parse(std::iter::empty()).unwrap().unwrap();
+    options.resources = root.clone();
+    options.execution_role = crate::game::execution_role::ExecutionRole::IntegratedServer;
+    let mut game = Game::new(
+        &loaded.resources,
+        loaded.pack,
+        loaded.gui.unwrap(),
+        options,
+        settings,
+        Audio::silent(&root),
+        None,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    game.world
+        .chunks
+        .insert((0, 0), Arc::new(Chunk::empty(0, 0)));
+    game.block_ticks
+        .add_empty_chunk(ChunkPos::new(0, 0))
+        .unwrap();
+    game.player = Some(
+        horizon_client::motion::PlayerMotion::new(game.motion, Vec3::new(2.5, 200.0, 2.5)).unwrap(),
+    );
+    game.world.random = LegacyRandom::new(114);
+    test(&mut game);
+}
+
+/// One `small_ball` that twinkles, as `/summon` reads it: a `Starter` of 16
+/// ticks that plays a blast first and a twinkle last.
+fn twinkling() -> FireworkExplosion {
+    FireworkExplosion {
+        shape: FireworkShape::SmallBall,
+        colors: vec![0xFF5555],
+        fade: Vec::new(),
+        trail: true,
+        twinkle: true,
+    }
+}
+
+fn tick_particles(game: &mut Game<'_>) {
+    let level = ParticleLevel {
+        world: &game.world,
+        facts: game.res.facts(),
+        collision: game.collision,
+        player: None,
+        cached_chunk: std::cell::Cell::new(None),
+    };
+    game.particles.tick(&level);
+}
+
+/// `FireworkParticles.Starter.playSound`: a silent rocket launches quietly (as
+/// it already did) and bursts quietly too, drawing its sparks and flash only.
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+fn a_silent_rocket_bursts_without_blast_or_twinkle() {
+    with_game(|game| {
+        let stack = ItemStack::new("minecraft:firework_rocket", 1);
+        let mut launching = game.new_rocket(
+            Vec3::new(6.5, 201.5, 10.5),
+            &stack,
+            false,
+            &mut LegacyRandom::new(0),
+        );
+        launching.silent = true;
+        launching.lifetime = 100;
+        game.rockets.push(launching);
+        game.audio.capture = Some(Vec::new());
+        game.tick_rockets();
+        let heard = game.audio.capture.take().unwrap_or_default();
+        assert!(
+            heard
+                .iter()
+                .all(|s| s.event != "minecraft:entity.firework_rocket.launch"),
+            "a silent rocket launches quietly: {heard:?}"
+        );
+        game.rockets.clear();
+
+        let (quiet_at, loud_at) = ([6.5, 201.5, 10.5], [12.5, 201.5, 10.5]);
+        let mut quiet = game.new_rocket(
+            Vec3::new(quiet_at[0], quiet_at[1], quiet_at[2]),
+            &stack,
+            false,
+            &mut LegacyRandom::new(0),
+        );
+        quiet.silent = true;
+        quiet.explosions = vec![twinkling()];
+        let mut loud = game.new_rocket(
+            Vec3::new(loud_at[0], loud_at[1], loud_at[2]),
+            &stack,
+            false,
+            &mut LegacyRandom::new(0),
+        );
+        loud.explosions = vec![twinkling()];
+        game.explode_rocket(&quiet);
+        game.explode_rocket(&loud);
+        game.particles.sounds.clear();
+        for _ in 0..20 {
+            tick_particles(game);
+        }
+        let bursts: Vec<(&str, [f64; 3])> = game
+            .particles
+            .sounds
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|s| s.0.starts_with("minecraft:entity.firework_rocket."))
+            .map(|s| (s.0, s.1))
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(
+            bursts,
+            vec![
+                ("minecraft:entity.firework_rocket.blast", loud_at),
+                ("minecraft:entity.firework_rocket.twinkle", loud_at),
+            ],
+            "only the loud rocket bangs and twinkles, both at its own position"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            !game.particles.is_empty(),
+            "the silent rocket still drew its sparks and flash"
+        );
+    });
+}
+
+/// Recording of `Game::post_game_event`, as the sculk tests read it.
+fn start_events() {
+    crate::game::sculk::TEST_POSTED_EVENTS.with(|e| *e.borrow_mut() = Some(Vec::new()));
+}
+
+fn take_explosions() -> Vec<(&'static str, [f64; 3], Option<Who>)> {
+    crate::game::sculk::TEST_POSTED_EVENTS.with(|e| {
+        std::mem::take(e.borrow_mut().as_mut().unwrap())
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter(|e| e.0 == "minecraft:explode")
+            .collect()
+    })
+}
+
+fn stop_events() {
+    crate::game::sculk::TEST_POSTED_EVENTS.with(|e| *e.borrow_mut() = None);
+}
+
+/// `FireworkRocketEntity.explode`: `gameEvent(GameEvent.EXPLODE, getOwner())` at
+/// the rocket, once, with and without explosions; a rocket nobody owns (a
+/// dispenser's) has no source entity.
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+fn a_detonating_rocket_posts_one_explode_from_its_owner() {
+    with_game(|game| {
+        let stack = ItemStack::new("minecraft:firework_rocket", 1);
+        let mut burst = game.new_rocket(
+            Vec3::new(8.5, 202.0, 8.5),
+            &stack,
+            false,
+            &mut LegacyRandom::new(0),
+        );
+        burst.explosions = vec![twinkling()];
+        burst.owner = Some(Who::Player);
+        let mut plain = game.new_rocket(
+            Vec3::new(9.5, 202.0, 8.5),
+            &stack,
+            false,
+            &mut LegacyRandom::new(0),
+        );
+        plain.owner = Some(Who::Player);
+        let mut stray = game.new_rocket(
+            Vec3::new(10.5, 202.0, 8.5),
+            &stack,
+            false,
+            &mut LegacyRandom::new(0),
+        );
+        stray.explosions = vec![twinkling()];
+
+        start_events();
+        game.explode_rocket(&burst);
+        assert_eq!(
+            take_explosions(),
+            vec![("minecraft:explode", [8.5, 202.0, 8.5], Some(Who::Player))],
+            "the burst is heard once, at the rocket, from the player who shot it"
+        );
+        game.explode_rocket(&plain);
+        assert_eq!(
+            take_explosions(),
+            vec![("minecraft:explode", [9.5, 202.0, 8.5], Some(Who::Player))],
+            "a rocket with no explosions still posts it"
+        );
+        game.explode_rocket(&stray);
+        assert_eq!(
+            take_explosions(),
+            vec![("minecraft:explode", [10.5, 202.0, 8.5], None)],
+            "`getOwner()` is null: no source entity"
+        );
+        stop_events();
+    });
+}
+
+/// `ItemStack.useOn` awards `ITEM_USED` for `FireworkRocketItem.useOn`'s
+/// SUCCESS; `FireworkRocketItem.use` while gliding awards its own.
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+fn launching_from_a_block_and_while_gliding_use_the_rocket_up() {
+    with_game(|game| {
+        game.creative = false;
+        let stack = ItemStack::new("minecraft:firework_rocket", 1);
+        let hit = super::Hit {
+            pos: [2, 199, 2],
+            face: [0, 1, 0],
+            point: [2.5, 200.0, 2.5],
+        };
+        for used in 1..=5 {
+            game.inventory[game.selected] = Some(stack.clone());
+            assert!(game.launch_firework(&hit, &stack), "a rocket goes up");
+            assert_eq!(
+                game.stats.get("used", "minecraft:firework_rocket"),
+                used,
+                "each right-click on the block counts one use"
+            );
+        }
+        game.player.as_mut().unwrap().fall_flying = true;
+        game.inventory[game.selected] = Some(stack.clone());
+        assert!(game.boost_firework(&stack), "the gliding boost launches");
+        assert_eq!(game.stats.get("used", "minecraft:firework_rocket"), 6);
+    });
+}

crates/horizon-client/src/game/frames.rs

@@ -297,23 +297,23 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             action = "put";
             self.audio
                 .play(&sound(&self.item_frames[i], "add_item"), Some(at), 1.0, 1.0);
-            if !self.creative {
-                self.consume_held();
-            }
         } else {
+            let s = sound(&self.item_frames[i], "rotate_item");
+            self.audio.play(&s, Some(at), 1.0, 1.0);
             let f = &mut self.item_frames[i];
             f.rotation = (f.rotation + 1) % 8;
             action = "rotate";
-            let s = sound(f, "rotate_item");
-            self.audio.play(&s, Some(at), 1.0, 1.0);
         }
         let p = self.item_frames[i].pos;
         self.world.modified.insert((p[0] >> 4, p[2] >> 4));
         self.frame_output_changed(p);
-        // ItemFrame.interact: BLOCK_CHANGE by the player, after setItem or
-        // setRotation.
+        // ItemFrame.interact: BLOCK_CHANGE by the player after setItem or
+        // setRotation, then the held item is consumed.
         let ctx = self.who_context(Some(horizon_client::mobs::Who::Player), None);
         self.post_game_event("minecraft:block_change", at, ctx);
+        if action == "put" && !self.creative {
+            self.consume_held();
+        }
         if let (Some(player), Some(name)) = (self.lan_acting_uuid, self.lan_acting_name.clone()) {
             let frame = self.item_frames.iter().find(|f| f.id == entity_id);
             let item = frame
@@ -362,18 +362,16 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         } else {
             self.item_frames[i].clone()
         };
-        self.audio.play(
-            &sound(&f, if with_frame { "break" } else { "remove_item" }),
-            Some(at),
-            1.0,
-            1.0,
-        );
         if !with_frame {
             self.item_frames[i].item = None;
         } else {
-            // BlockAttachedEntity.kill, before dropItem. A frame holding an
-            // item only gives the item up (ItemFrame.hurtServer).
+            // BlockAttachedEntity.kill precedes ItemFrame.dropItem's break sound.
             self.entity_killed_event(at, true);
+            self.audio.play(&sound(&f, "break"), Some(at), 1.0, 1.0);
+        }
+        // ItemFrame.dropItem clears the item (updating comparators) before drops.
+        if f.item.is_some() {
+            self.frame_output_changed(f.pos);
         }
         self.drop_frame_items(&mut f, with_frame, true);
         if !with_frame {
@@ -383,10 +381,12 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         // for the item, ItemFrame.dropItem(level, causedBy) for the frame.
         let ctx = self.who_context(Some(horizon_client::mobs::Who::Player), None);
         self.post_game_event("minecraft:block_change", at, ctx);
-        self.world.modified.insert((f.pos[0] >> 4, f.pos[2] >> 4));
-        if f.item.is_some() {
-            self.frame_output_changed(f.pos);
+        if !with_frame {
+            // ItemFrame.hurtServer plays this after the event.
+            self.audio
+                .play(&sound(&f, "remove_item"), Some(at), 1.0, 1.0);
         }
+        self.world.modified.insert((f.pos[0] >> 4, f.pos[2] >> 4));
         if let (Some(player), Some(name)) = (self.lan_acting_uuid, self.lan_acting_name.clone()) {
             self.native_player_item_frame_change(
                 player,
@@ -519,16 +519,16 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                 if !self.frame_survives(&f) && !self.hanging_break_cancelled(f.kind(), f.pos, false)
                 {
                     self.item_frames.remove(i);
-                    self.entity_killed_event(center(&f), false);
+                    // BlockAttachedEntity.tick discards without a death event.
                     self.audio
                         .play(&sound(&f, "break"), Some(center(&f)), 1.0, 1.0);
-                    self.drop_frame_items(&mut f, true, false);
-                    // ItemFrame.dropItem(level, null): BLOCK_CHANGE after the drops.
-                    let ctx = self.who_context(None, None);
-                    self.post_game_event("minecraft:block_change", center(&f), ctx);
                     if f.item.is_some() {
                         self.frame_output_changed(f.pos);
                     }
+                    self.drop_frame_items(&mut f, true, false);
+                    // ItemFrame.dropItem(level, null): sound, drops, then event.
+                    let ctx = self.who_context(None, None);
+                    self.post_game_event("minecraft:block_change", center(&f), ctx);
                     continue;
                 }
             }
@@ -840,3 +840,121 @@ mod map_limit_tests {
         assert_eq!(framed.and_then(|s| s.data()?.map_id), Some(8));
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod game_event_tests {
+    use super::super::native_machines::tests::server_game;
+    use super::*;
+    use horizon_client::mobs::Who;
+
+    fn frame(id: u32, pos: [i32; 3], item: Option<ItemStack>) -> ItemFrame {
+        ItemFrame {
+            id,
+            pos,
+            facing: 3,
+            glow: false,
+            item,
+            rotation: 0,
+            drop_chance: 1.0,
+            fixed: false,
+            invisible: false,
+            check_interval: 0,
+            custom_name: None,
+            random: horizon_core::random::LegacyRandom::new(0),
+        }
+    }
+    fn at(id: u32) -> Option<InteractTarget> {
+        Some(InteractTarget {
+            id: id as i32,
+            location: [0.0; 3],
+        })
+    }
+    /// The events posted since [`reset`].
+    fn posted() -> Vec<(&'static str, [f64; 3], Option<Who>)> {
+        super::super::sculk::TEST_POSTED_EVENTS.with(|e| e.borrow().clone().unwrap_or_default())
+    }
+    fn reset() {
+        super::super::sculk::TEST_POSTED_EVENTS.with(|e| *e.borrow_mut() = Some(Vec::new()));
+    }
+
+    /// `ItemFrame.interact`: putting an item in and turning it each post
+    /// `GameEvent.BLOCK_CHANGE` from the player, at the frame's position.
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+    fn putting_and_rotating_a_frame_item_posts_block_change() {
+        let mut game = server_game();
+        game.item_frames = vec![frame(1, [0, 64, 1], None)];
+        let center = [0.5, 64.5, 1.03125];
+        *game.held_mut() = Some(ItemStack::new("minecraft:stick", 3));
+
+        let expected = [("minecraft:block_change", center, Some(Who::Player))];
+        reset();
+        assert!(game.interact_frame(at(1)));
+        assert_eq!(posted(), expected);
+        assert_eq!(game.held().map(|s| s.count), Some(2), "one goes in");
+        assert_eq!(game.item_frames[0].item.as_ref().map(|s| s.count), Some(1));
+
+        reset();
+        assert!(game.interact_frame(at(1)));
+        assert_eq!(posted(), expected);
+        assert_eq!(game.item_frames[0].rotation, 1);
+    }
+
+    /// `ItemFrame.hurtServer`: the item coming out posts `BLOCK_CHANGE` from
+    /// the player hitting the frame.
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+    fn taking_a_frame_item_out_posts_block_change_from_the_player() {
+        let mut game = server_game();
+        game.item_frames = vec![frame(
+            1,
+            [0, 64, 1],
+            Some(ItemStack::new("minecraft:stick", 1)),
+        )];
+        let center = [0.5, 64.5, 1.03125];
+        // A player looking straight at the frame's centre from two blocks away
+        // (eye height 1.62 above the feet).
+        let feet = Vec3::new(0.5, 64.5 - 1.62, -1.0);
+        game.player =
+            Some(horizon_client::motion::PlayerMotion::new(game.motion, feet).expect("a player"));
+        game.yaw = 0.0;
+        game.pitch = 0.0;
+
+        let expected = [("minecraft:block_change", center, Some(Who::Player))];
+        reset();
+        assert!(game.attack_frame(), "the frame is in reach");
+        assert!(game.item_frames[0].item.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(posted(), expected);
+
+        // The empty frame itself then breaks (`BlockAttachedEntity.hurtServer`
+        // then `ItemFrame.dropItem`), with the same event.
+        reset();
+        assert!(game.attack_frame());
+        assert!(game.item_frames.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(
+            posted(),
+            [
+                ("minecraft:entity_die", center, Some(Who::Player)),
+                ("minecraft:block_change", center, Some(Who::Player))
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// `ItemFrame.dropItem` from `BlockAttachedEntity.tick`, when a frame
+    /// loses the block it hangs on: the event has no source.
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+    fn a_frame_that_falls_posts_block_change_without_source() {
+        let mut game = server_game();
+        let mut f = frame(1, [0, 64, 1], None);
+        // BlockAttachedEntity.tick checks every 100 ticks.
+        f.check_interval = 99;
+        game.item_frames = vec![f];
+        let center = [0.5, 64.5, 1.03125];
+
+        reset();
+        game.tick_item_frames();
+        assert!(game.item_frames.is_empty(), "nothing holds the frame");
+        assert_eq!(posted(), [("minecraft:block_change", center, None)]);
+    }
+}

crates/horizon-client/src/game/functions.rs

@@ -253,11 +253,17 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         registries.function_tags = store.function_tags.keys().cloned().collect();
         registries.predicates = store.predicates.keys().cloned().collect();
         registries.item_modifiers = store.item_modifiers.keys().cloned().collect();
-        registries
+        let sources = registries
             .by_registry
             .entry("minecraft:slot_source".into())
-            .or_default()
-            .ids = store.slot_sources.keys().cloned().collect();
+            .or_default();
+        sources.ids = store.slot_sources.keys().cloned().collect();
+        sources.tags = store
+            .slot_source_tags
+            .keys()
+            .filter(|id| store.slot_source_tag(id).is_ok())
+            .cloned()
+            .collect();
         for (id, ids) in [
             ("minecraft:predicate", &registries.predicates),
             ("minecraft:item_modifier", &registries.item_modifiers),
@@ -311,10 +317,19 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         reg.function_tags = self.fns.store.function_tags.keys().cloned().collect();
         reg.predicates = self.fns.store.predicates.keys().cloned().collect();
         reg.item_modifiers = self.fns.store.item_modifiers.keys().cloned().collect();
-        reg.by_registry
+        let sources = reg
+            .by_registry
             .entry("minecraft:slot_source".into())
-            .or_default()
-            .ids = self.fns.store.slot_sources.keys().cloned().collect();
+            .or_default();
+        sources.ids = self.fns.store.slot_sources.keys().cloned().collect();
+        sources.tags = self
+            .fns
+            .store
+            .slot_source_tags
+            .keys()
+            .filter(|id| self.fns.store.slot_source_tag(id).is_ok())
+            .cloned()
+            .collect();
         reg.schedules = self.fns.schedule.iter().map(|s| s.id.clone()).collect();
         reg.datapacks_enabled = std::iter::once("vanilla".to_owned())
             .chain(self.fns.enabled.iter().cloned())

crates/horizon-client/src/game/hand.rs

@@ -740,18 +740,24 @@ impl Game<'_> {
     /// Haste and Mining Fatigue modifiers (`ADD_MULTIPLIED_TOTAL`), clamped to
     /// the attribute's range.
     pub(super) fn main_hand_attack_speed(&self) -> f64 {
-        // The base comes from the player's attribute map so `/attribute ... base set` applies.
+        if let Some(player) = &self.player
+            && let Ok(speed) = player
+                .attributes
+                .computed_value_of("minecraft:attack_speed")
+            && (self.remote.is_some()
+                || !self.applied_modifiers.is_empty()
+                || !self.potions.applied.is_empty())
+        {
+            return speed.clamp(0.0, 1024.0);
+        }
         let base = self
             .player
             .as_ref()
             .and_then(|player| {
-                let key = player.attributes.key("minecraft:attack_speed")?;
-                let handle = player.attributes.lookup(Some(&key))?;
                 player
                     .attributes
-                    .instance(&handle)
+                    .computed_value_of("minecraft:attack_speed")
                     .ok()
-                    .map(|value| value.base_value())
             })
             .unwrap_or(horizon_client::attack_strength::BASE_ATTACK_SPEED);
         let value = base

crates/horizon-client/src/game/item_areas.rs

@@ -21,6 +21,27 @@ pub(super) struct ItemAreas {
 }
 
 impl ItemAreas {
+    /// Build the grid for villager item sensors only when many due sensors
+    /// would otherwise repeatedly scan a large, spatially spread item list.
+    /// Sampling a few 32-block columns avoids overhead for crowded piles.
+    pub(super) fn worthwhile(items: &[ItemEntity], queries: usize) -> bool {
+        if items.len() < 2048 || queries < 32 {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let stride = (items.len() / 32).max(1);
+        let mut columns = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+        for item in items.iter().step_by(stride) {
+            let p = item.position;
+            if p.is_finite() {
+                columns.insert((cell(p.x) >> 2, cell(p.z) >> 2));
+                if columns.len() >= 9 {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        false
+    }
+
     /// Whether an item of `items` may meet `area`: false only when none can.
     pub(super) fn may_meet(&mut self, items: &[ItemEntity], next_entity: u32, area: Aabb) -> bool {
         self.build(items, next_entity);
@@ -308,6 +329,57 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(scan.next_from(2, items.len()), 2);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn villager_sensing_candidates_match_full_scan_order() {
+        let items: Vec<_> = (0..2600)
+            .map(|i| {
+                let x = f64::from(i % 52) * 31.0 - 800.0;
+                let z = f64::from(i / 52) * 31.0 - 750.0;
+                item_at(x, 64.0 + f64::from(i % 3) * 0.25, z)
+            })
+            .collect();
+        assert!(ItemAreas::worthwhile(&items, 32));
+        assert!(!ItemAreas::worthwhile(&items, 31));
+
+        let clustered: Vec<_> = (0..2048).map(|_| item_at(1.0, 64.0, 1.0)).collect();
+        assert!(!ItemAreas::worthwhile(&clustered, 32));
+
+        let mut cells = ItemAreas::default();
+        for (x, z) in [
+            (-800.0, -750.0),
+            (-80.0, 40.0),
+            (0.0, 0.0),
+            (220.0, -130.0),
+            (790.0, 770.0),
+        ] {
+            // A villager's inflated item sensor box, with a conservative
+            // fraction for the item bounding box at cell boundaries.
+            let area = Aabb::new(
+                Vec3::new(x - 32.4, 48.0, z - 32.4),
+                Vec3::new(x + 32.4, 80.0, z + 32.4),
+            );
+            let expected: Vec<usize> = items
+                .iter()
+                .enumerate()
+                .filter_map(|(i, e)| area.intersects(e.bounds()).then_some(i))
+                .collect();
+            let mut scan = cells.scan(&items, 1, area);
+            let mut actual = Vec::new();
+            let mut j = 0;
+            loop {
+                j = scan.next_from(j, items.len());
+                let Some(e) = items.get(j) else {
+                    break;
+                };
+                if area.intersects(e.bounds()) {
+                    actual.push(j);
+                }
+                j += 1;
+            }
+            assert_eq!(actual, expected, "sensor at {x}, {z}");
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn an_item_spawned_after_the_cells_were_built_is_seen() {
         let mut items = vec![item_at(100.5, 64.0, 100.5)];

crates/horizon-client/src/game/item_count_predicate_tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+use super::super::native_machines::tests::server_game;
+use super::*;
+use horizon_core::position::BlockPos;
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES and scratch homes/cwd"]
+fn count_equality_uses_live_stack_bounds_and_command_flow() {
+    let mut game = server_game();
+    game.build_registries();
+    game.set_allow_commands(true);
+    game.block_ticks
+        .add_empty_chunk(BlockPos::new(0, 0, 0).chunk())
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(game.run_command("forceload add 0 0 15 15"));
+    assert!(game.world.loaded(4, 4), "actual loaded world chunk");
+    assert!(game.run_command("setblock 4 199 4 stone"));
+    assert!(game.run_command("setblock 4 200 4 chest{Items:[{Slot:0b,id:\"minecraft:diamond\",count:1},{Slot:1b,id:\"minecraft:diamond\",count:3},{Slot:2b,id:\"minecraft:diamond\",count:4},{Slot:3b,id:\"minecraft:dirt\",count:3},{Slot:5b,id:\"minecraft:stone\",count:2,components:{\"minecraft:custom_data\":{h194:1}}}]}"));
+    assert!(game.run_command("scoreboard objectives add h194 dummy"));
+    let clock = game.world.game_time;
+    let counts = |g: &Game<'_>| {
+        let horizon_client::containers::BlockEntity::Chest(slots) =
+            g.world.block_entities.get(&(4, 200, 4)).unwrap()
+        else {
+            panic!("actual chest model missing")
+        };
+        assert!(slots[4].is_none(), "actual empty slot");
+        [
+            slots[0].as_ref().unwrap().count,
+            slots[1].as_ref().unwrap().count,
+            slots[2].as_ref().unwrap().count,
+        ]
+    };
+    assert_eq!(counts(&game), [1, 3, 4]);
+    let mut failed = Vec::new();
+    for (slot, count) in [1, 3, 4].into_iter().enumerate() {
+        assert!(
+            game.run_command(&format!(
+                "execute if items block 4 200 4 container.{slot} diamond"
+            )),
+            "plain admitted command path"
+        );
+        let stack = ItemStack::new("minecraft:diamond", count);
+        assert!(
+            horizon_client::item_data::encode_components(&stack)
+                .is_none_or(|t| t.get("minecraft:count").is_none()),
+            "count is not a component patch"
+        );
+        for (term, expected) in [
+            ("count=3", count == 3),
+            ("count=4", count == 4),
+            ("!count=3", count != 3),
+            ("count={min:2}", count >= 2),
+            ("count~3", count == 3),
+            ("minecraft:count={min:2,max:3}", (2..=3).contains(&count)),
+        ] {
+            let predicate = ItemInput {
+                id: "minecraft:diamond".into(),
+                tag: false,
+                any: false,
+                components: Some(format!("[{term}]")),
+            };
+            let actual = game.stack_matches(&predicate, &stack);
+            if actual != expected {
+                failed.push(format!(
+                    "direct count{count} {term}: {actual}, expected {expected}"
+                ));
+            }
+            assert_eq!(stack.count, count, "read-only evaluator");
+            assert!(game.run_command("scoreboard players set #r h194 91"));
+            assert!(game.run_command("scoreboard players set #s h194 17"));
+            let accepted = game.run_command(&format!("execute store result score #r h194 store success score #s h194 if items block 4 200 4 container.{slot} diamond[{term}]"));
+            let score = |name| game.score.board.score(name, "h194").unwrap().value;
+            let got = (accepted, score("#r"), score("#s"));
+            let want = if expected {
+                (true, count as i32, 1)
+            } else {
+                (false, 0, 0)
+            };
+            if got != want {
+                failed.push(format!(
+                    "command slot{slot} {term}: {got:?}, expected {want:?}"
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    assert!(game.run_command("execute unless items block 4 200 4 container.3 diamond[count=3]"));
+    assert!(game.run_command("execute unless items block 4 200 4 container.4 diamond[count=3]"));
+    assert!(
+        game.run_command("execute if items block 4 200 4 container.5 stone[custom_data={h194:1}]")
+    );
+    assert_eq!(counts(&game), [1, 3, 4], "no inventory mutation");
+    assert_eq!(game.world.game_time, clock, "zero actor ticks");
+    assert!(
+        failed.is_empty(),
+        "actual count predicate mismatches: {failed:?}"
+    );
+}

crates/horizon-client/src/game/item_entities.rs

@@ -309,17 +309,13 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         self.spawn_destroyed_contents(destroyed);
     }
     /// `ItemUtils.onContainerDestroyed`: each stack a destroyed item held
-    /// becomes an item entity where that item lay (`new ItemEntity(level, x,
-    /// y, z, stack)`), nudged by 0.2 less 0.1 per axis and pickable at once.
+    /// becomes an item entity where that item lay, made by
+    /// `new ItemEntity(level, x, y, z, stack)`: its motion is that
+    /// constructor's own, 0.2 up and ±0.1 sideways from the item's random,
+    /// and it is pickable at once.
     pub(super) fn spawn_destroyed_contents(&mut self, destroyed: Vec<(ItemStack, Vec3)>) {
         for (stack, at) in destroyed {
-            let r = &mut self.world.random;
-            let motion = [
-                r.next_double() * 0.2 - 0.1,
-                r.next_double() * 0.2 - 0.1,
-                r.next_double() * 0.2 - 0.1,
-            ];
-            self.spawn_item(stack, [at.x, at.y, at.z], motion, 0);
+            self.spawn_item_own(stack, [at.x, at.y, at.z], 0);
         }
     }
     /// `ExperienceOrb.award`: orbs of the largest sizes; each draws the id
@@ -671,27 +667,55 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         self.add_item_entity(stack, position, None, pickup_delay)
     }
 
+    /// `DefaultDispenseItemBehavior.spawnItem`: `new ItemEntity(level, x, y, z,
+    /// stack)` draws its default motion from the item's own random, then
+    /// `setDeltaMovement` throws it with `velocity` before `addFreshEntity`.
+    pub(super) fn spawn_item_thrown(
+        &mut self,
+        stack: ItemStack,
+        position: [f64; 3],
+        velocity: [f64; 3],
+    ) {
+        self.add_item_entity_drawn(stack, position, Some(velocity), true, 0);
+    }
+
     pub(super) fn add_item_entity(
         &mut self,
         stack: ItemStack,
         position: [f64; 3],
         velocity: Option<[f64; 3]>,
         pickup_delay: u32,
+    ) -> [f64; 3] {
+        self.add_item_entity_drawn(stack, position, velocity, velocity.is_none(), pickup_delay)
+    }
+
+    /// `add_item_entity`; `constructor_motion` draws the five-argument
+    /// constructor's default motion, which a given `velocity` then replaces.
+    fn add_item_entity_drawn(
+        &mut self,
+        stack: ItemStack,
+        position: [f64; 3],
+        velocity: Option<[f64; 3]>,
+        constructor_motion: bool,
+        pickup_delay: u32,
     ) -> [f64; 3] {
         let (item, count) = (stack.item.clone(), stack.count as i32);
         self.next_entity += 1;
         let p = Vec3::new(position[0], position[1], position[2]);
         // The item's own random, in vanilla's order: Entity's UUID, ItemEntity's
-        // bobOffs and yaw, then (without a given motion) the constructor's motion.
+        // bobOffs and yaw, then (the five-argument constructor) its default motion.
         let mut own = random_source::entity();
         let uuid = horizon_client::save::insecure_uuid(&mut own);
         self.persist.uuids.insert(self.next_entity, uuid);
         let bob = own.next_float() * std::f32::consts::PI * 2.0;
         let yaw = own.next_float() * 360.0;
-        let velocity = velocity.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        let constructed = constructor_motion.then(|| {
             let x = own.next_double() * 0.2 - 0.1;
             [x, 0.2, own.next_double() * 0.2 - 0.1]
         });
+        let velocity = velocity
+            .or(constructed)
+            .expect("an item entity without a velocity takes the constructor's");
         self.dropped.push(ItemEntity {
             rotation: [yaw, 0.0],
             pickup_delay: i64::from(pickup_delay),
@@ -850,6 +874,100 @@ impl Game<'_> {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod destroyed_contents_tests {
+    use super::super::native_machines::tests::server_game;
+    use super::*;
+    use horizon_client::items::ItemStack;
+    use horizon_core::random::RandomSource;
+
+    /// The motion of each spilled stack, in the order the spill made them.
+    fn spilled_motions(game: &Game<'_>) -> Vec<[f64; 3]> {
+        game.dropped
+            .iter()
+            .map(|item| [item.velocity.x, item.velocity.y, item.velocity.z])
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    /// `ItemUtils.onContainerDestroyed` makes each stack with
+    /// `new ItemEntity(level, x, y, z, stack)`, whose motion is 0.2 up and
+    /// ±0.1 sideways from the *item's* random (ItemEntity.java:61-66), and
+    /// draws nothing from the level's. Every destroyed container funnels here:
+    /// lava, fire and cactus in the item's environment tick, an explosion, and
+    /// the damage command.
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+    fn spilled_stacks_rise_from_their_own_randoms() {
+        let mut game = server_game();
+        let at = Vec3::new(8.5, 70.0, 8.5);
+        let stacks = ["minecraft:stone", "minecraft:dirt", "minecraft:glass"]
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|id| (ItemStack::new(id, 1), at))
+            .collect();
+        let mut level = game.world.random.clone();
+        game.spawn_destroyed_contents(stacks);
+        let motions = spilled_motions(&game);
+        assert_eq!(motions.len(), 3);
+        for motion in &motions {
+            assert_eq!(motion[1], 0.2, "the four-argument constructor rises 0.2");
+            assert!((-0.1..0.1).contains(&motion[0]), "{motion:?}");
+            assert!((-0.1..0.1).contains(&motion[2]), "{motion:?}");
+        }
+        // Three stacks, three different sideways motions: each drew its own.
+        assert_ne!(motions[0], motions[1]);
+        assert_ne!(motions[1], motions[2]);
+        assert_ne!(motions[0], motions[2]);
+        // The spill leaves the level's random alone.
+        assert_eq!(game.world.random.next_double(), level.next_double());
+        assert_eq!(game.world.random.next_double(), level.next_double());
+    }
+
+    /// The damage command is one of those callers: killing a shulker box item
+    /// spills its contents with the same upward motion.
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+    fn a_damaged_shulker_box_spills_its_stacks_upward() {
+        let mut game = server_game();
+        game.build_registries();
+        game.set_allow_commands(true);
+        game.world.chunks.insert(
+            (0, 0),
+            std::sync::Arc::new(horizon_client::chunk::Chunk::empty(0, 0)),
+        );
+        let feet = Vec3::new(8.5, 70.0, 8.5);
+        game.player = Some(horizon_client::motion::PlayerMotion::new(game.motion, feet).unwrap());
+        game.update_chunk_tickets();
+        let boxed = horizon_client::item_data::parse_stack(
+            r#"{id:"minecraft:shulker_box",count:1,components:{"minecraft:container":[
+                {slot:0,item:{id:"minecraft:stone",count:2}},
+                {slot:4,item:{id:"minecraft:dirt",count:1}},
+                {slot:8,item:{id:"minecraft:glass",count:3}}]}}"#,
+        )
+        .unwrap()
+        .unwrap();
+        game.spawn_item(boxed, [8.5, 70.0, 8.5], [0.0; 3], 0);
+        assert_eq!(game.dropped.len(), 1);
+        assert!(game.run_command("damage @e[type=minecraft:item,limit=1] 100 minecraft:generic"));
+        let mut spilled: Vec<_> = game
+            .dropped
+            .iter()
+            .map(|item| (item.stack.item.to_string(), item.stack.count))
+            .collect();
+        spilled.sort();
+        assert_eq!(
+            spilled,
+            [
+                ("minecraft:dirt".to_owned(), 1),
+                ("minecraft:glass".to_owned(), 3),
+                ("minecraft:stone".to_owned(), 2)
+            ]
+        );
+        for item in &game.dropped {
+            assert_eq!(item.velocity.y, 0.2, "{item:?}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod escape_tests {
     use super::super::native_machines::tests::server_game;

crates/horizon-client/src/game/jukebox.rs

@@ -68,6 +68,11 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             self.with_level(|b, level, ticks| {
                 b.set_block(level, ticks, p, new, level_flags::UPDATE_CLIENTS)
             });
+            // `JukeboxBlockEntity.notifyItemChangedInJukebox`: the disc coming
+            // or going is a block change the sculk sensors hear.
+            if self.world.block(pos[0], pos[1], pos[2]) != state {
+                self.post_block_game_event("minecraft:block_change", pos, None, Some(new));
+            }
         }
     }
     /// `JukeboxBlock.setPlacedBy`: a jukebox placed from an item whose
@@ -762,3 +767,69 @@ mod jukebox_component_tests {
         );
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod block_change_tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::game::{Audio, Options, Progress, Settings, load_resources};
+    use horizon_client::chunk::Chunk;
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+
+    /// `JukeboxBlockEntity.notifyItemChangedInJukebox`: the disc coming or
+    /// going posts `block_change` at the box, so sculk sensors hear it.
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+    fn a_disc_change_posts_block_change() {
+        let root = std::path::PathBuf::from(std::env::var_os("HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES").unwrap());
+        let settings = Settings::default();
+        let loaded = load_resources(
+            root.clone(),
+            None,
+            &root,
+            &settings,
+            std::time::Instant::now(),
+            false,
+            true,
+            &Progress::new(),
+            &mut |_, _| unreachable!(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let mut options = Options::parse(std::iter::empty()).unwrap().unwrap();
+        options.resources = root.clone();
+        options.execution_role = crate::game::execution_role::ExecutionRole::IntegratedServer;
+        let mut game = Game::new(
+            &loaded.resources,
+            loaded.pack,
+            loaded.gui.unwrap(),
+            options,
+            settings,
+            Audio::silent(&root),
+            None,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        game.world
+            .chunks
+            .insert((0, 0), Arc::new(Chunk::empty(0, 0)));
+        let jukebox = game
+            .pack
+            .assets
+            .registry
+            .default_state("minecraft:jukebox")
+            .unwrap();
+        game.world.set(2, 4, 3, jukebox).unwrap();
+        super::super::sculk::TEST_POSTED_EVENTS
+            .with(|events| *events.borrow_mut() = Some(Vec::new()));
+        game.set_has_record([2, 4, 3], true);
+        super::super::sculk::TEST_POSTED_EVENTS.with(|events| {
+            assert!(
+                events.borrow().as_ref().unwrap().contains(&(
+                    "minecraft:block_change",
+                    [2.5, 4.5, 3.5],
+                    None
+                )),
+                "{:?}",
+                events.borrow()
+            );
+        });
+    }
+}

crates/horizon-client/src/game/mace.rs

@@ -304,11 +304,10 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             self.post_attack(index);
             return;
         };
-        let weapon = self
-            .res
-            .items()
-            .get(&stack.item)
-            .and_then(|i| i.weapon_damage.map(|d| (d, i.max_damage)));
+        let items = self.res.items();
+        let weapon = items
+            .weapon_damage(&stack)
+            .map(|damage| (damage, items.get(&stack.item).map_or(0, |i| i.max_damage)));
         self.native_hurt_enemy_event(&stack, index);
         let smash = self.smash_attack();
         if smash {
@@ -327,11 +326,10 @@ impl Game<'_> {
     /// `ItemStack.postHurtEnemy`: `hurtAndBreak(weapon.itemDamagePerAttack)` of
     /// the weapon in the acting hand.
     pub(super) fn weapon_wear(&mut self, stack: &ItemStack) {
-        let weapon = self
-            .res
-            .items()
-            .get(&stack.item)
-            .and_then(|i| i.weapon_damage.map(|d| (d, i.max_damage)));
+        let items = self.res.items();
+        let weapon = items
+            .weapon_damage(stack)
+            .map(|damage| (damage, items.get(&stack.item).map_or(0, |i| i.max_damage)));
         if let Some((per_attack, max)) = weapon
             && max > 0
             && !self.creative
@@ -392,12 +390,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         if smash {
             self.mace_smash_self(victim_on_ground);
         }
-        if self
-            .res
-            .items()
-            .get(&stack.item)
-            .is_some_and(|i| i.weapon_damage.is_some())
-        {
+        if self.res.items().weapon_damage(&stack).is_some() {
             self.award_stat("used", &stack.item, 1);
         }
         self.post_attack_bursts(&stack, "minecraft:player");
@@ -421,12 +414,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         {
             self.smash_knockback(center, Spared::Stand(id), fall);
         }
-        if self
-            .res
-            .items()
-            .get(&stack.item)
-            .is_some_and(|i| i.weapon_damage.is_some())
-        {
+        if self.res.items().weapon_damage(&stack).is_some() {
             self.award_stat("used", &stack.item, 1);
         }
         self.post_attack_bursts(&stack, "minecraft:armor_stand");

crates/horizon-client/src/game/machines.rs

@@ -12,10 +12,15 @@ use horizon_client::{
     Result,
     containers::{BlockEntity, HOPPER_SLOTS, ModContainer},
     items::{ItemStack, Items},
+    mobs::Mob,
     save,
     world::World,
 };
-use horizon_core::{geometry::Direction, position::BlockPos, random::RandomSource};
+use horizon_core::{
+    geometry::{Aabb, Direction, Vec3},
+    position::BlockPos,
+    random::RandomSource,
+};
 use horizon_world::{
     level::{Behaviours, LevelAccess},
     nbt::Tag,
@@ -224,6 +229,8 @@ struct Containers<'a> {
     registry: &'static horizon_world::registry::BlockRegistry,
     /// Brewing recipes, for what a brewing stand accepts (not needed for signals).
     brewing: Option<&'a horizon_client::brewing::Brewing>,
+    /// The level's mobs, for the cat half of `ChestBlock.isChestBlockedAt`.
+    mobs: &'a [Mob],
 }
 impl Containers<'_> {
     fn prop(&self, state: BlockStateId, key: &str) -> Option<&str> {
@@ -251,7 +258,8 @@ impl Containers<'_> {
     }
     /// `HopperBlockEntity.getBlockContainer` (double chests combined, right half
     /// first). `blocked_chests`: `ChestBlock.getContainer(.., false)` returns
-    /// nothing for a chest under a redstone conductor.
+    /// nothing for a blocked chest (`isChestBlockedAt`: a redstone conductor
+    /// above it or a cat sitting on it).
     fn view(&self, pos: Pos, blocked_chests: bool) -> Option<View> {
         let state = self.world.block(pos.0, pos.1, pos.2);
         let name = self.name(state);
@@ -308,6 +316,7 @@ impl Containers<'_> {
                 self.behaviours.facts(above).flags
                     & horizon_world::level::data::state_flags::CONDUCTOR
                     != 0
+                    || cat_sitting_above(self.mobs, p)
             };
             if blocked_chests && is_blocked(pos) {
                 return None;
@@ -611,20 +620,36 @@ fn bone_meal_stack() -> &'static ItemStack {
     &STACK
 }
 
-/// Comparator input from a container block entity (0 when there is none).
-pub(super) fn container_signal(
-    world: &World,
-    behaviours: &Behaviours,
-    items: &Items,
-    registry: &'static horizon_world::registry::BlockRegistry,
-    pos: BlockPos,
-) -> i32 {
+/// `ChestBlock.isCatSittingOnChest`: a sitting cat whose box meets the block
+/// above `key` (the box of the block above, not the chest's own).
+pub(super) fn cat_sitting_above(mobs: &[Mob], key: Pos) -> bool {
+    let area = Aabb::new(
+        Vec3::new(f64::from(key.0), f64::from(key.1 + 1), f64::from(key.2)),
+        Vec3::new(
+            f64::from(key.0 + 1),
+            f64::from(key.1 + 2),
+            f64::from(key.2 + 1),
+        ),
+    );
+    mobs.iter().any(|m| {
+        m.species() == horizon_client::mobs::Species::Cat
+            && m.alive()
+            && horizon_client::mobs::tame::cat_sitting(m)
+            && m.bounds().intersects(area)
+    })
+}
+
+/// Comparator input from a container block entity (0 when there is none):
+/// `ChestBlock.getContainer(.., false)`, whose blocked check sees the level's
+/// cats (`isCatSittingOnChest`).
+pub(super) fn container_signal(level: &super::GameLevel<'_>, pos: BlockPos) -> i32 {
     let c = Containers {
-        world,
-        behaviours,
-        items,
-        registry,
+        world: &*level.world,
+        behaviours: level.behaviours,
+        items: level.items,
+        registry: level.registry,
         brewing: None,
+        mobs: level.entities.mobs,
     };
     c.view((pos.x, pos.y, pos.z), true)
         .filter(|v| !matches!(v.kind, Kind::Composter(_)))
@@ -680,6 +705,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             items: self.items(),
             registry: self.pack.assets.registry,
             brewing: Some(&self.stations().brewing),
+            mobs: &self.mobs,
         }
     }
     pub(super) fn block_can_place(&self, pos: [i32; 3], slot: usize, stack: &ItemStack) -> bool {
@@ -2442,3 +2468,7 @@ mod tests {
         });
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[path = "machines_chest_cat_tests.rs"]
+mod machines_chest_cat_tests;

crates/horizon-client/src/game/machines_chest_cat_tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+//! `ChestBlock.isChestBlockedAt` (ChestBlock.java:318-319) is a redstone
+//! conductor above the chest *or* a cat sitting in the block above it
+//! (`isCatSittingOnChest`, :327-338). `getAnalogOutputSignal` (:346-348)
+//! reads `getContainer(.., false)`, whose `combine(.., false)` (:279) uses
+//! that predicate, so a sitting cat leaves the comparator at 0. A hopper's
+//! `getContainer(.., true)` ignores the block, and the menu path keeps
+//! closing as before.
+use super::super::native_machines::tests::server_game;
+use super::*;
+use horizon_client::chunk::Chunk;
+use horizon_core::geometry::Vec3;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+const CHEST: Pos = (0, 64, 0);
+const COMPARATOR: Pos = (1, 64, 0);
+const WIRE: Pos = (2, 64, 0);
+
+/// A full chest at `CHEST`, a comparator east of it reading west into it,
+/// and the wire that carries the comparator's output, on a floor in a
+/// ticking chunk.
+fn game() -> Game<'static> {
+    let mut game = server_game();
+    game.build_registries();
+    game.set_allow_commands(true);
+    for x in -1..=1 {
+        for z in -1..=1 {
+            let mut chunk = Chunk::empty(x, z);
+            chunk.lit = true;
+            game.world.chunks.insert((x, z), Arc::new(chunk));
+            game.block_ticks
+                .add_empty_chunk(BlockPos::new(x * 16, 0, z * 16).chunk())
+                .unwrap();
+        }
+    }
+    game.player = Some(
+        horizon_client::motion::PlayerMotion::new(game.motion, Vec3::new(8.5, 64.0, 8.5)).unwrap(),
+    );
+    for command in [
+        "forceload add 0 0",
+        "fill 0 63 0 15 63 15 stone",
+        "setblock 0 64 0 minecraft:chest{Items:[{Slot:0b,id:\"minecraft:stone\",count:64}]}",
+        "setblock 1 64 0 minecraft:comparator[facing=west]",
+        "setblock 2 64 0 minecraft:redstone_wire",
+    ] {
+        assert!(game.run_command(command), "{command}");
+    }
+    game.update_chunk_tickets();
+    assert!(game.tickets.levels().block_ticking(0, 0));
+    game
+}
+
+/// A block change beside the comparator, so it reads its input again, then
+/// the ticks that settle the comparator and the wire.
+fn poke(game: &mut Game<'_>, block: &str) {
+    assert!(game.run_command(&format!(
+        "setblock {} {} {} {block}",
+        COMPARATOR.0,
+        COMPARATOR.1,
+        COMPARATOR.2 + 1
+    )));
+    for _ in 0..4 {
+        game.world.game_time += 1;
+        game.update_chunk_tickets();
+        game.tick_blocks().unwrap();
+    }
+}
+
+fn summon_cat(game: &mut Game<'_>, sitting: bool) {
+    assert!(game.run_command(&format!(
+        "summon cat 0.5 65 0.5 {{Sitting:{}b,Tame:1b}}",
+        i8::from(sitting)
+    )));
+}
+
+fn wire_power(game: &Game<'_>) -> i32 {
+    let state = game.world.block(WIRE.0, WIRE.1, WIRE.2);
+    let info = game
+        .pack
+        .assets
+        .registry
+        .state(state)
+        .expect("the wire is a known state");
+    assert_eq!(info.name, "minecraft:redstone_wire");
+    info.properties["power"]
+        .parse()
+        .expect("a wire has a power property")
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+fn a_sitting_cat_silences_the_comparator_reading_a_chest() {
+    let mut game = game();
+    poke(&mut game, "glass");
+    assert_eq!(wire_power(&game), 1, "a full chest reads 1");
+
+    summon_cat(&mut game, true);
+    poke(&mut game, "stone");
+    assert_eq!(wire_power(&game), 0, "a sitting cat blocks the chest");
+
+    // Standing the cat up gives the signal back.
+    assert!(game.run_command("data merge entity @e[type=minecraft:cat,limit=1] {Sitting:0b}"));
+    poke(&mut game, "dirt");
+    assert_eq!(wire_power(&game), 1, "a standing cat blocks nothing");
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+fn a_sitting_cat_leaves_the_hopper_and_the_menu_alone() {
+    let mut game = game();
+    summon_cat(&mut game, true);
+    assert!(
+        game.containers().view(CHEST, false).is_some(),
+        "a hopper's getContainer(.., true) ignores the cat"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        game.containers().view(CHEST, true).is_none(),
+        "the comparator's getContainer(.., false) combines to nothing"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        game.chest_menu_blocked(CHEST, "minecraft:chest"),
+        "a chest with a cat on it opens no menu"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+fn a_conductor_above_a_chest_still_silences_the_comparator() {
+    let mut game = game();
+    poke(&mut game, "glass");
+    assert_eq!(wire_power(&game), 1);
+    assert!(game.run_command("setblock 0 65 0 stone"));
+    poke(&mut game, "stone");
+    assert_eq!(wire_power(&game), 0, "a conductor above blocks the chest");
+}

crates/horizon-client/src/game/maps.rs

@@ -707,6 +707,17 @@ impl MapData {
         Some(map)
     }
 }
+/// What a read of a map gives: from the cache when the map is loaded, else from its saved file.
+fn map_read<T>(
+    cached: Option<&MapData>,
+    saved: impl FnOnce() -> Option<MapData>,
+    read: impl Fn(&MapData) -> T,
+) -> Option<T> {
+    match cached {
+        Some(map) => Some(read(map)),
+        None => saved().map(|map| read(&map)),
+    }
+}
 pub(super) struct Maps {
     pub data: HashMap<i32, MapData>,
     /// The highest map id handed out (`maps/last_id.dat`), loaded on first use.
@@ -926,6 +937,30 @@ impl Game<'_> {
     fn map_path(&self, name: &str) -> std::path::PathBuf {
         self.world_root.join("data/minecraft/maps").join(name)
     }
+    /// `native_map_colors`: the 128 x 128 colour ids of the world's map `map_id`, row by row (vanilla's
+    /// `MapItemSavedData.colors`), from the loaded map or its saved file, which is not loaded here. None for a map the
+    /// world never made or saved, and on a client of a server (as `native_paint_map`).
+    pub(super) fn native_map_colors(&self, map_id: i32) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+        self.native_map_read(map_id, |map| map.colors.clone())
+    }
+    /// `native_map_meta`: the scale, dimension and locked flag of the world's map `map_id`, read as
+    /// `native_map_colors` reads it.
+    pub(super) fn native_map_meta(&self, map_id: i32) -> Option<(u8, String, bool)> {
+        self.native_map_read(map_id, |map| (map.scale, map.dimension.clone(), map.locked))
+    }
+    fn native_map_read<T>(&self, map_id: i32, read: impl Fn(&MapData) -> T) -> Option<T> {
+        if self.remote.is_some() || self.world_root.as_os_str().is_empty() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let saved = || {
+            if self.maps.missing.contains(&map_id) {
+                return None;
+            }
+            horizon_client::save::read_dat(&self.map_path(&format!("{map_id}.dat")))
+                .and_then(|t| MapData::from_nbt(&t))
+        };
+        map_read(self.maps.data.get(&map_id), saved, read)
+    }
     /// The map's data, loaded from `data/minecraft/maps/<id>.dat` on first use.
     pub(super) fn map(&mut self, id: i32) -> Option<&mut MapData> {
         if !self.maps.data.contains_key(&id) && !self.maps.missing.contains(&id) {
@@ -1973,6 +2008,8 @@ impl Game<'_> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod live_frame_tests;
 #[cfg(test)]
+mod native_read_tests;
+#[cfg(test)]
 mod save_tests;
 
 #[cfg(test)]

crates/horizon-client/src/game/maps/native_read_tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+use super::{MapData, map_read};
+
+#[test]
+fn a_painted_picture_reads_back_as_painted() {
+    let mut map = MapData::fresh(0.0, 0.0, 0, "minecraft:overworld");
+    let colors: Vec<u8> = (0..16384).map(|i| (i * 7 % 256) as u8).collect();
+    map.paint(&colors);
+    assert_eq!(
+        map_read(Some(&map), || None, |m| m.colors.clone()),
+        Some(colors)
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_loaded_map_wins_over_its_saved_file() {
+    let loaded = MapData::fresh(0.0, 0.0, 0, "minecraft:overworld");
+    let saved = MapData::fresh(0.0, 0.0, 2, "minecraft:the_end");
+    let scale = |cached: Option<&MapData>| {
+        map_read(
+            cached,
+            || Some(MapData::fresh(0.0, 0.0, 2, "minecraft:the_end")),
+            |m| m.scale,
+        )
+    };
+    assert_eq!(scale(Some(&loaded)), Some(0));
+    assert_eq!(scale(None), Some(2));
+    assert_eq!(saved.dimension, "minecraft:the_end");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_map_neither_loaded_nor_saved_reads_as_none() {
+    assert_eq!(map_read(None, || None, |m| m.locked), None);
+}

crates/horizon-client/src/game/mob_landing_support_tests.rs

@@ -44,12 +44,18 @@ fn game() -> Game<'static> {
     .unwrap();
     game.build_registries();
     game.set_allow_commands(true);
-    game.world
-        .chunks
-        .insert((0, 0), Arc::new(Chunk::empty(0, 0)));
-    game.block_ticks
-        .add_empty_chunk(ChunkPos::new(0, 0))
-        .unwrap();
+    // Entities tick once every chunk within 2 columns is loaded
+    // (ChunkMap.prepareEntityTickingChunk, #13953).
+    for x in -2..=2 {
+        for z in -2..=2 {
+            game.world
+                .chunks
+                .insert((x, z), Arc::new(Chunk::empty(x, z)));
+            game.block_ticks
+                .add_empty_chunk(ChunkPos::new(x, z))
+                .unwrap();
+        }
+    }
     assert!(game.run_command("fill 0 99 0 15 99 15 stone"));
     game
 }

crates/horizon-client/src/game/mods.rs

@@ -1258,6 +1258,7 @@ mod tests {
             ingredient: |_, _, _| {},
             ingredient_test: |_, _, _, _| {},
             log_line: |_, _, _, _| {},
+            living_death_message: |_, _, _| {},
             handshake: |_, _, _, _, _| {},
         });
         assert!(installed.is_ok());

crates/horizon-client/src/game/native_client_particles.rs

@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         }
         let camera = self.eye_position().unwrap_or(at);
         self.particles
-            .fireworks(at, velocity, explosions.to_vec(), camera);
+            .fireworks(at, velocity, explosions.to_vec(), camera, true);
         true
     }
 }

crates/horizon-client/src/game/native_entity_refs.rs

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 //! earlier client level), they return `None`.
 use super::{Dim, Game, commands::Target};
 use horizon_client::mod_api::{EntityRef, LevelRef};
+use horizon_core::geometry::Vec3;
 
 impl Game<'_> {
     /// What a handle names now, or None for a stale or foreign one.
@@ -156,6 +157,53 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         };
         Some(LevelRef::new(entity.epoch(), dim.id()))
     }
+    /// `LivingEntity.hasLineOfSight(target)` for a server mod, with the entities as the events name them by id:
+    /// whether `from_entity` sees `to_entity`. The ray runs from the eyes of `from_entity` to those of `to_entity`
+    /// (`Entity.getEyeY`), against `ClipContext.Block.COLLIDER` shapes with `from_entity` as the collision context
+    /// and no fluids, and it counts only when the two stand in the same level and no more than 128 blocks apart.
+    /// False also for an unknown entity, a client, and a level other than the one being ticked (the level it can
+    /// answer for). API @API:line_of_sight@.
+    pub(super) fn native_has_line_of_sight(&self, from_entity: u32, to_entity: u32) -> bool {
+        if !self.native_level_open(self.dim.id()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let (Some(from), Some(to)) = (
+            self.native_entity(from_entity)
+                .and_then(|e| self.native_entity_target(e)),
+            self.native_entity(to_entity)
+                .and_then(|e| self.native_entity_target(e)),
+        ) else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        let here = self.dim.id();
+        if self.target_level(from).id() != here || self.target_level(to).id() != here {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let (Some(a), Some(b)) = (self.target_position(from), self.target_position(to)) else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        let from_eye = Vec3::new(a[0], a[1] + self.target_eye_height(from), a[2]);
+        let to_eye = Vec3::new(b[0], b[1] + self.target_eye_height(to), b[2]);
+        self.mob_world_base(&[])
+            .line_of_sight_for(Some(a[1]), from_eye, to_eye)
+    }
+    /// `Level.clip` with `ClipContext.Block.COLLIDER`, no fluids and no entity (`CollisionContext.empty()`), as a
+    /// mod's own ray: true when the segment from `from` to `to` meets no block's collider (a miss). Only the level
+    /// being ticked is answered; another dimension, and a client, give false, since reaching another loaded level
+    /// needs a mutable borrow this read takes without one. API @API:line_of_sight@.
+    pub(super) fn native_clear_between(
+        &self,
+        dimension: &str,
+        from: [f64; 3],
+        to: [f64; 3],
+    ) -> bool {
+        self.native_level_open(dimension)
+            && self.mob_world_base(&[]).clear_between(
+                Vec3::new(from[0], from[1], from[2]),
+                Vec3::new(to[0], to[1], to[2]),
+                false,
+            )
+    }
 }
 
 /// A saved UUID's four ints (`UUIDUtil.uuidFromIntArray`) as one number.
@@ -493,3 +541,135 @@ mod client_tests {
         assert!(made(&game) > before, "event 42 draws the sweat");
     }
 }
+
+/// `native_has_line_of_sight` and `native_clear_between` against real blocks and entities of a server's level.
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod line_of_sight_tests {
+    use crate::game::{Audio, Game, Options, Progress, Settings, execution_role, load_resources};
+    use horizon_client::mod_api::NativeAuthority;
+    use horizon_world::nbt::Compound;
+
+    fn game() -> Game<'static> {
+        let root = std::path::PathBuf::from(
+            std::env::var_os("HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES")
+                .expect("set HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES to prepared resources"),
+        );
+        let settings = Settings::default();
+        let loaded = load_resources(
+            root.clone(),
+            None,
+            &root,
+            &settings,
+            std::time::Instant::now(),
+            false,
+            true,
+            &Progress::new(),
+            &mut |_, _| unreachable!(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let mut options = Options::parse(std::iter::empty()).unwrap().unwrap();
+        options.resources = root.clone();
+        options.execution_role = execution_role::ExecutionRole::IntegratedServer;
+        options.dedicated = Some(Vec::new());
+        let res: &'static _ = Box::leak(Box::new(loaded.resources));
+        let mut game = Game::new(
+            res,
+            loaded.pack,
+            loaded.gui.unwrap(),
+            options,
+            settings,
+            Audio::silent(&root),
+            None,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        game.build_registries();
+        game.set_allow_commands(true);
+        game.native_lifecycle
+            .begin_open(NativeAuthority::IntegratedServer);
+        game.world.chunks.insert(
+            (0, 0),
+            std::sync::Arc::new(horizon_client::chunk::Chunk::empty(0, 0)),
+        );
+        game.block_ticks
+            .add_empty_chunk(horizon_core::position::ChunkPos::new(0, 0))
+            .unwrap();
+        game
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+    fn a_collider_blocks_sight_and_a_bottom_slab_or_water_does_not() {
+        let mut game = game();
+        let dim = game.dim.id();
+        let a = game
+            .native_summon(dim, "minecraft:pig", [2.5, 200.0, 2.5], Compound::new())
+            .unwrap();
+        let b = game
+            .native_summon(dim, "minecraft:pig", [10.5, 200.0, 2.5], Compound::new())
+            .unwrap();
+        let at = |x: f64| [x, 200.8, 2.5];
+        assert!(game.native_has_line_of_sight(a, b), "open air");
+        assert!(game.native_has_line_of_sight(b, a), "sight is symmetric");
+        assert!(game.native_clear_between(dim, at(2.5), at(10.5)));
+
+        // A bottom slab's collider tops out at 200.5, under the eyes: the ray passes over it.
+        assert!(game.run_command("setblock 6 200 2 minecraft:oak_slab[type=bottom]"));
+        assert!(
+            game.native_has_line_of_sight(a, b),
+            "bottom slab under the eyes"
+        );
+
+        // Water has no collider and fluids do not count (`ClipContext.Fluid.NONE`).
+        assert!(game.run_command("fill 6 199 0 6 205 5 minecraft:water"));
+        assert!(game.native_has_line_of_sight(a, b), "water is no collider");
+
+        // Stone's collider covers the eye line: no sight, and the ray is not clear.
+        assert!(game.run_command("fill 6 199 0 6 205 5 minecraft:stone"));
+        assert!(!game.native_has_line_of_sight(a, b), "stone wall");
+        assert!(
+            !game.native_has_line_of_sight(b, a),
+            "stone wall, both ways"
+        );
+        assert!(!game.native_clear_between(dim, at(2.5), at(10.5)));
+        // A segment that stops short of the wall is clear.
+        assert!(game.native_clear_between(dim, at(2.5), at(5.5)));
+
+        // Once the wall is gone, the same pair sees each other again.
+        assert!(game.run_command("fill 6 199 0 6 205 5 minecraft:air"));
+        assert!(game.native_has_line_of_sight(a, b), "wall removed");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+    fn unknown_entities_and_other_levels_see_nothing() {
+        let mut game = game();
+        let dim = game.dim.id();
+        let a = game
+            .native_summon(dim, "minecraft:pig", [2.5, 200.0, 2.5], Compound::new())
+            .unwrap();
+        let b = game
+            .native_summon(dim, "minecraft:pig", [10.5, 200.0, 2.5], Compound::new())
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            !game.native_has_line_of_sight(a, u32::MAX),
+            "no such entity"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            !game.native_has_line_of_sight(a, b + 1000),
+            "no such entity"
+        );
+
+        // A pig in the Nether is in another level: no sight to it, and no ray in that level here.
+        let nether = "minecraft:the_nether";
+        let uuid = (7u128 << 96) | 0x51;
+        assert!(game.run_command(&format!(
+            "execute in {nether} run summon pig 8.5 200 8.5 {{UUID:[I;7,0,0,81],NoAI:1b}}"
+        )));
+        let (_, far, _) = game
+            .native_entity_by_uuid(uuid)
+            .expect("summoned in the Nether");
+        assert!(!game.native_has_line_of_sight(a, far));
+        assert!(!game.native_clear_between(nether, [2.5, 200.8, 2.5], [8.5, 200.8, 8.5]));
+        assert_eq!(game.dim.id(), dim, "the level in place is unchanged");
+    }
+}

crates/horizon-client/src/game/native_hooks_tests.rs

@@ -685,6 +685,8 @@ fn catalog_matches_hook_points() {
     let conn_hooks = free_hooks(include_str!("../lan/conn.rs"));
     // The log writer's (`horizon_client_lib::native_client_hooks`).
     let client_hooks = free_hooks(include_str!("../native_client_hooks.rs"));
+    // The tamed mobs' death messages (`horizon_client_lib::living_death`).
+    let death_hooks = free_hooks(include_str!("../living_death.rs"));
     let declared: BTreeSet<_> = section
         .lines()
         .chain(level_section.lines())
@@ -709,6 +711,7 @@ fn catalog_matches_hook_points() {
         .chain(mob_hooks.iter().copied())
         .chain(conn_hooks.iter().copied())
         .chain(client_hooks.iter().copied())
+        .chain(death_hooks.iter().copied())
         .collect();
     let mut names = BTreeSet::new();
     let mut contracts = BTreeSet::new();
@@ -755,6 +758,8 @@ fn catalog_matches_hook_points() {
             format!("horizon_client_lib::lan::conn::native_{name}")
         } else if client_hooks.contains(name) {
             format!("horizon_client_lib::native_client_hooks::native_{name}")
+        } else if death_hooks.contains(name) {
+            format!("horizon_client_lib::living_death::native_{name}")
         } else if level_hooks.contains(name) {
             format!("horizon_client::game::native_hooks::GameLevel<'_>::native_{name}")
         } else {

crates/horizon-client/src/game/native_lookup_tests.rs

@@ -107,3 +107,61 @@ fn markers_are_listed_with_their_data() {
     assert_eq!(game.dim.id(), overworld);
     assert!(game.native_level_markers("minecraft:nowhere").is_empty());
 }
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+fn a_shared_lookup_finds_the_level_in_place_and_leaves_the_others() {
+    let mut game = game();
+    let nether = "minecraft:the_nether";
+    let overworld = game.dim.id();
+    let here = "[I;7,0,0,3]";
+    let here_number = (7u128 << 96) | 3;
+    assert!(game.run_command(&format!(
+        "execute in {nether} run summon cow 8.5 70 8.5 {{UUID:{UUID},NoAI:1b}}"
+    )));
+    assert!(game.run_command(&format!("summon cow 3.5 80 3.5 {{UUID:{here},NoAI:1b}}")));
+    let shared = &game;
+    // The level in place is read from `&self`; the nether level is not, and says so with None.
+    let (dimension, id, kind) = shared
+        .native_find_entity_by_uuid(here_number)
+        .expect("found");
+    assert_eq!(
+        (dimension.as_str(), kind.as_str()),
+        (overworld, "minecraft:cow")
+    );
+    assert_eq!(shared.native_find_entity_by_uuid(UUID_NUMBER), None);
+    // The `&mut` lookup still reaches the nether level, and the same entity answers the same way.
+    assert_eq!(
+        game.native_entity_by_uuid(here_number),
+        Some((overworld.to_owned(), id, kind))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        game.native_entity_by_uuid(UUID_NUMBER).map(|f| f.0),
+        Some(nether.to_owned())
+    );
+    assert_eq!(game.dim.id(), overworld);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+fn an_entity_in_another_level_has_its_data_read_in_place() {
+    let mut game = game();
+    let nether = "minecraft:the_nether";
+    let overworld = game.dim.id();
+    assert!(game.run_command(&format!(
+        "execute in {nether} run summon cow 8.5 70 8.5 {{UUID:{UUID},NoAI:1b}}"
+    )));
+    let (dimension, id, _) = game.native_entity_by_uuid(UUID_NUMBER).expect("found");
+    let nbt = game
+        .native_entity_nbt_in(&dimension, id)
+        .expect("read in its own level");
+    assert_eq!(nbt.get(&"NoAI".into()), Some(&Tag::Byte(1)));
+    assert!(
+        !nbt.contains_key(&"id".into()),
+        "as native_entity_nbt: no id"
+    );
+    // The level in place is the overworld again, and the id names nothing there.
+    assert_eq!(game.dim.id(), overworld);
+    assert_eq!(game.native_entity_nbt_in(overworld, id), None);
+    assert_eq!(game.native_entity_nbt_in("minecraft:nowhere", id), None);
+}

crates/horizon-client/src/game/native_npcs.rs

@@ -21,6 +21,26 @@ impl Game<'_> {
     /// packet is handled (the hub is taken out then): call it from a tick or
     /// console hook. API @API:npc_entity_by_uuid@.
     pub(super) fn native_entity_by_uuid(&mut self, uuid: u128) -> Option<(String, u32, String)> {
+        if let Some(found) = self.native_find_entity_by_uuid(uuid) {
+            return Some(found);
+        }
+        // The levels not in place: each one is put in place to look (`npc_in_level`).
+        let words = horizon_client::lan::playerdata::uuid_ints(uuid);
+        let dims: Vec<&'static str> = self.levels.parked_dims().iter().map(|d| d.id()).collect();
+        for dimension in dims {
+            if let Some(Some((id, kind))) =
+                self.npc_in_level(dimension, |g| g.uuid_holder_here(words))
+            {
+                return Some((dimension.to_owned(), id, kind));
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+    /// `native_entity_by_uuid` from `&self`, for many read-only lookups: the server's players and the
+    /// entities of the level in place. A level not in place keeps its entities in its own state, and
+    /// reading one means putting it in place (a `&mut` swap), so those levels are left to
+    /// `native_entity_by_uuid`. Same answer as it for these; None on a client. API @API:npc_entity_lookup@.
+    pub(super) fn native_find_entity_by_uuid(&self, uuid: u128) -> Option<(String, u32, String)> {
         if self.remote.is_some() || self.options.execution_role.is_client() {
             return None;
         }
@@ -32,37 +52,29 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             return Some((dimension, id, "minecraft:player".into()));
         }
         let words = horizon_client::lan::playerdata::uuid_ints(uuid);
-        let dims: Vec<&'static str> = std::iter::once(self.dim)
-            .chain(self.levels.parked_dims())
-            .map(|d| d.id())
-            .collect();
-        for dimension in dims {
-            let found = self.npc_in_level(dimension, |g| {
-                // The UUIDs the level remembers, checked against its entities: a
-                // remembered id may belong to an entity that is gone.
-                let id = g
-                    .persist
-                    .uuids
-                    .iter()
-                    .find(|(_, w)| **w == words)
-                    .map(|(id, _)| *id)?;
-                let t = g.level_entity(i32::try_from(id).ok()?)?;
-                if let Target::Mob(m) = t
-                    && !g.mobs.iter().any(|x| x.id == m && !x.removed)
-                {
-                    return None;
-                }
-                // The mod API has no natural fence knots (#13036).
-                if let Target::Knot(_) = t {
-                    return None;
-                }
-                Some((id, g.target_type(t)))
-            });
-            if let Some(Some((id, kind))) = found {
-                return Some((dimension.to_owned(), id, kind));
-            }
+        let (id, kind) = self.uuid_holder_here(words)?;
+        Some((self.dim.id().to_owned(), id, kind))
+    }
+    /// The entity of the level in place that `words` names, with its type: the UUIDs the level
+    /// remembers, checked against its entities (a remembered id may belong to an entity that is gone).
+    fn uuid_holder_here(&self, words: [i32; 4]) -> Option<(u32, String)> {
+        let id = self
+            .persist
+            .uuids
+            .iter()
+            .find(|(_, w)| **w == words)
+            .map(|(id, _)| *id)?;
+        let t = self.level_entity(i32::try_from(id).ok()?)?;
+        if let Target::Mob(m) = t
+            && !self.mobs.iter().any(|x| x.id == m && !x.removed)
+        {
+            return None;
         }
-        None
+        // The mod API has no natural fence knots (#13036).
+        if let Target::Knot(_) = t {
+            return None;
+        }
+        Some((id, self.target_type(t)))
     }
     /// The `minecraft:marker` entities of the loaded level `dimension`: each one's id, its position
     /// and its `data` compound (empty for a marker saved without data), as `/data get entity <marker>
@@ -117,6 +129,17 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         })
         .unwrap_or(false)
     }
+    /// The data of entity `id` in the loaded level `dimension`, as `native_entity_nbt` gives it for the
+    /// level in place (`/execute in <dimension> run data get entity`, without the `id`). Read after
+    /// `native_find_entity_by_uuid` or `native_entity_by_uuid` found the entity. None on a client, for a
+    /// level not loaded, and for no such entity. API @API:npc_entity_lookup@.
+    pub(super) fn native_entity_nbt_in(&mut self, dimension: &str, id: u32) -> Option<Compound> {
+        self.npc_in_level(dimension, |g| {
+            let entity = g.native_entity(id)?;
+            g.native_entity_nbt(entity)
+        })
+        .flatten()
+    }
     /// Turns entity `id` of the loaded level `dimension` to `yaw` and `pitch`
     /// in degrees, as `/rotate` does (`Entity.forceSetRotation`: `setYRot`,
     /// `setXRot` clamped to -90..90, its body and head with it), without

crates/horizon-client/src/game/native_recipes.rs

@@ -34,6 +34,10 @@ pub(super) struct RecipeTables {
     /// recipe_content`) over the window's own: what `Game::recipes` reads on
     /// a client once they came.
     synced: Option<horizon_client::crafting::Recipes>,
+    /// The display numbers of those recipes: the server numbers its book's
+    /// displays over its own recipe set, a world's data pack recipes
+    /// included, so the book numbers them the same (`Game::display_index`).
+    pub(super) synced_index: Option<horizon_client::recipe_book::RecipeIndex>,
     /// The recipe content's parts so far, until its last.
     incoming: Vec<(String, serde_json::Value)>,
     /// The types that came before the player did: the mods hear of them
@@ -384,9 +388,18 @@ impl Game<'_> {
     pub(super) fn synced_recipes(&self) -> Option<&horizon_client::crafting::Recipes> {
         self.recipe_tables.synced.as_ref()
     }
+    /// The display numbers the recipe book reads: the server's recipes',
+    /// once a server sent them, else the world's own.
+    pub(super) fn display_index(&self) -> &horizon_client::recipe_book::RecipeIndex {
+        match &self.recipe_tables.synced_index {
+            Some(index) => index,
+            None => &self.stations().recipe_index,
+        }
+    }
     /// A new play session (`Login`): what the last server sent is gone.
     pub(super) fn forget_synced_recipes(&mut self) {
         self.recipe_tables.synced = None;
+        self.recipe_tables.synced_index = None;
         self.recipe_tables.incoming.clear();
         self.recipe_tables.received = None;
         self.recipe_tables.tables = None;
@@ -453,6 +466,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         let received = std::mem::take(&mut self.recipe_tables.incoming);
         // No type any more: back on the window's own recipes.
         if types.is_empty() {
+            self.recipe_tables.synced_index = None;
             if self.recipe_tables.synced.take().is_some() {
                 self.recipe_tables.tables = None;
                 self.forget_book();
@@ -467,11 +481,18 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             let of = |v: &serde_json::Value| types.iter().any(|t| v["type"].as_str() == Some(t));
             let mut all: Vec<_> = own.into_iter().filter(|(_, v)| !of(v)).collect();
             all.extend(received);
+            // The server numbers the displays over these same recipes: a
+            // world's data pack recipes shift the numbers of every recipe
+            // after them, and the book must agree (the server's entries go
+            // over its own by number).
+            let index = horizon_client::recipe_book::RecipeIndex::load_from_sources(&all);
             horizon_client::crafting::Recipes::from_sources(root, self.items(), &overlay, all)
+                .map(|recipes| (recipes, index))
         });
         match built {
-            Ok(recipes) => {
+            Ok((recipes, index)) => {
                 self.recipe_tables.synced = Some(recipes);
+                self.recipe_tables.synced_index = Some(index);
                 // What was made of the window's own recipes is made again.
                 self.recipe_tables.tables = None;
                 self.forget_book();

crates/horizon-client/src/game/native_server.rs

@@ -761,6 +761,30 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             .map(|lan| lan.hub.lan.shared.motd())
             .unwrap_or_default()
     }
+    /// Whether the dedicated server runs in online mode (`online-mode` of server.properties):
+    /// its players sign in with their accounts. None off a dedicated server and before it listens.
+    /// API @API:server_settings@.
+    pub(super) fn native_online_mode(&self) -> Option<bool> {
+        Some(online_mode_of(&self.dedicated_lan()?.shared.config))
+    }
+    /// The port the dedicated server listens on: `server-port` of server.properties, or the
+    /// `--port` it was started with. None off a dedicated server and before it listens.
+    /// API @API:server_settings@.
+    pub(super) fn native_server_port(&self) -> Option<u16> {
+        Some(self.dedicated_lan()?.port)
+    }
+    /// How the dedicated server takes its players from a proxy: `"velocity"` when it signs the
+    /// forwarded player information with `forwarding.secret` (offline mode behind Velocity),
+    /// `"none"` when it doesn't; None off a dedicated server and before it listens. The secret
+    /// itself is never returned. API @API:server_settings@.
+    pub(super) fn native_proxy_forwarding(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
+        Some(proxy_forwarding_of(&self.dedicated_lan()?.shared.config))
+    }
+    /// The listening socket of a dedicated server; None on any other side and before it listens.
+    fn dedicated_lan(&self) -> Option<&horizon_client::lan::Lan> {
+        self.options.dedicated.as_ref()?;
+        Some(&self.lan.as_ref()?.hub.lan)
+    }
     /// Whether a player has played on the open world before: their player
     /// data file is there (`players/data/<uuid>.dat`). False when no world
     /// is open. API @API:join_leave_helpers@.
@@ -1511,6 +1535,22 @@ const DEFAULT_WORLDS: [(&str, &str); 3] = [
     ("world_the_end", "minecraft:the_end"),
 ];
 
+/// The online mode a dedicated server's network config carries: it has an
+/// `OnlineMode` key (and so signs its logins) only in online mode.
+fn online_mode_of(config: &horizon_client::lan::NetConfig) -> bool {
+    config.online.is_some()
+}
+
+/// The proxy forwarding a dedicated server's network config carries: the secret
+/// is set only offline behind a proxy (game/dedicated.rs `forwarding_secret`).
+fn proxy_forwarding_of(config: &horizon_client::lan::NetConfig) -> &'static str {
+    if config.forwarding_secret.is_some() {
+        "velocity"
+    } else {
+        "none"
+    }
+}
+
 fn dimension_of_world(world: &str) -> Option<&'static str> {
     DEFAULT_WORLDS
         .iter()
@@ -2136,4 +2176,22 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(world_of_dimension("minecraft:overworld"), Some("world"));
         assert_eq!(world_of_dimension("world"), None);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn server_settings_follow_the_network_config() {
+        use horizon_client::lan::{NetConfig, OnlineMode};
+        let mut config = NetConfig::loopback(25565, String::new(), 20);
+        // online-mode=false, no proxy: no key, no forwarding secret.
+        assert!(!online_mode_of(&config));
+        assert_eq!(proxy_forwarding_of(&config), "none");
+        // online-mode=false behind Velocity: the secret is set.
+        config.forwarding_secret = Some(b"secret".to_vec());
+        assert!(!online_mode_of(&config));
+        assert_eq!(proxy_forwarding_of(&config), "velocity");
+        // online-mode=true: the server's key, and forwarding stays off.
+        config.forwarding_secret = None;
+        config.online = Some(std::sync::Arc::new(OnlineMode::generate(false).unwrap()));
+        assert!(online_mode_of(&config));
+        assert_eq!(proxy_forwarding_of(&config), "none");
+    }
 }

crates/horizon-client/src/game/native_shaders.rs

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use horizon_client::text::Text;
-use horizon_shader_api::{Api, Blend, Manifest, Pack, check};
+use horizon_shader_api::{Api, Blend, Manifest, Pack, Primaries, check};
 
 use super::Game;
 
@@ -202,6 +202,12 @@ impl Game<'_> {
 /// (docs/design/hdr-linear-light.md, steps 3 and 4) isn't served yet. 0.2 itself is drawn
 /// under `HORIZON_HDR_FRAME=float` (`switch`).
 fn not_drawn(m: &Manifest, switch: bool) -> Option<String> {
+    if m.primaries == Primaries::Bt2020 {
+        return Some(
+            "[frame] primaries = \"bt2020\" isn't served yet: leave it out, or set \"bt709\""
+                .into(),
+        );
+    }
     if m.blend == Blend::Linear {
         return Some(
             "[frame] blend = \"linear\" isn't served yet: leave it out, or set \"gamma\"".into(),
@@ -354,6 +360,14 @@ mod tests {
             assert_eq!(not_drawn(&manifest("0.1", ""), switch), None);
             let why = not_drawn(&manifest("0.2", "[frame]\nblend = \"linear\"\n"), switch);
             assert!(why.unwrap().contains("blend = \"linear\" isn't served yet"));
+            let wide = "[frame]\nblend = \"linear\"\nprimaries = \"bt2020\"\n";
+            let why = not_drawn(&manifest("0.2", wide), switch).unwrap();
+            assert!(
+                why.contains("primaries = \"bt2020\" isn't served yet"),
+                "{why}"
+            );
+            let named = manifest("0.2", "[frame]\nprimaries = \"bt709\"\n");
+            assert_eq!(not_drawn(&named, true), None);
         }
         let why = not_drawn(&manifest("0.2", ""), false).unwrap();
         assert!(

crates/horizon-client/src/game/native_travel.rs

@@ -237,6 +237,69 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         any
     }
 
+    /// The vehicle the entity `entity` (a server player or a mob) sits on, by entity id, as
+    /// Bukkit's `Entity.getVehicle` reads it: a boat, a minecart or a mob. None when it rides
+    /// nothing, is not reached (see `native_rider`: inside another player's hook only the acting
+    /// player and mobs are), and on a client. Read-only. API @API:riding_getters@.
+    pub(super) fn native_vehicle_of(&self, entity: u32) -> Option<u32> {
+        if !self.native_serves() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        match self.native_rider(entity)? {
+            Target::Player => self.riding,
+            Target::Guest(conn) => {
+                self.lan
+                    .as_ref()?
+                    .hub
+                    .guests
+                    .iter()
+                    .find(|g| g.conn == conn)?
+                    .vehicle
+            }
+            Target::Mob(id) => self.mobs.iter().find(|m| m.id == id)?.extra.mount,
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The entity ids of the server players and mobs riding the vehicle `entity` (a boat, a
+    /// minecart or a mob), in vanilla's `getPassengers` order: the acting player, then the hub's
+    /// guests in the level, then the mobs in the level's order, so the first is the controlling
+    /// passenger where a player rides. Empty when nothing rides it, when it is no vehicle Horizon
+    /// seats riders on, and on a client. Only what `native_rider` reaches: inside another
+    /// player's hook the hub's guests are not listed. Read-only. API @API:riding_getters@.
+    pub(super) fn native_passengers_of(&self, entity: u32) -> Vec<u32> {
+        if !self.native_serves() || self.native_vehicle_target(entity).is_none() {
+            return Vec::new();
+        }
+        let mut riders = Vec::new();
+        if self.lan_acting.is_some() && self.riding == Some(entity) {
+            riders.push(self.native_acting_entity());
+        }
+        if self.lan_acting.is_none()
+            && let Some(host) = &self.lan
+        {
+            riders.extend(
+                host.hub
+                    .guests
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter(|g| {
+                        g.placed
+                            && !g.dead
+                            && g.vehicle == Some(entity)
+                            && g.dimension == self.dim.id()
+                    })
+                    .map(|g| g.entity_id as u32),
+            );
+        }
+        riders.extend(
+            self.mobs
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|m| m.extra.mount == Some(entity) && !m.removed && m.alive())
+                .map(|m| m.id),
+        );
+        riders
+    }
+
     /// The rider an entity id names in the level in place: the acting player, a server player
     /// out of their turn (only while nobody's is swapped in), or a living mob.
     fn native_rider(&self, entity: u32) -> Option<Target> {
@@ -391,3 +454,113 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         }
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::super::*;
+    use horizon_client::mod_api::NativeAuthority;
+    use horizon_world::nbt::Compound;
+
+    fn game() -> Game<'static> {
+        let root = std::path::PathBuf::from(
+            std::env::var_os("HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES")
+                .expect("set HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES to prepared resources"),
+        );
+        let settings = Settings::default();
+        let loaded = load_resources(
+            root.clone(),
+            None,
+            &root,
+            &settings,
+            std::time::Instant::now(),
+            false,
+            true,
+            &Progress::new(),
+            &mut |_, _| unreachable!(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let mut options = Options::parse(std::iter::empty()).unwrap().unwrap();
+        options.resources = root.clone();
+        options.execution_role = execution_role::ExecutionRole::IntegratedServer;
+        options.dedicated = Some(Vec::new());
+        let res: &'static _ = Box::leak(Box::new(loaded.resources));
+        let mut game = Game::new(
+            res,
+            loaded.pack,
+            loaded.gui.unwrap(),
+            options,
+            settings,
+            Audio::silent(&root),
+            None,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        game.build_registries();
+        game.set_allow_commands(true);
+        game.native_lifecycle
+            .begin_open(NativeAuthority::IntegratedServer);
+        game.world.chunks.insert(
+            (0, 0),
+            std::sync::Arc::new(horizon_client::chunk::Chunk::empty(0, 0)),
+        );
+        game.block_ticks
+            .add_empty_chunk(horizon_core::position::ChunkPos::new(0, 0))
+            .unwrap();
+        game
+    }
+
+    const AT: [f64; 3] = [4.5, 200.0, 4.5];
+
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+    fn a_mob_on_a_mob_reads_as_mounted_and_clears_after_a_dismount() {
+        let mut game = game();
+        let dim = game.dim.id();
+        let pig = game
+            .native_summon(dim, "minecraft:pig", AT, Compound::new())
+            .unwrap();
+        let chicken = game
+            .native_summon(dim, "minecraft:chicken", AT, Compound::new())
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(game.native_vehicle_of(chicken), None);
+        assert!(game.native_passengers_of(pig).is_empty());
+        assert!(game.native_mount(chicken, pig));
+        assert_eq!(game.native_vehicle_of(chicken), Some(pig));
+        assert_eq!(game.native_passengers_of(pig), vec![chicken]);
+        assert_eq!(game.native_vehicle_of(pig), None);
+        assert!(game.native_passengers_of(chicken).is_empty());
+        assert!(game.native_dismount(chicken));
+        assert_eq!(game.native_vehicle_of(chicken), None);
+        assert!(game.native_passengers_of(pig).is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+    fn a_mob_in_a_boat_is_listed_by_the_boat() {
+        let mut game = game();
+        let dim = game.dim.id();
+        let boat = game
+            .native_summon(dim, "minecraft:oak_boat", AT, Compound::new())
+            .unwrap();
+        let cow = game
+            .native_summon(dim, "minecraft:cow", AT, Compound::new())
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(game.native_mount(cow, boat));
+        assert_eq!(game.native_vehicle_of(cow), Some(boat));
+        assert_eq!(game.native_passengers_of(boat), vec![cow]);
+        assert_eq!(game.native_vehicle_of(boat), None);
+        assert!(game.native_passengers_of(cow).is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+    fn an_unknown_entity_reads_as_nothing() {
+        let mut game = game();
+        let dim = game.dim.id();
+        let boat = game
+            .native_summon(dim, "minecraft:oak_boat", AT, Compound::new())
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(game.native_vehicle_of(u32::MAX), None);
+        assert!(game.native_passengers_of(u32::MAX).is_empty());
+        assert!(game.native_passengers_of(boat).is_empty());
+    }
+}

crates/horizon-client/src/game/nether_portal.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 //! A server keeps one level per dimension. Entity portal processes and
 //! cooldowns follow their level; shared `Arrival`s hold each traveller's
 //! saved compound until its destination chunks are loaded.
-use super::entity::{Entity as _, entity_lists_of, for_each_entity};
+use super::entity::{Entity as _, entity_lists_of, for_each_entity, with_entity};
 use super::{Dim, Game, Result, Screen, level_flags};
 use horizon_client::fast_hash::FxHashMap;
 use horizon_client::nether_portal::{ENTITY_DELAY, PortalState};
@@ -269,6 +269,16 @@ fn arrival_from_tag(a: &Tag) -> Option<Arrival> {
     })
 }
 
+/// Keep an explicitly captured counter. Old archives without a positive counter
+/// retain the historical fallback; their migration needs separate evidence.
+fn preserve_arrival_cooldown(tag: &mut Tag) {
+    if let Tag::Compound(fields) = tag
+        && !matches!(fields.get(&"PortalCooldown".into()), Some(Tag::Int(delay)) if *delay > 0)
+    {
+        fields.insert("PortalCooldown".into(), Tag::Int(ENTITY_DELAY));
+    }
+}
+
 impl Game<'_> {
     /// The world border's extent.
     pub(super) fn border_bounds(&self) -> BorderBounds {
@@ -630,15 +640,15 @@ impl Game<'_> {
     /// at the start of their tick: an item or mob that stayed in a portal
     /// goes through (transition time 0) and waits for its dimension.
     pub(super) fn handle_entity_portals(&mut self) {
-        self.handle_portals(false);
+        self.handle_portals(false, false);
     }
     /// `Entity.handlePortal` of the boats and minecarts, which `tick_boats`
     /// and `tick_carts` move: it runs before them, from the position they
     /// ended the last tick at, as the start of a vehicle's own tick does.
     pub(super) fn handle_vehicle_portals(&mut self) {
-        self.handle_portals(true);
+        self.handle_portals(true, false);
     }
-    fn handle_portals(&mut self, vehicles: bool) {
+    fn handle_portals(&mut self, vehicles: bool, after_move: bool) {
         if self.remote.is_some() {
             return;
         }
@@ -653,51 +663,47 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         if vehicles {
             before.clear();
         }
-        let mut ids: Vec<(u32, bool)> = Vec::new();
-        // ServerLevel.tick ticks only the entities in entity-ticking chunks,
-        // and handlePortal runs in their tick: past the simulation distance an
-        // entity's portal time and cooldown wait, kept as they are.
+        let mut ids: Vec<(u32, bool, i32)> = Vec::new();
+        // Portal handling runs only in entity-ticking chunks; retain frozen
+        // states while their entities are outside the simulation distance.
         let entity_ticking = self.entity_ticking_area();
-        let mut waiting: Vec<u32> = Vec::new();
         let tracked = &self.portals.entities;
+        let mut present = std::collections::HashSet::new();
         for_each_entity!(entity_lists_of!(self), entity => {
             let can_sweep = entity.sweeps_portals();
             let has_portal_state = tracked.contains_key(&entity.id());
+            if has_portal_state {
+                present.insert(entity.id());
+            }
             // Entity.processPortalCooldown still runs for entities this
             // portal pass cannot send, such as an ender pearl.
-            if entity.is_vehicle() == vehicles && (can_sweep || has_portal_state) {
+            if entity.is_vehicle() == vehicles
+                && entity.portal_after_move() == after_move
+                && (can_sweep || has_portal_state)
+            {
                 let at = entity.position();
                 if !entity_ticking(at.x.floor() as i32, at.z.floor() as i32) {
-                    if has_portal_state {
-                        waiting.push(entity.id());
-                    }
                     continue;
                 }
                 if can_sweep && entity.portal_from().is_none() {
                     before.insert(entity.id(), entity.position());
                 }
                 if has_portal_state {
-                    ids.push((entity.id(), can_sweep && entity.can_use_portal(self)));
+                    ids.push((
+                        entity.id(),
+                        can_sweep && entity.can_use_portal(self),
+                        entity.dimension_changing_delay(),
+                    ));
                 }
             }
         });
         self.portals.before = before;
-        let present: std::collections::HashSet<u32> = ids
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(id, _)| *id)
-            .chain(waiting.iter().copied())
-            .collect();
-        // Each pass keeps the other group's states.
-        let (boats, carts) = (&self.boats, &self.carts);
-        self.portals.entities.retain(|id, _| {
-            let vehicle = boats.iter().any(|b| b.id == *id) || carts.iter().any(|c| c.id == *id);
-            present.contains(id) || vehicle != vehicles
-        });
-        for (id, allowed) in ids {
+        self.portals.entities.retain(|id, _| present.contains(id));
+        for (id, allowed, delay) in ids {
             let Some(state) = self.portals.entities.get_mut(&id) else {
                 continue;
             };
-            if let Some(entry) = state.handle(allowed, 0, ENTITY_DELAY) {
+            if let Some(entry) = state.handle(allowed, 0, delay) {
                 leaving.push((id, entry));
             }
             if state.cooldown == 0 && state.process.is_none() {
@@ -739,6 +745,16 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             );
         }
     }
+    /// The live entity's `getDimensionChangingDelay`; unknown ids use Entity's default.
+    pub(super) fn entity_portal_delay(&self, id: u32) -> i32 {
+        self.entity_handles()
+            .find_map(|handle| {
+                with_entity!(self, handle, entity => {
+                    (entity.id() == id).then(|| entity.dimension_changing_delay())
+                })
+            })
+            .unwrap_or(ENTITY_DELAY)
+    }
     /// `Entity.saveWithoutId`: the modeled non-arrow projectile codecs
     /// share the live cooldown between command reads and chunk writes.
     pub(super) fn save_projectile_portal_cooldown(
@@ -760,21 +776,23 @@ impl Game<'_> {
     /// `Entity.setAsInsidePortal` on an entity that is still on its portal
     /// cooldown, whatever the portal: the cooldown restarts and it stays.
     pub(super) fn restart_portal_cooldown(&mut self, id: u32) -> bool {
+        let delay = self.entity_portal_delay(id);
         match self.portals.entities.get_mut(&id) {
             Some(state) if state.cooldown > 0 => {
-                state.cooldown = ENTITY_DELAY;
+                state.cooldown = delay;
                 true
             }
             _ => false,
         }
     }
     /// `Entity.setPortalCooldown` on an entity that has just spawned in a
-    /// portal: it stands in the portal for 300 ticks without going through.
+    /// portal: it waits for its entity-specific cooldown without going through.
     pub(super) fn set_portal_cooldown(&mut self, id: u32) {
+        let delay = self.entity_portal_delay(id);
         self.portals.entities.insert(
             id,
             PortalState {
-                cooldown: ENTITY_DELAY,
+                cooldown: delay,
                 process: None,
             },
         );
@@ -844,6 +862,10 @@ impl Game<'_> {
     /// transition time is 0 too).
     pub(super) fn find_entity_portals(&mut self) {
         self.find_portals(None);
+        // AbstractArrow, ThrowableProjectile and AbstractHurtingProjectile apply
+        // block effects before calling Entity.tick, so their refreshed cooldown
+        // is decremented (or their new portal handled) in this same tick.
+        self.handle_portals(false, true);
     }
     /// The same for the vehicles server players ride, once `tick_guests` has
     /// moved them: a ridden vehicle moves with its rider, after the other
@@ -878,7 +900,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         {
             super::lan_entities::assign_entity_id(&mut self.next_entity, &mut r.id);
         }
-        let mut inside: Vec<(u32, BlockPos)> = Vec::new();
+        let mut inside: Vec<(u32, BlockPos, i32)> = Vec::new();
         let mut portal_sections = std::mem::take(&mut self.portals.sections);
         // No loaded section has a portal state in its palette (nearly always): no
         // sweep below can meet a portal block, so the walk would find nothing.
@@ -916,16 +938,16 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                 continue;
             };
             if let Some(pos) = self.swept_portal(from, to, width, height, &mut portal_sections) {
-                inside.push((id, pos));
+                inside.push((id, pos, entity.dimension_changing_delay()));
             }
         });
         self.portals.sections = portal_sections;
-        for (id, pos) in inside {
+        for (id, pos, delay) in inside {
             self.portals
                 .entities
                 .entry(id)
                 .or_default()
-                .set_inside(pos, ENTITY_DELAY);
+                .set_inside(pos, delay);
         }
     }
     /// The first nether or End portal block an entity box swept through
@@ -1034,6 +1056,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
     /// entity is saved and removed, and waits for its dimension to load.
     fn send_through_portal(&mut self, id: u32, entry: BlockPos) {
         let arrivals = self.portals.arrivals.len();
+        let delay = self.entity_portal_delay(id);
         if let Some(i) = self.dropped.iter().position(|e| e.id == id) {
             let e = &self.dropped[i];
             let plan = self.entity_plan(entry, e.position, 0.25, 0.25, false);
@@ -1203,6 +1226,11 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             self.portals.dirty = true;
         }
         if self.portals.arrivals.len() > arrivals {
+            if let Some(arrival) = self.portals.arrivals.last_mut()
+                && let Tag::Compound(tag) = &mut arrival.tag
+            {
+                tag.insert("PortalCooldown".into(), Tag::Int(delay));
+            }
             self.native_entity_portal(self.dim.id(), id, [entry.x, entry.y, entry.z]);
         }
     }
@@ -1301,9 +1329,8 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                     "Rotation".into(),
                     Tag::List(vec![Tag::Float(yaw.to_bits()), Tag::Float(pitch.to_bits())]),
                 );
-                // setPortalCooldown before the teleport, copied by restoreFrom.
-                c.insert("PortalCooldown".into(), Tag::Int(ENTITY_DELAY));
             }
+            preserve_arrival_cooldown(&mut tag);
             // ServerLevel.addDuringTeleport: a fresh add, not loaded from disk.
             super::persist::mark_fresh(&mut tag);
             let key = ((at.x.floor() as i32) >> 4, (at.z.floor() as i32) >> 4);
@@ -1613,6 +1640,27 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn legacy_arrivals_keep_explicit_positive_counters_without_type_migration() {
+        for old in [None, Some(0), Some(-1), Some(5)] {
+            let mut tag = Tag::compound([("id", Tag::String("minecraft:oak_boat".into()))]);
+            if let (Some(old), Tag::Compound(fields)) = (old, &mut tag) {
+                fields.insert("PortalCooldown".into(), Tag::Int(old));
+            }
+            preserve_arrival_cooldown(&mut tag);
+            let arrival = Arrival {
+                plan: Plan::end_portal(Dim::Overworld, BlockPos::new(0, 64, 0), 1.375, 0.5625),
+                tag,
+            };
+            let restored = arrival_from_tag(&arrival_tag(&arrival)).unwrap();
+            let expected = old.filter(|n| *n > 0).unwrap_or(ENTITY_DELAY);
+            assert_eq!(
+                restored.tag.get("PortalCooldown"),
+                Some(&Tag::Int(expected))
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn waiting_arrivals_keep_their_end_destination_when_saved() {
         let tag = Tag::compound([("id", Tag::String("minecraft:cow".into()))]);
@@ -1638,3 +1686,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(!arrival_from_tag(&old).unwrap().plan.end);
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[path = "portal_cooldown_tests.rs"]
+mod cooldown_tests;

crates/horizon-client/src/game/options.rs

@@ -749,7 +749,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
     pub(super) fn hold_fullbright(&mut self) {
         let held = fullbright_held(
             self.remote.as_ref().map(|r| r.save_folder.is_some()),
-            self.studio_replay.is_some(),
+            self.replay.playing(),
         );
         self.settings.fullbright_held = held;
         if let Some(r) = self.renderer.as_mut() {

crates/horizon-client/src/game/packs.rs

@@ -420,6 +420,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         self.random_tick_sections.clear();
         self.portals.sections.clear();
         self.options.resources = root.clone();
+        self.falling_vertices.get_mut().clear();
         self.pack = pack;
         self.gui = gui;
         // The new atlas's skin and map slots are blank: players and maps

crates/horizon-client/src/game/pad/parity_tests.rs

@@ -45,8 +45,9 @@ fn playing(test: impl FnOnce(&mut Game)) {
     test(&mut game);
 }
 
-/// Hold `button` on the pad, as a poll that saw it go down would.
-fn pad_press(game: &mut Game, button: Button, action: &str) {
+/// Hold `button` on the pad, as a poll that saw it go down would: the press
+/// is recorded as `pad_button` records it, which is what `holds_action` reads.
+fn pad_press(game: &mut Game, button: Button, action: &'static str) {
     let mut state = PadState::default();
     // A trigger is held by how far it's pulled, not by a button bit.
     match button {
@@ -55,6 +56,7 @@ fn pad_press(game: &mut Game, button: Button, action: &str) {
         _ => state.set(button, true),
     }
     game.pad.edges.update(&state, 0.4);
+    game.pad.actions[button as usize] = vec![action];
     game.pad_action(action, true).unwrap();
 }
 

crates/horizon-client/src/game/phantom_spawn_tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+//! `PhantomSpawner.tick` tests the player's position with `Level.canSeeSky`,
+//! "sky light 15 here" (`BlockAndLightGetter.canSeeSky`), not a scan for a
+//! full collision cube above. Glass and stained glass are full collision cubes
+//! the sky light passes, so phantoms spawn under them; stone, water (which
+//! damps the light) and a bottom slab (whose up face occludes the sky-light
+//! column) do not. The world is lit by the vanilla light engine, not by hand.
+use super::super::*;
+use horizon_client::chunk::Chunk;
+use horizon_client::light::{LightTables, apply_lighting, light_chunk};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+/// The prepared resources, or `None` where CI has none (the test then skips).
+fn resources() -> Option<std::path::PathBuf> {
+    let root = std::env::var_os("HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES")
+        .map(std::path::PathBuf::from)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            std::path::Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
+                .join("../../.local/horizon-client")
+                .join(horizon_core::VANILLA_VERSION)
+        });
+    (root.join("occlusion.nbt").is_file() && root.join("entity-types.json").is_file())
+        .then_some(root)
+}
+
+/// A server's game on `root`: hard difficulty, a long-inhabited chunk, the
+/// player at (2.5, 99, 2.5), midnight (sky darken 11) and a fixed level seed.
+fn game(root: &std::path::Path) -> Game<'static> {
+    let settings = Settings::default();
+    let loaded = load_resources(
+        root.to_path_buf(),
+        None,
+        root,
+        &settings,
+        std::time::Instant::now(),
+        false,
+        true,
+        &Progress::new(),
+        &mut |_, _| unreachable!(),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    let mut options = Options::parse(std::iter::empty()).unwrap().unwrap();
+    options.resources = root.to_path_buf();
+    options.execution_role = execution_role::ExecutionRole::IntegratedServer;
+    let res: &'static _ = Box::leak(Box::new(loaded.resources));
+    let mut game = Game::new(
+        res,
+        loaded.pack,
+        loaded.gui.unwrap(),
+        options,
+        settings,
+        Audio::silent(root),
+        None,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    game.build_registries();
+    game.set_allow_commands(true);
+    assert!(game.run_command("difficulty hard"));
+    for x in -1..=0 {
+        for z in -1..=0 {
+            game.world
+                .chunks
+                .insert((x, z), Arc::new(Chunk::empty(x, z)));
+        }
+    }
+    // `getCurrentDifficultyAt`: an old chunk is harder, so every attempt
+    // passes `isHarderThan(random * 3)` and the seed decides only the spawn.
+    game.world.inhabited.insert((0, 0), 3_600_000);
+    game.world.day_time = 18000;
+    game.player = Some(PlayerMotion::new(game.motion, Vec3::new(2.5, 99.0, 2.5)).unwrap());
+    game.stats.custom("time_since_rest", i32::MAX);
+    game.world.random.set_seed(0x5EED);
+    game
+}
+
+/// The sky light under a 5×5 roof of `roof` at y=100 (`None`: open sky), lit by
+/// `tables`, and the phantoms 64 spawn attempts make for the player under it.
+fn attempt(game: &mut Game<'_>, tables: &LightTables, roof: Option<&str>) -> (i32, Vec<Vec3>) {
+    let mut chunk = Chunk::empty(0, 0);
+    if let Some(roof) = roof {
+        let state = game.pack.assets.registry.default_state(roof).unwrap().0;
+        for x in 0..5 {
+            for z in 0..5 {
+                chunk.set(x, 100, z, state);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let region = [
+        [None, None, None],
+        [None, Some(&chunk), None],
+        [None, None, None],
+    ];
+    let lights = light_chunk(&region, tables, true);
+    apply_lighting(&mut chunk, lights);
+    game.world.chunks.insert((0, 0), Arc::new(chunk));
+    game.mobs.clear();
+    let mut spawned = Vec::new();
+    // `random.nextInt(timeSinceRest) >= 72000` almost always passes at
+    // `i32::MAX`; 64 attempts leave no room for the draw to decide the test.
+    for _ in 0..64 {
+        game.stats.phantom_tick = 0;
+        game.spawn_phantoms();
+        spawned = game
+            .mobs
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|m| m.species() == horizon_client::mobs::Species::Phantom)
+            .map(|m| m.position)
+            .collect();
+        if !spawned.is_empty() {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    (i32::from(game.world.light(2, 99, 2) >> 4), spawned)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn phantoms_spawn_under_a_glass_roof() {
+    let Some(root) = resources() else { return };
+    let mut game = game(&root);
+    let tables = LightTables::load(&root, game.pack.assets.registry, game.res.facts()).unwrap();
+
+    // Open night sky.
+    let (sky, phantoms) = attempt(&mut game, &tables, None);
+    assert_eq!(sky, 15, "open sky light");
+    assert!(!phantoms.is_empty(), "open sky spawns phantoms");
+
+    // Full collision cubes the sky light still passes.
+    for roof in ["minecraft:glass", "minecraft:red_stained_glass"] {
+        let (sky, phantoms) = attempt(&mut game, &tables, Some(roof));
+        assert_eq!(sky, 15, "{roof} passes the sky light down");
+        assert!(!phantoms.is_empty(), "phantoms spawn under {roof}");
+        // `playerPos.above(20 + nextInt(15)).east(-10 + nextInt(21))...`
+        for at in phantoms {
+            assert!(
+                (119.0..=133.0).contains(&at.y) && (at.x - 2.0).abs() <= 10.5,
+                "{at:?} is not in the spawn box above the player"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_phantoms_under_a_roof_the_sky_light_does_not_reach() {
+    let Some(root) = resources() else { return };
+    let mut game = game(&root);
+    let tables = LightTables::load(&root, game.pack.assets.registry, game.res.facts()).unwrap();
+
+    // Stone stops the light; water and ice damp it by a level; a bottom slab
+    // is no full cube yet its up face occludes the sky-light column.
+    for roof in [
+        "minecraft:stone",
+        "minecraft:water",
+        "minecraft:ice",
+        "minecraft:stone_slab",
+    ] {
+        let (sky, phantoms) = attempt(&mut game, &tables, Some(roof));
+        assert!(sky < 15, "{roof} keeps the sky light out, got {sky}");
+        assert!(phantoms.is_empty(), "no phantom under {roof}");
+    }
+}

crates/horizon-client/src/game/piston_push.rs

@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
     /// TNT duper's TNT stops at the block that has not moved yet (#11399).
     pub(super) fn push_piston_entities(&mut self, pushes: Vec<Push>) {
         let mut accumulators = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        let mut pricked = Vec::new();
         // Where each moving piston first sits in both lists, so a clock of a
         // thousand pistons doesn't scan them a thousand times a tick.
         let mut index = PistonIndex::default();
@@ -92,9 +93,58 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         let targets = self.piston_push_targets(&pushes, &steps);
         for push in pushes {
             let pos = push.0;
-            self.push_for_piston(push, &targets, &steps, &mut accumulators);
+            self.push_for_piston(push, &targets, &steps, &mut accumulators, &mut pricked);
             self.advance_piston_collision(pos, &index);
         }
+        self.hurt_cactus_pricked_vehicles(pricked);
+    }
+
+    /// `moveEntityByPiston`'s `applyEffectsFromBlocks` for a boat or a
+    /// minecart: every cactus its box touches on the way from `start` to
+    /// `end` pricks it (`CactusBlock.entityInside`, `Entity.checkInsideBlocks`
+    /// over the box less 1e-5), even when the push moved it nowhere. The hurt
+    /// waits for the end of the tick's pushes, whose targets are found first.
+    fn piston_cactus_contact(
+        &self,
+        target: Target,
+        start: Aabb,
+        end: Aabb,
+        pricked: &mut Vec<u32>,
+    ) {
+        let id = match target {
+            Target::Entity(EntityHandle::Boat(i)) => self.boats[i].id,
+            Target::Entity(EntityHandle::Cart(i)) => self.carts[i].id,
+            _ => return,
+        };
+        let eps = f64::from(1.0e-5_f32);
+        let (a, b) = (start.min_position(), end.min_position());
+        let lo = Vec3::new(a.x.min(b.x), a.y.min(b.y), a.z.min(b.z));
+        let (a, b) = (start.max_position(), end.max_position());
+        let hi = Vec3::new(a.x.max(b.x), a.y.max(b.y), a.z.max(b.z));
+        let facts = self.res.facts();
+        for x in (lo.x + eps).floor() as i32..=(hi.x - eps).floor() as i32 {
+            for y in (lo.y + eps).floor() as i32..=(hi.y - eps).floor() as i32 {
+                for z in (lo.z + eps).floor() as i32..=(hi.z - eps).floor() as i32 {
+                    if &*facts.get(self.world.block(x, y, z)).name == "minecraft:cactus" {
+                        pricked.push(id);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `Entity.hurt(cactus, 1)` for the vehicles `piston_cactus_contact`
+    /// found, in the order of their pushes (`VehicleEntity.hurtServer`: one
+    /// more point of damage; a vehicle a piston pushes in a chunk that does
+    /// not tick entities never wears it off, so the fifth breaks it).
+    fn hurt_cactus_pricked_vehicles(&mut self, pricked: Vec<u32>) {
+        for id in pricked {
+            if let Some(i) = self.boats.iter().position(|b| b.id == id) {
+                self.hurt_boat(i, 1.0, false);
+            } else if let Some(i) = self.carts.iter().position(|c| c.id == id) {
+                self.hurt_cart(i, 1.0, false, false);
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     /// The bodies any of this tick's moving blocks can reach, in
@@ -373,6 +423,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         targets: &[Target],
         steps: &StepHeights,
         accumulators: &mut std::collections::HashMap<Target, PistonMovement>,
+        pricked: &mut Vec<u32>,
     ) {
         let delta_progress = f64::from(new_progress - piston.progress);
         if delta_progress <= 0.0 {
@@ -459,6 +510,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                     step.scale(amount),
                     movement,
                     accumulators,
+                    pricked,
                 );
                 // `fixEntityWithinPistonBase`: a retracting source piston drags
                 // an entity that is still inside its own block.
@@ -482,6 +534,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                         back.scale(fix),
                         movement,
                         accumulators,
+                        pricked,
                     );
                 }
             }
@@ -510,6 +563,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                         piston_push::step_vector(movement).scale(delta_progress),
                         movement,
                         accumulators,
+                        pricked,
                     );
                 }
             }
@@ -669,6 +723,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         movement: Vec3,
         piston_direction: Direction,
         accumulators: &mut std::collections::HashMap<Target, PistonMovement>,
+        pricked: &mut Vec<u32>,
     ) {
         let Some(limited) = self.limit_piston(target, movement, accumulators) else {
             return;
@@ -686,6 +741,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                 self.projectile_piston_block_effects(i, at);
             }
             self.piston_block_triggers(before, before);
+            self.piston_cactus_contact(target, before, before, pricked);
             self.release_after_block_move(target);
             return;
         }
@@ -787,6 +843,9 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         if let Some((i, from, ..)) = tnt {
             self.finish_tnt_piston_move(i, from, resolved);
         }
+        if let Target::Entity(EntityHandle::Falling(i)) = target {
+            self.finish_falling_piston_move(i, resolved);
+        }
         if let Some((i, from)) = projectile_from {
             self.projectile_piston_block_effects(i, from);
         }
@@ -796,6 +855,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             before
         };
         self.piston_block_triggers(before, after);
+        self.piston_cactus_contact(target, before, after, pricked);
     }
 
     /// `Entity.restituteMovementAfterCollisions` after a block's push, for a
@@ -1571,6 +1631,7 @@ mod h255_mob_piston_ground_tests {
             movement,
             Direction::East,
             &mut std::collections::HashMap::new(),
+            &mut Vec::new(),
         );
     }
     /// `AbstractArrow.move` after a push the collisions cut to nothing: a stuck
@@ -1606,6 +1667,7 @@ mod h255_mob_piston_ground_tests {
                 Vec3::new(0.3, 0.0, 0.0),
                 Direction::East,
                 &mut std::collections::HashMap::new(),
+                &mut Vec::new(),
             );
             let p = &game.creatures.projectiles[i];
             assert_eq!(p.position, before, "the stone stops the push");
@@ -1643,6 +1705,7 @@ mod h255_mob_piston_ground_tests {
                         movement,
                         Direction::Down,
                         budget,
+                        &mut Vec::new(),
                     );
                 };
                 push(game, &mut budget, Vec3::ZERO);

crates/horizon-client/src/game/play_input.rs

@@ -58,6 +58,22 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             self.keys.remove(&key);
         }
     }
+    pub(super) fn update_modifiers(&mut self, state: winit::keyboard::ModifiersState) {
+        self.modifiers = state;
+        horizon_client_input::modifiers::reconcile(
+            self.modifiers,
+            &mut self.physical_keys,
+            &self.settings.keys,
+            &mut self.toggles,
+            [self.settings.toggle_crouch, self.settings.toggle_sprint],
+            [
+                self.pad.holds_action("key.sneak"),
+                self.pad.holds_action("key.sprint"),
+            ],
+        );
+        self.sync_toggle(SNEAK);
+        self.sync_toggle(SPRINT);
+    }
     /// Let a held sneak, sprint or modifier key go when the keyboard reports
     /// its modifier up. A release does not always reach the mapping: a screen
     /// reads presses only, and an unfocused window is given no release at all,
@@ -90,6 +106,16 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                 self.physical_keys.remove(&key);
             }
         }
+        if !self.modifiers.alt_key() {
+            for key in [KeyCode::AltLeft, KeyCode::AltRight] {
+                self.physical_keys.remove(&key);
+            }
+        }
+        if !self.modifiers.super_key() {
+            for key in [KeyCode::SuperLeft, KeyCode::SuperRight] {
+                self.physical_keys.remove(&key);
+            }
+        }
         for (slot, mapping, needs_toggle) in [
             (0, "key.sneak", self.settings.toggle_crouch),
             (1, "key.sprint", self.settings.toggle_sprint),

crates/horizon-client/src/game/player_equip.rs

@@ -111,12 +111,11 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         equipped.push((self.inventory[self.selected].as_ref(), "mainhand"));
         equipped.push((self.offhand.as_ref(), "offhand"));
         for (stack, slot) in equipped {
-            let Some(info) = stack.and_then(|s| world_items!(self).get(&s.item)) else {
+            let Some(stack) = stack else {
                 continue;
             };
-            for (attribute, id, amount, op, group) in &info.modifiers {
-                // The attack code still reads the held item's attack damage and
-                // speed directly; the map copy is what `/attribute` reports.
+            let modifiers = world_items!(self).attribute_modifiers(stack);
+            for (attribute, id, amount, op, group) in &modifiers {
                 if !equipment_modifier_applies(group, slot) {
                     continue;
                 }

crates/horizon-client/src/game/pointer_capture.rs

@@ -339,6 +339,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                 Cursor::Arrow => winit::window::CursorIcon::Default,
                 Cursor::PointingHand => winit::window::CursorIcon::Pointer,
                 Cursor::NotAllowed => winit::window::CursorIcon::NotAllowed,
+                Cursor::ResizeNs => winit::window::CursorIcon::NsResize,
             });
         }
         self.cursor_icon = effective;

crates/horizon-client/src/game/portal_cooldown_tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+//! Direct production handlers over an empty in-memory world; no server or renderer.
+use super::*;
+use crate::game::{Audio, Options, Progress, Settings, load_resources};
+use horizon_client::chunk::Chunk;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "needs explicit HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES and HORIZON_PORTAL_REFERENCE"]
+fn portal_contact_and_waiting_handoff_match_vanilla_counters() {
+    let reference: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(
+        &std::fs::read_to_string(std::env::var_os("HORIZON_PORTAL_REFERENCE").unwrap()).unwrap(),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    let root = std::path::PathBuf::from(std::env::var_os("HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES").unwrap());
+    let settings = Settings::default();
+    let loaded = load_resources(
+        root.clone(),
+        None,
+        &root,
+        &settings,
+        std::time::Instant::now(),
+        false,
+        true,
+        &Progress::new(),
+        &mut |_, _| unreachable!(),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    let mut options = Options::parse(std::iter::empty()).unwrap().unwrap();
+    options.resources = root.clone();
+    options.headless = true;
+    options.game_dir = Some(std::env::current_dir().unwrap());
+    options.execution_role = crate::game::execution_role::ExecutionRole::IntegratedServer;
+    let mut game = Game::new(
+        &loaded.resources,
+        loaded.pack,
+        loaded.gui.unwrap(),
+        options,
+        settings,
+        Audio::silent(&root),
+        None,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    game.build_registries();
+    game.options.dedicated = Some(Vec::new());
+    game.world = horizon_client::world::World::new(game.res.facts().air, 1);
+    for z in -2..=2 {
+        for x in -2..=2 {
+            game.world
+                .chunks
+                .insert((x, z), Arc::new(Chunk::empty(x, z)));
+        }
+    }
+    let entry = BlockPos::new(4, 210, 4);
+    let portal = game
+        .pack
+        .assets
+        .registry
+        .default_state("minecraft:nether_portal")
+        .unwrap();
+    game.world.set(entry.x, entry.y, entry.z, portal).unwrap();
+    let kinds = [
+        "minecraft:oak_boat",
+        "minecraft:minecart",
+        "minecraft:arrow",
+        "minecraft:pig",
+    ];
+    let mut ids = Vec::new();
+    for (index, kind) in kinds.iter().enumerate() {
+        let uuid = [11318, 10, 0, index as i32];
+        let tag = Tag::compound([
+            ("id", Tag::String((*kind).into())),
+            ("UUID", Tag::IntArray(uuid.to_vec())),
+            ("Pos", doubles([4.5, 210.0, 4.5])),
+            ("NoAI", Tag::Byte(1)),
+            ("NoGravity", Tag::Byte(1)),
+            ("PortalCooldown", Tag::Int(5)),
+        ]);
+        game.load_listed(kind, Some(uuid), None, tag).unwrap();
+        ids.push(game.next_entity);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(game.boats.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(game.carts.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(game.creatures.projectiles.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(game.mobs.len(), 1);
+    // Direct handler calls do not refresh the headless world's chunk tickets.
+    // Frozen entities retain their counters across every group/phase pass.
+    game.tickets
+        .update(Some(crate::ticket_levels::Sources::default()));
+    game.handle_vehicle_portals();
+    game.handle_entity_portals();
+    game.handle_portals(false, true);
+    for id in &ids {
+        assert_eq!(game.portals.entities.get(id).unwrap().cooldown, 5);
+    }
+    game.tickets.update(Some(crate::ticket_levels::Sources {
+        forced: vec![(0, 0)],
+        ..Default::default()
+    }));
+    assert!(game.entity_ticking_area()(entry.x, entry.z));
+    let mut runtime = Vec::new();
+    for (step, ticks) in [1, 3, 1, 1, 8].into_iter().enumerate() {
+        if step == 2 {
+            game.world
+                .set(entry.x, entry.y, entry.z, game.res.facts().air)
+                .unwrap();
+        }
+        for _ in 0..ticks {
+            game.handle_vehicle_portals();
+            game.handle_entity_portals();
+            game.find_entity_portals();
+        }
+        runtime.push(
+            ids.iter()
+                .map(|id| {
+                    game.portals
+                        .entities
+                        .get(id)
+                        .map_or(0, |state| state.cooldown)
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        );
+    }
+    // The actual departure handler emits a waiting compound before any destination is resolved.
+    let end = game
+        .pack
+        .assets
+        .registry
+        .default_state("minecraft:end_portal")
+        .unwrap();
+    game.world.set(entry.x, entry.y, entry.z, end).unwrap();
+    for id in &ids {
+        game.portals.entities.insert(*id, PortalState::default());
+    }
+    game.find_entity_portals();
+    game.handle_vehicle_portals();
+    game.handle_entity_portals();
+    assert_eq!(
+        game.portals.arrivals.len(),
+        4,
+        "all four production travellers departed"
+    );
+    let mut handoff = Vec::new();
+    for kind in kinds {
+        let arrival = game
+            .portals
+            .arrivals
+            .iter()
+            .find(|a| horizon_client::save::text(a.tag.get("id")).as_deref() == Some(kind))
+            .unwrap();
+        let restored = arrival_from_tag(&arrival_tag(arrival)).unwrap();
+        let counter = counter(&restored.tag);
+        game.load_listed(kind, None, None, restored.tag).unwrap();
+        let id = game.next_entity;
+        assert_eq!(
+            game.portals.entities.get(&id).map_or(0, |s| s.cooldown),
+            counter
+        );
+        handoff.push(counter);
+    }
+    let report = serde_json::json!({"runtime":runtime,"handoff":handoff});
+    if let Some(path) = std::env::var_os("HORIZON_PORTAL_REPORT") {
+        std::fs::write(path, serde_json::to_vec_pretty(&report).unwrap()).unwrap();
+    }
+    for (field, expected) in [("runtime", "contact"), ("handoff", "delays")] {
+        assert_eq!(report[field], reference[expected], "{field}");
+    }
+}
+
+fn counter(tag: &Tag) -> i32 {
+    horizon_client::save::number(tag.get("PortalCooldown")).unwrap() as i32
+}

crates/horizon-client/src/game/potent_sulfur.rs

@@ -344,8 +344,8 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         self.process_level_events()
     }
 
-    /// `PotentSulfurBlockEntity.LAUNCH_ENTITY_TICKER` on the server: mobs and
-    /// items and primed TNT in the geyser's column with less than
+    /// `PotentSulfurBlockEntity.LAUNCH_ENTITY_TICKER` on the server: mobs, items,
+    /// primed TNT, projectiles, boats and minecarts in the geyser's column with less than
     /// `0.3 + 0.1 * water` upward speed get 0.2 more, unless they ride
     /// something or are of a type geysers do not move. Players are moved by
     /// their own client.
@@ -408,6 +408,37 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                 tnt.velocity.y += push;
             }
         }
+        // Every entity in the column is launched (`getEntitiesOfClass(Entity.class)`):
+        // a projectile in flight or at rest, a boat and a minecart too.
+        for p in self
+            .creatures
+            .projectiles
+            .iter_mut()
+            .filter(|p| p.bounds().intersects(area))
+        {
+            if p.velocity.y < limit {
+                p.velocity.y += push;
+                p.needs_sync = true;
+            }
+        }
+        for boat in self
+            .boats
+            .iter_mut()
+            .filter(|b| b.bounds().intersects(area))
+        {
+            if boat.velocity.y < limit {
+                boat.velocity.y += push;
+            }
+        }
+        for cart in self
+            .carts
+            .iter_mut()
+            .filter(|c| c.bounds().intersects(area))
+        {
+            if cart.velocity.y < limit {
+                cart.velocity.y += push;
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     /// `PotentSulfurBlockEntity.LAUNCH_ENTITY_TICKER` on the client: the local

crates/horizon-client/src/game/potions.rs

@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
 /// a guest keeps their own while the host's are in `PotionState`.
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub(super) struct BodyPotions {
-    applied: Vec<(&'static str, &'static str, f64, &'static str)>,
+    pub(super) applied: Vec<(&'static str, &'static str, f64, &'static str)>,
     protection_for: Option<(u64, Vec<Option<ItemStack>>)>,
     enchant_modifiers: Vec<(String, String, f64, String)>,
 }
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ pub(super) struct PotionState {
     thrown: Vec<ThrownPotion>,
     /// The area effect clouds a server tracks (game/remote_projectiles.rs).
     pub(super) clouds: Vec<super::remote_projectiles::RemoteCloud>,
-    applied: Vec<(&'static str, &'static str, f64, &'static str)>,
+    pub(super) applied: Vec<(&'static str, &'static str, f64, &'static str)>,
     /// Armor the protection table was computed for.
     protection_for: Option<(u64, Vec<Option<ItemStack>>)>,
 
@@ -3269,3 +3269,159 @@ mod depleted_absorption_tests {
         });
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod arrow_contents {
+    //! Actual in-memory Game potion paths. No run loop, world load or server startup.
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::game::{Audio, Options, Progress, Settings, execution_role, load_resources};
+    use horizon_client::chunk::Chunk;
+    use serde_json::{Value, json};
+    use std::{path::PathBuf, sync::Arc, time::Instant};
+
+    fn stack(row: &Value) -> ItemStack {
+        let mut stack = ItemStack::new("minecraft:tipped_arrow", 1);
+        if let Some(potion) = row["potion"].as_str() {
+            stack = stack.with_potion(&format!("minecraft:{potion}"));
+        }
+        let effects = row["custom"]
+            .as_array()
+            .unwrap()
+            .iter()
+            .map(|e| {
+                Tag::compound([
+                    (
+                        "id",
+                        Tag::String(
+                            format!("minecraft:{}", e["id"].as_str().unwrap())
+                                .as_str()
+                                .into(),
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    ("duration", Tag::Int(e["duration"].as_i64().unwrap() as i32)),
+                    ("amplifier", Tag::Int(e["amp"].as_i64().unwrap() as i32)),
+                    (
+                        "ambient",
+                        Tag::Byte(i8::from(e["ambient"].as_bool().unwrap())),
+                    ),
+                    (
+                        "show_particles",
+                        Tag::Byte(i8::from(e["visible"].as_bool().unwrap())),
+                    ),
+                ])
+            })
+            .collect();
+        stack
+            .data_mut()
+            .potion_extra
+            .push(("custom_effects".into(), Tag::List(effects)));
+        if let Some(color) = row["color"].as_i64() {
+            stack
+                .data_mut()
+                .potion_extra
+                .push(("custom_color".into(), Tag::Int(color as i32)));
+        }
+        if let Some(name) = row["name"].as_str() {
+            stack
+                .data_mut()
+                .potion_extra
+                .push(("custom_name".into(), Tag::String(name.into())));
+        }
+        stack
+    }
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "explicit HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES and isolated potion oracle input/output"]
+    fn actual_arrow_contents_match_pinned_methods() {
+        let root =
+            PathBuf::from(std::env::var_os("HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES").expect("explicit resources"));
+        let input =
+            PathBuf::from(std::env::var_os("HORIZON_POTION_INPUT").expect("explicit input"));
+        let output =
+            PathBuf::from(std::env::var_os("HORIZON_POTION_OUTPUT").expect("explicit output"));
+        let expected: Vec<Value> = serde_json::from_slice(
+            &std::fs::read(
+                std::env::var_os("HORIZON_POTION_EXPECTED").expect("pinned method output"),
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let rows: Vec<Value> = serde_json::from_slice(&std::fs::read(input).unwrap()).unwrap();
+        let settings = Settings::default();
+        let loaded = load_resources(
+            root.clone(),
+            None,
+            &root,
+            &settings,
+            Instant::now(),
+            false,
+            true,
+            &Progress::new(),
+            &mut |_, _| unreachable!(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let mut options = Options::parse(std::iter::empty()).unwrap().unwrap();
+        options.resources = root.clone();
+        options.game_dir = Some(std::env::current_dir().unwrap());
+        options.execution_role = execution_role::ExecutionRole::IntegratedServer;
+        let mut game = Game::new(
+            &loaded.resources,
+            loaded.pack,
+            loaded.gui.unwrap(),
+            options,
+            settings,
+            Audio::silent(&root),
+            None,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        game.world
+            .chunks
+            .insert((0, 0), Arc::new(Chunk::empty(0, 0)));
+        let stone = game
+            .pack
+            .assets
+            .registry
+            .default_state("minecraft:stone")
+            .unwrap();
+        game.world.set(0, 64, 0, stone).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(rows.len(), 5, "all five arrow cases must execute");
+        let mut results = Vec::new();
+        for (index, row) in rows.iter().enumerate() {
+            let id = row["id"].clone();
+            let mut arrow = Projectile::new(
+                ProjectileKind::Arrow {
+                    base_damage: 2.,
+                    critical: false,
+                    effect: None,
+                },
+                Vec3::new(0.5, 64.5, 0.5),
+                None,
+            );
+            let st = arrow.arrow.as_mut().unwrap();
+            st.pickup_item = stack(row);
+            st.in_ground = true;
+            st.in_ground_time = 598;
+            st.last_state = Some(stone);
+            arrow.stuck = true;
+            let rain = |_| false;
+            let scene = game.arrow_scene(&rain);
+            horizon_client::arrows::tick(&mut arrow, &scene, &[]);
+            let st = arrow.arrow.as_ref().unwrap();
+            let item599 = st
+                .pickup_item
+                .item
+                .trim_start_matches("minecraft:")
+                .to_owned();
+            let color599 = st.potion_color().map_or(-1, |v| v as i32);
+            horizon_client::arrows::tick(&mut arrow, &scene, &[]);
+            let st = arrow.arrow.as_ref().unwrap();
+            results.push(json!({"id":id,"item599":item599,"color599":color599,"item600":st.pickup_item.item.trim_start_matches("minecraft:"),"color600":st.potion_color().map_or(-1,|v|v as i32)}));
+            assert_eq!(
+                results.last().unwrap(),
+                &expected[index],
+                "actual arrow tick: {}",
+                id
+            );
+        }
+        std::fs::write(output, serde_json::to_vec_pretty(&results).unwrap()).unwrap();
+    }
+}

crates/horizon-client/src/game/prediction.rs

@@ -150,12 +150,6 @@ impl Game<'_> {
 fn excused(g: &Guest, world: &World, entities: &[EntityState], guests: &[Guest]) -> bool {
     let at = g.position;
     let slack = slack(std::array::from_fn(|i| at[i] - g.previous_position[i]));
-    let close = |p: [f64; 3]| {
-        let r = 3.0 + slack;
-        (p[0] - at[0]).abs() <= r
-            && (p[2] - at[2]).abs() <= r
-            && (-3.0 - slack..=4.0 + slack).contains(&(p[1] - at[1]))
-    };
     let unsent = world
         .block_log
         .iter()
@@ -174,17 +168,152 @@ fn excused(g: &Guest, world: &World, entities: &[EntityState], guests: &[Guest])
         .motion
         .as_deref()
         .is_some_and(|m: &PlayerMotion| m.auto_spin_attack_ticks > 0);
-    // Items and experience orbs neither push nor hold anyone up; the list holds the player itself.
-    let entity = entities.iter().any(|e| {
-        e.id != g.entity_id
+    let entity = entity_near(entities, g.entity_id, at, slack);
+    let player = guests.iter().any(|o| {
+        o.conn != g.conn && o.placed && o.dimension == g.dimension && close(at, slack, o.position)
+    });
+    unsent || pistons || unloaded || riptide || entity || player
+}
+
+/// Whether `p` is in the box around `at` that a player's moves are excused for.
+fn close(at: [f64; 3], slack: f64, p: [f64; 3]) -> bool {
+    let r = 3.0 + slack;
+    (p[0] - at[0]).abs() <= r
+        && (p[2] - at[2]).abs() <= r
+        && (-3.0 - slack..=4.0 + slack).contains(&(p[1] - at[1]))
+}
+
+/// Whether an entity in `entities` other than the guest's own (`own`) is close to `at`. The
+/// distance test runs first: most entities are far, and the kind is a string compare. Items and
+/// experience orbs neither push nor hold anyone up; the list holds the player itself.
+fn entity_near(entities: &[EntityState], own: i32, at: [f64; 3], slack: f64) -> bool {
+    entities.iter().any(|e| {
+        close(at, slack, e.position)
+            && e.id != own
             && !matches!(
                 e.kind.as_str(),
                 "minecraft:item" | "minecraft:experience_orb"
             )
-            && close(e.position)
-    });
-    let player = guests
-        .iter()
-        .any(|o| o.conn != g.conn && o.placed && o.dimension == g.dimension && close(o.position));
-    unsent || pistons || unloaded || riptide || entity || player
+    })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// The scan `excused` ran over the entities before `entity_near`, verbatim.
+    fn old_entity(entities: &[EntityState], own: i32, at: [f64; 3], slack: f64) -> bool {
+        let close = |p: [f64; 3]| {
+            let r = 3.0 + slack;
+            (p[0] - at[0]).abs() <= r
+                && (p[2] - at[2]).abs() <= r
+                && (-3.0 - slack..=4.0 + slack).contains(&(p[1] - at[1]))
+        };
+        entities.iter().any(|e| {
+            e.id != own
+                && !matches!(
+                    e.kind.as_str(),
+                    "minecraft:item" | "minecraft:experience_orb"
+                )
+                && close(e.position)
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// xorshift64*: a fixed stream, so a failure reruns the same inputs.
+    struct Rng(u64);
+
+    impl Rng {
+        fn next_u64(&mut self) -> u64 {
+            self.0 ^= self.0 >> 12;
+            self.0 ^= self.0 << 25;
+            self.0 ^= self.0 >> 27;
+            self.0.wrapping_mul(0x2545_F491_4F6C_DD1D)
+        }
+
+        fn below(&mut self, n: u64) -> u64 {
+            self.next_u64() % n
+        }
+
+        /// A multiple of 1/8 in `[-n/8, n/8]`: every edge of the box (multiples of 1/4) is exact.
+        fn step(&mut self, n: i64) -> f64 {
+            (self.below(2 * n as u64 + 1) as i64 - n) as f64 * 0.125
+        }
+
+        /// An offset from the guest: half the time on or next to an edge of the box.
+        fn offset(&mut self, edges: [f64; 4]) -> f64 {
+            if self.below(2) == 0 {
+                edges[self.below(4) as usize] + self.step(2)
+            } else {
+                self.step(160)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn entity(rng: &mut Rng, at: [f64; 3], slack: f64) -> EntityState {
+        const KINDS: [&str; 4] = [
+            "minecraft:item",
+            "minecraft:experience_orb",
+            "minecraft:zombie",
+            "minecraft:pig",
+        ];
+        let r = 3.0 + slack;
+        let xz = [r, -r, r, -r];
+        let y = [-3.0 - slack, 4.0 + slack, -3.0 - slack, 4.0 + slack];
+        let off = [rng.offset(xz), rng.offset(y), rng.offset(xz)];
+        EntityState {
+            id: rng.below(6) as i32,
+            kind: KINDS[rng.below(4) as usize].to_string(),
+            position: [at[0] + off[0], at[1] + off[1], at[2] + off[2]],
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn entity_near_matches_the_scan_it_replaced() {
+        const SLACKS: [f64; 6] = [0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.5, 3.0, 16.0];
+        let mut rng = Rng(0x9E37_79B9_7F4A_7C15);
+        let (mut yes, mut no) = (0, 0);
+        for seed in 0..2_000 {
+            let slack = SLACKS[rng.below(6) as usize];
+            let at = [rng.step(160), rng.step(160), rng.step(160)];
+            let n = rng.below(40) as usize;
+            let entities: Vec<EntityState> = (0..n).map(|_| entity(&mut rng, at, slack)).collect();
+            for own in 0..6 {
+                let new = entity_near(&entities, own, at, slack);
+                let old = old_entity(&entities, own, at, slack);
+                assert_eq!(new, old, "seed {seed}, own {own}, at {at:?}, slack {slack}");
+                if new {
+                    yes += 1;
+                } else {
+                    no += 1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        assert!(yes > 0 && no > 0, "the inputs must give both answers");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn box_edges_are_inclusive_and_own_and_drops_are_skipped() {
+        let at = [0.0, 0.0, 0.0];
+        let zombie = |id, position| EntityState {
+            id,
+            kind: "minecraft:zombie".to_string(),
+            position,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let s = 0.5;
+        assert!(entity_near(&[zombie(1, [3.5, 0.0, 0.0])], 0, at, s));
+        assert!(!entity_near(&[zombie(1, [3.625, 0.0, 0.0])], 0, at, s));
+        assert!(entity_near(&[zombie(1, [0.0, 4.5, 0.0])], 0, at, s));
+        assert!(!entity_near(&[zombie(1, [0.0, 4.625, 0.0])], 0, at, s));
+        assert!(entity_near(&[zombie(1, [0.0, -3.5, 0.0])], 0, at, s));
+        assert!(!entity_near(&[zombie(1, [0.0, -3.625, 0.0])], 0, at, s));
+        // The guest's own entity, and items and orbs, never excuse.
+        assert!(!entity_near(&[zombie(7, [0.0, 0.0, 0.0])], 7, at, s));
+        let item = EntityState {
+            kind: "minecraft:item".to_string(),
+            ..zombie(2, [0.0, 0.0, 0.0])
+        };
+        assert!(!entity_near(&[item], 0, at, s));
+    }
 }

crates/horizon-client/src/game/recipe_book.rs

@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             return;
         }
         self.ensure_book();
-        let index = &self.stations().recipe_index;
+        let index = self.display_index();
         let book = self.recipe_ui.book.as_ref();
         // SmithingTrimDemoSlotDisplay draws from a random of its own.
         let mut random = random_source::entity();
@@ -413,10 +413,15 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             r.builtin
                 .get(registry)
                 .and_then(|ids| ids.name(id))
+                .or_else(|| r.registries.name(registry, id))
                 .map(str::to_owned)
         };
         let item = |id: i32| name_of("minecraft:item", id);
-        let category = |id: i32| name_of("minecraft:recipe_book_category", id);
+        let category = |id: i32| {
+            name_of("minecraft:recipe_book_category", id).or_else(|| {
+                horizon_client::recipe_book::Category::from_id(id).map(|c| c.name().to_owned())
+            })
+        };
         let tag = |name: &str| items.item_tag_order.get(name).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
         book.use_server_entries(
             entries,
@@ -430,7 +435,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
     fn ensure_book(&mut self) {
         if self.recipe_ui.book.is_none() {
             let mut book = Book::build(self.recipes(), self.items());
-            book.set_display_ids(&self.stations().recipe_index);
+            book.set_display_ids(self.display_index());
             // A server numbers and describes its recipes itself.
             self.server_entries_over(&mut book, self.recipe_ui.server_entries.values());
             self.recipe_ui.book = Some(book);
@@ -1368,6 +1373,11 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         p: horizon_protocol::packets::recipes::RecipeBookAdd,
     ) {
         let ui = &mut self.recipe_ui;
+        // `display_index`, borrowed by field beside the book.
+        let index = match &self.recipe_tables.synced_index {
+            Some(index) => index,
+            None => &world_stations!(self).recipe_index,
+        };
         if p.replace {
             ui.client.clear();
             ui.server_entries.clear();
@@ -1380,7 +1390,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                 ui.client.highlight.insert(e.id);
             }
             if e.flags & 1 != 0
-                && let Some(id) = world_stations!(self).recipe_index.recipe_of_display(e.id)
+                && let Some(id) = index.recipe_of_display(e.id)
                 && !toast.iter().any(|t| t == id)
             {
                 toast.push(id.to_owned());

crates/horizon-client/src/game/scoreboard.rs

@@ -739,7 +739,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             other => other,
         }
     }
-    fn resolve_selector_text(&mut self, raw: &str) -> String {
+    pub(super) fn resolve_selector_text(&mut self, raw: &str) -> String {
         let mut reader = horizon_client::command::Reader::new(raw);
         let ty = horizon_client::command::args::ArgType::Entity {
             single: false,

crates/horizon-client/src/game/sculk.rs

@@ -1101,6 +1101,23 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                     let source = PositionSource::Block([key.0, key.1, key.2]);
                     self.vibration_particle(source, info.pos, center(key), travel);
                 }
+                if let Some((info, travel)) = tick.resumed {
+                    let source = PositionSource::Block([key.0, key.1, key.2]);
+                    let dest = center(key);
+                    let initial = info.distance.floor() as i32;
+                    // `tryReloadVibrationParticle` works in doubles.
+                    let alpha = if initial > 0 {
+                        1.0 - f64::from(travel) / f64::from(initial)
+                    } else {
+                        0.0
+                    };
+                    let current_pos = [
+                        info.pos[0] + (dest[0] - info.pos[0]) * alpha,
+                        info.pos[1] + (dest[1] - info.pos[1]) * alpha,
+                        info.pos[2] + (dest[2] - info.pos[2]) * alpha,
+                    ];
+                    self.vibration_particle(source, current_pos, dest, travel);
+                }
                 if let Some(info) = tick.received {
                     self.sculk_receive(key, info)?;
                 }

crates/horizon-client/src/game/sign_chain_tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+//! `WallHangingSignBlock`/`CeilingHangingSignBlock.useItemOn`: a hanging sign in
+//! hand clicked on a hanging sign's free side chains another sign onto it, unless
+//! the side the player faces carries click commands, which the click runs instead
+//! (`shouldTryToChainAnotherHangingSign`).
+use crate::game::{Game, Hit};
+use horizon_client::signs::SignData;
+use horizon_client::{containers::BlockEntity, items::ItemStack, mobs::Who};
+use horizon_core::geometry::Vec3;
+use horizon_world::nbt::Tag;
+
+type Posted = (&'static str, [f64; 3], Option<Who>);
+const FAIL_SOUND: &str = "minecraft:block.hanging_sign.waxed_interact_fail";
+const COMMAND: &str = "setblock 5 70 5 minecraft:stone";
+
+/// What one click on a hanging sign left behind.
+struct Click {
+    /// The game events it posted, in order.
+    events: Vec<Posted>,
+    /// The block at the position the chain would fill, and at (5, 70, 5) where
+    /// the test command places stone.
+    chained: String,
+    commanded: String,
+    /// The stack left in the main hand.
+    held: u32,
+    sounds: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+/// Clicks `face` of an oak hanging sign at (0, 70, 0) with an oak hanging sign:
+/// the sign has `properties`, is waxed when `waxed`, and its front line runs a
+/// `setblock` when `command`. `None` without the prepared resources.
+fn click_sign(
+    sign_block: &str,
+    properties: &[(&str, &str)],
+    face: [i32; 3],
+    waxed: bool,
+    command: bool,
+) -> Option<Click> {
+    // The prepared resources, or nothing where CI has no vanilla data.
+    std::env::var_os("HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES")?;
+    let mut game = crate::game::native_machines::tests::server_game();
+    // A sign's click command needs the command tree's registries (`setblock`'s
+    // block types).
+    game.build_registries();
+    // North of the sign, looking south at its front
+    // (`SignBlockEntity.getSlotPlayerIsFacing`): a wall hanging sign facing
+    // north and a ceiling one at rotation 8 both show it towards -Z.
+    game.player = Some(
+        horizon_client::motion::PlayerMotion::new(game.motion, Vec3::new(0.5, 70.0, -0.5)).ok()?,
+    );
+    game.yaw = 0.0;
+    game.pitch = 0.0;
+    let registry = &game.pack.assets.registry;
+    let mut state = registry
+        .state(registry.default_state(sign_block)?)
+        .cloned()?;
+    for (key, value) in properties {
+        state.properties.insert((*key).into(), (*value).into());
+    }
+    let state = registry.id(&state)?;
+    game.world.set(0, 70, 0, state).ok()?;
+    let mut sign = SignData {
+        hanging: true,
+        waxed,
+        // `allow_op_features`: the click event may run the command.
+        allow_op_features: true,
+        ..SignData::default()
+    };
+    if command {
+        sign.front.click[0] = Some(Tag::compound([
+            ("action", Tag::String("run_command".into())),
+            ("command", Tag::String(COMMAND.into())),
+        ]));
+    }
+    game.world
+        .block_entities
+        .insert((0, 70, 0), BlockEntity::Sign(sign));
+    *game.held_mut() = Some(ItemStack::new("minecraft:oak_hanging_sign", 2));
+    game.audio.capture = Some(Vec::new());
+    let hit = Hit {
+        pos: [0, 70, 0],
+        face,
+        point: [
+            0.5 + 0.5 * f64::from(face[0]),
+            70.5,
+            0.5 + 0.5 * f64::from(face[2]),
+        ],
+    };
+    crate::game::sculk::TEST_POSTED_EVENTS.with(|events| *events.borrow_mut() = Some(Vec::new()));
+    // The player caused it (`GameEvent.Context.of(player, state)`).
+    game.with_player_actor(|game| game.use_hand(Some(&hit)))
+        .unwrap();
+    let events = crate::game::sculk::TEST_POSTED_EVENTS
+        .with(|events| events.borrow_mut().take().unwrap_or_default());
+    let name = |game: &Game<'_>, pos: [i32; 3]| {
+        let state = game.world.block(pos[0], pos[1], pos[2]);
+        game.res.facts().get(state).name.to_string()
+    };
+    Some(Click {
+        events,
+        chained: name(&game, [face[0], 70 + face[1], face[2]]),
+        commanded: name(&game, [5, 70, 5]),
+        held: game.held().map_or(0, |stack| stack.count),
+        sounds: game
+            .audio
+            .capture
+            .take()
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|sound| sound.event)
+            .collect(),
+    })
+}
+
+/// The click ran the sign's command: its `setblock` changed (5, 70, 5), nothing
+/// chained, the stack in hand is untouched and the waxed sign played its
+/// failed-interaction sound.
+fn assert_ran_command(click: &Click) {
+    assert_eq!(click.chained, "minecraft:air", "nothing chained");
+    assert_eq!(click.commanded, "minecraft:stone", "the command ran");
+    assert_eq!(click.held, 2, "nothing was placed");
+    assert!(
+        click.sounds.contains(&FAIL_SOUND.to_owned()),
+        "the waxed sign's failed interaction: {:?}",
+        click.sounds
+    );
+    assert!(
+        !click
+            .events
+            .iter()
+            .any(|(event, _, _)| *event == "minecraft:block_place"),
+        "{:?}",
+        click.events
+    );
+}
+
+/// The click chained a `chained` sign onto the one clicked, the placement being
+/// the game event the acting player caused there.
+fn assert_chained(click: &Click, chained: &str, place_event: [f64; 3]) {
+    assert_eq!(click.chained, chained);
+    assert_eq!(click.commanded, "minecraft:air", "no command ran");
+    assert_eq!(click.held, 1, "the chained sign was used up");
+    assert!(
+        click
+            .events
+            .contains(&("minecraft:block_place", place_event, Some(Who::Player))),
+        "{:?}",
+        click.events
+    );
+    assert!(
+        !click.sounds.contains(&FAIL_SOUND.to_owned()),
+        "{:?}",
+        click.sounds
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_waxed_wall_hanging_sign_with_a_command_runs_it_instead_of_chaining() {
+    let Some(click) = click_sign(
+        "minecraft:oak_wall_hanging_sign",
+        &[("facing", "north")],
+        [1, 0, 0],
+        true,
+        true,
+    ) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    assert_ran_command(&click);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_wall_hanging_sign_without_a_command_chains_another() {
+    let Some(click) = click_sign(
+        "minecraft:oak_wall_hanging_sign",
+        &[("facing", "north")],
+        [1, 0, 0],
+        false,
+        false,
+    ) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    assert_chained(&click, "minecraft:oak_wall_hanging_sign", [1.5, 70.5, 0.5]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_waxed_ceiling_hanging_sign_with_a_command_runs_it_instead_of_chaining() {
+    let Some(click) = click_sign(
+        "minecraft:oak_hanging_sign",
+        &[("rotation", "8")],
+        [0, -1, 0],
+        true,
+        true,
+    ) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    assert_ran_command(&click);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_ceiling_hanging_sign_without_a_command_chains_below() {
+    let Some(click) = click_sign(
+        "minecraft:oak_hanging_sign",
+        &[("rotation", "8")],
+        [0, -1, 0],
+        false,
+        false,
+    ) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    assert_chained(&click, "minecraft:oak_hanging_sign", [0.5, 69.5, 0.5]);
+}

crates/horizon-client/src/game/sign_edit.rs

@@ -108,6 +108,64 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         };
         sign.waxed && sign.can_execute_click_commands(self.facing_sign_front(pos))
     }
+    /// `WallHangingSignBlock.shouldTryToChainAnotherHangingSign` and
+    /// `CeilingHangingSignBlock.shouldTryToChainAnotherHangingSign`: a hanging
+    /// sign item clicked on a hanging sign's free side chains another sign onto
+    /// it, unless the side the player faces carries click commands the click
+    /// runs instead (`canExecuteClickCommands`).
+    pub(super) fn chains_hanging_sign(
+        &self,
+        pos: [i32; 3],
+        face: [i32; 3],
+        held: Option<&ItemStack>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        // `itemStack.getItem() instanceof HangingSignItem`, by the item's class
+        // and not its name.
+        let hanging_sign = held.is_some_and(|s| {
+            self.res
+                .behaviours()
+                .item_binding(&s.item)
+                .is_some_and(|i| i.kind == horizon_world::level::ItemKind::HangingSign)
+        });
+        let key = (pos[0], pos[1], pos[2]);
+        if !hanging_sign {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let state = self.world.block(pos[0], pos[1], pos[2]);
+        let Some(form) = self
+            .res
+            .facts()
+            .get(state)
+            .sign_form()
+            .filter(|f| f.hanging)
+        else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        let free_side = if form.wall {
+            // `isHittingEditableSide`: a wall hanging sign's board lies in its
+            // FACING's plane, so its two faces are the editable text and only
+            // its edges chain.
+            let Some(facing) = self
+                .pack
+                .assets
+                .registry
+                .state(state)
+                .and_then(|s| s.properties.get("facing"))
+            else {
+                return false;
+            };
+            let axis = match &**facing {
+                "east" | "west" => 0,
+                "up" | "down" => 1,
+                _ => 2,
+            };
+            face.iter().position(|c| *c != 0) != Some(axis)
+        } else {
+            // `hitResult.getDirection().equals(Direction.DOWN)`.
+            face == [0, -1, 0]
+        };
+        free_side && !self.sign_can_execute_click_commands(key)
+    }
     /// `SignBlockEntity.createCommandSourceStack`: the acting player runs the
     /// command from the middle of the sign's block, rotation zero, at the
     /// game master level, with `CommandSource.NULL` (no feedback, no failure

crates/horizon-client/src/game/sniffers.rs

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 use super::Game;
 use horizon_client::{
     items::ItemStack,
-    mobs::{Mob, Species, sniffer},
+    mobs::{Mob, Species, Who, sniffer},
 };
 use horizon_core::{geometry::Vec3, random::RandomSource};
 
@@ -13,15 +13,9 @@ impl Game<'_> {
     /// brain already played the plop and dropped the experience).
     pub(super) fn lay_sniffer_egg(&mut self, parent: &Mob) {
         let at = [parent.position.x, parent.position.y, parent.position.z];
-        // new ItemEntity(level, x, y, z, stack): a little random push.
-        let vx = self.world.random.next_double() * 0.2 - 0.1;
-        let vz = self.world.random.next_double() * 0.2 - 0.1;
-        self.spawn_item(
-            ItemStack::new("minecraft:sniffer_egg", 1),
-            at,
-            [vx, 0.2, vz],
-            10,
-        );
+        // new ItemEntity(level, x, y, z, stack): the little push is the item's
+        // own random's, not the level's.
+        self.spawn_item_own(ItemStack::new("minecraft:sniffer_egg", 1), at, 10);
     }
     /// A snifflet where the egg was.
     pub(super) fn hatch_sniffer(&mut self, pos: [i32; 3]) {
@@ -63,7 +57,8 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             }
             let id = m.id;
             let at = [m.position.x, m.position.y, m.position.z];
-            if !m.silent && sniffer::state(m) == sniffer::SEARCHING && m.age.is_multiple_of(20) {
+            // playSearchingSound is playLocalSound: silence does not mute it.
+            if sniffer::state(m) == sniffer::SEARCHING && m.age.is_multiple_of(20) {
                 self.audio
                     .play("minecraft:entity.sniffer.searching", Some(at), 1.0, 1.0);
                 continue;
@@ -71,36 +66,61 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             if !sniffer::digging(m) {
                 continue;
             }
-            let Some(ms) = m.anim.states[3].millis(m.age as f32) else {
-                continue;
-            };
-            if ms == 0 {
-                // Sniffer.onDiggingStart: broadcast entity event 63.
-                self.lan_entity_event(id as i32, 63, at);
+            let age = m.age;
+            if let Some(ms) = m.anim.states[3].millis(age as f32) {
+                if ms == 0 {
+                    // Sniffer.onDiggingStart: broadcast entity event 63.
+                    self.lan_entity_event(id as i32, 63, at);
+                }
+                if ms > 1700 && ms < 6000 {
+                    let head = sniffer::head_block(&self.mobs[i]);
+                    let below = self.world.block(head[0], head[1] - 1, head[2]);
+                    // `stateBelow.getRenderShape() != RenderShape.INVISIBLE`.
+                    if self.res.facts().get(below).render_shape
+                        != horizon_client::blocks::RenderShape::Invisible
+                    {
+                        if self
+                            .particle_sprite(below, [head[0], head[1] - 1, head[2]])
+                            .is_some()
+                        {
+                            let dust = [
+                                f64::from(head[0]) + 0.5,
+                                f64::from(head[1]) + 0.5 - f64::from(0.65_f32),
+                                f64::from(head[2]) + 0.5,
+                            ];
+                            // Drawn in this window when it has one, and sent to
+                            // the players within 32 blocks (the server thread's
+                            // window is one of them).
+                            self.landing_dust(
+                                None,
+                                below,
+                                Vec3::new(dust[0], dust[1], dust[2]),
+                                30,
+                                0.0,
+                            );
+                        }
+                        // The hit sound is playLocalSound too: silence does not mute it.
+                        if age.is_multiple_of(10) {
+                            let hit = self.res.facts().get(below).sounds.hit.clone();
+                            self.audio.play(&hit, Some(at), 0.5, 0.5);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
             }
-            if ms <= 1700 || ms >= 6000 {
-                continue;
-            }
-            let head = sniffer::head_block(&self.mobs[i]);
-            let below = self.world.block(head[0], head[1] - 1, head[2]);
-            if self
-                .particle_sprite(below, [head[0], head[1] - 1, head[2]])
-                .is_none()
-            {
-                continue;
-            }
-            let dust = [
-                f64::from(head[0]) + 0.5,
-                f64::from(head[1]) + 0.5 - f64::from(0.65_f32),
-                f64::from(head[2]) + 0.5,
-            ];
-            // Drawn in this window when it has one, and sent to the players
-            // within 32 blocks (the server thread's window is one of them).
-            self.landing_dust(None, below, Vec3::new(dust[0], dust[1], dust[2]), 30, 0.0);
-            if !self.mobs[i].silent && self.mobs[i].age.is_multiple_of(10) {
-                let hit = self.res.facts().get(below).sounds.hit.clone();
-                self.audio.play(&hit, Some(at), 0.5, 0.5);
+            // GameEvent.ENTITY_ACTION for the whole dig, outside the dust window.
+            if age.is_multiple_of(10) {
+                let head = sniffer::head_block(&self.mobs[i]);
+                self.post_block_game_event(
+                    "minecraft:entity_action",
+                    head,
+                    Some(Who::Mob(id)),
+                    None,
+                );
             }
         }
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[path = "sniffers_tests.rs"]
+mod sniffers_tests;

crates/horizon-client/src/game/sniffers_tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+//! Sniffer digging effects: the `entity_action` a dig posts every ten ticks
+//! (`Sniffer.emitDiggingParticles`), the local sounds silence does not mute
+//! (`playSearchingSound`, the block's hit sound) and the egg's own-random push
+//! (`Sniffer.spawnChildFromBreeding`'s `new ItemEntity(..)`).
+use super::super::kill_die_vibration_tests::game as sculk_game;
+use super::super::sculk::TEST_POSTED_EVENTS;
+use super::super::{Game, PlayerMotion};
+use super::{Mob, sniffer};
+use horizon_client::mobs::Who;
+use horizon_core::{geometry::Vec3, random::RandomSource};
+
+fn game() -> Game<'static> {
+    let mut game = sculk_game();
+    game.player = Some(PlayerMotion::new(game.motion, Vec3::new(8.5, 100.0, 8.5)).unwrap());
+    game.mobs.clear();
+    game
+}
+
+/// A digging sniffer at `(8.5, 100, 8.5)`, facing +z, its head above the stone.
+fn digging_sniffer(game: &mut Game<'_>) -> (u32, [i32; 3]) {
+    let kind = game
+        .res
+        .mob_types()
+        .get("minecraft:sniffer")
+        .unwrap()
+        .clone();
+    let mut m = Mob::new(42, kind, Vec3::new(8.5, 100.0, 8.5), 0.0);
+    sniffer::set_state(&mut m, sniffer::DIGGING);
+    let head = sniffer::head_block(&m);
+    game.mobs.push(m);
+    (42, head)
+}
+
+fn posted() -> Vec<(&'static str, [f64; 3], Option<Who>)> {
+    TEST_POSTED_EVENTS.with(|events| events.borrow().clone().unwrap_or_default())
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+fn digging_posts_entity_action_every_ten_ticks_outside_the_dust_window() {
+    let mut game = game();
+    let (id, head) = digging_sniffer(&mut game);
+    let at = [
+        head[0] as f64 + 0.5,
+        head[1] as f64 + 0.5,
+        head[2] as f64 + 0.5,
+    ];
+    // 0 is the first dig tick, 20 is before the window, 40 inside it and 130
+    // after it; 25 is not a tenth tick.
+    for age in [0_u32, 20, 40, 130, 25] {
+        let m = &mut game.mobs[0];
+        m.age = age;
+        m.anim.states[3].start(0.0);
+        TEST_POSTED_EVENTS.with(|events| *events.borrow_mut() = Some(Vec::new()));
+        game.tick_sniffer_effects();
+        let events = posted();
+        let action = events
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|(event, ..)| *event == "minecraft:entity_action")
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        if age.is_multiple_of(10) {
+            assert_eq!(
+                action,
+                vec![&("minecraft:entity_action", at, Some(Who::Mob(id)))],
+                "age {age}"
+            );
+        } else {
+            assert!(action.is_empty(), "age {age} posted {events:?}");
+        }
+    }
+    TEST_POSTED_EVENTS.with(|events| *events.borrow_mut() = None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+fn a_silent_sniffer_still_plays_the_local_searching_and_hit_sounds() {
+    let mut game = game();
+    let _ = digging_sniffer(&mut game);
+    game.mobs[0].silent = true;
+    game.mobs[0].age = 20;
+    sniffer::set_state(&mut game.mobs[0], sniffer::SEARCHING);
+    game.audio.heard.clear();
+    game.tick_sniffer_effects();
+    assert_eq!(
+        game.audio.heard.get("minecraft:entity.sniffer.searching"),
+        Some(&1)
+    );
+    sniffer::set_state(&mut game.mobs[0], sniffer::DIGGING);
+    game.mobs[0].age = 40;
+    game.mobs[0].anim.states[3].start(0.0);
+    game.audio.heard.clear();
+    game.tick_sniffer_effects();
+    assert_eq!(game.audio.heard.get("minecraft:block.stone.hit"), Some(&1));
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+fn the_egg_push_comes_from_the_items_own_random() {
+    let mut game = game();
+    let kind = game
+        .res
+        .mob_types()
+        .get("minecraft:sniffer")
+        .unwrap()
+        .clone();
+    let parent = Mob::new(43, kind, Vec3::new(8.5, 100.0, 8.5), 0.0);
+    let mut level = game.world.random.clone();
+    game.lay_sniffer_egg(&parent);
+    let egg = game.dropped.last().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(&*egg.stack.item, "minecraft:sniffer_egg");
+    assert_eq!(egg.pickup_delay, 10);
+    // `new ItemEntity(level, x, y, z, stack)` draws its motion from the item's
+    // random: the level's stream does not move.
+    assert_eq!(game.world.random.next_double(), level.next_double());
+}

crates/horizon-client/src/game/spill.rs

@@ -40,13 +40,29 @@ pub(super) struct Pending {
     pub(super) copied: HashMap<[i32; 3], (String, Compound)>,
 }
 impl Pending {
-    /// Remember what the block entity at `pos` copies into the drops of `block`.
+    /// `record` for the block entity at `pos` while it is still in `world`:
+    /// its custom name and lock come from there.
+    pub(super) fn record_from(
+        &mut self,
+        world: &horizon_client::world::World,
+        pos: [i32; 3],
+        entity: &BlockEntity,
+        block: &str,
+    ) {
+        let key = (pos[0], pos[1], pos[2]);
+        let name = world.block_names.get(&key).cloned();
+        self.record(pos, entity, block, name, world.block_lock(key));
+    }
+    /// Remember what the block entity at `pos` copies into its own drop.
+    /// Name and lock live outside the model: snapshot the actual lock before
+    /// removal forgets its source. Only the supported shulker copy policy takes it.
     pub(super) fn record(
         &mut self,
         pos: [i32; 3],
         entity: &BlockEntity,
         block: &str,
         name: Option<Tag>,
+        lock: Option<&Tag>,
     ) {
         if let BlockEntity::Banner(banner) = entity {
             self.banner.insert(pos, banner.clone());
@@ -60,8 +76,10 @@ impl Pending {
         }
         // `copy_components` from the block entity: the head tables copy the
         // profile (player heads), note block sound and name, the hive tables
-        // the bees.
+        // the bees, and shulker tables the actual external lock. This is the
+        // supported vanilla class policy, not a selected-table include filter.
         let include: &[&str] = match entity {
+            BlockEntity::Chest(_) if is_shulker_box(block) => &["minecraft:lock"],
             BlockEntity::Skull(_) if block.starts_with("minecraft:player_") => &[
                 "minecraft:profile",
                 "minecraft:note_block_sound",
@@ -74,7 +92,12 @@ impl Pending {
             _ => &[],
         };
         if !include.is_empty() {
-            let saved = save::encode_block_entity((pos[0], pos[1], pos[2]), entity, block);
+            let mut saved = save::encode_block_entity((pos[0], pos[1], pos[2]), entity, block);
+            if is_shulker_box(block)
+                && let (Some(lock), Tag::Compound(tag)) = (lock, &mut saved)
+            {
+                tag.insert("lock".into(), lock.clone());
+            }
             let mut patch = block_entity_nbt::canonical(&saved)
                 .map(|saved| block_entity_item::pick(&saved))
                 .unwrap_or_default();
@@ -462,9 +485,8 @@ impl GameLevel<'_> {
         let at = [pos.x, pos.y, pos.z];
         if let Some(entity) = self.world.block_entities.get(&key) {
             let entity = entity.clone();
-            let name = self.world.block_names.get(&key).cloned();
             let block = self.facts.get(state).name.clone();
-            self.pending.record(at, &entity, &block, name);
+            self.pending.record_from(self.world, at, &entity, &block);
         } else if let Some(tag) = saved_entity(self.world, [pos.x, pos.y, pos.z]) {
             self.pending.record_saved(at, &tag);
         }
@@ -899,7 +921,7 @@ mod tests {
             };
             assert_eq!(banner.layers.len(), item_data::OMINOUS_LAYERS.len());
             let mut pending = Pending::default();
-            pending.record([pos.0, pos.1, pos.2], &loaded, block, None);
+            pending.record([pos.0, pos.1, pos.2], &loaded, block, None, None);
             let mut dropped = ItemStack::new("minecraft:white_banner", 1);
             pending.attach([pos.0, pos.1, pos.2], &mut dropped);
             assert!(dropped.data().unwrap().ominous_banner);

crates/horizon-client/src/game/stats.rs

@@ -10,6 +10,10 @@ use std::{
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[path = "phantom_spawn_tests.rs"]
+mod phantom_spawn_tests;
+
 /// `stats[type][key]`, with `type` and `key` namespaced ids.
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub(super) struct Stats {
@@ -460,7 +464,11 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             position.y.floor() as i32,
             position.z.floor() as i32,
         ];
-        if pos[1] < 63 || !self.can_see_sky(pos) {
+        // `playerPos.getY() >= level.getSeaLevel() && level.canSeeSky(playerPos)`:
+        // sky light 15 at the position, whatever stands above it, so a glass
+        // or stained-glass roof still spawns phantoms (`MobWorld` reads the
+        // same rule for the spawn rules and the mob goals).
+        if pos[1] < 63 || !self.mob_world_base(&[]).can_see_sky(pos[0], pos[1], pos[2]) {
             return;
         }
         // `getCurrentDifficultyAt(playerPos).isHarderThan(random * 3)`.
@@ -499,12 +507,6 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             );
         }
     }
-    fn can_see_sky(&self, pos: [i32; 3]) -> bool {
-        (pos[1] + 1..pos[1] + 256).all(|y| {
-            let f = self.res.facts().get(self.world.block(pos[0], y, pos[2]));
-            !f.full_collision && f.fluid == horizon_client::blocks::Fluid::None
-        })
-    }
 }
 
 /// `1 + random.nextInt(difficulty.getId() + 1)` of `PhantomSpawner.tick`: Peaceful still draws.

crates/horizon-client/src/game/storage.rs

@@ -171,28 +171,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
     /// `ChestBlock.isChestBlockedAt`: a redstone conductor above the chest or
     /// a cat sitting on it.
     fn chest_blocked_at(&self, key: (i32, i32, i32)) -> bool {
-        if self.conductor_above(key) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        // isCatSittingOnChest: a cat whose box meets the block above.
-        let area = horizon_core::geometry::Aabb::new(
-            horizon_core::geometry::Vec3::new(
-                f64::from(key.0),
-                f64::from(key.1 + 1),
-                f64::from(key.2),
-            ),
-            horizon_core::geometry::Vec3::new(
-                f64::from(key.0 + 1),
-                f64::from(key.1 + 2),
-                f64::from(key.2 + 1),
-            ),
-        );
-        self.mobs.iter().any(|m| {
-            m.species() == horizon_client::mobs::Species::Cat
-                && m.alive()
-                && horizon_client::mobs::tame::cat_sitting(m)
-                && m.bounds().intersects(area)
-        })
+        self.conductor_above(key) || super::machines::cat_sitting_above(&self.mobs, key)
     }
     /// `ChestBlock.getMenuProvider` (`combine(.., false)`) and
     /// `EnderChestBlock.useWithoutItem`: a blocked chest, or a double chest

crates/horizon-client/src/game/tnt.rs

@@ -102,14 +102,17 @@ impl PrimedTnt {
     }
     /// Entity.checkFallDamage after a move that stepped `moved_y`: out of
     /// water, each step down is narrowed to a float before it adds to the
-    /// fall; landing forgets it.
-    pub(super) fn check_fall_damage(&mut self, moved_y: f64) {
+    /// fall; landing forgets it. Returns whether it landed after a fall, when
+    /// the caller posts HIT_GROUND.
+    pub(super) fn check_fall_damage(&mut self, moved_y: f64) -> bool {
         if !self.in_water && moved_y < 0.0 {
             self.fall_distance -= f64::from(moved_y as f32);
         }
+        let landed = self.on_ground && self.fall_distance > 0.0;
         if self.on_ground {
             self.fall_distance = 0.0;
         }
+        landed
     }
     /// Entity.applyEffectsFromBlocks for a move from `from` to here
     /// (`original` the step it asked for, when the move was recorded): powder
@@ -174,9 +177,11 @@ impl PrimedTnt {
         blocks: Option<&horizon_world::movement_properties::BoundMovementProperties>,
     ) -> Result<Vec<BlockPos>> {
         self.tick_among(world, collision, assets, facts, fluids, border, blocks, &[])
+            .map(|(tops, _)| tops)
     }
     /// [`Self::tick`], its move also stopped by `entities`: the boxes of the
     /// entities that `canBeCollidedWith` it (`EntityGetter.getEntityCollisions`).
+    /// Also says whether it landed after a fall.
     #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     pub(super) fn tick_among(
         &mut self,
@@ -188,7 +193,7 @@ impl PrimedTnt {
         border: Option<&horizon_core::geometry::border::BorderGeometry>,
         blocks: Option<&horizon_world::movement_properties::BoundMovementProperties>,
         entities: &[Aabb],
-    ) -> Result<Vec<BlockPos>> {
+    ) -> Result<(Vec<BlockPos>, bool)> {
         self.previous = self.position;
         self.velocity.y -= self.get_gravity();
         let mut wanted = self.velocity;
@@ -226,7 +231,7 @@ impl PrimedTnt {
             );
         }
         self.on_ground = wanted.y < 0.0 && moved.y != wanted.y;
-        self.check_fall_damage(moved.y);
+        let landed = self.check_fall_damage(moved.y);
         if moved.x != wanted.x {
             self.velocity.x = 0.0;
         }
@@ -283,7 +288,7 @@ impl PrimedTnt {
                 self.fall_distance = 0.0;
             }
         }
-        Ok(tops)
+        Ok((tops, landed))
     }
 }
 
@@ -401,7 +406,11 @@ impl Game<'_> {
     /// so powder snow it was pushed into makes it stuck.
     pub(super) fn finish_tnt_piston_move(&mut self, i: usize, from: Vec3, moved: Vec3) {
         let t = &mut self.tnts[i];
-        t.check_fall_damage(moved.y);
+        if t.check_fall_damage(moved.y) {
+            let (position, bounds) = (t.position, t.bounds());
+            self.post_landing_event(position, bounds, false);
+        }
+        let t = &mut self.tnts[i];
         let factor = horizon_client::motion::block_speed_factor_at(
             &self.world,
             &self.res.motion().blocks,
@@ -438,7 +447,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
     /// `entities` are the boxes that stop its move (`Game::item_entity_collisions`).
     pub(super) fn tick_one_tnt(&mut self, i: usize, entities: &[Aabb]) -> Result<()> {
         let t = &mut self.tnts[i];
-        let tops = t.tick_among(
+        let (tops, landed) = t.tick_among(
             &self.world,
             self.collision,
             &self.pack.assets,
@@ -449,6 +458,10 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             entities,
         )?;
         let snow = (t.previous, t.position, t.bounds(), t.velocity);
+        // Entity.checkFallDamage: HIT_GROUND after a fall, during the move.
+        if landed {
+            self.post_landing_event(snow.1, snow.2, false);
+        }
         self.entity_powder_snow_particles(snow.0, snow.1, snow.2, snow.3, false);
         for pos in tops {
             self.bubble_column_particles(pos);
@@ -1538,113 +1551,117 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn silent_tnt_keeps_the_blast_without_its_sound() {
-        let Some(mut game) = source_silence_game() else {
-            return;
-        };
-        let mut rows = Vec::new();
-        for silent in [false, true, false] {
-            let glass = game
-                .pack
-                .assets
-                .registry
-                .default_state("minecraft:glass")
+        on_big_stack(|| {
+            let Some(mut game) = source_silence_game() else {
+                return;
+            };
+            let mut rows = Vec::new();
+            for silent in [false, true, false] {
+                let glass = game
+                    .pack
+                    .assets
+                    .registry
+                    .default_state("minecraft:glass")
+                    .unwrap();
+                game.world.set(8, 64, 8, glass).unwrap();
+                game.audio.heard.clear();
+                game.add_primed_tnt(BlockPos::new(8, 64, 8), 0.0, 1, None, None);
+                game.tnts[0].no_gravity = true;
+                game.tnts[0].velocity = Vec3::ZERO;
+                let id = game.tnts[0].id;
+                set_silent(&mut game, id, silent);
+                let before = particle_count(&game);
+                game.tick_one_tnt(0, &[]).unwrap();
+                rows.push(format!(
+                    "explosion {silent} {} {}",
+                    particle_count(&game) > before,
+                    sound_count(&game, "minecraft:entity.generic.explode") != 0
+                ));
+                assert!(game.tnts.is_empty(), "the fuse still expires");
+                assert!(
+                    game.res.facts().is_air(game.world.block(8, 64, 8)),
+                    "silence keeps block destruction"
+                );
+                assert!(particle_count(&game) > before, "the blast remains visible");
+                assert_eq!(
+                    sound_count(&game, "minecraft:entity.generic.explode"),
+                    u32::from(!silent),
+                    "direct source Silent={silent}"
+                );
+                game.audio.heard.clear();
+                game.server_explode(
+                    [8.5, 64.0, 8.5],
+                    0.0,
+                    super::super::explosion::BlockInteraction::Keep,
+                    false,
+                )
                 .unwrap();
-            game.world.set(8, 64, 8, glass).unwrap();
-            game.audio.heard.clear();
-            game.add_primed_tnt(BlockPos::new(8, 64, 8), 0.0, 1, None, None);
-            game.tnts[0].no_gravity = true;
-            game.tnts[0].velocity = Vec3::ZERO;
-            let id = game.tnts[0].id;
-            set_silent(&mut game, id, silent);
-            let before = particle_count(&game);
-            game.tick_one_tnt(0, &[]).unwrap();
-            rows.push(format!(
-                "explosion {silent} {} {}",
-                particle_count(&game) > before,
-                sound_count(&game, "minecraft:entity.generic.explode") != 0
-            ));
-            assert!(game.tnts.is_empty(), "the fuse still expires");
-            assert!(
-                game.res.facts().is_air(game.world.block(8, 64, 8)),
-                "silence keeps block destruction"
-            );
-            assert!(particle_count(&game) > before, "the blast remains visible");
-            assert_eq!(
-                sound_count(&game, "minecraft:entity.generic.explode"),
-                u32::from(!silent),
-                "direct source Silent={silent}"
-            );
-            game.audio.heard.clear();
-            game.server_explode(
-                [8.5, 64.0, 8.5],
-                0.0,
-                super::super::explosion::BlockInteraction::Keep,
-                false,
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-            assert_eq!(
-                game.audio.heard.get("minecraft:entity.generic.explode"),
-                Some(&1),
-                "a source-free blast stays audible"
-            );
-        }
-        write_silence_output("explosion", &rows);
+                assert_eq!(
+                    game.audio.heard.get("minecraft:entity.generic.explode"),
+                    Some(&1),
+                    "a source-free blast stays audible"
+                );
+            }
+            write_silence_output("explosion", &rows);
+        });
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn silent_potions_keep_the_splash_without_its_sound() {
         use horizon_client::projectiles::{Hit, Projectile, ProjectileKind};
-        let Some(mut game) = source_silence_game() else {
-            return;
-        };
-        let mut rows = Vec::new();
-        for kind in ["splash_potion", "lingering_potion"] {
-            for potion in ["awkward", "swiftness", "healing"] {
-                for silent in [false, true] {
-                    game.audio.heard.clear();
-                    let stack = ItemStack::new(&format!("minecraft:{kind}"), 1)
-                        .with_potion(&format!("minecraft:{potion}"));
-                    let mut projectile = Projectile::new(
-                        ProjectileKind::potion(stack),
-                        Vec3::new(8.5, 64.0, 8.5),
-                        None,
-                    );
-                    projectile.id = game.take_entity_id();
-                    set_silent(&mut game, projectile.id, silent);
-                    let before = particle_count(&game);
-                    let clouds = game.breath_clouds.len();
-                    game.projectile_hit(
-                        &projectile,
-                        Hit::Block {
-                            pos: [8, 63, 8],
-                            at: projectile.position,
-                            face: [0, 1, 0],
-                        },
-                    )
-                    .unwrap();
-                    rows.push(format!(
-                        "{kind} {potion} {silent} {} {}",
-                        particle_count(&game) > before,
-                        sound_count(&game, "minecraft:entity.splash_potion.break") != 0
-                    ));
-                    assert!(
-                        particle_count(&game) > before,
-                        "{kind} {potion} Silent={silent}: visible splash"
-                    );
-                    assert_eq!(
-                        sound_count(&game, "minecraft:entity.splash_potion.break"),
-                        u32::from(!silent),
-                        "{kind} {potion} Silent={silent}"
-                    );
-                    assert_eq!(
-                        game.breath_clouds.len() - clouds,
-                        usize::from(kind == "lingering_potion" && potion != "awkward"),
-                        "silence leaves the lingering cloud intact"
-                    );
+        on_big_stack(|| {
+            let Some(mut game) = source_silence_game() else {
+                return;
+            };
+            let mut rows = Vec::new();
+            for kind in ["splash_potion", "lingering_potion"] {
+                for potion in ["awkward", "swiftness", "healing"] {
+                    for silent in [false, true] {
+                        game.audio.heard.clear();
+                        let stack = ItemStack::new(&format!("minecraft:{kind}"), 1)
+                            .with_potion(&format!("minecraft:{potion}"));
+                        let mut projectile = Projectile::new(
+                            ProjectileKind::potion(stack),
+                            Vec3::new(8.5, 64.0, 8.5),
+                            None,
+                        );
+                        projectile.id = game.take_entity_id();
+                        set_silent(&mut game, projectile.id, silent);
+                        let before = particle_count(&game);
+                        let clouds = game.breath_clouds.len();
+                        game.projectile_hit(
+                            &projectile,
+                            Hit::Block {
+                                pos: [8, 63, 8],
+                                at: projectile.position,
+                                face: [0, 1, 0],
+                            },
+                        )
+                        .unwrap();
+                        rows.push(format!(
+                            "{kind} {potion} {silent} {} {}",
+                            particle_count(&game) > before,
+                            sound_count(&game, "minecraft:entity.splash_potion.break") != 0
+                        ));
+                        assert!(
+                            particle_count(&game) > before,
+                            "{kind} {potion} Silent={silent}: visible splash"
+                        );
+                        assert_eq!(
+                            sound_count(&game, "minecraft:entity.splash_potion.break"),
+                            u32::from(!silent),
+                            "{kind} {potion} Silent={silent}"
+                        );
+                        assert_eq!(
+                            game.breath_clouds.len() - clouds,
+                            usize::from(kind == "lingering_potion" && potion != "awkward"),
+                            "silence leaves the lingering cloud intact"
+                        );
+                    }
                 }
             }
-        }
-        write_silence_output("potions", &rows);
+            write_silence_output("potions", &rows);
+        });
     }
 
     fn write_silence_output(name: &str, rows: &[String]) {
@@ -1659,77 +1676,81 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn silent_creeper_keeps_the_blast_after_its_source_is_removed() {
-        let Some(mut game) = source_silence_game() else {
-            return;
-        };
-        for silent in [false, true, false] {
-            let id = game
-                .spawn_mob_for("minecraft:creeper", [8.5, 64.0, 8.5], true, true)
-                .unwrap();
-            let mob = game.mobs.iter_mut().find(|m| m.id == id).unwrap();
-            mob.silent = silent;
-            mob.swell = mob.max_swell;
-            mob.extra.flag = true;
-            let mut events = Vec::new();
-            horizon_client::mobs::hostile::creeper_tick(mob, &mut events);
-            assert!(mob.removed);
-            game.mobs.retain(|m| m.id != id);
-            game.audio.heard.clear();
-            let particles = particle_count(&game);
-            game.handle_mob_events(events).unwrap();
-            assert!(particle_count(&game) > particles);
-            assert_eq!(
-                sound_count(&game, "minecraft:entity.generic.explode"),
-                u32::from(!silent)
-            );
-        }
+        on_big_stack(|| {
+            let Some(mut game) = source_silence_game() else {
+                return;
+            };
+            for silent in [false, true, false] {
+                let id = game
+                    .spawn_mob_for("minecraft:creeper", [8.5, 64.0, 8.5], true, true)
+                    .unwrap();
+                let mob = game.mobs.iter_mut().find(|m| m.id == id).unwrap();
+                mob.silent = silent;
+                mob.swell = mob.max_swell;
+                mob.extra.flag = true;
+                let mut events = Vec::new();
+                horizon_client::mobs::hostile::creeper_tick(mob, &mut events);
+                assert!(mob.removed);
+                game.mobs.retain(|m| m.id != id);
+                game.audio.heard.clear();
+                let particles = particle_count(&game);
+                game.handle_mob_events(events).unwrap();
+                assert!(particle_count(&game) > particles);
+                assert_eq!(
+                    sound_count(&game, "minecraft:entity.generic.explode"),
+                    u32::from(!silent)
+                );
+            }
+        });
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn silent_launched_potions_and_bottles_keep_their_impact() {
-        let Some(mut game) = source_silence_game() else {
-            return;
-        };
-        let stone = game
-            .pack
-            .assets
-            .registry
-            .default_state("minecraft:stone")
-            .unwrap();
-        game.world.set(8, 63, 8, stone).unwrap();
-        for kind in ["splash_potion", "lingering_potion", "experience_bottle"] {
-            for silent in [false, true, false] {
-                game.launch_thrown(
-                    ItemStack::new(&format!("minecraft:{kind}"), 1)
-                        .with_potion("minecraft:swiftness"),
-                    Vec3::new(8.5, 64.1, 8.5),
-                    Vec3::new(0.0, -1.0, 0.0),
-                    None,
-                );
-                let id = *game.potions.thrown_ids().last().unwrap();
-                set_silent(&mut game, id, silent);
-                game.audio.heard.clear();
-                let particles = particle_count(&game);
-                let clouds = game.breath_clouds.len();
-                let xp: u32 = game.orbs.iter().map(|o| o.points() * o.count).sum();
-                game.tick_effects(true);
-                assert_eq!(game.potions.thrown_ids().count(), 0);
-                assert!(particle_count(&game) > particles, "{kind} keeps its splash");
-                assert_eq!(
-                    sound_count(&game, "minecraft:entity.splash_potion.break"),
-                    u32::from(!silent),
-                    "{kind} Silent={silent}"
-                );
-                assert_eq!(
-                    game.breath_clouds.len() - clouds,
-                    usize::from(kind == "lingering_potion")
-                );
-                let gained = game.orbs.iter().map(|o| o.points() * o.count).sum::<u32>() - xp;
-                if kind == "experience_bottle" {
-                    assert!((3..=11).contains(&gained), "silence keeps the experience");
+        on_big_stack(|| {
+            let Some(mut game) = source_silence_game() else {
+                return;
+            };
+            let stone = game
+                .pack
+                .assets
+                .registry
+                .default_state("minecraft:stone")
+                .unwrap();
+            game.world.set(8, 63, 8, stone).unwrap();
+            for kind in ["splash_potion", "lingering_potion", "experience_bottle"] {
+                for silent in [false, true, false] {
+                    game.launch_thrown(
+                        ItemStack::new(&format!("minecraft:{kind}"), 1)
+                            .with_potion("minecraft:swiftness"),
+                        Vec3::new(8.5, 64.1, 8.5),
+                        Vec3::new(0.0, -1.0, 0.0),
+                        None,
+                    );
+                    let id = *game.potions.thrown_ids().last().unwrap();
+                    set_silent(&mut game, id, silent);
+                    game.audio.heard.clear();
+                    let particles = particle_count(&game);
+                    let clouds = game.breath_clouds.len();
+                    let xp: u32 = game.orbs.iter().map(|o| o.points() * o.count).sum();
+                    game.tick_effects(true);
+                    assert_eq!(game.potions.thrown_ids().count(), 0);
+                    assert!(particle_count(&game) > particles, "{kind} keeps its splash");
+                    assert_eq!(
+                        sound_count(&game, "minecraft:entity.splash_potion.break"),
+                        u32::from(!silent),
+                        "{kind} Silent={silent}"
+                    );
+                    assert_eq!(
+                        game.breath_clouds.len() - clouds,
+                        usize::from(kind == "lingering_potion")
+                    );
+                    let gained = game.orbs.iter().map(|o| o.points() * o.count).sum::<u32>() - xp;
+                    if kind == "experience_bottle" {
+                        assert!((3..=11).contains(&gained), "silence keeps the experience");
+                    }
                 }
             }
-        }
+        });
     }
 
     fn set_silent(game: &mut Game<'_>, id: u32, silent: bool) {
@@ -1753,51 +1774,66 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn silent_bottles_preserve_xp_and_the_server_random_stream() {
         use horizon_client::projectiles::{Hit, Projectile, ProjectileKind};
-        let Some(mut game) = source_silence_game() else {
-            return;
-        };
-        let mut rows = Vec::new();
-        for seed in [0, 1, -1, 42, i64::MIN, i64::MAX] {
-            let mut audible = None;
-            for silent in [false, true] {
-                game.world.random = horizon_core::random::LegacyRandom::new(seed);
-                game.orbs.clear();
-                let mut projectile = Projectile::new(
-                    ProjectileKind::ExperienceBottle,
-                    Vec3::new(8.5, 64.0, 8.5),
-                    None,
-                );
-                projectile.id = game.take_entity_id();
-                set_silent(&mut game, projectile.id, silent);
-                game.projectile_hit(
-                    &projectile,
-                    Hit::Block {
-                        pos: [8, 63, 8],
-                        at: projectile.position,
-                        face: [0, 1, 0],
-                    },
-                )
-                .unwrap();
-                let xp: u32 = game.orbs.iter().map(|o| o.points() * o.count).sum();
-                let next = game.world.random.next_long();
-                assert!((3..=11).contains(&xp));
-                if let Some((audible_xp, audible_next)) = audible {
-                    assert_eq!(
-                        (xp, next),
-                        (audible_xp, audible_next),
-                        "Silent must not change XP or level RNG"
+        on_big_stack(|| {
+            let Some(mut game) = source_silence_game() else {
+                return;
+            };
+            let mut rows = Vec::new();
+            for seed in [0, 1, -1, 42, i64::MIN, i64::MAX] {
+                let mut audible = None;
+                for silent in [false, true] {
+                    game.world.random = horizon_core::random::LegacyRandom::new(seed);
+                    game.orbs.clear();
+                    let mut projectile = Projectile::new(
+                        ProjectileKind::ExperienceBottle,
+                        Vec3::new(8.5, 64.0, 8.5),
+                        None,
                     );
-                    rows.push(format!(
-                        "bottle_rng {seed} {} {}",
-                        xp == audible_xp,
-                        next == audible_next
-                    ));
-                } else {
-                    audible = Some((xp, next));
+                    projectile.id = game.take_entity_id();
+                    set_silent(&mut game, projectile.id, silent);
+                    game.projectile_hit(
+                        &projectile,
+                        Hit::Block {
+                            pos: [8, 63, 8],
+                            at: projectile.position,
+                            face: [0, 1, 0],
+                        },
+                    )
+                    .unwrap();
+                    let xp: u32 = game.orbs.iter().map(|o| o.points() * o.count).sum();
+                    let next = game.world.random.next_long();
+                    assert!((3..=11).contains(&xp));
+                    if let Some((audible_xp, audible_next)) = audible {
+                        assert_eq!(
+                            (xp, next),
+                            (audible_xp, audible_next),
+                            "Silent must not change XP or level RNG"
+                        );
+                        rows.push(format!(
+                            "bottle_rng {seed} {} {}",
+                            xp == audible_xp,
+                            next == audible_next
+                        ));
+                    } else {
+                        audible = Some((xp, next));
+                    }
                 }
             }
+            write_silence_output("bottles", &rows);
+        });
+    }
+
+    /// Runs `test` on a thread with an 8 MiB stack. A Game's explosion and potion-impact paths
+    /// need more than the 2 MiB test thread in a Windows debug build, where those tests
+    /// overflowed it (4 MiB is enough).
+    fn on_big_stack(test: impl FnOnce() + Send + 'static) {
+        let thread = std::thread::Builder::new()
+            .stack_size(8 << 20)
+            .spawn(test)
+            .unwrap();
+        if let Err(panic) = thread.join() {
+            std::panic::resume_unwind(panic);
         }
-        write_silence_output("bottles", &rows);
     }
 
     fn source_silence_game() -> Option<Game<'static>> {