Merge pull request #15361 from UMCEKO/perf-platform

🤖 Agent: queued for merge at Ludovic's request.
Merge origin/main into perf-platform
2026-11-12 18:35:16 -10:00 · 2026-11-12 12:12:30 +01:00 · 2026-11-12 13:12:23 +03:00 · 2026-11-12 11:08:09 +01:00 · 2026-11-12 10:36:41 +01:00 · 2026-11-12 10:36:19 +01:00
604 changed files with 65420 additions and 3731 deletions
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# `cargo xtask …` runs the repository's task crate, so the commands in docs/perf-platform.md and
+# web/perf/README.md work as written. `cargo run -p xtask -- …` stays equivalent.
+[alias]
+xtask = "run --package xtask --"
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+name: perf-wasm
+# The site consumes this reader bundle from horizon-rust/horizon-site.
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [main]
+    paths:
+      - 'crates/horizon-perf/**'
+      - 'crates/horizon-perf-format/**'
+      - 'crates/horizon-bench/**'
+      - 'xtask/**'
+      - 'Cargo.lock'
+      - 'Cargo.toml'
+      - '.github/workflows/perf-wasm.yml'
+  pull_request:
+    types: [opened, synchronize, reopened]
+    paths:
+      - 'crates/horizon-perf/**'
+      - 'crates/horizon-perf-format/**'
+      - 'crates/horizon-bench/**'
+      - 'xtask/**'
+      - 'Cargo.lock'
+      - 'Cargo.toml'
+      - '.github/workflows/perf-wasm.yml'
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+concurrency:
+  group: perf-wasm-${{ github.event.pull_request.number || github.sha }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 30
+    env:
+      HORIZON_TELEMETRY_URL: "off"
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+        with:
+          targets: wasm32-unknown-unknown
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        with:
+          key: perf-wasm
+      # The agreement test: the C ABI, called natively, must print the bytes the CLI prints.
+      - name: The wasm ABI agrees with the CLI
+        run: cargo test -p horizon-perf --features wasm --test wasm
+      - name: Build the wasm the page loads
+        run: cargo run -p xtask -- perf-wasm
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: perf-wasm
+          path: target/perf-wasm
+          if-no-files-found: error
@@ -102,6 +102,7 @@ Game workspace (root `Cargo.toml`); `launcher/` and `crates/horizon-telemetry-se
 | `horizon-shader-api` | Horizon's own WGSL shader packs ([docs/api/shaders.md](docs/api/shaders.md)): `horizon-shaders.toml`, the `.hshader` package; shared by the game, the launcher and the registry |
 | `horizon-shaders` | Shader packs (the `shaders/` folder format), rebuilt clean-room from a written spec of the format; no wgpu |
 | `horizon-theme` | Design tokens and fonts for the launcher, the game's own menus and the website |
+| `horizon-perf-format` | The `.hzperf` capture contract ([docs/perf-platform.md](docs/perf-platform.md) §3): `proto/horizon/perf/v1/capture.proto`, its generated types, the gzip writer and its thread. No Horizon dependencies; nothing in the game reads a capture |
 | `horizon-telemetry`, `horizon-telemetry-server`, `horizon-bench` | Opt-in data collection, its ingest server, the benchmark report format |
 | `horizon-system` | The machine the game runs on (OS, CPU, memory, drive, power, GPU maker and memory), for the crash report, the renderer's GPU info and telemetry |
 | `horizon-platform` | The platform's public API: what the Horizon layer may use of the engine ([docs/layers.md](docs/layers.md)); re-exports `horizon-system` today |
@@ -18,6 +18,15 @@ version = "0.1.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "366ffbaa4442f4684d91e2cd7c5ea7c4ed8add41959a31447066e279e432b618"

+[[package]]
+name = "addr2line"
+version = "0.26.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "59317f77929f0e679d39364702289274de2f0f0b22cbf50b2b8cff2169a0b27a"
+dependencies = [
+ "gimli",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "adler2"
 version = "2.0.1"
@@ -129,6 +138,12 @@ dependencies = [
 "libc",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "anyhow"
+version = "1.0.104"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "330a5ed07fa54e4702c9d6c4174f74427fc0ef6e214bbd677ae50a5099946470"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "arboard"
 version = "3.7.0"
@@ -264,6 +279,12 @@ version = "1.8.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2af50177e190e07a26ab74f8b1efbfe2ef87da2116221318cb1c2e82baf7de06"

+[[package]]
+name = "beef"
+version = "0.5.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3a8241f3ebb85c056b509d4327ad0358fbbba6ffb340bf388f26350aeda225b1"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "bit-set"
 version = "0.10.0"
@@ -559,7 +580,7 @@ checksum = "af491d569909a7e4dee0ad7db7f5341fef5c614d5b8ec8cf765732aba3cff681"
 dependencies = [
 "serde",
 "termcolor",
- "unicode-width",
+ "unicode-width 0.2.2",
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -1011,6 +1032,12 @@ version = "0.1.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7360491ce676a36bf9bb3c56c1aa791658183a54d2744120f27285738d90465a"

+[[package]]
+name = "fastrand"
+version = "2.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "da7c62ceae207dd37ea5b845da6a0696c799f85e97da1ab5b7910be3c1c80223"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "fdeflate"
 version = "0.3.7"
@@ -1109,6 +1136,18 @@ dependencies = [
 "percent-encoding",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "framehop"
+version = "0.16.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6f54fe4785e899d4d6f43793b151c63c5647240fc630b005509d2614a939f693"
+dependencies = [
+ "arrayvec",
+ "cfg-if",
+ "fallible-iterator",
+ "gimli",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "fs4"
 version = "1.1.0"
@@ -1246,6 +1285,15 @@ dependencies = [
 "windows 0.62.2",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "gimli"
+version = "0.33.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0bf7f043f89559805f8c7cacc432749b2fa0d0a0a9ee46ce47164ed5ba7f126c"
+dependencies = [
+ "stable_deref_trait",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "gl_generator"
 version = "0.14.0"
@@ -1426,7 +1474,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "horizon-bench"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
- "horizon-telemetry",
+ "horizon-system",
 "serde",
 "serde_json",
 ]
@@ -1482,10 +1530,13 @@ dependencies = [
 "horizon-mods",
 "horizon-narrator",
 "horizon-optifine",
+ "horizon-perf",
+ "horizon-perf-format",
 "horizon-protocol",
 "horizon-server-files",
 "horizon-shader-api",
 "horizon-shaders",
+ "horizon-system",
 "horizon-telemetry",
 "horizon-theme",
 "horizon-threads",
@@ -1560,6 +1611,8 @@ dependencies = [
 "horizon-mods",
 "horizon-narrator",
 "horizon-optifine",
+ "horizon-perf",
+ "horizon-perf-format",
 "horizon-protocol",
 "horizon-server-files",
 "horizon-shader-api",
@@ -1614,6 +1667,8 @@ dependencies = [
 "horizon-items",
 "horizon-narrator",
 "horizon-optifine",
+ "horizon-perf",
+ "horizon-perf-format",
 "horizon-polytone",
 "horizon-protocol",
 "horizon-shader-api",
@@ -1831,6 +1886,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "horizon-game",
 "horizon-heartbeat",
 "horizon-official-servers",
+ "horizon-perf-share",
 "horizon-platform",
 "log",
 "winresource",
@@ -1849,18 +1905,60 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "horizon-optifine"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
- "horizon-bench",
 "horizon-core",
+ "horizon-system",
 "log",
 "regex",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "horizon-perf"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "flate2",
+ "horizon-bench",
+ "horizon-perf-format",
+ "horizon-perf-share",
+ "prost",
+ "regex",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "horizon-perf-format"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "flate2",
+ "prost",
+ "prost-build",
+ "prost-types",
+ "protox",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "horizon-perf-share"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "getrandom 0.3.4",
+ "horizon-addresses",
+ "horizon-platform",
+ "log",
+ "open",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "ureq",
+ "url",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "horizon-platform"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
+ "horizon-bench",
 "horizon-core",
 "horizon-hooks",
+ "horizon-perf-format",
 "horizon-prepare",
 "horizon-protocol",
 "horizon-server-files",
@@ -1945,7 +2043,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "chrono",
 "getrandom 0.3.4",
 "horizon-anticheat",
- "horizon-bench",
 "horizon-chat-filter",
 "horizon-mcp",
 "horizon-platform",
@@ -2029,9 +2126,14 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 name = "horizon-threads"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
+ "addr2line",
+ "framehop",
 "libc",
 "libmimalloc-sys",
+ "memmap2",
 "mimalloc",
+ "object",
+ "rustc-demangle",
 "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]

@@ -2041,6 +2143,7 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
 "flate2",
 "horizon-core",
+ "horizon-threads",
 "libm",
 "log",
 "lz4_flex",
@@ -2282,6 +2385,15 @@ dependencies = [
 "once_cell",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "itertools"
+version = "0.14.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2b192c782037fadd9cfa75548310488aabdbf3d2da73885b31bd0abd03351285"
+dependencies = [
+ "either",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "itoa"
 version = "1.0.18"
@@ -2508,6 +2620,72 @@ version = "0.4.34"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f9f8bd3e56ce4dfc153cf470fffbfa98c7620958b312ca5c3a4b8d5181fd13c6"

+[[package]]
+name = "logos"
+version = "0.15.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ff472f899b4ec2d99161c51f60ff7075eeb3097069a36050d8037a6325eb8154"
+dependencies = [
+ "logos-derive 0.15.1",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "logos"
+version = "0.16.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "eb2c55a318a87600ea870ff8c2012148b44bf18b74fad48d0f835c38c7d07c5f"
+dependencies = [
+ "logos-derive 0.16.1",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "logos-codegen"
+version = "0.15.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "192a3a2b90b0c05b27a0b2c43eecdb7c415e29243acc3f89cc8247a5b693045c"
+dependencies = [
+ "beef",
+ "fnv",
+ "lazy_static",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "regex-syntax",
+ "rustc_version",
+ "syn 2.0.119",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "logos-codegen"
+version = "0.16.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "58b3ffaa284e1350d017a57d04ada118c4583cf260c8fb01e0fe28a2e9cf8970"
+dependencies = [
+ "fnv",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "regex-automata",
+ "regex-syntax",
+ "syn 2.0.119",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "logos-derive"
+version = "0.15.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "605d9697bcd5ef3a42d38efc51541aa3d6a4a25f7ab6d1ed0da5ac632a26b470"
+dependencies = [
+ "logos-codegen 0.15.1",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "logos-derive"
+version = "0.16.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "52d3a9855747c17eaf4383823f135220716ab49bea5fbea7dd42cc9a92f8aa31"
+dependencies = [
+ "logos-codegen 0.16.1",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "lru"
 version = "0.18.5"
@@ -2550,6 +2728,28 @@ dependencies = [
 "libc",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "miette"
+version = "7.6.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5f98efec8807c63c752b5bd61f862c165c115b0a35685bdcfd9238c7aeb592b7"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "miette-derive",
+ "unicode-width 0.1.14",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "miette-derive"
+version = "7.6.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "db5b29714e950dbb20d5e6f74f9dcec4edbcc1067bb7f8ed198c097b8c1a818b"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.119",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "mimalloc"
 version = "0.1.52"
@@ -2603,6 +2803,12 @@ dependencies = [
 "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "multimap"
+version = "0.10.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1d87ecb2933e8aeadb3e3a02b828fed80a7528047e68b4f424523a0981a3a084"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "multiversion_no_op"
 version = "1.0.0"
@@ -3183,6 +3389,15 @@ dependencies = [
 "objc2-foundation 0.2.2",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "object"
+version = "0.39.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2e5a6c098c7a3b6547378093f5cc30bc54fd361ce711e05293a5cc589562739b"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "oid-registry"
 version = "0.8.1"
@@ -3514,6 +3729,16 @@ version = "0.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e8cf8e6a8aa66ce33f63993ffc4ea4271eb5b0530a9002db8455ea6050c77bfa"

+[[package]]
+name = "prettyplease"
+version = "0.2.37"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "479ca8adacdd7ce8f1fb39ce9ecccbfe93a3f1344b3d0d97f20bc0196208f62b"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "syn 2.0.119",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro-crate"
 version = "3.5.0"
@@ -3538,6 +3763,96 @@ version = "1.0.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3d595e54a326bc53c1c197b32d295e14b169e3cfeaa8dc82b529f947fba6bcf5"

+[[package]]
+name = "prost"
+version = "0.14.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "528ac67416ff8646872a3c02cad9cc4ee5dc9f9540c9b10771855c95cb2e5ae1"
+dependencies = [
+ "bytes",
+ "prost-derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "prost-build"
+version = "0.14.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "03da047801ff44bb6a4d407d4860c05fd70bb81714e6b2f3812603d5b145b042"
+dependencies = [
+ "heck",
+ "itertools",
+ "log",
+ "multimap",
+ "petgraph",
+ "prettyplease",
+ "prost",
+ "prost-types",
+ "regex",
+ "syn 2.0.119",
+ "tempfile",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "prost-derive"
+version = "0.14.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b570b25f7617e43d59005d0990ccb79e950a423952cea19671b7a876da390adf"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "itertools",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.119",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "prost-reflect"
+version = "0.16.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "01b80ea363c31af2de2b92e3c07ed1156628f7838c4afb4df75ee78a37fedbd1"
+dependencies = [
+ "logos 0.16.1",
+ "miette",
+ "prost",
+ "prost-types",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "prost-types"
+version = "0.14.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f94967dc7688f3054c7fac87473ffae4cc4c3904800e2d9f5b857246d8963b0a"
+dependencies = [
+ "prost",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "protox"
+version = "0.9.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4f25a07a73c6717f0b9bbbd685918f5df9815f7efba450b83d9c9dea41f0e3a1"
+dependencies = [
+ "bytes",
+ "miette",
+ "prost",
+ "prost-reflect",
+ "prost-types",
+ "protox-parse",
+ "thiserror 2.0.21",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "protox-parse"
+version = "0.9.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "072eee358134396a4643dff81cfff1c255c9fbd3fb296be14bdb6a26f9156366"
+dependencies = [
+ "logos 0.15.1",
+ "miette",
+ "prost-types",
+ "thiserror 2.0.21",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "quick-error"
 version = "2.0.1"
@@ -3837,6 +4152,12 @@ dependencies = [
 "smallvec",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "rustc-demangle"
+version = "0.1.28"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b74b56ffa8bb2830709a538c2cbcae9aa062db0d2a42563bfb09bdaae44020eb"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustc-hash"
 version = "1.1.0"
@@ -4395,6 +4716,18 @@ dependencies = [
 "syn 3.0.6",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "tempfile"
+version = "3.27.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "32497e9a4c7b38532efcdebeef879707aa9f794296a4f0244f6f69e9bc8574bd"
+dependencies = [
+ "fastrand",
+ "once_cell",
+ "rustix 1.1.5",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "termcolor"
 version = "1.4.1"
@@ -4664,6 +4997,12 @@ version = "1.13.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c6f5d3c3b1bf09027a88a6bc961fc00497d651009560b5463668dc81b0fa87a8"

+[[package]]
+name = "unicode-width"
+version = "0.1.14"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7dd6e30e90baa6f72411720665d41d89b9a3d039dc45b8faea1ddd07f617f6af"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-width"
 version = "0.2.2"
@@ -37,6 +37,9 @@ members = [
    "crates/horizon-discord",
    "crates/horizon-official-servers",
    "crates/horizon-bench",
+    "crates/horizon-perf-format",
+    "crates/horizon-perf",
+    "crates/horizon-perf-share",
    "crates/horizon-friends",
    "crates/horizon-relay",
    "crates/horizon-mods",
@@ -35,6 +35,12 @@ pub const COSMETICS_API: &str = "https://cosmetics.playhorizon.dev";
 /// "I'm playing" ping, benchmark uploads (`HORIZON_TELEMETRY_URL` overrides it).
 pub const TELEMETRY: &str = "https://telemetry.playhorizon.dev";

+/// The performance viewer page a saved capture opens in (`HORIZON_PERF_VIEWER` overrides it).
+pub const PERF_VIEWER: &str = "https://playhorizon.dev/perf";
+
+/// The capture upload API behind Share (`HORIZON_PERF_CAPTURES` overrides it).
+pub const PERF_CAPTURES: &str = "https://playhorizon.dev/api/perf/captures";
+
 /// Public STUN servers for Play with Friends' NAT discovery: two independent operators, so one
 /// outage doesn't break discovery (`HORIZON_STUN_SERVERS` overrides them).
 pub const STUN_SERVERS: &[&str] = &["stun.cloudflare.com:3478", "stun.l.google.com:19302"];
@@ -1764,14 +1764,13 @@ fn stack_from_template(template: &Value) -> Option<StackView> {

 /// `RangeSelectItemModel.lastIndexLessOrEqual`.
 fn last_index_less_or_equal(entries: &[(f32, ItemModelNode)], needle: f32) -> Option<usize> {
-    let haystack: Vec<f32> = entries.iter().map(|e| e.0).collect();
-    let found = if haystack.len() < 16 {
-        haystack
+    let found = if entries.len() < 16 {
+        entries
            .iter()
-            .position(|h| *h > needle)
-            .map_or(haystack.len() as i64 - 1, |i| i as i64 - 1)
+            .position(|e| e.0 > needle)
+            .map_or(entries.len() as i64 - 1, |i| i as i64 - 1)
    } else {
-        match binary_search(&haystack, needle) {
+        match binary_search(entries, needle) {
            Ok(index) => index as i64,
            Err(insertion) => insertion as i64 - 1,
        }
@@ -1780,8 +1779,8 @@ fn last_index_less_or_equal(entries: &[(f32, ItemModelNode)], needle: f32) -> Op
 }
 /// `Arrays.binarySearch(float[], float)`, including its handling of equal
 /// values (-0.0 below 0.0, NaN above everything).
-fn binary_search(a: &[f32], key: f32) -> std::result::Result<usize, usize> {
-    let (mut low, mut high) = (0i64, a.len() as i64 - 1);
+fn binary_search(entries: &[(f32, ItemModelNode)], key: f32) -> std::result::Result<usize, usize> {
+    let (mut low, mut high) = (0i64, entries.len() as i64 - 1);
    let bits = |v: f32| -> i32 {
        if v.is_nan() {
            0x7fc0_0000
@@ -1791,7 +1790,7 @@ fn binary_search(a: &[f32], key: f32) -> std::result::Result<usize, usize> {
    };
    while low <= high {
        let mid = (low + high) >> 1;
-        let value = a[mid as usize];
+        let value = entries[mid as usize].0;
        if value < key {
            low = mid + 1;
        } else if value > key {
@@ -158,3 +158,61 @@ fn a_patched_stack_reads_its_patch_over_its_items_defaults() {
    }
    assert_eq!(view.to_map(), *merged);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn last_index_less_or_equal_linear_and_binary() {
+    use super::last_index_less_or_equal;
+    let make = |thresholds: &[f32]| -> Vec<(f32, ItemModelNode)> {
+        thresholds
+            .iter()
+            .map(|&t| (t, ItemModelNode::Empty))
+            .collect()
+    };
+
+    // Empty
+    assert_eq!(last_index_less_or_equal(&[], 0.0), None);
+
+    // Short (< 16): linear search
+    let short = make(&[-1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0]);
+    assert_eq!(last_index_less_or_equal(&short, -2.0), None);
+    assert_eq!(last_index_less_or_equal(&short, -1.0), Some(0));
+    assert_eq!(last_index_less_or_equal(&short, -0.5), Some(0));
+    assert_eq!(last_index_less_or_equal(&short, 0.0), Some(1));
+    assert_eq!(last_index_less_or_equal(&short, 2.5), Some(3));
+    assert_eq!(last_index_less_or_equal(&short, 3.0), Some(3));
+    assert_eq!(last_index_less_or_equal(&short, 5.0), Some(4));
+    assert_eq!(last_index_less_or_equal(&short, 10.0), Some(4));
+
+    // Long (>= 16): binary search
+    let thresholds: Vec<f32> = (0..32).map(|i| i as f32 * 10.0).collect();
+    let long = make(&thresholds);
+    assert_eq!(last_index_less_or_equal(&long, -5.0), None);
+    assert_eq!(last_index_less_or_equal(&long, 0.0), Some(0));
+    assert_eq!(last_index_less_or_equal(&long, 5.0), Some(0));
+    assert_eq!(last_index_less_or_equal(&long, 10.0), Some(1));
+    assert_eq!(last_index_less_or_equal(&long, 150.0), Some(15));
+    assert_eq!(last_index_less_or_equal(&long, 155.0), Some(15));
+    assert_eq!(last_index_less_or_equal(&long, 310.0), Some(31));
+    assert_eq!(last_index_less_or_equal(&long, 1000.0), Some(31));
+
+    // Short lists use upper-bound tie behavior, including signed zero.
+    let duplicates = make(&[1.0, 1.0, 2.0]);
+    assert_eq!(last_index_less_or_equal(&duplicates, 1.0), Some(1));
+
+    let zeroes = make(&[-0.0, 0.0]);
+    assert_eq!(last_index_less_or_equal(&zeroes, -0.0), Some(1));
+    assert_eq!(last_index_less_or_equal(&zeroes, 0.0), Some(1));
+
+    // At 16 entries, vanilla returns Arrays.binarySearch's hit, not the last tie.
+    // Expected indices were checked on the JVM.
+    let duplicates = make(&[
+        0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 7.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0,
+    ]);
+    assert_eq!(last_index_less_or_equal(&duplicates, 7.0), Some(7));
+
+    let zeroes = make(&[
+        -8.0, -7.0, -6.0, -5.0, -4.0, -3.0, -2.0, -0.0, -0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0,
+    ]);
+    assert_eq!(last_index_less_or_equal(&zeroes, -0.0), Some(7));
+    assert_eq!(last_index_less_or_equal(&zeroes, 0.0), Some(9));
+}
@@ -9,5 +9,7 @@ description = "The benchmark report format (docs/benchmark-report.md), shared by
 [dependencies]
 serde = { version = "1", features = ["derive"] }
 serde_json = "1"
-# The hardware probes shared with telemetry (cores, clocks, drive, VRAM, power, form).
-horizon-telemetry = { path = "../horizon-telemetry", default-features = false }
+# The hardware probes (cores, clocks, drive, VRAM, power, form); a reader of reports (the wasm
+# build of horizon-perf) needs the types below, never the probes.
+[target.'cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))'.dependencies]
+horizon-system = { path = "../horizon-system" }
@@ -0,0 +1,434 @@
+//! Paired A/B comparison of benchmark blocks (docs/benchmark-report.md, "A/B runs").
+
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use crate::{round, Frames};
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum Verdict {
+    TooFewPairs,
+    WithinNoise,
+    Negligible,
+    Slower,
+    Faster,
+}
+
+/// B against A over paired blocks; lower milliseconds are better.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Paired {
+    pub pairs: usize,
+    pub a: f64,
+    pub b: f64,
+    /// Hodges-Lehmann estimate of b - a.
+    pub diff: f64,
+    /// Absent when `a` is zero.
+    pub diff_pct: Option<f64>,
+    /// Exact Wilcoxon signed-rank interval; absent below 6 pairs.
+    pub ci95: Option<[f64; 2]>,
+    pub confidence: Option<f64>,
+    /// Median distance between neighbouring blocks of the same arm.
+    pub noise: Option<f64>,
+    pub verdict: Verdict,
+}
+
+type Getter = fn(&Frames) -> Option<f64>;
+
+fn median(values: &[f64]) -> f64 {
+    let mut v = values.to_vec();
+    v.sort_by(f64::total_cmp);
+    match v.len() {
+        0 => 0.0,
+        n if n % 2 == 1 => v[n / 2],
+        n => (v[n / 2 - 1] + v[n / 2]) / 2.0,
+    }
+}
+
+fn round4(v: f64) -> f64 {
+    (v * 10_000.0).round() / 10_000.0
+}
+
+/// `(a, b)` per pair, `noise` left for the caller.
+pub fn paired(pairs: &[(f64, f64)]) -> Paired {
+    let n = pairs.len();
+    let a = median(&pairs.iter().map(|p| p.0).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    let b = median(&pairs.iter().map(|p| p.1).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    let d: Vec<f64> = pairs.iter().map(|p| p.1 - p.0).collect();
+    let mut walsh = Vec::with_capacity(n * (n + 1) / 2);
+    for i in 0..n {
+        for j in i..n {
+            walsh.push((d[i] + d[j]) / 2.0);
+        }
+    }
+    walsh.sort_by(f64::total_cmp);
+    let diff = median(&walsh);
+    let interval = interval(n, &walsh);
+    let verdict = match interval {
+        None => Verdict::TooFewPairs,
+        Some(([lo, hi], _)) if lo <= 0.0 && 0.0 <= hi => Verdict::WithinNoise,
+        Some(_) if diff.abs() < 0.05_f64.max(0.02 * a) => Verdict::Negligible,
+        Some(([lo, _], _)) if lo > 0.0 => Verdict::Slower,
+        Some(_) => Verdict::Faster,
+    };
+    Paired {
+        pairs: n,
+        a: round(a) + 0.0,
+        b: round(b) + 0.0,
+        diff: round(diff) + 0.0,
+        diff_pct: (a != 0.0).then(|| round(100.0 * diff / a) + 0.0),
+        ci95: interval.map(|([lo, hi], _)| [round(lo) + 0.0, round(hi) + 0.0]),
+        confidence: interval.map(|(_, c)| round4(c)),
+        noise: None,
+        verdict,
+    }
+}
+
+/// The widest symmetric interval of the sorted Walsh averages whose tails hold at most 2.5% each, and its confidence.
+fn interval(n: usize, walsh: &[f64]) -> Option<([f64; 2], f64)> {
+    let m = walsh.len();
+    // Null probabilities of T+ (halving is exact in binary, so these are the counts over 2^n).
+    let mut p = vec![0.0f64; m + 1];
+    p[0] = 1.0;
+    for r in 1..=n {
+        for t in (0..=m).rev() {
+            p[t] = (p[t] + if t >= r { p[t - r] } else { 0.0 }) / 2.0;
+        }
+    }
+    let (mut k, mut tail, mut best) = (0, 0.0, 0.0);
+    while k < m {
+        tail += p[k];
+        if tail > 0.025 {
+            break;
+        }
+        k += 1;
+        best = tail;
+    }
+    (k >= 1).then(|| ([walsh[k - 1], walsh[m - k]], 1.0 - 2.0 * best))
+}
+
+/// The result of an A/B run: pairs of blocks in B A A B order, recomputable from the report's `frames`.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Ab {
+    pub switch: String,
+    pub a: String,
+    pub b: String,
+    pub pairs: u32,
+    pub block_s: f64,
+    pub warmup_s: f64,
+    /// Block 0 (measured before any switch) lies outside the later B blocks.
+    pub first_block_outside_range: bool,
+    /// By `gpu_p50_ms`, `cpu_p50_ms`, `frame_p50_ms`; a metric missing from any block is left out.
+    pub result: BTreeMap<String, Paired>,
+}
+
+impl Ab {
+    /// Pairs the `ab.a`/`ab.b` entries of `frames` by `repeat` (0, 1, 2...): pair k is blocks 2k and 2k+1.
+    pub fn from_frames(
+        switch: &str,
+        a: &str,
+        b: &str,
+        block_s: f64,
+        warmup_s: f64,
+        frames: &[Frames],
+    ) -> Result<Ab, String> {
+        let mut blocks: Vec<&Frames> = frames
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|f| f.phase == "ab.a" || f.phase == "ab.b")
+            .collect();
+        blocks.sort_by_key(|f| f.repeat);
+        if blocks.is_empty()
+            || !blocks.len().is_multiple_of(2)
+            || blocks
+                .iter()
+                .enumerate()
+                .any(|(i, f)| f.repeat as usize != i)
+        {
+            return Err("A/B blocks must be numbered 0..N with N even".to_owned());
+        }
+        if blocks.chunks(2).any(|p| p[0].phase == p[1].phase) {
+            return Err("each pair needs one ab.a and one ab.b block".to_owned());
+        }
+        let pairs = blocks.len() / 2;
+        let metrics: [(&str, Getter); 3] = [
+            ("gpu_p50_ms", |f| f.gpu_p50_ms),
+            ("cpu_p50_ms", |f| f.cpu_p50_ms),
+            ("frame_p50_ms", |f| Some(f.p50_ms)),
+        ];
+        let mut result = BTreeMap::new();
+        let mut series: BTreeMap<&str, Vec<f64>> = BTreeMap::new();
+        for (name, get) in metrics {
+            let Some(values) = blocks.iter().map(|f| get(f)).collect::<Option<Vec<f64>>>() else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            let by_arm: Vec<(f64, f64)> = blocks
+                .chunks(2)
+                .zip(values.chunks(2))
+                .map(|(p, v)| {
+                    if p[0].phase == "ab.a" {
+                        (v[0], v[1])
+                    } else {
+                        (v[1], v[0])
+                    }
+                })
+                .collect();
+            let mut stat = paired(&by_arm);
+            let gaps: Vec<f64> = (1..values.len().saturating_sub(1))
+                .step_by(2)
+                .filter(|&i| blocks[i].phase == blocks[i + 1].phase)
+                .map(|i| (values[i] - values[i + 1]).abs())
+                .collect();
+            stat.noise = (!gaps.is_empty()).then(|| round(median(&gaps)) + 0.0);
+            result.insert(name.to_owned(), stat);
+            series.insert(name, values);
+        }
+        let first_block_outside_range = series
+            .get("gpu_p50_ms")
+            .or_else(|| series.get("frame_p50_ms"))
+            .is_some_and(|values| {
+                let later: Vec<f64> = (1..values.len())
+                    .filter(|&i| blocks[i].phase == "ab.b")
+                    .map(|i| values[i])
+                    .collect();
+                blocks[0].phase == "ab.b"
+                    && !later.is_empty()
+                    && (values[0] < later.iter().copied().fold(f64::INFINITY, f64::min)
+                        || values[0] > later.iter().copied().fold(f64::NEG_INFINITY, f64::max))
+            });
+        Ok(Ab {
+            switch: switch.to_owned(),
+            a: a.to_owned(),
+            b: b.to_owned(),
+            pairs: pairs as u32,
+            block_s,
+            warmup_s,
+            first_block_outside_range,
+            result,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::{App, Kind, Report};
+
+    // Expected values: exact-rational Walsh averages and a brute-force sign enumeration, run once outside this code.
+    fn check(
+        a: &[f64],
+        b: &[f64],
+        diff: f64,
+        ci: Option<[f64; 2]>,
+        conf: Option<f64>,
+        verdict: Verdict,
+    ) {
+        let pairs: Vec<(f64, f64)> = a.iter().copied().zip(b.iter().copied()).collect();
+        let p = paired(&pairs);
+        assert_eq!(
+            (p.pairs, p.diff, p.ci95, p.confidence, p.verdict),
+            (a.len(), diff, ci, conf, verdict),
+            "{b:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_decided_vectors() {
+        use Verdict::*;
+        let z = |n: usize| vec![0.0; n];
+        let up = |n: usize| (1..=n).map(|v| v as f64).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        check(&z(8), &up(8), 4.5, Some([2.0, 7.0]), Some(0.9609), Slower);
+        let wobble = [-0.3, 0.2, -0.1, 0.4, -0.2, 0.1, 0.3, -0.4];
+        check(
+            &z(8),
+            &wobble,
+            0.0,
+            Some([-0.3, 0.3]),
+            Some(0.9609),
+            WithinNoise,
+        );
+        check(&z(6), &up(6), 3.5, Some([1.0, 6.0]), Some(0.9688), Slower);
+        check(&z(5), &up(5), 3.0, None, None, TooFewPairs);
+        let a = [3.65, 3.70, 3.62, 3.68, 3.66, 3.71, 3.63, 3.69];
+        let b = [5.63, 5.60, 5.70, 5.58, 5.65, 5.62, 5.66, 5.61];
+        check(&a, &b, 1.96, Some([1.905, 2.03]), Some(0.9609), Slower);
+        let tiny: Vec<f64> = (1..=8).map(|v| 10.0 + v as f64 / 100.0).collect();
+        check(
+            &[10.0; 8],
+            &tiny,
+            0.045,
+            Some([0.02, 0.07]),
+            Some(0.9609),
+            Negligible,
+        );
+        let down: Vec<f64> = up(8).iter().map(|_| 0.0).collect();
+        check(
+            &up(8),
+            &down,
+            -4.5,
+            Some([-7.0, -2.0]),
+            Some(0.9609),
+            Faster,
+        );
+        let mixed = [0.5, -0.2, 0.0, 0.3, 0.9, -0.1, 0.4];
+        check(
+            &z(7),
+            &mixed,
+            0.225,
+            Some([-0.1, 0.65]),
+            Some(0.9531),
+            WithinNoise,
+        );
+        let ten = [0.3, -0.1, 0.8, 0.2, -0.5, 0.6, 0.1, 0.4, 0.7, 0.05];
+        check(
+            &z(10),
+            &ten,
+            0.25,
+            Some([-0.025, 0.55]),
+            Some(0.9512),
+            WithinNoise,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn medians_percent_and_empty_input() {
+        let a = [3.65, 3.70, 3.62, 3.68, 3.66, 3.71, 3.63, 3.69];
+        let b = [5.63, 5.60, 5.70, 5.58, 5.65, 5.62, 5.66, 5.61];
+        let p = paired(&a.iter().copied().zip(b).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+        assert_eq!(
+            (p.a, p.b, p.diff_pct, p.noise),
+            (3.67, 5.625, Some(53.406), None)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            paired(&[(0.0, 1.0); 8]).diff_pct,
+            None,
+            "no percent of zero"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(paired(&[]).verdict, Verdict::TooFewPairs);
+    }
+
+    fn block(phase: &str, repeat: u32, frame: f64, cpu: Option<f64>, gpu: Option<f64>) -> Frames {
+        Frames {
+            phase: phase.into(),
+            repeat,
+            frames: 100,
+            seconds: 4.0,
+            avg_fps: 250.0,
+            low_1pct_fps: 100.0,
+            low_01pct_fps: 90.0,
+            p50_ms: frame,
+            p95_ms: frame + 1.0,
+            p99_ms: frame + 2.0,
+            p999_ms: frame + 3.0,
+            max_ms: frame + 4.0,
+            cpu_p50_ms: cpu,
+            gpu_p50_ms: gpu,
+            histogram: vec![0; crate::HISTOGRAM_EDGES_MS.len()],
+        }
+    }
+
+    // B A A B B A A B B A A B, as gpu milliseconds; frame time is gpu + 1.
+    fn twelve(first_b: f64) -> Vec<Frames> {
+        let gpu = [
+            first_b, 3.0, 3.2, 5.0, 5.2, 3.1, 3.1, 5.1, 5.4, 3.4, 3.3, 5.3,
+        ];
+        gpu.iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(i, &g)| {
+                block(
+                    if matches!(i % 4, 0 | 3) {
+                        "ab.b"
+                    } else {
+                        "ab.a"
+                    },
+                    i as u32,
+                    g + 1.0,
+                    Some(g / 2.0),
+                    Some(g),
+                )
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    fn from(frames: &[Frames]) -> Result<Ab, String> {
+        Ab::from_frames("gpu-culling", "off", "on", 4.0, 2.0, frames)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn noise_and_the_first_block_flag() {
+        let ab = from(&twelve(6.4)).unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            ab.first_block_outside_range,
+            "6.4 is 1 ms above the other B blocks"
+        );
+        let gpu = &ab.result["gpu_p50_ms"];
+        // Neighbours (1,2) (3,4) (5,6) (7,8) (9,10): 0.2 0.2 0 0.3 0.1.
+        assert_eq!(
+            (gpu.pairs, gpu.a, gpu.b, gpu.noise),
+            (6, 3.15, 5.25, Some(0.2))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            (gpu.ci95, gpu.verdict),
+            (Some([1.8, 3.4]), Verdict::Slower),
+            "every d is positive: min and max Walsh averages"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(ab.result["cpu_p50_ms"].noise, Some(0.1));
+        assert_eq!(
+            (ab.pairs, ab.switch.as_str(), ab.a.as_str(), ab.b.as_str()),
+            (6, "gpu-culling", "off", "on")
+        );
+        assert!(!from(&twelve(5.2)).unwrap().first_block_outside_range);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_metric_missing_from_one_block_is_left_out() {
+        let mut frames = twelve(5.2);
+        frames[7].gpu_p50_ms = None;
+        let ab = from(&frames).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            ab.result.keys().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            ["cpu_p50_ms", "frame_p50_ms"]
+        );
+        let mut frames = twelve(6.4);
+        frames[0].gpu_p50_ms = None;
+        frames[0].p50_ms = 6.0;
+        assert!(
+            !from(&frames).unwrap().first_block_outside_range,
+            "frame time 6.0 is inside 6.0..6.4 of the later B blocks"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn blocks_that_do_not_pair_are_refused() {
+        assert!(from(&[]).is_err());
+        assert!(from(&twelve(5.2)[..11]).is_err(), "odd number of blocks");
+        let mut frames = twelve(5.2);
+        frames[1].phase = "ab.b".into();
+        assert!(from(&frames).is_err(), "a pair of two B blocks");
+        let mut frames = twelve(5.2);
+        frames[3].repeat = 9;
+        assert!(from(&frames).is_err(), "a gap in the numbering");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_report_with_ab_round_trips_and_old_ones_still_parse() {
+        let mut r = Report::new(Kind::Game, App::default());
+        let old = r.to_json();
+        assert!(!old.contains("\"ab\""));
+        assert_eq!(Report::parse(&old).unwrap().ab, None);
+        r.frames = twelve(5.2);
+        r.ab = Some(from(&r.frames).unwrap());
+        let json = r.to_json();
+        assert_eq!(Report::parse(&json).unwrap(), r);
+        assert!(
+            json.contains("\"first_block_outside_range\": false")
+                && json.contains("\"verdict\": \"slower\"")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(r.for_upload().ab, r.ab);
+        let mut few = paired(&[(1.0, 2.0); 3]);
+        few.noise = None;
+        assert!(serde_json::to_string(&few)
+            .unwrap()
+            .contains("\"ci95\":null,\"confidence\":null"));
+    }
+}
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 //! The machine a report was measured on. CPU, RAM and OS are detected here; the GPU and the display
 //! come from the program that rendered (the game knows its adapter, the launcher its window).

-use horizon_telemetry::system::command_output as output;
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "linux"))]
+use horizon_system::command_output as output;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};

 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@ pub struct Display {
    pub refresh_hz: Option<u32>,
 }

+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 impl Hardware {
    pub fn detect() -> Hardware {
        let probes = probes();
@@ -68,12 +70,12 @@ impl Hardware {
            os: std::env::consts::OS.to_owned(),
            os_version: os_version(),
            arch: std::env::consts::ARCH.to_owned(),
-            cpu: cpu(),
+            cpu: horizon_system::cpu(),
            cpu_threads: std::thread::available_parallelism().ok().map(|n| n.get()),
            cpu_cores: probes.cores,
            cpu_base_mhz: probes.base,
            cpu_boost_mhz: probes.boost,
-            ram_mb: ram_bytes().map(|b| b >> 20),
+            ram_mb: horizon_system::ram_bytes().map(|b| b >> 20),
            storage: None,
            form: probes.form,
            gpu: None,
@@ -84,13 +86,14 @@ impl Hardware {
    /// [`Hardware::detect`] with the kind of drive `game_dir` is on.
    pub fn detect_in(game_dir: &std::path::Path) -> Hardware {
        Hardware {
-            storage: horizon_telemetry::system::storage(game_dir).map(str::to_owned),
+            storage: horizon_system::storage(game_dir).map(str::to_owned),
            ..Hardware::detect()
        }
    }
 }

-/// What the telemetry probes read (`horizon_telemetry::system`).
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+/// What `horizon_system::Machine` reads.
 struct Probes {
    cores: Option<u16>,
    base: Option<u32>,
@@ -98,95 +101,31 @@ struct Probes {
    form: Option<String>,
 }

+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 fn probes() -> Probes {
-    let s = horizon_telemetry::payload::System::detect();
+    let s = horizon_system::Machine::detect();
    let some = |n: u32| (n > 0).then_some(n);
    Probes {
        cores: (s.cores > 0).then_some(s.cores),
        base: some(s.cpu_base_mhz),
        boost: some(s.cpu_boost_mhz),
-        form: (!s.form.is_empty()).then_some(s.form),
-    }
-}
-
-/// The one-minute load average: above about the number of threads the machine was busy.
-pub fn load_average() -> Option<f64> {
-    if cfg!(target_os = "macos") {
-        // "{ 1.23 1.10 1.00 }"
-        output("sysctl", &["-n", "vm.loadavg"])?
-            .trim_start_matches('{')
-            .split_whitespace()
-            .next()?
-            .parse()
-            .ok()
-    } else {
-        std::fs::read_to_string("/proc/loadavg")
-            .ok()?
-            .split_whitespace()
-            .next()?
-            .parse()
-            .ok()
+        form: (!s.form.is_empty()).then(|| s.form.to_owned()),
    }
 }

+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 /// `ac` or `battery`; `None` where it can't be read (and on machines without a battery on Linux).
 pub fn power_source() -> Option<&'static str> {
-    horizon_telemetry::system::power()
-}
-
-/// Resident memory of a process, in bytes (macOS, Linux).
-pub fn rss_bytes(pid: u32) -> Option<u64> {
-    if cfg!(target_os = "macos") {
-        return output("ps", &["-o", "rss=", "-p", &pid.to_string()])?
-            .parse::<u64>()
-            .ok()
-            .map(|kb| kb * 1024);
-    }
-    let status = std::fs::read_to_string(format!("/proc/{pid}/status")).ok()?;
-    let line = status.lines().find(|l| l.starts_with("VmRSS:"))?;
-    line.split_whitespace()
-        .nth(1)?
-        .parse::<u64>()
-        .ok()
-        .map(|kb| kb * 1024)
-}
-
-/// CPU time a process has used, user and system, in seconds (macOS, Linux).
-pub fn cpu_seconds(pid: u32) -> Option<f64> {
-    if cfg!(target_os = "macos") {
-        // "[[dd-]hh:]mm:ss.cc"
-        let time = output("ps", &["-o", "time=", "-p", &pid.to_string()])?;
-        let (rest, days) = match time.split_once('-') {
-            Some((d, rest)) => (rest.to_owned(), d.parse::<f64>().ok()?),
-            None => (time, 0.0),
-        };
-        let seconds = rest.split(':').try_fold(0.0, |acc, part| {
-            part.parse::<f64>().ok().map(|v| acc * 60.0 + v)
-        })?;
-        return Some(days * 86_400.0 + seconds);
-    }
-    // utime and stime, fields 14 and 15, in clock ticks (100 per second on Linux).
-    let stat = std::fs::read_to_string(format!("/proc/{pid}/stat")).ok()?;
-    let fields: Vec<&str> = stat.rsplit_once(')')?.1.split_whitespace().collect();
-    let ticks: f64 = fields.get(11)?.parse::<f64>().ok()? + fields.get(12)?.parse::<f64>().ok()?;
-    Some(ticks / 100.0)
+    horizon_system::power()
 }

+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
 fn os_version() -> Option<String> {
    output("sw_vers", &["-productVersion"])
 }

-#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
-fn cpu() -> Option<String> {
-    output("sysctl", &["-n", "machdep.cpu.brand_string"])
-}
-
-#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
-fn ram_bytes() -> Option<u64> {
-    output("sysctl", &["-n", "hw.memsize"])?.parse().ok()
-}
-
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
 fn os_version() -> Option<String> {
    let release = std::fs::read_to_string("/etc/os-release").ok()?;
@@ -199,22 +138,7 @@ fn os_version() -> Option<String> {
    })
 }

-#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
-fn cpu() -> Option<String> {
-    let info = std::fs::read_to_string("/proc/cpuinfo").ok()?;
-    // x86 names the CPU per core; arm64 only gives the core's implementer and part.
-    horizon_telemetry::system::linux_cpu_name(&info)
-}
-
-#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
-fn ram_bytes() -> Option<u64> {
-    let info = std::fs::read_to_string("/proc/meminfo").ok()?;
-    let kb = key_value(&info, "MemTotal", ':')?
-        .trim_end_matches("kB")
-        .trim();
-    kb.parse::<u64>().ok().map(|kb| kb * 1024)
-}
-
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
 fn key_value<'a>(text: &'a str, key: &str, sep: char) -> Option<&'a str> {
    text.lines().find_map(|line| {
@@ -223,45 +147,19 @@ fn key_value<'a>(text: &'a str, key: &str, sep: char) -> Option<&'a str> {
    })
 }

+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 fn os_version() -> Option<String> {
-    horizon_telemetry::system::windows_version()
-}
-
-#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-fn cpu() -> Option<String> {
-    horizon_telemetry::system::windows_cpu()
-}
-
-#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-fn ram_bytes() -> Option<u64> {
-    let out = output(
-        "powershell",
-        &[
-            "-NoProfile",
-            "-Command",
-            "(Get-CimInstance Win32_ComputerSystem).TotalPhysicalMemory",
-        ],
-    )?;
-    out.parse().ok()
+    horizon_system::windows_version()
 }

+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "linux", target_os = "windows")))]
 fn os_version() -> Option<String> {
    None
 }

-#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "linux", target_os = "windows")))]
-fn cpu() -> Option<String> {
-    None
-}
-
-#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "linux", target_os = "windows")))]
-fn ram_bytes() -> Option<u64> {
-    None
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
+#[cfg(all(test, not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
 mod tests {
    use super::*;

@@ -274,9 +172,6 @@ mod tests {
            assert!(hw.cpu.is_some(), "{hw:?}");
            assert!(hw.ram_mb.unwrap() > 256, "{hw:?}");
            assert!(hw.os_version.is_some(), "{hw:?}");
-            assert!(load_average().is_some());
-            assert!(rss_bytes(std::process::id()).unwrap() > 1 << 20);
-            assert!(cpu_seconds(std::process::id()).unwrap() >= 0.0);
        }
    }

@@ -11,9 +11,15 @@ use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};

 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};

+pub mod compare;
 mod hardware;

-pub use hardware::{cpu_seconds, load_average, power_source, rss_bytes, Display, Gpu, Hardware};
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+pub use hardware::power_source;
+pub use hardware::{Display, Gpu, Hardware};
+/// The process probes, from the platform (`horizon-system`).
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+pub use horizon_system::{cpu_seconds, load_average, rss_bytes};

 pub const FORMAT: &str = "horizon-benchmark-report";
 pub const VERSION: u32 = 1;
@@ -234,6 +240,9 @@ pub struct Report {
    pub metrics: BTreeMap<String, Summary>,
    #[serde(default)]
    pub frames: Vec<Frames>,
+    /// Present in A/B runs only.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub ab: Option<compare::Ab>,
    /// Local only: a name the person running it chose.
    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub label: Option<String>,
@@ -244,6 +253,7 @@ pub struct Report {

 impl Report {
    /// An empty report for this machine, created now.
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
    pub fn new(kind: Kind, app: App) -> Report {
        Self::with_hardware(kind, app, Hardware::detect())
    }
@@ -261,6 +271,7 @@ impl Report {
            conditions: Conditions::default(),
            metrics: BTreeMap::new(),
            frames: Vec::new(),
+            ab: None,
            label: None,
            local: Vec::new(),
        }
@@ -61,6 +61,8 @@ pub enum ClickEvent {
    /// A local file to open with the system handler.
    /// Only allow this in locally constructed messages, never server/LAN text.
    OpenFile(String),
+    /// A `/profiler` line the client's own buttons run; never decoded from a server's text, so only they reach the local profiler.
+    Profiler(String),
 }

 /// A non-character `minecraft:object` embedded in a text component.
@@ -202,7 +204,12 @@ impl Text {
        }
    }
    pub fn styled(s: impl Into<String>, style: Style) -> Self {
-        Self::literal(s).with_style(&style)
+        let mut text = Self::literal(s).with_style(&style);
+        // `inherit` never passes an object on, but a styled span's own style carries it.
+        for span in &mut text.spans {
+            span.style.inline_object.clone_from(&style.inline_object);
+        }
+        text
    }
    pub fn colored(s: impl Into<String>, color: u32) -> Self {
        Self::styled(s, Style::color(color))
@@ -619,6 +626,9 @@ fn style_json(style: &Style) -> Vec<(String, Value)> {
                event
            }
            ClickEvent::OpenFile(path) => json!({ "action": "open_file", "path": path }),
+            ClickEvent::Profiler(command) => {
+                json!({ "action": "run_command", "command": command })
+            }
        };
        out.push(("click_event".to_owned(), event));
    }
@@ -772,6 +782,27 @@ pub fn format_translation(template: &str, args: &[Text]) -> Text {
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
    #[test]
+    fn a_styled_object_span_keeps_its_object_through_append_and_slice() {
+        let object = InlineObject::Atlas {
+            atlas: "minecraft:gui".into(),
+            sprite: "horizon:gui/mark".into(),
+            fallback: "H".into(),
+        };
+        let sprite = Text::styled(
+            "\u{fffc}",
+            Style {
+                inline_object: Some(object.clone()),
+                ..Style::color(WHITE)
+            },
+        );
+        let line = Text::colored("[", DARK_GRAY)
+            .append(sprite)
+            .append(Text::colored("] ", DARK_GRAY));
+        let line = line.slice(0, 3);
+        assert_eq!(line.spans[1].style.inline_object, Some(object));
+        assert_eq!(line.plain(), "[H]");
+    }
+    #[test]
    fn appending_builds_the_same_tree_in_linear_time() {
        // A styled text is wrapped once, so its style doesn't reach what follows; a plain one
        // takes the siblings itself; a copy taken before an append keeps its own tree.
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ horizon-mcp = { path = "../horizon-mcp" }
 # The server thread ahead of the workers (MinecraftServer.spin's Thread.setPriority).
 horizon-optifine = { path = "../horizon-optifine" }
 horizon-threads = { path = "../horizon-threads" }
+# The .hzperf capture format and writer (docs/perf-platform.md).
+horizon-perf-format = { path = "../horizon-perf-format" }
 # One pool of helper threads for the server tick's parallel phases (`parallel.rs`): threads made
 # once, not for every phase of every tick.
 rayon = "1.10"
@@ -130,6 +132,8 @@ workspace = true
 horizon-theme = { path = "../horizon-theme" }
 horizon-client-render = { path = "../horizon-client-render", features = ["test-support"] }
 horizon-items = { path = "../horizon-items", features = ["test-support"] }
+# Reads back the captures the server_perf tests write.
+horizon-perf = { path = "../horizon-perf" }
 # Every WGSL shader translated as wgpu's DirectX 12 backend does (gfx.rs tests).
 naga = { version = "30.0.1", features = ["wgsl-in", "hlsl-out", "msl-out", "spv-out"] }

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ horizon-narrator = { path = "../horizon-narrator" }
 # OptiFine-format pack files: random entity textures (hud.rs), connected textures
 # (connected.rs) and custom item texture rules (cit.rs).
 horizon-optifine = { path = "../horizon-optifine" }
+horizon-perf-format = { path = "../horizon-perf-format" }
 horizon-polytone = { path = "../horizon-polytone" }
 horizon-protocol = { path = "../horizon-protocol" }
 horizon-shader-api = { path = "../horizon-shader-api" }
@@ -74,6 +75,9 @@ wgpu = { version = "30.0.1", default-features = false, features = ["gles"] }
 audio = ["dep:cpal"]
 # Helpers horizon-client's tests build their fixtures with.
 test-support = []
+# The `scene_replay` example's allocator counts allocations (horizon-threads' `alloc-count`).
+alloc-count = ["horizon-threads/alloc-count"]
+
 # horizon-client's `horizon-extras`: asking the device for hardware ray tracing on request
 # (`gfx/ray_query.rs`, `HORIZON_RAY_TRACING=1`). Without it the device is requested as without
 # the variable.
@@ -83,6 +87,7 @@ horizon-extras = []
 workspace = true

 [dev-dependencies]
+horizon-perf = { path = "../horizon-perf" }
 # Tests: a TrueType font to load, and the design system the menus' motion curves match.
 horizon-theme = { path = "../horizon-theme" }
 horizon-items = { path = "../horizon-items", features = ["test-support"] }
@@ -6,13 +6,14 @@
 //! [--mipmaps N] [--lod-distance CHUNKS] [--render-distance CHUNKS] [--size WxH]
 //! [--section-draws flat|indirect] [--section-cull on|off] [--section-sides on|off]
 //! [--gpu-culling on|off] [--root RESOURCES] [--screenshot PNG]
-//! [--world SAVE --leaf-culling MODE] [--memory on]`
+//! [--world SAVE --leaf-culling MODE] [--memory on] [--gpu-detail on|off]`
 //! `--screenshot` saves the first view's last frame, after the timed frames.
 //! `--world` meshes the captured sections again from that save's region files
 //! (blocks, biomes and saved light; `ao`, `biomeBlendRadius` and `cutoutLeaves`
 //! from `./options.txt`) with `--leaf-culling` (default `off`), so a mesher
 //! change can be measured on the captured view. A section whose 3x3 columns are
 //! not all saved keeps its captured mesh.
+//! `--gpu-detail on` adds GPU culling's dispatch times and, on Vulkan, the world passes' counters.
 //! `--memory on` adds the renderer's largest GPU resources and, on macOS, the process's
 //! physical footprint by category (`footprint`), taken after the timed frames.
 use horizon_client_render::{
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ use horizon_client_render::{
    gfx::{
        PreparedTextures, Renderer, ScreenshotRequest,
        capture::{self, AtlasCheck, Scene},
+        pack_timing,
        panorama::Faces,
    },
    graphics::LeafCullingMode,
@@ -61,7 +63,10 @@ use winit::{
 // The game's allocator, so that `--memory`'s footprint is the game's: the system heap kept
 // gigabytes of the meshes `--world` frees dirty.
 #[global_allocator]
-static ALLOCATOR: horizon_threads::Allocator = horizon_threads::ALLOCATOR;
+static ALLOCATOR: horizon_threads::GameAllocator = horizon_threads::GAME_ALLOCATOR;
+
+/// Frames drawn with detail on, enough for a few timed frames of each kind.
+const DETAIL_FRAMES: usize = 60;

 #[derive(Default)]
 struct Options {
@@ -84,6 +89,7 @@ struct Options {
    world: Option<PathBuf>,
    leaf_culling: LeafCullingMode,
    memory: bool,
+    gpu_detail: bool,
 }

 fn on_off(value: &str) -> Result<bool, String> {
@@ -136,6 +142,7 @@ fn options() -> Result<Options, String> {
            "--screenshot" => o.screenshot = Some(value.into()),
            "--world" => o.world = Some(value.into()),
            "--memory" => o.memory = on_off(&value)?,
+            "--gpu-detail" => o.gpu_detail = on_off(&value)?,
            "--leaf-culling" => {
                o.leaf_culling = LeafCullingMode::ALL
                    .into_iter()
@@ -400,6 +407,23 @@ fn replay(window: Arc<Window>) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
                None => notes.push("screenshot: not saved".into()),
            }
        }
+        let mut detail = serde_json::Map::new();
+        if o.gpu_detail {
+            renderer.set_pass_detail(true);
+            for _ in 0..DETAIL_FRAMES {
+                draw(&mut renderer)?;
+            }
+            detail.insert(
+                "gpu_pass_parts_median_ms".into(),
+                pack_timing::parts_json(&renderer.own_pass_parts()),
+            );
+            let unit = renderer.pass_detail_support().and_then(|s| s.fragment_unit);
+            detail.insert(
+                "gpu_counters_median".into(),
+                pack_timing::counters_by_pass_json(&renderer.own_pass_counters(), unit),
+            );
+            renderer.set_pass_detail(false);
+        }
        views.push(json!({
            "yaw_offset": offset,
            "gpu_ms": summary(&gpu),
@@ -417,6 +441,9 @@ fn replay(window: Arc<Window>) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
            // indices hidden.
            "culled": renderer.culled_sections(),
        }));
+        if let Some(Value::Object(view)) = views.last_mut() {
+            view.extend(detail);
+        }
    }
    let section_draws = if renderer.flat_draws() {
        "flat"
@@ -424,6 +451,11 @@ fn replay(window: Arc<Window>) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
        "indirect"
    };
    let memory = o.memory.then(|| memory_report(&renderer));
+    let gpu_detail = o
+        .gpu_detail
+        .then(|| renderer.pass_detail_support())
+        .flatten()
+        .map(pack_timing::support_json);
    let report = json!({
        "capture": o.dir.display().to_string(),
        "adapter": renderer.info.name,
@@ -454,6 +486,7 @@ fn replay(window: Arc<Window>) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
        "notes": notes,
        "views": views,
        "memory": memory,
+        "gpu_detail": gpu_detail,
    });
    println!("{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&report)?);
    Ok(())
@@ -568,6 +568,8 @@ impl Chat {
    pub fn set_qol(&mut self, atlas: &HudAtlas, qol: ChatQol) {
        if self.qol != qol {
            self.qol = qol;
+            self.scroll = 0;
+            self.new_since_scroll = false;
            self.rewrap(&atlas.font);
        }
    }
@@ -593,20 +595,25 @@ impl Chat {
            .filter(|q| !q.trim().is_empty());
        if self.search != query {
            self.search = query;
+            self.scroll = 0;
+            self.new_since_scroll = false;
            self.rewrap(font);
        }
    }
    pub fn searching(&self) -> bool {
        self.search.is_some()
    }
-    /// Re-wrap after a width or scale change (ChatComponent.rescaleChat),
-    /// keeping only the messages the Chat option shows.
+    /// Re-wrap after a width or scale change (`ChatComponent.rescaleChat`):
+    /// `resetChatScroll`, then the messages the Chat option shows.
    pub fn rescale(&mut self, atlas: &HudAtlas) {
-        self.rewrap(&atlas.font);
-    }
-    fn rewrap(&mut self, font: &crate::font::Font) {
        self.scroll = 0;
        self.new_since_scroll = false;
+        self.rewrap(&atlas.font);
+    }
+    /// `ChatComponent.refreshTrimmedMessages`: the lines are laid out again
+    /// where the reader was (`chatScrollbarPos` survives a filter change);
+    /// `rescale` resets the scroll itself, as `rescaleChat` does.
+    fn rewrap(&mut self, font: &crate::font::Font) {
        self.lines.clear();
        let mut messages = std::mem::take(&mut self.messages);
        for m in messages.iter_mut().rev() {
@@ -1067,6 +1067,34 @@ fn a_server_filter_mask_hides_or_masks_the_message() {
    );
 }

+/// `ChatComponent.refreshTrimmedMessages`: a filter change lays the lines out
+/// again but keeps `chatScrollbarPos` and `newMessageSinceScroll`; only
+/// `rescaleChat` resets them, after `resetChatScroll`.
+#[test]
+fn a_chat_option_change_keeps_the_readers_place_but_a_rescale_does_not() {
+    let font = font();
+    let mut chat = Chat::default();
+    for i in 0..60 {
+        chat.add_message(
+            &font,
+            Text::literal(format!("line {i}")),
+            None,
+            ChatSource::Server,
+            0,
+            false,
+        );
+    }
+    chat.scroll = 3;
+    chat.new_since_scroll = true;
+    chat.set_abilities(&font, ChatAbilities::new(ChatVisibility::System));
+    assert_eq!(chat.scroll, 3);
+    assert!(chat.new_since_scroll);
+    let atlas = crate::hud::HudAtlas::build(Path::new("/nonexistent/horizon-test-assets")).unwrap();
+    chat.rescale(&atlas);
+    assert_eq!(chat.scroll, 0);
+    assert!(!chat.new_since_scroll);
+}
+
 /// `SuggestionsList.extractRenderState`: the list's rectangle asks for the
 /// pointing hand; outside it the cursor stays the arrow.
 #[test]
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ impl ColumnLayout {
    }
    /// The index of the section holding block `y`, if the column holds it.
    pub fn section_index(self, y: i32) -> Option<usize> {
-        usize::try_from((y - self.min_y) >> 4)
+        usize::try_from((i64::from(y) - i64::from(self.min_y)) >> 4)
            .ok()
            .filter(|&s| s < self.sections)
    }
@@ -700,7 +700,7 @@ impl Chunk {
    /// The index of the section holding block `y`, if the column holds it.
    #[inline]
    pub fn section_index(&self, y: i32) -> Option<usize> {
-        usize::try_from((y - self.min_y) >> 4)
+        usize::try_from((i64::from(y) - i64::from(self.min_y)) >> 4)
            .ok()
            .filter(|&s| s < self.sections.len())
    }
@@ -984,6 +984,24 @@ pub struct ChunkExtras {
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
    #[test]
+    fn extreme_y_queries_are_air_and_writes_leave_the_column_unchanged() {
+        for layout in [ColumnLayout::VANILLA, ColumnLayout::new(0, 256).unwrap()] {
+            let mut chunk = Chunk::with_layout(0, 0, layout);
+            chunk.set(0, layout.min_y(), 0, 7);
+            for y in [i32::MIN, i32::MIN + 63, -2_146_769_275, i32::MAX] {
+                assert_eq!(layout.section_index(y), None);
+                assert_eq!(chunk.section_index(y), None);
+                assert_eq!(chunk.get(0, y, 0), 0);
+                assert_eq!(
+                    chunk.light(0, y, 0),
+                    if y < layout.min_y() { 0 } else { 0xf0 }
+                );
+                chunk.set(0, y, 0, 9);
+            }
+            assert_eq!(chunk.get(0, layout.min_y(), 0), 7);
+        }
+    }
+    #[test]
    fn each_light_form_keeps_every_value_and_run() {
        // Sky varies alone, block varies alone, both, neither.
        let cases: [(fn(usize) -> u8, &str); 4] = [
@@ -419,8 +419,10 @@ impl SceneCollisions<'_, '_> {
        let hi = BlockPos::containing(Vec3::new(max.x + 1.0e-7, max.y + 1.0e-7, max.z + 1.0e-7))
            .offset(1, 1, 1);
        let size = |a: i32, b: i32| i64::from(b) - i64::from(a) + 1;
-        let cells = size(lo.x, hi.x) * size(lo.y, hi.y) * size(lo.z, hi.z);
-        if lo.x > hi.x || lo.y > hi.y || lo.z > hi.z || cells > 4096 {
+        let cells = [size(lo.x, hi.x), size(lo.y, hi.y), size(lo.z, hi.z)]
+            .into_iter()
+            .try_fold(1i64, |n, size| n.checked_mul(size));
+        if lo.x > hi.x || lo.y > hi.y || lo.z > hi.z || cells.is_none_or(|n| n > 4096) {
            return false;
        }
        // A column and section at a time. Most boxes lie in a few sections whose palette says that no
@@ -1111,6 +1113,13 @@ mod section_tests {
            binding: &binding,
            subject: None,
        };
+        // The fast path must decline an enormous volume without overflowing
+        // its size calculation or beginning to walk it.
+        let enormous = Aabb::new(
+            Vec3::new(-1.0e9, -1.0e9, -1.0e9),
+            Vec3::new(1.0e9, 1.0e9, 1.0e9),
+        );
+        assert!(!scene.cells_without_collision(enormous));
        // Under the fence: its section's outer cells may hold a shape reaching in.
        let under = Aabb::new(Vec3::new(5.4, 31.6, 5.4), Vec3::new(5.6, 31.8, 5.6));
        assert!(!scene.cells_without_collision(under.expand_towards(Vec3::new(0.0, 0.1, 0.0))));
@@ -56,6 +56,8 @@ pub struct Overlay {
 struct LoadedRule {
    rule: Rule,
    tiles: Vec<TileLayer>,
+    /// By tile: the rules whose `matchTiles` name it (a range of `lists`), which chain on it.
+    chain: Vec<(u32, u32)>,
    overlay: OverlayJoin,
 }

@@ -188,6 +190,7 @@ impl ConnectedTextures {
                    Ok(tiles) => Some(LoadedRule {
                        rule,
                        tiles,
+                        chain: Vec::new(),
                        overlay: OverlayJoin::default(),
                    }),
                    Err(e) => {
@@ -292,10 +295,23 @@ impl ConnectedTextures {
        let mut by_layer: Vec<Vec<u16>> = Vec::new();
        // Block rules by the block each entry names, so a state tests only its own.
        let mut by_block: HashMap<&str, Vec<u16>> = HashMap::new();
+        // Tile rules by the sprite or tile file each names, for chaining on a picked tile.
+        let mut by_name: HashMap<String, Vec<u16>> = HashMap::new();
        for (i, r) in out.rules.iter().enumerate() {
            let i = i as u16;
            for tile in &r.rule.match_tiles {
-                if let Some(l) = layer(&sprite_name(tile)) {
+                let name = sprite_name(tile);
+                let list = by_name.entry(name.clone()).or_default();
+                if list.last() != Some(&i) {
+                    list.push(i);
+                }
+                // A tile file (`./1.png`) is no model's sprite: only chaining reaches it, by
+                // name. By layer it would match every face whose sprite has the same pixels
+                // (identical stills share a layer: Conquest's blank placeholders, dozens).
+                if !name.contains(':') {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if let Some(l) = layer(&name) {
                    let l = l as usize;
                    if by_layer.len() <= l {
                        by_layer.resize(l + 1, Vec::new());
@@ -316,6 +332,26 @@ impl ConnectedTextures {
            let range = push_list(&mut out.lists, &list);
            out.by_layer.push(range);
        }
+        let by_name: HashMap<String, (u32, u32)> = by_name
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(name, list)| (name, push_list(&mut out.lists, &list)))
+            .collect();
+        // Set at the end: `by_block` borrows the rules' names.
+        let chains: Vec<Vec<(u32, u32)>> = out
+            .rules
+            .iter()
+            .map(|r| {
+                r.rule
+                    .tiles
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|t| match t {
+                        Tile::Texture(path) => by_name.get(&sprite_name(path)).copied(),
+                        _ => None,
+                    })
+                    .map(Option::unwrap_or_default)
+                    .collect()
+            })
+            .collect();
        let mut list = Vec::new();
        for state in states {
            let Some((name, props)) = state else {
@@ -355,6 +391,9 @@ impl ConnectedTextures {
            let range = push_list(&mut out.lists, &list);
            out.by_state.push(range);
        }
+        for (r, chain) in out.rules.iter_mut().zip(chains) {
+            r.chain = chain;
+        }
        out
    }

@@ -392,9 +431,11 @@ impl ConnectedTextures {
    }

    fn list(&self, ranges: &[(u32, u32)], i: usize) -> &[u16] {
-        ranges.get(i).map_or(&[], |&(start, len)| {
-            &self.lists[start as usize..(start + len) as usize]
-        })
+        ranges.get(i).map_or(&[], |&range| self.range(range))
+    }
+
+    fn range(&self, (start, len): (u32, u32)) -> &[u16] {
+        &self.lists[start as usize..(start + len) as usize]
    }

    /// What the `face` of the block `state` at `pos` draws, for a quad with sprite `layer`.
@@ -441,7 +482,7 @@ impl ConnectedTextures {
            let r = &self.rules[usize::from(i)];
            if (block || r.rule.match_blocks.is_empty())
                && (tile || r.rule.match_tiles.is_empty())
-                && let Some(pick) = self.apply(
+                && let Some((pick, index)) = self.apply(
                    r,
                    state,
                    layer,
@@ -454,7 +495,7 @@ impl ConnectedTextures {
                )
            {
                // "Tiles output by CTM rules can also be matched by another rule": once, by the
-                // tile rules naming the picked tile (and this block, if they name blocks).
+                // tile rules naming the picked tile by name (and this block, if they name blocks).
                // A tile on the face's own sprite (`tiles=stone`) is no new tile.
                let Pick::Tile(TileLayer::Layer { layer: picked, .. }) = pick else {
                    return pick;
@@ -467,7 +508,7 @@ impl ConnectedTextures {
                // again: an overlay would draw twice.
                let first = self.list(&self.by_layer, layer as usize);
                let again = self
-                    .list(&self.by_layer, picked as usize)
+                    .range(r.chain.get(index).copied().unwrap_or_default())
                    .iter()
                    .map(|&j| (j, &self.rules[usize::from(j)]))
                    .filter(|&(j, r)| {
@@ -488,8 +529,8 @@ impl ConnectedTextures {
                        &texture,
                        &mut overlay,
                    ) {
-                        Some(Pick::Keep) => return pick,
-                        Some(chained) => return chained,
+                        Some((Pick::Keep, _)) => return pick,
+                        Some((chained, _)) => return chained,
                        None => {}
                    }
                }
@@ -512,7 +553,7 @@ impl ConnectedTextures {
        biome: &impl Fn() -> Option<&'b str>,
        texture: &impl Fn() -> Option<Axes>,
        overlay: &mut impl FnMut(Overlay),
-    ) -> Option<Pick> {
+    ) -> Option<(Pick, usize)> {
        let rule = &r.rule;
        // `Rule::applies_at`, with the biome looked up only for rules that test one. Rules with
        // a custom name are not loaded.
@@ -602,7 +643,7 @@ impl ConnectedTextures {
                        return if quarters.contains(&TileLayer::Skip) {
                            None
                        } else {
-                            Some(Pick::Quarters(quarters))
+                            Some((Pick::Quarters(quarters), 0))
                        };
                    }
                }
@@ -617,7 +658,7 @@ impl ConnectedTextures {
                    return None;
                }
                if !joins([0, 1, 0]) {
-                    return Some(Pick::Keep);
+                    return Some((Pick::Keep, 0));
                }
                0
            }
@@ -644,8 +685,8 @@ impl ConnectedTextures {
        }
        match tile(index) {
            TileLayer::Skip => None,
-            TileLayer::Default => Some(Pick::Keep),
-            t => Some(Pick::Tile(t)),
+            TileLayer::Default => Some((Pick::Keep, index)),
+            t => Some((Pick::Tile(t), index)),
        }
    }
 }
@@ -675,6 +716,7 @@ mod tests {
            .enumerate()
            .map(|(n, rule)| LoadedRule {
                overlay: OverlayJoin::default(),
+                chain: Vec::new(),
                tiles: rule
                    .tiles
                    .iter()
@@ -722,6 +764,10 @@ mod tests {
                "assets/minecraft/optifine/ctm/b0.png" => Some(2000),
                // And `a0` of the first rule.
                "assets/minecraft/optifine/ctm/a0.png" => Some(1000),
+                // Two blank placeholders with the same pixels, so one layer: the tile `grass/1`
+                // of the third rule (`chaining_follows_the_tile_not_its_pixels`).
+                "assets/minecraft/optifine/ctm/grass/1.png"
+                | "assets/minecraft/optifine/ctm/aaa/1.png" => Some(3000),
                _ => None,
            },
        )
@@ -1176,6 +1222,31 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(pick_in(&ctm, 1, 3, Face::Up, &[]), tile(2000));
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn chaining_follows_the_tile_not_its_pixels() {
+        // Conquest's grass top: a placeholder tile that a rule beside it replaces. Another
+        // folder's placeholder has the same pixels, hence the same layer, and its rule sorts
+        // first; it must not draw on the grass.
+        let ctm = world(&[
+            (
+                "grass/top.properties",
+                "matchTiles=glass\nmethod=fixed\ntiles=1",
+            ),
+            (
+                "grass/random_1.properties",
+                "matchTiles=./1.png\nmethod=fixed\ntiles=17\nfaces=top",
+            ),
+            (
+                "aaa/random_1.properties",
+                "matchTiles=./1.png\nmethod=fixed\ntiles=5\nfaces=top",
+            ),
+        ]);
+        // Rules in path order: aaa/random_1 (1000), grass/random_1 (2000), grass/top (3000).
+        assert_eq!(pick_in(&ctm, 1, 3, Face::Up, &[]), tile(2000));
+        // A face whose own sprite has a placeholder's pixels is no placeholder.
+        assert_eq!(pick_in(&ctm, 2, 3000, Face::Up, &[]), Pick::Keep);
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn orient_texture_follows_the_quads_uvs() {
        let rule = |orient: &str| {
@@ -56,6 +56,15 @@ pub struct Glue<'a> {
 pub struct CoreProgram {
    pub vertex: naga::Module,
    pub fragment: naga::Module,
+    /// The blocks and samplers that are none of vanilla's, in binding order: the `i`th is at
+    /// [`other_binding`]`(i)` (a sampler's object one after its texture; a block leaves that
+    /// binding unused).
+    pub other: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+/// The binding of the `index`th block or sampler of [`CoreProgram::other`].
+pub fn other_binding(index: usize) -> u32 {
+    OTHER_BINDINGS + 2 * index as u32
 }

 /// The shaders of one pipeline (`text.vsh`, `text.fsh`) with vanilla's `defines` for it.
@@ -66,6 +75,20 @@ pub fn translate_core(
    defines: &[&str],
    include: &dyn Fn(&str) -> Option<String>,
    glue: &Glue,
+) -> Result<CoreProgram, String> {
+    translate_core_with(vertex, fragment, defines, include, glue, &|_| false)
+}
+
+/// [`translate_core`] for a pipeline that also gives the blocks and samplers `provided` says
+/// yes to, at their [`CoreProgram::other`] bindings; the others are still an error. `provided`
+/// answers a block's name and a sampler's alike: the caller knows which kind each one is.
+pub fn translate_core_with(
+    vertex: &str,
+    fragment: &str,
+    defines: &[&str],
+    include: &dyn Fn(&str) -> Option<String>,
+    glue: &Glue,
+    provided: &dyn Fn(&str) -> bool,
 ) -> Result<CoreProgram, String> {
    const CORE: &str = "minecraft:shaders/core/";
    let vertex_text = glsl_fixups::fixups(&strip_comments(&expand(vertex, CORE, include)?));
@@ -75,10 +98,16 @@ pub fn translate_core(
        .map_err(|e| format!("vertex shader: {e}"))?;
    let fragment_code = rewrite(&fragment_text, ShaderStage::Fragment, glue, &mut names)
        .map_err(|e| format!("fragment shader: {e}"))?;
-    let vertex = compile(ShaderStage::Vertex, &vertex_code, defines)
+    let vertex = compile(ShaderStage::Vertex, &vertex_code, defines, &names, provided)
        .map_err(|e| format!("vertex shader: {e}"))?;
-    let fragment = compile(ShaderStage::Fragment, &fragment_code, defines)
-        .map_err(|e| format!("fragment shader: {e}"))?;
+    let fragment = compile(
+        ShaderStage::Fragment,
+        &fragment_code,
+        defines,
+        &names,
+        provided,
+    )
+    .map_err(|e| format!("fragment shader: {e}"))?;
    let given = locations(&vertex, false);
    if let Some(missing) = locations(&fragment, true)
        .into_iter()
@@ -88,7 +117,11 @@ pub fn translate_core(
            "the fragment shader reads location {missing}, which the vertex shader doesn't write"
        ));
    }
-    Ok(CoreProgram { vertex, fragment })
+    Ok(CoreProgram {
+        vertex,
+        fragment,
+        other: names.other,
+    })
 }

 /// A bound on a pack's includes, which are pasted every time.
@@ -309,7 +342,9 @@ fn block_name(line: &str) -> Option<&str> {
    let rest = line[at + "uniform".len()..].trim();
    let name_end = rest.find(|c: char| !is_ident(c)).unwrap_or(rest.len());
    let (name, tail) = rest.split_at(name_end);
-    (!name.is_empty() && matches!(tail.trim(), "" | "{")).then_some(name)
+    // `{` alone, or the whole block on the line (`uniform Day { float daylight; };`).
+    (!name.is_empty() && (tail.trim().is_empty() || tail.trim_start().starts_with('{')))
+        .then_some(name)
 }

 /// What the two stages share: the vertex stage's outputs and their locations, and the names of
@@ -337,7 +372,7 @@ impl Names {
                self.other.len() - 1
            }
        };
-        OTHER_BINDINGS + 2 * index as u32
+        other_binding(index)
    }
 }

@@ -551,7 +586,13 @@ fn rename_main(text: &str) -> String {
 }

 /// Parses and validates one stage; errors name the line of the rewritten code.
-fn compile(stage: ShaderStage, code: &str, defines: &[&str]) -> Result<naga::Module, String> {
+fn compile(
+    stage: ShaderStage,
+    code: &str,
+    defines: &[&str],
+    names: &Names,
+    provided: &dyn Fn(&str) -> bool,
+) -> Result<naga::Module, String> {
    let mut options = Options::from(stage);
    for define in defines {
        let (name, value) = define.split_once(' ').unwrap_or((define, ""));
@@ -583,16 +624,16 @@ fn compile(stage: ShaderStage, code: &str, defines: &[&str]) -> Result<naga::Mod
        })?;
    let entry = info.get_entry_point(0);
    for (handle, global) in module.global_variables.iter() {
-        let other = global
-            .binding
-            .as_ref()
-            .is_some_and(|b| b.binding >= OTHER_BINDINGS);
-        if other && !entry[handle].is_empty() {
-            let name = global.name.as_deref().unwrap_or("?");
-            let name = name
-                .strip_prefix("hz_tex_")
-                .or_else(|| name.strip_prefix("hz_smp_"))
-                .unwrap_or(name);
+        let Some(binding) = global.binding.as_ref().map(|b| b.binding) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        if binding >= OTHER_BINDINGS && !entry[handle].is_empty() {
+            // The name it was declared with (a block's instance may have none).
+            let index = ((binding - OTHER_BINDINGS) / 2) as usize;
+            let name = names.other.get(index).map_or("?", String::as_str);
+            if provided(name) {
+                continue;
+            }
            return Err(format!("{name} is not a block or sampler of this pipeline"));
        }
    }
@@ -868,6 +909,63 @@ mod tests {
        translate_core(vsh, fsh, &[], &include, &GLUE).unwrap();
    }

+    /// A block declared on one line, as packs write a one-float uniform, is bound like one
+    /// over several lines; the blocks and samplers the caller provides are accepted, in binding
+    /// order, and one it doesn't provide is not.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_block_on_one_line_is_bound_and_provided_blocks_are_accepted() {
+        let vsh = "#version 330\nlayout(std140) uniform Day { float daylight; };\nout vec4 vertexColor;\n\
+            void main() { vertexColor = vec4(daylight); gl_Position = vec4(0.0); }\n";
+        let fsh = "#version 330\nuniform sampler2D Bounds;\nin vec4 vertexColor;\nout vec4 fragColor;\n\
+            void main() { fragColor = vertexColor * texture(Bounds, vec2(0.5)); }\n";
+        let both = |name: &str| name == "Day" || name == "Bounds";
+        let program = translate_core_with(vsh, fsh, &[], &include, &GLUE, &both).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(program.other, ["Day", "Bounds"]);
+        // The bindings the caller gives them at.
+        let bindings = |module: &naga::Module| -> Vec<(Option<String>, u32)> {
+            module
+                .global_variables
+                .iter()
+                .filter_map(|(_, g)| Some((g.name.clone(), g.binding.as_ref()?.binding)))
+                .collect()
+        };
+        assert!(
+            bindings(&program.vertex)
+                .iter()
+                .any(|(_, b)| *b == other_binding(0)),
+            "{:?}",
+            bindings(&program.vertex)
+        );
+        let fragment = bindings(&program.fragment);
+        assert!(
+            fragment.contains(&(Some("hz_tex_Bounds".into()), other_binding(1))),
+            "{fragment:?}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            fragment.contains(&(Some("hz_smp_Bounds".into()), other_binding(1) + 1)),
+            "{fragment:?}"
+        );
+        let error = translate_core(vsh, fsh, &[], &include, &GLUE).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(error.contains("Day is not a block or sampler"), "{error}");
+        let only_day = |name: &str| name == "Day";
+        let error = translate_core_with(vsh, fsh, &[], &include, &GLUE, &only_day).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(
+            error.contains("Bounds is not a block or sampler"),
+            "{error}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Only a uniform block's declaration names a block, written over several lines or on one.
+    #[test]
+    fn block_names_are_read_from_block_declarations_only() {
+        assert_eq!(block_name("layout(std140) uniform Day {"), Some("Day"));
+        assert_eq!(block_name("uniform Day { float daylight; };"), Some("Day"));
+        assert_eq!(block_name("uniform Foo{"), Some("Foo"));
+        assert_eq!(block_name("uniform Globals"), Some("Globals"));
+        assert_eq!(block_name("uniform float x;"), None);
+        assert_eq!(block_name("uniform sampler2D Sampler0;"), None);
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn what_horizon_does_not_provide_is_an_error() {
        let fsh = "#version 330\nin vec4 vertexColor;\nout vec4 fragColor;\nvoid main() { fragColor = vertexColor; }\n";
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ struct Globals {
    // w: apply the no-pack HDR gain; HDR_WRITE_LIGHT independently keeps float alpha as coverage.
    hdr_light: vec4<f32>,
    hdr_settings: vec4<f32>,
-    hdr_shares: vec4<f32>,
+    hdr_gains: vec4<f32>,
 }
@group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> globals: Globals;
@group(0) @binding(1) var atlas: texture_2d<f32>;
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ fn entity_written_color(in: Out, color: vec4<f32>) -> vec4<f32> {
    if HDR_WRITE_LIGHT && globals.hdr_light.w != 0.0 && in.overlay != 11u && in.overlay != 12u {
        var mark = hdr_entity_mark(in);
        if in.overlay == 4u { mark = hdr_scene_alpha(globals.hdr_light.y); }
-        return vec4(hdr_written(color.rgb, mark, globals.hdr_settings, globals.hdr_shares), color.a);
+        return vec4(hdr_written(color.rgb, mark, globals.hdr_settings, globals.hdr_gains), color.a);
    }
    if FRAME_LINEAR && (in.overlay == 11u || in.overlay == 12u) {
        // The cracks scale what is under them by twice their colour (CRUMBLING_BLEND). Vanilla's
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ fn celestial_color(in: Out) -> vec4<f32> {
@fragment fn fs_celestial(in: Out) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
    let color = celestial_color(in);
    if HDR_WRITE_LIGHT && globals.hdr_light.w != 0.0 {
-        return vec4(hdr_written(color.rgb, hdr_entity_mark(in), globals.hdr_settings, globals.hdr_shares), color.a);
+        return vec4(hdr_written(color.rgb, hdr_entity_mark(in), globals.hdr_settings, globals.hdr_gains), color.a);
    }
    return frame_stored(color);
 }
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ fn celestial_color(in: Out) -> vec4<f32> {
    // or it would come out darker than the sky around it.
    let full = y >= globals.hdr_windows[1][clamp(tier, 1u, 4u) - 1u];
    if HDR_WRITE_LIGHT && globals.hdr_light.w != 0.0 {
-        return vec4(hdr_written(added, select(1.0, hdr_mark(tier, y), full), globals.hdr_settings, globals.hdr_shares), color.a);
+        return vec4(hdr_written(added, select(1.0, hdr_mark(tier, y), full), globals.hdr_settings, globals.hdr_gains), color.a);
    }
    // Premultiplied after the decode: the light the texel adds, at its coverage.
    if HDR_WRITE_LIGHT { return vec4(frame_stored(color).rgb * color.a, color.a); }
@@ -192,6 +192,7 @@ fn packed_wanted() -> bool {
 pub(crate) mod animate;
 mod arena;
 pub mod capture;
+mod census;
 pub mod compositor;
 pub(crate) mod core_lines;
 pub(crate) mod core_sky;
@@ -246,9 +247,11 @@ mod pack_post;
 mod pack_shadow;
 mod pack_sky;
 mod pack_textures;
-pub(crate) mod pack_timing;
+pub mod pack_timing;
 pub mod pack_uniforms;
 mod pack_weather;
+mod pass_timing_api;
+use pass_timing_api::{after_culling_pass, pixel_count, world_pass_after_culling};
 mod page_runs;
 pub mod panorama;
 mod readback;
@@ -337,42 +340,6 @@ fn surface_pass<'e>(
        ..Default::default()
    })
 }
-fn world_pass_after_culling<'e>(
-    encoder: &'e mut wgpu::CommandEncoder,
-    view: &wgpu::TextureView,
-    depth: &wgpu::TextureView,
-    keep_depth: bool,
-    timing: Option<&mut pack_timing::PassTiming>,
-    name: &str,
-) -> wgpu::RenderPass<'e> {
-    encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
-        label: Some("Horizon world, after culling"),
-        timestamp_writes: timing.and_then(|t| t.writes(name)),
-        color_attachments: &[Some(wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment {
-            view,
-            resolve_target: None,
-            depth_slice: None,
-            ops: wgpu::Operations {
-                load: wgpu::LoadOp::Load,
-                store: wgpu::StoreOp::Store,
-            },
-        })],
-        depth_stencil_attachment: Some(wgpu::RenderPassDepthStencilAttachment {
-            view: depth,
-            depth_ops: Some(wgpu::Operations {
-                load: wgpu::LoadOp::Load,
-                // A shader pack reads it as depthtex0.
-                store: if keep_depth {
-                    wgpu::StoreOp::Store
-                } else {
-                    wgpu::StoreOp::Discard
-                },
-            }),
-            stencil_ops: None,
-        }),
-        ..Default::default()
-    })
-}
 /// The point a `shaders/` pack's terrain is drawn relative to: the camera with the fraction of
 /// each coordinate rounded to the nearest 1/65536 block. Read back with a probe pack of ours,
 /// Iris 1.11.7's terrain `gl_Vertex` is the block's position minus this, for cameras from 13
@@ -427,10 +394,10 @@ struct Globals {
    /// full (`hdr::Hdr::windows`); zero without HDR.
    hdr_windows: [[f32; 4]; 2],
    hdr_light: [f32; 4],
-    /// Headroom, effective scene gain, world/look and debug, as HDR output's pass has them
+    /// The scene's peak, HDR lighting's gain, world/look and debug; then the tiers' gains
    /// (`Hdr::draw_params`).
    hdr_settings: [f32; 4],
-    hdr_shares: [f32; 4],
+    hdr_gains: [f32; 4],
 }
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
@@ -1473,10 +1440,14 @@ pub struct Renderer {
    pack_loading: Option<PackLoading>,
    /// The post passes of one of Horizon's own shader packs; never beside `pack_post`'s.
    native: Option<native_pack::NativePack>,
-    /// Time the shader pack's passes on the GPU (F3, or `HORIZON_SHADER_PACK_TIMING`).
+    /// Time the shader pack's passes on the GPU (F3, or a capture made with `--gpu`).
    pass_timing: bool,
+    /// Times the parts of passes too (`set_pass_detail`).
+    pass_detail: bool,
    /// Least time between timed frames (`set_pass_timing_gap`).
    pass_timing_gap: std::time::Duration,
+    /// Whether the timers keep every timed frame for `take_timed_frames`.
+    keep_timed_frames: bool,
    /// Times Horizon's own passes on the GPU, as `pass_timing` does (`own_pass_times`).
    own_timing: Option<pack_timing::PassTiming>,
    /// The entity vertices Horizon draws itself while a shader pack draws the others.
@@ -2547,160 +2518,6 @@ enum FirstFrame {
 fn on_off(on: bool) -> &'static str {
    if on { "on" } else { "off" }
 }
-impl Renderer {
-    /// Sections with GPU buffers, for soak tests watching residency.
-    pub fn resident_sections(&self) -> usize {
-        self.sections.len()
-    }
-    /// Quads of the far terrain tiles with GPU buffers.
-    pub fn lod_quads(&self) -> u64 {
-        self.lods
-            .values()
-            .map(|tile| u64::from(tile.mesh.solid + tile.mesh.translucent))
-            .sum()
-    }
-    /// Tiles and quads of the far terrain tiles with GPU buffers, by level.
-    pub fn lod_levels(&self) -> Vec<[u64; 2]> {
-        let mut levels = Vec::new();
-        for (key, tile) in &self.lods {
-            let level = usize::from(key.level);
-            if levels.len() <= level {
-                levels.resize(level + 1, [0, 0]);
-            }
-            levels[level][0] += 1;
-            levels[level][1] += u64::from(tile.mesh.solid + tile.mesh.translucent);
-        }
-        levels
-    }
-    /// Whether solid quads go to the arena in the compact layout
-    /// (`packed_quads`), and whether far tiles' own records are on
-    /// (`lod::packed::far_packing`).
-    pub fn packed_layout(&self) -> [bool; 2] {
-        [self.packed_quads, crate::lod::packed::far_packing()]
-    }
-    /// Bytes of the arena the resident chunk sections hold, and of the one far
-    /// tiles hold: the same split `gpu_census` reports, for `status`, so the
-    /// compact layouts can be seen working.
-    pub fn vertex_bytes_split(&self) -> [u64; 2] {
-        let stride = std::mem::size_of::<TerrainVertex>() as u64;
-        let used = |s: &SectionGpu| (s.solid_slots + u64::from(s.translucent) * 4) * stride;
-        [
-            self.sections.values().map(used).sum(),
-            self.lods.values().map(|tile| used(&tile.mesh)).sum(),
-        ]
-    }
-    /// Bytes of the section vertex arenas' buffers, and of the vertices
-    /// resident sections hold in them.
-    pub fn section_vertex_bytes(&self) -> [u64; 2] {
-        let stride = std::mem::size_of::<TerrainVertex>() as u64;
-        let vertices: u64 = self
-            .sections
-            .values()
-            .chain(self.lods.values().map(|tile| &*tile.mesh))
-            .map(|s| s.solid_slots + u64::from(s.translucent) * 4)
-            .sum();
-        let translucent = self.translucent_arena.as_ref();
-        let arenas = self.arena.bytes() + translucent.map_or(0, arena::Arena::bytes);
-        [arenas, vertices * stride]
-    }
-    /// Bytes of the renderer's largest GPU resources, by name (`scene_replay --memory`):
-    /// the terrain arenas (their pages, and what resident sections and far tiles use of
-    /// them), the quad indices, the block sprites with their mips, the LabPBR maps, flat
-    /// draws' buffers and the visibility buffer's.
-    pub fn gpu_census(&self) -> Vec<(&'static str, u64)> {
-        let stride = std::mem::size_of::<TerrainVertex>() as u64;
-        let used = |s: &SectionGpu| (s.solid_slots + u64::from(s.translucent) * 4) * stride;
-        let textures = |t: &[wgpu::Texture]| t.iter().map(texture_bytes).sum::<u64>();
-        let translucent = self.translucent_arena.as_ref();
-        vec![
-            ("section_arena_pages", self.arena.bytes()),
-            (
-                "translucent_arena_pages",
-                translucent.map_or(0, arena::Arena::bytes),
-            ),
-            ("sorted_index_pages", self.sorted_indices.bytes()),
-            (
-                "near_section_vertices",
-                self.sections.values().map(used).sum(),
-            ),
-            (
-                "held_section_vertices",
-                self.hold
-                    .sections()
-                    .filter_map(|held| held.gpu.as_ref())
-                    .map(used)
-                    .sum(),
-            ),
-            (
-                "far_tile_vertices",
-                self.lods.values().map(|tile| used(&tile.mesh)).sum(),
-            ),
-            ("quad_indices", self.indices.size()),
-            ("block_sprites", textures(&self.sprite_textures)),
-            (
-                "pbr_maps",
-                self.pbr_maps
-                    .as_ref()
-                    .map_or(0, |maps| maps.iter().flatten().map(texture_bytes).sum()),
-            ),
-            (
-                "flat_draws",
-                self.flat.as_ref().map_or(0, flat::Flat::bytes),
-            ),
-            (
-                "visibility_buffer",
-                self.visbuf.as_ref().map_or(0, visbuffer::Visbuffer::bytes),
-            ),
-        ]
-    }
-    /// Device memory the backend's allocator holds, by the label of what holds
-    /// it, largest first, with its allocated and reserved totals (Vulkan and
-    /// DirectX 12; none on Metal and OpenGL) (`horizon-ctl memory`).
-    pub fn gpu_memory_by_label(&self) -> Option<(u64, u64, Vec<(String, u64)>)> {
-        let report = self.device.generate_allocator_report()?;
-        let mut by_label: HashMap<String, u64> = HashMap::new();
-        for a in report.allocations {
-            *by_label.entry(a.name).or_default() += a.size;
-        }
-        let mut labels: Vec<_> = by_label.into_iter().collect();
-        labels.sort_by(|a, b| b.1.cmp(&a.1).then_with(|| a.0.cmp(&b.0)));
-        Some((
-            report.total_allocated_bytes,
-            report.total_reserved_bytes,
-            labels,
-        ))
-    }
-    /// Heap bytes of the renderer's per-section bookkeeping (`horizon-ctl memory`):
-    /// resident sections, far tiles, block entities and light sources by section.
-    pub fn cpu_census(&self) -> [(&'static str, usize); 4] {
-        use std::mem::size_of;
-        let per_section = |map_len: usize, lists: usize| {
-            map_len * (size_of::<SectionKey>() + size_of::<Vec<([i32; 3], u32)>>() + 1)
-                + lists * size_of::<([i32; 3], u32)>()
-        };
-        let lists = |map: &crate::fast_hash::FxHashMap<SectionKey, Vec<([i32; 3], u32)>>| {
-            per_section(
-                map.capacity(),
-                map.values().map(Vec::capacity).sum::<usize>(),
-            )
-        };
-        let animated: usize = self
-            .sections
-            .values()
-            .map(|s| s.animated_layers.len() * size_of::<u16>())
-            .sum();
-        [
-            ("resident_sections", self.sections.heap_bytes() + animated),
-            (
-                "far_tiles",
-                self.lods.capacity()
-                    * (size_of::<crate::lod::TileKey>() + size_of::<lod::Tile>() + 1),
-            ),
-            ("block_entities", lists(&self.block_entities)),
-            ("light_sources", lists(&self.light_blocks)),
-        ]
-    }
-}
 impl Renderer {
    pub async fn new(
        window: Arc<Window>,
@@ -5239,8 +5056,10 @@ impl Renderer {
            pack_post: None,
            pack_loading: None,
            native: None,
-            pass_timing: pack_timing::PassTiming::logging(),
+            pass_timing: false,
+            pass_detail: false,
            pass_timing_gap: std::time::Duration::ZERO,
+            keep_timed_frames: false,
            own_timing: None,
            pack_entity_rest: Vec::new(),
            cloud_bindings,
@@ -7602,51 +7421,6 @@ impl Renderer {
                .terrain_inputs(self.pack_terrain_flat),
        )
    }
-    /// Times the shader pack's passes on the GPU while `on` (the F3 overlay is open), or always
-    /// with `HORIZON_SHADER_PACK_TIMING`.
-    pub fn set_pass_timing(&mut self, on: bool) {
-        self.pass_timing = on || pack_timing::PassTiming::logging();
-    }
-    /// Times a frame at most once per `gap` while passes are timed (the F3 overlay needs far fewer
-    /// samples than a measurement). `HORIZON_SHADER_PACK_TIMING` keeps every sample.
-    pub fn set_pass_timing_gap(&mut self, gap: std::time::Duration) {
-        self.pass_timing_gap = if pack_timing::PassTiming::logging() {
-            std::time::Duration::ZERO
-        } else {
-            gap
-        };
-    }
-    /// The running shader pack's timer, of either kind.
-    fn pass_timer<'a>(
-        pack: &'a mut Option<(i32, Option<pack_post::PackPost>)>,
-        native: &'a mut Option<native_pack::NativePack>,
-    ) -> Option<&'a mut Option<pack_timing::PassTiming>> {
-        match (pack, native) {
-            (Some((_, Some(post))), _) => Some(&mut post.timing),
-            (_, Some(native)) => Some(&mut native.timing),
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-    /// Each pass of the running shader pack with its median GPU time in milliseconds, while
-    /// they are timed (`set_pass_timing`).
-    pub fn shader_pass_times(&self) -> Vec<(String, f32)> {
-        let timer = match (&self.pack_post, &self.native) {
-            (Some((_, Some(post))), _) => post.timing.as_ref(),
-            (_, Some(native)) => native.timing.as_ref(),
-            _ => None,
-        };
-        timer
-            .map(pack_timing::PassTiming::medians)
-            .unwrap_or_default()
-    }
-    /// Each of Horizon's own passes with its median GPU time in milliseconds, while they are
-    /// timed (`set_pass_timing`).
-    pub fn own_pass_times(&self) -> Vec<(String, f32)> {
-        self.own_timing
-            .as_ref()
-            .map(pack_timing::PassTiming::medians)
-            .unwrap_or_default()
-    }
    /// The macros this renderer gives shader packs: the GL extensions this device has
    /// (subgroups, when it has them), and the vendor, renderer and mipmap levels
    /// (`Macros::define_renderer`).
@@ -8255,6 +8029,8 @@ impl Renderer {
        }
        if let Some(t) = &mut self.own_timing {
            t.gap = self.pass_timing_gap;
+            t.keep_frames(self.keep_timed_frames);
+            t.set_detail(self.pass_detail);
            t.begin(&self.device, &self.queue);
        }
        if self.animated_textures {
@@ -8291,14 +8067,14 @@ impl Renderer {
            self.shader_pack_kind().is_some(),
            !frame.title,
        );
-        let (hdr_settings, hdr_shares) = self
+        let (hdr_settings, hdr_gains) = self
            .hdr
            .as_ref()
            .map_or(([0.0; 4], [0.0; 4]), |h| h.draw_params(!frame.title));
        self.world_post.baked_light(
            hdr_gain,
            hdr_settings,
-            hdr_shares,
+            hdr_gains,
            self.hdr.as_ref().map_or([[0.0; 4]; 2], hdr::Hdr::windows),
        );
        let jitter = self.world_post.jitter(
@@ -8458,7 +8234,7 @@ impl Renderer {
                f32::from(u8::from(hdr_gain)),
            ],
            hdr_settings,
-            hdr_shares,
+            hdr_gains,
        };
        self.uploads
            .buffer(&mut encoder, &self.globals, 0, bytemuck::bytes_of(&globals));
@@ -8674,6 +8450,7 @@ impl Renderer {
                    &mut self.uploads,
                    &mut encoder,
                    &input,
+                    self.own_timing.as_mut(),
                )
            });
            // A frame whose planes leave the test's integers (the camera millions of blocks
@@ -10022,6 +9799,7 @@ impl Renderer {
        }
        if let Some(Some(t)) = Self::pass_timer(&mut self.pack_post, &mut self.native) {
            t.gap = self.pass_timing_gap;
+            t.keep_frames(self.keep_timed_frames);
        }
        let pack_reads_world = pack_post || native_post;
        laps.lap("r_uploads");
@@ -10546,7 +10324,8 @@ impl Renderer {
                    store: wgpu::StoreOp::Store,
                },
            })];
-            let mut pass = encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
+            let world_pixels = pixel_count(world_depth);
+            let first_pass = encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
                label: Some("Horizon world"),
                timestamp_writes: self.own_timing.as_mut().and_then(|t| t.writes("World")),
                color_attachments: &attachments,
@@ -10566,9 +10345,16 @@ impl Renderer {
                }),
                ..Default::default()
            });
+            let mut pass = pack_timing::counted(
+                self.own_timing.as_mut(),
+                first_pass,
+                world_pixels,
+                "before translucent",
+            );
            pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.group, &[]);
            pack_frame(&mut pass);
            if frame.title || (sky_visible && (frame.skybox || frame.end_sky)) {
+                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "sky");
                if !frame.title && frame.skybox && !pack_draws_sky && !native_sky_pass {
                    match self
                        .native
@@ -10655,16 +10441,15 @@ impl Renderer {
                        .forget_lifetime();
                    pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.group, &[]);
                    pack_frame(&mut pass);
-                    pass
+                    pack_timing::CountedPass::plain(pass)
                };
            // The occlusion test's pipeline draws into the world's colour alone.
            let plain_pass = |encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder| {
-                let mut pass =
-                    world_pass_after_culling(encoder, world_view, world_depth, true, None, "")
-                        .forget_lifetime();
+                let mut pass = after_culling_pass(encoder, world_view, world_depth, true, None)
+                    .forget_lifetime();
                pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.group, &[]);
                pack_frame(&mut pass);
-                pass
+                pack_timing::CountedPass::plain(pass)
            };
            if let Some(surface) = &surface {
                drop(pass);
@@ -10718,6 +10503,7 @@ impl Renderer {
                        keep_depth,
                        self.own_timing.as_mut(),
                        "World after visibility buffer",
+                        world_pixels,
                    );
                    pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.group, &[]);
                    pack_frame(&mut pass);
@@ -10750,6 +10536,7 @@ impl Renderer {
                            flat.draw(pass, &flat.calls[calls.clone()], vertices);
                        }
                    };
+                    pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "solid terrain");
                    match cull {
                        // As below: phase 1, the test, then phase 2's draws
                        // that the test saw, copied after it.
@@ -10759,6 +10546,8 @@ impl Renderer {
                                drop(pass);
                                pass = plain_pass(&mut encoder);
                            }
+                            pass.split(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "occlusion boxes");
+                            pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "occlusion boxes");
                            cull.test(&mut pass);
                            drop(pass);
                            cull.test_pass(&mut encoder, self.own_timing.as_mut());
@@ -10772,10 +10561,12 @@ impl Renderer {
                                    keep_depth,
                                    self.own_timing.as_mut(),
                                    "World after culling",
+                                    world_pixels,
                                ),
                            };
                            pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.group, &[]);
                            pack_frame(&mut pass);
+                            pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "solid terrain phase 2");
                            for (pipeline, _, calls) in passes {
                                pass.set_pipeline(pipeline);
                                flat.draw_phase2(&mut pass, calls.clone(), vertices);
@@ -10813,6 +10604,7 @@ impl Renderer {
                    let pulled = material.is_none() && self.flat.is_some();
                    pass.set_index_buffer(self.indices.slice(..), wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint32);
                    pass.set_vertex_buffer(1, self.instances.slice(..));
+                    pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "solid terrain");
                    if let Some(group) = warp_group {
                        pass.set_bind_group(2, group, &[]);
                    }
@@ -10837,6 +10629,8 @@ impl Renderer {
                                drop(pass);
                                pass = plain_pass(&mut encoder);
                            }
+                            pass.split(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "occlusion boxes");
+                            pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "occlusion boxes");
                            cull.test(&mut pass);
                            drop(pass);
                            cull.test_pass(&mut encoder, self.own_timing.as_mut());
@@ -10849,6 +10643,7 @@ impl Renderer {
                                    keep_depth,
                                    self.own_timing.as_mut(),
                                    "World after culling",
+                                    world_pixels,
                                ),
                            };
                            pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.group, &[]);
@@ -10858,6 +10653,7 @@ impl Renderer {
                                wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint32,
                            );
                            pass.set_vertex_buffer(1, self.instances.slice(..));
+                            pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "solid terrain phase 2");
                            for (pipeline, _, draws) in passes {
                                pass.set_pipeline(pipeline);
                                self.draw_sections_from(
@@ -10905,6 +10701,8 @@ impl Renderer {
                                    drop(pass);
                                    pass = plain_pass(&mut encoder);
                                }
+                                pass.split(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "occlusion boxes");
+                                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "occlusion boxes");
                                gpu.test(&mut pass);
                                drop(pass);
                                gpu.compact(&mut encoder, self.own_timing.as_mut());
@@ -10917,6 +10715,7 @@ impl Renderer {
                                        keep_depth,
                                        self.own_timing.as_mut(),
                                        "World after culling",
+                                        world_pixels,
                                    ),
                                };
                                pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.group, &[]);
@@ -10925,6 +10724,7 @@ impl Renderer {
                                    self.indices.slice(..),
                                    wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint32,
                                );
+                                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "solid terrain phase 2");
                                for (pipeline, draws, _) in passes {
                                    pass.set_pipeline(pipeline);
                                    gpu.draw(&mut pass, &self.arena, page_group, 1);
@@ -10951,6 +10751,7 @@ impl Renderer {
                && let Some(d) = &n.displacement
                && let Some(pipeline) = n.material.as_ref().and_then(|m| m.displaced.as_ref())
            {
+                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "displacement");
                pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.group, &[]);
                pack_frame(&mut pass);
                d.draw(&mut pass, &d.view, pipeline);
@@ -10967,6 +10768,7 @@ impl Renderer {
            let hdr_entity_mark =
                warped.map_or(&self.hdr_entity_mark_pipeline, |w| &w.hdr_entity_mark);
            if static_entity_quads > 0 {
+                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "static block entities");
                pass.set_pipeline(
                    warped.map_or(&self.static_entity_pipeline, |w| &w.static_entities),
                );
@@ -10992,6 +10794,7 @@ impl Renderer {
            }
            pass.set_index_buffer(self.indices.slice(..), wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint32);
            if entity_quads > 0 {
+                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "entities");
                pass.set_pipeline(warped.map_or(&self.entity_pipeline, |w| &w.entities));
                pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.entity_group, &[]);
                pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, self.entity_buffer.slice(..));
@@ -11003,6 +10806,7 @@ impl Renderer {
                pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.group, &[]);
            }
            if text_quads > 0 && !oit_on {
+                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "entity text");
                pass.set_pipeline(warped.map_or(&self.text_polygon_offset_pipeline, |w| &w.text));
                self.bind_world_text(&mut pass, warped.is_none(), false);
                pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, self.entity_buffer.slice(..));
@@ -11012,6 +10816,7 @@ impl Renderer {
            // FeatureRenderDispatcher.PreparedFrame.executeTranslucent: the shadows
            // come before the translucent items, which then cover them (#7026).
            if shadow_quads > 0 && !oit_on {
+                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "shadows");
                pass.set_pipeline(warped.map_or(&self.shadow_blob_pipeline, |w| &w.entity_shadows));
                pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.entity_group, &[]);
                pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, self.entity_buffer.slice(..));
@@ -11027,6 +10832,7 @@ impl Renderer {
                pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.group, &[]);
            }
            if translucent_item_quads > 0 && !oit_on {
+                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "translucent items");
                pass.set_pipeline(
                    warped.map_or(&self.translucent_item_pipeline, |w| &w.translucent_items),
                );
@@ -11062,6 +10868,7 @@ impl Renderer {
            .enumerate()
            {
                if count > 0 {
+                    pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "terrain models");
                    pass.set_pipeline(&self.terrain_model_pipelines[i]);
                    pass.set_bind_group(
                        0,
@@ -11082,6 +10889,7 @@ impl Renderer {
            // translucent material, before terrain transparency. This material
            // always writes depth and never joins the improved-transparency queues.
            if fluid_quads > 0 {
+                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "fluid block entities");
                pass.set_pipeline(&self.fluid_pipeline);
                pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.fluid_group, &[]);
                pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, self.entity_buffer.slice(..));
@@ -11094,6 +10902,7 @@ impl Renderer {
            }
            // Cracks multiply the existing light; scalar OIT coverage cannot carry that factor.
            if crumbling_quads > 0 && (!oit_on || hdr_gain) {
+                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "block breaking");
                pass.set_pipeline(&self.crumbling_pipeline);
                pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.entity_group, &[]);
                pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, self.entity_buffer.slice(..));
@@ -11107,6 +10916,7 @@ impl Renderer {
            // BoatRenderer's water patch (RenderTypes.waterMask): depth only,
            // before translucent terrain, so no water shows inside the boat.
            if water_mask_quads > 0 && !oit_on {
+                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "boat water mask");
                pass.set_pipeline(&self.water_mask_pipeline);
                pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.entity_group, &[]);
                pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, self.entity_buffer.slice(..));
@@ -11119,6 +10929,7 @@ impl Renderer {
                pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.group, &[]);
            }
            if !frame.lightning.bolts.is_empty() && !oit_on {
+                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "lightning");
                pass.set_pipeline(&self.lightning_pipeline);
                pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.entity_group, &[]);
                self.lightning.draw(&mut pass, &frame.lightning);
@@ -11129,6 +10940,7 @@ impl Renderer {
                pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.group, &[]);
            }
            if swirl_quads > 0 && !oit_on {
+                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "energy swirl");
                pass.set_pipeline(&self.energy_swirl_pipeline);
                pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.entity_group, &[]);
                pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, self.entity_buffer.slice(..));
@@ -11145,6 +10957,7 @@ impl Renderer {
                pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.group, &[]);
            }
            if additive_quads > 0 && !oit_on {
+                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "additive entities");
                pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.entity_group, &[]);
                pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, self.entity_buffer.slice(..));
                let mut first = 0;
@@ -11170,20 +10983,24 @@ impl Renderer {
                pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.group, &[]);
            }
            if outline_edges > 0 && !frame.outline_after_terrain && !pack_draws_outline {
+                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "block outline");
                self.draw_outline(&mut pass, outline_edges as u32, frame.outline_high_contrast);
            }
            // DrawableGizmoPrimitives' opaque group writes depth, the translucent one does not.
            if debug_opaque > 0 {
+                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "debug lines");
                pass.set_pipeline(&self.debug_lines_opaque);
                pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, self.debug_line_buffer.slice(..));
                pass.draw(0..4, 0..debug_opaque);
            }
            if debug_depth > debug_opaque {
+                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "debug lines");
                pass.set_pipeline(&self.debug_lines);
                pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, self.debug_line_buffer.slice(..));
                pass.draw(0..4, debug_opaque..debug_depth);
            }
            if debug_top > 0 {
+                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "debug lines");
                pass.set_pipeline(&self.debug_lines_on_top);
                pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, self.debug_line_buffer.slice(..));
                pass.draw(0..4, debug_depth..debug_depth + debug_top);
@@ -11211,6 +11028,7 @@ impl Renderer {
                    keep_depth,
                    self.own_timing.as_mut(),
                    "World after copy",
+                    world_pixels,
                );
                pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.group, &[]);
                pack_frame(&mut pass);
@@ -11384,9 +11202,11 @@ impl Renderer {
                        true,
                        self.own_timing.as_mut(),
                        "World after OIT",
+                        world_pixels,
                    );
                    pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.group, &[]);
                    pass.set_index_buffer(self.indices.slice(..), wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint32);
+                    pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "OIT marks");
                    if cloud_quads > 0 && !pack_draws_clouds {
                        self.mark_clouds(&mut pass, cloud_quads);
                    }
@@ -11419,6 +11239,8 @@ impl Renderer {
                    self.mark_translucent_terrain(&mut pass, flat, solid_draws, translucent_draws);
                }
                Some(flat) => {
+                    pass.split(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "translucent terrain");
+                    pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "translucent terrain");
                    pass.set_pipeline(pack_flat.map_or(&flat.translucent, |p| &p.1));
                    flat.draw(
                        &mut pass,
@@ -11433,8 +11255,11 @@ impl Renderer {
                        solid_draws,
                        translucent_draws,
                    );
+                    pass.split(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "after translucent");
                }
                None => {
+                    pass.split(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "translucent terrain");
+                    pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "translucent terrain");
                    pass.set_pipeline(translucent_pipeline);
                    if let Some(group) = warp_group {
                        pass.set_bind_group(2, group, &[]);
@@ -11457,6 +11282,7 @@ impl Renderer {
                            translucent_draws,
                        );
                    }
+                    pass.split(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "after translucent");
                }
            }
            // LevelRenderer.executeTranslucentAfterTerrain: vanilla's
@@ -11464,6 +11290,7 @@ impl Renderer {
            // the quads write depth, so before it they would hide the glass
            // or water behind them.
            if translucent_particle_quads > 0 && !oit_on {
+                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "translucent particles");
                pass.set_pipeline(warped.map_or(&self.entity_pipeline, |w| &w.entities));
                if let Some(group) = warp_group {
                    pass.set_bind_group(2, group, &[]);
@@ -11492,6 +11319,7 @@ impl Renderer {
            // particles (also after the OIT composite) and before the hand.
            // Its own geometry is independent of block-entity lifetime.
            if world_text_quads + world_text_offset_quads > 0 {
+                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "world text");
                pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.entity_group, &[]);
                pass.set_index_buffer(self.indices.slice(..), wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint32);
                pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, self.entity_buffer.slice(..));
@@ -11514,9 +11342,11 @@ impl Renderer {
            // LevelRenderer.executeClassicTransparency: translucent targets'
            // outlines follow terrain, so its blending cannot wash them out.
            if outline_edges > 0 && frame.outline_after_terrain && !pack_draws_outline {
+                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "block outline");
                self.draw_outline(&mut pass, outline_edges as u32, frame.outline_high_contrast);
            }
            if translucent_crumbling_quads > 0 && (!oit_on || hdr_gain) {
+                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "block breaking");
                pass.set_pipeline(&self.crumbling_pipeline);
                pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.entity_group, &[]);
                pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, self.entity_buffer.slice(..));
@@ -11527,6 +11357,7 @@ impl Renderer {
                );
            }
            if cloud_quads > 0 && !pack_draws_clouds && !oit_on {
+                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "clouds");
                pass.set_pipeline(&self.cloud_pipeline);
                pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.entity_group, &[]);
                pass.set_bind_group(1, &self.cloud_group, &[]);
@@ -11538,6 +11369,7 @@ impl Renderer {
            // terrain and clouds, so the water behind the rain is drawn first.
            pass.set_index_buffer(self.indices.slice(..), wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint32);
            if !pack_draws_weather && !oit_on {
+                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "weather");
                let native_weather = self
                    .native
                    .as_ref()
@@ -11549,6 +11381,7 @@ impl Renderer {
            }
            // LevelRenderer: the world border after translucent terrain and weather.
            if let Some(b) = frame.border.as_ref().filter(|_| !frame.title && !oit_on) {
+                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "world border");
                pass.set_pipeline(&self.border_pipeline);
                pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.border_group, &[]);
                pass.set_index_buffer(self.indices.slice(..), wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint32);
@@ -11561,6 +11394,7 @@ impl Renderer {
            }
            // LevelRenderer.executeSeeThrough, after the rest of the world.
            if see_through_quads > 0 {
+                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "see-through");
                pass.set_pipeline(&self.see_through_pipeline);
                self.bind_world_text(&mut pass, true, true);
                pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, self.entity_buffer.slice(..));
@@ -11573,9 +11407,11 @@ impl Renderer {
            // Native mods' primitives: after the entities and the rest of the world, into its
            // targets (its resolution, reversed depth and TAA), before the hand.
            if world_primitives {
+                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "mod primitives");
                self.world_primitives.draw(&mut pass);
            }
            if hand_in_world {
+                pass.stage(self.own_timing.as_mut(), "hand");
                pass.set_pipeline(&self.depth_reset);
                pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.group, &[]);
                pass.draw(0..3, 0..1);
@@ -12563,6 +12399,9 @@ impl Renderer {
        if let Some(Some(timer)) = Self::pass_timer(&mut self.pack_post, &mut self.native) {
            timer.submitted(&self.queue);
        }
+        if let Some(timer) = &mut self.own_timing {
+            timer.submitted(&self.queue);
+        }
        if offscreen && let Some(submission) = submission {
            self.in_flight.push_back(submission);
            if !self.paced_elsewhere {
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+//! What the renderer holds, for status, soak tests and memory reports (`horizon-ctl memory`,
+//! `scene_replay --memory`): resident sections and far tiles, and the bytes of its largest
+//! GPU resources and of its per-section bookkeeping.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use super::{
+    Renderer, SectionGpu, SectionKey, TerrainVertex, arena, flat, lod, texture_bytes, visbuffer,
+};
+
+impl Renderer {
+    /// Sections with GPU buffers, for soak tests watching residency.
+    pub fn resident_sections(&self) -> usize {
+        self.sections.len()
+    }
+    /// Quads of the far terrain tiles with GPU buffers.
+    pub fn lod_quads(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.lods
+            .values()
+            .map(|tile| u64::from(tile.mesh.solid + tile.mesh.translucent))
+            .sum()
+    }
+    /// Tiles and quads of the far terrain tiles with GPU buffers, by level.
+    pub fn lod_levels(&self) -> Vec<[u64; 2]> {
+        let mut levels = Vec::new();
+        for (key, tile) in &self.lods {
+            let level = usize::from(key.level);
+            if levels.len() <= level {
+                levels.resize(level + 1, [0, 0]);
+            }
+            levels[level][0] += 1;
+            levels[level][1] += u64::from(tile.mesh.solid + tile.mesh.translucent);
+        }
+        levels
+    }
+    /// Whether solid quads go to the arena in the compact layout
+    /// (`packed_quads`), and whether far tiles' own records are on
+    /// (`lod::packed::far_packing`).
+    pub fn packed_layout(&self) -> [bool; 2] {
+        [self.packed_quads, crate::lod::packed::far_packing()]
+    }
+    /// Bytes of the arena the resident chunk sections hold, and of the one far
+    /// tiles hold: the same split `gpu_census` reports, for `status`, so the
+    /// compact layouts can be seen working.
+    pub fn vertex_bytes_split(&self) -> [u64; 2] {
+        let stride = std::mem::size_of::<TerrainVertex>() as u64;
+        let used = |s: &SectionGpu| (s.solid_slots + u64::from(s.translucent) * 4) * stride;
+        [
+            self.sections.values().map(used).sum(),
+            self.lods.values().map(|tile| used(&tile.mesh)).sum(),
+        ]
+    }
+    /// Bytes of the section vertex arenas' buffers, and of the vertices
+    /// resident sections hold in them.
+    pub fn section_vertex_bytes(&self) -> [u64; 2] {
+        let stride = std::mem::size_of::<TerrainVertex>() as u64;
+        let vertices: u64 = self
+            .sections
+            .values()
+            .chain(self.lods.values().map(|tile| &*tile.mesh))
+            .map(|s| s.solid_slots + u64::from(s.translucent) * 4)
+            .sum();
+        let translucent = self.translucent_arena.as_ref();
+        let arenas = self.arena.bytes() + translucent.map_or(0, arena::Arena::bytes);
+        [arenas, vertices * stride]
+    }
+    /// Bytes of the renderer's largest GPU resources, by name (`scene_replay --memory`):
+    /// the terrain arenas (their pages, and what resident sections and far tiles use of
+    /// them), the quad indices, the block sprites with their mips, the LabPBR maps, flat
+    /// draws' buffers and the visibility buffer's.
+    pub fn gpu_census(&self) -> Vec<(&'static str, u64)> {
+        let stride = std::mem::size_of::<TerrainVertex>() as u64;
+        let used = |s: &SectionGpu| (s.solid_slots + u64::from(s.translucent) * 4) * stride;
+        let textures = |t: &[wgpu::Texture]| t.iter().map(texture_bytes).sum::<u64>();
+        let translucent = self.translucent_arena.as_ref();
+        vec![
+            ("section_arena_pages", self.arena.bytes()),
+            (
+                "translucent_arena_pages",
+                translucent.map_or(0, arena::Arena::bytes),
+            ),
+            ("sorted_index_pages", self.sorted_indices.bytes()),
+            (
+                "near_section_vertices",
+                self.sections.values().map(used).sum(),
+            ),
+            (
+                "held_section_vertices",
+                self.hold
+                    .sections()
+                    .filter_map(|held| held.gpu.as_ref())
+                    .map(used)
+                    .sum(),
+            ),
+            (
+                "far_tile_vertices",
+                self.lods.values().map(|tile| used(&tile.mesh)).sum(),
+            ),
+            ("quad_indices", self.indices.size()),
+            ("block_sprites", textures(&self.sprite_textures)),
+            (
+                "pbr_maps",
+                self.pbr_maps
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .map_or(0, |maps| maps.iter().flatten().map(texture_bytes).sum()),
+            ),
+            (
+                "flat_draws",
+                self.flat.as_ref().map_or(0, flat::Flat::bytes),
+            ),
+            (
+                "visibility_buffer",
+                self.visbuf.as_ref().map_or(0, visbuffer::Visbuffer::bytes),
+            ),
+        ]
+    }
+    /// Device memory the backend's allocator holds, by the label of what holds
+    /// it, largest first, with its allocated and reserved totals (Vulkan and
+    /// DirectX 12; none on Metal and OpenGL) (`horizon-ctl memory`).
+    pub fn gpu_memory_by_label(&self) -> Option<(u64, u64, Vec<(String, u64)>)> {
+        let report = self.device.generate_allocator_report()?;
+        let mut by_label: HashMap<String, u64> = HashMap::new();
+        for a in report.allocations {
+            *by_label.entry(a.name).or_default() += a.size;
+        }
+        let mut labels: Vec<_> = by_label.into_iter().collect();
+        labels.sort_by(|a, b| b.1.cmp(&a.1).then_with(|| a.0.cmp(&b.0)));
+        Some((
+            report.total_allocated_bytes,
+            report.total_reserved_bytes,
+            labels,
+        ))
+    }
+    /// Heap bytes of the renderer's per-section bookkeeping (`horizon-ctl memory`):
+    /// resident sections, far tiles, block entities and light sources by section.
+    pub fn cpu_census(&self) -> [(&'static str, usize); 4] {
+        use std::mem::size_of;
+        let per_section = |map_len: usize, lists: usize| {
+            map_len * (size_of::<SectionKey>() + size_of::<Vec<([i32; 3], u32)>>() + 1)
+                + lists * size_of::<([i32; 3], u32)>()
+        };
+        let lists = |map: &crate::fast_hash::FxHashMap<SectionKey, Vec<([i32; 3], u32)>>| {
+            per_section(
+                map.capacity(),
+                map.values().map(Vec::capacity).sum::<usize>(),
+            )
+        };
+        let animated: usize = self
+            .sections
+            .values()
+            .map(|s| s.animated_layers.len() * size_of::<u16>())
+            .sum();
+        [
+            ("resident_sections", self.sections.heap_bytes() + animated),
+            (
+                "far_tiles",
+                self.lods.capacity()
+                    * (size_of::<crate::lod::TileKey>() + size_of::<lod::Tile>() + 1),
+            ),
+            ("block_entities", lists(&self.block_entities)),
+            ("light_sources", lists(&self.light_blocks)),
+        ]
+    }
+}
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ struct Uniform {
    mode: u32,
    pad: [u32; 2],
    hdr_settings: [f32; 4],
-    hdr_shares: [f32; 4],
+    hdr_gains: [f32; 4],
    hdr_light: [f32; 4],
 }

@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ impl CustomSky {
        self.written_gain = (globals.hdr_light[3] != 0.0).then(|| {
            let mark =
                ((1.0 - 0.24 * globals.hdr_light[1]).clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0).round() / 255.0;
-            if globals.hdr_settings[2] > 0.5 && globals.hdr_settings[0] > 1.0 {
+            if globals.hdr_settings[2] > 0.5 {
                (1.0 + (globals.hdr_settings[1] - 1.0) * (1.0 - mark) / 0.24).powf(1.0 / 2.2)
            } else {
                1.0
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ impl CustomSky {
                mode: mode as u32,
                pad: [0; 2],
                hdr_settings: globals.hdr_settings,
-                hdr_shares: globals.hdr_shares,
+                hdr_gains: globals.hdr_gains,
                hdr_light: globals.hdr_light,
            };
            let offset = STRIDE * self.frame.len() as u64;
@@ -702,7 +702,7 @@ mod tests {
                mode: mode_index as u32,
                pad: [0; 2],
                hdr_settings: [5.0, 4.0, 1.0, f32::from(u8::from(debug))],
-                hdr_shares: [0.2, 0.5, 0.6, 1.0],
+                hdr_gains: [1.6, 2.4, 2.8, 4.0],
                hdr_light: [0.8, 0.8, 1.0, f32::from(u8::from(written))],
            };
            let buffer = device.create_buffer_init(&wgpu::util::BufferInitDescriptor {
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ struct Layer {
    mode: u32,
    pad: vec2<u32>,
    hdr_settings: vec4<f32>,
-    hdr_shares: vec4<f32>,
+    hdr_gains: vec4<f32>,
    hdr_light: vec4<f32>,
 }
@group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> layer: Layer;
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ fn custom_sky_color(in: Out) -> vec4<f32> {
    var color = t.rgb;
    if HDR_WRITE_LIGHT && layer.hdr_light.w != 0.0 &&
        (layer.mode == ADD || layer.mode == SUBTRACT || layer.mode == REPLACE || layer.mode == ALPHA) {
-        color = hdr_written(color, 1.0 - 0.24 * layer.hdr_light.y, layer.hdr_settings, layer.hdr_shares);
+        color = hdr_written(color, 1.0 - 0.24 * layer.hdr_light.y, layer.hdr_settings, layer.hdr_gains);
    }
    // On a frame of linear light (`FRAME_LINEAR`) the layer's colour is decoded as it is stored.
    switch layer.mode {
@@ -84,5 +84,5 @@ fn custom_sky_color(in: Out) -> vec4<f32> {

@fragment fn fs_custom_sky_screen_light(in: Out) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
    let color = custom_sky_color(in);
-    return vec4(hdr_written(color.rgb, 1.0 - 0.24 * layer.hdr_light.y, layer.hdr_settings, layer.hdr_shares), color.a);
+    return vec4(hdr_written(color.rgb, 1.0 - 0.24 * layer.hdr_light.y, layer.hdr_settings, layer.hdr_gains), color.a);
 }
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ use super::{
    Frustum, SectionKey,
    arena::{Arena, try_create},
    occlusion::Reach,
-    pack_timing::PassTiming,
+    pack_timing::{PassTiming, compute_parts},
    resident,
    submit::Queue,
    upload::Uploads,
@@ -374,6 +374,21 @@ pub(super) enum Prepared {
    OutOfMemory,
 }

+/// A part of a compute pass: `pipeline` over `[x, y]` workgroups, nothing when `x` is 0.
+fn step<'a>(
+    group: &'a wgpu::BindGroup,
+    pipeline: &'a wgpu::ComputePipeline,
+    [x, y]: [u32; 2],
+) -> impl FnMut(&mut wgpu::ComputePass<'_>) + 'a {
+    move |pass| {
+        if x > 0 {
+            pass.set_bind_group(0, group, &[]);
+            pass.set_pipeline(pipeline);
+            pass.dispatch_workgroups(x, y, 1);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// The frame's `tables` before the regions, into `words`, and the parameters
 /// the frustum test and facing read with them; `None` when the CPU draws the
 /// frame (`Prepared::Cpu`): a sum of a plane's terms could leave i32
@@ -1190,12 +1205,13 @@ impl GpuCulling {
        uploads: &mut Uploads,
        encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder,
        input: &FrameInputs<'_>,
+        timing: Option<&mut PassTiming>,
    ) -> Prepared {
        self.pages.clear();
        self.ids = 0;
        self.n_updates = 0;
        self.occluding = false;
-        self.prepare_buffers(device, queue, uploads, encoder, input)
+        self.prepare_buffers(device, queue, uploads, encoder, input, timing)
            .unwrap_or(Prepared::OutOfMemory)
    }

@@ -1206,6 +1222,7 @@ impl GpuCulling {
        uploads: &mut Uploads,
        encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder,
        input: &FrameInputs<'_>,
+        mut timing: Option<&mut PassTiming>,
    ) -> Option<Prepared> {
        // Every buffer grows before anything is written. One made anew drops
        // the bind group at once, and a new section table needs every record:
@@ -1287,6 +1304,9 @@ impl GpuCulling {
                occl = OCCLUDE | if probe { PROBE } else { 0 };
            }
        }
+        let uploading = timing
+            .as_mut()
+            .and_then(|t| t.encoder_begin(encoder, "GPU culling uploads"));
        if self.records.all_dirty {
            // The whole table, after it grew or more records changed than
            // updates take (GPU culling switched on in a loaded world, a
@@ -1352,6 +1372,9 @@ impl GpuCulling {
        // are written before they are read.
        let cleared = if self.occluding { tests_at } else { phase1_end };
        encoder.clear_buffer(&self.counts.buffer, 0, Some(cleared * 4));
+        if let Some(t) = timing {
+            t.encoder_end(encoder, uploading);
+        }
        if self.group.is_none() {
            self.group = Some(self.bind(device));
            if let Some(test) = &mut self.test {
@@ -1403,23 +1426,24 @@ impl GpuCulling {
        let Some(group) = self.group.as_ref().filter(|_| self.ids > 0) else {
            return;
        };
-        let mut pass = encoder.begin_compute_pass(&wgpu::ComputePassDescriptor {
-            label: Some("GPU culling"),
-            timestamp_writes: timing.and_then(|t| t.compute_writes("GPU culling")),
-        });
-        pass.set_bind_group(0, group, &[]);
        let [apply, cull, scan, scatter] = &self.pipelines;
-        if self.n_updates > 0 {
-            pass.set_pipeline(apply);
-            pass.dispatch_workgroups(self.n_updates.div_ceil(WORKGROUP), 1, 1);
-        }
        let blocks = self.ids.div_ceil(WORKGROUP);
-        pass.set_pipeline(cull);
-        pass.dispatch_workgroups(blocks.min(ROW), blocks.div_ceil(ROW), 1);
-        pass.set_pipeline(scan);
-        pass.dispatch_workgroups(self.pass_pages, 1, 1);
-        pass.set_pipeline(scatter);
-        pass.dispatch_workgroups(blocks.min(ROW), blocks.div_ceil(ROW), 1);
+        let rows = [blocks.min(ROW), blocks.div_ceil(ROW)];
+        let updates = [self.n_updates.div_ceil(WORKGROUP), 1];
+        let (mut apply, mut cull) = (step(group, apply, updates), step(group, cull, rows));
+        let pages = [self.pass_pages, 1];
+        let (mut scan, mut scatter) = (step(group, scan, pages), step(group, scatter, rows));
+        compute_parts(
+            encoder,
+            timing,
+            "GPU culling",
+            &mut [
+                ("apply", &mut apply),
+                ("cull", &mut cull),
+                ("scan", &mut scan),
+                ("scatter", &mut scatter),
+            ],
+        );
    }

    /// The kept sections' solid draws, a count draw per page, with the quad
@@ -1494,19 +1518,22 @@ impl GpuCulling {
        if !self.occluding {
            return;
        }
-        let mut pass = encoder.begin_compute_pass(&wgpu::ComputePassDescriptor {
-            label: Some("GPU culling phase 2"),
-            timestamp_writes: timing.and_then(|t| t.compute_writes("GPU culling phase 2")),
-        });
-        pass.set_bind_group(0, group, &[]);
        let [count2, scan2, scatter2] = &test.phase2;
        let blocks = self.ids.div_ceil(WORKGROUP);
-        pass.set_pipeline(count2);
-        pass.dispatch_workgroups(blocks.min(ROW), blocks.div_ceil(ROW), 1);
-        pass.set_pipeline(scan2);
-        pass.dispatch_workgroups(self.pass_pages, 1, 1);
-        pass.set_pipeline(scatter2);
-        pass.dispatch_workgroups(blocks.min(ROW), blocks.div_ceil(ROW), 1);
+        let rows = [blocks.min(ROW), blocks.div_ceil(ROW)];
+        let pages = [self.pass_pages, 1];
+        let (mut count, mut scatter) = (step(group, count2, rows), step(group, scatter2, rows));
+        let mut scan = step(group, scan2, pages);
+        compute_parts(
+            encoder,
+            timing,
+            "GPU culling phase 2",
+            &mut [
+                ("count2", &mut count),
+                ("scan2", &mut scan),
+                ("scatter2", &mut scatter),
+            ],
+        );
    }

    /// After the frame's world passes (phase 2's counts too), in the same
@@ -2720,6 +2747,11 @@ mod tests {
        let adapter = pollster::block_on(instance.request_adapter(&Default::default())).ok()?;
        let needed =
            wgpu::Features::MULTI_DRAW_INDIRECT_COUNT | wgpu::Features::INDIRECT_FIRST_INSTANCE;
+        let timing = adapter.features()
+            & (wgpu::Features::TIMESTAMP_QUERY
+                | wgpu::Features::TIMESTAMP_QUERY_INSIDE_PASSES
+                | wgpu::Features::TIMESTAMP_QUERY_INSIDE_ENCODERS
+                | wgpu::Features::SHADER_EARLY_DEPTH_TEST);
        if !adapter.features().contains(needed)
            || super::super::flat::is_broken_intel_vulkan(&adapter.get_info())
        {
@@ -2727,7 +2759,7 @@ mod tests {
        }
        eprintln!("GPU culling on {} ({name})", adapter.get_info().name);
        pollster::block_on(adapter.request_device(&wgpu::DeviceDescriptor {
-            required_features: needed,
+            required_features: needed | timing,
            ..Default::default()
        }))
        .ok()
@@ -2834,6 +2866,11 @@ mod tests {
        // was drawn.
        let (mut eyed, mut hidden, mut several) = (0, 0, 0);
        let (mut edge, mut edge_drawn) = (None, false);
+        // Timed in detail as the renderer does: the commands, and so the draws, stay the same.
+        let mut timing = PassTiming::new(device, queue);
+        if let Some(t) = &mut timing {
+            t.set_detail(true);
+        }
        for case in 0..25 {
            let radius = [2, 5, 9][case % 3];
            let at_edge = case == 24;
@@ -2981,6 +3018,9 @@ mod tests {
                edge = Some(id);
            }
            let whole = gpu.records.all_dirty;
+            if let Some(t) = &mut timing {
+                t.begin(device, queue);
+            }
            let mut encoder = device.create_command_encoder(&Default::default());
            let input = FrameInputs {
                camera,
@@ -3000,11 +3040,18 @@ mod tests {
                    camera: camera + DVec3::Y * 2.0e7,
                    ..input
                };
-                let prepared = gpu.prepare(device, queue, &mut uploads, &mut encoder, &up);
+                let prepared = gpu.prepare(device, queue, &mut uploads, &mut encoder, &up, None);
                assert_eq!(prepared, Prepared::Cpu, "case 7");
                assert!(gpu.records.all_dirty || !gpu.records.dirty.is_empty());
            }
-            let prepared = gpu.prepare(device, queue, &mut uploads, &mut encoder, &input);
+            let prepared = gpu.prepare(
+                device,
+                queue,
+                &mut uploads,
+                &mut encoder,
+                &input,
+                timing.as_mut(),
+            );
            assert_eq!(prepared, Prepared::Gpu, "case {case}");
            match case {
                4 => assert!(
@@ -3060,12 +3107,15 @@ mod tests {
                    culled += 1;
                }
            }
-            gpu.dispatch(&mut encoder, None);
+            gpu.dispatch(&mut encoder, timing.as_mut());
            // Its statistics come back with a CPU part of the case's own.
            let cpu = [case * 7, case * 3, case];
            gpu.copy_stats(&mut encoder, case as u64, cpu);
            uploads.finish(&encoder);
            queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);
+            if let Some(t) = &mut timing {
+                t.submitted(queue);
+            }
            gpu.submitted().expect("a readback free")();
            let pages = u64::from(gpu.pass_pages);
            let counts = read(device, queue, &gpu.counts.buffer, (STATS + pages) * 4);
@@ -3124,6 +3174,18 @@ mod tests {
            "of {eyed} from an eye, {hidden} with a bucket left out, {several} in three runs"
        );
        assert!(edge_drawn, "the bucket at the section's edge");
+        if let Some(t) = &timing {
+            let parts = t.part_medians();
+            let names = |pass: &str| {
+                let parts = parts.iter().find(|p| p.0 == pass)?;
+                Some(parts.1.iter().map(|p| p.0.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>())
+            };
+            assert_eq!(
+                names("GPU culling"),
+                Some(vec!["apply", "cull", "scan", "scatter"]),
+                "{parts:?}"
+            );
+        }
        assert!(culled > 2_000, "{culled} within the distance left out");
        assert!(faded * 10 > compared, "{faded} fading of {compared} drawn");
        assert!(
@@ -3136,6 +3198,113 @@ mod tests {
        );
    }

+    /// Detail times both phases and the uploads and leaves counts and draws as an untimed frame's.
+    #[test]
+    fn detail_times_both_phases_and_leaves_the_draws_alone() {
+        on_each_device(|device, queue| {
+            let mut rng = Rng(0x1F83_D9AB_FB41_BD6B);
+            let (frustum, _) = view(&mut rng);
+            let records: Vec<Record> = (0..400)
+                .map(|i| {
+                    let key = (rng.range(-6, 6), rng.range(0, 23), rng.range(-6, 6));
+                    Record::new(
+                        key,
+                        i % 3,
+                        u64::from(i) * 1024,
+                        1 + rng.below(500),
+                        UNBOUNDED,
+                    )
+                })
+                .collect();
+            let mut timing = PassTiming::new(device, queue);
+            let early = device
+                .features()
+                .contains(wgpu::Features::SHADER_EARLY_DEPTH_TEST);
+            let Some(t) = timing.as_mut().filter(|_| early) else {
+                eprintln!("no timestamps or early depth test: skipped");
+                return;
+            };
+            t.set_detail(true);
+            let run = |timing: &mut Option<PassTiming>| {
+                let mut gpu = GpuCulling::new(device, Some(wgpu::TextureFormat::Rgba8Unorm))
+                    .expect("the pass");
+                let mut uploads = Uploads::new(device);
+                for r in &records {
+                    gpu.records.insert(*r);
+                }
+                let mut out = Vec::new();
+                for frame in 0..12 {
+                    if let Some(t) = timing {
+                        t.begin(device, queue);
+                    }
+                    let mut encoder = device.create_command_encoder(&Default::default());
+                    let input = FrameInputs {
+                        camera: DVec3::new(0.5, 70.0, 0.5),
+                        min_y: -64,
+                        sections: 24,
+                        radius: 5,
+                        frustum: &frustum,
+                        reach: None,
+                        eye: None,
+                        view_proj: Mat4::IDENTITY,
+                        occlude: true,
+                    };
+                    let prepared = gpu.prepare(
+                        device,
+                        queue,
+                        &mut uploads,
+                        &mut encoder,
+                        &input,
+                        timing.as_mut(),
+                    );
+                    assert_eq!(prepared, Prepared::Gpu, "frame {frame}");
+                    assert!(gpu.occluding(), "frame {frame}: phase 2 runs");
+                    gpu.dispatch(&mut encoder, timing.as_mut());
+                    gpu.compact(&mut encoder, timing.as_mut());
+                    uploads.finish(&encoder);
+                    queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);
+                    if let Some(t) = timing {
+                        t.submitted(queue);
+                    }
+                    device.poll(wgpu::PollType::wait_indefinitely()).unwrap();
+                    let pages = u64::from(gpu.pass_pages);
+                    out.push((
+                        read(device, queue, &gpu.counts.buffer, (STATS + 2 * pages) * 4),
+                        read(device, queue, &gpu.draws.buffer, gpu.draws.bytes),
+                    ));
+                }
+                out
+            };
+            let timed = run(&mut timing);
+            let plain = run(&mut None);
+            assert_eq!(timed, plain, "detail changes what is drawn");
+            let t = timing.as_ref().expect("the timer");
+            let parts = t.part_medians();
+            let names = |pass: &str| {
+                let parts = parts.iter().find(|p| p.0 == pass)?;
+                Some(parts.1.iter().map(|p| p.0.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>())
+            };
+            assert_eq!(
+                names("GPU culling"),
+                Some(vec!["apply", "cull", "scan", "scatter"]),
+                "{parts:?}"
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                names("GPU culling phase 2"),
+                Some(vec!["count2", "scan2", "scatter2"]),
+                "{parts:?}"
+            );
+            // The uploads are a pass of their own, never a part of one.
+            assert_eq!(names("GPU culling uploads"), None, "{parts:?}");
+            let passes = t.medians();
+            assert_eq!(
+                passes.iter().any(|p| p.0 == "GPU culling uploads"),
+                t.detail_support().encoder_stamps,
+                "{passes:?}"
+            );
+        });
+    }
+
    /// The statistics come back with their frame, in place and from the submit
    /// thread, submitted as gfx.rs submits frames (`submit_later`, or in place
    /// with its `after` handed back): three frames on their way fill the ring, a
@@ -3377,7 +3546,7 @@ struct Quad {
                view_proj: Mat4::IDENTITY,
                occlude: false,
            };
-            let prepared = gpu.prepare(device, queue, &mut uploads, &mut encoder, &input);
+            let prepared = gpu.prepare(device, queue, &mut uploads, &mut encoder, &input, None);
            assert_eq!(prepared, Prepared::Gpu, "frame {frame}");
            let mut params = tables(&input, &mut words).expect("the planes fit");
            params.pages = gpu.pass_pages;
@@ -5,6 +5,10 @@
 //! or scRGB swapchain at the player's paper white, expanding the world's
 //! highlights towards their peak brightness. The world is copied aside before
 //! the hand and HUD so only it is expanded.
+//!
+//! On the float frame Horizon's world light is the same on every display (`TIERS`,
+//! `SUNLIT_GAIN`, up to `SCENE_PEAK`), and the tone curve alone fits it to the display's
+//! peak (docs/design/hdr-linear-light.md, step 6a).

 /// The swapchain HDR output presents to.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
@@ -99,38 +103,53 @@ struct Layered {
    params: wgpu::Buffer,
 }

-/// How one tier of light sources (`mesher::hdr_tier`) shines: `share` of the headroom for
-/// its brightest pixels, lifted from brightness `start` (none) to `full` (all of it), the
-/// texel's own brightness before lighting.
+/// How one tier of light sources (`mesher::hdr_tier`) shines: its brightest pixels are
+/// multiplied by `gain`, in multiples of paper white, lifted from brightness `start` (none) to
+/// `full` (all of it), the texel's own brightness before lighting.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Tier {
-    pub share: f32,
+    pub gain: f32,
    pub start: f32,
    pub full: f32,
 }
-/// Low, incandescent, bright and very bright.
+/// Low, incandescent, bright and very bright: faint glowers such as magma, flames and lava,
+/// glowstone and campfires, the sun.
 pub const TIERS: [Tier; 4] = [
    Tier {
-        share: 0.2,
+        gain: 1.6,
        start: 0.08,
        full: 0.09,
    },
    Tier {
-        share: 0.5,
+        gain: 2.4,
        start: 0.14,
        full: 0.38,
    },
    Tier {
-        share: 0.6,
+        gain: 2.8,
        start: 0.14,
        full: 0.38,
    },
    Tier {
-        share: 1.0,
+        gain: 4.0,
        start: 0.14,
        full: 0.38,
    },
 ];
+/// The scene's peak, in multiples of paper white: just above the brightest light the world
+/// writes (the sun's disc, white at the very bright tier's 4), and what the tone curve maps
+/// onto the display's peak; light past it (where the sky adds onto the sun) is held at it. The
+/// world is mastered for a 1000-nit display at ITU-R BT.2408's 203-nit reference white, as
+/// HDR10 content usually is: there it shows as written, a dimmer display eases its highlights
+/// into its peak (BT.2390's EETF), and a brighter one shows it as at 1000.
+pub const SCENE_PEAK: f32 = 1000.0 / 203.0;
+/// HDR lighting: what the strongest light multiplies a surface by (`hdr_light.wgsl`).
+pub const SUNLIT_GAIN: f32 = 3.0;
+/// The compatibility frame's tiers (the 16-bit or 8-bit frame, until step 5 removes it): each
+/// one's share of the display's headroom, as before one peak, so the look HDR has by default
+/// changes once, when the float frame replaces it.
+const COMPAT_SHARES: [f32; 4] = [0.2, 0.5, 0.6, 1.0];
+
 /// Which pixels of a light source's sprite may shine (`hdr_stats.wgsl`), as a fraction of
 /// the way from its darkest to its brightest opaque pixel: `parts` for one whose bright parts
 /// shine (a torch's flame, not its handle), `whole` for one that shines all over
@@ -331,7 +350,7 @@ impl Hdr {
        let params = || {
            device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
                label: Some("Horizon HDR parameters"),
-                size: 64,
+                size: 80,
                usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::UNIFORM | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
                mapped_at_creation: false,
            })
@@ -944,16 +963,19 @@ impl Hdr {
        })
    }

+    /// What the world's writers read (`hdr_written`): the scene's peak, HDR lighting's gain,
+    /// world/look and debug, then the tiers' gains. No part of the display reaches them.
    pub(super) fn draw_params(&self, world: bool) -> ([f32; 4], [f32; 4]) {
        let p = self.params(world, false);
-        ([p[1], p[7], p[2], p[3]], p[8..12].try_into().unwrap())
+        let sunlit = if self.lighting { SUNLIT_GAIN } else { 1.0 };
+        ([SCENE_PEAK, sunlit, p[2], p[3]], self.tiers.map(|t| t.gain))
    }

    /// hdr.wgsl's `Params`.
-    fn params(&self, world: bool, pq: bool) -> [f32; 16] {
+    fn params(&self, world: bool, pq: bool) -> [f32; 20] {
        let paper = self.paper_white.max(1.0);
        let c = self.calibration;
-        let mut params = [0.0; 16];
+        let mut params = [0.0; 20];
        params[..5].copy_from_slice(&[
            paper / 80.0,
            (self.peak / paper).max(1.0),
@@ -968,12 +990,17 @@ impl Hdr {
        } else {
            1.0
        };
-        for (i, t) in self.tiers.iter().enumerate() {
-            params[8 + i] = t.share;
-        }
+        params[8..12].copy_from_slice(&COMPAT_SHARES);
        params[12] = c.map_or(0.0, |c| c.step as f32);
        params[13] = c.map_or(0.0, |c| c.nits);
        params[14] = c.map_or(0.0, |c| c.band);
+        // Only Horizon's lifted world is known to end at the scene's peak; elsewhere (HDR
+        // Lighting off, a pack's own light, the title) the curve's source follows the display.
+        params[16] = if world && self.lighting {
+            SCENE_PEAK
+        } else {
+            0.0
+        };
        params
    }

@@ -1050,8 +1077,9 @@ fn logo_mask(device: &wgpu::Device, queue: &wgpu::Queue) -> wgpu::TextureView {
        .create_view(&Default::default())
 }

-/// What the strongest light multiplies a surface by, in HDR lighting: 4, which looked right
-/// across biomes; less only where there is little headroom to ease into (`hdr.wgsl`).
+/// The compatibility frame's HDR lighting (`fs_hdr`): what the strongest light multiplies a
+/// surface by, 4, which looked right across biomes; less only where there is little headroom
+/// to ease into. The float frame's is `SUNLIT_GAIN`.
 fn scene_gain(peak: f32, paper_white: f32) -> f32 {
    (peak / paper_white.max(1.0) * 1.75).clamp(1.0, 4.0)
 }
@@ -1069,7 +1097,8 @@ mod tests {
            return;
        };
        // All 8-bit marks, both easing policies, non-grey and over-white colours, look,
-        // debug, headroom and tier shares; half-float neighbours straddle mark boundaries.
+        // debug, headroom and tier shares; half-float neighbours straddle mark boundaries. The
+        // writers take the gain that a share gives.
        let source = include_str!("../hdr_light.wgsl").to_owned()
            + r#"
 struct ReferenceParams { peak: f32, scene: f32, world: f32, debug: f32, share: vec4<f32> }
@@ -1088,19 +1117,20 @@ var<private> params: ReferenceParams;
        select(0.0, 1.0, (mode & 32u) != 0u), vec4(0.2, 0.5, 0.6, 1.0));
    let color = select(vec3(0.9, 0.4, 0.02), vec3(1.4, 0.8, 0.2), (mode & 64u) != 0u);
    let expected = reference_lit(color, mark, shows, eased);
+    let gains = 1.0 + (params.peak - 1.0) * params.share;
    let actual = hdr_mark_light(color, mark, shows, eased,
-        vec4(params.peak, params.scene, params.world, params.debug), params.share);
+        vec4(params.peak, params.scene, params.world, params.debug), (params.peak - 1.0) * params.share);
    errors[i] = select(0u, 1u, any(abs(expected.light - actual.light) > vec3(1e-6)) || expected.lifted != actual.lifted);
    // Gain stays above the tone knee until the separate tone curve runs.
    let gain = 1.0 + 3.0 * (1.0 - 194.0 / 255.0) / 0.24;
-    let white = hdr_written(vec3(1.0), 0.76, vec4(5.0, 4.0, 1.0, 0.0), params.share);
+    let white = hdr_written(vec3(1.0), 0.76, vec4(5.0, 4.0, 1.0, 0.0), gains);
    errors[i] |= select(0u, 4u, any(abs(pow(white, vec3(2.2)) - vec3(gain)) > vec3(1e-5)));
    let boundary = (f32(i % 255u) + 0.5) / 255.0;
    for (var step = -1; step <= 1; step++) {
        let stored = unpack2x16float(pack2x16float(vec2(boundary + f32(step) / 65536.0))).x;
        let quantized = round(saturate(stored) * 255.0) / 255.0;
-        let want = pow(reference_lit(color, quantized, params.world > 0.5 && params.peak > 1.0, false).light, vec3(1.0 / 2.2));
-        let got = hdr_written(color, stored, vec4(params.peak, params.scene, params.world, params.debug), params.share);
+        let want = pow(reference_lit(color, quantized, params.world > 0.5, false).light, vec3(1.0 / 2.2));
+        let got = hdr_written(color, stored, vec4(params.peak, params.scene, params.world, params.debug), gains);
        errors[i] |= select(0u, 2u, any(abs(want - got) > vec3(1e-6)));
    }
 }
@@ -1319,10 +1349,12 @@ var<private> params: ReferenceParams;

    // Independent pre-refactor light arithmetic applied to a compatibility attachment.
    // Float targets in these tests only receive the resulting colour and coverage.
+    // `lift`: the reference's peak, HDR lighting gain, world and debug, then the tiers' shares
+    // of the headroom up to that peak (`writers_lift`, `display_lift`).
    pub(super) fn legacy_light(
        device: &wgpu::Device,
        encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder,
-        hdr: &Hdr,
+        lift: [[f32; 4]; 2],
        source: &wgpu::Texture,
        target: &wgpu::Texture,
    ) {
@@ -1345,7 +1377,7 @@ struct ReferenceParams { peak: f32, scene: f32, world: f32, debug: f32, share: v
@fragment fn fs() -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
    let c = textureLoad(source, vec2(0), 0);
    let mark = round(saturate(c.a) * 255.0) / 255.0;
-    let light = reference_lit(c.rgb, mark, params.world > 0.5 && params.peak > 1.0, false).light;
+    let light = reference_lit(c.rgb, mark, params.world > 0.5, false).light;
    return vec4(pow(light, vec3(1.0 / 2.2)), 1.0);
 }
 "#)
@@ -1373,10 +1405,9 @@ struct ReferenceParams { peak: f32, scene: f32, world: f32, debug: f32, share: v
            multiview_mask: None,
            cache: None,
        });
-        let (settings, shares) = hdr.draw_params(true);
        let params = device.create_buffer_init(&wgpu::util::BufferInitDescriptor {
            label: None,
-            contents: bytemuck::cast_slice(&[settings, shares]),
+            contents: bytemuck::cast_slice(&lift),
            usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::UNIFORM,
        });
        let view = source.create_view(&Default::default());
@@ -1404,6 +1435,19 @@ struct ReferenceParams { peak: f32, scene: f32, world: f32, debug: f32, share: v
        );
    }

+    /// The float frame's writers' light as `legacy_light` takes it: each tier's gain as a share
+    /// of the headroom up to the scene's peak.
+    pub(super) fn writers_lift(hdr: &Hdr) -> [[f32; 4]; 2] {
+        let (settings, gains) = hdr.draw_params(true);
+        [settings, gains.map(|g| (g - 1.0) / (settings[0] - 1.0))]
+    }
+
+    /// The compatibility frame's display pass's light (`fs_hdr`) as `legacy_light` takes it.
+    fn display_lift(hdr: &Hdr) -> [[f32; 4]; 2] {
+        let p = hdr.params(true, false);
+        [[p[1], p[7], p[2], p[3]], p[8..12].try_into().unwrap()]
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn direct_light_matches_the_legacy_non_float_display_below_the_tone_knee() {
        let Some((device, queue)) = gpu() else {
@@ -1416,8 +1460,9 @@ struct ReferenceParams { peak: f32, scene: f32, world: f32, debug: f32, share: v
            eprintln!("legacy display GPU skipped: 16-bit UNORM unavailable");
            return;
        }
-        // Compare the compatibility display lift with direct colour under the layered HUD.
-        // The frozen oracle supplies the writer's light from a non-float attachment.
+        // Compare the compatibility display lift with direct colour under the layered HUD:
+        // the frozen oracle turns the marks into the light that display gives them, and the
+        // layered display, whose curve is the identity at 1000 nits, must show it the same.
        let shown = |layered: bool, world: [f64; 4]| {
            let mut hdr = Hdr::with_debug(
                &device,
@@ -1441,7 +1486,14 @@ struct ReferenceParams { peak: f32, scene: f32, world: f32, debug: f32, share: v
                if world[3] == 1.0 {
                    fill(&mut encoder, &frame, world);
                } else {
-                    legacy_light(&device, &mut encoder, &hdr, &marked, &frame);
+                    // The light the compatibility frame shows: its own lift, not the writers'.
+                    legacy_light(
+                        &device,
+                        &mut encoder,
+                        display_lift(&legacy),
+                        &marked,
+                        &frame,
+                    );
                }
                hdr.begin(&queue, true);
                hdr.tonemap(&mut encoder, None);
@@ -1480,78 +1532,206 @@ struct ReferenceParams { peak: f32, scene: f32, world: f32, debug: f32, share: v
        assert!(above[0] > white[0] && above[1] > white[1]);
    }

+    /// The world's writers read nothing of the display: the same gains and the same scene peak
+    /// at any paper white and peak (docs/design/hdr-linear-light.md, step 6a).
    #[test]
-    fn the_tone_curve_eases_light_into_the_peak() {
+    fn the_writers_light_is_the_same_on_every_display() {
        let Some((device, queue)) = gpu() else {
            return;
        };
        let mut hdr = Hdr::with_debug(&device, &queue, F::Rgba16Float, Output::Pq, true, None);
-        (hdr.paper_white, hdr.peak) = (203.0, 1000.0);
-        let headroom = 1000.0 / 203.0;
-        // The frame holding `color` (in gamma, as it stores light) after `passes` ran on it.
-        let after =
-            |hdr: &mut Hdr, color: [f64; 4], passes: &dyn Fn(&Hdr, &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder)| {
-                let frame = hdr.frame(&device, [1, 1]);
-                let mut encoder = device.create_command_encoder(&Default::default());
-                fill(&mut encoder, &frame, color);
-                hdr.begin(&queue, true);
-                passes(hdr, &mut encoder);
-                texel(&device, &queue, encoder, &frame)
-            };
-        let tonemap = |hdr: &Hdr, encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder| hdr.tonemap(encoder, None);
+        let written = hdr.draw_params(true);
+        assert_eq!(
+            written,
+            (
+                [super::SCENE_PEAK, super::SUNLIT_GAIN, 1.0, 0.0],
+                [1.6, 2.4, 2.8, 4.0]
+            )
+        );
+        for (paper, peak) in [
+            (203.0, 300.0),
+            (203.0, 600.0),
+            (203.0, 1500.0),
+            (400.0, 600.0),
+            (480.0, 200.0),
+            (80.0, 10000.0),
+        ] {
+            (hdr.paper_white, hdr.peak) = (paper, peak);
+            assert_eq!(hdr.draw_params(true), written, "{paper}/{peak}");
+            assert_eq!(
+                hdr.params(true, false)[16],
+                super::SCENE_PEAK,
+                "{paper}/{peak}"
+            );
+        }
+        // The title, and frames Horizon doesn't light (HDR Lighting off, a pack drawing):
+        // nothing says where their light ends, so the curve's source follows the display.
+        assert_eq!(hdr.params(false, false)[16], 0.0);
+        hdr.lighting = false;
+        assert_eq!(hdr.draw_params(true).0[1], 1.0);
+        assert_eq!(hdr.params(true, false)[16], 0.0);
+    }
+
+    /// The tone curve maps the scene's peak S onto the display's peak T with ITU-R BT.2390's
+    /// EETF, keeping hue, after holding light above S at S. Checkpoints are worked out apart
+    /// from the shader, in f64 from SMPTE ST 2084 and BT.2390.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_tone_curve_maps_the_scene_peak_onto_the_display() {
+        let Some((device, queue)) = gpu() else {
+            return;
+        };
+        let mut hdr = Hdr::with_debug(&device, &queue, F::Rgba16Float, Output::Pq, true, None);
+        let scene_peak = super::SCENE_PEAK;
+        // The frame holding `color` (in gamma, as it stores light), after the curve if `curve`.
+        let through = |hdr: &mut Hdr, color: [f64; 4], curve: bool| {
+            let frame = hdr.frame(&device, [1, 1]);
+            let mut encoder = device.create_command_encoder(&Default::default());
+            fill(&mut encoder, &frame, color);
+            hdr.begin(&queue, true);
+            if curve {
+                hdr.tonemap(&mut encoder, None);
+            }
+            texel(&device, &queue, encoder, &frame)
+        };
+        // `exact`, or within one half-float step: S's own gamma rounds up in half float, to
+        // light just above S that the curve holds at S, and whether that comes back to the same
+        // half float depends on the GPU's rounding (one step lower on an Apple M4 Pro).
+        let unchanged = |hdr: &mut Hdr, color: [f64; 4], exact: bool| {
+            let (got, stored) = (through(hdr, color, true), through(hdr, color, false));
+            (0..4).all(|c| {
+                got[c] == stored[c] || !exact && (got[c] - stored[c]).abs() <= stored[c] / 1024.0
+            })
+        };
        // Linear light in and out, in units of paper white.
-        let eased = |hdr: &mut Hdr, light: [f32; 3]| {
+        let mapped = |hdr: &mut Hdr, light: [f32; 3]| {
            let [r, g, b] = light.map(|c| f64::from(c.powf(1.0 / 2.2)));
-            let [r, g, b, a] = after(hdr, [r, g, b, 1.0], &tonemap);
+            let [r, g, b, a] = through(hdr, [r, g, b, 1.0], true);
            assert_eq!(a, 1.0);
            [r, g, b].map(|c| c.powf(2.2))
        };
        let near = |got: f32, want: f32| (got - want).abs() <= 0.005 * want.max(1.0);
-        // Up to the knee (60% of the peak) the light stays exactly as stored.
-        for light in [0.0f32, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 2.9] {
-            let g = f64::from(light.powf(1.0 / 2.2));
-            let stored = after(&mut hdr, [g, g * 0.5, 0.0, 1.0], &|_, _| {});
-            assert_eq!(
-                after(&mut hdr, [g, g * 0.5, 0.0, 1.0], &tonemap),
-                stored,
-                "{light}"
-            );
-        }
-        // Past it, BT.2390's EETF in PQ at 203 and 1000 nits, with the source's peak at 2771
-        // nits (13.7 times paper white), worked out apart from the shader.
-        for (light, want) in [
-            (3.5, 3.43791),
-            (4.0, 3.78351),
-            (headroom, 4.23556),
-            (8.0, 4.82043),
-            (12.0, 4.92462),
-            (50.0, headroom),
+        // A display at or above the mastering one (T >= S): every stored value up to S comes
+        // out exactly as it went in, grey or coloured, and light above S is held at S with its
+        // hue, so 1500 and 10 000 nits show what 1000 does; so do the settings' extremes (Paper
+        // White 10 to 480 nits, Peak up to 10 000) wherever T reaches S.
+        for (paper, peak) in [
+            (203.0, 1000.0),
+            (203.0, 1500.0),
+            (203.0, 10000.0),
+            (480.0, 10000.0),
+            (10.0, 200.0),
        ] {
-            let [r, ..] = eased(&mut hdr, [light; 3]);
-            assert!(near(r, want), "{light}: {r}, not {want}");
+            (hdr.paper_white, hdr.peak) = (paper, peak);
+            for i in 0..=64 {
+                let g = f64::from((scene_peak * i as f32 / 64.0).powf(1.0 / 2.2));
+                let exact = i < 64;
+                assert!(unchanged(&mut hdr, [g, g, g, 1.0], exact), "{peak}: {i}");
+                assert!(
+                    unchanged(&mut hdr, [g, g * 0.6, g * 0.1, 1.0], exact),
+                    "{peak}: {i}"
+                );
+            }
+            for light in [8.0f32, 50.0] {
+                let [r, g, b] = mapped(&mut hdr, [light, light / 4.0, 0.0]);
+                assert!(
+                    near(r, scene_peak) && near(g * 4.0, r) && b == 0.0,
+                    "{peak}: {light}: {r} {g} {b}"
+                );
+            }
        }
-        // It rises, stays under the peak, and the brightest channel scales the others: the
-        // light keeps its hue.
-        let mut last = 0.0;
-        for i in 0..40 {
-            let light = 2.5 * 1.08f32.powi(i);
-            let [r, g, b] = eased(&mut hdr, [light, light / 4.0, 0.0]);
-            assert!(r >= last - 0.001 && r <= headroom * 1.002, "{light}: {r}");
-            assert!(near(g * 4.0, r) && b == 0.0, "{light}: {r} {g} {b}");
-            last = r;
+        // Dimmer displays: unchanged up to the knee, then the EETF into T, T at S and past it.
+        // At 300 nits the knee falls just below white (161 nits): white shows at 198 nits
+        // where the gates' curve, whose source followed the display, kept it at 203; the
+        // highlights above it keep more of their steps.
+        for (paper, peak, knee, checkpoints) in [
+            (
+                203.0,
+                600.0,
+                2.0,
+                &[
+                    (2.5, 2.47516),
+                    (3.0, 2.75699),
+                    (4.0, 2.9404),
+                    (scene_peak, 600.0 / 203.0),
+                    (8.0, 600.0 / 203.0),
+                ][..],
+            ),
+            (
+                203.0,
+                300.0,
+                0.75,
+                &[
+                    (0.9, 0.89289),
+                    (1.0, 0.97365),
+                    (1.2, 1.10406),
+                    (1.4, 1.20134),
+                    (2.0, 1.36833),
+                    (4.0, 1.47641),
+                    (8.0, 300.0 / 203.0),
+                ],
+            ),
+            (
+                400.0,
+                600.0,
+                0.8,
+                &[
+                    (1.0, 0.97973),
+                    (1.2, 1.11501),
+                    (1.5, 1.25607),
+                    (2.0, 1.38818),
+                    (scene_peak, 1.5),
+                ],
+            ),
+            // No headroom (a peak under paper white): the scene is compressed into white.
+            (
+                203.0,
+                150.0,
+                0.4,
+                &[
+                    (1.0, 0.78346),
+                    (1.5, 0.90244),
+                    (2.0, 0.95589),
+                    (4.0, 0.99944),
+                    (scene_peak, 1.0),
+                ],
+            ),
+        ] {
+            (hdr.paper_white, hdr.peak) = (paper, peak);
+            for light in [0.0f32, 0.3, knee] {
+                let g = f64::from(light.powf(1.0 / 2.2));
+                assert!(
+                    unchanged(&mut hdr, [g, g * 0.5, 0.0, 1.0], true),
+                    "{paper}/{peak}: {light}"
+                );
+            }
+            for &(light, want) in checkpoints {
+                let [r, ..] = mapped(&mut hdr, [light; 3]);
+                assert!(near(r, want), "{paper}/{peak}: {light}: {r}, not {want}");
+            }
+            // It rises, stays under the peak, and the brightest channel scales the others; a
+            // half float's step in gamma is 0.1% of the light near white.
+            let headroom = (peak / paper).max(1.0);
+            let mut last = 0.0;
+            for i in 0..40 {
+                let light = 0.5 * 1.08f32.powi(i);
+                let [r, g, b] = mapped(&mut hdr, [light, light / 4.0, 0.0]);
+                assert!(
+                    r >= last * 0.998 && r <= headroom * 1.002,
+                    "{peak}: {light}: {r}"
+                );
+                assert!(near(g * 4.0, r) && b == 0.0, "{peak}: {light}: {r} {g} {b}");
+                last = r;
+            }
        }
-        // A display with little headroom, 300 nits at a paper white of 203: the knee sits at
-        // white, so all that SDR shows stays as it is, and the source's peak is 645 nits.
-        hdr.peak = 300.0;
+        // Light Horizon doesn't lift (HDR Lighting off, a 0.2 pack's own) has no known peak:
+        // the curve's source follows the display, the knee at 60% of its peak and at least
+        // white, as before one peak. At 300 nits the source's peak is 645 nits.
+        hdr.lighting = false;
+        (hdr.paper_white, hdr.peak) = (203.0, 300.0);
        let headroom = 300.0 / 203.0;
-        for light in [0.5f32, 0.9, 1.0] {
+        for light in [0.0f32, 0.5, 0.9, 1.0] {
            let g = f64::from(light.powf(1.0 / 2.2));
-            let stored = after(&mut hdr, [g, g * 0.5, 0.0, 1.0], &|_, _| {});
-            assert_eq!(
-                after(&mut hdr, [g, g * 0.5, 0.0, 1.0], &tonemap),
-                stored,
-                "{light}"
-            );
+            assert!(unchanged(&mut hdr, [g, g * 0.5, 0.0, 1.0], true), "{light}");
        }
        for (light, want) in [
            (1.2, 1.16839),
@@ -1560,12 +1740,12 @@ struct ReferenceParams { peak: f32, scene: f32, world: f32, debug: f32, share: v
            (2.0, 1.44024),
            (4.0, headroom),
        ] {
-            let [r, ..] = eased(&mut hdr, [light; 3]);
+            let [r, ..] = mapped(&mut hdr, [light; 3]);
            assert!(near(r, want), "{light}: {r}, not {want}");
        }
-        // No headroom (a peak below paper white): a clip at white, channel by channel.
+        // With no headroom there, a clip at white, channel by channel.
        hdr.peak = 150.0;
-        let [r, g, b] = eased(&mut hdr, [1.5, 0.5, 0.2]);
+        let [r, g, b] = mapped(&mut hdr, [1.5, 0.5, 0.2]);
        assert!(r == 1.0 && near(g, 0.5) && near(b, 0.2), "{r} {g} {b}");
    }

@@ -1582,7 +1762,7 @@ struct ReferenceParams { peak: f32, scene: f32, world: f32, debug: f32, share: v
        (hdr.paper_white, hdr.peak, hdr.black) = (250.0, 800.0, 0.0);
        (hdr.ui, hdr.look, hdr.lighting) = (0.5, false, false);
        hdr.masks.parts = 0.4;
-        hdr.tiers[1].share = 0.7;
+        hdr.tiers[1].gain = 3.0;
        hdr.debug = true;
        hdr.calibration = Some(super::Calibration {
            step: 2,
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use super::{
    Hdr, Output,
-    tests::{gpu, legacy_light, texel},
+    tests::{gpu, legacy_light, texel, writers_lift},
 };
 use wgpu::TextureFormat as F;
 use wgpu::util::DeviceExt;
@@ -648,7 +648,7 @@ impl<'a> Draw<'a> {
        }
        if !written && !self.raw {
            let light = hdr.frame(self.device, [1, 1]);
-            legacy_light(self.device, &mut encoder, hdr, &frame, &light);
+            legacy_light(self.device, &mut encoder, writers_lift(hdr), &frame, &light);
            return texel(self.device, self.queue, encoder, &light);
        }
        texel(self.device, self.queue, encoder, &frame)
@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@ fn float_plain_fragments_keep_rgb_and_write_only_coverage() {
        return;
    };
    let mut hdr = Hdr::with_debug(&device, &queue, F::Rgba16Float, Output::Pq, true, None);
-    let (settings, shares) = hdr.draw_params(true);
+    let (settings, gains) = hdr.draw_params(true);
    let mut cases = 0;
    for hdr_on in [false, true] {
        let globals = super::super::Globals {
@@ -677,7 +677,7 @@ fn float_plain_fragments_keep_rgb_and_write_only_coverage() {
            hdr_windows: hdr.windows(),
            hdr_light: [0.8, 0.8, f32::from(u8::from(hdr_on)), 0.0],
            hdr_settings: settings,
-            hdr_shares: shares,
+            hdr_gains: gains,
            ..bytemuck::Zeroable::zeroed()
        };
        for terrain in [true, false] {
@@ -739,7 +739,7 @@ fn float_stars_keep_the_original_rgb_with_brightness_as_coverage() {
        return;
    };
    let mut hdr = Hdr::with_debug(&device, &queue, F::Rgba16Float, Output::Pq, true, None);
-    let (settings, shares) = hdr.draw_params(true);
+    let (settings, gains) = hdr.draw_params(true);
    // Frozen f030d9c80 fragment: the original written branch and its marked fallback.
    let source = include_str!("../hdr_light.wgsl").to_owned()
        + include_str!("stars.wgsl")
@@ -750,7 +750,7 @@ fn float_stars_keep_the_original_rgb_with_brightness_as_coverage() {
@fragment fn reference() -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
    let b = stars.color.a;
    if HDR_WRITE_LIGHT && stars.hdr_light.w != 0.0 {
-        return vec4(hdr_written(stars.color.rgb * b, 0.175, stars.hdr_settings, stars.hdr_shares), b);
+        return vec4(hdr_written(stars.color.rgb * b, 0.175, stars.hdr_settings, stars.hdr_gains), b);
    }
    return vec4(stars.color.rgb * b, 0.175);
 }
@@ -763,7 +763,7 @@ fn float_stars_keep_the_original_rgb_with_brightness_as_coverage() {
        let mut data = [0.0_f32; 32];
        data[16..20].copy_from_slice(&[0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 0.35]);
        data[20..24].copy_from_slice(&settings);
-        data[24..28].copy_from_slice(&shares);
+        data[24..28].copy_from_slice(&gains);
        data[31] = gain;
        let uniform = device.create_buffer_init(&wgpu::util::BufferInitDescriptor {
            label: None,
@@ -908,7 +908,7 @@ fn actual_opaque_writers_match_the_legacy_non_float_oracle() {
    }
    let mut hdr = Hdr::with_debug(&device, &queue, F::Rgba16Float, Output::Pq, true, None);
    (hdr.paper_white, hdr.peak) = (203.0, 1000.0);
-    let (settings, shares) = hdr.draw_params(true);
+    let (settings, gains) = hdr.draw_params(true);
    let mut count = 0;
    for fog in [0.0, 0.5, 1.0] {
        for visibility in [1.0, 0.4] {
@@ -921,7 +921,7 @@ fn actual_opaque_writers_match_the_legacy_non_float_oracle() {
                hdr_windows: hdr.windows(),
                hdr_light: [0.8, 0.8, 1.0, 1.0],
                hdr_settings: settings,
-                hdr_shares: shares,
+                hdr_gains: gains,
                ..bytemuck::Zeroable::zeroed()
            };
            for terrain in [true, false] {
@@ -968,7 +968,7 @@ fn actual_translucent_writers_blend_their_own_light() {
        return;
    };
    let mut hdr = Hdr::with_debug(&device, &queue, F::Rgba16Float, Output::Pq, true, None);
-    let (settings, shares) = hdr.draw_params(true);
+    let (settings, gains) = hdr.draw_params(true);
    let globals = super::super::Globals {
        fog: [0.0, 100.0, 0.0, 100.0],
        fog_ends: [100.0, 100.0, 0.0, 0.0],
@@ -977,7 +977,7 @@ fn actual_translucent_writers_blend_their_own_light() {
        hdr_windows: hdr.windows(),
        hdr_light: [0.8, 0.8, 1.0, 1.0],
        hdr_settings: settings,
-        hdr_shares: shares,
+        hdr_gains: gains,
        ..bytemuck::Zeroable::zeroed()
    };
    // Texel alpha 100 is clear glass's kind of texel, below the 0.6 the marked frame's
@@ -1035,14 +1035,14 @@ fn unmarked_entity_users_keep_their_source_gain() {
        return;
    }
    let mut hdr = Hdr::with_debug(&device, &queue, F::Rgba16Float, Output::Pq, true, None);
-    let (settings, shares) = hdr.draw_params(true);
+    let (settings, gains) = hdr.draw_params(true);
    let globals = super::super::Globals {
        fog: [0.0, 100.0, 0.0, 100.0],
        fog_ends: [100.0, 100.0, 0.0, 0.0],
        hdr_windows: hdr.windows(),
        hdr_light: [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0],
        hdr_settings: settings,
-        hdr_shares: shares,
+        hdr_gains: gains,
        ..bytemuck::Zeroable::zeroed()
    };
    let draw = Draw::new(&device, &queue, false, &globals, 255);
@@ -1079,13 +1079,13 @@ fn additive_texels_below_the_mark_cutoff_keep_their_gain() {
        return;
    }
    let mut hdr = Hdr::with_debug(&device, &queue, F::Rgba16Float, Output::Pq, true, None);
-    let (settings, shares) = hdr.draw_params(true);
+    let (settings, gains) = hdr.draw_params(true);
    let globals = super::super::Globals {
        fog: [0.0, 100.0, 0.0, 100.0],
        hdr_windows: hdr.windows(),
        hdr_light: [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0],
        hdr_settings: settings,
-        hdr_shares: shares,
+        hdr_gains: gains,
        ..bytemuck::Zeroable::zeroed()
    };
    let draw = Draw::new(&device, &queue, false, &globals, 16);
@@ -1129,7 +1129,7 @@ fn check_oit_writer(terrain: bool, kind: &str, overlay: u32, tier: u32, alphas:
    }))
    .unwrap();
    let mut hdr = Hdr::with_debug(&device, &queue, F::Rgba16Float, Output::Pq, true, None);
-    let (settings, shares) = hdr.draw_params(true);
+    let (settings, gains) = hdr.draw_params(true);
    let globals = super::super::Globals {
        fog: [0.0, 100.0, 0.0, 100.0],
        fog_ends: [100.0, 100.0, 0.0, 0.0],
@@ -1138,7 +1138,7 @@ fn check_oit_writer(terrain: bool, kind: &str, overlay: u32, tier: u32, alphas:
        hdr_windows: hdr.windows(),
        hdr_light: [0.8, 0.8, 1.0, 1.0],
        hdr_settings: settings,
-        hdr_shares: shares,
+        hdr_gains: gains,
        ..bytemuck::Zeroable::zeroed()
    };
    for &alpha in alphas {
@@ -2770,6 +2770,8 @@ file = \"b.wgsl\"
                true,
            );
            (display.paper_white, display.peak) = (paper, peak);
+            // As the renderer has it under a pack that draws: Horizon lights none of it.
+            display.lighting = false;
            if switched {
                use super::super::hdr::Output::{Pq, ScRgb};
                display = display.retargeted(&device, &queue, ScRgb);
@@ -696,13 +696,16 @@ impl Oit {
            ),
        ] {
            {
-                let mut pass = encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
+                let pass = encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
                    label: Some(label),
                    timestamp_writes: timing.as_deref_mut().and_then(|t| t.writes(label)),
                    color_attachments: &first,
                    depth_stencil_attachment: read_only(terrain_depth),
                    ..Default::default()
                });
+                let pixels = super::pixel_count(terrain_depth);
+                let mut pass =
+                    super::pack_timing::counted(timing.as_deref_mut(), pass, pixels, label);
                pass.set_bind_group(GROUP, group, &[]);
                draw(&mut pass, stage);
            }
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+//! The world pass after culling, and the renderer's GPU pass timing switches and readings.
+use super::{Renderer, native_pack, pack_post, pack_timing};
+
+pub(super) fn world_pass_after_culling<'e>(
+    encoder: &'e mut wgpu::CommandEncoder,
+    view: &wgpu::TextureView,
+    depth: &wgpu::TextureView,
+    keep_depth: bool,
+    mut timing: Option<&mut pack_timing::PassTiming>,
+    name: &str,
+    pixels: u64,
+) -> pack_timing::CountedPass<'e> {
+    let pass = after_culling_pass(
+        encoder,
+        view,
+        depth,
+        keep_depth,
+        timing.as_deref_mut().and_then(|t| t.writes(name)),
+    );
+    pack_timing::counted(timing, pass, pixels, "before translucent")
+}
+/// The pixels of a depth attachment, for `fragments_per_pixel`.
+pub(super) fn pixel_count(depth: &wgpu::TextureView) -> u64 {
+    let texture = depth.texture();
+    u64::from(texture.width()) * u64::from(texture.height())
+}
+pub(super) fn after_culling_pass<'e>(
+    encoder: &'e mut wgpu::CommandEncoder,
+    view: &wgpu::TextureView,
+    depth: &wgpu::TextureView,
+    keep_depth: bool,
+    timestamp_writes: Option<wgpu::RenderPassTimestampWrites<'_>>,
+) -> wgpu::RenderPass<'e> {
+    encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
+        label: Some("Horizon world, after culling"),
+        timestamp_writes,
+        color_attachments: &[Some(wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment {
+            view,
+            resolve_target: None,
+            depth_slice: None,
+            ops: wgpu::Operations {
+                load: wgpu::LoadOp::Load,
+                store: wgpu::StoreOp::Store,
+            },
+        })],
+        depth_stencil_attachment: Some(wgpu::RenderPassDepthStencilAttachment {
+            view: depth,
+            depth_ops: Some(wgpu::Operations {
+                load: wgpu::LoadOp::Load,
+                // A shader pack reads it as depthtex0.
+                store: if keep_depth {
+                    wgpu::StoreOp::Store
+                } else {
+                    wgpu::StoreOp::Discard
+                },
+            }),
+            stencil_ops: None,
+        }),
+        ..Default::default()
+    })
+}
+
+impl Renderer {
+    /// Times the shader pack's passes on the GPU while `on` (the F3 overlay is open or a capture records them).
+    pub fn set_pass_timing(&mut self, on: bool) {
+        self.pass_timing = on;
+    }
+    /// Times the parts of Horizon's own passes while `on`.
+    pub fn set_pass_detail(&mut self, on: bool) {
+        self.pass_detail = on;
+    }
+    /// Times a frame at most once per `gap` while passes are timed (the F3 overlay needs far fewer
+    /// samples than a measurement).
+    pub fn set_pass_timing_gap(&mut self, gap: std::time::Duration) {
+        self.pass_timing_gap = gap;
+    }
+    /// Keeps each timed frame's pass times for `take_timed_frames` while `on` (a capture records them).
+    pub fn set_keep_timed_frames(&mut self, on: bool) {
+        self.keep_timed_frames = on;
+    }
+    /// The frames both timers timed since the last call, without waiting on the GPU.
+    pub fn take_timed_frames(&mut self) -> pack_timing::TimedFrames {
+        let own = self
+            .own_timing
+            .as_mut()
+            .map(pack_timing::PassTiming::take_frames)
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+        let pack = match Self::pass_timer(&mut self.pack_post, &mut self.native) {
+            Some(Some(t)) => t.take_frames(),
+            _ => Vec::new(),
+        };
+        pack_timing::TimedFrames { own, pack }
+    }
+    /// The running shader pack's timer, of either kind.
+    pub(super) fn pass_timer<'a>(
+        pack: &'a mut Option<(i32, Option<pack_post::PackPost>)>,
+        native: &'a mut Option<native_pack::NativePack>,
+    ) -> Option<&'a mut Option<pack_timing::PassTiming>> {
+        match (pack, native) {
+            (Some((_, Some(post))), _) => Some(&mut post.timing),
+            (_, Some(native)) => Some(&mut native.timing),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+    /// Each pass of the running shader pack with its median GPU time in milliseconds, while
+    /// they are timed (`set_pass_timing`).
+    pub fn shader_pass_times(&self) -> Vec<(String, f32)> {
+        let timer = match (&self.pack_post, &self.native) {
+            (Some((_, Some(post))), _) => post.timing.as_ref(),
+            (_, Some(native)) => native.timing.as_ref(),
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        timer
+            .map(pack_timing::PassTiming::medians)
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+    /// Each of Horizon's own passes with its median GPU time in milliseconds, while they are
+    /// timed (`set_pass_timing`).
+    pub fn own_pass_times(&self) -> Vec<(String, f32)> {
+        self.own_timing
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(pack_timing::PassTiming::medians)
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+    /// Each of Horizon's own passes with its parts' median GPU times in milliseconds.
+    pub fn own_pass_parts(&self) -> Vec<(String, Vec<(String, f32)>)> {
+        self.own_timing
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(pack_timing::PassTiming::part_medians)
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+    /// Each counted pass's counters (medians), while detail is on and the device has them.
+    pub fn own_pass_counters(&self) -> Vec<(String, pack_timing::PassCounters)> {
+        self.own_timing
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(pack_timing::PassTiming::counter_medians)
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+    /// Both timers' readings and this adapter, for a capture; `None` when neither has timed a pass.
+    pub fn gpu_readout(&self) -> Option<pack_timing::GpuReadout> {
+        let own = self
+            .own_timing
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(pack_timing::PassTiming::readings)
+            .filter(|r| !r.is_empty());
+        let pack = match (&self.pack_post, &self.native) {
+            (Some((_, Some(post))), _) => post.timing.as_ref(),
+            (_, Some(native)) => native.timing.as_ref(),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+        .map(pack_timing::PassTiming::readings)
+        .filter(|r| !r.is_empty());
+        (own.is_some() || pack.is_some()).then(|| pack_timing::GpuReadout {
+            adapter: self.info.clone(),
+            own,
+            pack,
+        })
+    }
+    /// Whether dispatch parts and counters are being asked for (`set_pass_detail`).
+    pub fn pass_detail(&self) -> bool {
+        self.pass_detail
+    }
+    /// What detail timing can show on this device; `None` without pass timing.
+    pub fn pass_detail_support(&self) -> Option<pack_timing::DetailSupport> {
+        self.own_timing
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(pack_timing::PassTiming::detail_support)
+    }
+}
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ struct Uniform {
    clip_from_sky: [[f32; 4]; 4],
    color: [f32; 4],
    hdr_settings: [f32; 4],
-    hdr_shares: [f32; 4],
+    hdr_gains: [f32; 4],
    hdr_light: [f32; 4],
 }

@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ impl Stars {
            clip_from_sky: clip_from_sky.to_cols_array_2d(),
            color: [b; 4],
            hdr_settings: globals.hdr_settings,
-            hdr_shares: globals.hdr_shares,
+            hdr_gains: globals.hdr_gains,
            hdr_light: globals.hdr_light,
        };
        uploads.buffer(encoder, &self.uniform, 0, bytemuck::bytes_of(&uniform));
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ struct Stars {
    // starBrightness in every channel (RenderSystem.setShaderColor).
    color: vec4<f32>,
    hdr_settings: vec4<f32>,
-    hdr_shares: vec4<f32>,
+    hdr_gains: vec4<f32>,
    hdr_light: vec4<f32>,
 }
@group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> stars: Stars;
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ struct Stars {
@fragment fn fs_stars() -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
    let b = stars.color.a;
    if HDR_WRITE_LIGHT && stars.hdr_light.w != 0.0 {
-        return vec4(hdr_written(stars.color.rgb * b, 0.175, stars.hdr_settings, stars.hdr_shares), b);
+        return vec4(hdr_written(stars.color.rgb * b, 0.175, stars.hdr_settings, stars.hdr_gains), b);
    }
    if HDR_WRITE_LIGHT { return vec4(frame_stored(stars.color).rgb * b, b); }
    return vec4(stars.color.rgb * b, 0.175);
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 //! an adapter that can't present to the window gives way to another of its backend
 //! (#13493).
 use super::{
-    Renderer, check_layers, cull, describe_adapter, is_software, oit, startup_step, surface_format,
-    timing,
+    Renderer, check_layers, cull, describe_adapter, is_software, oit, pack_timing, startup_step,
+    surface_format, timing,
 };
 // Ray tracing on request, which the device needs from its creation (gfx.rs may not grow).
 #[path = "ray_query.rs"]
@@ -135,6 +135,7 @@ pub(super) async fn open_adapter(
    // atomics on images: their buffers and images. Filtering 32-bit float textures: shader
    // packs' RGBA32F buffers, which GL filters and mipmaps. Count draws: GPU culling's (`gpu_culling`).
    let features = timing::GpuTimer::features(adapter)
+        | pack_timing::PassTiming::features(adapter)
        | cull::Cull::features(adapter)
        | oit::features(adapter)
        | ray_query::features(adapter)
@@ -239,17 +239,17 @@ impl Visbuffer {
        encoder: &'e mut wgpu::CommandEncoder,
        depth: &wgpu::TextureView,
        clear: bool,
-        timing: Option<&mut PassTiming>,
-    ) -> wgpu::RenderPass<'e> {
+        mut timing: Option<&mut PassTiming>,
+    ) -> super::pack_timing::CountedPass<'e> {
        let (ids, _) = self.ids.as_ref().expect("fitted before the world pass");
        let name = if clear {
            "Visibility IDs"
        } else {
            "Visibility IDs after culling"
        };
-        encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
+        let pass = encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
            label: Some("Horizon visibility buffer"),
-            timestamp_writes: timing.and_then(|t| t.writes(name)),
+            timestamp_writes: timing.as_deref_mut().and_then(|t| t.writes(name)),
            color_attachments: &[Some(wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment {
                view: ids,
                resolve_target: None,
@@ -272,7 +272,8 @@ impl Visbuffer {
                stencil_ops: None,
            }),
            ..Default::default()
-        })
+        });
+        super::pack_timing::counted(timing, pass, super::pixel_count(depth), name)
    }

    /// Phase 1's solid calls into the IDs, as the normal passes draw them: the opaque
@@ -360,13 +360,13 @@ impl Post {
        &mut self,
        gain: bool,
        settings: [f32; 4],
-        shares: [f32; 4],
+        gains: [f32; 4],
        windows: [[f32; 4]; 2],
    ) {
        // These uniforms do not change baked colour without gain. Keep compatibility
        // history stable when only its final display settings change.
        let key = Some(if gain {
-            (true, settings, shares, windows)
+            (true, settings, gains, windows)
        } else {
            (false, [0.0; 4], [0.0; 4], [[0.0; 4]; 2])
        });
@@ -887,7 +887,7 @@ mod tests {
        post.jitter([32, 32], true, Mat4::IDENTITY, DVec3::ZERO);
        assert_eq!(post.taa_this_frame.jitter[2], 0.0);
        eprintln!(
-            "TAA baked-light GPU checked gain, all settings/shares/windows and the first frame after a pack"
+            "TAA baked-light GPU checked gain, all settings/gains/windows and the first frame after a pack"
        );
    }

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ fn warp_fragment(in: TerrainOut, front: bool) -> Fragment {
        let fog = max(linear_fog(in.spherical, globals.fog.x, globals.fog.y),
            linear_fog(in.cylindrical, globals.fog.z, globals.fog.w)) * globals.fog_color.a;
        let mark = hdr_scene_alpha(mix(hdr_scene(in.scene.x, in.scene.y, hdr_facing()), globals.hdr_light.y, fog));
-        return vec4(hdr_written(finished.rgb, mark, globals.hdr_settings, globals.hdr_shares), finished.a);
+        return vec4(hdr_written(finished.rgb, mark, globals.hdr_settings, globals.hdr_gains), finished.a);
    }
    return frame_stored(finished);
 }
@@ -20,15 +20,20 @@ struct Params {
    black: f32,
    // The HUD and menus' brightness as a share of paper white.
    ui: f32,
-    // HDR lighting: what the strongest light multiplies a surface by, 1 for none.
+    // The compatibility frame's lift (`lit`; the float frame's writers have theirs from
+    // Hdr::draw_params). HDR lighting: what the strongest light multiplies a surface by, 1 for
+    // none.
    scene: f32,
-    // Per tier, low to very bright (hdr.rs `Tier`): the share of the headroom
+    // Per tier, low to very bright (hdr.rs `COMPAT_SHARES`): the share of the headroom
    // its fully lifted pixels get.
    share: vec4<f32>,
    // HDR calibration (hdr_calibration.rs): x its step (0 none, 1 black level,
    // 2 peak, 3 paper white), y the slider in nits, z where its controls start,
    // a share of the height.
    calibration: vec4<f32>,
+    // The scene's peak in units of paper white where Horizon lifts the world (hdr.rs
+    // `SCENE_PEAK`), else 0: what the tone curve maps onto the display's peak (`tone_scale`).
+    scene_peak: f32,
 };
@group(0) @binding(2) var<uniform> params: Params;
 // Horizon's logo, 1 inside, 0 outside, for calibration's test pictures.
@@ -155,7 +160,7 @@ fn calibration_nits(p: vec2<f32>, size: vec2<f32>) -> f32 {
 }

 fn lit(f: vec3<f32>, a: f32, shows: bool, eased: bool) -> Lit {
-    return hdr_mark_light(f, a, shows, eased, vec4(params.peak, params.scene, params.world, params.debug), params.share);
+    return hdr_mark_light(f, a, shows, eased, vec4(params.peak, params.scene, params.world, params.debug), (params.peak - 1.0) * params.share);
 }

 // Calibration: above its controls the test picture, straight in nits, past
@@ -251,33 +256,52 @@ fn display(light: vec3<f32>, pos: vec4<f32>) -> vec4<f32> {
    return display(light, pos);
 }

-// The tone curve's knee: up to it light stays as it is. Where HDR lighting eased into the peak
-// before the curve (`lit`), 60% of it, so bright textures keep their detail; at least paper white.
+// Where the scene's peak is unknown (`tone_scale`), the curve's knee: up to it light stays as it
+// is. Where HDR lighting eased into the peak before the curve (`lit`), 60% of it, so bright
+// textures keep their detail; at least paper white.
 fn tone_knee(headroom: f32) -> f32 {
    return max(0.6 * headroom, 1.0);
 }

-// The tone curve on light whose brightest channel is `top`, in units of paper white `paper`
-// nits: what to scale the light by, so it ends at most `headroom` (above 1). ITU-R BT.2390's
-// EETF in PQ, without the black level lift (`display` does that): the same up to its knee, then
-// a Hermite spline that reaches the peak level, at the source's peak. That peak is where the knee
-// lands at `tone_knee`, PQ's 10 000 nits at most; light past it shows at the peak. The brightest
-// channel sets the scale for all three, so light keeps its hue as it eases (lava stays orange)
-// and no channel passes the peak.
-fn tone_scale(top: f32, headroom: f32, paper: f32) -> f32 {
-    if top <= tone_knee(headroom) {
-        return 1.0;
-    }
+// The tone curve on light whose brightest channel is `top`, in units of paper white `paper` nits:
+// what to scale the light by, so it ends at most `headroom` (T). ITU-R BT.2390's EETF in PQ,
+// without the black level lift (`display` does that): the same up to its knee, then a Hermite
+// spline reaching T at the source's peak, past which light shows at T. The brightest channel sets
+// the scale for all three, so light keeps its hue (lava stays orange) and no channel passes T.
+//
+// The source is the scene's peak S where Horizon lifts the world (`scene_peak`, hdr.rs
+// `SCENE_PEAK`): the world's light is the same on every display, light past S is held at S, and
+// where T reaches S that is all, so a display above S shows the world as one at S. Where the
+// scene's range is unknown (`scene_peak` 0: a 0.2 pack's own light, HDR Lighting off), the
+// source follows the display, as the 0.2 contract has it: the peak that puts the EETF's knee at
+// `tone_knee`, PQ's 10 000 nits at most.
+fn tone_scale(top: f32, scene_peak: f32, headroom: f32, paper: f32) -> f32 {
    let peak = pq(vec3(headroom * paper)).x;
-    let source = min(3.0 * peak - 2.0 * pq(vec3(tone_knee(headroom) * paper)).x, 1.0);
-    let e = pq(vec3(top * paper)).x / source;
+    var source: f32;
+    var e: f32;
+    var held = 1.0;
+    if scene_peak > 0.0 {
+        held = min(1.0, scene_peak / max(top, 1e-6));
+        if scene_peak <= headroom {
+            return held;
+        }
+        source = pq(vec3(scene_peak * paper)).x;
+        e = pq(vec3(min(top, scene_peak) * paper)).x / source;
+    } else {
+        if top <= tone_knee(headroom) {
+            return 1.0;
+        }
+        source = min(3.0 * peak - 2.0 * pq(vec3(tone_knee(headroom) * paper)).x, 1.0);
+        e = pq(vec3(top * paper)).x / source;
+    }
    let max_lum = peak / source;
-    let ks = 1.5 * max_lum - 0.5;
+    // At least 0: past 3 to 1 in PQ the knee would leave the source's range.
+    let ks = max(1.5 * max_lum - 0.5, 0.0);
    if e >= 1.0 {
        return headroom / top;
    }
    if e <= ks {
-        return 1.0;
+        return held;
    }
    let t = (e - ks) / (1.0 - ks);
    let t2 = t * t;
@@ -287,16 +311,16 @@ fn tone_scale(top: f32, headroom: f32, paper: f32) -> f32 {
 }

 // Hdr::tonemap, after the post effects and before the camera overlays (docs/design/
-// hdr-linear-light.md, `[tonemap]`): the light (`world` holds the frame) eased into the peak, in
-// gamma, where scaling the light by s scales the stored colour by s^(1/2.2). Light up to the
-// knee stays exactly as stored. With no headroom, a clip at white.
+// hdr-linear-light.md, `[tonemap]`): the light (`world` holds the frame) fitted to the display, in
+// gamma, where scaling the light by s scales the stored colour by s^(1/2.2). Light the curve
+// leaves alone stays exactly as stored. With no headroom and no scene peak, a clip at white.
@fragment fn fs_tonemap(@builtin(position) pos: vec4<f32>) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
    let g = textureLoad(world, vec2<i32>(pos.xy), 0).rgb;
-    if params.peak <= 1.0 {
+    if params.scene_peak == 0.0 && params.peak <= 1.0 {
        return vec4(min(g, vec3(1.0)), 1.0);
    }
    let top = pow(max(max(g.r, max(g.g, g.b)), 0.0), 2.2);
-    let s = tone_scale(top, params.peak, params.paper * 80.0);
+    let s = tone_scale(top, params.scene_peak, params.peak, params.paper * 80.0);
    return vec4(select(g * pow(s, 1.0 / 2.2), g, s == 1.0), 1.0);
 }

@@ -331,7 +355,7 @@ fn layered(at: vec2<i32>) -> vec3<f32> {
 }

 // Screenshots keep midtones at their drawn brightness, with a shoulder starting at 0.6
-// paper white in linear light. Unlike the display curve (whose knee is at least white),
+// paper white in linear light. Unlike the display curve (which ends at the display's peak),
 // this has an unbounded source range: k + (1-k)*(top-k)/(top+1-2*k) approaches SDR
 // white smoothly, with slope 1 at k. One scale keeps the world's linear RGB ratios.
 fn screenshot_world(w: vec3<f32>) -> vec3<f32> {
@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@ struct Lit {
    lifted: bool,
 };

-fn hdr_mark_light(f: vec3<f32>, a: f32, shows: bool, eased: bool, settings: vec4<f32>, shares: vec4<f32>) -> Lit {
+// `lifts`, per tier: how much its fully lifted pixels gain over their own light (their gain - 1).
+fn hdr_mark_light(f: vec3<f32>, a: f32, shows: bool, eased: bool, settings: vec4<f32>, lifts: vec4<f32>) -> Lit {
    var lifted = false;
    // Light over 1 (a float frame's) shows only where the world does and carries
    // no mark (alpha 1), up to the peak: light written as light. Marked pixels clip
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ fn hdr_mark_light(f: vec3<f32>, a: f32, shows: bool, eased: bool, settings: vec4
        let lift = 1.0 - clamp((a - 0.175 * f32(band)) / 0.165, 0.0, 1.0);
        if lift > 0.0 {
            let top = max(light.r, max(light.g, light.b));
-            var gain = 1.0 + (settings.x - 1.0) * shares[tier] * lift;
+            var gain = 1.0 + lifts[tier] * lift;
            if eased {
                gain = min(gain, settings.x / max(top, 1e-4));
            }
@@ -88,7 +89,8 @@ fn hdr_quantized_mark(mark: f32) -> f32 {
    return round(saturate(mark) * 255.0) / 255.0;
 }

-fn hdr_written(color: vec3<f32>, mark: f32, settings: vec4<f32>, shares: vec4<f32>) -> vec3<f32> {
-    let shows = settings.z > 0.5 && settings.x > 1.0;
-    return pow(hdr_mark_light(max(color, vec3(0.0)), hdr_quantized_mark(mark), shows, false, settings, shares).light, vec3(1.0 / 2.2));
+// The world's writers' light, from the tiers' `gains` (Hdr::draw_params): the same on every
+// display; the tone curve fits it to the display afterwards (fs_tonemap).
+fn hdr_written(color: vec3<f32>, mark: f32, settings: vec4<f32>, gains: vec4<f32>) -> vec3<f32> {
+    return pow(hdr_mark_light(max(color, vec3(0.0)), hdr_quantized_mark(mark), settings.z > 0.5, false, settings, gains - vec4(1.0)).light, vec3(1.0 / 2.2));
 }
@@ -1401,9 +1401,9 @@ impl HudAtlas {
            edition.3 = pixels;
        }
        images.push(("horizon/white".into(), 4, 4, vec![255; 64]));
-        // The controller's art, unless a pack brought its own (walked above, as a mod's GUI
-        // textures are).
-        for image in crate::pad_glyph::images() {
+        // The controller's art and Horizon's mark, unless a pack brought its own (walked above, as a
+        // mod's GUI textures are).
+        for image in crate::pad_glyph::images().chain(crate::mark_sprite::image()) {
            if !images.iter().any(|i| i.0 == image.0) {
                images.push(image);
            }
@@ -396,6 +396,7 @@ fn coverage_uses_pack_texts_final_alpha_and_discard() {
    let program = crate::core_shader::CoreProgram {
        vertex: naga::front::wgsl::parse_str("@vertex fn main(@location(0) p: vec2<f32>) -> @builtin(position) vec4<f32> { return vec4(p.x / 2.0 - 1.0, 1.0 - p.y, 0.0, 1.0); }").unwrap(),
        fragment: naga::front::wgsl::parse_str("struct Result { @location(0) color: vec4<f32> } @fragment fn main(@builtin(position) p: vec4<f32>) -> Result { if p.x > 2.0 { discard; } return Result(vec4(0.4, 0.2, 0.1, 0.5)); }").unwrap(),
+        other: Vec::new(),
    };
    gpu.hud.set_text_shader(&gpu.device, Some(&program));
    assert!(gpu.hud.pack_text.is_some());
@@ -417,6 +418,7 @@ fn a_pack_text_shader_without_a_colour_output_is_dropped_not_wrapped() {
    let program = crate::core_shader::CoreProgram {
        vertex: naga::front::wgsl::parse_str("@vertex fn main(@location(0) p: vec2<f32>) -> @builtin(position) vec4<f32> { return vec4(p, 0.0, 1.0); }").unwrap(),
        fragment: naga::front::wgsl::parse_str("@fragment fn main() -> @location(1) vec4<f32> { return vec4(1.0); }").unwrap(),
+        other: Vec::new(),
    };
    gpu.hud.set_text_shader(&gpu.device, Some(&program));
    assert!(gpu.hud.pack_text.is_none());
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ pub mod level_loading;
 pub mod light;
 pub mod lod;
 pub mod logging;
+pub mod mark_sprite;
 pub mod menu_blur;
 pub mod menu_style;
 pub mod mesher;
@@ -102,6 +103,9 @@ pub mod pad_glyph;
 pub mod paged_maps;
 pub mod par;
 pub mod particles;
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+pub mod perf_capture;
+pub mod perf_gpu;
 pub mod poi_sections;
 pub mod polytone_post;
 pub mod post_chain;
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//! Horizon's mark (`docs/media/brand/mark-dark.svg`) on the text grid, for an inline text sprite.
+
+/// The mark's name in the HUD atlas.
+pub const SPRITE: &str = "horizon:gui/mark";
+const PNG: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../../horizon-client/assets/horizon/textures/gui/mark.png");
+
+/// The mark as the HUD atlas takes an image.
+pub fn image() -> std::iter::Once<(String, u32, u32, Vec<u8>)> {
+    let (width, height, rgba) = crate::hud::decode_bytes(PNG).expect("Horizon's mark is PNG");
+    std::iter::once((SPRITE.to_owned(), width, height, rgba))
+}
@@ -2259,22 +2259,14 @@ impl Mesher<'_> {
            translucent: face.translucent,
            opaque: face.opaque,
        };
-        // A tile keeps the quad's forced translucency; `<skip>` and `<default>` are its own.
-        let tile = |t: TileLayer| match t {
-            TileLayer::Layer {
-                layer,
-                translucent,
-                opaque,
-            } => TileLayer::Layer {
-                layer,
-                translucent: translucent || q.render_type.is_none() && q.material.force_translucent,
-                opaque,
-            },
-            TileLayer::Skip | TileLayer::Default => own,
-        };
+        let own_translucent = self.translucent(own);
+        let tile = |t: TileLayer| in_face_pass(t, own, own_translucent);
        match pick {
            Pick::Keep => self.quad(out, force_solid, own, corners.map(|c| c.0), tint),
-            Pick::Tile(t) => self.quad(out, force_solid, tile(t), corners.map(|c| c.0), tint),
+            Pick::Tile(t) => {
+                let v = corners.map(|c| c.0);
+                self.quad_as(out, force_solid, tile(t), v, false, tint);
+            }
            Pick::Quarters(tiles) => {
                let cuts = cuts(&corners);
                for s in cuts.windows(2) {
@@ -2283,7 +2275,7 @@ impl Mesher<'_> {
                            .map(|(s, t)| bilinear(&corners, s, t));
                        let quarter = quarter_of(&piece);
                        let piece = piece.map(|c| c.0);
-                        self.quad(out, force_solid, tile(tiles[quarter]), piece, tint);
+                        self.quad_as(out, force_solid, tile(tiles[quarter]), piece, false, tint);
                    }
                }
            }
@@ -2296,12 +2288,7 @@ impl Mesher<'_> {
        if count == 0 {
            return;
        }
-        let face_translucent = match pick {
-            Pick::Keep => self.translucent(own),
-            Pick::Tile(t) => self.translucent(tile(t)),
-            Pick::Quarters(tiles) => tiles.into_iter().any(|t| self.translucent(tile(t))),
-            Pick::Nothing => false,
-        };
+        let face_translucent = !matches!(pick, Pick::Nothing) && own_translucent;
        // Overlay tiles face the standard way too (Continuity: "overlay textures always have the
        // standard orientation"), whatever turns the model's own UVs (dirt's and sand's random
        // rotations).
@@ -2450,6 +2437,21 @@ fn cuts(c: &[(TerrainVertex, [f32; 2]); 4]) -> Cuts {
    }
    out
 }
+/// Tile `t` as drawn over a face whose own sprite is `own`, in the face's pass
+/// (`own_translucent`): CTM picks a texture, not a render layer (OptiFine draws a tile in the
+/// block's). The tile's texels only drop the alpha test when all are opaque. A Conquest grass
+/// blade tile with 7 partly clear texels of 1024 blended, and wrote the depth of its clear
+/// rectangle, which Bliss fogs. `<skip>` and `<default>` are the face's own sprite.
+fn in_face_pass(t: TileLayer, own: TileLayer, own_translucent: bool) -> TileLayer {
+    match t {
+        TileLayer::Layer { layer, opaque, .. } => TileLayer::Layer {
+            layer,
+            translucent: own_translucent,
+            opaque,
+        },
+        TileLayer::Skip | TileLayer::Default => own,
+    }
+}
 /// The UV a vanilla cube's face gives the block-local point `p` (`BlockElement`'s default UVs),
 /// in sprite units: up is north on the top face, south on the bottom one, and up on the sides.
 fn standard_uv(facing: horizon_assets::model::Direction, [x, y, z]: [f32; 3]) -> [f32; 2] {
@@ -2574,6 +2576,38 @@ mod quarter_tests {
        );
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn a_tile_draws_in_its_faces_pass() {
+        // Conquest's grass blade tile: a few partly clear texels, over an opaque face.
+        let blade = TileLayer::Layer {
+            layer: 5,
+            translucent: true,
+            opaque: false,
+        };
+        let face = |translucent| TileLayer::Layer {
+            layer: 1,
+            translucent,
+            opaque: !translucent,
+        };
+        let cut = TileLayer::Layer {
+            layer: 5,
+            translucent: false,
+            opaque: false,
+        };
+        assert_eq!(in_face_pass(blade, face(false), false), cut);
+        // Over stained glass the tile blends, as the face does.
+        let blend = TileLayer::Layer {
+            layer: 5,
+            translucent: true,
+            opaque: false,
+        };
+        assert_eq!(in_face_pass(blade, face(true), true), blend);
+        assert_eq!(
+            in_face_pass(TileLayer::Default, face(false), false),
+            face(false)
+        );
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn overlays_take_the_cubes_own_uvs() {
        use horizon_assets::model::Direction as D;
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ fn oit_cloud_color(in: Out, front: bool, fade: bool) -> vec4<f32> {
    var color = oit_cloud_color(in, front, true);
    if HDR_WRITE_LIGHT && globals.hdr_light.w != 0.0 {
        color = vec4(hdr_written(color.rgb, hdr_scene_alpha(globals.hdr_light.y),
-            globals.hdr_settings, globals.hdr_shares), color.a);
+            globals.hdr_settings, globals.hdr_gains), color.a);
    }
    let seen = oit_sample_transmittance(vec2<i32>(in.clip.xy),
        oit_normalize_depth(in.clip.z, in.clip.xy), 1.0 - color.a);
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
@fragment fn fs_oit_lightning_accumulate(in: Out) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
    var color = celestial_color(in);
    if HDR_WRITE_LIGHT && globals.hdr_light.w != 0.0 {
-        color = vec4(hdr_written(color.rgb, hdr_entity_mark(in), globals.hdr_settings, globals.hdr_shares), color.a);
+        color = vec4(hdr_written(color.rgb, hdr_entity_mark(in), globals.hdr_settings, globals.hdr_gains), color.a);
    }
    return oit_accumulate_additive(vec4(color.rgb, min(0.99, color.a)), 0.0, in.clip);
 }
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ fn oit_terrain_color(in: TerrainOut) -> vec4<f32> {
            globals.hdr_light.y, f * globals.fog_color.a));
        // Convert the surface before weighting; its mark never belongs to the light behind it.
        let fogged = mix(color.rgb, globals.fog_color.rgb, f * globals.fog_color.a);
-        return vec4(hdr_written(fogged, mark, globals.hdr_settings, globals.hdr_shares) * weighted.a, weighted.a);
+        return vec4(hdr_written(fogged, mark, globals.hdr_settings, globals.hdr_gains) * weighted.a, weighted.a);
    }
    return vec4(rgb, weighted.a);
 }
@@ -1100,6 +1100,9 @@ impl PackScreen {
            0,
        );
        self.search.draw(&mut out, m, blink_ms, None);
+        if self.browser.is_none() && self.search.contains(f64::from(mouse.0), f64::from(mouse.1)) {
+            crate::widgets::text_cursor(true, true);
+        }
        for side in 0..2 {
            self.draw_list(&mut out, m, side, mouse);
        }
@@ -1302,6 +1305,9 @@ impl PackScreen {
        field.x = qx;
        field.y = qy;
        field.draw(out, m, 0, None);
+        if field.contains(f64::from(mouse.0), f64::from(mouse.1)) {
+            crate::widgets::text_cursor(true, true);
+        }
        let (sbx, sby) = self.browser_search_button();
        d::button(
            out,
@@ -4693,20 +4693,19 @@ impl ParticleEngine {
            .collect()
    }

-    /// Camera-facing quads (`QuadParticleRenderState.renderRotatedQuad`).
+    /// Camera-facing quads (`QuadParticleRenderState.renderRotatedQuad`), turned by
+    /// `Camera.rotation()`: `rotationYXZ(PI - yRot, -xRot, 0)`.
    pub fn render(
        &self,
        camera: DVec3,
-        yaw: f32,
-        pitch: f32,
+        base: Quat,
        partial: f32,
        light_at: &dyn Fn([i32; 3]) -> u8,
        out: &mut Vec<Vertex>,
    ) {
        self.render_inner::<false>(
            camera,
-            yaw,
-            pitch,
+            base,
            partial,
            0.0,
            None,
@@ -4721,8 +4720,7 @@ impl ParticleEngine {
    pub fn render_culled(
        &self,
        camera: DVec3,
-        yaw: f32,
-        pitch: f32,
+        base: Quat,
        partial: f32,
        pixel_focal_length: f32,
        culling_enabled: bool,
@@ -4732,13 +4730,12 @@ impl ParticleEngine {
        out: &mut Vec<Vertex>,
    ) {
        if !culling_enabled {
-            self.render(camera, yaw, pitch, partial, light_at, out);
+            self.render(camera, base, partial, light_at, out);
            return;
        }
        self.render_inner::<true>(
            camera,
-            yaw,
-            pitch,
+            base,
            partial,
            pixel_focal_length,
            frustum,
@@ -4751,8 +4748,7 @@ impl ParticleEngine {
    fn render_inner<const CULL: bool>(
        &self,
        camera: DVec3,
-        yaw: f32,
-        pitch: f32,
+        base: Quat,
        partial: f32,
        pixel_focal_length: f32,
        frustum: Option<&crate::gfx::Frustum>,
@@ -4760,9 +4756,6 @@ impl ParticleEngine {
        light_at: &dyn Fn([i32; 3]) -> u8,
        out: &mut Vec<Vertex>,
    ) {
-        // Camera.setRotation: rotationYXZ(PI - yRot, -xRot, 0).
-        let base = Quat::from_rotation_y(std::f32::consts::PI - yaw.to_radians())
-            * Quat::from_rotation_x(-pitch.to_radians());
        let mut light_cache = ParticleLightCache::default();
        let mut additive = self.additive.lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner());
        additive.clear();
@@ -5173,12 +5166,11 @@ mod tests {

        let light_at = |_: [i32; 3]| 0xf0;
        let mut regular = Vec::new();
-        engine.render(DVec3::ZERO, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5, &light_at, &mut regular);
+        engine.render(DVec3::ZERO, Quat::IDENTITY, 0.5, &light_at, &mut regular);
        let mut disabled = Vec::new();
        engine.render_culled(
            DVec3::ZERO,
-            0.0,
-            0.0,
+            Quat::IDENTITY,
            0.5,
            900.0,
            false,
@@ -5207,6 +5199,36 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(attributes(&disabled), attributes(&regular));
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn quads_face_the_rotation_they_are_given() {
+        let mut engine = ParticleEngine::new(Path::new(""), &HashMap::new(), &HashSet::new());
+        let sprite = "test:smoke".to_owned();
+        let rect = Rect {
+            u0: 0.0,
+            v0: 0.0,
+            u1: 1.0,
+            v1: 1.0,
+            w: 16,
+            h: 16,
+        };
+        engine.atlas.insert(sprite.clone(), (rect, false));
+        let mut random = LegacyRandom::new(7);
+        let mut particle =
+            Particle::moving(&mut random, ParticleType::Smoke, [0.0, 0.0, -3.0], [0.0; 3]);
+        particle.sprite = Sprite::Named(sprite);
+        engine.particles.push(particle);
+        let draw = |rotation: Quat| {
+            let mut out = Vec::new();
+            engine.render(DVec3::ZERO, rotation, 0.5, &|_| 0xf0, &mut out);
+            out.iter().map(|v| v.pos).collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        };
+        // A bed's view turns the quads as the player's own yaw would not.
+        let ahead = draw(Quat::IDENTITY);
+        let turned = draw(Quat::from_rotation_y(std::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2));
+        assert_eq!(ahead.len(), 4);
+        assert_ne!(ahead, turned);
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn a_mod_particles_json_becomes_its_sprite_set() {
        let dir =
@@ -5600,7 +5622,7 @@ mod tests {
        particle.sprite = Sprite::Index(0);
        engine.particles.push(particle);
        let mut vertices = Vec::new();
-        engine.render(DVec3::ZERO, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, &|_| 0, &mut vertices);
+        engine.render(DVec3::ZERO, Quat::IDENTITY, 0.0, &|_| 0, &mut vertices);
        assert_eq!(vertices.len(), 4);
        assert!(vertices.iter().all(
            |v| v.color >> 24 == 127 && v.layer & crate::gfx::TRANSLUCENT_PARTICLE_OVERLAY != 0
@@ -143,21 +143,39 @@ mod tests {
        p.size = 0.1;
        e.particles.push(p.clone());
        let mut vertices = Vec::new();
-        e.render(DVec3::ZERO, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5, &|_| 0, &mut vertices);
+        e.render(
+            DVec3::ZERO,
+            glam::Quat::IDENTITY,
+            0.5,
+            &|_| 0,
+            &mut vertices,
+        );
        assert_eq!(vertices.len(), 4);
        assert!(vertices.iter().all(
            |v| v.color >> 24 == 127 && v.layer & crate::gfx::TRANSLUCENT_PARTICLE_OVERLAY != 0
        ));
        e.particles[0].set_visible(false);
        vertices.clear();
-        e.render(DVec3::ZERO, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5, &|_| 0, &mut vertices);
+        e.render(
+            DVec3::ZERO,
+            glam::Quat::IDENTITY,
+            0.5,
+            &|_| 0,
+            &mut vertices,
+        );
        assert!(vertices.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(e.particles[0].age, 2);
        e.pending.push(copy);
        e.reload(Path::new(""), &HashMap::new(), &HashSet::new());
        assert!(e.pending.is_empty());
        vertices.clear();
-        e.render(DVec3::ZERO, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5, &|_| 0, &mut vertices);
+        e.render(
+            DVec3::ZERO,
+            glam::Quat::IDENTITY,
+            0.5,
+            &|_| 0,
+            &mut vertices,
+        );
        assert!(vertices.is_empty());
        e.tick_particle(&mut p, &level);
        assert!(p.removed);
@@ -1971,7 +1971,7 @@ mod tests {
        // The camera 5 blocks south, at the particle's height.
        let camera = DVec3::new(p.position[0], p.position[1], p.position[2] + 5.0);
        let mut out = Vec::new();
-        engine.render(camera, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, &|_| 0xF0, &mut out);
+        engine.render(camera, glam::Quat::IDENTITY, 0.0, &|_| 0xF0, &mut out);
        assert_eq!(out.len(), 4);
        for v in &out {
            // The texture's top row (v 0) under the centre, its bottom row over it.
@@ -2023,8 +2023,7 @@ mod tests {
        let mut out = Vec::new();
        engine.render(
            DVec3::new(1.0, 64.0, 6.0),
-            0.0,
-            0.0,
+            glam::Quat::IDENTITY,
            0.0,
            &|_| 0xF0,
            &mut out,
@@ -2138,8 +2137,7 @@ mod tests {
        let mut out = Vec::new();
        engine.render(
            DVec3::new(1.0, 70.0, 1.0),
-            0.0,
-            0.0,
+            glam::Quat::IDENTITY,
            0.0,
            &|_| 0xF0,
            &mut out,
@@ -0,0 +1,406 @@
+//! A stopped sampler session as the capture's `samples` message (docs/perf-platform.md §3.5).
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use horizon_perf_format::Interner;
+use horizon_perf_format::v1::{
+    BlockUnits, Contexts, Functions, Nodes, Overhead, SampleKind, SampleProfile, SampleSource,
+    SampleUnit, SampledThread, Side, Unit, Weights,
+};
+use horizon_threads::heap_sample::HeapProfile;
+use horizon_threads::profile::{Aggregate, Frame, Profile, State, Symbols, symbolize};
+use horizon_threads::work::{self, Space};
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+
+const UNKNOWN: &str = "[unknown]";
+
+/// The name `work::set_dim` ids stand for: 1 overworld, 2 the nether, 3 the end.
+fn dimension_name(id: u8) -> Option<&'static str> {
+    match id {
+        1 => Some("overworld"),
+        2 => Some("the_nether"),
+        3 => Some("the_end"),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// The crate a demangled function name belongs to, or "" when it names none.
+fn crate_of(name: &str) -> &str {
+    if let Some(inner) = name.strip_prefix('[') {
+        let module = inner.split([' ', ']']).next().unwrap_or("");
+        return if module == "unmapped" { "" } else { module };
+    }
+    let name = name.trim_start_matches(['<', '&', '*']);
+    let name = name.strip_prefix("dyn ").unwrap_or(name);
+    match name.split_once("::") {
+        Some((krate, _)) if krate.chars().all(|c| c.is_alphanumeric() || c == '_') => krate,
+        _ => "",
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct FunctionTable {
+    rows: Functions,
+    index: HashMap<(u32, u32), u32>,
+    allocator: Vec<bool>,
+}
+
+impl FunctionTable {
+    fn id(
+        &mut self,
+        strings: &mut Interner,
+        name: &str,
+        file: Option<&str>,
+        line: u32,
+        addr: u64,
+    ) -> u32 {
+        let (name_id, file_id) = (
+            strings.intern(name),
+            file.map_or(0, |file| strings.intern(file)),
+        );
+        if let Some(&row) = self.index.get(&(name_id, file_id)) {
+            return row;
+        }
+        let row = self.rows.name.len() as u32;
+        self.rows.name.push(name_id);
+        self.rows.file.push(file_id);
+        self.rows.line.push(line);
+        self.rows.crate_.push(match crate_of(name) {
+            "" => 0,
+            krate => strings.intern(krate),
+        });
+        self.rows.addr.push(addr);
+        self.allocator.push(allocator_frame(name));
+        self.index.insert((name_id, file_id), row);
+        row
+    }
+}
+
+/// The thread each trie node belongs to; node 0 is the root.
+fn thread_of(agg: &Aggregate) -> Vec<u16> {
+    let mut of = vec![0u16; agg.nodes()];
+    for n in 1..agg.nodes() {
+        of[n] = match agg.frame(n as u32) {
+            Frame::Thread(i) => i,
+            _ => of[agg.parent(n as u32) as usize],
+        };
+    }
+    of
+}
+
+/// The trie nodes some counted sample passes through.
+fn live_nodes(agg: &Aggregate) -> Vec<bool> {
+    let mut live = vec![false; agg.nodes()];
+    for key in agg.counts.keys() {
+        let mut n = key.node as usize;
+        while n != 0 && !live[n] {
+            live[n] = true;
+            n = agg.parent(n as u32) as usize;
+        }
+    }
+    live
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct NodeTable {
+    rows: Nodes,
+    index: HashMap<(Option<u32>, u32, u16), u32>,
+}
+
+impl NodeTable {
+    fn id(&mut self, parent: Option<u32>, function: u32, thread: u16) -> u32 {
+        let key = (parent, function, if parent.is_none() { thread } else { 0 });
+        if let Some(&row) = self.index.get(&key) {
+            return row;
+        }
+        let nodes = &mut self.rows;
+        nodes.parent.push(parent.unwrap_or(0));
+        nodes.function.push(function);
+        nodes.thread_root.push(match parent {
+            None => u32::from(thread) + 1,
+            Some(_) => 0,
+        });
+        let row = nodes.parent.len() as u32 - 1;
+        self.index.insert(key, row);
+        row
+    }
+}
+
+fn named(strings: &mut Interner, space: Space, id: u16) -> u32 {
+    match id {
+        0 => 0,
+        id => match work::name(space, id) {
+            Some(name) => strings.intern(name),
+            None => strings.intern(&format!("#{id}")),
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+/// Whether `name` is the allocator's own frame, which a heap sample's stack drops from its leaf end.
+fn allocator_frame(name: &str) -> bool {
+    let name = name.trim_start_matches('<');
+    name.starts_with("horizon_threads::heap_sample::")
+        || name.starts_with("__rust")
+        || name.starts_with("__rg_")
+        || name.starts_with("__rdl_")
+        || name.starts_with("alloc::alloc::")
+        || name.starts_with("alloc::raw_vec::")
+        || name.starts_with("mimalloc::")
+}
+
+/// One aggregate's trie nodes as rows of the shared tables: `last[n]` is the output node of trie node `n`.
+fn add_tree(
+    agg: &Aggregate,
+    threads: &[u16],
+    symbols: &Symbols,
+    functions: &mut FunctionTable,
+    nodes: &mut NodeTable,
+    strings: &mut Interner,
+) -> (Vec<u16>, Vec<Option<u32>>) {
+    let (local, live) = (thread_of(agg), live_nodes(agg));
+    let thread_of: Vec<u16> = local
+        .iter()
+        .map(|&t| threads.get(usize::from(t)).copied().unwrap_or(0))
+        .collect();
+    let mut last: Vec<Option<u32>> = vec![None; agg.nodes()];
+    for n in (1..agg.nodes()).filter(|&n| live[n]) {
+        let inherited = last[agg.parent(n as u32) as usize];
+        last[n] = match agg.frame(n as u32) {
+            Frame::Thread(_) => None,
+            Frame::Wall(_) => inherited,
+            Frame::Addr(addr) => {
+                let offset = symbols.module_offset(addr);
+                let mut at = inherited;
+                for sym in symbols.frames(addr).iter().rev() {
+                    let f = functions.id(strings, &sym.name, sym.file.as_deref(), sym.line, offset);
+                    at = Some(nodes.id(at, f, thread_of[n]));
+                }
+                if at == inherited {
+                    let f = functions.id(strings, UNKNOWN, None, 0, offset);
+                    at = Some(nodes.id(at, f, thread_of[n]));
+                }
+                at
+            }
+        };
+    }
+    (thread_of, last)
+}
+
+fn trie_addrs(agg: &Aggregate) -> impl Iterator<Item = u64> + '_ {
+    let live = live_nodes(agg);
+    (1..agg.nodes())
+        .filter(move |&n| live[n])
+        .filter_map(|n| match agg.frame(n as u32) {
+            Frame::Addr(a) => Some(a),
+            _ => None,
+        })
+}
+
+/// `profile` (and the heap session's `heap`) as a `SampleProfile` of `side`; strings go through `strings`, whose new entries the caller appends first.
+pub fn sample_profile(
+    profile: &Profile,
+    heap: Option<&HeapProfile>,
+    side: Side,
+    unit: Unit,
+    block_name: &dyn Fn(u16) -> Option<String>,
+    strings: &mut Interner,
+) -> SampleProfile {
+    let agg = &profile.agg;
+    let addrs: Vec<u64> = trie_addrs(agg)
+        .chain(heap.into_iter().flat_map(|h| trie_addrs(&h.agg)))
+        .collect();
+    let symbols = symbolize(addrs);
+
+    let mut names: Vec<String> = agg.threads.clone();
+    let cpu_threads: Vec<u16> = (0..agg.threads.len() as u16).collect();
+    let heap_threads: Vec<u16> = heap.map_or_else(Vec::new, |h| {
+        h.agg
+            .threads
+            .iter()
+            .map(|name| match names.iter().position(|n| n == name) {
+                Some(at) => at as u16,
+                None => {
+                    names.push(name.clone());
+                    names.len() as u16 - 1
+                }
+            })
+            .collect()
+    });
+
+    let mut functions = FunctionTable::default();
+    let mut nodes = NodeTable::default();
+    let mut trees = vec![(
+        agg,
+        add_tree(
+            agg,
+            &cpu_threads,
+            &symbols,
+            &mut functions,
+            &mut nodes,
+            strings,
+        ),
+    )];
+    if let Some(h) = heap {
+        let tree = add_tree(
+            &h.agg,
+            &heap_threads,
+            &symbols,
+            &mut functions,
+            &mut nodes,
+            strings,
+        );
+        trees.push((&h.agg, tree));
+    }
+
+    let wall = agg.counts.keys().any(|k| k.state != State::Cpu);
+    let period_ms = 1000.0 / f64::from(profile.config.sampler.hz.max(1));
+    let kind = |source: SampleSource, unit: SampleUnit, period: f64| SampleKind {
+        source: source as i32,
+        unit: unit as i32,
+        period,
+    };
+    let mut kinds = vec![kind(SampleSource::Cpu, SampleUnit::Ms, period_ms)];
+    if wall {
+        kinds.push(kind(SampleSource::Wall, SampleUnit::Ms, period_ms));
+    }
+    if heap.is_some() {
+        kinds.push(kind(SampleSource::Alloc, SampleUnit::Bytes, 1.0));
+        kinds.push(kind(SampleSource::Live, SampleUnit::Bytes, 1.0));
+    }
+    let kind_of = |state: State| -> u32 {
+        let source = match state {
+            State::Cpu => SampleSource::Cpu,
+            State::Running | State::Waiting => SampleSource::Wall,
+            State::Alloc => SampleSource::Alloc,
+            State::Live => SampleSource::Live,
+        };
+        kinds
+            .iter()
+            .position(|k| k.source == source as i32)
+            .unwrap_or(0) as u32
+    };
+
+    let mut contexts = Contexts::default();
+    let mut context_ids: HashMap<[u32; 6], u32> = HashMap::new();
+    let mut weights = Weights::default();
+    let mut unknown_roots: HashMap<u16, u32> = HashMap::new();
+    for (agg, (thread_of, last)) in &trees {
+        let mut counted: Vec<_> = agg.counts.iter().collect();
+        counted.sort_by_key(|(k, _)| {
+            (
+                thread_of[k.node as usize],
+                k.node,
+                k.state as u8,
+                k.slow,
+                k.time_block,
+                (k.span, k.entity, k.block, k.dim, k.chunk),
+            )
+        });
+        for (key, &count) in counted {
+            let thread = thread_of[key.node as usize];
+            let mut node = match last[key.node as usize] {
+                Some(node) => node,
+                None => *unknown_roots.entry(thread).or_insert_with(|| {
+                    let f = functions.id(strings, UNKNOWN, None, 0, 0);
+                    nodes.id(None, f, thread)
+                }),
+            };
+            if matches!(key.state, State::Alloc | State::Live) {
+                while nodes.rows.thread_root[node as usize] == 0
+                    && functions.allocator[nodes.rows.function[node as usize] as usize]
+                {
+                    node = nodes.rows.parent[node as usize];
+                }
+            }
+            let row = [
+                named(strings, Space::Span, key.span),
+                named(strings, Space::Entity, key.entity),
+                match key.block {
+                    0 => 0,
+                    id => match block_name(id) {
+                        Some(name) => strings.intern(&name),
+                        None => strings.intern(&format!("#{id}")),
+                    },
+                },
+                dimension_name(key.dim).map_or(0, |name| strings.intern(name)),
+                key.chunk.0 as u32,
+                key.chunk.1 as u32,
+            ];
+            let context = *context_ids.entry(row).or_insert_with(|| {
+                contexts.span.push(row[0]);
+                contexts.entity.push(row[1]);
+                contexts.block.push(row[2]);
+                contexts.dim.push(row[3]);
+                contexts.chunk_x.push(key.chunk.0);
+                contexts.chunk_z.push(key.chunk.1);
+                contexts.span.len() as u32 - 1
+            });
+            weights.node.push(node);
+            weights.thread.push(u32::from(thread));
+            weights.kind.push(kind_of(key.state));
+            weights.state.push(match key.state {
+                State::Running => 1,
+                State::Waiting => 2,
+                State::Cpu | State::Alloc | State::Live => 0,
+            });
+            weights.slow.push(key.slow);
+            weights.context.push(context);
+            weights.block.push(u32::from(key.time_block));
+            weights.count.push(count);
+        }
+    }
+
+    let blocks = agg.time_blocks();
+    let mut threads = Vec::new();
+    let mut block_units = Vec::new();
+    for (i, name) in names.iter().enumerate() {
+        let ticks = agg.ticks.get(&(i as u16)).filter(|_| i < agg.threads.len());
+        threads.push(SampledThread {
+            name: strings.intern(name),
+            units: ticks.map_or(0, |t| t.count),
+            slow_units: ticks.map_or(0, |t| t.slow),
+            unit: unit as i32,
+        });
+        if i >= agg.threads.len() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let mut units = agg
+            .block_ticks
+            .get(&(i as u16))
+            .cloned()
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+        units.resize(blocks, 0);
+        block_units.push(BlockUnits {
+            thread: i as u32,
+            units,
+        });
+    }
+
+    SampleProfile {
+        side: side as i32,
+        kinds,
+        threads,
+        block_s: profile.config.block_s,
+        block_units,
+        functions: Some(functions.rows),
+        nodes: Some(nodes.rows),
+        contexts: Some(contexts),
+        weights: Some(weights),
+        slow_over_ms: profile.config.ticks_over_ms as f32,
+    }
+}
+
+/// What the sampler and its writer thread cost during the session.
+pub fn overhead(profile: &Profile, heap: Option<&HeapProfile>) -> Overhead {
+    let wall_ns = profile.elapsed.as_nanos().max(1) as f64;
+    let handler_ns = profile.stats.handler_ns.unwrap_or(0.0) * profile.stats.samples as f64;
+    Overhead {
+        sampler_share_of_thread: (handler_ns / wall_ns) as f32,
+        writer_core_share: (profile.writer_cpu_ns as f64 / wall_ns) as f32,
+        dropped_samples: profile.stats.dropped + profile.agg.lost + heap.map_or(0, |h| h.agg.lost),
+        heap_samples: heap.map_or(0, |h| h.samples),
+        heap_sample_ns: heap.map_or(0, |h| h.sample_ns),
+        ..Overhead::default()
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,649 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::hint::black_box;
+use std::sync::mpsc;
+use std::thread;
+use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime};
+
+use horizon_perf_format::v1::{
+    Kind as CaptureKind, SampleProfile, Side, Start, Stop, StringEntry, Unit,
+};
+use horizon_perf_format::{CaptureWriter, Field};
+use horizon_threads::profile::{self, Aggregate, Config, Profile};
+use horizon_threads::sampler::{self, Context, Kind, Record, Stats};
+use horizon_threads::unwind::MAX_FRAMES;
+use horizon_threads::work;
+
+use super::*;
+
+#[inline(never)]
+fn alpha() {
+    black_box(1);
+}
+
+#[inline(never)]
+fn beta() {
+    black_box(2);
+}
+
+#[inline(never)]
+fn gamma() {
+    black_box(3);
+}
+
+fn at(f: fn(), offset: usize) -> usize {
+    f as *const () as usize + offset
+}
+
+fn record(kind: Kind, ctx: Context, value: u64, stack: &[usize]) -> Record {
+    let mut frames = [0; MAX_FRAMES];
+    frames[..stack.len()].copy_from_slice(stack);
+    Record {
+        kind,
+        depth: stack.len() as u8,
+        ctx,
+        value,
+        frames,
+    }
+}
+
+fn profile_of(agg: Aggregate, config: Config) -> Profile {
+    Profile {
+        agg,
+        config,
+        stats: Stats::default(),
+        elapsed: Duration::from_secs(10),
+        started: SystemTime::now(),
+        writer_cpu_ns: 0,
+    }
+}
+
+struct Converted {
+    samples: SampleProfile,
+    strings: Vec<StringEntry>,
+}
+
+impl Converted {
+    fn text(&self, id: u32) -> &str {
+        match id {
+            0 => "",
+            id => &self.strings.iter().find(|s| s.id == id).unwrap().text,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn function(&self, row: u32) -> &str {
+        self.text(self.samples.functions.as_ref().unwrap().name[row as usize])
+    }
+
+    /// Function names from the root down to `node`.
+    fn path(&self, node: u32) -> Vec<&str> {
+        let nodes = self.samples.nodes.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let mut path = vec![self.function(nodes.function[node as usize])];
+        let mut at = node as usize;
+        while nodes.thread_root[at] == 0 {
+            at = nodes.parent[at] as usize;
+            path.push(self.function(nodes.function[at]));
+        }
+        path.reverse();
+        path
+    }
+
+    /// Samples per entity name, optionally only the slow ones.
+    fn by_entity(&self, slow_only: bool) -> HashMap<String, u64> {
+        let (w, c) = (
+            self.samples.weights.as_ref().unwrap(),
+            self.samples.contexts.as_ref().unwrap(),
+        );
+        let mut by = HashMap::new();
+        for i in 0..w.node.len() {
+            if slow_only && !w.slow[i] {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let entity = self.text(c.entity[w.context[i] as usize]).to_owned();
+            *by.entry(entity).or_default() += w.count[i];
+        }
+        by
+    }
+}
+
+fn convert(profile: &Profile) -> Converted {
+    let mut interner = Interner::default();
+    let samples = sample_profile(
+        profile,
+        None,
+        Side::Server,
+        Unit::Tick,
+        &|id| (id == 7).then(|| "minecraft:hopper".to_owned()),
+        &mut interner,
+    );
+    Converted {
+        samples,
+        strings: interner.take_new(Side::Server),
+    }
+}
+
+fn short(name: &str) -> &str {
+    name.rsplit("::").next().unwrap()
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_stack_becomes_a_root_to_leaf_chain_with_its_context() {
+    let entity = work::entity_id("test:zombie");
+    let ctx = Context {
+        tick: 1,
+        entity_type: entity,
+        block: 7,
+        dim: 2,
+        chunk: (-3, 9),
+        ..Context::default()
+    };
+    let mut agg = Aggregate::new(50_000_000);
+    for _ in 0..5 {
+        agg.add(
+            "tick",
+            &record(Kind::Cpu, ctx, 0, &[at(alpha, 4), at(gamma, 3)]),
+        );
+    }
+    agg.add("tick", &record(Kind::Tick, ctx, 9_000_000, &[]));
+    agg.finish();
+    let c = convert(&profile_of(agg, Config::default()));
+    let w = c.samples.weights.as_ref().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        (w.node.len(), w.count[0], w.state[0], w.slow[0]),
+        (1, 5, 0, false)
+    );
+    let path: Vec<_> = c.path(w.node[0]).into_iter().map(short).collect();
+    assert_eq!(path, ["gamma", "alpha"]);
+    let nodes = c.samples.nodes.as_ref().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(nodes.thread_root, [1, 0]);
+    let ctxs = c.samples.contexts.as_ref().unwrap();
+    let row = w.context[0] as usize;
+    assert_eq!(c.text(ctxs.entity[row]), "test:zombie");
+    assert_eq!(c.text(ctxs.block[row]), "minecraft:hopper");
+    assert_eq!(c.text(ctxs.dim[row]), "the_nether");
+    assert_eq!((ctxs.chunk_x[row], ctxs.chunk_z[row]), (-3, 9));
+    assert_eq!(c.text(c.samples.threads[0].name), "tick");
+    assert_eq!(
+        (c.samples.threads[0].units, c.samples.threads[0].slow_units),
+        (1, 0)
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn addresses_of_one_function_share_one_row() {
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let mut agg = Aggregate::new(50_000_000);
+    for (inner, count) in [(4, 2), (8, 3)] {
+        for _ in 0..count {
+            agg.add(
+                "tick",
+                &record(Kind::Cpu, ctx, 0, &[at(alpha, inner), at(gamma, 3)]),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+    agg.add(
+        "tick",
+        &record(Kind::Cpu, ctx, 0, &[at(beta, 4), at(gamma, 3)]),
+    );
+    agg.finish();
+    let c = convert(&profile_of(agg, Config::default()));
+    let f = c.samples.functions.as_ref().unwrap();
+    let names: Vec<_> = (0..f.name.len() as u32)
+        .map(|row| short(c.function(row)))
+        .collect();
+    let mut sorted = names.clone();
+    sorted.sort_unstable();
+    assert_eq!(sorted, ["alpha", "beta", "gamma"]);
+    let w = c.samples.weights.as_ref().unwrap();
+    let on_alpha: u64 = (0..w.node.len())
+        .filter(|&i| short(c.path(w.node[i]).last().unwrap()) == "alpha")
+        .map(|i| w.count[i])
+        .sum();
+    assert_eq!(on_alpha, 5);
+    let n = c.samples.nodes.as_ref().unwrap();
+    let alphas: Vec<usize> = (0..n.function.len())
+        .filter(|&i| short(c.function(n.function[i])) == "alpha")
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(alphas.len(), 1, "one node per (parent, function)");
+    assert_eq!(
+        short(c.function(n.function[n.parent[alphas[0]] as usize])),
+        "gamma"
+    );
+    let weight_on_alpha: u64 = (0..w.node.len())
+        .filter(|&i| w.node[i] as usize == alphas[0])
+        .map(|i| w.count[i])
+        .sum();
+    assert_eq!(weight_on_alpha, 5);
+    let alpha_row = names.iter().position(|n| *n == "alpha").unwrap();
+    assert!(f.addr[alpha_row] > 0, "a module-relative address is kept");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn time_blocks_and_ticks_per_block_follow_when_they_were_added() {
+    let ctx = |tick| Context {
+        tick,
+        ..Context::default()
+    };
+    let mut agg = Aggregate::new(50_000_000);
+    for (block, tick, samples) in [(0, 1, 2u64), (1, 2, 3), (1, 3, 1), (3, 4, 4)] {
+        agg.set_time_block(block);
+        for _ in 0..samples {
+            agg.add("tick", &record(Kind::Cpu, ctx(tick), 0, &[at(alpha, 1)]));
+        }
+        agg.add("tick", &record(Kind::Tick, ctx(tick), 1_000_000, &[]));
+    }
+    agg.finish();
+    let config = Config {
+        block_s: 2.5,
+        ..Config::default()
+    };
+    let c = convert(&profile_of(agg, config));
+    let w = c.samples.weights.as_ref().unwrap();
+    let mut per_block = [0u64; 4];
+    for i in 0..w.node.len() {
+        per_block[w.block[i] as usize] += w.count[i];
+    }
+    assert_eq!(per_block, [2, 4, 0, 4]);
+    assert_eq!(c.samples.block_s, 2.5);
+    assert_eq!(c.samples.block_units[0].units, [1, 2, 0, 1]);
+    assert_eq!(c.samples.threads[0].units, 4);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_sample_with_no_stack_hangs_off_an_unknown_root() {
+    let mut agg = Aggregate::new(50_000_000);
+    agg.add("tick", &record(Kind::Cpu, Context::default(), 0, &[]));
+    agg.finish();
+    let c = convert(&profile_of(agg, Config::default()));
+    let w = c.samples.weights.as_ref().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(c.path(w.node[0]), ["[unknown]"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn wall_samples_carry_their_state_and_a_second_kind() {
+    let mut agg = Aggregate::new(50_000_000);
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    agg.add("tick", &record(Kind::Cpu, ctx, 0, &[at(alpha, 1)]));
+    agg.add("tick", &record(Kind::Wall, ctx, 1, &[at(alpha, 1)]));
+    agg.add("tick", &record(Kind::Wall, ctx, 0, &[at(beta, 1)]));
+    agg.finish();
+    let config = Config {
+        sampler: sampler::Config {
+            hz: 200,
+            ..sampler::Config::default()
+        },
+        ..Config::default()
+    };
+    let c = convert(&profile_of(agg, config));
+    assert_eq!(c.samples.kinds.len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(c.samples.kinds[0].period, 5.0);
+    let w = c.samples.weights.as_ref().unwrap();
+    let mut seen: Vec<_> = (0..w.node.len())
+        .map(|i| {
+            (
+                short(c.path(w.node[i]).last().unwrap()).to_owned(),
+                w.kind[i],
+                w.state[i],
+            )
+        })
+        .collect();
+    seen.sort();
+    assert_eq!(
+        seen,
+        [
+            ("alpha".into(), 0, 0),
+            ("alpha".into(), 1, 1),
+            ("beta".into(), 1, 2)
+        ]
+    );
+}
+
+#[inline(never)]
+fn spin_fast() {
+    spin(8);
+    black_box(0);
+}
+
+#[inline(never)]
+fn spin_slow() {
+    spin(120);
+    black_box(1);
+}
+
+fn spin(cpu_ms: u64) {
+    let until = sampler::thread_cpu_ns() + cpu_ms * 1_000_000;
+    let mut x = 1u64;
+    while sampler::thread_cpu_ns() < until {
+        for _ in 0..1 << 14 {
+            x = black_box(x.wrapping_mul(6364136223846793005).wrapping_add(1));
+        }
+    }
+    black_box(x);
+}
+
+fn live_config() -> Config {
+    Config {
+        sampler: sampler::Config {
+            hz: 1000,
+            ring_samples: 512,
+            unwind: sampler::Unwind::StackCopy,
+            stack_copy_kib: 16,
+            wall: false,
+        },
+        ticks_over_ms: 50.0,
+        ..Config::default()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Runs `body` on a thread opted in as `name`, profiled for exactly its duration.
+fn profiled(name: &'static str, body: fn()) -> Profile {
+    let (ready, wait) = mpsc::channel();
+    let (go, start) = mpsc::channel::<()>();
+    let worker = thread::spawn(move || {
+        assert!(sampler::sampled_thread(name));
+        ready.send(()).unwrap();
+        start.recv().unwrap();
+        body();
+    });
+    wait.recv().unwrap();
+    let session = profile::start(Config {
+        threads: vec![name.into()],
+        ..live_config()
+    })
+    .expect("start profiling");
+    go.send(()).unwrap();
+    worker.join().unwrap();
+    session.stop().expect("stop profiling")
+}
+
+fn entity_units() {
+    let (a, b) = (work::entity_id("test:a"), work::entity_id("test:b"));
+    for unit in 0..4 {
+        work::tick_start();
+        work::set_entity(if unit < 3 { a } else { b });
+        let started = sampler::thread_cpu_ns();
+        spin(40);
+        work::clear_work();
+        work::tick_end(sampler::thread_cpu_ns() - started);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn three_units_of_a_and_one_of_b_split_the_samples_three_to_one() {
+    let c = convert(&profiled("perf-capture-entities", entity_units));
+    let by = c.by_entity(false);
+    let total = (by["test:a"] + by["test:b"]) as f64;
+    let (a, b) = (by["test:a"] as f64 / total, by["test:b"] as f64 / total);
+    assert!((a - 0.75).abs() < 0.1 && (b - 0.25).abs() < 0.1, "{by:?}");
+    assert!(total > 100.0, "{total} samples");
+    assert_eq!(c.samples.threads[0].units, 4);
+}
+
+fn ticks_with_one_slow() {
+    for tick in 0..6 {
+        work::tick_start();
+        let started = sampler::thread_cpu_ns();
+        if tick == 3 {
+            spin_slow();
+        } else {
+            spin_fast();
+        }
+        work::tick_end(sampler::thread_cpu_ns() - started);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn only_the_slow_ticks_function_is_in_the_slow_weights() {
+    let c = convert(&profiled("perf-capture-slow", ticks_with_one_slow));
+    let w = c.samples.weights.as_ref().unwrap();
+    let (mut slow, mut fast) = (0, 0);
+    for i in 0..w.node.len() {
+        let names: Vec<_> = c.path(w.node[i]).into_iter().map(short).collect();
+        if w.slow[i] {
+            slow += w.count[i];
+            assert!(
+                names.contains(&"spin_slow") && !names.contains(&"spin_fast"),
+                "{names:?}"
+            );
+        } else {
+            fast += w.count[i];
+            assert!(!names.contains(&"spin_slow"), "{names:?}");
+        }
+    }
+    assert!(slow > 60 && fast > 20, "{slow} slow, {fast} other");
+    assert_eq!(
+        (c.samples.threads[0].units, c.samples.threads[0].slow_units),
+        (6, 1)
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn overhead_counts_lost_samples_and_the_writers_share_of_a_core() {
+    let mut agg = Aggregate::new(1);
+    agg.lost = 4;
+    let mut profile = profile_of(agg, Config::default());
+    profile.stats.dropped = 3;
+    profile.stats.samples = 1000;
+    profile.stats.handler_ns = Some(2_000.0);
+    profile.writer_cpu_ns = 50_000_000;
+    let o = overhead(&profile, None);
+    assert_eq!(o.dropped_samples, 7);
+    assert!((o.sampler_share_of_thread - 0.0002).abs() < 1e-7);
+    assert!((o.writer_core_share - 0.005).abs() < 1e-6);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn crates_come_from_the_first_path_segment() {
+    for (name, krate) in [
+        (
+            "horizon_world::level::tick::random_tick_at",
+            "horizon_world",
+        ),
+        (
+            "<horizon_world::X as core::ops::Drop>::drop",
+            "horizon_world",
+        ),
+        ("core::ptr::drop_in_place<alloc::vec::Vec<u8>>", "core"),
+        ("clone3", ""),
+        ("[horizon-server 0x4f2a]", "horizon-server"),
+        ("[unmapped 0x7ffd]", ""),
+    ] {
+        assert_eq!(crate_of(name), krate, "{name}");
+    }
+}
+
+fn ask(
+    file: &std::path::Path,
+    parts: &[&str],
+) -> horizon_perf::wire::Envelope<horizon_perf::query::Row> {
+    let env = horizon_perf::cli::Env {
+        horizon_home: None,
+        poll: Duration::from_millis(2),
+    };
+    let mut args = vec!["query".to_owned()];
+    args.extend(parts.iter().map(|p| (*p).to_owned()));
+    args.push(file.to_string_lossy().into_owned());
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    if let Err(e) = horizon_perf::cli::run(&args, &env, &mut out) {
+        panic!("{e:?}");
+    }
+    serde_json::from_slice(&out)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{e}: {}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&out)))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_converted_profile_written_to_a_file_reads_back_through_the_queries() {
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let mut agg = Aggregate::new(50_000_000);
+    for _ in 0..5 {
+        agg.add(
+            "tick",
+            &record(Kind::Cpu, ctx, 0, &[at(alpha, 4), at(gamma, 3)]),
+        );
+    }
+    for _ in 0..2 {
+        agg.add(
+            "tick",
+            &record(Kind::Cpu, ctx, 0, &[at(beta, 4), at(gamma, 3)]),
+        );
+    }
+    for _ in 0..2 {
+        agg.add("tick", &record(Kind::Tick, ctx, 9_000_000, &[]));
+    }
+    for _ in 0..3 {
+        agg.add("worker", &record(Kind::Cpu, ctx, 0, &[at(beta, 4)]));
+    }
+    agg.add("worker", &record(Kind::Tick, ctx, 9_000_000, &[]));
+    agg.finish();
+    let config = Config {
+        sampler: sampler::Config {
+            hz: 100,
+            ..sampler::Config::default()
+        },
+        ..Config::default()
+    };
+    let c = convert(&profile_of(agg, config));
+    let mut fields = vec![Field::Start(Start {
+        side: Side::Server as i32,
+        kind: CaptureKind::Dedicated as i32,
+        ..Default::default()
+    })];
+    fields.extend(c.strings.into_iter().map(Field::String));
+    fields.push(Field::Samples(c.samples));
+    fields.push(Field::Stop(Stop {
+        side: Side::Server as i32,
+        t: 10.0,
+        ..Default::default()
+    }));
+    let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("horizon-render-perf-{}", std::process::id()));
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+    let file = dir.join("real.hzperf");
+    let mut writer = CaptureWriter::new(std::fs::File::create(&file).unwrap()).unwrap();
+    for field in fields {
+        writer.write(field).unwrap();
+    }
+    writer.finish().unwrap();
+
+    // 10 ms samples: alpha has 5 over the tick thread's 2 ticks.
+    let hot = ask(&file, &["hot"]);
+    let alpha = hot.rows().iter().find_map(|r| match r {
+        horizon_perf::query::Row::Hot(h) if h.full.ends_with("alpha") => Some(h),
+        _ => None,
+    });
+    assert_eq!(alpha.map(|h| (h.self_ms, h.samples)), Some((25.0, 5)));
+    let worker = ask(&file, &["split", "t:worker", "--by", "thread"]);
+    let sel = worker.selection.as_ref().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        (sel.thread.as_deref(), sel.ticks, sel.samples),
+        (Some("worker"), Some(1), Some(3))
+    );
+    let values: Vec<_> = worker
+        .rows()
+        .iter()
+        .map(|r| match r {
+            horizon_perf::query::Row::Split(s) => (s.key.clone(), s.value),
+            other => panic!("{other:?}"),
+        })
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(values, [(Some("t:worker".to_owned()), 30.0)]);
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn heap_samples_share_the_tables_without_the_allocators_own_frames() {
+    let mut cpu = Aggregate::new(50_000_000);
+    cpu.add(
+        "tick",
+        &record(
+            Kind::Cpu,
+            Context::default(),
+            0,
+            &[at(alpha, 4), at(gamma, 3)],
+        ),
+    );
+    cpu.finish();
+    let mut heap = Aggregate::new(0);
+    let inside = HeapProfile::bytes as *const () as usize + 4;
+    let on_tick = heap.thread_index("tick");
+    let key = heap.stack_key(
+        on_tick,
+        profile::State::Alloc,
+        &Context::default(),
+        &[inside, at(beta, 4), at(gamma, 3)],
+    );
+    heap.add_weight(key, 3000);
+    heap.add_weight(
+        profile::Key {
+            state: profile::State::Live,
+            ..key
+        },
+        1000,
+    );
+    let on_worker = heap.thread_index("worker");
+    let key = heap.stack_key(
+        on_worker,
+        profile::State::Live,
+        &Context::default(),
+        &[inside, at(alpha, 4)],
+    );
+    heap.add_weight(key, 500);
+    let heap = HeapProfile {
+        agg: heap,
+        interval: 4096,
+        samples: 3,
+        live_samples: 2,
+        sample_ns: 0,
+        freed: 2000,
+        elapsed: Duration::from_secs(10),
+    };
+    let mut interner = Interner::default();
+    let samples = sample_profile(
+        &profile_of(cpu, Config::default()),
+        Some(&heap),
+        Side::Server,
+        Unit::Tick,
+        &|_| None,
+        &mut interner,
+    );
+    let c = Converted {
+        samples,
+        strings: interner.take_new(Side::Server),
+    };
+    let sources: Vec<_> = c
+        .samples
+        .kinds
+        .iter()
+        .map(|k| (k.source(), k.period))
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(
+        sources,
+        [
+            (SampleSource::Cpu, 4.0),
+            (SampleSource::Alloc, 1.0),
+            (SampleSource::Live, 1.0)
+        ]
+    );
+    let names: Vec<_> = c.samples.threads.iter().map(|t| c.text(t.name)).collect();
+    assert_eq!(names, ["tick", "worker"]);
+    let w = c.samples.weights.as_ref().unwrap();
+    let mut rows: Vec<_> = (0..w.node.len())
+        .map(|i| {
+            let path: Vec<_> = c.path(w.node[i]).into_iter().map(short).collect();
+            (w.kind[i], w.thread[i], path.join(">"), w.count[i])
+        })
+        .collect();
+    rows.sort();
+    assert_eq!(
+        rows,
+        [
+            (0, 0, "gamma>alpha".to_owned(), 1),
+            (1, 0, "gamma>beta".to_owned(), 3000),
+            (2, 0, "gamma>beta".to_owned(), 1000),
+            (2, 1, "alpha".to_owned(), 500),
+        ]
+    );
+    let o = overhead(
+        &profile_of(Aggregate::new(0), Config::default()),
+        Some(&heap),
+    );
+    assert_eq!(o.heap_samples, 3);
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,484 @@
+//! The GPU pass timers' readings as the capture's `gpu` messages (docs/perf-platform.md §3.5); apart from `perf_capture`, which only Linux has.
+use horizon_perf_format::Interner;
+use horizon_perf_format::v1::{
+    GpuBackend, GpuCounter, GpuCounts, GpuDevice, GpuFragmentUnit, GpuFrame, GpuFrames, GpuPart,
+    GpuPartCounts, GpuPartsMode, GpuPass, GpuPassSplit, GpuPasses, GpuSource, Side,
+};
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+use crate::gfx::pack_timing::{
+    Counters, FragmentUnit, GpuReadout, PartsMode, PassCounters, Readings, TimedFrame, TimedFrames,
+};
+
+/// Every time one timer's frames gave a pass or a part during a capture.
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Times {
+    passes: Vec<(String, Vec<f32>)>,
+    parts: Vec<(String, Vec<(String, Vec<f32>)>)>,
+}
+
+fn times_of<'a>(list: &'a mut Vec<(String, Vec<f32>)>, name: &str) -> &'a mut Vec<f32> {
+    let i = match list.iter().position(|e| e.0 == name) {
+        Some(i) => i,
+        None => {
+            list.push((name.to_owned(), Vec::new()));
+            list.len() - 1
+        }
+    };
+    &mut list[i].1
+}
+
+impl Times {
+    fn add(&mut self, frame: &TimedFrame) {
+        for (pass, ms) in &frame.passes {
+            times_of(&mut self.passes, pass).push(*ms);
+        }
+        for (pass, parts) in &frame.parts {
+            let i = match self.parts.iter().position(|e| e.0 == *pass) {
+                Some(i) => i,
+                None => {
+                    self.parts.push((pass.clone(), Vec::new()));
+                    self.parts.len() - 1
+                }
+            };
+            for (part, ms) in parts {
+                times_of(&mut self.parts[i].1, part).push(*ms);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.passes.is_empty() && self.parts.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// `readings` with its times the medians over the whole capture instead of its last frames.
+    fn medians_into(&self, readings: &Readings) -> Readings {
+        let median = |v: &[f32]| {
+            let mut v = v.to_vec();
+            v.sort_by(f32::total_cmp);
+            v[v.len() / 2]
+        };
+        Readings {
+            passes: self
+                .passes
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(name, v)| (name.clone(), median(v)))
+                .collect(),
+            parts: self
+                .parts
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(pass, parts)| {
+                    let parts = parts.iter().map(|(n, v)| (n.clone(), median(v))).collect();
+                    (pass.clone(), parts)
+                })
+                .collect(),
+            ..readings.clone()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A capture's timed frames on their way into `GpuFrames` blocks, every time kept for the whole capture's medians.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct FrameLog {
+    pending: Vec<GpuFrame>,
+    cpu_frame_ms: Vec<f32>,
+    own: Times,
+    pack: Times,
+}
+
+impl FrameLog {
+    /// The CPU's own ms of one frame the window drew.
+    pub fn cpu_frame(&mut self, ms: f32) {
+        self.cpu_frame_ms.push(ms);
+    }
+
+    /// The frames timed since the last call; `t_of` puts a frame's start on the capture clock.
+    pub fn add(
+        &mut self,
+        frames: &TimedFrames,
+        t_of: impl Fn(Instant) -> f64,
+        strings: &mut Interner,
+    ) {
+        for (source, list, times) in [
+            (GpuSource::Horizon, &frames.own, &mut self.own),
+            (GpuSource::ShaderPack, &frames.pack, &mut self.pack),
+        ] {
+            for frame in list {
+                times.add(frame);
+                self.pending
+                    .push(frame_message(frame, source, t_of(frame.at), strings));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The frames and CPU frame times since the last block; none when there are neither.
+    pub fn take_block(&mut self, side: Side) -> Option<GpuFrames> {
+        if self.pending.is_empty() && self.cpu_frame_ms.is_empty() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        Some(GpuFrames {
+            side: side as i32,
+            frames: std::mem::take(&mut self.pending),
+            cpu_frame_ms: std::mem::take(&mut self.cpu_frame_ms),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+fn frame_message(
+    frame: &TimedFrame,
+    source: GpuSource,
+    t: f64,
+    strings: &mut Interner,
+) -> GpuFrame {
+    let mut passes: Vec<GpuPass> = frame
+        .passes
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(name, ms)| GpuPass {
+            name: strings.intern(name),
+            ms: Some(*ms),
+            parts: Vec::new(),
+        })
+        .collect();
+    for (pass, parts) in &frame.parts {
+        let parts = parts
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(part, ms)| GpuPart {
+                name: strings.intern(part),
+                ms: *ms,
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let name = strings.intern(pass);
+        match passes.iter_mut().find(|p| p.name == name) {
+            Some(p) => p.parts = parts,
+            None => passes.push(GpuPass {
+                name,
+                ms: None,
+                parts,
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+    GpuFrame {
+        source: source as i32,
+        t,
+        total_ms: frame.total_ms,
+        passes,
+    }
+}
+
+fn backend(backend: wgpu::Backend) -> GpuBackend {
+    match backend {
+        wgpu::Backend::Vulkan => GpuBackend::Vulkan,
+        wgpu::Backend::Metal => GpuBackend::Metal,
+        wgpu::Backend::Dx12 => GpuBackend::Dx12,
+        wgpu::Backend::Gl => GpuBackend::Gl,
+        _ => GpuBackend::Other,
+    }
+}
+
+fn counts(c: Counters) -> GpuCounts {
+    GpuCounts {
+        vertex_shader_invocations: c.vertex_shader_invocations,
+        clipper_invocations: c.clipper_invocations,
+        clipper_primitives_out: c.clipper_primitives_out,
+        fragment_shader_invocations: c.fragment_shader_invocations,
+    }
+}
+
+fn counter(strings: &mut Interner, pass: &str, c: &PassCounters) -> GpuCounter {
+    GpuCounter {
+        pass: strings.intern(pass),
+        total: Some(counts(c.total)),
+        pixels: c.pixels,
+        parts: c
+            .parts
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(name, part)| GpuPartCounts {
+                name: strings.intern(name),
+                counts: Some(counts(*part)),
+            })
+            .collect(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn device(adapter: &wgpu::AdapterInfo, readings: &Readings) -> GpuDevice {
+    let driver = format!("{} {}", adapter.driver, adapter.driver_info);
+    GpuDevice {
+        adapter: adapter.name.clone(),
+        backend: backend(adapter.backend) as i32,
+        driver: driver.trim().to_owned(),
+        parts_mode: match readings.support.parts {
+            PartsMode::InsidePasses => GpuPartsMode::InsidePasses,
+            PartsMode::SeparatePasses => GpuPartsMode::SeparatePasses,
+        } as i32,
+        pass_split: match readings.support.parts {
+            PartsMode::InsidePasses => GpuPassSplit::DrawGroups,
+            PartsMode::SeparatePasses => GpuPassSplit::PassesOnly,
+        } as i32,
+        counters: readings.support.counters,
+        fragment_unit: match readings.support.fragment_unit {
+            None => GpuFragmentUnit::Unspecified,
+            Some(FragmentUnit::Pixel) => GpuFragmentUnit::Pixel,
+            Some(FragmentUnit::Quad) => GpuFragmentUnit::Quad,
+        } as i32,
+    }
+}
+
+fn section(
+    adapter: &wgpu::AdapterInfo,
+    side: Side,
+    source: GpuSource,
+    readings: &Readings,
+    strings: &mut Interner,
+) -> GpuPasses {
+    let mut passes: Vec<GpuPass> = readings
+        .passes
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(name, ms)| GpuPass {
+            name: strings.intern(name),
+            ms: Some(*ms),
+            parts: Vec::new(),
+        })
+        .collect();
+    for (pass, parts) in &readings.parts {
+        let name = strings.intern(pass);
+        let at = passes
+            .iter()
+            .position(|p| p.name == name)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                passes.push(GpuPass {
+                    name,
+                    ms: None,
+                    parts: Vec::new(),
+                });
+                passes.len() - 1
+            });
+        passes[at].parts = parts
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(part, ms)| GpuPart {
+                name: strings.intern(part),
+                ms: *ms,
+            })
+            .collect();
+    }
+    GpuPasses {
+        side: side as i32,
+        device: Some(device(adapter, readings)),
+        passes,
+        counters: readings
+            .counters
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(pass, c)| counter(strings, pass, c))
+            .collect(),
+        source: source as i32,
+    }
+}
+
+/// One `GpuPasses` per timer that has timed something, its times the medians of `log` where it has them; the caller appends `strings`' new entries first.
+pub fn gpu_passes(
+    readout: &GpuReadout,
+    log: &FrameLog,
+    side: Side,
+    strings: &mut Interner,
+) -> Vec<GpuPasses> {
+    [
+        (GpuSource::Horizon, &readout.own, &log.own),
+        (GpuSource::ShaderPack, &readout.pack, &log.pack),
+    ]
+    .into_iter()
+    .filter_map(|(source, readings, times)| {
+        let readings = readings.as_ref().filter(|r| !r.is_empty())?;
+        let whole = (!times.is_empty()).then(|| times.medians_into(readings));
+        let readings = whole.as_ref().unwrap_or(readings);
+        Some(section(&readout.adapter, side, source, readings, strings))
+    })
+    .collect()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::gfx::pack_timing::DetailSupport;
+
+    fn adapter() -> wgpu::AdapterInfo {
+        wgpu::AdapterInfo {
+            name: "Test GPU".into(),
+            vendor: 0x10de,
+            device: 1,
+            device_type: wgpu::DeviceType::DiscreteGpu,
+            device_pci_bus_id: String::new(),
+            driver: "NVIDIA".into(),
+            driver_info: "570.1".into(),
+            backend: wgpu::Backend::Vulkan,
+            subgroup_min_size: 0,
+            subgroup_max_size: 0,
+            transient_saves_memory: None,
+            limit_bucket: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn support(unit: Option<FragmentUnit>) -> DetailSupport {
+        DetailSupport {
+            parts: PartsMode::InsidePasses,
+            encoder_stamps: true,
+            counters: true,
+            fragment_unit: unit,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn known_medians_parts_and_counters_come_through_with_their_names() {
+        let c = |v, f| Counters {
+            vertex_shader_invocations: v,
+            clipper_invocations: 2_050_000,
+            clipper_primitives_out: 1_200_000,
+            fragment_shader_invocations: f,
+        };
+        let own = Readings {
+            passes: vec![("World".into(), 1.5), ("HUD".into(), 0.25)],
+            parts: vec![("GPU culling".into(), vec![("cull".into(), 0.125)])],
+            counters: vec![(
+                "World".into(),
+                PassCounters {
+                    total: c(4_100_000, 6_300_000),
+                    pixels: 2_073_600,
+                    parts: vec![
+                        ("before translucent".into(), c(3_000_000, 5_100_000)),
+                        ("translucent terrain".into(), c(1_100_000, 1_200_000)),
+                    ],
+                },
+            )],
+            support: support(Some(FragmentUnit::Quad)),
+        };
+        let readout = GpuReadout {
+            adapter: adapter(),
+            own: Some(own),
+            pack: None,
+        };
+        let mut strings = Interner::default();
+        let got = gpu_passes(&readout, &FrameLog::default(), Side::Client, &mut strings);
+        assert_eq!(got.len(), 1);
+        let g = &got[0];
+        assert_eq!((g.side(), g.source()), (Side::Client, GpuSource::Horizon));
+        let d = g.device.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(d.adapter, "Test GPU");
+        assert_eq!(d.backend(), GpuBackend::Vulkan);
+        assert_eq!(d.driver, "NVIDIA 570.1");
+        assert_eq!(d.parts_mode(), GpuPartsMode::InsidePasses);
+        assert!(d.counters);
+        assert_eq!(d.fragment_unit(), GpuFragmentUnit::Quad);
+
+        // World, HUD, then the pass known only through its parts.
+        let entries = strings.take_new(Side::Client);
+        let name = |id: u32| entries.iter().find(|e| e.id == id).unwrap().text.as_str();
+        let named: Vec<_> = g.passes.iter().map(|p| name(p.name)).collect();
+        assert_eq!(named, ["World", "HUD", "GPU culling"]);
+        let shown: Vec<_> = g.passes.iter().map(|p| p.ms).collect();
+        assert_eq!(shown, [Some(1.5), Some(0.25), None]);
+        assert_eq!(name(g.passes[2].parts[0].name), "cull");
+        assert_eq!(g.passes[2].parts[0].ms, 0.125);
+        let counted = &g.counters[0];
+        assert_eq!(counted.pixels, 2_073_600);
+        assert_eq!(
+            counted.total.as_ref().unwrap().fragment_shader_invocations,
+            6_300_000
+        );
+        assert_eq!(counted.parts.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(
+            counted.parts[1]
+                .counts
+                .as_ref()
+                .unwrap()
+                .vertex_shader_invocations,
+            1_100_000
+        );
+        // The pass's counters and its time name the same string.
+        assert_eq!(counted.pass, g.passes[0].name);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_timer_that_timed_nothing_adds_no_section() {
+        let idle = Readings {
+            passes: Vec::new(),
+            parts: Vec::new(),
+            counters: Vec::new(),
+            support: support(None),
+        };
+        let pack = Readings {
+            passes: vec![("composite".into(), 0.75)],
+            ..idle.clone()
+        };
+        let readout = GpuReadout {
+            adapter: adapter(),
+            own: Some(idle),
+            pack: Some(pack),
+        };
+        let got = gpu_passes(
+            &readout,
+            &FrameLog::default(),
+            Side::Client,
+            &mut Interner::default(),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(got.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(got[0].source(), GpuSource::ShaderPack);
+        assert_eq!(
+            got[0].device.as_ref().unwrap().fragment_unit(),
+            GpuFragmentUnit::Unspecified
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_end_section_takes_the_whole_capture_median_and_each_block_its_frames() {
+        let start = Instant::now();
+        let frame = |i: u32, world: f32| TimedFrame {
+            at: start + std::time::Duration::from_millis(u64::from(i) * 10),
+            total_ms: Some(world + 1.0),
+            passes: vec![("World".into(), world), ("HUD".into(), 0.5)],
+            parts: vec![("World".into(), vec![("sky".into(), world / 4.0)])],
+        };
+        let mut log = FrameLog::default();
+        let mut strings = Interner::default();
+        let worlds = [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 100.0];
+        let frames = TimedFrames {
+            own: worlds
+                .iter()
+                .enumerate()
+                .map(|(i, &w)| frame(i as u32, w))
+                .collect(),
+            pack: Vec::new(),
+        };
+        log.add(
+            &frames,
+            |at| at.duration_since(start).as_secs_f64(),
+            &mut strings,
+        );
+        log.cpu_frame(6.0);
+        let block = log.take_block(Side::Client).expect("a block");
+        assert_eq!(block.frames.len(), 5);
+        assert_eq!(block.cpu_frame_ms, [6.0]);
+        assert!((block.frames[4].t - 0.04).abs() < 1e-9);
+        assert_eq!(block.frames[4].total_ms, Some(101.0));
+        assert_eq!(block.frames[4].passes[0].parts[0].ms, 25.0);
+        assert!(log.take_block(Side::Client).is_none());
+
+        // The timer's own median (9.0) is of its last frames; the capture's is the third of five sorted.
+        let own = Readings {
+            passes: vec![("World".into(), 9.0)],
+            parts: Vec::new(),
+            counters: Vec::new(),
+            support: support(None),
+        };
+        let readout = GpuReadout {
+            adapter: adapter(),
+            own: Some(own),
+            pack: None,
+        };
+        let got = gpu_passes(&readout, &log, Side::Client, &mut strings);
+        let world = &got[0].passes[0];
+        assert_eq!(world.ms, Some(3.0));
+        assert_eq!(world.parts[0].ms, 0.75);
+        assert_eq!(
+            got[0].device.as_ref().unwrap().pass_split(),
+            GpuPassSplit::DrawGroups
+        );
+    }
+}
@@ -580,6 +580,15 @@ pub fn button(
        "widget/button"
    };
    sprite(out, sprite_id, x, y, w, h);
+    // `AbstractWidget.WithInactiveMessage.defaultInactiveMessage`: an inactive
+    // widget's message is -6250336 (0xFFA0A0A0), not the active white.
+    let inactive;
+    let label = if active {
+        label
+    } else {
+        inactive = label.clone().with_color(0xFFA0_A0A0);
+        &inactive
+    };
    scrolling_string_over_contents(out, m, label, x, y, w, h, 2, now_ms);
 }
 /// `Tooltip.splitTooltip` of a widget's tooltip, shown under the mouse.
@@ -1150,6 +1159,33 @@ mod button_label_tests {
        button(&mut out, m, text, 10, 20, w, 20, true, false, now_ms);
        out
    }
+    /// `WithInactiveMessage`: a disabled button's message is grey, not white.
+    #[test]
+    fn an_inactive_buttons_label_is_grey() {
+        let atlas = atlas();
+        let m = Measure(&atlas.font);
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        button(
+            &mut out,
+            &m,
+            &Text::literal("Go"),
+            10,
+            20,
+            100,
+            20,
+            false,
+            false,
+            0,
+        );
+        let color = out
+            .iter()
+            .find_map(|d| match d {
+                Draw::Text { text, .. } => text.spans.iter().find_map(|s| s.style.color),
+                _ => None,
+            })
+            .expect("the label is drawn with its inactive style");
+        assert_eq!(color & 0xFF_FFFF, 0xA0_A0A0);
+    }
    fn scissor_of(draws: &[Draw]) -> Option<[i32; 4]> {
        draws.iter().find_map(|d| match d {
            Draw::Scissor { x0, y0, x1, y1 } => Some([*x0, *y0, *x1, *y1]),
@@ -310,6 +310,9 @@ pub(crate) fn search_field(
    let frame = [x, y, clear[0] - x, h];
    search.frame = Some(frame);
    search.draw(batch, atlas, None);
+    if ui::hovered(cursor, x, y, frame[2], h) {
+        crate::widgets::text_cursor(true, true);
+    }
    if search.value.is_empty() && !focused {
        let hint = Text::literal(search.message.clone());
        batch.text_styled(atlas, &hint, x + 5.0, search.y, style::muted(), true);
@@ -1,10 +1,4 @@
-//! Named timings within a frame, for finding what makes a frame slow:
-//! `HORIZON_SPIKES=MS` prints the spans of every frame whose CPU time
-//! exceeds MS milliseconds, and of every server tick (dedicated or
-//! integrated) longer than MS. Each span keeps its wall time and the
-//! thread's CPU time inside it, so a span that waited (for a lock, the GPU
-//! or a core on a busy machine) shows apart from one that worked. Costs two
-//! clock reads per span when enabled and a relaxed load otherwise.
+//! Named timings (wall and thread CPU) of a frame or tick, on with `HORIZON_SPIKES` or while a capture records; the slow ones go to the slow ring, not as span lists to the log.
 use std::{
    cell::{Cell, RefCell},
    sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
@@ -58,10 +52,10 @@ pub fn record_here(on: bool) {
 /// Whether this thread records spans: all of them on, or [`record_here`].
 #[inline]
 pub fn recording_here() -> bool {
-    ENABLED.load(Ordering::Relaxed) || HERE.with(Cell::get) || trace::on()
+    ENABLED.load(Ordering::Relaxed) || HERE.with(Cell::get) || timeline::on()
 }
-/// The thread's CPU time when spans are on for every thread (`HORIZON_SPIKES`): only they
-/// print it.
+/// The thread's CPU time when spans are on for every thread (`HORIZON_SPIKES`): spans recorded
+/// by `record_here` alone keep wall time only.
 #[inline]
 fn cpu_if_enabled() -> Option<Duration> {
    if ENABLED.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
@@ -82,31 +76,41 @@ pub fn time<T>(name: &'static str, f: impl FnOnce() -> T) -> T {
 pub struct Guard {
    open: Option<(&'static str, Instant, Option<Duration>, u8)>,
    _heap: Option<horizon_threads::heap_census::Tag>,
+    /// The sampler's span before this one.
+    outer: u16,
 }
 /// Start a span named `name` that ends when the returned [`Guard`] is dropped.
 #[inline]
 pub fn guard(name: &'static str) -> Guard {
    let _heap = horizon_threads::heap_tag(name);
+    let outer = horizon_threads::work::enter_span(name);
    if !recording_here() {
-        return Guard { open: None, _heap };
+        return Guard {
+            open: None,
+            _heap,
+            outer,
+        };
    }
    let depth = DEPTH.with(|d| d.replace(d.get().saturating_add(1)));
    Guard {
        open: Some((name, Instant::now(), cpu_if_enabled(), depth)),
        _heap,
+        outer,
    }
 }
 impl Drop for Guard {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        horizon_threads::work::leave_span(self.outer);
        let Some((name, started, cpu, depth)) = self.open.take() else {
            return;
        };
-        let ms = started.elapsed().as_secs_f32() * 1000.0;
+        let elapsed = started.elapsed();
+        let ms = elapsed.as_secs_f32() * 1000.0;
        let cpu_ms = cpu
            .and_then(|start| Some((thread_cpu()?, start)))
            .map_or(ms, |(end, start)| (end - start).as_secs_f32() * 1000.0);
        DEPTH.with(|d| d.set(depth));
-        trace::span(name, started, ms);
+        timeline::span(name, started, elapsed, depth);
        push(Span {
            name,
            ms,
@@ -115,6 +119,22 @@ impl Drop for Guard {
        });
    }
 }
+/// How many spans this thread holds.
+fn recorded() -> usize {
+    SPANS.with(|s| s.borrow().len())
+}
+/// Moves the spans recorded since `mark` one level in: they ran inside the lap now ending.
+fn nest_since(mark: usize, depth: u8) {
+    SPANS.with(|s| {
+        let mut s = s.borrow_mut();
+        let start = mark.min(s.len());
+        for span in &mut s[start..] {
+            if span.depth >= depth {
+                span.depth = span.depth.saturating_add(1);
+            }
+        }
+    });
+}
 /// Keeps a finished span for the thread's next [`take_raw`].
 fn push(span: Span) {
    SPANS.with(|s| {
@@ -125,22 +145,6 @@ fn push(span: Span) {
        s.push(span);
    });
 }
-/// Attach per-tick counts without interpreting them as durations.
-pub fn counters(counts: &[(&str, u64)]) {
-    if !enabled() {
-        return;
-    }
-    NOTES.with(|n| {
-        n.borrow_mut().push((
-            0.0,
-            counts
-                .iter()
-                .map(|(name, count)| format!("{name}={count}"))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                .join(", "),
-        ))
-    });
-}
 /// Notes that one step inside a span took `ms` milliseconds doing `what` (one player's
 /// packets, say), when this thread records spans and the step took at least [`NOTE_MS`]: a
 /// span says where a slow tick went, its notes whose doing it was. Only the slowest few are
@@ -173,34 +177,36 @@ pub fn take_notes() -> Vec<(f32, String)> {
 }
 /// Consecutive steps of one function timed as spans: each [`Laps::lap`] records the time since
 /// the previous one (or since [`laps`]) under its name. Nothing is read while spans are off.
-pub struct Laps(Option<(Instant, Option<Duration>)>);
+pub struct Laps(Option<(Instant, Option<Duration>, usize)>);
 /// Start timing the steps of a function (see [`Laps`]).
 #[inline]
 pub fn laps() -> Laps {
-    Laps(recording_here().then(|| (Instant::now(), cpu_if_enabled())))
+    Laps(recording_here().then(|| (Instant::now(), cpu_if_enabled(), recorded())))
 }
 impl Laps {
    /// Record the step that just ended under `name`, and start the next.
    #[inline]
    pub fn lap(&mut self, name: &'static str) {
-        let Some((started, cpu)) = &mut self.0 else {
+        let Some((started, cpu, mark)) = &mut self.0 else {
            return;
        };
        let now = Instant::now();
        let now_cpu = cpu.and_then(|_| thread_cpu());
-        let ms = (now - *started).as_secs_f32() * 1000.0;
+        let elapsed = now - *started;
+        let ms = elapsed.as_secs_f32() * 1000.0;
        let cpu_ms = now_cpu
            .zip(*cpu)
            .map_or(ms, |(end, start)| (end - start).as_secs_f32() * 1000.0);
        let depth = DEPTH.with(Cell::get);
-        trace::span(name, *started, ms);
+        timeline::span(name, *started, elapsed, depth);
+        nest_since(*mark, depth);
        push(Span {
            name,
            ms,
            cpu_ms,
            depth,
        });
-        (*started, *cpu) = (now, now_cpu);
+        (*started, *cpu, *mark) = (now, now_cpu, recorded());
    }
 }
 /// The CPU time this thread has used, where the platform tells it: a tick
@@ -283,173 +289,176 @@ pub fn merge(spans: &[Span]) -> Vec<Span> {
    sums.sort_by(|a, b| b.ms.total_cmp(&a.ms));
    sums
 }
-/// `name wall` for spans of at least 0.5 ms, with `/cpu` when the thread
-/// worked for less than nine tenths of it: the slow-frame and slow-tick lines.
-pub fn describe(spans: &[Span]) -> String {
-    let list: Vec<String> = spans
-        .iter()
-        .filter(|s| s.ms >= 0.5)
-        .map(|s| {
-            if s.cpu_ms < s.ms * 0.9 {
-                format!("{} {:.1}/{:.1}", s.name, s.ms, s.cpu_ms)
-            } else {
-                format!("{} {:.1}", s.name, s.ms)
-            }
-        })
-        .collect();
-    list.join(", ")
-}
-
-/// The run's timeline: every span ([`time`], [`guard`], [`Laps::lap`]) on every thread, as
-/// Chrome trace events that Perfetto (ui.perfetto.dev) opens as they are. `HORIZON_TRACE=FILE`
-/// writes it from the start; [`start`](trace::start) and [`stop`](trace::stop) write one for a
-/// while (`horizon-trace` on a dedicated server's console, `trace` on the control socket). Spans
-/// show on their threads where they ran, nested by time, so what ran beside what, and what a
-/// thread waited for, can be read off. Off, a span costs one relaxed load more.
-pub mod trace {
+/// The run's timeline: every span on every thread, kept in per-thread buffers until a capture drains them as `timeline` chunks.
+pub mod timeline {
    use std::{
-        cell::Cell,
-        fs::File,
-        io::{BufWriter, Write as _},
-        path::Path,
+        cell::RefCell,
        sync::{
-            Mutex, PoisonError,
+            Arc, Mutex, PoisonError,
            atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU32, Ordering},
        },
-        time::Instant,
+        time::{Duration, Instant},
    };

+    /// The most spans a thread holds between two drains; a thread that records more drops them.
+    const THREAD_EVENTS_MAX: usize = 1 << 18;
+
    static ON: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);
-    static SINK: Mutex<Option<Sink>> = Mutex::new(None);
-    /// Counts the traces started: a thread names itself again in each one.
-    static TRACES: AtomicU32 = AtomicU32::new(0);
-    static NEXT_THREAD: AtomicU32 = AtomicU32::new(1);
-    thread_local! {
-        /// This thread's id in traces (0: none yet).
-        static THREAD: Cell<u32> = const { Cell::new(0) };
-        /// The trace this thread last named itself in.
-        static NAMED_IN: Cell<u32> = const { Cell::new(0) };
-    }
-    /// How often a trace's buffer goes to the file, at most: a run that ends without
-    /// [`stop`] loses no more than this.
-    const FLUSH_EVERY: std::time::Duration = std::time::Duration::from_secs(1);
+    static GENERATION: AtomicU32 = AtomicU32::new(0);
+    static RUN: Mutex<Option<Run>> = Mutex::new(None);

-    struct Sink {
-        file: BufWriter<File>,
+    struct Run {
        origin: Instant,
-        /// Until when it records ([`start`]'s `seconds`).
-        until: Option<Instant>,
-        flushed: Instant,
-        /// Events written: the next one is preceded by a comma.
-        events: u64,
-    }
-    impl Sink {
-        fn event(&mut self, event: std::fmt::Arguments) {
-            let comma = if self.events == 0 { "" } else { ",\n" };
-            let _ = write!(self.file, "{comma}{{\"pid\":1,{event}}}");
-            self.events += 1;
-        }
+        threads: Vec<Arc<Mutex<Thread>>>,
    }

-    /// Whether a trace is being written.
+    struct Thread {
+        name: String,
+        label: String,
+        events: Vec<Event>,
+    }
+
+    /// This thread's buffer in the timeline it last joined.
+    struct Mine {
+        generation: u32,
+        origin: Instant,
+        thread: Arc<Mutex<Thread>>,
+    }
+
+    thread_local! {
+        static MINE: RefCell<Option<Mine>> = const { RefCell::new(None) };
+    }
+
+    /// One finished span.
+    #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+    pub struct Event {
+        pub name: &'static str,
+        /// Microseconds from the timeline's start.
+        pub start_us: u64,
+        pub dur_us: u32,
+        /// How many spans it ran inside on its thread.
+        pub depth: u8,
+    }
+
+    /// The spans one thread finished since the last drain, in the order they finished.
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+    pub struct ThreadEvents {
+        /// The thread's name; threads alive together under one name get `#2`, `#3`... after it.
+        pub thread: String,
+        pub events: Vec<Event>,
+    }
+
+    /// Whether a timeline is being recorded.
    #[inline]
    pub fn on() -> bool {
        ON.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
    }

-    /// Starts a trace written to `path` (replacing a trace being written), for `seconds` or
-    /// until [`stop`].
-    pub fn start(path: &Path, seconds: Option<u32>) -> std::io::Result<()> {
-        let mut file = BufWriter::with_capacity(1 << 18, File::create(path)?);
-        file.write_all(b"[\n")?;
-        let now = Instant::now();
-        let sink = Sink {
-            file,
-            origin: now,
-            until: seconds.map(|s| now + std::time::Duration::from_secs(u64::from(s))),
-            flushed: now,
-            events: 0,
-        };
-        let mut slot = SINK.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner);
-        if let Some(old) = slot.take() {
-            close(old);
+    /// Starts recording, timed from `origin`; false when a timeline already runs (the process has one).
+    pub fn start(origin: Instant) -> bool {
+        let mut run = RUN.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner);
+        if run.is_some() {
+            return false;
        }
-        *slot = Some(sink);
-        TRACES.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        *run = Some(Run {
+            origin,
+            threads: Vec::new(),
+        });
+        GENERATION.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        ON.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
-        Ok(())
+        true
    }

-    /// Starts the trace `HORIZON_TRACE` names, if it names one.
-    pub fn start_from_env() {
-        if let Some(path) = std::env::var_os("HORIZON_TRACE")
-            && let Err(e) = start(Path::new(&path), None)
-        {
-            log::warn!("Horizon: HORIZON_TRACE: {e}");
-        }
+    /// Takes what the threads finished since the last call.
+    pub fn drain() -> Vec<ThreadEvents> {
+        let run = RUN.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner);
+        run.as_ref().map_or_else(Vec::new, take_all)
    }

-    /// Ends the trace being written: the file is complete JSON. The events written so far
-    /// and whether one was being written.
-    pub fn stop() -> Option<u64> {
+    /// Stops recording and returns what the threads finished since the last drain.
+    pub fn finish() -> Vec<ThreadEvents> {
        ON.store(false, Ordering::Relaxed);
-        let sink = SINK.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner).take()?;
-        let events = sink.events;
-        close(sink);
-        Some(events)
+        let run = RUN.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner).take();
+        run.as_ref().map_or_else(Vec::new, take_all)
    }

-    /// Whether the trace being written has run its time ([`start`]'s `seconds`): the caller
-    /// then [`stop`]s it.
-    pub fn due() -> bool {
-        on() && SINK
-            .lock()
-            .unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner)
-            .as_ref()
-            .and_then(|s| s.until)
-            .is_some_and(|until| Instant::now() >= until)
+    fn take_all(run: &Run) -> Vec<ThreadEvents> {
+        run.threads
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|thread| {
+                let mut thread = thread.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner);
+                (!thread.events.is_empty()).then(|| ThreadEvents {
+                    thread: thread.label.clone(),
+                    events: std::mem::take(&mut thread.events),
+                })
+            })
+            .collect()
    }

-    fn close(mut sink: Sink) {
-        let _ = sink.file.write_all(b"\n]\n");
-        let _ = sink.file.flush();
+    /// Takes a buffer for this thread: the one of an exited thread of the same name, else a new one.
+    fn join() -> Option<Mine> {
+        let mut slot = RUN.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner);
+        let run = slot.as_mut()?;
+        let name = std::thread::current()
+            .name()
+            .unwrap_or("unnamed")
+            .to_owned();
+        let of_name =
+            |t: &Arc<Mutex<Thread>>| t.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner).name == name;
+        let thread = match run
+            .threads
+            .iter()
+            .find(|t| Arc::strong_count(t) == 1 && of_name(t))
+        {
+            Some(exited) => Arc::clone(exited),
+            None => {
+                let same = run.threads.iter().filter(|t| of_name(t)).count();
+                let label = if same == 0 {
+                    name.clone()
+                } else {
+                    format!("{name} #{}", same + 1)
+                };
+                let thread = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Thread {
+                    name,
+                    label,
+                    events: Vec::new(),
+                }));
+                run.threads.push(Arc::clone(&thread));
+                thread
+            }
+        };
+        Some(Mine {
+            generation: GENERATION.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
+            origin: run.origin,
+            thread,
+        })
    }

-    /// A span of this thread from `started`, `ms` long.
-    pub(super) fn span(name: &'static str, started: Instant, ms: f32) {
+    /// A span of this thread from `started`, `elapsed` long, inside `depth` others.
+    pub(super) fn span(name: &'static str, started: Instant, elapsed: Duration, depth: u8) {
        if !on() {
            return;
        }
-        let tid = THREAD.with(|t| {
-            if t.get() == 0 {
-                t.set(NEXT_THREAD.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed));
+        let generation = GENERATION.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
+        let _ = MINE.try_with(|mine| {
+            let mut mine = mine.borrow_mut();
+            if mine.as_ref().is_none_or(|m| m.generation != generation) {
+                *mine = join();
+            }
+            let Some(mine) = mine.as_ref() else {
+                return;
+            };
+            let event = Event {
+                name,
+                start_us: started.saturating_duration_since(mine.origin).as_micros() as u64,
+                dur_us: elapsed.as_micros().min(u128::from(u32::MAX)) as u32,
+                depth,
+            };
+            let mut thread = mine.thread.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner);
+            if thread.events.len() < THREAD_EVENTS_MAX {
+                thread.events.push(event);
            }
-            t.get()
        });
-        let trace = TRACES.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
-        let mut slot = SINK.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner);
-        let Some(sink) = slot.as_mut() else {
-            return;
-        };
-        if NAMED_IN.with(|n| n.replace(trace)) != trace {
-            let name = std::thread::current()
-                .name()
-                .unwrap_or("unnamed")
-                .replace(['"', '\\'], "_");
-            sink.event(format_args!(
-                r#""ph":"M","name":"thread_name","tid":{tid},"args":{{"name":"{name}"}}"#
-            ));
-        }
-        let ts = started.saturating_duration_since(sink.origin).as_secs_f64() * 1e6;
-        sink.event(format_args!(
-            r#""ph":"X","name":"{name}","tid":{tid},"ts":{ts:.3},"dur":{:.3}"#,
-            f64::from(ms) * 1e3
-        ));
-        let now = Instant::now();
-        if now.duration_since(sink.flushed) >= FLUSH_EVERY {
-            let _ = sink.file.flush();
-            sink.flushed = now;
-        }
    }
 }

@@ -654,6 +663,46 @@ mod tests {
        SWITCH.lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner())
    }

+    /// Samples taken inside a named span carry its id, with spans off, and the span is left after it.
+    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+    #[test]
+    fn samples_inside_a_span_carry_its_id() {
+        use horizon_threads::{sampler, work};
+        use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+        let worker = std::thread::spawn(|| {
+            assert!(sampler::sampled_thread("spans-id-test"));
+            let config = sampler::Config {
+                hz: 1000,
+                ..Default::default()
+            };
+            let session = sampler::start(config, |n| n == "spans-id-test").unwrap();
+            let busy = |ms| {
+                let until = Instant::now() + Duration::from_millis(ms);
+                while Instant::now() < until {
+                    std::hint::black_box(0);
+                }
+            };
+            super::time("spans_id_test_named", || busy(60));
+            assert_eq!(sampler::span(), 0);
+            busy(60);
+            let mut spans = Vec::new();
+            session.stop(|_, r| spans.push(r.ctx.span));
+            spans
+        });
+        let spans = worker.join().unwrap();
+        let inside = |s: &u16| work::name(work::Space::Span, *s) == Some("spans_id_test_named");
+        let (named, plain) = (
+            spans.iter().filter(|s| inside(s)).count(),
+            spans.iter().filter(|s| **s == 0).count(),
+        );
+        assert!(
+            named > 30 && plain > 30,
+            "{named} named, {plain} outside of {} samples",
+            spans.len()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(named + plain, spans.len(), "no other span id");
+    }
+
    /// A slow tick's notes are its slowest steps, slowest first; short steps and steps on a
    /// thread that records no spans leave none.
    #[test]
@@ -680,8 +729,7 @@ mod tests {
        assert!(super::take_notes().is_empty(), "taking them clears them");
    }

-    /// Spans of one name add up; a span the thread spent mostly waiting
-    /// shows its CPU time after the wall time, short ones are left out.
+    /// Spans of one name add up, the slowest first; a span that waited keeps its small CPU time.
    #[test]
    fn spans_sum_by_name_and_show_waits() {
        super::SPANS.with(|s| {
@@ -723,7 +771,6 @@ mod tests {
            }
        );
        assert_eq!((spans[1].name, spans[1].ms), ("tick", 5.0));
-        assert_eq!(super::describe(&spans), "submit 30.0/0.2, tick 5.0");
        assert!(super::take().is_empty());
    }

@@ -843,6 +890,22 @@ mod tests {
        assert!(spans[0].ms >= 2.0);
    }

+    /// A span that ran during a lap belongs inside that lap, and not inside the next one.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_span_during_a_lap_nests_under_that_lap() {
+        let _switch = spans_switch();
+        let _ = super::take_raw();
+        super::enable(true);
+        let mut laps = super::laps();
+        super::time("inner", || {});
+        laps.lap("first");
+        laps.lap("second");
+        super::enable(false);
+        let spans = super::take_raw();
+        let depths: Vec<_> = spans.iter().map(|s| (s.name, s.depth)).collect();
+        assert_eq!(depths, [("inner", 1), ("first", 0), ("second", 0)]);
+    }
+
    /// The thread's CPU clock moves with work done on it, not with time
    /// spent asleep.
    #[cfg(any(unix, all(windows, target_arch = "x86_64")))]
@@ -865,4 +928,74 @@ mod tests {
        assert!(slept.as_millis() < 25, "{slept:?} while asleep");
        assert!(worked.as_millis() >= 10, "{worked:?} while busy");
    }
+
+    /// Each thread's finished spans reach the timeline with their depth and nesting in time; threads alive together under one name get labels of their own, ones after another share a lane.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_timeline_keeps_each_threads_spans_with_their_depth_and_place_in_time() {
+        use super::timeline;
+        use std::sync::{Arc, Barrier};
+        use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+        let _switch = spans_switch();
+        assert!(timeline::start(Instant::now()));
+        assert!(
+            !timeline::start(Instant::now()),
+            "the process has one timeline"
+        );
+        let spawn = |name: &str, alive_with: Option<Arc<Barrier>>| {
+            std::thread::Builder::new()
+                .name(name.into())
+                .spawn(move || {
+                    super::time("outer", || {
+                        std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(4));
+                        super::time("inner", || std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(3)));
+                    });
+                    if let Some(barrier) = alive_with {
+                        barrier.wait();
+                    }
+                })
+                .unwrap()
+        };
+        spawn("tl-solo", None).join().unwrap();
+        let together = Arc::new(Barrier::new(2));
+        let twins = [
+            spawn("tl-twin", Some(together.clone())),
+            spawn("tl-twin", Some(together)),
+        ];
+        for twin in twins {
+            twin.join().unwrap();
+        }
+        spawn("tl-seq", None).join().unwrap();
+        spawn("tl-seq", None).join().unwrap();
+        let mut threads = timeline::finish();
+        threads.retain(|t| t.thread.starts_with("tl-"));
+        threads.sort_by(|a, b| a.thread.cmp(&b.thread));
+        let labels: Vec<_> = threads.iter().map(|t| t.thread.as_str()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(labels, ["tl-seq", "tl-solo", "tl-twin", "tl-twin #2"]);
+        for thread in &threads {
+            let runs = if thread.thread == "tl-seq" { 2 } else { 1 };
+            assert_eq!(thread.events.len(), 2 * runs, "{thread:?}");
+            for pair in thread.events.chunks(2) {
+                let [inner, outer] = pair else { unreachable!() };
+                assert_eq!((inner.name, inner.depth), ("inner", 1));
+                assert_eq!((outer.name, outer.depth), ("outer", 0));
+                assert!(
+                    inner.dur_us >= 3_000 && outer.dur_us >= 7_000,
+                    "{inner:?} {outer:?}"
+                );
+                assert!(inner.start_us >= outer.start_us + 4_000);
+                assert!(
+                    inner.start_us + u64::from(inner.dur_us)
+                        <= outer.start_us + u64::from(outer.dur_us)
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        let seq = threads.iter().find(|t| t.thread == "tl-seq").unwrap();
+        assert!(seq.events[2].start_us >= seq.events[1].start_us + u64::from(seq.events[1].dur_us));
+
+        spawn("tl-after", None).join().unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            timeline::drain().is_empty(),
+            "a stopped timeline records nothing"
+        );
+    }
 }
@@ -28,37 +28,7 @@ pub const IDLE_RELEASE: std::time::Duration = std::time::Duration::from_secs(5);
 /// Worker CPU time and job counts by kind, for benchmarks
 /// (`examples/gen_light_bench.rs`). Off unless enabled: a relaxed load per
 /// job then.
-pub mod job_stats {
-    use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU64, Ordering};
-    pub const KINDS: [&str; 7] = [
-        "load", "generate", "decorate", "finish", "light", "mesh", "other",
-    ];
-    static ENABLED: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);
-    static NANOS: [AtomicU64; 7] = [const { AtomicU64::new(0) }; 7];
-    static COUNT: [AtomicU64; 7] = [const { AtomicU64::new(0) }; 7];
-    pub fn enable(on: bool) {
-        ENABLED.store(on, Ordering::Relaxed);
-    }
-    pub(super) fn enabled() -> bool {
-        ENABLED.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
-    }
-    pub(super) fn add(kind: usize, nanos: u64) {
-        NANOS[kind].fetch_add(nanos, Ordering::Relaxed);
-        COUNT[kind].fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
-    }
-    /// (kind, nanoseconds, count) since the last call; resets them.
-    pub fn take() -> Vec<(&'static str, u64, u64)> {
-        (0..KINDS.len())
-            .map(|i| {
-                (
-                    KINDS[i],
-                    NANOS[i].swap(0, Ordering::Relaxed),
-                    COUNT[i].swap(0, Ordering::Relaxed),
-                )
-            })
-            .collect()
-    }
-}
+pub mod job_stats;
 /// A chunk under generation, opaque to the streamer.
 pub type Proto = Box<dyn std::any::Any + Send>;
 /// Chunk generation in vanilla's stages: a neighbour-independent proto chunk
@@ -506,8 +476,8 @@ pub struct Streaming {
    decoration_order: DecorationOrder,
    order_area: Option<((i32, i32), i32)>,
    /// What the queued jobs' priorities were computed from (`requeue`): the
-    /// centre, the band, and the extra areas.
-    queue_basis: (((i32, i32), Option<Band>), Vec<((i32, i32), i32)>),
+    /// centre, the band, the extra areas, and the forced chunks.
+    queue_basis: forced_ring::Basis,
    finishing: FxHashSet<(i32, i32)>,
    decorates: bool,
    /// `ChunkGenerator::decorates_beside_final`.
@@ -1070,7 +1040,10 @@ pub struct WorkerContext {
    pub light: Arc<LightTables>,
 }
 mod bounded;
+mod queue_census;
+pub use queue_census::QueueCensus;
 mod forced_cover;
+mod forced_ring;
 mod relight_now;
 use bounded::nearest_first;
 use forced_cover::ForcedCover;
@@ -1354,11 +1327,9 @@ impl Streaming {
    /// render distance 32 nothing was decorated until every proto chunk had
    /// been generated.
    fn requeue(&mut self) {
-        let basis = (self.center, self.band);
-        if self.queue_basis.0 == basis && self.queue_basis.1 == self.extra {
+        if !forced_ring::basis_changed(self) {
            return;
        }
-        self.queue_basis = (basis, self.extra.clone());
        let mut queue = self.shared.queue.lock().unwrap();
        rank_again(&mut queue, |x, z| self.distance(x, z));
    }
@@ -1684,6 +1655,7 @@ impl Streaming {
        &mut self,
        world: &mut World,
    ) -> (Vec<((i32, i32, i32), SectionMesh)>, Vec<Arc<Chunk>>) {
+        let mut hz_laps = crate::spans::laps();
        let mut uploads = Vec::new();
        if self.paused {
            return (uploads, Vec::new());
@@ -1709,6 +1681,7 @@ impl Streaming {
        self.scan_age = if sweep { 0 } else { self.scan_age + 1 };
        self.requeue();
        self.relight_edits(world);
+        hz_laps.lap("st_relight_edits");
        let deferred = std::mem::take(&mut self.deferred);
        let received = self.shared.done.take();
        // Meshes made stale meanwhile, freed with the uploaded ones (`free`).
@@ -1758,6 +1731,7 @@ impl Streaming {
                }
            }
        }
+        hz_laps.lap("st_results");
        self.free(stale);
        let mut removed = Vec::new();
        if sweep {
@@ -1828,6 +1802,7 @@ impl Streaming {
            }
            self.save_checked_out(written);
        }
+        hz_laps.lap("st_sweep");
        let (protos, finishing) = (&self.protos, &self.finishing);
        self.decorated.retain(|k| {
            protos.contains_key(k) || finishing.contains(k) || world.chunks.contains_key(k)
@@ -1859,6 +1834,7 @@ impl Streaming {
                self.submit(Some((x, z)), 0, Job::Finish(proto));
            }
        }
+        hz_laps.lap("st_finalize");
        // Decorate chunks whose 3x3 proto neighbourhood is available, in
        // vanilla's order: decoration is order dependent where write regions
        // overlap (see `DecorationOrder`).
@@ -1984,7 +1960,9 @@ impl Streaming {
                self.submit(Some((x, z)), 1, Job::Decorate(x, z, region, finals));
            }
        }
+        hz_laps.lap("st_decorate");
        self.schedule_generation(world, workers);
+        hz_laps.lap("st_generate");
        // Lighting once all neighbours exist, nearest first and only as
        // much of it as the workers can chew. Vanilla's light engine also
        // hands a bounded queue to its workers and reschedules what did
@@ -2020,6 +1998,7 @@ impl Streaming {
                Job::Light(x, z, region, self.sequence, self.sky_light),
            );
        }
+        hz_laps.lap("st_light");
        // A server draws nothing: its sections are never meshed.
        if !self.mesh {
            world.dirty_sections.clear();
@@ -2060,6 +2039,7 @@ impl Streaming {
                !back
            });
        }
+        hz_laps.lap("st_waiting");
        // Column by column: the checks below hold for all of a column's
        // sections, and columns waiting for light cost one look per frame.
        columns.extend(world.dirty_sections.columns());
@@ -2092,6 +2072,7 @@ impl Streaming {
            }
            candidates.push((self.distance(x, z), x, z, sections));
        }
+        hz_laps.lap("st_candidates");
        // Nearest first, and only as many sections as the workers can chew.
        // Every ready column used to be submitted at once, so at a wide
        // render distance the queue — and `meshing`, and each job's 3x3
@@ -2862,7 +2843,7 @@ impl Ranges<'_> {
            _ => own,
        }
    }
-    fn distance(&self, x: i32, z: i32) -> i64 {
+    fn player_distance(&self, x: i32, z: i32) -> i64 {
        let d = |c: (i32, i32)| {
            let (dx, dz) = (i64::from(x - c.0), i64::from(z - c.1));
            dx * dx + dz * dz
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+//! How a forced chunk's ring is ranked (#13175).
+use super::{Band, FORCED_TERRAIN_RING, Ranges, Streaming};
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+type Chunks = HashSet<(i32, i32)>;
+
+/// What queued jobs were ranked from (`Streaming::requeue`): the centre, the
+/// band, the extra areas, and the forced chunks.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(super) struct Basis {
+    player: ((i32, i32), Option<Band>),
+    extra: Vec<((i32, i32), i32)>,
+    forced: (Chunks, Chunks),
+}
+
+/// Whether the queued jobs' ranking is out of date; it is brought up to date.
+pub(super) fn basis_changed(s: &mut Streaming) -> bool {
+    let b = &mut s.queue_basis;
+    let same = b.player == (s.center, s.band)
+        && b.extra == s.extra
+        && b.forced.0 == s.forced
+        && b.forced.1 == s.mod_forced;
+    if !same {
+        b.player = (s.center, s.band);
+        b.extra.clone_from(&s.extra);
+        b.forced.0.clone_from(&s.forced);
+        b.forced.1.clone_from(&s.mod_forced);
+    }
+    !same
+}
+
+impl Ranges<'_> {
+    /// `player_distance`, or the nearer one to a forced chunk whose ring reaches
+    /// (x, z): see `forced_distance`.
+    pub(super) fn distance(&self, x: i32, z: i32) -> i64 {
+        self.player_distance(x, z).min(self.forced_distance(x, z))
+    }
+
+    /// Distance (squared) to the nearest forced chunk whose ring reaches
+    /// (x, z), or `i64::MAX`. A forced chunk's ring is loaded with its ticket
+    /// (levels 32 to 35 around the FORCED ticket's 31), so the 3x3 it needs to
+    /// tick is ranked around it, not by how far it lies from the player: vanilla
+    /// ticks the chunk on the first tick (`ChunkMap.prepareTickingChunk`).
+    pub(super) fn forced_distance(&self, x: i32, z: i32) -> i64 {
+        const SIDE: usize = (2 * FORCED_TERRAIN_RING + 1) as usize;
+        let held = self.forced.len() + self.mod_forced.len();
+        if held == 0 {
+            return i64::MAX;
+        }
+        let d = |f: (i32, i32)| {
+            let (dx, dz) = (i64::from(x - f.0), i64::from(z - f.1));
+            dx * dx + dz * dz
+        };
+        if held <= SIDE * SIDE {
+            return self
+                .forced_chunks()
+                .filter(|f| (x - f.0).abs().max((z - f.1).abs()) <= FORCED_TERRAIN_RING)
+                .map(|&f| d(f))
+                .min()
+                .unwrap_or(i64::MAX);
+        }
+        // Many forced chunks: look at the columns around (x, z) instead.
+        (-FORCED_TERRAIN_RING..=FORCED_TERRAIN_RING)
+            .flat_map(|dz| (-FORCED_TERRAIN_RING..=FORCED_TERRAIN_RING).map(move |dx| (dx, dz)))
+            .map(|(dx, dz)| (x + dx, z + dz))
+            .filter(|f| self.is_forced(f.0, f.1))
+            .map(d)
+            .min()
+            .unwrap_or(i64::MAX)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::super::{GenerationInputs, GenerationScan, NO_CHUNKS};
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::fast_hash::{FxHashMap, FxHashSet};
+    use crate::world::World;
+
+    /// A forced chunk's ring is loaded with its ticket, so it ranks around
+    /// the forced chunk and not by how far it lies from the player. Vanilla
+    /// then ticks the chunk on the first tick after a reload
+    /// (`ChunkMap.prepareTickingChunk`: its 3x3 is full at once); ranked from
+    /// the player at the origin, a ring 4096 blocks out arrived west/north
+    /// first, over tens of ticks.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_forced_chunks_ring_is_ranked_around_it() {
+        let ranges = |forced| Ranges {
+            center: (0, 0),
+            radius: 2,
+            extra: &[],
+            forced,
+            mod_forced: &NO_CHUNKS,
+            cover: None,
+            forced_cover: None,
+            band: None,
+        };
+        let forced: HashSet<(i32, i32)> = [(256, 256)].into();
+        let r = ranges(&forced);
+        // Squared distance to the forced chunk, by hand: (255, 254) is
+        // one west and two north of it.
+        assert_eq!(r.priority(256, 256), 0);
+        assert_eq!(r.priority(255, 254), 1 + 4);
+        assert_eq!(r.priority(260, 252), 16 + 16);
+        // Past the fourth ring (level 36 and up) the player's distance rules,
+        // as does the whole map without a forced chunk.
+        assert_eq!(r.priority(261, 256), 261 * 261 + 256 * 256);
+        let none = HashSet::new();
+        assert_eq!(ranges(&none).priority(255, 254), 255 * 255 + 254 * 254);
+        // Many forced chunks (the neighbour lookups) agree with few.
+        let many: HashSet<(i32, i32)> = (0..100).map(|i| (256 + 20 * i, 256)).collect();
+        assert_eq!(ranges(&many).priority(255, 254), 5);
+        assert_eq!(ranges(&many).priority(276, 258), 4);
+        // The generation plan fetches the 3x3 the chunk ticks with first.
+        let world = World::new(horizon_world::registry::BlockStateId(0), 0);
+        let (generating, finishing) = (FxHashSet::default(), FxHashSet::default());
+        let protos = FxHashMap::default();
+        let input = GenerationInputs {
+            ranges: ranges(&forced),
+            world: &world,
+            generating: &generating,
+            protos: &protos,
+            finishing: &finishing,
+            decorates: true,
+            remote: false,
+        };
+        let candidates = GenerationScan::default()
+            .candidates(input, usize::MAX)
+            .expect("a scan");
+        let ring: Vec<(i32, i32)> = candidates
+            .iter()
+            .map(|&(_, x, z)| (x, z))
+            .filter(|&(x, z)| (x - 256).abs().max((z - 256).abs()) <= FORCED_TERRAIN_RING)
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(ring.len(), 81);
+        assert_eq!(ring[0], (256, 256));
+        let d = |(x, z): (i32, i32)| (x - 256).pow(2) + (z - 256).pow(2);
+        for pair in ring.windows(2) {
+            assert!(
+                d(pair[0]) <= d(pair[1]),
+                "{:?} before {:?}",
+                pair[0],
+                pair[1]
+            );
+        }
+        let first_nine: HashSet<(i32, i32)> = ring[..9].iter().copied().collect();
+        let expected: HashSet<(i32, i32)> = (-1..=1)
+            .flat_map(|dx| (-1..=1).map(move |dz| (256 + dx, 256 + dz)))
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(first_nine, expected);
+    }
+
+    /// Jobs queued before a chunk was forced follow it once it is
+    /// (`Streaming::requeue` ranks them again).
+    #[test]
+    fn queued_jobs_follow_a_forced_chunk() {
+        use super::super::{Job, Queued, rank_again};
+        use std::collections::BinaryHeap;
+        let job = |x, z, order| Queued {
+            priority: 0,
+            at: Some((x, z)),
+            bias: 0,
+            order,
+            job: Job::Generate(x, z),
+        };
+        let first_after = |forced: &HashSet<(i32, i32)>| {
+            let ranges = Ranges {
+                center: (0, 0),
+                radius: 2,
+                extra: &[],
+                forced,
+                mod_forced: &NO_CHUNKS,
+                cover: None,
+                forced_cover: None,
+                band: None,
+            };
+            // (255, 254) lies nearer the origin than (258, 256), the
+            // forced chunk's neighbour two chunks east.
+            let mut queue = BinaryHeap::from(vec![job(255, 254, 1), job(258, 256, 2)]);
+            rank_again(&mut queue, |x, z| ranges.priority(x, z));
+            queue.pop().and_then(|q| q.at)
+        };
+        assert_eq!(first_after(&HashSet::new()), Some((255, 254)));
+        assert_eq!(first_after(&[(256, 256)].into()), Some((258, 256)));
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU64, Ordering};
+pub const KINDS: [&str; 7] = [
+    "load", "generate", "decorate", "finish", "light", "mesh", "other",
+];
+static ENABLED: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);
+static NANOS: [AtomicU64; 7] = [const { AtomicU64::new(0) }; 7];
+static COUNT: [AtomicU64; 7] = [const { AtomicU64::new(0) }; 7];
+pub fn enable(on: bool) {
+    ENABLED.store(on, Ordering::Relaxed);
+}
+pub(super) fn enabled() -> bool {
+    ENABLED.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
+}
+pub(super) fn add(kind: usize, nanos: u64) {
+    NANOS[kind].fetch_add(nanos, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    COUNT[kind].fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+}
+/// (kind, nanoseconds, count) since the last call; resets them.
+pub fn take() -> Vec<(&'static str, u64, u64)> {
+    (0..KINDS.len())
+        .map(|i| {
+            (
+                KINDS[i],
+                NANOS[i].swap(0, Ordering::Relaxed),
+                COUNT[i].swap(0, Ordering::Relaxed),
+            )
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+//! What the streamer's queues hold, for `horizon-ctl memory` and captures.
+use super::{Queued, Streaming};
+
+/// What the streamer's work queues hold, each as (entries, estimated bytes).
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct QueueCensus {
+    /// Jobs queued and chunks generating.
+    pub generation: (usize, usize),
+    /// Chunks being lit and the edit log their jobs replay.
+    pub light: (usize, usize),
+}
+
+impl Streaming {
+    /// The queues' lengths and the bytes of their tables, from capacities. For `horizon-ctl memory`.
+    pub fn queue_census(&self) -> QueueCensus {
+        use std::mem::size_of;
+        let table = |capacity: usize, entry: usize| capacity * (entry + 1);
+        let queued = {
+            let queue = self.shared.queue.lock().unwrap();
+            (queue.len(), queue.capacity() * size_of::<Queued>())
+        };
+        QueueCensus {
+            generation: (
+                queued.0 + self.generating.len(),
+                queued.1 + table(self.generating.capacity(), size_of::<(i32, i32)>()),
+            ),
+            light: (
+                self.lighting.len(),
+                table(self.lighting.capacity(), size_of::<((i32, i32), u64)>())
+                    + table(
+                        self.light_snapshots.capacity(),
+                        size_of::<((i32, i32), u64)>(),
+                    )
+                    + self.light_log.capacity() * size_of::<(u64, (i32, i32, i32))>()
+                    + self.light_scratch.capacity() * size_of::<(i64, i32, i32)>(),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ struct Globals {
    // w: apply the no-pack HDR gain; HDR_WRITE_LIGHT independently keeps float alpha as coverage.
    hdr_light: vec4<f32>,
    hdr_settings: vec4<f32>,
-    hdr_shares: vec4<f32>,
+    hdr_gains: vec4<f32>,
 }
@group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> globals: Globals;
@group(0) @binding(1) var sprites: texture_2d_array<f32>;
@@ -788,7 +788,7 @@ fn solid_finish(in: TerrainOut, texel: vec4<f32>, color: vec4<f32>) -> vec4<f32>
 fn solid_light(finished: vec4<f32>) -> vec4<f32> {
    if HDR_WRITE_LIGHT {
        if globals.hdr_light.w != 0.0 {
-            return vec4(hdr_written(finished.rgb, finished.a, globals.hdr_settings, globals.hdr_shares), 1.0);
+            return vec4(hdr_written(finished.rgb, finished.a, globals.hdr_settings, globals.hdr_gains), 1.0);
        }
        return frame_stored(vec4(finished.rgb, 1.0));
    }
@@ -870,7 +870,7 @@ fn solid_finish_at(in: TerrainOut, texel: vec4<f32>, color: vec4<f32>, du: vec2<
        let fogged = max(linear_fog(in.spherical, globals.fog.x, globals.fog.y),
            linear_fog(in.cylindrical, globals.fog.z, globals.fog.w)) * globals.fog_color.a;
        let mark = hdr_scene_alpha(mix(hdr_scene(in.scene.x, in.scene.y, hdr_facing()), globals.hdr_light.y, fogged));
-        return vec4(hdr_written(finished.rgb, mark, globals.hdr_settings, globals.hdr_shares), finished.a);
+        return vec4(hdr_written(finished.rgb, mark, globals.hdr_settings, globals.hdr_gains), finished.a);
    }
    return frame_stored(finished);
 }
@@ -1076,7 +1076,7 @@ fn sky_finished(color: vec3<f32>) -> vec4<f32> {
    let mark = 1.0 - 0.24 * globals.hdr_light.y;
    if HDR_WRITE_LIGHT {
        if globals.hdr_light.w != 0.0 {
-            return vec4(hdr_written(color, mark, globals.hdr_settings, globals.hdr_shares), 1.0);
+            return vec4(hdr_written(color, mark, globals.hdr_settings, globals.hdr_gains), 1.0);
        }
        return frame_stored(vec4(color, 1.0));
    }
@@ -1104,6 +1104,34 @@ pub fn tooltip_menu(
    );
    tooltip_box(batch, atlas, lines, x as f32, y as f32, w, h);
 }
+/// `BelowOrAboveWidgetTooltipPositioner.positionTooltip`: a keyboard-focused widget's tooltip.
+pub fn tooltip_focused(batch: &mut HudBatch, atlas: &HudAtlas, lines: &[Text], rect: [f32; 4]) {
+    if lines.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+    let (w, h) = tooltip_size(atlas, lines);
+    let (x, y) = focused_tooltip_position(
+        (batch.width as i32, batch.height as i32),
+        rect.map(|v| v as i32),
+        (w.ceil() as i32, h.ceil() as i32),
+    );
+    tooltip_box(batch, atlas, lines, x as f32, y as f32, w, h);
+}
+
+/// `BelowOrAboveWidgetTooltipPositioner.positionTooltip`: below, or above when it does not fit.
+fn focused_tooltip_position(screen: (i32, i32), rect: [i32; 4], size: (i32, i32)) -> (i32, i32) {
+    let [left, top, width, height] = rect;
+    let mut x = left + 3;
+    let mut y = top + height + 4;
+    if y + size.1 + 3 > screen.1 {
+        y = top - size.1 - 4;
+    }
+    if x + size.0 > screen.0 {
+        x = (left + width - size.0 - 3).max(4);
+    }
+    (x, y)
+}
+
 /// A widget's tooltip while the controller's focus is on it (Horizon's: vanilla has no gamepad
 /// input, and the hidden pointer mid-widget would put it over the widget).
 pub fn tooltip_under(batch: &mut HudBatch, atlas: &HudAtlas, lines: &[Text], rect: [f32; 4]) {
@@ -2614,6 +2642,33 @@ mod tests {
        assert!(!delete_words(&mut v, 1));
        assert_eq!(v, "stone");
    }
+    #[test]
+    fn a_keyboard_focused_tooltip_uses_vanillas_widget_edges() {
+        let screen = (320, 240);
+        assert_eq!(
+            focused_tooltip_position(screen, [7, 160, 98, 20], (170, 40)),
+            (10, 184)
+        );
+        // Exact fit below; one pixel taller goes above.
+        assert_eq!(
+            focused_tooltip_position(screen, [7, 160, 98, 20], (170, 53)),
+            (10, 184)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            focused_tooltip_position(screen, [7, 160, 98, 20], (170, 54)),
+            (10, 102)
+        );
+        // Right overflow aligns against the widget's right edge, not the screen's.
+        assert_eq!(
+            focused_tooltip_position(screen, [250, 100, 60, 20], (170, 40)),
+            (137, 124)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            focused_tooltip_position((120, 240), [7, 160, 98, 20], (170, 40)),
+            (4, 184)
+        );
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn a_pad_focused_tooltip_hangs_from_its_widgets_bottom_left() {
        let screen = (427.0, 240.0);
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ pub enum Cursor {
    #[default]
    Arrow,
    PointingHand,
+    /// `CursorTypes.IBEAM`: over a text field that takes input.
+    Ibeam,
    NotAllowed,
    /// `CursorTypes.RESIZE_NS`: a scroller held vertically (`MerchantScreen`).
    ResizeNs,
@@ -55,6 +57,18 @@ pub fn slider_cursor(hovered: bool, active: bool, dragging: bool) {
    }
 }

+/// `EditBox.handleCursor`: a hovered text field shows the I-beam, or the
+/// forbidden sign when it takes no input.
+pub fn text_cursor(hovered: bool, editable: bool) {
+    if hovered {
+        request_cursor(if editable {
+            Cursor::Ibeam
+        } else {
+            Cursor::NotAllowed
+        });
+    }
+}
+
 /// The cursor the frame asked for, and back to the arrow for the next one
 /// (the window shows the arrow unless a widget asks).
 pub fn take_cursor() -> Cursor {
@@ -429,6 +443,16 @@ pub fn record_as(label: &str, [x, y, w, h]: [f32; 4], enabled: bool, kind: Kind)
 mod cursor_tests {
    use super::*;

+    #[test]
+    fn a_hovered_text_field_asks_for_the_i_beam() {
+        let _ = take_cursor();
+        text_cursor(false, true);
+        assert_eq!(take_cursor(), Cursor::Arrow);
+        text_cursor(true, true);
+        assert_eq!(take_cursor(), Cursor::Ibeam);
+        text_cursor(true, false);
+        assert_eq!(take_cursor(), Cursor::NotAllowed);
+    }
    #[test]
    fn a_dragged_slider_asks_for_the_horizontal_resize_cursor() {
        let _ = take_cursor();
@@ -319,6 +319,12 @@ impl World {
    pub fn bottom_y(&self) -> i32 {
        self.layout().min_y()
    }
+    /// `Entity.checkBelowWorld`'s floor, `Level.getMinY() - 64`: the level's own
+    /// lowest Y (0 in the Nether and the End), not the chunks' widened column.
+    /// An entity below it is out of the world.
+    pub fn below_world_y(&self) -> f64 {
+        f64::from(self.shape.min_y - 64)
+    }
    /// One above the highest block Y the level's chunks hold.
    pub fn top_y(&self) -> i32 {
        self.layout().max_y()
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ horizon-hooks = { path = "../horizon-hooks" }
 horizon-optifine = { path = "../horizon-optifine" }
 # The server thread ahead of the workers (MinecraftServer.spin's Thread.setPriority).
 horizon-threads = { path = "../horizon-threads" }
+horizon-perf-format = { path = "../horizon-perf-format" }
 horizon-hdr = { path = "../horizon-hdr" }
 horizon-world = { path = "../horizon-world" }
 horizon-protocol = { path = "../horizon-protocol" }
@@ -73,6 +74,8 @@ horizon-theme = { path = "../horizon-theme" }
 # anonymous "I'm playing" ping is the Horizon layer's (`horizon-heartbeat`, in the official executable).
 horizon-telemetry = { path = "../horizon-telemetry", default-features = false }
 horizon-bench = { path = "../horizon-bench" }
+# The machine and process probes (the dedicated server's performance report).
+horizon-system = { path = "../horizon-system" }
 crc32fast = "1"
 zip = { version = "9.1.3", default-features = false, features = ["deflate"] }
 # Controllers (evdev + libudev on Linux, IOKit on macOS, Windows.Gaming.Input); the `controllers` feature.
@@ -132,7 +135,9 @@ friends = ["dep:horizon-friends"]
 rng-trace = ["horizon-core/rng-trace", "horizon-client-lib/rng-trace"]
 # Rust's allocations go to the system heap instead of mimalloc, where heap profilers that replace
 # malloc (heaptrack, valgrind's massif) see them. For profiling only: mimalloc is faster.
-system-allocator = []
+system-allocator = ["horizon-threads/system-allocator"]
+# mimalloc that counts each thread's allocations and frees (`stats` replies with `alloc`).
+alloc-count = ["horizon-threads/alloc-count"]
 # mimalloc with a tag on each block: `horizon-ctl memory` lists the live heap by startup step and
 # thread (`heap_by_tag_mb`). For measuring only: each block costs 16 bytes more.
 alloc-census = ["horizon-threads/alloc-census"]
@@ -176,5 +181,6 @@ workspace = true
 [dev-dependencies]
 horizon-client-render = { path = "../horizon-client-render", features = ["test-support"] }
 horizon-items = { path = "../horizon-items", features = ["test-support"] }
+horizon-perf = { path = "../horizon-perf" }
 # Every WGSL shader translated as wgpu's DirectX 12 backend does (gfx.rs tests).
 naga = { version = "30.0.1", features = ["wgsl-in", "hlsl-out", "msl-out", "spv-out"] }
@@ -1129,6 +1129,34 @@
  "horizon.recipe_transfer.no_room": "Inventory full",
  "horizon.recipe_transfer.unavailable": "Recipe does not fit this menu",
  "horizon.recipe_transfer.unsupported": "Server requires a known recipe",
+  "horizon.debug.pass_detail.title": "Horizon pass detail (%s)",
+  "horizon.debug.pass_detail.inside_passes": "timestamps inside passes",
+  "horizon.debug.pass_detail.separate_passes": "separate passes, adds GPU time",
+  "horizon.debug.pass_detail.part": "%s › %s: %s ms",
+  "horizon.debug.pass_detail.counters": "%s: %s fragments, %s per pixel, %s vertices, %s of %s triangles kept",
+  "horizon.debug.pass_detail.no_counters": "GPU counters: Vulkan only",
+  "horizon.perf.started": "Profiling the client and server. %s",
+  "horizon.perf.uploading": "Uploading the profile…",
+  "horizon.perf.shared": "Shared: %s %s",
+  "horizon.perf.upload_failed": "Could not share the profile: %s. %s",
+  "horizon.perf.upload_interrupted": "the upload worker stopped",
+  "horizon.perf.unavailable": "Opening and sharing profiles is not available in this build.",
+  "horizon.perf.share_missing": "No profile saved in this session yet. %s",
+  "horizon.perf.saved": "Profile saved (%s s). %s",
+  "horizon.perf.open_button": "[Open]",
+  "horizon.perf.open_hover": "Open this profile in your browser. It is served once to your own browser and goes nowhere else.",
+  "horizon.perf.share_button": "[Share]",
+  "horizon.perf.share_hover": "Upload this profile and get a link to share. Nothing is uploaded until you click this.",
+  "horizon.perf.opened": "Opened in your browser",
+  "horizon.perf.open_failed": "Could not open the profile: %s. %s",
+  "horizon.perf.not_found": "No saved profile named %s.",
+  "horizon.perf.error": "Profiler: %s",
+  "horizon.perf.not_horizon": "this server isn't running Horizon",
+  "horizon.perf.denied": "a server profile needs operator level 4",
+  "horizon.perf.already_running": "the server is already running a profile",
+  "horizon.perf.not_running": "no server profile of yours is running",
+  "horizon.perf.failed": "the server could not write the profile; see its log",
+  "horizon.perf.part_incomplete": "the server's part of the profile did not arrive whole",
  "horizon.studio.timeline.freecam_on": "Freecam: ON",
  "horizon.studio.timeline.freecam_off": "Freecam: OFF",
  "horizon.studio.timeline.freecam_short": "Cam",
@@ -1164,5 +1192,25 @@
  "horizon.studio.topbar.split_scene": "Split Scene",
  "horizon.recipes.fuel.options": "Hold SHIFT to pin this tooltip, then click an ingredient to view recipes.",
  "horizon.recipes.fuel.any": "Any Fuel",
-  "horizon.recipes.fuel.minecraft": "Minecraft"
+  "horizon.recipes.fuel.minecraft": "Minecraft",
+  "horizon.perf.idle": "Not profiling. %s",
+  "horizon.perf.marked": "Marked %s",
+  "horizon.perf.started.client": "Profiling the client. %s",
+  "horizon.perf.started.server": "Profiling the server. %s",
+  "horizon.perf.saving": "Saving the profile…",
+  "horizon.perf.running.client": "Profiling the client for %s s. %s",
+  "horizon.perf.running.server": "Profiling the server for %s s. %s",
+  "horizon.perf.running.both": "Profiling the client and server for %s s. %s",
+  "horizon.perf.client_only": "Profiling the client only: %s",
+  "horizon.perf.stop_button": "[Stop]",
+  "horizon.perf.stop_hover": "Stop profiling and save the profile.",
+  "horizon.perf.start_button": "[Start]",
+  "horizon.perf.start_hover": "Start profiling.",
+  "horizon.perf.folder_button": "[Folder]",
+  "horizon.perf.folder_hover": "Show %s in its folder.",
+  "horizon.perf.copy_button": "[Copy]",
+  "horizon.perf.copy_hover": "Copy the link.",
+  "horizon.perf.retry_button": "[Retry]",
+  "horizon.perf.retry_hover": "Try the upload again. The profile is still saved on your computer.",
+  "horizon.perf.link_hover": "Open the shared profile in your browser."
 }
@@ -862,7 +862,7 @@ impl Ticker<'_, '_, '_, '_> {
        if !self.st.first_tick && self.st.fluids.is_in_fluid(&Tags, LAVA) {
            self.st.fall_distance *= 0.5;
        }
-        if self.position().y < f64::from(self.scene.world.bottom_y() - 64) {
+        if self.position().y < self.scene.world.below_world_y() {
            self.st.removed = true;
        }
        self.st.first_tick = false;
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 //! banners, and the loom rules of `LoomMenu` (selectable patterns, the
 //! six-layer limit and the result stack).
 use crate::{block_entity_render::DYES, items::ItemStack, items::Items};
+use horizon_world::nbt::Tag;
 use serde_json::Value;
 use std::{collections::HashMap, fs, path::Path, sync::Arc};

@@ -30,6 +31,8 @@ pub struct Banners {
    dyes: HashMap<Arc<str>, Arc<str>>,
    /// Item -> `provides_banner_patterns`, in tag order.
    provided: HashMap<Arc<str>, Vec<Arc<str>>>,
+    /// Banner-pattern tag id -> its members, for a component that names a tag.
+    pattern_tags: HashMap<String, Vec<Arc<str>>>,
 }

 fn read_tag(root: &Path, name: &str, depth: u32) -> Vec<Arc<str>> {
@@ -98,6 +101,31 @@ impl Banners {
            });
        }
        banners.no_item_required = read_tag(root, "no_item_required", 0);
+        // Every tag, `pattern_item/globe` included, for a component naming one.
+        let tags = root.join("data/minecraft/tags/banner_pattern");
+        let mut dirs = vec![tags.clone()];
+        while let Some(dir) = dirs.pop() {
+            for path in fs::read_dir(dir)
+                .into_iter()
+                .flatten()
+                .flatten()
+                .map(|e| e.path())
+            {
+                if path.is_dir() {
+                    dirs.push(path);
+                } else if path.extension().is_some_and(|e| e == "json")
+                    && let Some(name) = path
+                        .strip_prefix(&tags)
+                        .ok()
+                        .and_then(|p| p.with_extension("").to_str().map(|s| s.replace('\\', "/")))
+                {
+                    let members = read_tag(root, &name, 0);
+                    banners
+                        .pattern_tags
+                        .insert(format!("minecraft:{name}"), members);
+                }
+            }
+        }
        let owned_defaults;
        let defaults = match defaults {
            Some(defaults) => Some(defaults),
@@ -159,27 +187,88 @@ impl Banners {
    }
    /// `LoomMenu.isDyeItem`: the dye colour of a loom dye.
    pub fn loom_dye(&self, items: &Items, stack: &ItemStack) -> Option<Arc<str>> {
-        let tagged = items
+        if !items
            .item_tags
            .get("minecraft:loom_dyes")
-            .is_some_and(|t| t.contains(&*stack.item));
-        tagged
-            .then(|| self.dyes.get(&stack.item).cloned())
-            .flatten()
+            .is_some_and(|t| t.contains(&*stack.item))
+        {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let data = stack.data();
+        if data.is_some_and(|d| d.other("!minecraft:dye").is_some()) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        if let Some(Tag::String(color)) = data.and_then(|d| d.other("minecraft:dye")) {
+            return Some(Arc::from(
+                color.to_string_lossy().trim_start_matches("minecraft:"),
+            ));
+        }
+        self.dyes.get(&stack.item).cloned()
    }
-    /// `LoomMenu.isPatternItem`.
+    /// `LoomMenu.isPatternItem`: the item tag and a present
+    /// `provides_banner_patterns` component (the stack's, else the item's).
    pub fn is_pattern_item(&self, items: &Items, stack: &ItemStack) -> bool {
-        items
+        if !items
            .item_tags
            .get("minecraft:loom_patterns")
            .is_some_and(|t| t.contains(&*stack.item))
-            && self.provided.contains_key(&stack.item)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let data = stack.data();
+        if data.is_some_and(|d| d.other("!minecraft:provides_banner_patterns").is_some()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        data.is_some_and(|d| d.other("minecraft:provides_banner_patterns").is_some())
+            || self.provided.contains_key(&stack.item)
    }
    /// `LoomMenu.getSelectablePatterns`.
    pub fn selectable(&self, pattern_item: Option<&ItemStack>) -> Vec<Arc<str>> {
        match pattern_item {
            None => self.no_item_required.clone(),
-            Some(stack) => self.provided.get(&stack.item).cloned().unwrap_or_default(),
+            Some(stack) => {
+                let data = stack.data();
+                if data.is_some_and(|d| d.other("!minecraft:provides_banner_patterns").is_some()) {
+                    return Vec::new();
+                }
+                match data.and_then(|d| d.other("minecraft:provides_banner_patterns")) {
+                    Some(tag) => self.provides(tag),
+                    None => self.provided.get(&stack.item).cloned().unwrap_or_default(),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    /// A `provides_banner_patterns` value: a pattern id, a tag, or a list of
+    /// either (`HolderSet`'s saved forms).
+    fn provides(&self, tag: &Tag) -> Vec<Arc<str>> {
+        match tag {
+            Tag::String(value) => self.provides_one(&value.to_string_lossy()),
+            Tag::List(values) => values
+                .iter()
+                .flat_map(|value| match value {
+                    Tag::String(value) => self.provides_one(&value.to_string_lossy()),
+                    _ => Vec::new(),
+                })
+                .collect(),
+            _ => Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+    fn provides_one(&self, value: &str) -> Vec<Arc<str>> {
+        // `Identifier.parse`: an id or tag without a namespace is `minecraft`'s.
+        let namespaced = |id: &str| {
+            if id.contains(':') {
+                id.to_owned()
+            } else {
+                format!("minecraft:{id}")
+            }
+        };
+        match value.strip_prefix('#') {
+            Some(tag) => self
+                .pattern_tags
+                .get(&namespaced(tag))
+                .cloned()
+                .unwrap_or_default(),
+            None => vec![Arc::from(namespaced(value))],
        }
    }
 }
@@ -249,6 +338,81 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(&*b.selectable(Some(&item))[0], "minecraft:flower");
    }
    #[test]
+    fn prepared_dye_component() {
+        let root = Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
+            .join("../../.local/horizon-client")
+            .join(horizon_core::VANILLA_VERSION);
+        if !root.join("items.json").exists() {
+            return;
+        }
+        let items = Items::tags_only(&root, &horizon_world::loot::PackOverlay::NONE).unwrap();
+        let b = Banners::load(&root);
+        let mut dye = ItemStack::new("minecraft:white_dye", 1);
+        assert_eq!(&*b.loom_dye(&items, &dye).unwrap(), "white");
+        dye.data_mut()
+            .set_other("minecraft:dye", Some(Tag::String("red".into())));
+        assert_eq!(&*b.loom_dye(&items, &dye).unwrap(), "red");
+        dye.data_mut().set_other(
+            "!minecraft:dye",
+            Some(Tag::compound(Vec::<(&str, Tag)>::new())),
+        );
+        assert!(b.loom_dye(&items, &dye).is_none());
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn prepared_pattern_component_presence() {
+        let root = Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
+            .join("../../.local/horizon-client")
+            .join(horizon_core::VANILLA_VERSION);
+        if !root.join("items.json").exists() {
+            return;
+        }
+        let items = Items::tags_only(&root, &horizon_world::loot::PackOverlay::NONE).unwrap();
+        let b = Banners::load(&root);
+        let mut pattern = ItemStack::new("minecraft:globe_banner_pattern", 1);
+        assert!(b.is_pattern_item(&items, &pattern));
+        pattern.data_mut().set_other(
+            "!minecraft:provides_banner_patterns",
+            Some(Tag::compound(Vec::<(&str, Tag)>::new())),
+        );
+        assert!(!b.is_pattern_item(&items, &pattern));
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn prepared_pattern_component_selection() {
+        let root = Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
+            .join("../../.local/horizon-client")
+            .join(horizon_core::VANILLA_VERSION);
+        if !root.join("items.json").exists() {
+            return;
+        }
+        let b = Banners::load(&root);
+        let mut pattern = ItemStack::new("minecraft:globe_banner_pattern", 1);
+        assert_eq!(&*b.selectable(Some(&pattern))[0], "minecraft:globe");
+        pattern.data_mut().set_other(
+            "minecraft:provides_banner_patterns",
+            Some(Tag::List(vec![Tag::String("minecraft:creeper".into())])),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(&*b.selectable(Some(&pattern))[0], "minecraft:creeper");
+        // One id without its namespace, or a tag, as `HolderSet`'s codec reads them.
+        pattern.data_mut().set_other(
+            "minecraft:provides_banner_patterns",
+            Some(Tag::String("creeper".into())),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            b.selectable(Some(&pattern)),
+            [Arc::from("minecraft:creeper")]
+        );
+        pattern.data_mut().set_other(
+            "minecraft:provides_banner_patterns",
+            Some(Tag::String("#pattern_item/globe".into())),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(b.selectable(Some(&pattern)), [Arc::from("minecraft:globe")]);
+        pattern.data_mut().set_other(
+            "!minecraft:provides_banner_patterns",
+            Some(Tag::compound(Vec::<(&str, Tag)>::new())),
+        );
+        assert!(b.selectable(Some(&pattern)).is_empty());
+    }
+    #[test]
    fn banner_colour_comes_from_the_item() {
        assert_eq!(
            banner_color("minecraft:light_gray_banner"),
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use std::sync::mpsc::{self, Sender};
 use std::thread;
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};

+use horizon_bench::compare::Ab;
 use horizon_bench::{App, Frames, Kind, Report};
 use serde_json::Value;

@@ -54,14 +55,105 @@ const FLIGHT_SECONDS: f64 = 12.0;
 const SETTLE: Duration = Duration::from_secs(2);
 const LOAD_LIMIT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(600);

-/// `standard` flies every scene; a scene's name flies only that one.
-pub fn scenes(scenario: &str) -> Option<Vec<Scene>> {
-    match scenario {
-        "standard" => Some(SCENES.to_vec()),
-        name => SCENES.iter().find(|s| s.0 == name).map(|s| vec![*s]),
+/// Where the trip starts and ends: 512 blocks at 16 blocks/s, the pace that scrambles section ids.
+const TRAVEL_FROM: [f64; 3] = [-960.0, 150.0, -176.0];
+const TRAVEL_TO: [f64; 3] = [-960.0, 150.0, 336.0];
+const TRAVEL_PITCH: f64 = 30.0;
+const TRAVEL_SECONDS: f64 = 32.0;
+const HOLD_BLOCKS: u32 = 4;
+const BLOCK_SECONDS: f64 = 4.0;
+const WARMUP_SECONDS: f64 = 2.0;
+const PAIRS: u32 = 8;
+/// Frame-rate settings the benchmark can set for a run; `a` is the default.
+pub struct Switch {
+    pub name: &'static str,
+    pub word: &'static str,
+    pub key: &'static str,
+    pub a: &'static str,
+    pub b: &'static str,
+}
+pub const SWITCHES: [Switch; 4] = [
+    Switch {
+        name: "gpu-culling",
+        word: "gpu-culling",
+        key: "gpu_culling",
+        a: "off",
+        b: "on",
+    },
+    Switch {
+        name: "section-cull",
+        word: "section-cull",
+        key: "cull",
+        a: "on",
+        b: "off",
+    },
+    Switch {
+        name: "section-sides",
+        word: "section-sides",
+        key: "sides",
+        a: "on",
+        b: "off",
+    },
+    Switch {
+        name: "section-draws",
+        word: "section-draws",
+        key: "flat",
+        a: "flat",
+        b: "indirect",
+    },
+];
+
+/// What `--benchmark` runs.
+pub enum Scenario {
+    /// `standard` flies every scene; a scene's name flies only that one.
+    Scenes(Vec<Scene>),
+    /// A 512-block flight, then held at its end.
+    Travel,
+    /// The flight with the switch's B applied, then its two values interleaved B A A B.
+    Ab(&'static Switch),
+}
+
+impl Scenario {
+    pub fn parse(name: &str) -> Result<Scenario, String> {
+        match name {
+            "standard" => Ok(Scenario::Scenes(SCENES.to_vec())),
+            "travel" => Ok(Scenario::Travel),
+            name if name.starts_with("ab:") => SWITCHES
+                .iter()
+                .find(|s| s.name == &name[3..])
+                .map(Scenario::Ab)
+                .ok_or_else(|| {
+                    format!(
+                        "unknown switch {}: {}",
+                        &name[3..],
+                        SWITCHES.map(|s| s.name).join(", ")
+                    )
+                }),
+            name => SCENES
+                .iter()
+                .find(|s| s.0 == name)
+                .map(|s| Scenario::Scenes(vec![*s]))
+                .ok_or_else(|| {
+                    format!("unknown benchmark {name}: standard, village, forest, ocean, mountain, travel or ab:SWITCH ({})", SWITCHES.map(|s| s.name).join(", "))
+                }),
+        }
    }
 }

+/// `--benchmark-set SWITCH=VALUE`: the value must be one of the switch's two.
+pub fn parse_set(value: &str) -> Result<(String, String), String> {
+    let (name, setting) = value.split_once('=').ok_or("expected SWITCH=VALUE")?;
+    let names = || SWITCHES.map(|s| s.name).join(", ");
+    let switch = SWITCHES
+        .iter()
+        .find(|s| s.name == name)
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("unknown switch {name}: {}", names()))?;
+    if setting != switch.a && setting != switch.b {
+        return Err(format!("{name} is {} or {}", switch.a, switch.b));
+    }
+    Ok((name.to_owned(), setting.to_owned()))
+}
+
 /// What the game knows about the run before it starts.
 pub struct Setup {
    pub scenario: String,
@@ -73,6 +165,10 @@ pub struct Setup {
    pub fps_cap: Option<u32>,
    pub offscreen: bool,
    pub game_dir: PathBuf,
+    /// `--benchmark-set`: a switch and its value, applied before the world opens.
+    pub set: Option<(String, String)>,
+    /// `--profile`: record a .hzperf capture of the run and embed the report in it.
+    pub profile: bool,
 }

 /// Starts the driver; the game quits when it is done, and the report's path is printed.
@@ -150,8 +246,7 @@ fn time_passes(control: &Control, scene: &str, report: &mut Report) -> Result<bo
 }

 fn run(control: &Control, setup: Setup) -> Result<PathBuf, String> {
-    let scenes =
-        scenes(&setup.scenario).ok_or_else(|| format!("unknown scenario {}", setup.scenario))?;
+    let scenario = Scenario::parse(&setup.scenario)?;
    let mut report = Report::new(Kind::Game, setup.app.clone());
    let pid = std::process::id();
    report.conditions.load_avg_1m = horizon_bench::load_average();
@@ -191,85 +286,12 @@ fn run(control: &Control, setup: Setup) -> Result<PathBuf, String> {
        horizon_telemetry::system::storage(&setup.game_dir).map(str::to_owned);
    report.hardware.display = serde_json::from_value(title["display"].clone()).ok();

-    replace_world(&setup.game_dir)?;
-    control.call(&format!("open {WORLD} {SEED} creative"))?;
-    // The world opens on a worker: its folder may not exist yet when `open` replies.
-    std::fs::create_dir_all(setup.game_dir.join("saves").join(WORLD)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-    std::fs::write(
-        setup.game_dir.join("saves").join(WORLD).join(MARKER),
-        "Created by horizon-client --benchmark; replaced by the next run.\n",
-    )
-    .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-    let loaded = wait_loaded(control, |_| true)?;
-    report.metric("startup.world_ms", &[ms(loaded - setup.started)]);
-
    let mut steady = Vec::new();
-    for (name, start, end, pitch) in scenes {
-        control.call("time 6000")?;
-        let meshed = control.status()["meshed_sections"].as_f64().unwrap_or(0.0);
-        let generated = control.status()["generated_chunks"].as_f64().unwrap_or(0.0);
-        let [x, y, z] = start;
-        control.call(&format!("tp {x} {y} {z}"))?;
-        let teleported = Instant::now();
-        // A zero-length flight holds the player at the start, flying.
-        control.call(&format!("fly {x} {y} {z} {x} {y} {z} 0.1 {pitch}"))?;
-        control.call(&format!("look {:.3} {pitch}", yaw(start, end)))?;
-        let near = |p: &Value| {
-            let p: Vec<f64> = p
-                .as_array()
-                .into_iter()
-                .flatten()
-                .filter_map(Value::as_f64)
-                .collect();
-            p.len() == 3 && (0..3).map(|i| (p[i] - start[i]).powi(2)).sum::<f64>() < 4.0
-        };
-        let loaded = wait_loaded(control, near)?;
-        let load = loaded - teleported;
-        report.metric(&format!("chunks.{name}.load_ms"), &[ms(load)]);
-        let status = control.status();
-        let meshes = status["meshed_sections"].as_f64().unwrap_or(0.0) - meshed;
-        let chunks = status["generated_chunks"].as_f64().unwrap_or(0.0) - generated;
-        report.metric(&format!("chunks.{name}.meshed_count"), &[meshes]);
-        report.metric(&format!("chunks.{name}.generated_count"), &[chunks]);
-        if load.as_secs_f64() > 0.0 {
-            report.metric(
-                &format!("chunks.{name}.generated_per_s"),
-                &[chunks / load.as_secs_f64()],
-            );
-        }
-        if !time_passes(control, name, &mut report)? {
-            thread::sleep(SETTLE);
-        }
-        let [ex, ey, ez] = end;
-        let begin = Instant::now();
-        let flight = control.call(&format!(
-            "fly {x} {y} {z} {ex} {ey} {ez} {FLIGHT_SECONDS} {pitch} raw"
-        ))?;
-        steady.push((begin, Instant::now()));
-        let series = |key: &str| -> Vec<f32> {
-            flight[key]
-                .as_array()
-                .into_iter()
-                .flatten()
-                .filter_map(Value::as_f64)
-                .map(|v| v as f32)
-                .collect()
-        };
-        let frames = Frames::of(
-            name,
-            0,
-            &series("frame_ms"),
-            &series("cpu_ms"),
-            &series("gpu_ms"),
-        )
-        .ok_or("the flight drew no frames")?;
-        report.metric(&format!("fps.{name}.avg_fps"), &[frames.avg_fps]);
-        report.metric(&format!("fps.{name}.low_1pct_fps"), &[frames.low_1pct_fps]);
-        report.metric(
-            &format!("fps.{name}.low_01pct_fps"),
-            &[frames.low_01pct_fps],
-        );
-        report.frames.push(frames);
+    match &scenario {
+        Scenario::Ab(switch) => keeping_switch(control, switch, || {
+            measure(control, &setup, &scenario, &mut report, &mut steady)
+        })?,
+        _ => measure(control, &setup, &scenario, &mut report, &mut steady)?,
    }

    let status = control.status();
@@ -287,8 +309,12 @@ fn run(control: &Control, setup: Setup) -> Result<PathBuf, String> {
    c.vsync = Some(setup.vsync);
    c.fps_cap = setup.fps_cap;
    c.offscreen = Some(setup.offscreen);
-    c.repeats = Some(1);
-    c.warmup_s = Some(SETTLE.as_secs_f64());
+    let (repeats, warmup) = match scenario {
+        Scenario::Travel => (HOLD_BLOCKS, None),
+        Scenario::Ab(_) => (2 * PAIRS, Some(WARMUP_SECONDS)),
+        Scenario::Scenes(_) => (1, Some(SETTLE.as_secs_f64())),
+    };
+    (c.repeats, c.warmup_s) = (Some(repeats), warmup);
    if let Some(bytes) = renderer["gpu_allocated_bytes"].as_f64() {
        report.metric("memory.gpu_mb", &[bytes / f64::from(1 << 20)]);
    }
@@ -312,9 +338,342 @@ fn run(control: &Control, setup: Setup) -> Result<PathBuf, String> {
        report.metric("game.binary_bytes", &[meta.len() as f64]);
    }
    crate::telemetry::keep_benchmark(&crate::logging::game_home(), &report);
-    report
+    let written = report
        .write_to(&setup.game_dir.join("benchmarks"))
-        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+    if setup.profile {
+        match control.call(&stop_capture(&written)) {
+            Ok(done) => println!("Horizon: benchmark capture {}", text(&done["path"])),
+            Err(e) => eprintln!("Horizon: the benchmark capture failed: {e}"),
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(written)
+}
+
+/// Starts the capture the run's frames feed; its trigger is the benchmark's.
+const START_CAPTURE: &str = "profile client start";
+
+/// Ends the capture with the written report embedded in it.
+fn stop_capture(report: &Path) -> String {
+    format!("profile client stop --bench {}", report.display())
+}
+
+/// Opens the benchmark world and flies the scenario in it.
+fn measure(
+    control: &Control,
+    setup: &Setup,
+    scenario: &Scenario,
+    report: &mut Report,
+    steady: &mut Vec<(Instant, Instant)>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    match (scenario, &setup.set) {
+        (Scenario::Ab(switch), _) => apply_set(control, switch.name, switch.b)?,
+        (_, Some((name, value))) => apply_set(control, name, value)?,
+        _ => {}
+    }
+    replace_world(&setup.game_dir)?;
+    control.call(&format!("open {WORLD} {SEED} creative"))?;
+    // The world opens on a worker: its folder may not exist yet when `open` replies.
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(setup.game_dir.join("saves").join(WORLD)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+    std::fs::write(
+        setup.game_dir.join("saves").join(WORLD).join(MARKER),
+        "Created by horizon-client --benchmark; replaced by the next run.\n",
+    )
+    .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+    let loaded = wait_loaded(control, |_| true)?;
+    report.metric("startup.world_ms", &[ms(loaded - setup.started)]);
+
+    if setup.profile {
+        control.call(START_CAPTURE)?;
+    }
+
+    match scenario {
+        Scenario::Scenes(scenes) => {
+            for &(name, start, end, pitch) in scenes {
+                control.call("time 6000")?;
+                load_scene(control, name, start, end, pitch, report)?;
+                if !time_passes(control, name, report)? {
+                    thread::sleep(SETTLE);
+                }
+                let frames = fly(control, name, start, end, FLIGHT_SECONDS, pitch, steady)?;
+                fps_metrics(report, name, std::slice::from_ref(&frames));
+                report.frames.push(frames);
+            }
+        }
+        Scenario::Travel => travel(control, report, steady)?,
+        Scenario::Ab(switch) => {
+            trip(control, report, steady)?;
+            let plan = Plan {
+                pairs: PAIRS,
+                warmup: Duration::from_secs_f64(WARMUP_SECONDS),
+            };
+            ab_blocks(control, switch, &plan, report, steady)?;
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Reads a switch before the run and puts it back after, whatever the run did and however it ended.
+fn keeping_switch<T>(
+    control: &Control,
+    switch: &Switch,
+    run: impl FnOnce() -> Result<T, String>,
+) -> Result<T, String> {
+    let initial = control.call(switch.word)?[switch.key].clone();
+    let result = run();
+    let restored = restore(control, switch, &initial);
+    match result {
+        Ok(value) => restored.map(|()| value),
+        Err(e) => Err(e),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Sends the arm whose reply has the value the switch had.
+fn restore(control: &Control, switch: &Switch, initial: &Value) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if control.call(switch.word)?[switch.key] == *initial {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    for value in [switch.a, switch.b] {
+        if control.call(&format!("{} {value}", switch.word))?[switch.key] == *initial {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+    }
+    Err(format!("{} could not be put back", switch.name))
+}
+
+/// Sets a switch with its control word; a refusal (GPU culling not offered) is the game's reason.
+fn apply_set(control: &Control, name: &str, value: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let switch = SWITCHES
+        .iter()
+        .find(|s| s.name == name)
+        .ok_or("unknown switch")?;
+    control.call(&format!("{} {value}", switch.word)).map(drop)
+}
+
+/// Teleports to a scene's start, holds there and waits for the view to load, reporting the load.
+fn load_scene(
+    control: &Control,
+    name: &str,
+    start: [f64; 3],
+    end: [f64; 3],
+    pitch: f64,
+    report: &mut Report,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let meshed = control.status()["meshed_sections"].as_f64().unwrap_or(0.0);
+    let generated = control.status()["generated_chunks"].as_f64().unwrap_or(0.0);
+    let [x, y, z] = start;
+    control.call(&format!("tp {x} {y} {z}"))?;
+    let teleported = Instant::now();
+    // A zero-length flight holds the player at the start, flying.
+    control.call(&format!("fly {x} {y} {z} {x} {y} {z} 0.1 {pitch}"))?;
+    control.call(&format!("look {:.3} {pitch}", yaw(start, end)))?;
+    let loaded = wait_loaded(control, near(start))?;
+    let load = loaded - teleported;
+    report.metric(&format!("chunks.{name}.load_ms"), &[ms(load)]);
+    let status = control.status();
+    let meshes = status["meshed_sections"].as_f64().unwrap_or(0.0) - meshed;
+    let chunks = status["generated_chunks"].as_f64().unwrap_or(0.0) - generated;
+    report.metric(&format!("chunks.{name}.meshed_count"), &[meshes]);
+    report.metric(&format!("chunks.{name}.generated_count"), &[chunks]);
+    if load.as_secs_f64() > 0.0 {
+        report.metric(
+            &format!("chunks.{name}.generated_per_s"),
+            &[chunks / load.as_secs_f64()],
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Whether a status position is within 2 blocks of `target`.
+fn near(target: [f64; 3]) -> impl Fn(&Value) -> bool {
+    move |p| {
+        let p: Vec<f64> = p
+            .as_array()
+            .into_iter()
+            .flatten()
+            .filter_map(Value::as_f64)
+            .collect();
+        p.len() == 3 && (0..3).map(|i| (p[i] - target[i]).powi(2)).sum::<f64>() < 4.0
+    }
+}
+
+/// Flies the camera from `start` to `end` and returns the flight's frames.
+fn fly(
+    control: &Control,
+    phase: &str,
+    start: [f64; 3],
+    end: [f64; 3],
+    seconds: f64,
+    pitch: f64,
+    steady: &mut Vec<(Instant, Instant)>,
+) -> Result<Frames, String> {
+    let ([x, y, z], [ex, ey, ez]) = (start, end);
+    let begin = Instant::now();
+    let flight = control.call(&format!(
+        "fly {x} {y} {z} {ex} {ey} {ez} {seconds} {pitch} raw"
+    ))?;
+    steady.push((begin, Instant::now()));
+    frames_of(&flight, phase, 0)
+}
+
+/// The frames of a `fly ... raw` or `bench ... raw` reply.
+fn frames_of(reply: &Value, phase: &str, repeat: u32) -> Result<Frames, String> {
+    let series = |key: &str| -> Vec<f32> {
+        reply[key]
+            .as_array()
+            .into_iter()
+            .flatten()
+            .filter_map(Value::as_f64)
+            .map(|v| v as f32)
+            .collect()
+    };
+    Frames::of(
+        phase,
+        repeat,
+        &series("frame_ms"),
+        &series("cpu_ms"),
+        &series("gpu_ms"),
+    )
+    .ok_or_else(|| format!("{phase} drew no frames"))
+}
+
+/// The phase's frame figures over its blocks (one for a flight).
+fn fps_metrics(report: &mut Report, phase: &str, blocks: &[Frames]) {
+    let each = |f: fn(&Frames) -> f64| blocks.iter().map(f).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    report.metric(&format!("fps.{phase}.avg_fps"), &each(|b| b.avg_fps));
+    report.metric(
+        &format!("fps.{phase}.low_1pct_fps"),
+        &each(|b| b.low_1pct_fps),
+    );
+    report.metric(
+        &format!("fps.{phase}.low_01pct_fps"),
+        &each(|b| b.low_01pct_fps),
+    );
+}
+
+/// The median CPU and GPU time of a frame over the phase's blocks, where measured.
+fn timing_metrics(report: &mut Report, phase: &str, blocks: &[Frames]) {
+    let cpu: Vec<f64> = blocks.iter().filter_map(|b| b.cpu_p50_ms).collect();
+    let gpu: Vec<f64> = blocks.iter().filter_map(|b| b.gpu_p50_ms).collect();
+    report.metric(&format!("cpu.{phase}.p50_ms"), &cpu);
+    report.metric(&format!("gpu.{phase}.p50_ms"), &gpu);
+}
+
+/// The flight, then the view at its end loaded.
+fn trip(
+    control: &Control,
+    report: &mut Report,
+    steady: &mut Vec<(Instant, Instant)>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    for line in [
+        "command gamerule advance_time false",
+        "command gamerule advance_weather false",
+        "command weather clear",
+        "time 6000",
+    ] {
+        control.call(line)?;
+    }
+    let (from, to) = (TRAVEL_FROM, TRAVEL_TO);
+    load_scene(control, "travel", from, to, TRAVEL_PITCH, report)?;
+    let flight = fly(
+        control,
+        "travel",
+        from,
+        to,
+        TRAVEL_SECONDS,
+        TRAVEL_PITCH,
+        steady,
+    )?;
+    let blocks = std::slice::from_ref(&flight);
+    fps_metrics(report, "travel", blocks);
+    timing_metrics(report, "travel", blocks);
+    report.frames.push(flight);
+
+    let [x, y, z] = to;
+    control.call(&format!("fly {x} {y} {z} {x} {y} {z} 0.1 {TRAVEL_PITCH}"))?;
+    control.call(&format!("look {:.3} {TRAVEL_PITCH}", yaw(from, to)))?;
+    wait_loaded(control, near(to))?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// The state that matters: fly 512 blocks over terrain that loads and unloads, then hold at the end.
+fn travel(
+    control: &Control,
+    report: &mut Report,
+    steady: &mut Vec<(Instant, Instant)>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    trip(control, report, steady)?;
+    let mut blocks = Vec::new();
+    for repeat in 0..HOLD_BLOCKS {
+        let held = control.call(&format!("bench {BLOCK_SECONDS} raw"))?;
+        blocks.push(frames_of(&held, "hold", repeat)?);
+    }
+    fps_metrics(report, "hold", &blocks);
+    timing_metrics(report, "hold", &blocks);
+    report.frames.extend(blocks);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+struct Plan {
+    pairs: u32,
+    warmup: Duration,
+}
+
+/// The two values of a switch in B A A B order, a block each, then each arm's passes timed once.
+fn ab_blocks(
+    control: &Control,
+    switch: &Switch,
+    plan: &Plan,
+    report: &mut Report,
+    steady: &mut Vec<(Instant, Instant)>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let began = Instant::now();
+    let mut blocks = Vec::new();
+    for pair in 0..plan.pairs {
+        control.call("time 6000")?;
+        for (n, b) in [(0, pair % 2 == 0), (1, pair % 2 == 1)] {
+            let (phase, value) = if b {
+                ("ab.b", switch.b)
+            } else {
+                ("ab.a", switch.a)
+            };
+            control.call(&format!("{} {value}", switch.word))?;
+            thread::sleep(plan.warmup);
+            let held = control.call(&format!("bench {BLOCK_SECONDS} raw"))?;
+            blocks.push(frames_of(&held, phase, 2 * pair + n)?);
+        }
+    }
+    steady.push((began, Instant::now()));
+    for phase in ["ab.a", "ab.b"] {
+        let arm: Vec<Frames> = blocks
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|f| f.phase == phase)
+            .cloned()
+            .collect();
+        fps_metrics(report, phase, &arm);
+        timing_metrics(report, phase, &arm);
+    }
+    let ab = Ab::from_frames(
+        switch.name,
+        switch.a,
+        switch.b,
+        BLOCK_SECONDS,
+        plan.warmup.as_secs_f64(),
+        &blocks,
+    )?;
+    if ab.first_block_outside_range {
+        eprintln!(
+            "Horizon: benchmark warning: the first B block, measured before any switch, is outside the later B blocks: switching {} may reset what is measured",
+            switch.name
+        );
+    }
+    report.frames.extend(blocks);
+    report.ab = Some(ab);
+    for (scene, value) in [("ab_a", switch.a), ("ab_b", switch.b)] {
+        control.call(&format!("{} {value}", switch.word))?;
+        time_passes(control, scene, report)?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
 }

 /// Removes the previous run's world, never one the benchmark didn't create.
@@ -472,11 +831,65 @@ impl RssSampler {
 mod tests {
    use super::*;

+    #[test]
+    fn the_capture_commands_are_the_ones_the_game_parses() {
+        use crate::client_perf::request::{self, ProfileSide, Request, StartOptions};
+        let words = |line: &str| request::parse(&line.split(' ').skip(1).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+        let start = words(START_CAPTURE).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(start.side, Some(ProfileSide::Client));
+        assert_eq!(start.request, Request::Start(StartOptions::default()));
+        let path = Path::new("/home/a b/game/benchmarks/game-20261108-travel.json");
+        let stop = words(&stop_capture(path)).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(stop.side, Some(ProfileSide::Client));
+        assert_eq!(
+            stop.request,
+            Request::Stop {
+                bench: Some(path.display().to_string())
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn scenarios() {
-        assert_eq!(scenes("standard").unwrap().len(), 4);
-        assert_eq!(scenes("ocean").unwrap()[0].0, "ocean");
-        assert!(scenes("nether").is_none());
+        let scenes = |name: &str| match Scenario::parse(name) {
+            Ok(Scenario::Scenes(scenes)) => scenes,
+            _ => panic!("{name} is not scenes"),
+        };
+        assert_eq!(scenes("standard").len(), 4);
+        assert_eq!(scenes("ocean")[0].0, "ocean");
+        assert!(matches!(Scenario::parse("travel"), Ok(Scenario::Travel)));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            Scenario::parse("ab:gpu-culling"),
+            Ok(Scenario::Ab(s)) if s.name == "gpu-culling"
+        ));
+        let Err(e) = Scenario::parse("ab:nope") else {
+            panic!("nope is no switch")
+        };
+        assert!(
+            e.contains("gpu-culling") && e.contains("section-draws"),
+            "{e}"
+        );
+        let Err(e) = Scenario::parse("nether") else {
+            panic!("nether is no scenario")
+        };
+        assert!(e.contains("travel") && e.contains("mountain"), "{e}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_set_names_a_switch_and_one_of_its_two_values() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse_set("gpu-culling=on"),
+            Ok(("gpu-culling".into(), "on".into()))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse_set("section-draws=indirect"),
+            Ok(("section-draws".into(), "indirect".into()))
+        );
+        let nope = parse_set("gpu-culling=maybe").unwrap_err();
+        assert!(nope.contains("off or on"), "{nope}");
+        let unknown = parse_set("fog=on").unwrap_err();
+        assert!(unknown.contains("gpu-culling") && unknown.contains("section-draws"));
+        assert!(parse_set("gpu-culling").is_err());
    }

    #[test]
@@ -588,6 +1001,325 @@ mod tests {
        assert!(metrics.is_empty());
    }

+    /// A fake game for the trip: the player stands where `tp` or `fly` put it and counts settle.
+    fn trip_server(rx: mpsc::Receiver<Request>) -> thread::JoinHandle<Vec<String>> {
+        thread::spawn(move || {
+            let (mut lines, mut at, mut polls) = (Vec::new(), [0.0_f64; 3], 0_u64);
+            while let Ok(request) = rx.recv() {
+                let words: Vec<&str> = request.line.split(' ').collect();
+                let reply = match words[0] {
+                    "status" => {
+                        polls += 1;
+                        let mut s: Value =
+                            serde_json::from_str(&status(400 + polls.min(3))).unwrap();
+                        s["player"]["position"] = serde_json::json!(at);
+                        s
+                    }
+                    "bench" | "fly" if words.contains(&"raw") => {
+                        serde_json::json!({
+                            "frames": 200,
+                            "frame_ms": vec![5.0; 200],
+                            "cpu_ms": vec![2.0; 200],
+                            "gpu_ms": vec![4.0; 200],
+                        })
+                    }
+                    _ => serde_json::json!({ "ok": true }),
+                };
+                if matches!(words[0], "tp" | "fly") {
+                    let n: Vec<f64> = words[1..4].iter().filter_map(|w| w.parse().ok()).collect();
+                    at = [n[0], n[1], n[2]];
+                    polls = 0;
+                }
+                let _ = request.reply.send(reply.to_string());
+                lines.push(request.line);
+            }
+            lines
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_trip_flies_512_blocks_then_holds_four_blocks_at_its_end() {
+        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel::<Request>();
+        let server = trip_server(rx);
+        let mut report = Report::new(Kind::Game, App::default());
+        let control = Control(tx);
+        let mut steady = Vec::new();
+        travel(&control, &mut report, &mut steady).expect("the trip runs");
+        drop(control);
+        let lines: Vec<String> = server
+            .join()
+            .unwrap()
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter(|l| l != "status")
+            .map(|l| l.replace("-0.000", "0.000"))
+            .collect();
+        // Facing +Z is yaw 0, which the formatter may print as -0.
+        let mut expected = vec![
+            "command gamerule advance_time false",
+            "command gamerule advance_weather false",
+            "command weather clear",
+            "time 6000",
+            "tp -960 150 -176",
+            "fly -960 150 -176 -960 150 -176 0.1 30",
+            "look 0.000 30",
+            "fly -960 150 -176 -960 150 336 32 30 raw",
+            "fly -960 150 336 -960 150 336 0.1 30",
+            "look 0.000 30",
+        ];
+        expected.extend(["bench 4 raw"; 4]);
+        assert_eq!(lines, expected);
+
+        let phases: Vec<_> = report
+            .frames
+            .iter()
+            .map(|f| (f.phase.as_str(), f.repeat))
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(
+            phases,
+            [
+                ("travel", 0),
+                ("hold", 0),
+                ("hold", 1),
+                ("hold", 2),
+                ("hold", 3)
+            ]
+        );
+        assert_eq!(steady.len(), 1);
+        let metric = |name: &str| report.metrics.get(name).map(|s| (s.n, s.mean));
+        assert_eq!(metric("fps.travel.avg_fps"), Some((1, 200.0)));
+        assert_eq!(metric("fps.hold.avg_fps"), Some((4, 200.0)));
+        assert_eq!(metric("cpu.hold.p50_ms"), Some((4, 2.0)));
+        assert_eq!(metric("gpu.hold.p50_ms"), Some((4, 4.0)));
+        assert_eq!(metric("gpu.travel.p50_ms"), Some((1, 4.0)));
+        assert!(metric("chunks.travel.load_ms").is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_refused_command_ends_the_trip_with_the_games_reason() {
+        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel::<Request>();
+        let server = thread::spawn(move || {
+            while let Ok(request) = rx.recv() {
+                let reply = if request.line.starts_with("command weather") {
+                    serde_json::json!({ "error": "no such weather" })
+                } else {
+                    serde_json::json!({ "ok": true })
+                };
+                let _ = request.reply.send(reply.to_string());
+            }
+        });
+        let mut report = Report::new(Kind::Game, App::default());
+        let control = Control(tx);
+        let error = travel(&control, &mut report, &mut Vec::new()).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(error.contains("no such weather"), "{error}");
+        assert!(report.frames.is_empty());
+        drop(control);
+        server.join().unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_refused_switch_is_the_games_reason() {
+        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel::<Request>();
+        let server = thread::spawn(move || {
+            let mut lines = Vec::new();
+            while let Ok(request) = rx.recv() {
+                let reply = match request.line.as_str() {
+                    "gpu-culling on" => serde_json::json!({ "error": "not offered here" }),
+                    _ => serde_json::json!({ "ok": true }),
+                };
+                let _ = request.reply.send(reply.to_string());
+                lines.push(request.line);
+            }
+            lines
+        });
+        let control = Control(tx);
+        apply_set(&control, "section-draws", "indirect").unwrap();
+        let error = apply_set(&control, "gpu-culling", "on").unwrap_err();
+        assert!(error.contains("not offered here"), "{error}");
+        drop(control);
+        assert_eq!(
+            server.join().unwrap(),
+            ["section-draws indirect", "gpu-culling on"]
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// A fake game with GPU culling: `on` is its state; `fail_at` makes that `bench` (counted from 1) fail.
+    fn culling_server(
+        rx: mpsc::Receiver<Request>,
+        mut on: bool,
+        offered: bool,
+        fail_at: Option<usize>,
+    ) -> thread::JoinHandle<(Vec<String>, bool)> {
+        thread::spawn(move || {
+            let (mut lines, mut benches) = (Vec::new(), 0);
+            while let Ok(request) = rx.recv() {
+                let reply = match request.line.as_str() {
+                    "gpu-culling on" if !offered => {
+                        serde_json::json!({ "error": "not offered here" })
+                    }
+                    "gpu-culling on" | "gpu-culling off" => {
+                        on = request.line.ends_with("on");
+                        serde_json::json!({ "gpu_culling": on })
+                    }
+                    "gpu-culling" => serde_json::json!({ "gpu_culling": on }),
+                    "bench 4 raw" => {
+                        benches += 1;
+                        let gpu = if on { 5.0 } else { 3.0 };
+                        if Some(benches) == fail_at {
+                            serde_json::json!({ "error": "the window closed" })
+                        } else {
+                            serde_json::json!({
+                                "frame_ms": vec![gpu + 1.0; 200],
+                                "cpu_ms": vec![1.0; 200],
+                                "gpu_ms": vec![gpu; 200],
+                            })
+                        }
+                    }
+                    "bench 2" => serde_json::json!({
+                        "gpu_passes": {"World": if on { 1.5 } else { 0.5 }},
+                    }),
+                    _ => serde_json::json!({ "ok": true }),
+                };
+                let _ = request.reply.send(reply.to_string());
+                lines.push(request.line);
+            }
+            (lines, on)
+        })
+    }
+
+    const GPU_CULLING: &Switch = &SWITCHES[0];
+
+    fn quick(pairs: u32) -> Plan {
+        Plan {
+            pairs,
+            warmup: Duration::ZERO,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn vulkan_report() -> Report {
+        let gpu = horizon_bench::Gpu {
+            backend: "vulkan".into(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let hardware = horizon_bench::Hardware {
+            gpu: Some(gpu),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        Report::with_hardware(Kind::Game, App::default(), hardware)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_blocks_run_b_a_a_b_and_each_arm_is_timed_by_pass() {
+        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel::<Request>();
+        let server = culling_server(rx, false, true, None);
+        let mut report = vulkan_report();
+        let control = Control(tx);
+        keeping_switch(&control, GPU_CULLING, || {
+            ab_blocks(
+                &control,
+                GPU_CULLING,
+                &quick(6),
+                &mut report,
+                &mut Vec::new(),
+            )
+        })
+        .expect("the blocks run");
+        drop(control);
+        let (lines, on) = server.join().unwrap();
+        let arms: String = lines
+            .iter()
+            .take_while(|l| *l != "gpu-passes on")
+            .filter_map(|l| match l.as_str() {
+                "gpu-culling on" => Some('B'),
+                "gpu-culling off" => Some('A'),
+                _ => None,
+            })
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(arms, "BAABBAABBAABA");
+        assert_eq!(lines.iter().filter(|l| *l == "time 6000").count(), 6);
+        assert!(!on, "the initial value is back");
+        assert_eq!(lines.last().unwrap(), "gpu-culling off");
+
+        let positions: Vec<_> = report
+            .frames
+            .iter()
+            .map(|f| (f.phase.as_str(), f.repeat))
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(
+            positions[..4],
+            [("ab.b", 0), ("ab.a", 1), ("ab.a", 2), ("ab.b", 3)]
+        );
+        let ab = report.ab.as_ref().expect("an A/B run has its result");
+        let gpu = &ab.result["gpu_p50_ms"];
+        assert_eq!((gpu.pairs, gpu.a, gpu.b, gpu.diff), (6, 3.0, 5.0, 2.0));
+        assert_eq!(gpu.verdict, horizon_bench::compare::Verdict::Slower);
+        assert!(!ab.first_block_outside_range);
+        let metric = |name: &str| report.metrics.get(name).map(|s| (s.n, s.mean));
+        assert_eq!(metric("gpu.ab.a.p50_ms"), Some((6, 3.0)));
+        assert_eq!(metric("gpu.ab.b.p50_ms"), Some((6, 5.0)));
+        assert_eq!(metric("gpu_pass.ab_a.world_ms"), Some((1, 0.5)));
+        assert_eq!(metric("gpu_pass.ab_b.world_ms"), Some((1, 1.5)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_setting_that_was_on_is_on_again_after_the_run() {
+        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel::<Request>();
+        let server = culling_server(rx, true, true, None);
+        let control = Control(tx);
+        keeping_switch(&control, GPU_CULLING, || {
+            ab_blocks(
+                &control,
+                GPU_CULLING,
+                &quick(2),
+                &mut vulkan_report(),
+                &mut Vec::new(),
+            )
+        })
+        .expect("the blocks run");
+        drop(control);
+        assert!(server.join().unwrap().1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_setting_is_put_back_when_the_run_fails_midway() {
+        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel::<Request>();
+        // The 3rd block is A: the setting is off when it fails.
+        let server = culling_server(rx, true, true, Some(3));
+        let control = Control(tx);
+        let mut report = vulkan_report();
+        let error = keeping_switch(&control, GPU_CULLING, || {
+            ab_blocks(
+                &control,
+                GPU_CULLING,
+                &quick(6),
+                &mut report,
+                &mut Vec::new(),
+            )
+        })
+        .unwrap_err();
+        assert!(error.contains("the window closed"), "{error}");
+        assert!(report.frames.is_empty() && report.ab.is_none());
+        drop(control);
+        let (lines, on) = server.join().unwrap();
+        assert!(on, "on was the player's setting");
+        assert_eq!(lines.last().unwrap(), "gpu-culling on");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_refused_switch_ends_the_run_with_the_games_reason_and_changes_nothing() {
+        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel::<Request>();
+        let server = culling_server(rx, false, false, None);
+        let control = Control(tx);
+        let error = keeping_switch(&control, GPU_CULLING, || {
+            apply_set(&control, "gpu-culling", "on")
+        })
+        .unwrap_err();
+        assert!(error.contains("not offered here"), "{error}");
+        drop(control);
+        let (lines, on) = server.join().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(lines, ["gpu-culling", "gpu-culling on", "gpu-culling"]);
+        assert!(!on);
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn yaw_matches_vanilla() {
        // South (+Z) is 0, west (-X) 90, east (+X) -90.
@@ -589,12 +589,22 @@ pub const COMMANDS: &[Cmd] = &[
    cmd!("mcp", Scripting, "mcp [--paced]", "serve the Model Context Protocol on stdin/stdout, one tool per command",
        "Add it to an MCP client as a stdio server: command horizon-ctl, args [\"mcp\"] (with --socket PATH first if needed). The screenshot tool returns the image. --paced stops a single-player world between tool calls: the pause menu opens after each action and closes before the next, so time passes only while an action (or wait) runs, not while the agent thinks; reading tools (state, inventory, entities, events...) leave it paused.",
        ["horizon-ctl mcp", "horizon-ctl mcp --paced"], &[], mcp: false, local: true),
-    cmd!("bench", Scripting, "bench SECONDS", "reset frame stats, wait, reply with the summary", "", ["horizon-ctl bench 10"], &[p("seconds", Ty::Num, "how long to measure")], mcp: true, local: false),
-    cmd!("stats", Scripting, "stats [reset] [raw]", "frame-time summary since the last reset", "", ["horizon-ctl stats"], &[opt("reset", Ty::Bool, "start counting again"), opt("raw", Ty::Bool, "every frame time too (frame_ms, cpu_ms, gpu_ms)")], mcp: true, local: false),
-    cmd!("gpu-passes", Scripting, "gpu-passes [on|off]", "time Horizon's own render passes on the GPU, shown in F3 and in stats and bench", "", ["horizon-ctl gpu-passes on"], &[opt("mode", Ty::Enum(&["on", "off"]), "on or off; without it, only reports")], mcp: false, local: false),
-    cmd!("trace", Scripting, "trace [FILE [SECONDS] | stop]", "write every thread's timed spans to FILE as a timeline that ui.perfetto.dev opens, for SECONDS or until stop",
-        "Each span (ticks by system, streaming, uploads, far terrain, lighting, the renderer) shows on the thread that ran it, nested by time. Without arguments, only reports whether a trace is being written. HORIZON_TRACE=FILE writes one from the start; horizon-trace on a dedicated server's console writes one to reports/. See docs/graphics.md.",
-        ["horizon-ctl trace /tmp/frame.json 10", "horizon-ctl trace stop"], &[], mcp: false, local: false),
+    cmd!("bench", Scripting, "bench SECONDS [raw]", "reset frame stats, wait, reply with the summary", "", ["horizon-ctl bench 10", "horizon-ctl bench 4 raw"], &[p("seconds", Ty::Num, "how long to measure"), opt("raw", Ty::Bool, "every frame time too (frame_ms, cpu_ms, gpu_ms; alloc_count and alloc_bytes in an alloc-count build)")], mcp: true, local: false),
+    cmd!("stats", Scripting, "stats [reset] [raw]", "frame-time summary since the last reset", "A build with the alloc-count feature adds alloc: the window thread's allocations and KiB per frame and all threads' allocations per second, else null.", ["horizon-ctl stats"], &[opt("reset", Ty::Bool, "start counting again"), opt("raw", Ty::Bool, "every frame time too (frame_ms, cpu_ms, gpu_ms; alloc_count and alloc_bytes in an alloc-count build)")], mcp: true, local: false),
+    cmd!("gpu-passes", Scripting, "gpu-passes [on|off|detail]", "time Horizon's own render passes on the GPU, shown in F3 and in stats and bench; detail adds dispatch times and, on Vulkan, fragment and vertex counts per world pass", "", ["horizon-ctl gpu-passes on"], &[opt("mode", Ty::Enum(&["on", "off", "detail"]), "on, off or detail; without it, only reports")], mcp: false, local: false),
+    cmd!("trace", Scripting, "trace [FILE [SECONDS] | stop]", "write every thread's timed spans to FILE as a .hzperf capture holding a timeline, for SECONDS or until stop",
+        "Each span (ticks by system, streaming, uploads, far terrain, lighting, the renderer) is recorded on the thread that ran it, with its depth; the timeline stops after 60 seconds. trace stop replies with the file's path once it is whole. Without arguments, only reports whether a trace is being written. HORIZON_TRACE=FILE writes one from the start; horizon-trace on a dedicated server's console writes one to reports/. Open the file in the web UI. See docs/graphics.md.",
+        ["horizon-ctl trace /tmp/frame.hzperf 10", "horizon-ctl trace stop"], &[], mcp: false, local: false),
+    cmd!("profile", Scripting, "profile [client|server] start [--seconds S] [--hz N] [--over MS] [--threads main|all] [--wall] [--gpu[=detail]] [--no-samples] [--timeline] | stop [--bench REPORT] | status | mark NAME | open FILE | share FILE", "capture the game's performance to a .hzperf file in reports/ in the game home",
+        "start records the frame times, the health history and the render thread's call trees until stop or --seconds (at most 600). stop replies with the file's path once the file is whole, and with the viewer's address (open_at) only in a build that has a part to open captures; open FILE serves the file once on 127.0.0.1 and opens the viewer on it, share FILE uploads it and replies with the link; both fail in a build without that part and work with every telemetry switch off; status says whether a capture runs, its age and its size; mark NAME puts a label at the current time. F3+O does start and stop from the keyboard; HORIZON_PROFILE=DIR records the first 10 minutes of a run into DIR. --gpu adds each render pass's median GPU time and --gpu=detail the dispatch times and, on Vulkan, fragment and vertex counts per pass; HORIZON_SHADER_PACK_TIMING and HORIZON_GPU_PASS_DETAIL start a capture with them. stop --bench REPORT embeds a benchmark report (benchmarks/*.json) in the capture; --benchmark --profile does this by itself. Read the file with horizon-perf (query gpu). With no side a single-player run captures both sides in one file (the window, and the server thread as its own section); client or server captures one. Connected to a Horizon server, server asks that server to capture its side: it needs operator level 4, only one server capture runs at a time, and the server keeps the file in its reports/ and logs who asked; a refusal is a warning in the window's own capture.",
+        ["horizon-ctl profile start --seconds 30", "horizon-ctl profile mark loaded-the-nether", "horizon-ctl profile stop", "horizon-ctl profile open reports/profile-20251107-143844Z.hzperf"],
+        &[p("action", Ty::Enum(&["start", "stop", "status", "mark", "open", "share"]), "what to do"), opt("name", Ty::Rest, "mark: the label; open and share: the file"),
+          flag("side", Ty::Enum(&["client", "server"]), "client or server, for the window or the server (the single-player server thread, or the server joined); both when omitted"), flag("seconds", Ty::Int, "start: stop after this many seconds, 1 to 600"),
+          flag("hz", Ty::Int, "start: samples per second, 10 to 1000 (default 250)"), flag("over", Ty::Num, "start: sample only frames slower than this many milliseconds"),
+          flag("threads", Ty::Enum(&["main", "all"]), "start: the render thread (default) or every thread that opted in"), flag("wall", Ty::Bool, "start: also sample on the wall clock, to find waits"),
+          flag("gpu", Ty::Enum(&["passes", "detail"]), "start: also record each render pass's GPU time (detail: its parts and counters too)"),
+          flag("no-samples", Ty::Bool, "start: record frame times and health only"), flag("timeline", Ty::Bool, "start: also record every thread's spans, for 60 seconds at most"),
+          flag("bench", Ty::Str, "stop: the path of a benchmark report to embed in the capture")], mcp: true, local: false),
    cmd!("screenshot-sequence", Scripting, "screenshot-sequence FRAMES STEP_MS PATH|cancel", "draw a shader pack's first FRAMES frames on a set clock and write the last as a PNG",
        "Needs HORIZON_STILL and a frozen world (docs/agent-control.md). The pack starts over, frame n's clock is n frames and (n - 1) × STEP_MS milliseconds, the PNG is written as screenshot PATH writes it, and the reply comes once it is. Relative paths are taken from horizon-ctl's directory. cancel stops a running sequence.",
        ["horizon-ctl screenshot-sequence 64 50 frame64.png", "horizon-ctl screenshot-sequence 64 16.666667 frame64.png", "horizon-ctl screenshot-sequence cancel"],
@@ -40,6 +40,17 @@ pub fn carries_record(stack: &crate::items::ItemStack) -> bool {
        .is_some_and(|data| data.get("RecordItem").is_some())
 }

+/// `LecternBlock.getStateForPlacement`: the item's `minecraft:block_entity_data`
+/// carries a `Book` (`TypedEntityData.contains` checks the key only), so the
+/// placed lectern's `has_book` state says so. Vanilla reads the item's data,
+/// not the block entity the placement just filled.
+pub fn carries_book(stack: &crate::items::ItemStack) -> bool {
+    stack
+        .data()
+        .and_then(|d| d.other(BLOCK_ENTITY_DATA))
+        .is_some_and(|data| data.get("Book").is_some())
+}
+
 /// `BlockItem.shouldPrintOpWarning` for a player with game master permission:
 /// the item carries data of an op-only type.
 pub fn op_warning(stack: &crate::items::ItemStack) -> bool {
@@ -19,16 +19,16 @@ pub use horizon_client_render::{
    effects, environment, extras, fast_hash, fluid_render, fog, font, gfx, graphics,
    graphics_style, graphics_ui, hdr_calibration, hud, hud_kit, hud_layout, hud_overlays,
    inventory_effects, java_text, jigsaw_block, json_folder, level_loading, light, lod, logging,
-    menu_blur, menu_style, mesher, minimap, mipmap, mod_browser, mod_list, model_library, models,
-    multiline_edit, native_emissive, options_file, options_fixes, options_ui, overlay,
-    pack_browser, pack_formats, pack_hooks, pack_palette, pack_screen, packs, pad_cursor,
-    pad_glyph, par, particles, poi_sections, polytone_creative_tabs, polytone_post, post_chain,
-    potent_sulfur, preedit, providers, pvp, pvp_hud, random_source, screen_draw, screen_effects,
-    sculk, section_mask, server_terrain, settings, shader_options, shader_pack_list, signs, skins,
-    social, sound_engine, sound_events, sound_preview, spans, split_layout, split_map,
-    split_profiles, sprites, streaming, structure_block, tab_list, terrain_model, test_block,
-    test_instance_block, testgen, title_edition, trims, ui, vault, weather, widgets, world,
-    worldborder, zip,
+    mark_sprite, menu_blur, menu_style, mesher, minimap, mipmap, mod_browser, mod_list,
+    model_library, models, multiline_edit, native_emissive, options_file, options_fixes,
+    options_ui, overlay, pack_browser, pack_formats, pack_hooks, pack_palette, pack_screen, packs,
+    pad_cursor, pad_glyph, par, particles, poi_sections, polytone_creative_tabs, polytone_post,
+    post_chain, potent_sulfur, preedit, providers, pvp, pvp_hud, random_source, screen_draw,
+    screen_effects, sculk, section_mask, server_terrain, settings, shader_options,
+    shader_pack_list, signs, skins, social, sound_engine, sound_events, sound_preview, spans,
+    split_layout, split_map, split_profiles, sprites, streaming, structure_block, tab_list,
+    terrain_model, test_block, test_instance_block, testgen, title_edition, trims, ui, vault,
+    weather, widgets, world, worldborder, zip,
 };
 pub mod attack_strength;
 pub mod attribute_updates;
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ pub mod boss_overlay;
 pub mod breathing;
 pub mod cauldron;
 pub mod chunk_io;
+pub mod client_perf;
 pub mod clock;
 pub mod command_storage;
 pub mod confirm_screen;
@@ -107,6 +108,7 @@ pub mod offline_name;
 pub mod old_world;
 pub mod osk;
 pub mod patrol;
+pub mod perf_net;
 pub mod perf_overlay;
 pub mod pick_item;
 pub mod player_sync;
@@ -129,6 +131,7 @@ pub mod sound_playback;
 pub use horizon_server_files as server;
 pub mod controller_notice;
 pub mod server_packs;
+pub mod server_perf;
 pub mod shadows;
 pub mod spear;
 pub mod spectator_menu;
@@ -139,6 +142,8 @@ pub mod stopwatches;
 pub mod structure_blocks;
 pub mod studio;
 pub mod telemetry;
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) mod test_fixtures;
 pub mod text_display;
 pub mod tick_chunk_membership;
 pub mod ticket_levels;
@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+//! The client's .hzperf captures (docs/perf-platform.md §4.1): the window's frames feed the always-on health history, and a capture writes it with the samples of the render thread.
+use crate::gfx::pack_timing::{GpuReadout, TimedFrames};
+use crate::server_perf::traffic::{Conn, Wire};
+use crate::server_perf::{
+    self, CaptureEnd, CaptureOptions, CaptureStatus, MAX_WINDOW_S, Role, SamplerOptions, Saved,
+    ServerPerf, TickDetail, WorldCounts,
+};
+use horizon_perf_format::FieldSender;
+use horizon_perf_format::v1::{
+    BenchResult, Machine, Side, Start, StopReason, Trigger, WarningCode,
+};
+use horizon_protocol::connection::Counters;
+use request::{GpuSwitch, StartOptions, Threads};
+use std::ffi::OsStr;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+pub mod request;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+
+/// A frame this slow enters the slow ring when `HORIZON_SPIKES` names no other threshold.
+pub const SLOW_FRAME_MS: f32 = 50.0;
+
+/// The variables that start a capture with the GPU passes timed: pass timing, and pass timing with its parts.
+pub const ENV_PASS_TIMING: &str = "HORIZON_SHADER_PACK_TIMING";
+pub const ENV_PASS_DETAIL: &str = "HORIZON_GPU_PASS_DETAIL";
+
+/// The GPU switch a run's environment asks for; the detail variable wins over the timing one.
+pub fn env_gpu(timing: Option<&OsStr>, detail: Option<&OsStr>) -> GpuSwitch {
+    if detail.is_some() {
+        GpuSwitch::Detail
+    } else if timing.is_some() {
+        GpuSwitch::Passes
+    } else {
+        GpuSwitch::Off
+    }
+}
+
+/// Where a client's captures go: `HORIZON_PROFILE` when set, else `reports/` in the game home.
+pub fn reports_dir(profile: Option<&OsStr>, home: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    match profile.filter(|p| !p.is_empty()) {
+        Some(dir) => PathBuf::from(dir),
+        None => home.join("reports"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// What a side on another thread needs to write into the running capture's file.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Join {
+    pub sender: FieldSender,
+    pub path: PathBuf,
+    /// The instant every `t` of the capture counts from.
+    pub origin: Instant,
+    /// When the capture's window ends, and why it stops then.
+    pub ends: Option<(Instant, StopReason)>,
+    pub options: StartOptions,
+    pub trigger: Trigger,
+}
+
+/// The client's health history, always on, and the capture running from it, if any.
+pub struct ClientPerf {
+    perf: ServerPerf,
+    epoch: Instant,
+    cpu_ms: Vec<f32>,
+    gpu_ms: Vec<f32>,
+    /// When the running capture's window ends, and why it stops then.
+    window: Option<(f64, StopReason)>,
+    /// The running capture's switches, which a side that joins it follows.
+    running: Option<(StartOptions, Trigger)>,
+    /// The server connection's byte counts while the window plays on one: the capture's own traffic.
+    connection: Option<Arc<Counters>>,
+}
+
+/// The window's one connection as the traffic recorder's wire list.
+fn wire_of(connection: Option<&Counters>) -> Wire {
+    let order = Ordering::Relaxed;
+    connection
+        .map(|c| {
+            let count = |n: &std::sync::atomic::AtomicI64| n.load(order).max(0) as u64;
+            vec![Conn {
+                id: 1,
+                bytes: (count(&c.bytes_in), count(&c.bytes_out)),
+                ..Conn::default()
+            }]
+        })
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+}
+
+impl ClientPerf {
+    pub fn new(slow_ms: f32) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            perf: ServerPerf::with_role(Role::CLIENT, 0.0, slow_ms),
+            epoch: Instant::now(),
+            cpu_ms: Vec::new(),
+            gpu_ms: Vec::new(),
+            window: None,
+            running: None,
+            connection: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The connection whose bytes a capture records, or None in a world of the window's own.
+    pub fn set_connection(&mut self, connection: Option<Arc<Counters>>) {
+        self.connection = connection;
+    }
+
+    /// Seconds since the game began, the clock every other time here is on.
+    pub fn now(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.epoch.elapsed().as_secs_f64()
+    }
+
+    pub fn capturing(&self) -> bool {
+        self.perf.capturing()
+    }
+
+    pub fn health(&self) -> &horizon_perf_format::HealthRecorder {
+        self.perf.health()
+    }
+
+    /// One rendered frame that took `wall_ms`, of which `cpu_ms` was the CPU's own work, ending at `t`.
+    pub fn frame(
+        &mut self,
+        t: f64,
+        wall_ms: f32,
+        cpu_ms: f32,
+        gpu_ms: Option<f32>,
+        detail: Option<TickDetail>,
+        world: impl FnOnce() -> WorldCounts,
+    ) {
+        self.frame_with_gpu(t, wall_ms, cpu_ms, gpu_ms, detail, world, || None);
+    }
+
+    /// [`ClientPerf::frame`], where `gpu` is asked for the pass timings only when this frame ends the capture's window.
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    pub fn frame_with_gpu(
+        &mut self,
+        t: f64,
+        wall_ms: f32,
+        cpu_ms: f32,
+        gpu_ms: Option<f32>,
+        detail: Option<TickDetail>,
+        world: impl FnOnce() -> WorldCounts,
+        gpu: impl FnOnce() -> Option<GpuReadout>,
+    ) {
+        self.cpu_ms.push(cpu_ms);
+        self.gpu_ms.extend(gpu_ms);
+        if self.perf.gauges_due(t) {
+            self.perf
+                .set_frame_medians(median(&mut self.cpu_ms), median(&mut self.gpu_ms));
+        }
+        let connection = self.connection.as_deref();
+        self.perf
+            .tick(t, wall_ms, detail, world, || wire_of(connection));
+        if let Some((end, reason)) = self.window
+            && t >= end
+        {
+            self.stop_with_gpu(t, reason, gpu());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The GPU frames timed since the last frame, with this frame's CPU ms, for a capture that times the GPU.
+    pub fn gpu_frames(&mut self, t: f64, cpu_ms: f32, frames: &TimedFrames) {
+        self.perf.gpu_frames(t, cpu_ms, frames);
+    }
+
+    /// Opens a capture in `dir`; call it on the render thread, which it samples.
+    pub fn start(
+        &mut self,
+        t: f64,
+        dir: &Path,
+        trigger: Trigger,
+        options: &StartOptions,
+        start: Start,
+        block_names: Vec<String>,
+    ) -> std::io::Result<PathBuf> {
+        let capture = CaptureOptions {
+            window_s: options.seconds.map(f64::from),
+            trigger,
+            start,
+            samples: options.samples,
+            sampler: SamplerOptions {
+                hz: options.hz,
+                over_ms: options.over_ms,
+                wall: options.wall,
+                all_threads: options.threads == Threads::All,
+            },
+            block_names,
+            levels: Vec::new(),
+            wire: wire_of(self.connection.as_deref()),
+            gpu: options.gpu.mode(),
+            timeline: options.timeline.then(Default::default),
+            file: options.file.clone(),
+        };
+        let path = self.perf.start_capture(t, dir, capture)?;
+        self.window = Some(match options.seconds {
+            Some(s) => (t + f64::from(s), StopReason::Normal),
+            None => (t + MAX_WINDOW_S, StopReason::WindowCap),
+        });
+        self.running = Some((options.clone(), trigger));
+        Ok(path)
+    }
+
+    /// What the server thread needs to write its side into the running capture; None when none runs.
+    pub fn join(&self) -> Option<Join> {
+        let (sender, path, origin) = self.perf.joinable()?;
+        let (options, trigger) = self.running.clone()?;
+        let at = |t: f64| self.epoch + Duration::from_secs_f64(t.max(0.0));
+        Some(Join {
+            sender,
+            path,
+            origin: at(origin),
+            ends: self.window.map(|(end, reason)| (at(end), reason)),
+            options,
+            trigger,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Ends the running capture; its file is finished off this thread and comes back from [`ClientPerf::take_saved`].
+    pub fn stop(&mut self, t: f64, reason: StopReason) -> bool {
+        self.stop_with(t, reason, None, Vec::new())
+    }
+
+    /// [`ClientPerf::stop`], recording `gpu`'s pass timings if the capture asked for them.
+    pub fn stop_with_gpu(&mut self, t: f64, reason: StopReason, gpu: Option<GpuReadout>) -> bool {
+        self.stop_with(t, reason, gpu, Vec::new())
+    }
+
+    /// [`ClientPerf::stop_with_gpu`] with benchmark reports embedded in the capture.
+    pub fn stop_with(
+        &mut self,
+        t: f64,
+        reason: StopReason,
+        gpu: Option<GpuReadout>,
+        bench: Vec<BenchResult>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        self.window = None;
+        self.running = None;
+        let end = CaptureEnd {
+            gpu,
+            bench,
+            wire: wire_of(self.connection.as_deref()),
+            ..CaptureEnd::default()
+        };
+        self.perf.begin_stop(t, reason, end)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether a stopped capture's file is still being finished or waits to be taken.
+    pub fn saving(&self) -> bool {
+        self.perf.finishing()
+    }
+
+    /// The captures whose files are done; with `wait`, every one begun.
+    pub fn take_saved(&mut self, wait: bool) -> Vec<std::io::Result<Saved>> {
+        self.perf.take_saved(wait)
+    }
+
+    pub fn mark(&mut self, t: f64, name: &str) -> bool {
+        self.perf.mark(t, name)
+    }
+
+    /// Records a memory snapshot in the running capture; false when none runs.
+    pub fn memory_snapshot(&mut self, t: f64, label: &str, rows: &[(String, f64)]) -> bool {
+        self.perf.memory_snapshot(t, label, rows)
+    }
+
+    /// Records `code` in the running capture; false when none runs.
+    pub fn warn(&mut self, t: f64, code: WarningCode) -> bool {
+        self.perf.warn(t, code)
+    }
+
+    pub fn status(&self, t: f64) -> Option<CaptureStatus> {
+        self.perf.status(t)
+    }
+
+    /// The seconds left in the running capture's window.
+    pub fn remaining_s(&self, t: f64) -> Option<f64> {
+        self.window.map(|(end, _)| (end - t).max(0.0))
+    }
+}
+
+/// A benchmark report as the capture embeds it, minus its local-only label and paths; anything but a `horizon-benchmark-report` is refused.
+pub fn bench_result(report_json: String) -> Result<BenchResult, String> {
+    let mut report = horizon_bench::Report::parse(&report_json)?;
+    report.label = None;
+    report.local.clear();
+    Ok(BenchResult {
+        side: Side::Client as i32,
+        format: horizon_bench::FORMAT.to_owned(),
+        report_json: report.to_json(),
+        corpus_id: String::new(),
+    })
+}
+
+/// The median of the values, which are cleared; None when there were none.
+fn median(values: &mut Vec<f32>) -> Option<f32> {
+    values.sort_by(f32::total_cmp);
+    let rank = values.len().div_ceil(2);
+    let m = rank.checked_sub(1).map(|i| values[i]);
+    values.clear();
+    m
+}
+
+/// `Start` for a client capture: its build and machine; the capture fills the rest.
+pub fn start_message(same_process: bool, gpu: Option<&str>) -> Start {
+    let mut machine: Machine = server_perf::machine(Some(
+        server_perf::hardware().unwrap_or_else(server_perf::hardware_now),
+    ));
+    if let Some(gpu) = gpu {
+        machine.gpu = gpu.to_owned();
+    }
+    Start {
+        build: Some(server_perf::build()),
+        machine: Some(machine),
+        same_process,
+        ..Start::default()
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,519 @@
+//! `horizon-ctl profile`: the words the game receives, as typed requests, and the typed replies.
+use horizon_perf_format::v1::GpuMode;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use std::ops::RangeInclusive;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+/// The longest name a mark takes; it is the one free text in a capture.
+pub const MARK_NAME_MAX: usize = 100;
+/// The sampler's rate bounds, per second.
+pub const HZ_RANGE: RangeInclusive<u32> = 10..=1000;
+
+/// Which side `profile` addresses; no side means every side the game can reach.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
+pub enum ProfileSide {
+    Client,
+    Server,
+}
+
+impl FromStr for ProfileSide {
+    type Err = String;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        match s {
+            "client" => Ok(Self::Client),
+            "server" => Ok(Self::Server),
+            other => Err(format!("unknown side {other}; use client or server")),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
+pub enum Threads {
+    Main,
+    All,
+}
+
+impl FromStr for Threads {
+    type Err = String;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        match s {
+            "main" => Ok(Self::Main),
+            "all" => Ok(Self::All),
+            other => Err(format!("unknown threads {other}; use main or all")),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// What `--gpu` records: nothing, the passes' times, or also their parts and counters.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
+pub enum GpuSwitch {
+    #[default]
+    Off,
+    Passes,
+    Detail,
+}
+
+impl FromStr for GpuSwitch {
+    type Err = String;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        match s {
+            "passes" => Ok(Self::Passes),
+            "detail" => Ok(Self::Detail),
+            other => Err(format!(
+                "unknown --gpu value {other}; use --gpu, --gpu=passes or --gpu=detail"
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl GpuSwitch {
+    pub fn mode(self) -> GpuMode {
+        match self {
+            Self::Off => GpuMode::Off,
+            Self::Passes => GpuMode::Passes,
+            Self::Detail => GpuMode::Detail,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum Action {
+    Start,
+    Stop,
+    Status,
+    Mark,
+    Open,
+    Share,
+}
+
+impl FromStr for Action {
+    type Err = String;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        match s {
+            "start" => Ok(Self::Start),
+            "stop" => Ok(Self::Stop),
+            "status" => Ok(Self::Status),
+            "mark" => Ok(Self::Mark),
+            "open" => Ok(Self::Open),
+            "share" => Ok(Self::Share),
+            other => Err(format!("unknown profile action {other}")),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The switches of `profile start`.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct StartOptions {
+    /// Unset runs until `stop`, or the longest window.
+    pub seconds: Option<u32>,
+    pub hz: Option<u32>,
+    pub over_ms: Option<f32>,
+    pub threads: Threads,
+    pub wall: bool,
+    pub samples: bool,
+    pub gpu: GpuSwitch,
+    /// Also record every thread's spans (`--timeline`), for 60 s at most.
+    pub timeline: bool,
+    /// Write the capture here instead of into the reports folder: `trace` and `HORIZON_TRACE` only, never a profile switch.
+    pub file: Option<PathBuf>,
+}
+
+impl Default for StartOptions {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            seconds: None,
+            hz: None,
+            over_ms: None,
+            threads: Threads::Main,
+            wall: false,
+            samples: true,
+            gpu: GpuSwitch::Off,
+            timeline: false,
+            file: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Request {
+    Start(StartOptions),
+    /// With the path of a benchmark report to embed in the capture.
+    Stop {
+        bench: Option<String>,
+    },
+    Status,
+    Mark(String),
+    /// Open the saved capture in the viewer, through the captures hook.
+    Open(PathBuf),
+    /// Upload the saved capture, through the captures hook; the reply is the link.
+    Share(PathBuf),
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Parsed {
+    pub side: Option<ProfileSide>,
+    pub request: Request,
+}
+
+const USAGE: &str = "profile [client|server] start [--seconds S] [--hz N] [--over MS] [--threads main|all] [--wall] [--gpu[=detail]] [--no-samples] [--timeline] | stop [--bench REPORT] | status | mark NAME | open FILE | share FILE";
+
+/// The words after `profile`; the side comes first or as `--side`, and the switches follow `start`.
+pub fn parse(words: &[&str]) -> Result<Parsed, String> {
+    let (mut side, words) = match words.first().map(|w| w.parse::<ProfileSide>()) {
+        Some(Ok(side)) => (Some(side), &words[1..]),
+        _ => (None, words),
+    };
+    let Some((action, rest)) = words.split_first() else {
+        return Err(format!("usage: {USAGE}"));
+    };
+    let action: Action = action.parse().map_err(|e| format!("{e}; usage: {USAGE}"))?;
+    if action == Action::Mark {
+        return mark(side, rest);
+    }
+    if matches!(action, Action::Open | Action::Share) {
+        let file = rest.join(" ");
+        if file.is_empty() {
+            return Err(format!("{} needs a FILE; usage: {USAGE}", words[0]));
+        }
+        let file = PathBuf::from(file);
+        let request = match action {
+            Action::Open => Request::Open(file),
+            _ => Request::Share(file),
+        };
+        return Ok(Parsed {
+            side: None,
+            request,
+        });
+    }
+    let mut options = StartOptions::default();
+    let mut switched = false;
+    let mut bench = None;
+    let mut words = rest.iter().copied().peekable();
+    while let Some(word) = words.next() {
+        let mut value = || {
+            words
+                .next()
+                .ok_or_else(|| format!("{word} needs a value; usage: {USAGE}"))
+        };
+        match word {
+            "--side" => side = Some(value()?.parse()?),
+            "--seconds" => options.seconds = Some(number(word, value()?, 1..=600)?),
+            "--hz" => options.hz = Some(number(word, value()?, HZ_RANGE)?),
+            "--over" => {
+                let ms: f32 = value()?
+                    .parse()
+                    .map_err(|_| "--over must be a number of milliseconds".to_owned())?;
+                if !ms.is_finite() || ms <= 0.0 {
+                    return Err("--over must be more than 0".into());
+                }
+                options.over_ms = Some(ms);
+            }
+            "--threads" => options.threads = value()?.parse()?,
+            "--wall" => options.wall = true,
+            "--gpu" => {
+                options.gpu = match words.next_if(|w| w.parse::<GpuSwitch>().is_ok()) {
+                    Some(kind) => kind.parse()?,
+                    None => GpuSwitch::Passes,
+                }
+            }
+            _ if word.starts_with("--gpu=") => options.gpu = word["--gpu=".len()..].parse()?,
+            "--no-samples" => options.samples = false,
+            "--timeline" => options.timeline = true,
+            "--bench" => {
+                // The line arrives split on whitespace, so a run of spaces or a tab in the path becomes one space.
+                let path = words.by_ref().collect::<Vec<_>>().join(" ");
+                if path.is_empty() {
+                    return Err(format!("--bench needs a report path; usage: {USAGE}"));
+                }
+                bench = Some(path);
+                continue;
+            }
+            other => return Err(format!("unexpected {other}; usage: {USAGE}")),
+        }
+        switched |= word != "--side";
+    }
+    let request = match action {
+        Action::Start if bench.is_some() => {
+            return Err(format!("only stop takes --bench; usage: {USAGE}"));
+        }
+        Action::Start => Request::Start(options),
+        _ if switched => return Err(format!("only start takes options; usage: {USAGE}")),
+        Action::Stop => Request::Stop { bench },
+        _ if bench.is_some() => return Err(format!("only stop takes --bench; usage: {USAGE}")),
+        _ => Request::Status,
+    };
+    Ok(Parsed { side, request })
+}
+
+fn mark(mut side: Option<ProfileSide>, mut words: &[&str]) -> Result<Parsed, String> {
+    if let [flag @ "--side", value, rest @ ..] = words {
+        let _ = flag;
+        side = Some(value.parse()?);
+        words = rest;
+    }
+    let name = words.join(" ");
+    if name.is_empty() {
+        return Err("mark needs a NAME".into());
+    }
+    if name.chars().count() > MARK_NAME_MAX || name.chars().any(char::is_control) {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "a mark name is at most {MARK_NAME_MAX} characters without control characters"
+        ));
+    }
+    Ok(Parsed {
+        side,
+        request: Request::Mark(name),
+    })
+}
+
+fn number(flag: &str, text: &str, range: RangeInclusive<u32>) -> Result<u32, String> {
+    match text.parse::<u32>() {
+        Ok(n) if range.contains(&n) => Ok(n),
+        _ => Err(format!(
+            "{flag} must be a whole number from {} to {}",
+            range.start(),
+            range.end()
+        )),
+    }
+}
+
+/// The reply to `profile start`.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Started {
+    pub ok: bool,
+    /// The sides asked for, server first; the server thread's join is confirmed by `status` and `stop`.
+    pub sides: Vec<ProfileSide>,
+    pub path: String,
+    pub seconds: Option<u32>,
+    pub samples: bool,
+    pub gpu: GpuSwitch,
+}
+
+/// The reply to `profile stop`, once the file is whole.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Stopped {
+    pub ok: bool,
+    pub sides: Vec<ProfileSide>,
+    pub path: String,
+    /// The viewer page, when the build has a part that opens captures.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub open_at: Option<String>,
+    pub removed: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+/// The viewer page a registered captures hook offers.
+pub fn viewer() -> Option<String> {
+    horizon_hooks::engine::captures().map(|c| c.viewer().to_owned())
+}
+
+/// The reply to `profile status`.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Status {
+    pub ok: bool,
+    pub capturing: bool,
+    pub sides: Vec<ProfileSide>,
+    pub path: Option<String>,
+    pub elapsed_s: Option<f64>,
+    pub bytes: Option<u64>,
+}
+
+/// The reply of a deferred `profile stop` that failed.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Failed {
+    pub error: String,
+}
+
+/// The reply to `trace`: whether a timeline capture runs, and where it writes.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Traced {
+    pub ok: bool,
+    pub tracing: bool,
+    pub file: Option<String>,
+}
+
+/// The reply to `profile open`: the viewer the capture was opened in.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Opened {
+    pub ok: bool,
+    pub viewer: String,
+}
+
+/// The reply to `profile share`: the capture's share link.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Shared {
+    pub ok: bool,
+    pub url: String,
+}
+
+/// The reply to `profile mark`.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Marked {
+    pub ok: bool,
+    pub name: String,
+    /// Seconds on the game clock, which counts from when the game began, for every side.
+    pub t: f64,
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn p(line: &str) -> Result<Parsed, String> {
+        parse(&line.split_whitespace().collect::<Vec<_>>())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn open_and_share_take_a_file_with_spaces_kept() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            p("open reports/a.hzperf").unwrap().request,
+            Request::Open(PathBuf::from("reports/a.hzperf"))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            p("share /tmp/my  capture.hzperf").unwrap().request,
+            Request::Share(PathBuf::from("/tmp/my capture.hzperf"))
+        );
+        assert!(p("open").is_err());
+        assert!(p("share").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_side_comes_first_or_as_a_flag() {
+        let a = p("client start --seconds 30").unwrap();
+        let b = p("start --side client --seconds 30").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(a, b);
+        assert_eq!(a.side, Some(ProfileSide::Client));
+        assert_eq!(p("start").unwrap().side, None);
+        assert_eq!(p("server stop").unwrap().side, Some(ProfileSide::Server));
+        assert_eq!(
+            p("stop --side client").unwrap().side,
+            Some(ProfileSide::Client)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn every_start_switch_lands_in_its_field() {
+        let Request::Start(o) = p(
+            "start --hz 500 --over 12.5 --threads all --wall --gpu=detail --no-samples --timeline --seconds 9",
+        )
+        .unwrap()
+        .request
+        else {
+            panic!("not a start");
+        };
+        assert_eq!(
+            o,
+            StartOptions {
+                seconds: Some(9),
+                hz: Some(500),
+                over_ms: Some(12.5),
+                threads: Threads::All,
+                wall: true,
+                samples: false,
+                gpu: GpuSwitch::Detail,
+                timeline: true,
+                file: None,
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_mark_takes_the_rest_of_the_line_as_its_name() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            p("mark   loaded the nether").unwrap().request,
+            Request::Mark("loaded the nether".into())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            p("client mark --wall").unwrap(),
+            Parsed {
+                side: Some(ProfileSide::Client),
+                request: Request::Mark("--wall".into())
+            }
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            p("mark --side client the nether").unwrap(),
+            Parsed {
+                side: Some(ProfileSide::Client),
+                request: Request::Mark("the nether".into())
+            }
+        );
+        assert!(p("mark").is_err());
+        assert!(p("mark --side client").is_err());
+        assert!(p(&format!("mark {}", "x".repeat(MARK_NAME_MAX + 1))).is_err());
+        assert!(p(&format!("mark {}", "x".repeat(MARK_NAME_MAX))).is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn stop_takes_the_rest_of_the_line_as_a_report_path() {
+        assert_eq!(p("stop").unwrap().request, Request::Stop { bench: None });
+        let with = p("client stop --bench /home/a b/games/benchmarks/game-1.json").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(with.side, Some(ProfileSide::Client));
+        assert_eq!(
+            with.request,
+            Request::Stop {
+                bench: Some("/home/a b/games/benchmarks/game-1.json".into())
+            }
+        );
+        for line in [
+            "stop --bench",
+            "start --bench x.json",
+            "status --bench x.json",
+        ] {
+            assert!(p(line).is_err(), "{line:?} was accepted");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn bad_words_are_refused_with_the_usage() {
+        for line in [
+            "",
+            "client",
+            "begin",
+            "start --seconds 0",
+            "start --seconds 601",
+            "start --seconds",
+            "start --hz 5",
+            "start --over 0",
+            "start --over nan",
+            "start --threads some",
+            "start --gpu=all",
+            "start --gpu=",
+            "stop now",
+            "stop --wall",
+            "status --hz 100",
+            "start --side everyone",
+        ] {
+            assert!(p(line).is_err(), "{line:?} was accepted");
+        }
+        assert!(p("start --gpu=all").unwrap_err().contains("--gpu=detail"));
+        assert!(
+            p("start --gpu fast")
+                .unwrap_err()
+                .contains("usage: profile")
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn gpu_alone_records_the_passes_and_detail_asks_for_more() {
+        let gpu = |line: &str| match p(line).unwrap().request {
+            Request::Start(o) => o.gpu,
+            other => panic!("{other:?}"),
+        };
+        assert_eq!(gpu("start"), GpuSwitch::Off);
+        assert_eq!(gpu("start --gpu"), GpuSwitch::Passes);
+        assert_eq!(
+            gpu("client start --seconds 5 --gpu=detail"),
+            GpuSwitch::Detail
+        );
+        assert_eq!(gpu("start --gpu detail --wall"), GpuSwitch::Detail);
+        assert_eq!(gpu("start --gpu --wall"), GpuSwitch::Passes);
+        assert!(p("stop --gpu").is_err(), "only start takes options");
+    }
+}
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 //! writes `{"transport":"tcp","port":N,"token":"..."}` to the path, readable
 //! only by its user; a client's first line must then be `auth TOKEN`.
 use crate::block_entity_render::StaticCacheFrameStats;
+use horizon_threads::alloc_count::{Counts, ON};
 use std::{
    io::{self, BufRead, BufReader, Read, Write},
    net::{Ipv4Addr, TcpListener, TcpStream},
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@ use std::{
        mpsc,
    },
    thread,
+    time::Instant,
 };

 #[cfg(unix)]
@@ -497,6 +499,7 @@ mod tests {
    }

    use super::*;
+    use std::time::Duration;

    /// The check agrees with the system at every length around its limit.
    #[cfg(unix)]
@@ -602,6 +605,22 @@ mod tests {
        assert!(same_token("abc", "abc") && !same_token("abc", "abd") && !same_token("a", "ab"));
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn the_series_cover_every_frame_the_summary_counts() {
+        let mut stats = FrameStats::default();
+        for ms in [4.0, 5.0, 6.0] {
+            stats.record(ms);
+            stats.record_cpu(ms / 2.0);
+        }
+        let mut summary = stats.summary();
+        assert!(summary.get("frame_ms").is_none());
+        stats.add_series(&mut summary);
+        assert_eq!(summary["frame_ms"], serde_json::json!([4.0, 5.0, 6.0]));
+        assert_eq!(summary["cpu_ms"], serde_json::json!([2.0, 2.5, 3.0]));
+        assert_eq!(summary["gpu_ms"], serde_json::json!([]));
+        assert_eq!(summary["frames"], 3);
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn frame_summary_reports_block_entity_cache_work() {
        let mut stats = FrameStats::default();
@@ -625,6 +644,67 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(summary["static_entities_drawn_avg_per_frame"], 4.0);
        assert_eq!(summary["dynamic_entities_drawn_avg_per_frame"], 3.0);
    }
+
+    fn counts(allocs: u64, bytes: u64, frees: u64, freed: u64) -> Counts {
+        Counts {
+            allocs,
+            bytes,
+            frees,
+            freed,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn allocations_are_summarized_per_frame_and_per_second() {
+        let mut stats = FrameStats::default();
+        let start = Instant::now();
+        for (i, a) in [100u64, 200, 300, 400, 1000].into_iter().enumerate() {
+            // Window: 10 blocks kept; process: twice the blocks, 1 MiB per 100, 20 blocks and 1 MiB kept.
+            let window = counts(a, a * 1024, a - 10, 0);
+            let all = counts(
+                2 * a,
+                (2 * a / 100) << 20,
+                2 * a - 20,
+                ((2 * a / 100) - 1) << 20,
+            );
+            stats.record_allocs(window, all, start + Duration::from_millis(100 * i as u64));
+        }
+        let alloc = stats.alloc_summary();
+        let window = &alloc["window_thread"];
+        assert_eq!(window["allocs_per_frame"]["avg"], 400.0);
+        assert_eq!(window["allocs_per_frame"]["p50"], 300.0);
+        assert_eq!(window["allocs_per_frame"]["p95"], 1000.0);
+        assert_eq!(window["allocs_per_frame"]["max"], 1000.0);
+        assert_eq!(window["kib_per_frame"]["p50"], 300.0);
+        assert_eq!(window["frees_per_frame_avg"], 390.0);
+        // The first frame only starts the clock: the rates cover the four after it, 0.4 s.
+        let process = &alloc["process"];
+        assert_eq!(process["allocs_per_s"], 9500.0);
+        assert_eq!(process["frees_per_s"], 9300.0);
+        assert_eq!(process["mib_per_s"], 95.0);
+        assert_eq!(process["net_mib"], 4.0);
+        assert_eq!(stats.alloc_counts(), [100, 200, 300, 400, 1000]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn one_frame_has_counts_but_no_rate() {
+        let mut stats = FrameStats::default();
+        stats.record_allocs(counts(5, 64, 5, 64), counts(9, 99, 9, 99), Instant::now());
+        let alloc = stats.alloc_summary();
+        assert_eq!(alloc["window_thread"]["allocs_per_frame"]["max"], 5.0);
+        assert!(alloc["process"]["allocs_per_s"].is_null());
+        assert!(FrameStats::default().alloc_summary().is_null());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_summary_has_alloc_only_when_the_game_counts() {
+        let mut stats = FrameStats::default();
+        stats.record(10.0);
+        stats.record_allocs(counts(5, 64, 5, 64), Counts::default(), Instant::now());
+        assert_eq!(stats.summary()["alloc"].is_null(), !ON);
+        stats.reset();
+        assert!(stats.alloc_counts().is_empty() && stats.alloc_summary().is_null());
+    }
 }

 /// Frame durations since the last reset, summarized like the Java recorder,
@@ -641,6 +721,15 @@ pub struct FrameStats {
    static_bytes_uploaded: u64,
    static_entities_drawn: u64,
    dynamic_entities_drawn: u64,
+    /// Window-thread allocations and bytes of each rendered frame (`alloc-count` builds).
+    allocs: Vec<u32>,
+    alloc_bytes: Vec<u64>,
+    /// Window-thread frees summed over the frames in `allocs`.
+    alloc_frees: u64,
+    /// When the first and the last frame since the reset were recorded.
+    alloc_span: Option<(Instant, Instant)>,
+    /// All threads' counts over the frames after the first, the time base of the rates.
+    alloc_process: Counts,
 }

 /// The parts of a frame's CPU time: world streaming and uploads, game ticks,
@@ -717,17 +806,77 @@ impl FrameStats {
        self.static_entities_drawn += stats.static_entities_drawn;
        self.dynamic_entities_drawn += stats.dynamic_entities_drawn;
    }
-    /// Every recorded frame time, in milliseconds, in order.
-    pub fn frame_millis(&self) -> &[f32] {
-        &self.millis
+    /// Adds every frame's time (`frame_ms`, `cpu_ms`, `gpu_ms`) to a summary.
+    pub fn add_series(&self, summary: &mut serde_json::Value) {
+        summary["frame_ms"] = self.millis.clone().into();
+        summary["cpu_ms"] = self.cpu.clone().into();
+        summary["gpu_ms"] = self.gpu.clone().into();
    }
-    /// CPU time of every recorded frame, in milliseconds.
-    pub fn cpu_millis(&self) -> &[f32] {
-        &self.cpu
+    /// One frame's allocations: this thread's since the last frame, all threads' since then.
+    pub fn record_allocs(&mut self, window: Counts, process: Counts, now: Instant) {
+        if self.allocs.len() < Self::LIMIT {
+            self.allocs
+                .push(u32::try_from(window.allocs).unwrap_or(u32::MAX));
+            self.alloc_bytes.push(window.bytes);
+            self.alloc_frees += window.frees;
+        }
+        match &mut self.alloc_span {
+            None => self.alloc_span = Some((now, now)),
+            Some((_, last)) => {
+                *last = now;
+                let sum = &mut self.alloc_process;
+                sum.allocs += process.allocs;
+                sum.bytes += process.bytes;
+                sum.frees += process.frees;
+                sum.freed += process.freed;
+            }
+        }
    }
-    /// GPU time of every frame the GPU timed, in milliseconds.
-    pub fn gpu_millis(&self) -> &[f32] {
-        &self.gpu
+    /// Window-thread allocations of every recorded frame, in order.
+    pub fn alloc_counts(&self) -> &[u32] {
+        &self.allocs
+    }
+    /// Window-thread bytes allocated in every recorded frame, in order.
+    pub fn alloc_bytes(&self) -> &[u64] {
+        &self.alloc_bytes
+    }
+    /// The `alloc` object of [`summary`](Self::summary), `null` before a frame was recorded.
+    fn alloc_summary(&self) -> serde_json::Value {
+        let n = self.allocs.len();
+        if n == 0 {
+            return serde_json::Value::Null;
+        }
+        let round = |v: f64| (v * 10.0).round() / 10.0;
+        let stats = |mut values: Vec<f64>| {
+            values.sort_by(f64::total_cmp);
+            let pick = |p: f64| values[((n as f64 * p).ceil() as usize).clamp(1, n) - 1];
+            serde_json::json!({
+                "avg": round(values.iter().sum::<f64>() / n as f64),
+                "p50": round(pick(0.5)),
+                "p95": round(pick(0.95)),
+                "max": round(values[n - 1]),
+            })
+        };
+        let per_second =
+            |amount: u64, seconds: f64| (seconds > 0.0).then(|| round(amount as f64 / seconds));
+        let seconds = self.alloc_span.map_or(0.0, |(first, last)| {
+            last.duration_since(first).as_secs_f64()
+        });
+        let mib = |bytes: u64| bytes as f64 / 1048576.0;
+        let process = &self.alloc_process;
+        serde_json::json!({
+            "window_thread": {
+                "allocs_per_frame": stats(self.allocs.iter().map(|&a| f64::from(a)).collect()),
+                "kib_per_frame": stats(self.alloc_bytes.iter().map(|&b| b as f64 / 1024.0).collect()),
+                "frees_per_frame_avg": round(self.alloc_frees as f64 / n as f64),
+            },
+            "process": {
+                "allocs_per_s": per_second(process.allocs, seconds),
+                "mib_per_s": (seconds > 0.0).then(|| round(mib(process.bytes) / seconds)),
+                "frees_per_s": per_second(process.frees, seconds),
+                "net_mib": round(mib(process.bytes) - mib(process.freed)),
+            },
+        })
    }
    pub fn reset(&mut self) {
        self.millis.clear();
@@ -739,6 +888,11 @@ impl FrameStats {
        self.static_bytes_uploaded = 0;
        self.static_entities_drawn = 0;
        self.dynamic_entities_drawn = 0;
+        self.allocs.clear();
+        self.alloc_bytes.clear();
+        self.alloc_frees = 0;
+        self.alloc_span = None;
+        self.alloc_process = Counts::default();
    }
    pub fn summary(&self) -> serde_json::Value {
        let mut sorted = self.millis.clone();
@@ -789,6 +943,7 @@ impl FrameStats {
            "dynamic_entities_drawn": self.dynamic_entities_drawn,
            "static_entities_drawn_avg_per_frame": self.static_entities_drawn as f64 / n as f64,
            "dynamic_entities_drawn_avg_per_frame": self.dynamic_entities_drawn as f64 / n as f64,
+            "alloc": if ON { self.alloc_summary() } else { serde_json::Value::Null },
        })
    }
 }
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use crate::{
    java_text,
    text::Text,
 };
+use horizon_client_render::gfx::pack_timing::{Counters, DetailSupport, PartsMode, PassCounters};
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};

 /// `extractLines`'s background: ARGB 0x90505050.
@@ -148,6 +149,76 @@ pub fn labelled_pass_lines(label: &str, passes: &[(String, f32)]) -> Vec<String>
    lines
 }

+/// `n` in three digits and an SI suffix: `512`, `83.0k`, `6.30M`, `1.20G`.
+pub fn compact_count(n: u64) -> String {
+    let (mut value, mut unit) = (n as f64, 0);
+    while value >= 999.5 && unit < 4 {
+        value /= 1000.0;
+        unit += 1;
+    }
+    let suffix = ["", "k", "M", "G", "T"][unit];
+    match value {
+        _ if unit == 0 => n.to_string(),
+        v if v < 9.995 => format!("{v:.2}{suffix}"),
+        v if v < 99.95 => format!("{v:.1}{suffix}"),
+        v => format!("{v:.0}{suffix}"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// F3's detail lines: each pass's parts, then the six passes with the most fragments and their segments.
+pub fn pass_detail_lines(
+    parts: &[(String, Vec<(String, f32)>)],
+    counters: &[(String, PassCounters)],
+    support: DetailSupport,
+) -> Vec<String> {
+    const SHOWN: usize = 6;
+    let tr = |key: &str, args: &[&dyn std::fmt::Display]| Text::tr(key, args).plain();
+    let mode = match support.parts {
+        PartsMode::InsidePasses => "horizon.debug.pass_detail.inside_passes",
+        PartsMode::SeparatePasses => "horizon.debug.pass_detail.separate_passes",
+    };
+    let mut lines = vec![tr("horizon.debug.pass_detail.title", &[&tr(mode, &[])])];
+    for (pass, parts) in parts {
+        for (part, ms) in parts {
+            let ms = format!("{ms:.2}");
+            lines.push(tr("horizon.debug.pass_detail.part", &[pass, part, &ms]));
+        }
+    }
+    if !support.counters {
+        lines.push(tr("horizon.debug.pass_detail.no_counters", &[]));
+        return lines;
+    }
+    let per_pixel = |fragments: u64, pixels: u64| match support.fragment_unit {
+        Some(unit) if pixels > 0 => {
+            format!("{:.2}", unit.pixels_of(fragments) as f64 / pixels as f64)
+        }
+        _ => "?".to_owned(),
+    };
+    let line = |name: &str, c: &Counters, pixels: u64| {
+        let (fragments, vertices) = (c.fragment_shader_invocations, c.vertex_shader_invocations);
+        tr(
+            "horizon.debug.pass_detail.counters",
+            &[
+                &name,
+                &compact_count(fragments),
+                &per_pixel(fragments, pixels),
+                &compact_count(vertices),
+                &compact_count(c.clipper_primitives_out),
+                &compact_count(c.clipper_invocations),
+            ],
+        )
+    };
+    let mut busiest: Vec<&(String, PassCounters)> = counters.iter().collect();
+    busiest.sort_by_key(|c| std::cmp::Reverse(c.1.total.fragment_shader_invocations));
+    for (pass, c) in busiest.into_iter().take(SHOWN) {
+        lines.push(line(pass, &c.total, c.pixels));
+        for (part, counted) in &c.parts {
+            lines.push(format!("  {}", line(part, counted, c.pixels)));
+        }
+    }
+    lines
+}
+
 /// `Mth.wrapDegrees`.
 fn wrap_degrees(angle: f32) -> f32 {
    let wrapped = angle % 360.0;
@@ -547,6 +618,7 @@ pub fn memory_lines(m: ProcessMemory, rate: i64) -> [String; 3] {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
+    use horizon_client_render::gfx::pack_timing;

    fn lines(v: &[&str]) -> Vec<String> {
        v.iter().map(|s| (*s).to_owned()).collect()
@@ -584,6 +656,88 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(cache.fresh(start, layout).map(<[_]>::len), Some(0));
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn counts_read_in_three_digits_with_an_si_suffix() {
+        for (n, want) in [
+            (0, "0"),
+            (999, "999"),
+            (1000, "1.00k"),
+            (83_049, "83.0k"),
+            (999_999, "1.00M"),
+            (6_300_000, "6.30M"),
+            (1_200_000_000, "1.20G"),
+        ] {
+            assert_eq!(compact_count(n), want, "{n}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn counted(fragments: u64, parts: &[(&str, u64)]) -> PassCounters {
+        let c = |fragment_shader_invocations| Counters {
+            vertex_shader_invocations: 1000,
+            clipper_invocations: 400,
+            clipper_primitives_out: 300,
+            fragment_shader_invocations,
+        };
+        PassCounters {
+            total: c(fragments),
+            pixels: 1000,
+            parts: parts.iter().map(|p| (p.0.to_owned(), c(p.1))).collect(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pass_detail_lines_list_parts_then_the_six_busiest_passes_with_segments() {
+        let support = DetailSupport {
+            parts: PartsMode::InsidePasses,
+            encoder_stamps: true,
+            counters: true,
+            fragment_unit: Some(pack_timing::FragmentUnit::Quad),
+        };
+        let parts = vec![("GPU culling".to_owned(), vec![("cull".to_owned(), 0.3141)])];
+        let mut counters: Vec<(String, PassCounters)> = (1..=7)
+            .map(|i| (format!("P{i}"), counted(i * 100, &[])))
+            .collect();
+        counters[2].1 = counted(1_000_000, &[("a", 600_000), ("b", 400_000)]);
+        let (lines, _) = crate::lang::scoped(crate::lang::Language::load(&[], "en_us"), || {
+            pass_detail_lines(&parts, &counters, support)
+        });
+        assert_eq!(
+            lines,
+            [
+                "Horizon pass detail (timestamps inside passes)",
+                "GPU culling › cull: 0.31 ms",
+                "P3: 1.00M fragments, 4000.00 per pixel, 1.00k vertices, 300 of 400 triangles kept",
+                "  a: 600k fragments, 2400.00 per pixel, 1.00k vertices, 300 of 400 triangles kept",
+                "  b: 400k fragments, 1600.00 per pixel, 1.00k vertices, 300 of 400 triangles kept",
+                "P7: 700 fragments, 2.80 per pixel, 1.00k vertices, 300 of 400 triangles kept",
+                "P6: 600 fragments, 2.40 per pixel, 1.00k vertices, 300 of 400 triangles kept",
+                "P5: 500 fragments, 2.00 per pixel, 1.00k vertices, 300 of 400 triangles kept",
+                "P4: 400 fragments, 1.60 per pixel, 1.00k vertices, 300 of 400 triangles kept",
+                "P2: 200 fragments, 0.80 per pixel, 1.00k vertices, 300 of 400 triangles kept",
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pass_detail_lines_say_so_when_the_device_has_no_counters() {
+        let support = DetailSupport {
+            parts: PartsMode::SeparatePasses,
+            encoder_stamps: false,
+            counters: false,
+            fragment_unit: None,
+        };
+        let (lines, _) = crate::lang::scoped(crate::lang::Language::load(&[], "en_us"), || {
+            pass_detail_lines(&[], &[], support)
+        });
+        assert_eq!(
+            lines,
+            [
+                "Horizon pass detail (separate passes, adds GPU time)",
+                "GPU counters: Vulkan only"
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn looking_at_lines_match_vanilla() {
        let props = [
@@ -18,13 +18,28 @@ impl Traveller {
    /// `Entity.setAsInsidePortal`: the entity is in the gateway and goes
    /// through it on the next tick.
    pub fn enter(&mut self, gateway: BlockPos) {
-        self.state.set_inside(gateway, ENTITY_DELAY);
+        self.enter_with_delay(gateway, ENTITY_DELAY);
+    }
+
+    /// Enter with the traveller's `Entity.getDimensionChangingDelay`.
+    pub fn enter_with_delay(&mut self, gateway: BlockPos, delay: i32) {
+        self.state.set_inside(gateway, delay);
    }

    /// `Entity.handlePortal`: the entity goes through the gateway it entered
    /// (the End gateway has no transition time), or stays where it is.
    pub fn travel(&mut self, allowed: bool) -> Option<BlockPos> {
-        self.state.handle(allowed, 0, ENTITY_DELAY)
+        self.travel_with_delay(allowed, ENTITY_DELAY)
+    }
+
+    /// Travel with the entity-specific portal cooldown.
+    pub fn travel_with_delay(&mut self, allowed: bool, delay: i32) -> Option<BlockPos> {
+        self.state.handle(allowed, 0, delay)
+    }
+
+    /// `Entity.load` updates its counter without replacing the portal process.
+    pub fn set_cooldown(&mut self, cooldown: i32) {
+        self.state.cooldown = cooldown;
    }

    /// Whether the entity's travel is over: it has no portal process left and
@@ -171,6 +186,27 @@ mod tests {
        assert!(!traveller.is_done());
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn entity_specific_cooldowns_refresh_then_expire_outside_the_gateway() {
+        let gateway = BlockPos::new(702, 100, 0);
+        for delay in [2, 10, 300] {
+            let mut traveller = Traveller::default();
+            traveller.enter_with_delay(gateway, delay);
+            assert_eq!(traveller.travel_with_delay(true, delay), Some(gateway));
+            assert_eq!(traveller.cooldown(), delay);
+            // Continuing contact refreshes the counter, without another trip.
+            traveller.enter_with_delay(gateway, delay);
+            assert_eq!(traveller.travel_with_delay(true, delay), None);
+            assert_eq!(traveller.cooldown(), delay - 1);
+            for _ in 1..delay {
+                assert_eq!(traveller.travel_with_delay(true, delay), None);
+            }
+            assert!(traveller.is_done());
+            traveller.enter_with_delay(gateway, delay);
+            assert_eq!(traveller.travel_with_delay(true, delay), Some(gateway));
+        }
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn an_entity_that_may_not_use_portals_stays_in_the_gateway() {
        let gateway = BlockPos::new(702, 100, 0);
@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ fn slime_at(world: &World, facts: &BlockFacts, position: BlockPos) -> bool {
 mod fluids;
 mod item_fall;
 mod item_no_physics;
+pub mod nameplate;
 mod obstacles;
 pub use fluids::{fall_reset_hit, fluid_flow, update_entity_fluids, water_clip};
 pub use obstacles::ObstacleGrid;
@@ -948,7 +949,7 @@ impl ItemEntity {
        if self.age != i16::MIN as i32 {
            self.age += 1;
        }
-        self.age < 6000 && self.position.y > -128.0
+        self.age < 6000 && self.position.y >= f64::from(world.shape.min_y - 64)
    }
    /// `Entity.makeStuckInBlock` as `WebBlock.entityInside` and
    /// `PowderSnowBlock.entityInside` call it for an item (which, unlike a
@@ -1289,8 +1290,41 @@ pub struct ExperienceOrb {
    /// `ExperienceOrb.followingPlayer`: the followed player's entity id, kept
    /// until they are gone or further than 8 blocks. Never saved.
    pub following: Option<u32>,
+    /// `Entity.fallDistance` (`fall_distance` in its save).
+    pub fall_distance: f64,
+}
+/// An orb's `Entity.move` this tick, for the fall bookkeeping its caller
+/// finishes (the long-move cast, `checkFallDamage`'s HIT_GROUND).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct OrbMove {
+    pub from: Vec3,
+    pub moved: Vec3,
+    /// `Entity.isInWater` from this tick's fluid step.
+    pub in_water: bool,
 }
 impl ExperienceOrb {
+    /// A fresh orb (`new ExperienceOrb(level, pos, motion, value)`): full
+    /// health, no age, fall or followed player, not yet ticked.
+    pub fn new(id: u32, position: Vec3, velocity: Vec3, value: i32) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            rotation: [0.0, 0.0],
+            join: Default::default(),
+            id,
+            position,
+            previous: position,
+            velocity,
+            value,
+            age: 0,
+            on_ground: false,
+            count: 1,
+            ticks: 0,
+            health: 5,
+            air: 300,
+            no_gravity: false,
+            following: None,
+            fall_distance: 0.0,
+        }
+    }
    /// `ExperienceOrb.hurtServer`: the damage comes off the health as an
    /// `int`; an orb at 0 or below is discarded. True when it is gone.
    pub fn hurt(&mut self, damage: f32) -> bool {
@@ -1414,7 +1448,7 @@ impl ExperienceOrb {
        fluids: &crate::motion::FluidResources,
        on_sound: &mut dyn FnMut([f64; 3], f32),
    ) -> bool {
-        self.tick_among(
+        let (stays, _) = self.tick_among(
            world,
            facts,
            collision,
@@ -1425,10 +1459,12 @@ impl ExperienceOrb {
            fluids,
            on_sound,
            &[],
-        )
+        );
+        stays
    }
    /// [`Self::tick`], its move also stopped by `entities`: the boxes of the
    /// entities that `canBeCollidedWith` it (`EntityGetter.getEntityCollisions`).
+    /// Also gives the move it made, whose fall bookkeeping the caller finishes.
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    pub fn tick_among(
        &mut self,
@@ -1442,12 +1478,12 @@ impl ExperienceOrb {
        fluids: &crate::motion::FluidResources,
        on_sound: &mut dyn FnMut([f64; 3], f32),
        entities: &[Aabb],
-    ) -> bool {
+    ) -> (bool, OrbMove) {
        self.ticks += 1;
        self.previous = self.position;
        // `Entity.baseTick`'s fluid step, whose `updateFluidOnEyes` answer the
        // water branch below reads: the orb's eye, not its feet, decides.
-        let eye_in_water = self.update_fluids(world, fluids);
+        let (eye_in_water, in_water) = self.update_fluids(world, fluids);
        let block = world.block(
            self.position.x.floor() as i32,
            self.position.y.floor() as i32,
@@ -1514,6 +1550,7 @@ impl ExperienceOrb {
        let moved = scene
            .resolve_in_border_with(bounds, wanted, 0.0, self.on_ground, border, entities)
            .unwrap_or(Vec3::ZERO);
+        let from = self.position;
        self.position = Vec3::new(
            self.position.x + moved.x,
            self.position.y + moved.y,
@@ -1561,7 +1598,12 @@ impl ExperienceOrb {
            self.velocity.y = -wanted.y * 0.4;
        }
        self.age += 1;
-        !discarded && self.age < 6000
+        let step = OrbMove {
+            from,
+            moved,
+            in_water,
+        };
+        (!discarded && self.age < 6000, step)
    }
    /// `LavaFluid.entityInside` -> `Entity.lavaHurt`: four damage on the
    /// server, through the orb's existing hurt/discard policy, playing the generic
@@ -2020,6 +2062,8 @@ pub struct ArmorStand {
    /// (`getAttribute`) on the stand's first server tick, and a save that lists
    /// it loads it back, so a stand summoned this tick has none yet.
    pub speed_instance: bool,
+    /// `NAME_TAG_DISTANCE` and `BELOW_NAME_DISTANCE` from server attribute updates.
+    pub nameplate: crate::entities::nameplate::NameplateDistances,
 }
 /// The fluid a stand travels in (`LivingEntity.travelInFluid`: water first,
 /// then lava), from the heights `Entity::push_by_fluid` measured.
@@ -2103,20 +2147,6 @@ impl ArmorStand {
    }
 }
 impl ArmorStand {
-    /// `NameTagItem.interactLivingEntity`: a custom name handles the use;
-    /// only a living target changes. Stack consumption belongs to the caller.
-    pub fn name_with_tag(&mut self, stack: &ItemStack) -> bool {
-        if &*stack.item != "minecraft:name_tag" {
-            return false;
-        }
-        let Some(name) = stack.data().and_then(|data| data.custom_name.as_ref()) else {
-            return false;
-        };
-        if self.health > 0.0 {
-            self.custom_name = Some(crate::component::name_text(name));
-        }
-        true
-    }
    pub const SLOTS: [&'static str; 6] = ["mainhand", "offhand", "feet", "legs", "chest", "head"];
    /// The `Pose` compound's keys.
    pub const POSE_KEYS: [&'static str; 6] =
@@ -2273,6 +2303,7 @@ impl ArmorStand {
            enchantment_equipment: Default::default(),
            support: Default::default(),
            speed_instance: false,
+            nameplate: Default::default(),
        }
    }
    /// `Entity.getOnPos(0.2)` (`getOnPosLegacy`): the supporting block's
@@ -3346,6 +3377,7 @@ mod world_border_tests {
                None,
            );
            let mut orb = ExperienceOrb {
+                fall_distance: 0.0,
                rotation: [0.0, 0.0],
                join: Default::default(),
                no_gravity: false,
@@ -4757,6 +4789,7 @@ mod orb_underwater_tests {
            .iter()
            .map(|(v, _)| {
                let mut orb = ExperienceOrb {
+                    fall_distance: 0.0,
                    rotation: [0.0, 0.0],
                    join: Default::default(),
                    no_gravity: false,
@@ -4792,6 +4825,7 @@ mod render_light_tests {

    fn orb(y: f64) -> ExperienceOrb {
        ExperienceOrb {
+            fall_distance: 0.0,
            rotation: [0.0, 0.0],
            join: Default::default(),
            no_gravity: false,
@@ -4994,6 +5028,7 @@ mod orb_lava_tests {

    fn sample_orb(at: Vec3, health: i32) -> ExperienceOrb {
        ExperienceOrb {
+            fall_distance: 0.0,
            rotation: [0.0, 0.0],
            join: Default::default(),
            no_gravity: false,
@@ -159,19 +159,28 @@ impl ItemEntity {
 }
 impl ExperienceOrb {
    /// `Entity.updateFluidInteraction`: refreshes fluid immersion over the
-    /// orb's box and pushes its velocity by any water or lava current.
-    /// Answers `isEyeInFluid(FluidTags.WATER)` for the eye the scan reads,
-    /// `0.425` above the orb's feet.
-    pub fn update_fluids(&mut self, world: &World, fluids: &FluidResources) -> bool {
-        update_entity_fluids(
+    /// orb's box and pushes its velocity by any water or lava current; water
+    /// resets its fall, and `Entity.baseTick` halves it in lava (`isInLava`
+    /// is false on the orb's first tick, `Entity.firstTick`). Answers
+    /// `isEyeInFluid(FluidTags.WATER)` for the eye the scan reads, `0.425`
+    /// above the orb's feet, and `isInWater`.
+    pub fn update_fluids(&mut self, world: &World, fluids: &FluidResources) -> (bool, bool) {
+        let (water, lava, eye) = update_entity_fluids(
            self.bounds(),
            self.position,
            self.position.y + f64::from(0.425f32),
            &mut self.velocity,
            world,
            fluids,
-        )
-        .2
+        );
+        if water > 0.0 {
+            self.fall_distance = 0.0;
+        }
+        // `tick_among` counts this tick first: `tickCount` is 1 on the first.
+        if lava > 0.0 && self.ticks > 1 {
+            self.fall_distance *= 0.5;
+        }
+        (eye, water > 0.0)
    }
 }
 impl ArmorStand {
@@ -471,6 +480,7 @@ mod tests {
        }
        let at = Vec3::new(20.5, 4.0, 20.5);
        let orb = ExperienceOrb {
+            fall_distance: 0.0,
            rotation: [0.0, 0.0],
            join: Default::default(),
            no_gravity: false,
@@ -562,6 +572,7 @@ mod tests {
        }
        let at = Vec3::new(20.5, 4.6, 20.5);
        let mut orb = ExperienceOrb {
+            fall_distance: 0.0,
            rotation: [0.0, 0.0],
            join: Default::default(),
            no_gravity: false,
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+//! The nameplate attributes carried by armor stands and mobs.
+use super::ArmorStand;
+use crate::items::ItemStack;
+use crate::mobs::Mob;
+
+/// The two synced attributes that control name tags and below-name lines.
+/// `None` means the server has not sent a sync for that attribute yet.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
+pub struct NameplateDistances {
+    /// `minecraft:name_tag_distance` from the server's attribute updates.
+    pub name_tag: Option<f64>,
+    /// `minecraft:below_name_distance` from the server's attribute updates.
+    pub below_name: Option<f64>,
+}
+
+impl NameplateDistances {
+    /// `LivingEntity.getAttributeValue(Attributes.NAME_TAG_DISTANCE)`: the
+    /// default is 64 and vanilla's maximum is 512.
+    pub fn name_tag_distance(&self) -> f64 {
+        name_tag_distance_of(self.name_tag)
+    }
+
+    /// `LivingEntity.getAttributeValue(Attributes.BELOW_NAME_DISTANCE)`: the
+    /// default is 10 and vanilla's maximum is 512.
+    pub fn below_name_distance(&self) -> f64 {
+        below_name_distance_of(self.below_name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Mob {
+    /// Stores both distances, from a model's own live attributes.
+    pub fn set_nameplate(&mut self, distances: NameplateDistances) {
+        let attributes = self.extra.attributes.get_or_insert_with(Default::default);
+        attributes.name_tag_distance = distances.name_tag;
+        attributes.below_name_distance = distances.below_name;
+    }
+
+    /// Stores `NAME_TAG_DISTANCE` from a server attribute update.
+    pub fn set_name_tag_distance(&mut self, value: f64) {
+        self.extra
+            .attributes
+            .get_or_insert_with(Default::default)
+            .name_tag_distance = Some(value);
+    }
+
+    /// Stores `BELOW_NAME_DISTANCE` from a server attribute update.
+    pub fn set_below_name_distance(&mut self, value: f64) {
+        self.extra
+            .attributes
+            .get_or_insert_with(Default::default)
+            .below_name_distance = Some(value);
+    }
+
+    /// `LivingEntity.getAttributeValue(Attributes.NAME_TAG_DISTANCE)`.
+    pub fn name_tag_distance(&self) -> f64 {
+        name_tag_distance_of(
+            self.extra
+                .attributes
+                .as_ref()
+                .and_then(|attributes| attributes.name_tag_distance),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// `LivingEntity.getAttributeValue(Attributes.BELOW_NAME_DISTANCE)`.
+    pub fn below_name_distance(&self) -> f64 {
+        below_name_distance_of(
+            self.extra
+                .attributes
+                .as_ref()
+                .and_then(|attributes| attributes.below_name_distance),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl ArmorStand {
+    /// `NameTagItem.interactLivingEntity`: a custom name handles the use;
+    /// only a living target changes. Stack consumption belongs to the caller.
+    pub fn name_with_tag(&mut self, stack: &ItemStack) -> bool {
+        if &*stack.item != "minecraft:name_tag" {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let Some(name) = stack.data().and_then(|data| data.custom_name.as_ref()) else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        if self.health > 0.0 {
+            self.custom_name = Some(crate::component::name_text(name));
+        }
+        true
+    }
+
+    /// `LivingEntity.getAttributeValue(Attributes.NAME_TAG_DISTANCE)`.
+    pub fn name_tag_distance(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.nameplate.name_tag_distance()
+    }
+
+    /// `LivingEntity.getAttributeValue(Attributes.BELOW_NAME_DISTANCE)`.
+    pub fn below_name_distance(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.nameplate.below_name_distance()
+    }
+}
+
+/// The vanilla default (64) and maximum (512) for `NAME_TAG_DISTANCE`.
+pub fn name_tag_distance_of(value: Option<f64>) -> f64 {
+    value
+        .filter(|v| v.is_finite())
+        .unwrap_or(64.0)
+        .clamp(0.0, 512.0)
+}
+
+/// The vanilla default (10) and maximum (512) for `BELOW_NAME_DISTANCE`.
+pub fn below_name_distance_of(value: Option<f64>) -> f64 {
+    value
+        .filter(|v| v.is_finite())
+        .unwrap_or(10.0)
+        .clamp(0.0, 512.0)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use horizon_core::geometry::Vec3;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn nameplate_distances_use_vanilla_defaults_and_clamp() {
+        assert_eq!(name_tag_distance_of(None), 64.0);
+        assert_eq!(name_tag_distance_of(Some(5.0)), 5.0);
+        assert_eq!(name_tag_distance_of(Some(600.0)), 512.0);
+        assert_eq!(name_tag_distance_of(Some(-4.0)), 0.0);
+        assert_eq!(below_name_distance_of(None), 10.0);
+        assert_eq!(below_name_distance_of(Some(2.0)), 2.0);
+        assert_eq!(below_name_distance_of(Some(-1.0)), 0.0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn armor_stand_nameplate_values_override_defaults_and_clamp() {
+        let mut stand = ArmorStand::new(1, Vec3::new(0.5, 64.0, 0.5), 0.0);
+        assert_eq!(stand.name_tag_distance(), 64.0);
+        assert_eq!(stand.below_name_distance(), 10.0);
+        stand.nameplate = NameplateDistances {
+            name_tag: Some(5.0),
+            below_name: Some(2.0),
+        };
+        assert_eq!(
+            (stand.name_tag_distance(), stand.below_name_distance()),
+            (5.0, 2.0)
+        );
+        stand.nameplate.name_tag = Some(600.0);
+        assert_eq!(stand.name_tag_distance(), 512.0);
+    }
+}
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ use horizon_world::{
    registry::{BlockRegistry, BlockStateId},
 };
 use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc};
+mod boat_load;
+pub use boat_load::boat_from_nbt;
 mod projectile_fields;
 use projectile_fields::{load_projectile_entity_fields, put_projectile_entity_fields};
 mod saved_attributes;
@@ -914,15 +916,7 @@ pub fn mob_to_nbt(
                Tag::Int(m.extra.more_carrot_ticks),
            );
        }
-        "minecraft:goat" => {
-            map.insert(
-                "IsScreamingGoat".into(),
-                Tag::Byte(i8::from(m.extra.screaming)),
-            );
-            let [left, right] = m.extra.lost_horns;
-            map.insert("HasLeftHorn".into(), Tag::Byte(i8::from(!left)));
-            map.insert("HasRightHorn".into(), Tag::Byte(i8::from(!right)));
-        }
+        "minecraft:goat" => crate::mobs::goat::write_nbt(m, map),
        "minecraft:creeper" => {
            map.insert("Fuse".into(), Tag::Short(m.max_swell as i16));
            map.insert(
@@ -2351,11 +2345,7 @@ pub fn mob_from_nbt_with_random(
                _ => 0,
            };
        }
-        crate::mobs::Species::Goat => {
-            m.extra.screaming = flag(tag, "IsScreamingGoat");
-            let horn = |key| number(tag.get(key)).is_some_and(|v| v == 0);
-            m.extra.lost_horns = [horn("HasLeftHorn"), horn("HasRightHorn")];
-        }
+        crate::mobs::Species::Goat => crate::mobs::goat::read_nbt(&mut m, tag),
        _ => {}
    }
    // `Rabbit.readAdditionalSaveData`.
@@ -2370,8 +2360,8 @@ pub fn mob_from_nbt_with_random(
        m.extra.owner = crate::save::uuid_from_tag(tag.get("Owner"));
        m.extra.tame = m.extra.owner.is_some();
        crate::mobs::tame::restore_sitting(&mut m, flag(tag, "Sitting"));
-        m.extra.color =
-            number(tag.get("CollarColor")).map_or(crate::mobs::tame::RED, |c| (c as u8) & 15);
+        let legacy = |c: i64| u8::try_from(c as i8).ok().filter(|c| *c < 16).unwrap_or(0);
+        m.extra.color = number(tag.get("CollarColor")).map_or(crate::mobs::tame::RED, legacy);
    }
    if m.species() == crate::mobs::Species::Panda {
        let gene = |key| text(tag.get(key)).map_or(0, |n| crate::mobs::panda::gene_from_name(&n));
@@ -2396,8 +2386,8 @@ pub fn mob_from_nbt_with_random(
            .and_then(crate::save::item_from_nbt);
        m.extra.body_damage = armor.as_ref().map_or(0, |s| s.damage as i32);
        m.extra.body_extra = armor.and_then(|s| s.extra);
-        m.extra.color =
-            number(tag.get("CollarColor")).map_or(crate::mobs::tame::RED, |c| (c as u8) & 15);
+        let legacy = |c: i64| u8::try_from(c as i8).ok().filter(|c| *c < 16).unwrap_or(0);
+        m.extra.color = number(tag.get("CollarColor")).map_or(crate::mobs::tame::RED, legacy);
    }
    if matches!(
        m.species(),
@@ -2650,7 +2640,7 @@ pub fn mob_from_nbt_with_random(
        m.extra.counter = number(tag.get("still_timeout")).unwrap_or(0) as i32;
    }
    if m.species() == crate::mobs::Species::Shulker {
-        m.extra.variant3 = (number(tag.get("AttachFace")).unwrap_or(0) % 6).unsigned_abs() as u8;
+        m.extra.variant3 = (number(tag.get("AttachFace")).unwrap_or(0) as i8 % 6).unsigned_abs();
        m.extra.counter = number(tag.get("Peek")).map_or(0, |v| v as i8 as i32);
        m.extra.color = number(tag.get("Color")).map_or(16, |v| v as i8 as u8);
        m.anim.v[0] = m.extra.counter as f32 * 0.01;
@@ -2911,7 +2901,7 @@ pub fn entity_base_tag(
        motion,
        rotation,
        on_ground: raw.is_some_and(|t| flag(t, "OnGround")),
-        fall_distance: 0.0,
+        fall_distance: raw.map_or(0.0, |t| ground_from_nbt(t).1),
    }
    .tag(raw)
 }
@@ -3047,6 +3037,7 @@ pub fn arrow_to_nbt(
    }
    for (key, value) in [
        ("Fire", Tag::Short(a.fire_ticks as i16)),
+        ("Air", Tag::Short(p.air_supply as i16)),
        ("life", Tag::Short(a.life as i16)),
        ("shake", Tag::Byte(a.shake as i8)),
        ("inGround", Tag::Byte(i8::from(a.in_ground))),
@@ -3125,6 +3116,7 @@ pub fn arrow_from_nbt(
    p.owner_uuid = owner;
    p.no_gravity = flag(tag, "NoGravity");
    p.on_ground = flag(tag, "OnGround");
+    projectile_fields::load_arrow_entity_fields(&mut p, tag);
    let a = p.arrow.as_mut()?;
    a.life = number(tag.get("life")).unwrap_or(0) as i16 as i32;
    a.shake = (number(tag.get("shake")).unwrap_or(0) as i8 as u8).into();
@@ -3144,8 +3136,6 @@ pub fn arrow_from_nbt(
            _ => false,
        })
        .cloned();
-    a.fire_ticks = number(tag.get("Fire")).unwrap_or(0) as i16 as i32;
-    a.fall_distance = float(tag.get("fall_distance")).unwrap_or(0.0);
    a.spectral = spectral;
    // `SpectralArrow.readAdditionalSaveData`: absent Duration defaults to 200.
    if spectral {
@@ -3472,7 +3462,7 @@ pub fn owner_uuid(tag: &Tag) -> Option<[i32; 4]> {
 pub fn fireball_from_nbt(tag: &Tag, player: Option<[i32; 4]>) -> Option<Projectile> {
    let kind = match kind(tag)?.as_str() {
        "minecraft:fireball" => ProjectileKind::LargeFireball {
-            power: number(tag.get("ExplosionPower")).unwrap_or(1) as i32,
+            power: i32::from(number(tag.get("ExplosionPower")).unwrap_or(1) as i8),
        },
        "minecraft:small_fireball" => ProjectileKind::SmallFireball,
        "minecraft:dragon_fireball" => ProjectileKind::DragonFireball,
@@ -3702,9 +3692,6 @@ pub fn vehicle_to_nbt(
    }
    .tag(raw)
 }
-pub fn boat_from_nbt(tag: &Tag) -> Option<(Vec3, Vec3, f32)> {
-    Some((position(tag)?, motion(tag), rotation(tag)[0]))
-}
 /// `Entity.load`'s `OnGround` (`getBooleanOr`: `byteValue() != 0`) and
 /// `fall_distance` (`getDoubleOr`: any number's `doubleValue`), defaulting to
 /// false and 0.
@@ -4175,6 +4162,30 @@ mod tests {
                .is_none()
        );
    }
+
+    /// `Shulker` reads `AttachFace` as a byte before
+    /// `Direction.from3DDataValue` (`abs(data % 6)`): an int is narrowed
+    /// first, so 258 is byte 2, not 258 % 6 = 0, and 250 is byte -6, face 0.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_shulkers_attach_face_is_narrowed_to_a_byte_first() {
+        let mut kind = crate::mobs::sensor_scan_tests::kind();
+        let ty = Arc::make_mut(&mut kind);
+        ty.id = "minecraft:shulker".into();
+        ty.species = crate::mobs::Species::Shulker;
+        let types = [("minecraft:shulker".into(), kind)].into();
+        let face = |saved: Tag| {
+            let raw = Tag::compound([
+                ("id", string("minecraft:shulker")),
+                ("Pos", doubles(&[4.5, 220.0, 4.5])),
+                ("AttachFace", saved),
+            ]);
+            mob_from_nbt(&raw, &types, 1, None).unwrap().extra.variant3
+        };
+        assert_eq!(face(Tag::Byte(3)), 3);
+        assert_eq!(face(Tag::Byte(-2)), 2);
+        assert_eq!(face(Tag::Int(258)), 2);
+        assert_eq!(face(Tag::Int(250)), 0);
+    }
    use super::*;
    use crate::items::ItemStack;

@@ -4222,6 +4233,33 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(tag.get("UUID"), Some(&Tag::IntArray(vec![9, 9, 9, 9])));
    }

+    /// An entity that never moves (an `AreaEffectCloud`) saves the
+    /// `fall_distance` `Entity.load` read, and 0 when it was made in play.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_base_tag_keeps_the_loaded_fall_distance() {
+        let raw = horizon_world::nbt::parse_snbt(
+            "{id:\"minecraft:area_effect_cloud\",Pos:[1d,200d,1d],fall_distance:5.0d}",
+        )
+        .unwrap()
+        .0;
+        let fall = |raw: Option<&super::Tag>| {
+            let tag = super::entity_base_tag(
+                "minecraft:area_effect_cloud",
+                super::Vec3::new(1.0, 200.0, 1.0),
+                super::Vec3::ZERO,
+                [0.0, 0.0],
+                [1; 4],
+                raw,
+            );
+            match tag.get("fall_distance") {
+                Some(super::Tag::Double(bits)) => f64::from_bits(*bits),
+                other => panic!("no fall_distance: {other:?}"),
+            }
+        };
+        assert_eq!(fall(Some(&raw)), 5.0);
+        assert_eq!(fall(None), 0.0);
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn empty_saved_tags_are_omitted_without_changing_raw_or_nonempty_tags() {
        let base = Base {
@@ -4435,6 +4473,30 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(load(Tag::Short(7), Tag::Short(19)), (7, 19));
    }

+    /// `Axolotl.Variant.BY_ID` is `OutOfBoundsStrategy.ZERO`: an id outside
+    /// 0..=4 is lucy (0). `Parrot.Variant.BY_ID` is `CLAMP`: it is the nearest
+    /// end.
+    #[test]
+    fn an_unknown_axolotl_variant_is_lucy_and_a_parrots_is_clamped() {
+        let variant = |species, id: &str, saved: i32| {
+            let mut kind = crate::mobs::sensor_scan_tests::kind();
+            let ty = Arc::make_mut(&mut kind);
+            ty.id = id.into();
+            ty.species = species;
+            let types = [(id.into(), kind)].into();
+            let raw = Tag::compound([
+                ("id", string(id)),
+                ("Pos", doubles(&[4.5, 220.0, 4.5])),
+                ("Variant", Tag::Int(saved)),
+            ]);
+            mob_from_nbt(&raw, &types, 1, None).unwrap().extra.variant
+        };
+        let axolotl = |saved| variant(crate::mobs::Species::Axolotl, "minecraft:axolotl", saved);
+        let parrot = |saved| variant(crate::mobs::Species::Parrot, "minecraft:parrot", saved);
+        assert_eq!([0, 3, 4, 5, 7, -1].map(axolotl), [0, 3, 4, 0, 0, 0]);
+        assert_eq!([0, 3, 4, 5, 7, -1].map(parrot), [0, 3, 4, 4, 4, 0]);
+    }
+
    /// A mount keeps its body armour and a helmet (say
    /// `/item replace entity <horse> armor.head with minecraft:iron_helmet`)
    /// in their own slots through a save: vanilla holds both (`equipment.body`
@@ -4528,6 +4590,35 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(m.extra.head.as_deref(), Some("minecraft:iron_helmet"));
    }

+    /// `Wolf` and `Cat` read `CollarColor` with `DyeColor.LEGACY_ID_CODEC`: a
+    /// byte through `DyeColor.byId`, whose out-of-range answer is the first
+    /// colour, white (`OutOfBoundsStrategy.ZERO`). Nothing wraps.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_collar_colour_outside_the_sixteen_reads_white() {
+        for (species, id) in [
+            (crate::mobs::Species::Wolf, "minecraft:wolf"),
+            (crate::mobs::Species::Cat, "minecraft:cat"),
+        ] {
+            let mut kind = crate::mobs::sensor_scan_tests::kind();
+            let ty = Arc::make_mut(&mut kind);
+            ty.id = id.into();
+            ty.species = species;
+            let types = [(id.into(), kind)].into();
+            let colour = |saved: Option<Tag>| {
+                let mut fields = vec![("id", string(id)), ("Pos", doubles(&[4.5, 220.0, 4.5]))];
+                fields.extend(saved.map(|c| ("CollarColor", c)));
+                let m = mob_from_nbt(&Tag::compound(fields), &types, 1, None).unwrap();
+                m.extra.color
+            };
+            assert_eq!(colour(Some(Tag::Byte(11))), 11, "{id}");
+            assert_eq!(colour(Some(Tag::Byte(17))), 0, "{id}: not 17 & 15");
+            assert_eq!(colour(Some(Tag::Byte(-1))), 0, "{id}: not 15");
+            // Codec.BYTE narrows an int first: 259 is byte 3.
+            assert_eq!(colour(Some(Tag::Int(259))), 3, "{id}");
+            assert_eq!(colour(None), crate::mobs::tame::RED, "{id}");
+        }
+    }
+
    fn fused_creeper(fuse: Option<i16>) -> (Mob, Tag) {
        let mut kind = crate::mobs::sensor_scan_tests::kind();
        let ty = Arc::make_mut(&mut kind);
@@ -4771,6 +4862,7 @@ mod tests {
                no_gravity: true,
                on_ground: true,
                fire_ticks: 0,
+                fall_distance: 0.0,
                sound_event: TRIDENT_HIT_GROUND,
                item: &trident,
            },
@@ -5776,6 +5868,7 @@ mod tests {
                no_gravity: false,
                on_ground: false,
                fire_ticks: 0,
+                fall_distance: 0.0,
                sound_event: TRIDENT_HIT_GROUND,
                item: &trident,
            },
@@ -5916,8 +6009,7 @@ fn write_axolotl_memories(m: &Mob, map: &mut Compound) {
 /// medium salmon or index 0; a missing bucket flag is false.
 fn read_variant(m: &mut Mob, tag: &Tag) {
    use crate::mobs::Species as S;
-    // AbstractFish/Axolotl.readAdditionalSaveData: false when absent.
-    // Tadpole.setFromBucket ignores the input.
+    // AbstractFish/Axolotl: false when absent. Tadpole.setFromBucket ignores the input.
    if matches!(
        m.species(),
        S::Cod | S::Salmon | S::Pufferfish | S::TropicalFish | S::Axolotl
@@ -5926,7 +6018,8 @@ fn read_variant(m: &mut Mob, tag: &Tag) {
    }
    let int = |key| number(tag.get(key)).unwrap_or(0) as i32;
    match m.species() {
-        S::Axolotl | S::Parrot => m.extra.variant = int("Variant").clamp(0, 4) as u8,
+        S::Parrot => m.extra.variant = int("Variant").clamp(0, 4) as u8, // CLAMP
+        S::Axolotl => m.extra.variant = ((int("Variant") as u32).min(5) % 5) as u8, // ZERO: lucy
        // Rabbit.Variant.LEGACY_CODEC: an unknown id is brown.
        S::Rabbit => {
            m.extra.variant = match int("RabbitType") {
@@ -9433,6 +9526,25 @@ mod stand_fall_save_tests {
        }
    }

+    /// `LargeFireball.readAdditionalSaveData` reads `ExplosionPower` with
+    /// `getByteOr`: an int tag is narrowed (`(byte)(value & 255)`), so 300 is
+    /// 44 and 200 is -56.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_fireball_narrows_its_explosion_power_to_a_byte() {
+        for (saved, expected) in [(Tag::Int(300), 44), (Tag::Int(200), -56), (Tag::Byte(4), 4)] {
+            let input = Tag::compound([
+                ("id", string("minecraft:fireball")),
+                ("Pos", doubles(&[4.5, 205.0, 4.5])),
+                ("ExplosionPower", saved),
+            ]);
+            let fireball = fireball_from_nbt(&input, None).unwrap();
+            assert!(
+                matches!(fireball.kind, ProjectileKind::LargeFireball { power } if power == expected),
+                "{expected}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn decoded_stand_fall_distance_survives_save_without_raw_or_with_stale_raw() {
        let stale = Tag::compound([("fall_distance", Tag::Double(99.0_f64.to_bits()))]);
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+use super::{loaded_motion, position, rotation};
+use horizon_core::geometry::Vec3;
+use horizon_world::nbt::Tag;
+
+/// `Entity.load` for a record with a saved position: clamp coordinates before
+/// rebuilding the box. Reject invalid positions; motion over 10 resets.
+pub fn boat_from_nbt(tag: &Tag) -> Option<(Vec3, Vec3, f32)> {
+    let p = position(tag)?;
+    let p = Vec3::new(
+        p.x.clamp(-30_000_512.0, 30_000_512.0),
+        p.y.clamp(-20_000_000.0, 20_000_000.0),
+        p.z.clamp(-30_000_512.0, 30_000_512.0),
+    );
+    p.is_finite()
+        .then(|| (p, loaded_motion(tag), rotation(tag)[0]))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn load_clamps_each_position_axis_and_only_motion_over_ten() {
+        let doubles = |v: [f64; 3]| Tag::List(v.map(|v| Tag::Double(v.to_bits())).to_vec());
+        for (raw, expected) in [
+            (
+                [40_000_000.0, 30_000_000.0, -40_000_000.0],
+                [30_000_512.0, 20_000_000.0, -30_000_512.0],
+            ),
+            (
+                [-40_000_000.0, -30_000_000.0, 40_000_000.0],
+                [-30_000_512.0, -20_000_000.0, 30_000_512.0],
+            ),
+            ([1.25, -64.0, -3.5], [1.25, -64.0, -3.5]),
+        ] {
+            let tag = Tag::compound([
+                ("Pos", doubles(raw)),
+                ("Motion", doubles([10.0, -10.0, 10.00001])),
+            ]);
+            let (p, m, _) = boat_from_nbt(&tag).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(p.components(), expected);
+            assert_eq!(m, Vec3::new(10.0, -10.0, 0.0));
+        }
+        let tag = Tag::compound([("Pos", doubles([0.0, f64::NAN, 0.0]))]);
+        assert!(boat_from_nbt(&tag).is_none());
+    }
+}
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 //! Experience orbs: `ExperienceOrb` save data.
-use super::{Base, ExperienceOrb, Tag, flag, int_value, motion, number, position, put, rotation};
+use super::{
+    Base, ExperienceOrb, Tag, flag, float, int_value, motion, number, position, put, rotation,
+};

 /// `ExperienceOrb`: Health, Age, Value, Count.
 pub fn orb_to_nbt(o: &ExperienceOrb, uuid: [i32; 4]) -> Tag {
@@ -10,7 +12,7 @@ pub fn orb_to_nbt(o: &ExperienceOrb, uuid: [i32; 4]) -> Tag {
        motion: o.velocity,
        rotation: o.rotation,
        on_ground: o.on_ground,
-        fall_distance: 0.0,
+        fall_distance: o.fall_distance,
    };
    let mut tag = base.tag(None);
    for (key, value) in [
@@ -35,6 +37,7 @@ pub fn orbs_from_nbt(tag: &Tag) -> Vec<ExperienceOrb> {
    };
    let count = number(tag.get("Count")).unwrap_or(1).max(1) as u32;
    let orb = ExperienceOrb {
+        fall_distance: float(tag.get("fall_distance")).unwrap_or(0.0),
        rotation: rotation(tag),
        join: Default::default(),
        no_gravity: flag(tag, "NoGravity"),
@@ -45,3 +45,17 @@ pub(super) fn load_projectile_flags_and_entity_fields(p: &mut Projectile, tag: &
    p.no_gravity = flag(tag, "NoGravity");
    load_projectile_entity_fields(p, tag);
 }
+
+/// `Entity.load` for an arrow: fire and fall distance live on its arrow state,
+/// air on the projectile and defaults to the 300 of `getMaxAirSupply`.
+pub(super) fn load_arrow_entity_fields(p: &mut Projectile, tag: &Tag) {
+    p.air_supply = tag.get("Air").and_then(int_value).unwrap_or(300);
+    if let Some(a) = p.arrow.as_mut() {
+        a.fire_ticks = i32::from(tag.get("Fire").and_then(int_value).unwrap_or(0) as i16);
+        a.fall_distance = float(tag.get("fall_distance")).unwrap_or(0.0);
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[path = "projectile_fields_tests.rs"]
+mod tests;
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+use crate::entity_nbt::{arrow_from_nbt, arrow_to_nbt};
+use horizon_world::nbt::{Tag, parse_snbt};
+
+/// `Entity.load` reads `Air` and `saveWithoutId` writes it back.
+#[test]
+fn arrow_keeps_its_saved_air() {
+    let parse = |text: &str| parse_snbt(text).unwrap().0;
+    let raw = parse("{id:\"minecraft:arrow\",Pos:[1d,200d,1d],Air:32767s,Fire:7s}");
+    let (arrow, _) = arrow_from_nbt(&raw, None, |_| None).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(arrow.air_supply, 32767);
+    let saved = arrow_to_nbt(&arrow, [197, 0, 0, 1], None, None, Some(&raw)).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(saved.get("Air"), Some(&Tag::Short(32767)));
+    assert_eq!(saved.get("Fire"), Some(&Tag::Short(7)));
+    let absent = parse("{id:\"minecraft:arrow\",Pos:[1d,200d,1d]}");
+    let (fresh, _) = arrow_from_nbt(&absent, None, |_| None).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(fresh.air_supply, 300);
+}
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! Thrown tridents: `AbstractArrow`, `Projectile` and `ThrownTrident` save data.
 use super::{
-    Base, Pickup, Tag, Vec3, flag, item_from_nbt, item_to_nbt, motion, number, owner_uuid,
+    Base, Pickup, Tag, Vec3, flag, float, item_from_nbt, item_to_nbt, motion, number, owner_uuid,
    position, put, rotation, string, text,
 };

@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ pub struct TridentSave<'a> {
    /// `Entity.onGround`: a trident moves by `setPos`, so it keeps the loaded one.
    pub on_ground: bool,
    pub fire_ticks: i32,
+    /// `Entity.fallDistance`.
+    pub fall_distance: f64,
    /// `AbstractArrow.soundEvent`: the sound of its next block hit.
    pub sound_event: &'a str,
    pub item: &'a crate::items::ItemStack,
@@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ pub fn trident_to_nbt(t: &TridentSave, uuid: [i32; 4], raw: Option<&Tag>) -> Tag
        motion: t.motion,
        rotation: [t.yaw, t.pitch],
        on_ground: t.on_ground,
-        fall_distance: 0.0,
+        fall_distance: t.fall_distance,
    }
    .tag(raw);
    // Projectile.addAdditionalSaveData omits LeftOwner until it is true,
@@ -95,6 +97,8 @@ pub struct TridentNbt {
    pub no_gravity: bool,
    pub on_ground: bool,
    pub fire_ticks: i32,
+    /// `Entity.load`: `getDoubleOr("fall_distance", 0.0)`.
+    pub fall_distance: f64,
    /// `SoundEvent`, or the trident's default when missing or no identifier.
    pub sound_event: String,
    pub item: crate::items::ItemStack,
@@ -120,6 +124,7 @@ pub fn trident_from_nbt(tag: &Tag) -> Option<TridentNbt> {
        no_gravity: flag(tag, "NoGravity"),
        on_ground: flag(tag, "OnGround"),
        fire_ticks: number(tag.get("Fire")).unwrap_or(0) as i16 as i32,
+        fall_distance: float(tag.get("fall_distance")).unwrap_or(0.0),
        sound_event: text(tag.get("SoundEvent"))
            .and_then(|s| horizon_client_core::identifier::normalize_id(&s))
            .unwrap_or_else(|| TRIDENT_HIT_GROUND.to_owned()),
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ pub fn main_with(mods: crate::mod_api::Mods) {
    // The text crates ship (`horizon_hooks::lang`), loaded with the game's own languages.
    horizon_client::lang::install_crate_files(horizon_hooks::lang::engine::all());
    horizon_client::spans::startup::init(std::time::Instant::now());
-    horizon_client::spans::trace::start_from_env();
    let args: Vec<String> = std::env::args().skip(1).collect();
    let game_args = args.iter().take_while(|a| *a != "--dedicated");
    let help = game_args
@@ -219,6 +219,7 @@ mod lan_far;
 mod lan_idle;
 mod lan_mobs;
 mod lan_mount_menu;
+mod lan_op;
 mod lan_particles;
 mod lan_pvp;
 mod lan_quiet;
@@ -362,6 +363,8 @@ mod paintings;
 mod pandas;
 mod particle_culling;
 mod passengers;
+mod perf_link;
+mod perf_remote;
 mod persist;
 mod perspective;
 mod physical_trigger;
@@ -384,6 +387,8 @@ mod potent_sulfur;
 mod potions;
 mod powder_snow;
 mod prediction;
+mod profile_capture;
+mod profile_lines;
 mod pumpkin;
 mod quick_actions;
 mod raids;
@@ -1499,8 +1504,8 @@ impl LevelAccess for GameLevel<'_> {
                signal
            };
        }
-        if let Some(signal) = books::lectern_signal(self.world, pos) {
-            return signal * i32::from(books::has_book_state(self.registry, state));
+        if let Some(signal) = books::lectern_signal(self.world, self.registry, state, pos) {
+            return signal;
        }
        if let Some(signal) =
            machines::shelf_signal(self.world, self.registry, state, pos, direction)
@@ -2322,6 +2327,8 @@ struct Game<'a> {
    debug: bool,
    /// `horizon-ctl gpu-passes`: time Horizon's own passes on the GPU with F3 shut.
    gpu_passes: bool,
+    /// `horizon-ctl gpu-passes detail`: also dispatch times and counters.
+    gpu_pass_detail: bool,
    screen: Screen,
    observed_screen: Option<native_hooks::ObservedScreen>,
    window: Option<Arc<Window>>,
@@ -2359,9 +2366,6 @@ struct Game<'a> {
    /// `SpectatorGui`: the menu a spectator opens with the hotbar keys.
    spectator_gui: horizon_client::spectator_menu::SpectatorGui,
    previous: Instant,
-    /// When the last frame's work ended: what runs before the next one starts (`idle`, the
-    /// event loop) shows in HORIZON_SPIKES as the time between frames.
-    frame_end: Instant,
    /// FramerateLimitTracker.latestInputTime.
    last_input: Instant,
    /// Controllers (Horizon's own).
@@ -2805,6 +2809,11 @@ struct Game<'a> {
    /// When an agent's last command came.
    agent_last: Option<Instant>,
    frame_stats: horizon_client::control::FrameStats,
+    /// This thread's and all threads' allocation counts at the last rendered frame.
+    alloc_mark: Option<(
+        horizon_threads::alloc_count::Counts,
+        horizon_threads::alloc_count::Counts,
+    )>,
    /// This play session's frame and tick times, for opt-in performance statistics.
    perf: horizon_client::telemetry::Session,
    /// Control replies waiting for a rendered frame or a benchmark deadline.
@@ -2813,7 +2822,7 @@ struct Game<'a> {
    screenshot_sequence: Option<screenshot_sequence::Sequence>,
    /// `render-capture DIR`: replied once the renderer wrote the scene.
    pending_render_capture: Option<std::sync::mpsc::Sender<String>>,
-    pending_bench: Option<(Instant, std::sync::mpsc::Sender<String>)>,
+    pending_bench: Option<(Instant, std::sync::mpsc::Sender<String>, bool)>,
    /// Recent frame times for the performance overlay.
    frame_graph: horizon_client::perf_overlay::FrameGraph,
    /// Horizon's extras (minimap, auto-reconnect; mods' counters): `game/extras.rs`.
@@ -2869,6 +2878,8 @@ struct Game<'a> {
    input_trace: input_trace::InputTrace,
    /// A repro recording, export or replay (game/repro.rs).
    repro: repro::Repro,
+    /// The health history and client captures (game/profile_capture.rs).
+    profile: profile_capture::Profile,
    /// `HORIZON_TICK_SCRIPT`'s scenario (game/tick_script.rs).
    tick_script: tick_script::TickScript,
    /// The overworld's last `sky_darken` and its inputs (time, rain, thunder).
@@ -3357,11 +3368,10 @@ impl Game<'_> {
    fn aim(&self) -> Option<([f64; 3], [f64; 3])> {
        // Minecraft.pick: from the camera entity's eyes along its view
        // (LivingEntity.getViewYRot: the head's yaw).
-        if let Some(m) = self.camera_mob() {
-            return Some((
-                [m.position.x, m.eye_y(), m.position.z],
-                pick_view_vector(m.head_yaw, m.head_pitch),
-            ));
+        if let Some(e) = self.camera_entity() {
+            let [x, y, z] = e.position;
+            let eye = [x, y + f64::from(e.eye_height), z];
+            return Some((eye, pick_view_vector(e.y_rot, e.x_rot)));
        }
        Some((self.eye_position()?, pick_view_vector(self.yaw, self.pitch)))
    }
@@ -3404,7 +3414,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
        Some(b)
    }
    fn outline_context_kind(&self) -> horizon_world::collision_context::EntityContextKind {
-        if self.camera_mob().is_some() {
+        if self.camera_entity().is_some() {
            horizon_world::collision_context::EntityContextKind::Living
        } else {
            horizon_world::collision_context::EntityContextKind::Player
@@ -5088,11 +5098,11 @@ impl Game<'_> {
        if removed && !creative {
            let held = self.held().cloned();
            self.mine_block_with_held(&facts.name, facts.hardness);
-            let harvest = !facts.requires_tool
-                || self
-                    .res
-                    .items()
-                    .correct_for_drops(held.as_ref(), &facts.name);
+            let harvest = self.res.items().has_correct_tool_for_drops(
+                held.as_ref(),
+                facts.requires_tool,
+                &facts.name,
+            );
            if harvest {
                // Block.playerDestroy: the mined statistic, the exhaustion and the drops.
                self.award_stat("mined", &facts.name, 1);
@@ -7206,8 +7216,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
        if particle_mode == horizon_client::graphics::ParticleCullingMode::Off {
            self.particles.render(
                camera,
-                self.yaw,
-                self.pitch,
+                self.particle_rotation(),
                alpha as f32,
                &|b| world.light(b[0], b[1], b[2]),
                &mut out,
@@ -7226,8 +7235,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                let mut particle_culling = self.particle_occlusion_context(camera);
                self.particles.render_culled(
                    camera,
-                    self.yaw,
-                    self.pitch,
+                    self.particle_rotation(),
                    alpha as f32,
                    pixel_focal_length,
                    true,
@@ -8323,22 +8331,6 @@ impl Game<'_> {
        }
        self.tracked_special_box(id as i32)
    }
-    /// The renderer for the window, with the current block sprites, GUI
-    /// atlas and world border texture.
-    /// A new renderer's atlas holds only the pack's sprites: what was drawn into it at run time
-    /// (skins, maps, the themed UI's glyphs and corners) has to be drawn again.
-    pub(super) fn forget_atlas_slots(&mut self) {
-        self.skin_slots.forget();
-        self.maps.slots.forget();
-        self.trim_slots.forget();
-        self.map_patches.clear();
-        self.kept_block_entities.get_mut().clear();
-        horizon_client::ui_theme::reset_atlas();
-    }
-
-    fn new_renderer(&self, window: Arc<Window>) -> Result<Renderer> {
-        self.renderer_for(window, &self.pack, &self.gui)
-    }
    /// Rebuild GPU-owned state after the backend reports device loss.
    fn recover_device(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        if !self.renderer.as_ref().is_some_and(Renderer::device_lost) {
@@ -8401,34 +8393,6 @@ impl Game<'_> {
        log::info!("Horizon: graphics device recovered; rebuilding world meshes");
        Ok(())
    }
-    /// A renderer made again from the resources loaded takes over: what named the old one's
-    /// atlas slots is forgotten, the world is meshed again, and the shader pack and the
-    /// settings are applied again.
-    pub(super) fn adopt_renderer(&mut self, mut renderer: Renderer) {
-        // A new renderer starts with the vanilla column and without the world border's wall.
-        renderer.clear_sections(self.world.layout());
-        self.border_renderer.invalidate();
-        self.renderer = Some(renderer);
-        self.forget_atlas_slots();
-        self.clear_lod();
-        self.pending_uploads.clear();
-        let context = self.worker_context();
-        self.streaming.reload_resources(&mut self.world, context);
-        self.native_shaders = native_shaders::NativeShaders::picking(&std::mem::take(
-            &mut self.native_shaders.picked,
-        ));
-        self.apply_ui_settings();
-    }
-    /// `LevelExtractor.allChanged`: displayed sections and mesh work are
-    /// discarded, then every loaded section is rebuilt.
-    fn all_sections_changed(&mut self) {
-        self.clear_lod();
-        self.pending_uploads.clear();
-        if let Some(renderer) = self.renderer.as_mut() {
-            renderer.clear_sections(self.world.layout());
-        }
-        self.streaming.reload_sections(&mut self.world);
-    }
    /// A translated message for the player the game acts for: `overlay` is
    /// `sendOverlayMessage` (the action bar), else `sendSystemMessage` (chat).
    /// A guest gets a packet, so its own client translates it.
@@ -9112,7 +9076,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
        // What faces the camera (particles, item sprites, block entity text) faces a mod's.
        // A spectated entity's view is not the local player's yaw and pitch
        // (`Camera.setup` reads the camera entity), so it is kept too.
-        let spectating = self.camera_mob().is_some();
+        let spectating = self.camera_entity().is_some();
        self.posed_rotation = view
            .filter(|posed| spectating || Some(*posed) != vanilla)
            .map(|(_, yaw, pitch)| (yaw, pitch));
@@ -9809,9 +9773,14 @@ impl Game<'_> {
        let debug_passes = self.debug_lists_gpu_passes();
        let result = match self.renderer.as_mut() {
            Some(renderer) => {
-                renderer.set_pass_timing(debug_passes || self.gpu_passes);
-                // `gpu_passes` is a measurement: it takes every sample it can.
-                renderer.set_pass_timing_gap(if self.gpu_passes {
+                use horizon_client::client_perf::request::GpuSwitch;
+                let capture_gpu = self.profile.gpu();
+                let recording = capture_gpu != GpuSwitch::Off;
+                renderer.set_pass_timing(debug_passes || self.gpu_passes || recording);
+                renderer.set_keep_timed_frames(recording);
+                renderer.set_pass_detail(self.gpu_pass_detail || capture_gpu == GpuSwitch::Detail);
+                // `gpu_passes` and a capture's `--gpu` are measurements: they take every sample they can.
+                renderer.set_pass_timing_gap(if self.gpu_passes || recording {
                    Duration::ZERO
                } else {
                    horizon_client::debug_overlay::GPU_TIMING_GAP
@@ -11094,12 +11063,8 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                    self.observe_fullscreen();
                    self.sync_ime();
                    let now = Instant::now();
-                    let frame_cpu = self
-                        .options
-                        .spikes
-                        .and_then(|_| horizon_client::spans::thread_cpu());
+                    horizon_threads::work::tick_start();
                    let elapsed = now.duration_since(self.previous);
-                    let between = now.saturating_duration_since(self.frame_end);
                    self.frame_ticks = elapsed.as_secs_f32() * 20.0;
                    self.previous = now;
                    self.studio_fly(elapsed);
@@ -11187,46 +11152,19 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                        result => result?,
                    };
                    horizon_client::spans::time("pr_cursor", || self.apply_cursor_icon());
-                    // The frame's spans, taken every frame they are recorded so they never
-                    // pile up: the slow-frame line's, and the session's (`perf.frame`).
+                    // The frame's spans, taken every frame they are recorded so they never pile up.
                    let frame_spans = if horizon_client::spans::recording_here() {
                        horizon_client::spans::take_raw()
                    } else {
                        Vec::new()
                    };
-                    if horizon_client::spans::trace::due() {
-                        horizon_client::spans::trace::stop();
-                    }
-                    if let Some(threshold) = self.options.spikes
-                        && let Some(r) = self.renderer.as_ref()
-                    {
-                        let cpu = now.elapsed().saturating_sub(r.last_wait).as_secs_f32() * 1000.0;
-                        // Spans timed between frames (`idle`) come first.
-                        let spans = horizon_client::spans::merge(&frame_spans);
-                        let between = between.as_secs_f32() * 1000.0;
-                        if cpu > threshold || between > threshold {
-                            // The render thread's own CPU time in the frame:
-                            // far below the wall time, the frame waited.
-                            let worked = horizon_client::spans::thread_cpu()
-                                .zip(frame_cpu)
-                                .map_or_else(String::new, |(end, start)| {
-                                    format!(", cpu {:.1} ms", (end - start).as_secs_f32() * 1000.0)
-                                });
-                            let gap = if between > threshold {
-                                format!(", {between:.1} ms before it")
-                            } else {
-                                String::new()
-                            };
-                            log::info!(
-                                "Horizon: slow frame {cpu:.1} ms{worked}{gap} ({steps} ticks): {}",
-                                horizon_client::spans::describe(&spans)
-                            );
-                        }
-                    }
+                    let mut perf_times = None;
                    if let Some(r) = self.renderer.as_mut() {
                        let cpu = now.elapsed().saturating_sub(r.last_wait);
+                        horizon_threads::work::tick_end(cpu.as_nanos() as u64);
                        if rendered {
                            let ms = |d: Duration| d.as_secs_f32() * 1000.0;
+                            perf_times = Some((ms(cpu), r.gpu_times.last().copied()));
                            self.frame_graph.record(
                                ms(elapsed),
                                ms(cpu),
@@ -11306,6 +11244,17 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                    }
                    if rendered {
                        self.frame_stats.record(elapsed.as_secs_f32() * 1000.0);
+                        if let Some((cpu, gpu)) = perf_times {
+                            self.record_perf_frame(
+                                elapsed.as_secs_f32() * 1000.0,
+                                cpu,
+                                gpu,
+                                &frame_spans,
+                            );
+                        }
+                        if horizon_threads::alloc_count::ON {
+                            self.record_frame_allocs();
+                        }
                        self.debug_charts.frame_times.log(elapsed.as_nanos() as i64);
                        if self.frames == 0 {
                            // The launcher times Play to this line (launcher/src/perf.rs).
@@ -11346,7 +11295,6 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                            self.fps_frames = 0;
                            self.fps_at = Instant::now();
                        }
-                        self.frame_end = Instant::now();
                        if self.options.frames.is_some_and(|f| self.frames >= f)
                            || self
                                .options
@@ -11430,6 +11378,9 @@ impl<'a> Game<'a> {
        let inventory = vec![None; 36];
        let now = Instant::now();
        let look = options.look;
+        let slow_frame_ms = options
+            .spikes
+            .unwrap_or(horizon_client::client_perf::SLOW_FRAME_MS);
        let particles = horizon_client::particles::ParticleEngine::new(
            &root,
            &gui.atlas.sprites,
@@ -11546,6 +11497,7 @@ impl<'a> Game<'a> {
            pause: false,
            debug: false,
            gpu_passes: false,
+            gpu_pass_detail: false,
            screen: Screen::Playing,
            observed_screen: None,
            window: None,
@@ -11568,7 +11520,6 @@ impl<'a> Game<'a> {
            started: now,
            spectator_gui: Default::default(),
            previous: now,
-            frame_end: now,
            last_input: now,
            pad: Default::default(),
            frames: 0,
@@ -11822,6 +11773,7 @@ impl<'a> Game<'a> {
            agent_control_on: false,
            agent_last: None,
            frame_stats: Default::default(),
+            alloc_mark: None,
            perf: Default::default(),
            pending_screenshot: None,
            screenshot_sequence: None,
@@ -11832,6 +11784,7 @@ impl<'a> Game<'a> {
            events: Default::default(),
            input_trace: Default::default(),
            repro: Default::default(),
+            profile: profile_capture::Profile::new(slow_frame_ms),
            tick_script: tick_script::TickScript::from_env(),
            agent: agent::Agent::default(),
            view_frustum: None,
@@ -12326,10 +12279,7 @@ pub fn run_with() -> Result<()> {
        horizon_threads::catch_stop_signals();
    }
    let started = Instant::now();
-    // A dedicated server writes its slow ticks to the log with the spans
-    // they spent their time in (`HORIZON_SPIKES`'s line; the variable still
-    // sets another threshold), so a lag spike players felt can be traced
-    // from the log alone. Timing the spans costs microseconds a tick.
+    // A dedicated server times its spans always, so its slow ring holds the steps of a lag spike (microseconds a tick).
    if options.spikes.is_none()
        && options.execution_role == execution_role::ExecutionRole::DedicatedServer
    {
@@ -533,7 +533,8 @@ impl Game<'_> {
        let reach: f64 = self.entity_reach;
        let mut best: Option<(usize, f64, [f64; 3])> = None;
        for (i, a) in self.armor_stands.iter().enumerate() {
-            if a.marker {
+            // Minecraft.pick never hits the camera entity it looks from.
+            if a.marker || self.remote_camera_id() == Some(a.id) {
                continue;
            }
            let b = a.bounds();
@@ -1437,7 +1438,11 @@ impl Game<'_> {
    ) {
        // The stands' models posed on the GPU path (`mobs::skin`), when it runs this frame.
        let skinning = self.skinning();
-        for a in &self.armor_stands {
+        for a in self
+            .armor_stands
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|a| !self.hides_as_camera(a.id))
+        {
            // ArmorStand.shouldRenderAtSqrDistance: 256 times the box's mean
            // edge (4 for a marker's empty box), whatever the entity distance.
            // LivingEntityRenderer grows the culling box by 0.5 for a dragon head.
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ use horizon_client::{
    mesher::Vertex,
    mobs::render::{DYE, DYE_NAMES},
    test_instance_block::Status,
+    text::Text,
 };
 use horizon_protocol::packets::play::{self, Serverbound as S};

@@ -30,12 +31,15 @@ pub(super) const EFFECTS: [(&str, i32); 6] = [
    ("strength", 3),
    ("regeneration", 4),
 ];
-const PAYMENT: [&str; 5] = [
-    "minecraft:iron_ingot",
-    "minecraft:gold_ingot",
-    "minecraft:emerald",
-    "minecraft:diamond",
-    "minecraft:netherite_ingot",
+/// `BeaconScreen.extractBackground`'s payment row in drawing order, with each
+/// item's x: netherite, emerald, diamond, gold, iron. Not by value: the
+/// emerald is left of the diamond.
+const PAYMENT_ROW: [(&str, f32); 5] = [
+    ("minecraft:netherite_ingot", 20.0),
+    ("minecraft:emerald", 41.0),
+    ("minecraft:diamond", 63.0),
+    ("minecraft:gold_ingot", 86.0),
+    ("minecraft:iron_ingot", 108.0),
 ];
 /// `BeaconMenu.PaymentSlot` and the player inventory, relative to the 176 origin.
 pub(super) fn slot_position(i: usize) -> Option<(f32, f32)> {
@@ -73,6 +77,43 @@ fn upgrade_button() -> (f32, f32) {
 fn inside(p: (f32, f32), x: f32, y: f32, w: f32, h: f32) -> bool {
    p.0 >= x && p.1 >= y && p.0 < x + w && p.1 < y + h
 }
+/// `BeaconPowerButton.setEffect`'s tooltip: the effect's description, and for
+/// `BeaconUpgradePowerButton` (`createEffectDescription`) " II" after it.
+fn effect_tooltip(e: usize, upgraded: bool) -> Text {
+    let effect = Text::translate(&format!("effect.minecraft.{}", EFFECTS[e].0), &[]);
+    if upgraded {
+        effect.append(" II")
+    } else {
+        effect
+    }
+}
+/// `BeaconScreen`: every button's tooltip whichever one the cursor is over
+/// (`BeaconPowerButton`'s its effect, `BeaconSpriteScreenButton`'s its label),
+/// hovered whether or not it is active.
+fn hovered_tooltip(
+    local: (f32, f32),
+    primary: Option<usize>,
+    buttons: &[(usize, f32, f32, bool)],
+) -> Option<Text> {
+    for &(e, x, y, _) in buttons {
+        if inside(local, x, y, 22.0, 22.0) {
+            return Some(effect_tooltip(e, false));
+        }
+    }
+    if let Some(p) = primary {
+        let (x, y) = upgrade_button();
+        if inside(local, x, y, 22.0, 22.0) {
+            return Some(effect_tooltip(p, true));
+        }
+    }
+    if inside(local, 164.0, 107.0, 22.0, 22.0) {
+        return Some(Text::translate("gui.done", &[]));
+    }
+    if inside(local, 190.0, 107.0, 22.0, 22.0) {
+        return Some(Text::translate("gui.cancel", &[]));
+    }
+    None
+}
 fn effect_id(name: &str) -> Option<&'static str> {
    let n = name.strip_prefix("minecraft:").unwrap_or(name);
    EFFECTS.iter().map(|(e, _)| *e).find(|e| *e == n)
@@ -502,12 +543,12 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                false,
            );
        }
-        for (i, item) in PAYMENT.iter().rev().enumerate() {
-            let x = [20.0, 41.0, 63.0, 86.0, 108.0][i];
+        for (item, x) in PAYMENT_ROW {
            self.draw_item(batch, &ItemStack::new(item, 1), bx + x, by + 109.0);
        }
        let atlas = &self.gui.atlas;
-        let mut tooltip = None;
+        let buttons = buttons();
+        let tooltip = hovered_tooltip(local, sel[0], &buttons);
        let button =
            |batch: &mut HudBatch, x: f32, y: f32, active: bool, selected: bool, icon: &str| {
                let hover = inside(local, x, y, 22.0, 22.0);
@@ -535,9 +576,8 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                    18.0,
                    u32::MAX,
                );
-                hover
            };
-        for (e, x, y, primary) in buttons() {
+        for (e, x, y, primary) in buttons {
            let tier = EFFECTS[e].1;
            let active = if primary {
                tier <= levels && tier < 4
@@ -550,16 +590,12 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                sel[1] == Some(e)
            };
            let icon = format!("mob_effect/{}", EFFECTS[e].0);
-            if button(batch, x, y, active, selected, &icon) {
-                tooltip = Some(format!("effect.minecraft.{}", EFFECTS[e].0));
-            }
+            button(batch, x, y, active, selected, &icon);
        }
        if let Some(p) = sel[0] {
            let (x, y) = upgrade_button();
            let icon = format!("mob_effect/{}", EFFECTS[p].0);
-            if button(batch, x, y, levels >= 4, sel[1] == Some(p), &icon) {
-                tooltip = Some(format!("effect.minecraft.{}", EFFECTS[p].0));
-            }
+            button(batch, x, y, levels >= 4, sel[1] == Some(p), &icon);
        }
        button(
            batch,
@@ -597,14 +633,8 @@ impl Game<'_> {
            }
        } else if let Some(stack) = stack_tip {
            self.draw_stack_tooltip(batch, &stack, self.cursor.0, self.cursor.1);
-        } else if let Some(key) = tooltip {
-            let text = self.translate(&key, &key);
-            self.draw_tooltip_lines(
-                batch,
-                &[(horizon_client::text::Text::literal(text), u32::MAX)],
-                self.cursor.0,
-                self.cursor.1,
-            );
+        } else if let Some(text) = tooltip {
+            self.draw_tooltip_lines(batch, &[(text, u32::MAX)], self.cursor.0, self.cursor.1);
        }
    }
    /// `BeaconRenderer`: each section's rotating solid beam and its glow.
@@ -707,6 +737,66 @@ fn effect_box_hits(p: [i32; 3], range: f64, height: f64, lo: [f64; 3], hi: [f64;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
+    /// `BeaconScreen.extractBackground`: netherite 20, emerald 41, diamond
+    /// 41+22, gold 42+44, iron 42+66.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_payment_row_reads_netherite_emerald_diamond_gold_iron() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            PAYMENT_ROW,
+            [
+                ("minecraft:netherite_ingot", 20.0),
+                ("minecraft:emerald", 41.0),
+                ("minecraft:diamond", 63.0),
+                ("minecraft:gold_ingot", 86.0),
+                ("minecraft:iron_ingot", 108.0),
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+    /// `BeaconUpgradePowerButton.createEffectDescription` appends " II"; the
+    /// primary buttons' description is the bare effect.
+    #[test]
+    fn only_the_upgrade_button_names_the_second_level() {
+        for e in 0..EFFECTS.len() {
+            let primary = effect_tooltip(e, false).plain();
+            let upgrade = effect_tooltip(e, true).plain();
+            assert!(!primary.is_empty());
+            assert!(!primary.ends_with(" II"));
+            assert_eq!(upgrade, format!("{primary} II"));
+        }
+    }
+    /// `BeaconScreenButton.setTooltip`: every button has one while hovered,
+    /// and the sprite buttons' is their label whether or not they are active
+    /// (the tick is disabled without a payment and a chosen power).
+    #[test]
+    fn every_hovered_beacon_button_shows_its_tooltip() {
+        let at = |(x, y): (f32, f32)| (x + 11.0, y + 11.0);
+        let name =
+            |e: usize| horizon_client::lang::get(&format!("effect.minecraft.{}", EFFECTS[e].0));
+        let buttons = buttons();
+        for &(e, x, y, _) in &buttons {
+            let tip = hovered_tooltip(at((x, y)), None, &buttons).unwrap_or_default();
+            assert_eq!(tip.plain(), name(e), "button {e}");
+        }
+        let upgrade = at(upgrade_button());
+        assert!(hovered_tooltip(upgrade, None, &buttons).is_none());
+        assert_eq!(
+            hovered_tooltip(upgrade, Some(0), &buttons).unwrap().plain(),
+            format!("{} II", name(0))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            hovered_tooltip(at((164.0, 107.0)), None, &buttons)
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+                .plain(),
+            horizon_client::lang::get("gui.done")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            hovered_tooltip(at((190.0, 107.0)), Some(0), &buttons)
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+                .plain(),
+            horizon_client::lang::get("gui.cancel")
+        );
+        assert!(hovered_tooltip((0.0, 0.0), Some(0), &buttons).is_none());
+    }
    #[test]
    fn only_active_beacons_have_beams() {
        let mut b = Beacon::default();
@@ -131,6 +131,10 @@ pub(super) trait Editor {
    fn accepts(&self, _edit: usize, _current: &str, _cursor: usize, _c: char) -> bool {
        true
    }
+    /// The box's tooltip (`EditBox.setTooltip`), if it has one.
+    fn edit_tooltip(&self, _edit: usize) -> Option<Text> {
+        None
+    }
    /// Whether Enter is Done (a screen with its own `keyPressed`).
    fn enter_confirms(&self) -> bool {
        true
@@ -171,6 +175,41 @@ impl BlockEditScreen {
    }
 }

+/// `WidgetTooltipHolder.refreshTooltipForNextRenderPass`: hovering or keyboard focus shows it.
+fn edit_tooltip(
+    atlas: &horizon_client::hud::HudAtlas,
+    editor: &dyn Editor,
+    items: &[Item],
+    cursor: (f32, f32),
+    focus: Option<usize>,
+    keyboard: bool,
+    virtual_pointer: bool,
+) -> Option<(Vec<Text>, [f32; 4], bool)> {
+    let mut hovered = None;
+    for item in items {
+        if let Item::Edit { index, x, y, w } = item {
+            let hover = !virtual_pointer && ui::hovered(cursor, *x, *y, *w, 20.0);
+            let focused = keyboard && focus == Some(*index);
+            if (hover || focused)
+                && let Some(tip) = editor.edit_tooltip(*index)
+            {
+                // `Tooltip.splitTooltip` uses 170 GUI pixels, including translated text.
+                let tooltip = (
+                    atlas.font.split(&tip, 170.0),
+                    [*x, *y, *w, 20.0],
+                    focused && !hover,
+                );
+                // `GuiGraphicsExtractor.setTooltipForNextFrame`: the focused widget wins.
+                if focused {
+                    return Some(tooltip);
+                }
+                hovered = Some(tooltip);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    hovered
+}
+
 impl Game<'_> {
    /// `LocalPlayer.open*Block`: the edit screen for the block entity at
    /// `pos`.
@@ -243,6 +282,11 @@ impl Game<'_> {
        match outcome {
            Outcome::Stay => {}
            Outcome::Send(packet) => {
+                // The integrated server is this game: vanilla's packet handler
+                // applies the edit there, so a local game applies it here.
+                if self.remote.is_none() {
+                    self.apply_local_editor_packet(&packet);
+                }
                self.send(packet);
                self.close_block_editor();
            }
@@ -256,6 +300,14 @@ impl Game<'_> {
        }
    }

+    /// The server side of an editor's packet, for the game that is its own
+    /// server: `handleSetJigsawBlock` and its siblings run on the server.
+    fn apply_local_editor_packet(&mut self, packet: &S) {
+        if let S::SetJigsawBlock(p) = packet {
+            self.apply_set_jigsaw_block(p);
+        }
+    }
+
    pub(super) fn draw_block_editor(&mut self, batch: &mut HudBatch) {
        let cursor = self.cursor;
        let Some(items) = self.with_block_editor(|s, e| {
@@ -354,6 +406,29 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                }
            }
        }
+        // The focus navigator's pointer is hidden, not an actual mouse hover.
+        let navigation_focus = self.pad_focus_rect();
+        let focus = navigation_focus.map_or(screen.focus, |rect| {
+            items.iter().find_map(|item| match item {
+                Item::Edit { index, x, y, w } if [*x, *y, *w, 20.0] == rect => Some(*index),
+                _ => None,
+            })
+        });
+        if let Some((lines, rect, focused)) = edit_tooltip(
+            atlas,
+            screen.editor.as_ref(),
+            &items,
+            cursor,
+            focus,
+            self.narration.input_type().is_keyboard(),
+            navigation_focus.is_some(),
+        ) {
+            if focused {
+                ui::tooltip_focused(batch, atlas, &lines, rect);
+            } else {
+                ui::tooltip_menu(batch, atlas, &lines, cursor, rect);
+            }
+        }
        self.block_editor = Some(screen);
    }

@@ -643,6 +718,107 @@ pub(super) fn on_off(on: bool) -> Text {
 mod tests {
    use super::*;

+    struct TooltipEditor;
+
+    impl Editor for TooltipEditor {
+        fn edits(&mut self) -> &mut [EditBox] {
+            &mut []
+        }
+        fn items(&self, _entity: &BlockEntity, _w: f32, _h: f32) -> Vec<Item> {
+            Vec::new()
+        }
+        fn press(
+            &mut self,
+            _entity: &mut BlockEntity,
+            _pos: Pos,
+            _id: u8,
+            _shift: bool,
+            _alt: bool,
+        ) -> Outcome {
+            Outcome::Stay
+        }
+        fn done(&mut self, _entity: &mut BlockEntity, _pos: Pos) -> Outcome {
+            Outcome::Stay
+        }
+        fn cancel(&mut self, _entity: &mut BlockEntity) {}
+        fn edit_tooltip(&self, edit: usize) -> Option<Text> {
+            match edit {
+                4 => Some(Text::literal(
+                    "A long explanation of the selection priority that must wrap without losing any of its words.",
+                )),
+                5 => Some(Text::literal("Placement priority")),
+                _ => None,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn edit_tooltips_follow_hover_keyboard_and_hidden_navigation_pointer() {
+        let atlas = horizon_client::hud::HudAtlas::boot();
+        let items = [
+            Item::Edit {
+                index: 0,
+                x: 7.0,
+                y: 20.0,
+                w: 300.0,
+            },
+            Item::Edit {
+                index: 5,
+                x: 110.0,
+                y: 160.0,
+                w: 98.0,
+            },
+            Item::Edit {
+                index: 4,
+                x: 7.0,
+                y: 160.0,
+                w: 98.0,
+            },
+        ];
+        let get = |cursor, focus, keyboard, virtual_pointer| {
+            edit_tooltip(
+                &atlas,
+                &TooltipEditor,
+                &items,
+                cursor,
+                focus,
+                keyboard,
+                virtual_pointer,
+            )
+        };
+        let (lines, rect, focused) = get((20.0, 165.0), None, false, false).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(rect, [7.0, 160.0, 98.0, 20.0]);
+        assert!(!focused);
+        assert!(lines.len() > 1);
+        assert!(
+            lines
+                .iter()
+                .all(|line| atlas.font.width_text(line) <= 170.0)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            lines.iter().map(Text::plain).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(" "),
+            "A long explanation of the selection priority that must wrap without losing any of its words."
+        );
+        assert!(get((0.0, 0.0), Some(4), true, false).unwrap().2);
+        assert!(get((0.0, 0.0), Some(4), false, false).is_none());
+        // A real hover uses the menu positioner, even when the field has keyboard focus.
+        assert!(!get((20.0, 165.0), Some(4), true, false).unwrap().2);
+        // Keyboard/controller navigation puts a hidden pointer in the field's center.
+        assert!(get((56.0, 170.0), Some(4), true, true).unwrap().2);
+        assert!(get((56.0, 170.0), None, true, true).is_none());
+        assert!(get((20.0, 25.0), Some(0), true, false).is_none());
+        assert!(get((105.0, 180.0), None, false, false).is_none());
+        // A keyboard-focused field overrides a different field's real hover.
+        let (focused_lines, focused_rect, focused) =
+            get((120.0, 165.0), Some(4), true, false).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            focused_lines.iter().map(Text::plain).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            lines.iter().map(Text::plain).collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(focused_rect, rect);
+        assert!(focused);
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn name_characters_follow_screen_is_valid_character_for_name() {
        assert!(valid_character_for_name("", 'a', 0));
@@ -667,4 +843,46 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(cycle(&[1, 2, 3], 9, 1), 1);
        assert_eq!(cycle(&[1, 2, 3], 9, -1), 2);
    }
+
+    /// A single-player jigsaw edit is applied by the game that is its own
+    /// server, as `handleSetJigsawBlock` does there, and marks the chunk.
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "needs prepared resources in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
+    fn a_local_jigsaw_edit_applies_and_marks_the_chunk() {
+        let mut game = crate::game::native_machines::tests::server_game();
+        let pos = (2, 4, 3);
+        let state = game
+            .pack
+            .assets
+            .registry
+            .default_state("minecraft:jigsaw")
+            .unwrap();
+        game.world.set(pos.0, pos.1, pos.2, state).unwrap();
+        game.world
+            .block_entities
+            .insert(pos, BlockEntity::JigsawBlock(Box::default()));
+        game.world.modified.clear();
+        let packet = S::SetJigsawBlock(horizon_protocol::packets::play::SetJigsawBlock {
+            pos: [2, 4, 3],
+            name: "minecraft:test".into(),
+            target: "minecraft:test".into(),
+            pool: "minecraft:empty".into(),
+            final_state: "minecraft:air".into(),
+            joint: "aligned".into(),
+            selection_priority: 1,
+            placement_priority: 2,
+        });
+
+        game.block_editor_outcome(Outcome::Send(packet));
+
+        let Some(BlockEntity::JigsawBlock(b)) = game.world.block_entities.get(&pos) else {
+            panic!("no jigsaw");
+        };
+        assert_eq!(&*b.name, "minecraft:test", "the edit landed");
+        assert_eq!((b.selection_priority, b.placement_priority), (1, 2));
+        assert!(
+            game.world.modified.contains(&(0, 0)),
+            "the edit left the chunk unmarked"
+        );
+    }
 }
@@ -15,6 +15,28 @@ use horizon_client::{
 use horizon_core::position::BlockPos;
 use horizon_world::registry::BlockStateId;

+/// The block entity type a sample is attributed to while its ticker runs.
+fn ticker_name(entity: &BlockEntity) -> &'static str {
+    match entity {
+        BlockEntity::Chest(_) => "hopper",
+        BlockEntity::Crafter(_) => "crafter",
+        BlockEntity::Jukebox(_) => "jukebox",
+        BlockEntity::Beacon(_) => "beacon",
+        BlockEntity::CreakingHeart(_) => "creaking_heart",
+        BlockEntity::Spawner(_) => "mob_spawner",
+        BlockEntity::TrialSpawner(_) => "trial_spawner",
+        BlockEntity::Vault(_) => "vault",
+        BlockEntity::Beehive(_) => "beehive",
+        BlockEntity::Furnace(_) => "furnace",
+        BlockEntity::Brewing(_) => "brewing_stand",
+        BlockEntity::DaylightDetector => "daylight_detector",
+        BlockEntity::Campfire(_) => "campfire",
+        BlockEntity::Mod(_) => "mod_block_entity",
+        BlockEntity::PotentSulfur(_) => "potent_sulfur",
+        _ => "block_entity",
+    }
+}
+
 impl Game<'_> {
    pub(super) fn tick_block_entities(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        self.tick_mount_menu();
@@ -65,7 +87,12 @@ impl Game<'_> {
            {
                continue;
            }
-            match self.world.block_entities.get(&pos) {
+            horizon_threads::work::set_chunk(pos.0 >> 4, pos.2 >> 4);
+            let entity = self.world.block_entities.get(&pos);
+            horizon_threads::work::set_entity(horizon_threads::work::entity_id(
+                entity.map_or("", ticker_name),
+            ));
+            match entity {
                Some(BlockEntity::Chest(items)) if items.len() == HOPPER_SLOTS => {
                    self.tick_hopper(pos)
                }
@@ -100,6 +127,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                _ => {}
            }
        }
+        horizon_threads::work::clear_work();
        // Items move between passes: the columns hold for this one only.
        self.item_columns = None;
        self.pass_mobs = None;
@@ -224,6 +224,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
        if !debug {
            self.tick_scheduled()?;
        }
+        horizon_threads::work::clear_work();
        self.with_level(|b, level, ticks| {
            // The masks the random ticks will read, built on helper threads first while the
            // parallel tick is on (`HORIZON_PARALLEL_TICK`): the draws and ticks don't depend on them.
@@ -271,6 +272,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                }
            });
        });
+        horizon_threads::work::clear_work();
        laps = horizon_client::spans::laps();
        let sent = self.lan_broadcast_changes();
        laps.lap("tb_broadcast");
@@ -576,6 +576,10 @@ impl Game<'_> {
            let full = count == b.max_passengers();
            let delta = b.delta_rotation;
            let boat_box = b.bounds();
+            let ridden = horizon_client::motion::RiddenBoat {
+                under_water: b.under_water(),
+                max_y: boat_box.max_position().y,
+            };
            let seats: Vec<_> = mobs
                .iter()
                .enumerate()
@@ -608,6 +612,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
            for (j, offset, at, previous, facing) in seats {
                let m = &mut self.mobs[j];
                m.seated(id, offset, boat_box);
+                m.fluids.boat = Some((id, ridden));
                m.position = at;
                m.previous = previous;
                m.velocity = Vec3::ZERO;