Keep the mod screen over other screens out of the big files

The new mod-screen code moves from native_hooks.rs to native_mod_screen.rs (helpers retargeted in its fragment), its state rides the existing native_mod_screen field, and draw_screen lives in screens.rs, so game.rs, native_hooks.rs and remote.rs no longer grow. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <[email protected]>
Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/agent/hooks-outside-native-hooks' into fix/12272
2026-11-10 02:21:33 -10:00 · 2026-11-09 18:41:59 +01:00 · 2026-11-09 18:31:09 +01:00 · 2026-11-09 18:31:06 +01:00 · 2026-11-09 18:28:42 +01:00 · 2026-11-09 18:23:59 +01:00
470 changed files with 16521 additions and 4849 deletions
@@ -80,21 +80,24 @@ jobs:
          rustup toolchain install stable --profile minimal --component rustfmt --component clippy
          rustup default stable
          echo "WGPU_BACKEND=dx12" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+      # On a pull request, the next three checks compare with HEAD^1: the main that GitHub's merge commit puts the pull
+      # request on. pull_request.base.sha is main at the pull request's last push and falls behind, so main's own
+      # changes since then would count as the pull request's (#13874).
      # docs/layers.md: a crate depends only on its own layer or a lower one; today's exceptions only shrink.
      - name: Crates follow the layers
        env:
-          BASE_SHA: ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }}
-        run: python3 tools/check_layers.py ${BASE_SHA:+--base "$BASE_SHA"}
+          BASE: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' && 'HEAD^1' || '' }}
+        run: python3 tools/check_layers.py ${BASE:+--base "$BASE"}
      # docs/layers.md#built-in-addresses: every built-in outside address in the Horizon layer's home; the rest only shrinks.
      - name: Built-in addresses stay in their home
        env:
-          BASE_SHA: ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }}
-        run: python3 tools/check_addresses.py ${BASE_SHA:+--base "$BASE_SHA"}
+          BASE: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' && 'HEAD^1' || '' }}
+        run: python3 tools/check_addresses.py ${BASE:+--base "$BASE"}
      # docs/layers.md#file-size: a Rust file over 3000 lines may not grow (pull requests; main has no base to compare).
      - name: Big files don't grow
        env:
-          BASE_SHA: ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }}
-        run: python3 tools/check_file_size.py ${BASE_SHA:+--base "$BASE_SHA"}
+          BASE: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' && 'HEAD^1' || '' }}
+        run: python3 tools/check_file_size.py ${BASE:+--base "$BASE"}
      - name: Test offline research tooling
        run: python -m unittest discover -s tests -v
      - name: Install Rust toolchain and the ALSA and udev headers the client links against
@@ -217,17 +220,17 @@ jobs:
          $clang = Get-Command clang -ErrorAction Stop
          Write-Output "Using $($clang.Source)"
          & $clang.Source --version
-      - name: Build the game for native Windows ARM64
-        run: cargo build --release --locked --target aarch64-pc-windows-msvc -p horizon-client -p horizon-client-lib --bin horizon-client --bin horizon-ctl -p horizon-prepare --bin horizon-prepare -p horizon-server --bin horizon-server
+      - name: Build the game for native Windows ARM64 (the official game, as game-build.yml ships it)
+        run: cargo build --release --locked --target aarch64-pc-windows-msvc -p horizon-official --bin horizon-official -p horizon-client-lib --bin horizon-ctl -p horizon-prepare --bin horizon-prepare -p horizon-server --bin horizon-server
      - name: Check the game's PE machine
-        run: python tools/check_pe_arch.py arm64 target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-client.exe target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-ctl.exe target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-prepare.exe target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-server.exe
+        run: python tools/check_pe_arch.py arm64 target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-official.exe target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-ctl.exe target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-prepare.exe target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-server.exe
      - name: Check game DLL imports
-        run: python tools/check_imports.py target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-client.exe target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-ctl.exe target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-prepare.exe target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-server.exe
+        run: python tools/check_imports.py target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-official.exe target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-ctl.exe target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-prepare.exe target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-server.exe
      - name: Start every game executable
        shell: pwsh
        run: |
          $ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'
-          $client = 'target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-client.exe'
+          $client = 'target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-official.exe'
          $output = & $client --help 2>&1
          if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0 -or ($output -join "`n") -notmatch '--resources') { throw 'horizon-client --help failed' }
          foreach ($binary in @('horizon-ctl.exe', 'horizon-prepare.exe', 'horizon-server.exe')) {
@@ -168,9 +168,14 @@ jobs:
      - name: ALSA and udev headers
        if: runner.os == 'Linux' && !matrix.musl
        run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends libasound2-dev libudev-dev
-      - name: Build the client, horizon-ctl, horizon-prepare and horizon-server
+      - name: Build the official game, horizon-ctl, horizon-prepare and horizon-server
        if: ${{ !matrix.musl }}
-        run: cargo build --release --locked ${{ matrix.target && format('--target {0}', matrix.target) || '' }} -p horizon-client -p horizon-client-lib --bin horizon-client --bin horizon-ctl -p horizon-prepare --bin horizon-prepare -p horizon-server --bin horizon-server
+        run: cargo build --release --locked ${{ matrix.target && format('--target {0}', matrix.target) || '' }} -p horizon-official --bin horizon-official -p horizon-client-lib --bin horizon-ctl -p horizon-prepare --bin horizon-prepare -p horizon-server --bin horizon-server
+      - name: The official game is the game players get, under its name
+        # horizon-official: horizon-client's game with Horizon's own parts plugged in (docs/layers.md, "How a
+        # Horizon crate plugs in"). Everything below, the launcher and players know it as horizon-client.
+        if: ${{ !matrix.musl }}
+        run: cp -f "$BIN/horizon-official${{ matrix.exe }}" "$BIN/horizon-client${{ matrix.exe }}"
      - name: Every program the release folder takes was built
        if: ${{ !matrix.musl }}
        run: |
@@ -201,6 +201,9 @@ jobs:
      - name: Verify Windows executable architecture
        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
        run: python ../tools/check_pe_arch.py "${{ matrix.pe_arch }}" "$BIN/${{ matrix.binary }}"
+      - name: Unrelated DLLs cannot intercept launcher or setup startup
+        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+        run: python ../tools/test_launcher_dll_search.py "$BIN/${{ matrix.binary }}"
      - name: The version is the release's
        run: |
          out=$("$BIN/${{ matrix.binary }}" --version)
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ jobs:
          musl=(); if [[ -f dist/horizon-linux-musl-x86_64.tar.gz ]]; then musl=(dist/horizon-linux-musl-x86_64.tar.gz)
          else echo "::warning::horizon-linux-musl-x86_64.tar.gz is missing: SHA256SUMS goes out without it"; fi
          bash tools/ci/sign_release.sh nightly dist/horizon-linux-x86_64.tar.gz dist/horizon-windows-x64.zip \
-            "${arm64[@]}" "${musl[@]}" \
+            ${arm64[@]+"${arm64[@]}"} ${musl[@]+"${musl[@]}"} \
            dist/horizon-macos-arm64.zip dist/horizon-macos-x64.zip dist/horizon-server-linux-x86_64.tar.gz \
            dist/horizon-source.tar.gz
      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
@@ -267,9 +267,9 @@ jobs:
          gh release create nightly --prerelease --latest=false --target "$SHA" \
            --title "Nightly $DATE · ${SHA:0:7}" --notes-file dist/nightly-notes.md \
            "dist/horizon-linux-x86_64.tar.gz#Game files the launcher installs (Nightly): Linux (horizon-linux-x86_64.tar.gz)" \
-            "${musl[@]}" \
+            ${musl[@]+"${musl[@]}"} \
            "dist/horizon-windows-x64.zip#Game files the launcher installs (Nightly): Windows (horizon-windows-x64.zip)" \
-            "${arm64[@]}" \
+            ${arm64[@]+"${arm64[@]}"} \
            "dist/horizon-macos-arm64.zip#Game files the launcher installs (Nightly): macOS on Apple Silicon (horizon-macos-arm64.zip)" \
            "dist/horizon-macos-x64.zip#Game files the launcher installs (Nightly): macOS on Intel (horizon-macos-x64.zip)" \
            "dist/horizon-server-linux-x86_64.tar.gz#Nightly dedicated server for Linux (horizon-server-linux-x86_64.tar.gz)" \
@@ -44,6 +44,8 @@ Feature → files → harness for the most-changed areas: [docs/architecture.md]
 - **Machine translations stay unreviewed.** `tools/lang_review/` records only text a person who speaks the language
  wrote or checked; never `lang_coverage.py --mark-reviewed` machine text ([docs/translations.md](docs/translations.md)).
 - **Controllers reach what registers.** Draw controls with a registering helper (`ui::button`, `settings_shell::foot_button`); `graphics_style::button` and `screen_draw::button` only paint, and registering one part of a screen ends its crosshair, so register all of it.
+- **Render passes keep HDR's light.** A pass that reads, filters or redraws the world's picture (upscaling,
+  anti-aliasing, sharpening, frame generation, post effects, captures) follows [docs/hdr-passes.md](docs/hdr-passes.md).

 ## Crates

@@ -79,6 +81,7 @@ Game workspace (root `Cargo.toml`); `launcher/` and `crates/horizon-telemetry-se
 | `horizon-telemetry`, `horizon-telemetry-server`, `horizon-bench` | Opt-in data collection, its ingest server, the benchmark report format |
 | `horizon-system` | The machine the game runs on (OS, CPU, memory, drive, power, GPU maker and memory), for the crash report, the renderer's GPU info and telemetry |
 | `horizon-platform` | The platform's public API: what the Horizon layer may use of the engine ([docs/layers.md](docs/layers.md)); re-exports `horizon-system` today |
+| `horizon-hooks`, `horizon-game`, `horizon-official`, `horizon-heartbeat` | The layer seam: the engine's hooks for crates above it, the game an executable starts, the official executable (shipped as `horizon-client`) that registers Horizon's in-game parts, the first of them ([docs/layers.md](docs/layers.md#how-a-horizon-crate-plugs-in)) |
 | `horizon-dualsense`, `horizon-threads`, `horizon-release-sign`, `horizon-bots`, `xtask` | DualSense output, thread priorities, signed release checksums, load-test bots, repo tasks |
 | `launcher/` | GPUI launcher: `main.rs` (UI), `backend.rs` (installs, updates), `cli.rs`, `mcp.rs`, `*_page.rs` |

@@ -1450,6 +1450,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "horizon-dualsense",
 "horizon-friends",
 "horizon-hdr",
+ "horizon-hooks",
 "horizon-items",
 "horizon-mod-api-gen",
 "horizon-mods",
@@ -1500,7 +1501,6 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
 "arboard",
 "horizon-client-core",
- "horizon-dualsense",
 "horizon-theme",
 "png",
 "winit",
@@ -1528,10 +1528,9 @@ dependencies = [
 "horizon-client-render",
 "horizon-command",
 "horizon-core",
- "horizon-cosmetics",
- "horizon-dualsense",
 "horizon-friends",
 "horizon-hdr",
+ "horizon-hooks",
 "horizon-items",
 "horizon-mcp",
 "horizon-mods",
@@ -1587,8 +1586,8 @@ dependencies = [
 "horizon-core",
 "horizon-cosmetics",
 "horizon-hdr",
+ "horizon-hooks",
 "horizon-items",
- "horizon-mod-api-gen",
 "horizon-narrator",
 "horizon-optifine",
 "horizon-polytone",
@@ -1677,6 +1676,15 @@ dependencies = [
 "spake2",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "horizon-game"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "horizon-client",
+ "horizon-mods",
+ "horizon-threads",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "horizon-hdr"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -1688,6 +1696,19 @@ dependencies = [
 "wgpu",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "horizon-heartbeat"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "horizon-platform",
+ "horizon-telemetry",
+ "log",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "horizon-hooks"
+version = "0.1.0"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "horizon-items"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -1768,6 +1789,17 @@ dependencies = [
 "windows 0.62.2",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "horizon-official"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "horizon-game",
+ "horizon-heartbeat",
+ "horizon-platform",
+ "log",
+ "winresource",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "horizon-optifine"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -1782,7 +1814,13 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "horizon-platform"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
+ "horizon-core",
+ "horizon-hooks",
+ "horizon-prepare",
+ "horizon-protocol",
+ "horizon-server-files",
 "horizon-system",
+ "horizon-world",
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -1868,11 +1906,9 @@ dependencies = [
 "horizon-anticheat",
 "horizon-bench",
 "horizon-chat-filter",
- "horizon-core",
 "horizon-mcp",
+ "horizon-platform",
 "horizon-release-sign",
- "horizon-server-files",
- "horizon-world",
 "libc",
 "p12-keystore",
 "png",
@@ -30,6 +30,10 @@ members = [
    "crates/horizon-telemetry",
    "crates/horizon-system",
    "crates/horizon-platform",
+    "crates/horizon-hooks",
+    "crates/horizon-game",
+    "crates/horizon-official",
+    "crates/horizon-heartbeat",
    "crates/horizon-bench",
    "crates/horizon-friends",
    "crates/horizon-relay",
@@ -129,8 +129,9 @@ ports to WGSL of the optical flow and frame interpolation shaders of the
 [AMD FidelityFX SDK](https://github.com/GPUOpen-LibrariesAndSDKs/FidelityFX-SDK) 1.1.4
 (`sdk/include/FidelityFX/gpu/{opticalflow,frameinterpolation}`, at commit
 [c6efa6bf7f20](https://github.com/GPUOpen-LibrariesAndSDKs/FidelityFX-SDK/tree/c6efa6bf7f2027b3ec94f28578bb5965eabb9e55)),
-and `optical_flow.rs` follows the SDK's `sdk/src/components/opticalflow/ffx_opticalflow.cpp`
-(its passes, their order and their dispatch sizes). Copyright (C) 2024 Advanced Micro Devices,
+and `optical_flow.rs` and `interpolation.rs` follow the SDK's
+`sdk/src/components/{opticalflow/ffx_opticalflow.cpp,frameinterpolation/ffx_frameinterpolation.cpp}`
+(their passes, their order and their dispatch sizes). Copyright (C) 2024 Advanced Micro Devices,
 Inc., under the MIT license, whose text heads each file. AMD and FidelityFX are AMD's
 trademarks; Horizon is not affiliated with AMD.

@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ impl Report {
 /// The kind a file's extension says.
 pub fn kind_of(path: &Path) -> Option<Kind> {
    match path.extension()?.to_str()? {
+        "hmod" if horizon_mods::index::native::holds(path) => Some(Kind::NativeMod),
        "hmod" => Some(Kind::Mod),
        "hnmod" => Some(Kind::NativeMod),
        "hpack" => Some(Kind::Modpack),
@@ -377,6 +377,13 @@ mod tests {
        zip.finish().unwrap();
        let report = check::check(&hnmod, check::kind_of(&hnmod).unwrap(), None, None).unwrap();
        assert!(report.text().contains("machine_mod"), "{}", report.text());
+        let combined = dir.join("machine_mod.hmod");
+        std::fs::copy(&hnmod, &combined).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            check::kind_of(&combined),
+            Some(horizon_mods::index::Kind::NativeMod)
+        );
+        assert!(check::check(&combined, check::kind_of(&combined).unwrap(), None, None).is_ok());
        // A pin that is not a commit is refused; with none, the folder builds on the
        // instance's Horizon.
        let bad = [
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ pub fn main(args: &[String]) -> Result<(), String> {
            };
            let author = flag(rest, "--author").ok_or(USAGE)?;
            let (base, _) = registry::load(Path::new(base)).map_err(lines)?;
-            let (head, _) = registry::load(Path::new(head)).map_err(lines)?;
-            let review = registry::review(&base, &head, author);
+            let (head, revoked) = registry::load(Path::new(head)).map_err(lines)?;
+            let review = registry::review_with_revoked(&base, &head, &revoked, author);
            if rest.iter().any(|a| a == "--json") {
                let json = serde_json::json!({"errors": review.errors, "notes": review.notes});
                println!("{json}");
@@ -13,11 +13,9 @@ winit = "0.30.13"
 horizon-theme = { path = "../horizon-theme" }
 png = "0.18"
 arboard = { version = "3.6.1", default-features = false, features = ["wayland-data-control"] }
-# The DualSense's trigger effects (the `controllers` feature).
-horizon-dualsense = { path = "../horizon-dualsense", optional = true }

 [features]
-controllers = ["dep:horizon-dualsense"]
+controllers = []

 [lints]
 workspace = true
@@ -1523,9 +1523,8 @@ impl Rumble {
    }
 }

-/// What a trigger feels like on a DualSense, from what its action is doing (docs/controllers.md
-/// "Adaptive triggers" for the choices). Only the pad's official modes: Nielk1's notes warn the
-/// others may leave the firmware.
+/// What a trigger feels like, from what its action is doing (docs/controllers.md "Adaptive
+/// triggers"); the controller code turns it into a DualSense trigger effect.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub enum TriggerFeel {
    Free,
@@ -1544,66 +1543,6 @@ pub enum TriggerFeel {
    /// Mining a block of this hardness: a buzz, stronger and slower on harder blocks.
    Texture(f32),
 }
-#[cfg(feature = "controllers")]
-impl TriggerFeel {
-    /// The effect, for a trigger that presses its action at `threshold` (0..1) of its travel.
-    pub fn effect(self, threshold: f32) -> horizon_dualsense::TriggerEffect {
-        use horizon_dualsense::trigger;
-        // The zone (of ten along the travel) where the action presses: a catch gives way there,
-        // so the click and the shot coincide.
-        let press = ((threshold.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 10.0) as u8).clamp(3, 8);
-        match self {
-            TriggerFeel::Free => horizon_dualsense::TRIGGER_OFF,
-            // From the third zone, so the press itself stays light; at most 6 of 8, as the
-            // draw is held.
-            TriggerFeel::Draw(charge) => {
-                trigger::feedback(2, 1 + (5.0 * charge.clamp(0.0, 1.0)).round() as u8)
-            }
-            TriggerFeel::Click => trigger::weapon((press - 2).max(2), press, 8),
-            TriggerFeel::Boost => trigger::weapon((press - 2).max(2), press, 5),
-            TriggerFeel::Brace => trigger::feedback(2, 3),
-            TriggerFeel::Locked => trigger::feedback(1, 8),
-            TriggerFeel::Texture(hardness) if hardness > 0.0 => {
-                // Dirt 2, stone 3, deepslate 4, obsidian 5 of 8.
-                let amplitude = (1.0 + 1.6 * hardness.sqrt()).round().clamp(1.0, 5.0);
-                // Sand and dirt a fine 40 Hz grit; stone 30; wood, deepslate and ores 20;
-                // obsidian a 10 Hz chisel.
-                let hertz = match hardness {
-                    h if h < 1.0 => 40,
-                    h if h < 2.0 => 30,
-                    h if h < 5.0 => 20,
-                    _ => 10,
-                };
-                trigger::vibration(1, amplitude as u8, hertz)
-            }
-            TriggerFeel::Texture(_) => horizon_dualsense::TRIGGER_OFF,
-        }
-    }
-}
-#[cfg(feature = "controllers")]
-impl PadSettings {
-    /// The left and right triggers' effects: each feels the action bound to it, `key.use` or
-    /// `key.attack`.
-    pub fn trigger_effects(
-        &self,
-        using: TriggerFeel,
-        attacking: TriggerFeel,
-    ) -> [horizon_dualsense::TriggerEffect; 2] {
-        [Button::LeftTrigger, Button::RightTrigger].map(|trigger| {
-            let actions = self.actions_of(trigger);
-            let feel = if !self.adaptive_triggers {
-                TriggerFeel::Free
-            } else if actions.contains(&"key.use") {
-                using
-            } else if actions.contains(&"key.attack") {
-                attacking
-            } else {
-                TriggerFeel::Free
-            };
-            feel.effect(self.trigger_threshold)
-        })
-    }
-}
 /// What a DualSense's lightbar shows (`lightbar:`).
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum Lightbar {
@@ -2438,52 +2377,6 @@ bind_key.hotbar.2:north
        assert_eq!(w.observe(Some(1.0)), Some(1.0));
    }

-    #[cfg(feature = "controllers")]
-    #[test]
-    fn triggers_feel_their_action() {
-        use horizon_dualsense::{TRIGGER_OFF, trigger};
-        let mut s = PadSettings::default();
-        // Use is LT, attack RT by default.
-        let [left, right] = s.trigger_effects(TriggerFeel::Draw(1.0), TriggerFeel::Texture(1.5));
-        assert_eq!(left, trigger::feedback(2, 6));
-        assert_eq!(right, trigger::vibration(1, 3, 30));
-        assert_eq!(
-            s.trigger_effects(TriggerFeel::Draw(0.0), TriggerFeel::Free),
-            [trigger::feedback(2, 1), TRIGGER_OFF]
-        );
-        // The catch gives way in the zone where the default threshold (0.4) presses: weapon
-        // 0x25, zones 2 and 4, strength 8 (stored 7) or 5 (stored 4).
-        let catch = |strength| [0x25, 0x14, 0x00, strength, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
-        assert_eq!(TriggerFeel::Click.effect(0.4), catch(7));
-        assert_eq!(TriggerFeel::Boost.effect(0.4), catch(4));
-        // A deeper threshold moves it: zones 5 and 7.
-        assert_eq!(TriggerFeel::Click.effect(0.7)[1..3], [0xa0, 0x00]);
-        assert_eq!(TriggerFeel::Click.effect(0.1), trigger::weapon(2, 3, 8));
-        assert_eq!(TriggerFeel::Brace.effect(0.4), trigger::feedback(2, 3));
-        assert_eq!(TriggerFeel::Locked.effect(0.4), trigger::feedback(1, 8));
-        // Harder blocks buzz harder and slower; instant-break blocks don't.
-        assert_eq!(
-            TriggerFeel::Texture(0.5).effect(0.4),
-            trigger::vibration(1, 2, 40)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            TriggerFeel::Texture(3.0).effect(0.4),
-            trigger::vibration(1, 4, 20)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            TriggerFeel::Texture(50.0).effect(0.4),
-            trigger::vibration(1, 5, 10)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(TriggerFeel::Texture(0.0).effect(0.4), TRIGGER_OFF);
-        assert_eq!(TriggerFeel::Texture(-1.0).effect(0.4), TRIGGER_OFF);
-        s.adaptive_triggers = false;
-        assert_eq!(
-            s.trigger_effects(TriggerFeel::Click, TriggerFeel::Boost),
-            [TRIGGER_OFF; 2]
-        );
-        assert!(!PadSettings::parse(&s.serialize()).adaptive_triggers);
-    }
-
    #[test]
    fn lightbar_colours() {
        let full = Lightbar::Health.colour(1.0, "minecraft:overworld").unwrap();
@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ horizon-client-core = { path = "../horizon-client-core" }
 horizon-client-input = { path = "../horizon-client-input" }
 horizon-client-render = { path = "../horizon-client-render" }
 horizon-command = { path = "../horizon-command" }
-# Emotes pose the player model (`Mob::emote`, `mobs::anim::setup`).
-horizon-cosmetics = { path = "../horizon-cosmetics" }
 horizon-items = { path = "../horizon-items" }
 horizon-core = { path = "../horizon-core" }
+# Extension points for the crates above the engine (docs/layers.md, "How a Horizon crate plugs in").
+horizon-hooks = { path = "../horizon-hooks" }
 # `horizon-ctl mcp`: the Model Context Protocol, shared with the launcher and the server.
 horizon-mcp = { path = "../horizon-mcp" }
 # The server thread ahead of the workers (MinecraftServer.spin's Thread.setPriority).
@@ -73,16 +73,13 @@ mio = { version = "1.2.4", features = ["os-poll", "net"] }
 # Shared chunk frames are found by one keyed 128-bit hash of their body (lan/conn.rs SharedFrames).
 xxhash-rust = { version = "0.8.19", features = ["xxh3"] }
 horizon-theme = { path = "../horizon-theme" }
-# Opt-in data collection: the game keeps, the launcher sends (docs/telemetry.md); `live` is
-# the anonymous "I'm playing" ping the game sends itself (`heartbeat.rs`), the `heartbeat` feature.
+# Opt-in data collection: the game keeps, the launcher sends (docs/telemetry.md).
 horizon-telemetry = { path = "../horizon-telemetry", default-features = false }
 horizon-bench = { path = "../horizon-bench" }
 crc32fast = "1"
 zip = { version = "9.1.3", default-features = false, features = ["deflate"] }
 # Controllers (evdev + libudev on Linux, IOKit on macOS, Windows.Gaming.Input); the `controllers` feature.
 gilrs = { version = "0.11", optional = true }
-# The DualSense's rumble, adaptive triggers and lights over HID (gilrs only reads it).
-horizon-dualsense = { path = "../horizon-dualsense", optional = true }
 # HTTPS to the Minecraft services (online-mode session join).
 ureq = { version = "2", default-features = false, features = ["tls"] }
 unicode-bidi = "0.3.18"
@@ -114,18 +111,16 @@ objc2-foundation = { version = "0.3", default-features = false, features = ["std
 wgpu = { version = "30.0.1", default-features = false, features = ["gles"] }

 [features]
-default = ["audio", "controllers", "discord", "friends", "heartbeat"]
+default = ["audio", "controllers", "discord", "friends"]
 # Sound output. Without it (and `controllers`) the program links neither libasound nor libudev on
 # Linux: the server build (`--no-default-features`, released as horizon-engine; docs/server.md).
 audio = ["horizon-client-render/audio"]
 # Controllers: gilrs, and the DualSense's own output. Without it only `horizon-ctl pad`'s virtual pad.
-controllers = ["dep:gilrs", "dep:horizon-dualsense", "horizon-client-input/controllers"]
+controllers = ["dep:gilrs", "horizon-client-input/controllers"]
 # "Playing Horizon" on the player's Discord profile (`discord_presence`).
 discord = []
 # Play with Friends, joining side (`net.rs`): without it no invite code joins.
 friends = ["dep:horizon-friends"]
-# The anonymous "I'm playing" ping (`heartbeat.rs`, docs/telemetry.md).
-heartbeat = ["horizon-telemetry/live"]
 # Records the call sites of mob random draws (`mob_ai_probe` traces).
 rng-trace = ["horizon-core/rng-trace"]
 # Compatibility with earlier experiment commands: main already uses mimalloc.
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ rust-version.workspace = true
 description = "The client's world data, rendering and screens: chunks, meshing, light, streaming, the renderer, the HUD, menus and settings; no gameplay"

 [dependencies]
+# The settings stores of the crates above the engine (docs/layers.md, "Platform registries").
+horizon-hooks = { path = "../horizon-hooks" }
 horizon-cosmetics = { path = "../horizon-cosmetics" }
 # The GUI atlas's pixels, kept compressed once uploaded (hud.rs `pack_pixels`).
 lz4_flex = { version = "0.14", default-features = false, features = ["std", "safe-encode", "safe-decode", "checked-decode"] }
@@ -76,9 +78,6 @@ audio = ["dep:cpal"]
 # Helpers horizon-client's tests build their fixtures with.
 test-support = []

-[build-dependencies]
-horizon-mod-api-gen = { path = "../horizon-mod-api-gen" }
-
 [lints]
 workspace = true

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-fn main() {
-    let root =
-        std::path::PathBuf::from(std::env::var_os("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR").unwrap()).join("../..");
-    let out_dir = std::path::PathBuf::from(std::env::var_os("OUT_DIR").unwrap());
-    horizon_mod_api_gen::generate(&root, &out_dir, horizon_mod_api_gen::Target::Render)
-        .expect("generating native render mod API");
-}
@@ -16,6 +16,45 @@ use crate::{
 #[path = "chat_tests.rs"]
 mod tests;

+/// `FilterMask.applyWithFormatting` over a player message's signed content, as
+/// the packet's mask `(type, bit set)`: as it is when passed through, none when
+/// fully filtered, and when partly filtered each masked UTF-16 unit becomes a
+/// `#` in `FILTERED_STYLE` (dark grey, hover "chat.filtered").
+pub fn filtered_message(
+    content: &str,
+    (kind, bits): &(i32, Vec<i64>),
+) -> Option<serde_json::Value> {
+    match kind {
+        1 => return None,
+        2 => {}
+        _ => return Some(serde_json::Value::from(content)),
+    }
+    let masked = |i: usize| {
+        bits.get(i / 64)
+            .is_some_and(|w| (*w as u64 >> (i % 64)) & 1 != 0)
+    };
+    let units: Vec<u16> = content.encode_utf16().collect();
+    let mut parts = Vec::new();
+    let mut start = 0;
+    while start < units.len() {
+        let filtered = masked(start);
+        let end = (start..units.len())
+            .find(|&i| masked(i) != filtered)
+            .unwrap_or(units.len());
+        parts.push(if filtered {
+            serde_json::json!({
+                "text": "#".repeat(end - start),
+                "color": "dark_gray",
+                "hover_event": {"action": "show_text", "value": {"translate": "chat.filtered"}},
+            })
+        } else {
+            serde_json::Value::from(String::from_utf16_lossy(&units[start..end]))
+        });
+        start = end;
+    }
+    Some(serde_json::json!({"text": "", "extra": parts}))
+}
+
 /// `CommandHistory.PERSISTED_COMMANDS_FILE_NAME` and its size cap.
 const COMMAND_HISTORY_FILE: &str = "command_history.txt";
 const MAX_PERSISTED_COMMAND_HISTORY: usize = 50;
@@ -1026,3 +1026,43 @@ fn a_compact_repeat_keeps_the_scrolled_view_still() {
    says(&mut chat, "new");
    assert_eq!(chat.scroll, 6);
 }
+
+/// `FilterMask.applyWithFormatting`: a pass-through mask keeps the message, a
+/// fully filtered one hides it, and a partial one turns each masked UTF-16 unit
+/// into a dark grey `#` whose hover reads `chat.filtered`.
+#[test]
+fn a_server_filter_mask_hides_or_masks_the_message() {
+    let text = |v: &serde_json::Value| crate::component::to_text(v, &mut |s| Text::literal(s));
+    let shown = |content: &str, mask: (i32, Vec<i64>)| {
+        filtered_message(content, &mask).map(|v| text(&v).plain())
+    };
+    assert_eq!(shown("hello", (0, vec![])), Some("hello".to_owned()));
+    assert_eq!(shown("hello", (1, vec![])), None);
+    assert_eq!(shown("hello", (2, vec![0b0110])), Some("h##lo".to_owned()));
+    assert_eq!(
+        shown("hello", (2, vec![0b1_0001])),
+        Some("#ell#".to_owned())
+    );
+    // An emoji is two UTF-16 units, so two bits and two `#`.
+    assert_eq!(
+        shown("a\u{1F600}b", (2, vec![0b0110])),
+        Some("a##b".to_owned())
+    );
+    // Bit 65 is in the second word.
+    let long = "x".repeat(70);
+    let mut expected = long.clone();
+    expected.replace_range(65..66, "#");
+    assert_eq!(shown(&long, (2, vec![0, 0b10])), Some(expected));
+    let masked = text(&filtered_message("hello", &(2, vec![0b0110])).unwrap());
+    let hash = masked.spans.iter().find(|s| s.text == "##").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(hash.style.color, Some(text::DARK_GRAY));
+    let hover = hash.style.hover.as_ref().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(hover.spans[0].text, "chat.filtered");
+    assert!(
+        masked
+            .spans
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|s| s.text != "##")
+            .all(|s| s.style.color.is_none())
+    );
+}
@@ -43,6 +43,11 @@ pub fn enter_native_mod(call: NativeModCall) -> NativeModGuard {
    }
 }

+/// The native mod call this thread is currently inside, if any.
+pub fn current_native_mod() -> Option<NativeModCall> {
+    IN_NATIVE_MOD.with(Cell::get)
+}
+
 /// Puts back the call that `enter_native_mod` found.
 #[must_use]
 pub struct NativeModGuard {
@@ -244,7 +249,7 @@ fn arch_label(build: &str, machine: &str) -> String {
 }

 /// `PRETTY_NAME` of /etc/os-release and the kernel, or the system's own version string.
-fn operating_system() -> String {
+pub(crate) fn operating_system() -> String {
    let arch = arch_label(std::env::consts::ARCH, machine_arch());
    let version = if cfg!(target_os = "linux") {
        let name = read("/etc/os-release").and_then(|t| {
@@ -305,6 +305,9 @@ pub(crate) struct Colormap {
    /// (`temperature`, `downfall`, `biome_id`) blend: Polytone 6.8.6's water by `biome_id`
    /// fades over a biome edge.
    pub(crate) biome_blend: bool,
+    /// Its axes read nothing that changes up a column of one biome (no `o.y`): a section of
+    /// one biome can sample it once per column.
+    pub(crate) column: bool,
    width: u32,
    height: u32,
    rgba: Vec<u8>,
@@ -323,6 +326,18 @@ enum Axis {
 }

 impl Axis {
+    /// Whether the axis reads only what stays the same up a column of one biome.
+    fn column(&self) -> bool {
+        use horizon_polytone::expr::Root;
+        let flat = |root: Root, name: &str| match root {
+            Root::Object => matches!(name, "x" | "z" | "biome" | "temperature" | "downfall"),
+            Root::Random => name == "noise",
+            _ => false,
+        };
+        match self {
+            Self::Expr(program) | Self::BiomeId(_, program) => program.reads_only(&flat),
+        }
+    }
    fn value(&self, host: &mut dyn horizon_polytone::expr::Host) -> Option<f64> {
        match self {
            Self::Expr(program) => Some(program.eval(host).ok()?.num()),
@@ -373,6 +388,23 @@ fn biome_id_mapper(pack_root: &Path, json: &Json) -> HashMap<String, f64> {
 }

 impl Colormap {
+    /// One colour wherever it samples (a `biome_colors` flat colour, RGB).
+    pub(crate) fn flat(rgb: u32) -> Self {
+        let zero = || Axis::Expr(horizon_polytone::expr::Program::compile("0").expect("a number"));
+        let [_, r, g, b] = rgb.to_be_bytes();
+        Self {
+            x: zero(),
+            y: zero(),
+            triangular: false,
+            rounds: true,
+            biome_blend: false,
+            column: true,
+            width: 1,
+            height: 1,
+            rgba: vec![r, g, b, 255],
+        }
+    }
+
    /// `assets/<namespace>/polytone/colormaps/<path>.png` and its optional `.json` (without
    /// one, the axes are the biome's temperature and downfall).
    pub(crate) fn load(pack_root: &Path, id: &str) -> Option<Self> {
@@ -424,9 +456,11 @@ impl Colormap {
            axis("x_axis", "o.temperature")?,
            axis("y_axis", "o.downfall")?,
        );
+        let column = [&x, &y].iter().all(|axis| axis.column());
        Some(Self {
            x,
            y,
+            column,
            biome_blend: json["biome_blend"].as_bool().unwrap_or(by_biome),
            triangular: json["triangular"].as_bool() == Some(true),
            rounds: json["rounds"].as_bool() != Some(false),
@@ -482,13 +482,16 @@ impl Extras {
        true
    }
    /// Written only once something differs from the defaults, so a vanilla
-    /// setup gains no file.
+    /// setup gains no file. The settings stores of this file follow these lines
+    /// (`horizon_hooks::settings`).
    pub fn save(&self, dir: &Path) {
        let path = dir.join(FILE);
-        if *self == Self::default() && !path.exists() {
+        let mut text = self.serialize();
+        let stores_default = horizon_hooks::settings::engine::append(FILE, &mut text);
+        if *self == Self::default() && stores_default && !path.exists() {
            return;
        }
-        let _ = fs::write(path, self.serialize());
+        let _ = fs::write(path, text);
    }
 }

@@ -194,6 +194,7 @@ mod frame_gen;
 mod gpu_culling;
 mod hdr;
 mod hdr_icc;
+mod hdr_start;
 mod hdr_stats;
 pub(crate) mod hud_coverage;
 pub use hdr::{Calibration as HdrCalibration, Output as HdrOutput};
@@ -215,6 +216,7 @@ mod occlusion;
 mod oit;
 mod oit_features;
 pub(crate) mod output;
+mod output_apply;
 mod pack_atlas;
 mod pack_center_depth;
 pub mod pack_draw;
@@ -1526,6 +1528,10 @@ pub struct Renderer {
    emission_stats: hdr_stats::EmissionStats,
    /// What this renderer's destination offers and its device draws.
    output_caps: output::OutputCapabilities,
+    /// An output that failed to apply, not tried again until something it needs changes.
+    output_rejected: Option<output_apply::Rejected>,
+    /// Since when Auto keeps HDR on through the display's loss of its report.
+    auto_off_since: Option<std::time::Instant>,
    /// The output applied (`update_output`), with the frame every pipeline that draws it
    /// targets: the swapchain's 8-bit format, or `Rgba16Unorm` when the renderer was made with
    /// HDR output on and Smooth Gradients and the device draws and blends into it, or
@@ -1538,6 +1544,8 @@ pub struct Renderer {
    /// The marker file of an HDR output that has not presented a frame yet
    /// (`graphics::HDR_MARKER`).
    hdr_marker: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
+    /// The window's graphics driver (`hdr_start`); `None` offscreen.
+    hdr_driver: Option<String>,
    /// The HDR Lighting setting, kept for the HDR output made when HDR turns on.
    hdr_lighting_setting: bool,
    /// The shader pack's post-processing, and the dimension (legacy id) it was loaded for.
@@ -2985,11 +2993,13 @@ impl Renderer {
            adapter.get_downlevel_capabilities().flags,
            adapter.get_texture_format_features(hud_coverage::FORMAT),
        );
+        let hdr_driver = surface.is_some().then(|| output::window_driver(&info));
        let output_caps = output::OutputCapabilities {
            hdr: hdr_output,
            wide_frame: wide_ok,
            float_frame: float_ok,
            hud_layer: coverage_ok,
+            held: output::held(settings, hdr_driver.as_deref()),
        };
        let frame = output::resolve_frame(settings, request, output_caps, display, config.format);
        let (frame_format, hud_coverage, overlay_format) =
@@ -5346,10 +5356,13 @@ impl Renderer {
            hdr_lighting_setting: true,
            emission_stats,
            output_caps,
+            output_rejected: None,
+            auto_off_since: None,
            // Nothing is presented as HDR yet: `update_output` applies the settings.
            output: output::resolve_output(settings, output_caps, display, frame, false),
            frame_kept_logged: false,
            hdr_marker: None,
+            hdr_driver,
            pack_post: None,
            pack_loading: None,
            native: None,
@@ -5518,7 +5531,7 @@ impl Renderer {
    }
    /// The resource packs' `core/rendertype_lines` (`HudAtlas::lines_shader`) for the block
    /// outline, or the built-in one.
-    pub fn set_lines_shader(&mut self, program: Option<&horizon_shaders::CoreProgram>) {
+    pub fn set_lines_shader(&mut self, program: Option<&crate::core_shader::CoreProgram>) {
        let format = self.output.frame.format;
        self.core_lines =
            program.and_then(|program| core_lines::CoreLines::new(&self.device, format, program));
@@ -5527,8 +5540,8 @@ impl Renderer {
    /// `stars_shader`), or the built-in sky and stars.
    pub fn set_sky_shaders(
        &mut self,
-        disc: Option<&horizon_shaders::CoreProgram>,
-        stars: Option<&horizon_shaders::CoreProgram>,
+        disc: Option<&crate::core_shader::CoreProgram>,
+        stars: Option<&crate::core_shader::CoreProgram>,
    ) {
        self.core_sky = core_sky::CoreSky::new(&self.device, self.output.frame.format, disc, stars);
    }
@@ -5631,6 +5644,7 @@ impl Renderer {
        }
        self.surface_unconfigured = configured.is_err();
        self.surface = Some(Arc::new(surface));
+        self.surface_recreated();
        Ok(())
    }
    /// The world's depth, which occlusion culling's test and post effects may read.
@@ -7083,18 +7097,6 @@ impl Renderer {
            horizon_hdr::set_metadata(&self.device, surface, hdr.declared_peak(), hdr.black);
        }
    }
-    /// The swapchain's configuration: `config` (what every pipeline draws in), or
-    /// HDR10 or scRGB while HDR output is on.
-    fn surface_config(&self) -> wgpu::SurfaceConfiguration {
-        let mut config = self.config.clone();
-        if let Some(hdr) = &self.hdr {
-            config.format = hdr.output.format();
-            config.view_formats = vec![hdr.output.format()];
-            config.color_space = hdr.output.color_space();
-            config.usage = wgpu::TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT;
-        }
-        config
-    }
    /// This renderer's output as applied, with what its destination offers and reports.
    pub fn output(&self) -> &output::EffectiveOutput {
        &self.output
@@ -7149,106 +7151,11 @@ impl Renderer {
        output::resolve_frame(
            settings,
            request,
-            self.output_caps,
-            self.reading,
+            self.caps_for(settings),
+            output_apply::graced(self.auto_off_since, self.reading, &self.output),
            self.config.format,
        )
    }
-    /// Follows the selected mode even when Auto currently wants SDR. Off never asks
-    /// the system about the display; selecting On or Auto starts a fresh watch.
-    fn watch_hdr(&mut self, mode: crate::graphics::HdrMode) {
-        if mode == crate::graphics::HdrMode::Off {
-            self.display = None;
-            self.display_fresh = false;
-            self.reading.stop_watching();
-        } else if self.display.is_none() {
-            let (watch, now) =
-                DisplayWatch::new(&self.window, self.surface.as_deref(), &self.adapter);
-            self.display = Some(watch);
-            self.refresh_hdr_offer();
-            self.reading = now;
-            self.display_fresh = true;
-        }
-    }
-    /// What the window's surface offers now: Vulkan's offered formats can change with desktop
-    /// HDR or the window's output.
-    fn refresh_hdr_offer(&mut self) {
-        if let Some(surface) = &self.surface {
-            self.output_caps.hdr = hdr::output(&surface.get_capabilities(&self.adapter));
-        }
-    }
-    /// HDR output (Horizon setting) as `settings` ask for it on this renderer's frame
-    /// (`output::resolve_output`): HDR10 or scRGB at paper white, the world's highlights
-    /// expanded up to the peak. Off where the surface can't present it. Offscreen
-    /// (`hdr::offscreen_output`) the frame is drawn the same and its HDR screenshot taken,
-    /// but nothing is presented, and Auto takes its defaults: no display reports.
-    pub fn update_output(
-        &mut self,
-        settings: &crate::graphics::Graphics,
-        marker: &std::path::Path,
-    ) {
-        self.watch_hdr(settings.hdr);
-        let next = output::resolve_output(
-            settings,
-            self.output_caps,
-            self.reading,
-            self.output.frame,
-            self.surface.is_some() || self.offscreen.is_some(),
-        );
-        let [paper_white, peak, black] = next.nits;
-        if next.encoding.is_some() != self.hdr.is_some() {
-            // If the game dies before HDR output shows a frame, the marker is still there at
-            // the next start, which then comes up with HDR off.
-            if next.encoding.is_some() {
-                if self.surface.is_some() {
-                    let _ = std::fs::write(marker, "HDR output was being switched on\n");
-                    self.hdr_marker = Some(marker.to_owned());
-                }
-            } else if let Some(marker) = self.hdr_marker.take() {
-                let _ = std::fs::remove_file(marker);
-            }
-            let frame = self.output.frame;
-            self.hdr = next.encoding.map(|output| {
-                hdr::Hdr::new(
-                    &self.device,
-                    &self.queue,
-                    frame.format,
-                    output,
-                    frame.hud_layer,
-                )
-            });
-            if let Some(hdr) = &mut self.hdr {
-                hdr.look = self.hdr_lighting_setting;
-            }
-            self.configure_surface();
-            match next.encoding {
-                Some(output) => log::info!(
-                    "Horizon renderer: HDR on: {} ({:?}), {paper_white}/{peak} nits",
-                    output.name(),
-                    output.format()
-                ),
-                None => log::info!("Horizon renderer: HDR off"),
-            }
-            self.measure_emission();
-        }
-        if let Some(hdr) = &mut self.hdr {
-            hdr.ui = next.ui_brightness;
-        }
-        if let Some(hdr) = &mut self.hdr
-            && (hdr.paper_white, hdr.peak, hdr.black) != (paper_white, peak, black)
-        {
-            hdr.paper_white = paper_white;
-            hdr.peak = peak;
-            hdr.black = black;
-            self.send_hdr_metadata();
-        }
-        // An output of another encoding than the one presented doesn't replace it yet, only
-        // Off does: the snapshot says what is presented.
-        self.output = output::EffectiveOutput {
-            encoding: self.hdr.as_ref().map(|hdr| hdr.output),
-            ..next
-        };
-    }
    /// Measures which pixels of each block sprite may shine (`hdr_stats`), at the current
    /// masks. Only with HDR output on: without it the frame's alpha is never read.
    pub fn measure_emission(&mut self) {
@@ -7258,24 +7165,6 @@ impl Renderer {
                .measure(&self.device, &self.queue, &views, hdr.masks);
        }
    }
-    /// Whether what the system reports for the display changed (another output, the
-    /// player recalibrating the desktop): the settings' Auto values follow it then, so
-    /// apply them again.
-    pub fn display_changed(&mut self) -> bool {
-        flush_display_log();
-        if std::mem::take(&mut self.display_fresh) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        let Some(watch) = self.display.as_mut() else {
-            return false;
-        };
-        let Some(now) = watch.changed(self.reading, self.surface.as_deref(), &self.adapter) else {
-            return false;
-        };
-        self.refresh_hdr_offer();
-        self.reading = now;
-        true
-    }
    /// The share of real frames frame generation shows a made frame before (1 while it
    /// keeps up), `None` while it isn't running.
    /// The posed models' store size (`SkinFrame::base`), with entity skinning.
@@ -15399,6 +15288,10 @@ struct DisplayWatch {
 }

 impl DisplayReading {
+    /// What wgpu reads from the OS for `surface`'s display; nothing without one.
+    fn read(surface: Option<&wgpu::Surface>, adapter: &wgpu::Adapter) -> Self {
+        surface.map_or_else(Self::default, |s| Self::os(&s.display_hdr_info(adapter)))
+    }
    fn os(info: &wgpu::DisplayHdrInfo) -> Self {
        #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
        let hdr = macos_hdr(info);
@@ -15439,9 +15332,7 @@ impl DisplayWatch {
            return (watch, wayland_reading(now));
        }
        let _ = window;
-        let now = surface.map_or_else(DisplayReading::default, |surface| {
-            DisplayReading::os(&surface.display_hdr_info(adapter))
-        });
+        let now = DisplayReading::read(surface, adapter);
        log_os_reported(now.luminance);
        let watch = Self {
            #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
@@ -15450,30 +15341,28 @@ impl DisplayWatch {
        };
        (watch, now)
    }
-    /// What the system reports, if that changed from `last`.
-    fn changed(
+    /// What the system reports at each poll that is due at `time` (`read`; on Wayland, at each
+    /// event), whether or not it is `last` again: the surface's capabilities are read with it.
+    fn poll(
        &mut self,
        last: DisplayReading,
-        surface: Option<&wgpu::Surface>,
-        adapter: &wgpu::Adapter,
+        time: std::time::Instant,
+        read: impl FnOnce() -> DisplayReading,
    ) -> Option<DisplayReading> {
        #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
        if let Some(wayland) = &mut self.wayland {
            return wayland.changed().map(wayland_reading);
        }
        let next = self.polled.as_mut()?;
-        let time = std::time::Instant::now();
        if time < *next {
            return None;
        }
        *next = time + DISPLAY_POLL;
-        let now = surface.map_or_else(DisplayReading::default, |surface| {
-            DisplayReading::os(&surface.display_hdr_info(adapter))
-        });
-        (now != last).then(|| {
+        let now = read();
+        if now != last {
            log_os_reported(now.luminance);
-            now
-        })
+        }
+        Some(now)
    }
 }

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 //! and `secondaryBlockOutline` under a high contrast one): an outline its fragment shader colours
 //! or animates. Without one the outline draws natively (`vs_line` in terrain.wgsl).

+use crate::core_shader::{CoreProgram, Glue};
 use glam::Mat4;
-use horizon_shaders::{CoreProgram, Glue};

 /// The outline's edges (`pack_lines::layout`: start, end, ARGB colour and width per instance) as
 /// vanilla's lines: four vertices an edge, the start twice and the end twice, the side
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ mod tests {
            eprintln!("no GPU: skipping");
            return;
        };
-        let program = horizon_shaders::translate_core(LINES_VSH, RGB_FSH, &[], &include, &GLUE)
+        let program = crate::core_shader::translate_core(LINES_VSH, RGB_FSH, &[], &include, &GLUE)
            .expect("the shaders translate");
        assert_pack_coloured(&draw_edge(&device, &queue, &program));
    }
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ mod tests {
            include(id)
                .map(|text| text.replace("vec3 ModelOffset;", "vec3 ModelOffset;\n    vec4 More;"))
        };
-        let program = horizon_shaders::translate_core(LINES_VSH, RGB_FSH, &[], &bigger, &GLUE)
+        let program = crate::core_shader::translate_core(LINES_VSH, RGB_FSH, &[], &bigger, &GLUE)
            .expect("the shaders translate");
        assert!(CoreLines::new(&device, wgpu::TextureFormat::Rgba8Unorm, &program).is_none());
    }
@@ -470,11 +470,11 @@ mod tests {
            let (namespace, path) = id.split_once(':')?;
            std::fs::read_to_string(root.join(format!("assets/{namespace}/{path}"))).ok()
        };
-        let program = horizon_shaders::translate_core(&vertex, RGB_FSH, &[], &include, &GLUE)
+        let program = crate::core_shader::translate_core(&vertex, RGB_FSH, &[], &include, &GLUE)
            .expect("vanilla's vertex shader translates");
        // A pack that replaces only the vertex shader runs vanilla's fragment shader.
        let fragment = include("minecraft:shaders/core/rendertype_lines.fsh").unwrap();
-        let vanilla = horizon_shaders::translate_core(&vertex, &fragment, &[], &include, &GLUE)
+        let vanilla = crate::core_shader::translate_core(&vertex, &fragment, &[], &include, &GLUE)
            .expect("vanilla's fragment shader translates");
        let Some((device, queue)) = device() else {
            eprintln!("no GPU: skipping the draw");
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 //! to the horizon or tints the night sky expects. Without one the sky draws natively (`fs_sky` in
 //! terrain.wgsl, stars.rs).

+use crate::core_shader::{CoreProgram, Glue};
 use glam::Mat4;
-use horizon_shaders::{CoreProgram, Glue};
 use wgpu::util::DeviceExt;

 /// `DefaultVertexFormat.POSITION`: the disc's and the stars' vertices.
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ mod tests {
        let fragment = "#version 330\n#include <minecraft:dynamictransforms.glsl>\n\
            layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragColor;\n\
            void main() {\n    fragColor = ColorModulator;\n}\n";
-        let program = horizon_shaders::translate_core(&vertex, fragment, &[], &include, &GLUE)
+        let program = crate::core_shader::translate_core(&vertex, fragment, &[], &include, &GLUE)
            .expect("the sky shaders translate");
        let instance = crate::gfx::test_gpu::instance();
        let Some((device, queue)) =
@@ -1,3 +1,25 @@
+// This file is part of the FidelityFX SDK.
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2024 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+// of this software and associated documentation files(the "Software"), to deal
+// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and /or sell
+// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions :
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+// THE SOFTWARE.
+
 //! FSR 3.1's frame interpolation (AMD FidelityFX SDK 1.1.4, `ffx_frameinterpolation*`,
 //! MIT), ported to WGSL (`interpolation.wgsl`): the frame halfway between the previous
 //! real frame and this one, from the camera's motion vectors, the optical flow
@@ -419,6 +419,26 @@ impl Hdr {
        }
    }

+    /// The same HDR output presenting `output` instead (`output_apply`): the same frame and
+    /// HUD layer, and the player's tuning as it is (HDR Lighting, the world's lighting, the UI
+    /// brightness, the masks and tiers, the debug view, calibration and the luminance). Its
+    /// targets are made again on the next frame.
+    pub fn retargeted(&self, device: &wgpu::Device, queue: &wgpu::Queue, output: Output) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            debug: self.debug,
+            paper_white: self.paper_white,
+            peak: self.peak,
+            black: self.black,
+            tiers: self.tiers,
+            ui: self.ui,
+            masks: self.masks,
+            lighting: self.lighting,
+            look: self.look,
+            calibration: self.calibration,
+            ..Self::new(device, queue, self.format, output, self.layered.is_some())
+        }
+    }
+
    /// The frame every pass draws into this frame, sized like the window.
    pub fn frame(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, size: [u32; 2]) -> wgpu::Texture {
        if self.targets.as_ref().is_none_or(|t| t.size != size) {
@@ -1541,6 +1561,93 @@ struct ReferenceParams { peak: f32, scene: f32, world: f32, debug: f32, share: v
        assert!(r == 1.0 && near(g, 0.5) && near(b, 0.2), "{r} {g} {b}");
    }

+    /// HDR output switched from HDR10 to scRGB and back (`output_apply`): the player's tuning
+    /// stays, each swapchain gets the same light in its own encoding, and the HDR10 capture
+    /// and the HDR10 picture after the switch back are the ones before it.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_switched_encoding_keeps_the_tuning_and_shows_the_same_light() {
+        let Some((device, queue)) = gpu() else {
+            eprintln!("HDR encoding switch GPU skipped: no adapter");
+            return;
+        };
+        let mut hdr = Hdr::with_debug(&device, &queue, F::Rgba16Float, Output::Pq, true, None);
+        (hdr.paper_white, hdr.peak, hdr.black) = (250.0, 800.0, 0.0);
+        (hdr.ui, hdr.look, hdr.lighting) = (0.5, false, false);
+        hdr.masks.parts = 0.4;
+        hdr.tiers[1].share = 0.7;
+        hdr.debug = true;
+        hdr.calibration = Some(super::Calibration {
+            step: 2,
+            nits: 700.0,
+            band: 0.6,
+        });
+        let tuning = |h: &Hdr| {
+            (
+                [h.paper_white, h.peak, h.black, h.ui],
+                (h.look, h.lighting, h.debug, h.layered.is_some(), h.format),
+                (h.masks, h.tiers, h.calibration),
+            )
+        };
+        let switched = hdr.retargeted(&device, &queue, Output::ScRgb);
+        assert_eq!(switched.output, Output::ScRgb);
+        assert_eq!(tuning(&switched), tuning(&hdr));
+        hdr.calibration = None;
+        hdr.debug = false;
+        // The swapchain's first texel (`capture`: the HDR10 screenshot's) for light 2 times
+        // paper white, grey, as the layered frame stores it.
+        let shot = |hdr: &mut Hdr, capture: bool| {
+            let frame = hdr.frame(&device, [1, 1]);
+            let mut encoder = device.create_command_encoder(&Default::default());
+            let g = 2f64.powf(1.0 / 2.2);
+            fill(&mut encoder, &frame, [g, g, g, 1.0]);
+            hdr.begin(&queue, true);
+            hdr.keep_world(&mut encoder, None);
+            super::super::hud_coverage::clear(&mut encoder, &hdr.coverage_view().unwrap());
+            let target = if capture {
+                hdr.capture(&device, &queue, &mut encoder, true).unwrap()
+            } else {
+                device.create_texture(&wgpu::TextureDescriptor {
+                    label: None,
+                    size: frame.size(),
+                    mip_level_count: 1,
+                    sample_count: 1,
+                    dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
+                    format: hdr.output.format(),
+                    usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_SRC,
+                    view_formats: &[],
+                })
+            };
+            if !capture {
+                hdr.present(&queue, &mut encoder, &target, true, None);
+            }
+            texel(&device, &queue, encoder, &target)
+        };
+        // BT.2100's PQ EOTF: a 10-bit code's nits.
+        let pq_nits = |code: f32| {
+            let (m1, m2) = (2610.0 / 16384.0, 2523.0 / 4096.0 * 128.0);
+            let (c1, c2, c3) = (3424.0 / 4096.0, 2413.0 / 128.0, 2392.0 / 128.0);
+            let p = (code / 1023.0f32).powf(1.0 / m2);
+            ((p - c1).max(0.0) / (c2 - c3 * p)).powf(1.0 / m1) * 10000.0
+        };
+        let pq = shot(&mut hdr, false);
+        let pq_capture = shot(&mut hdr, true);
+        let mut scrgb = hdr.retargeted(&device, &queue, Output::ScRgb);
+        let linear = shot(&mut scrgb, false);
+        assert_eq!(shot(&mut scrgb, true), pq_capture);
+        // Two times paper white in both: 500 nits, as HDR10's code and as scRGB's 80-nit units.
+        let near = |got: f32| (got - 500.0).abs() <= 0.015 * 500.0;
+        assert!(
+            near(pq_nits(pq[0])) && pq[..3].iter().all(|&c| c == pq[0]),
+            "{pq:?}"
+        );
+        assert!(near(linear[0] * 80.0), "{linear:?}");
+        let mut back = scrgb.retargeted(&device, &queue, Output::Pq);
+        assert_eq!(
+            (shot(&mut back, false), shot(&mut back, true)),
+            (pq, pq_capture)
+        );
+    }
+
    /// ITU-R BT.2390's black level lift on grey light, in HDR10 and in scRGB, against values
    /// worked out apart from the shader, in f64 from SMPTE ST 2084: E3 = E2 + b (1 - E2)^4 on
    /// the PQ signal, for a source from 0 to the peak and b the black level's share of it.
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+//! A window's HDR output start and what a failed one leaves (`graphics::HDR_MARKER`). Turning
+//! HDR output on writes a marker naming the window's graphics driver (`output::window_driver`);
+//! the first frame presented, turning HDR output off and a clean exit remove it. A start that
+//! finds it holds HDR output back on that driver (`output::held`) until a mode is chosen on the
+//! HDR page or the driver changes. Offscreen renderers have no driver: they never write the
+//! marker or hold HDR output back.
+use super::{Renderer, output};
+
+impl Renderer {
+    /// What this renderer's destination offers for `settings`: HDR output held back on a window
+    /// whose graphics driver a start failed on (`output::held`).
+    pub(super) fn caps_for(
+        &self,
+        settings: &crate::graphics::Graphics,
+    ) -> output::OutputCapabilities {
+        output::OutputCapabilities {
+            held: output::held(settings, self.hdr_driver.as_deref()),
+            ..self.output_caps
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Takes the hold `settings` put on this window's driver into the capabilities, and says it
+    /// once per start.
+    pub(super) fn hold_hdr_back(&mut self, settings: &crate::graphics::Graphics) {
+        self.output_caps = self.caps_for(settings);
+        if self.output_caps.held
+            && let Some(driver) = &self.hdr_driver
+        {
+            static LOGGED: std::sync::Once = std::sync::Once::new();
+            LOGGED.call_once(|| {
+                log::warn!(
+                    "Horizon renderer: HDR output is held back: the last start with this graphics driver ({driver}) ended before HDR output showed a frame. Choose an HDR mode on the HDR page to try again (or remove hdrFailedStart from {})",
+                    crate::graphics::FILE
+                )
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Writes the marker at `marker` as a window's HDR output turns on (`on`), and removes this
+    /// renderer's marker as it turns off.
+    pub(super) fn mark_hdr_start(&mut self, on: bool, marker: &std::path::Path) {
+        if !on {
+            self.drop_hdr_marker();
+        } else if self.surface.is_some()
+            && let Some(driver) = &self.hdr_driver
+        {
+            let _ = std::fs::write(marker, crate::graphics::hdr_marker_text(driver));
+            self.hdr_marker = Some(marker.to_owned());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The graphics driver this window's HDR output starts on (`output::window_driver`);
+    /// `None` offscreen.
+    pub fn hdr_driver(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.hdr_driver.as_deref()
+    }
+
+    /// Removes this renderer's marker of an HDR output that hasn't presented a frame yet, for a
+    /// clean exit: only a crash may leave it.
+    pub fn drop_hdr_marker(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(marker) = self.hdr_marker.take() {
+            let _ = std::fs::remove_file(marker);
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -2677,7 +2677,8 @@ file = \"b.wgsl\"

    /// On the layered HDR frame a 0.2 pack's light is tone mapped once: by Horizon's curve,
    /// the one HDR without a pack uses, when the pack has no `[tonemap]`, else by the pack's
-    /// alone, held to the headroom. In SDR Horizon's is a clip at white.
+    /// alone, held to the headroom. In SDR Horizon's is a clip at white. An HDR output switched
+    /// to scRGB and back to HDR10 (`Hdr::retargeted`) maps it once all the same.
    #[test]
    fn a_0_2_pack_is_tone_mapped_once_by_its_own_curve_or_horizons() {
        let Some((device, queue)) = device() else {
@@ -2687,8 +2688,9 @@ file = \"b.wgsl\"
        let light = 8.0f32;
        let (paper, peak) = (203.0, 1000.0);
        let headroom = peak / paper;
-        // The picture shown for that light, in linear light: (a pack's [tonemap], HDR).
-        let shown = |pack_curve: bool, hdr: bool| {
+        // The picture shown for that light, in linear light: (a pack's [tonemap], HDR, the
+        // output switched).
+        let shown = |pack_curve: bool, hdr: bool, switched: bool| {
            let (stage, file, source) = if pack_curve {
                (
                    "[tonemap]",
@@ -2746,6 +2748,11 @@ file = \"b.wgsl\"
                true,
            );
            (display.paper_white, display.peak) = (paper, peak);
+            if switched {
+                use super::super::hdr::Output::{Pq, ScRgb};
+                display = display.retargeted(&device, &queue, ScRgb);
+                display = display.retargeted(&device, &queue, Pq);
+            }
            let screen = display.frame(&device, [4, 4]);
            let usage =
                wgpu::TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT | wgpu::TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING;
@@ -2813,14 +2820,16 @@ file = \"b.wgsl\"
        // Horizon's curve once: BT.2390's EETF at 203 and 1000 nits puts light 8 at 4.82
        // (worked out apart from the shader, as in the HDR tone curve's own test). Clipped at
        // the headroom first, or mapped twice, it would land lower.
-        let horizon = shown(false, true);
-        assert!(near(horizon, 4.82043), "{horizon}");
-        // The pack's identity curve alone: the light held to the headroom, not eased again.
-        let pack = shown(true, true);
-        assert!(near(pack, headroom), "{pack}");
+        for switched in [false, true] {
+            let horizon = shown(false, true, switched);
+            assert!(near(horizon, 4.82043), "{switched}: {horizon}");
+            // The pack's identity curve alone: the light held to the headroom, not eased again.
+            let pack = shown(true, true, switched);
+            assert!(near(pack, headroom), "{switched}: {pack}");
+        }
        // SDR: a clip at white, the pack's or Horizon's.
        for pack_curve in [false, true] {
-            let sdr = shown(pack_curve, false);
+            let sdr = shown(pack_curve, false, false);
            assert!(near(sdr, 1.0), "{pack_curve}: {sdr}");
        }
    }
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ use std::sync::{
    atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
 };

-mod generated {
-    include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/native_render_generated.rs"));
-}
+/// The hooks' trait and dispatch, made from `native-hooks.json` by `cargo run -p xtask -- mod-api`;
+/// the game's build checks that the file is current.
+mod generated;
 pub use generated::{
    HandDrawnEvent, RenderHooks, RenderNeedsEvent, WorldDrawnEvent, WorldWarpEvent,
 };
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// @generated by cargo run -p xtask -- mod-api; do not edit.
+use super::*;
+pub trait RenderHooks: Send + Sync {
+    /// The world is drawn (see [`WorldDrawn`]). Not called on the title screen's panorama.
+    fn world_drawn(&self, event: &mut WorldDrawnEvent<'_, '_>) {
+        let _ = event;
+    }
+    /// Asked as a frame is built and drawn: set what your mod needs.
+    ///
+    /// Every mod gets `event.needs` in order and may add, change or remove needs.
+    fn render_needs(&self, event: &mut RenderNeedsEvent<'_>) {
+        let _ = event;
+    }
+    /// The first-person hand is drawn (see [`HandDrawn`]), on every frame [`native_world_drawn`]
+    /// runs, with no hand too. API 364.
+    fn hand_drawn(&self, event: &mut HandDrawnEvent<'_, '_>) {
+        let _ = event;
+    }
+    /// Asked once a frame, before the world is drawn (not on the title screen's panorama): set
+    /// [`WorldWarp`] to have the frame drawn through your warp. Mods are asked in order and one warp
+    /// draws: the last one set. Keep it cheap: compare and reuse your `Arc<str>`.
+    ///
+    /// Every mod gets `event.warp` in order and may add, change or remove warp.
+    fn world_warp(&self, event: &mut WorldWarpEvent<'_>) {
+        let _ = event;
+    }
+}
+/// What [`RenderHooks::world_drawn`] is told. Fields may be added: the struct is `#[non_exhaustive]`.
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct WorldDrawnEvent<'a, 'b> {
+    pub world: &'a mut WorldDrawn<'b>,
+}
+pub fn dispatch_world_drawn(mods: &[&dyn RenderHooks], world: &mut WorldDrawn<'_>) {
+    let mut event = WorldDrawnEvent { world };
+    for mod_hook in mods {
+        mod_hook.world_drawn(&mut event);
+    }
+}
+/// What [`RenderHooks::render_needs`] is told. Fields may be added: the struct is `#[non_exhaustive]`.
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct RenderNeedsEvent<'a> {
+    pub needs: &'a mut RenderNeeds,
+}
+pub fn dispatch_render_needs(mods: &[&dyn RenderHooks], needs: &mut RenderNeeds) {
+    let mut event = RenderNeedsEvent { needs };
+    for mod_hook in mods {
+        mod_hook.render_needs(&mut event);
+    }
+}
+/// What [`RenderHooks::hand_drawn`] is told. Fields may be added: the struct is `#[non_exhaustive]`.
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct HandDrawnEvent<'a, 'b> {
+    pub hand: &'a mut HandDrawn<'b>,
+}
+pub fn dispatch_hand_drawn(mods: &[&dyn RenderHooks], hand: &mut HandDrawn<'_>) {
+    let mut event = HandDrawnEvent { hand };
+    for mod_hook in mods {
+        mod_hook.hand_drawn(&mut event);
+    }
+}
+/// What [`RenderHooks::world_warp`] is told. Fields may be added: the struct is `#[non_exhaustive]`.
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct WorldWarpEvent<'a> {
+    pub warp: &'a mut WorldWarp,
+}
+pub fn dispatch_world_warp(mods: &[&dyn RenderHooks], warp: &mut WorldWarp) {
+    let mut event = WorldWarpEvent { warp };
+    for mod_hook in mods {
+        mod_hook.world_warp(&mut event);
+    }
+}
@@ -18,6 +18,43 @@ pub(crate) struct OutputCapabilities {
    pub float_frame: bool,
    /// The device keeps the HUD on a layer of its own (`hud_coverage::supported`).
    pub hud_layer: bool,
+    /// HDR output is held back: the last start on this window's graphics driver ended before
+    /// HDR output showed a frame ([`held`]). The mode stays; the output is SDR.
+    pub held: bool,
+}
+
+/// Whether HDR output is held back on a renderer whose window's graphics driver is `driver`
+/// (`None` offscreen, which never holds it back: only a window writes the marker).
+pub(crate) fn held(settings: &Graphics, driver: Option<&str>) -> bool {
+    driver.is_some_and(|driver| settings.hdr_held(driver))
+}
+
+/// The graphics driver this window's HDR output starts on ([`driver_fingerprint`]), with the
+/// system's version as crash reports name it (`crash::operating_system`), read once a run.
+pub(crate) fn window_driver(info: &wgpu::AdapterInfo) -> String {
+    static OS: std::sync::OnceLock<String> = std::sync::OnceLock::new();
+    driver_fingerprint(info, OS.get_or_init(crate::crash::operating_system))
+}
+
+/// The graphics driver a window's HDR output starts on, in one line: the backend, the
+/// adapter's vendor and device IDs and its name, the driver's name and its version, and the
+/// system's version `os`. Another GPU, a driver update or a system update reads differently:
+/// Metal names no driver, so on macOS the driver updates with the system.
+pub fn driver_fingerprint(info: &wgpu::AdapterInfo, os: &str) -> String {
+    let adapter = format!(
+        "{:?} {:04x}:{:04x} {}",
+        info.backend, info.vendor, info.device, info.name
+    );
+    [adapter.as_str(), &info.driver, &info.driver_info, os]
+        .map(|field| {
+            field
+                .chars()
+                .map(|c| if c.is_control() { ' ' } else { c })
+                .collect::<String>()
+                .trim()
+                .to_owned()
+        })
+        .join("; ")
 }

 /// What the system last reported for a renderer's display: its luminance, and whether it
@@ -97,6 +134,8 @@ pub struct EffectiveOutput {
    pub(crate) reported: Option<Reported>,
    /// The device draws the 16-bit frame (Smooth Gradients).
    pub(crate) wide_frame_supported: bool,
+    /// HDR output is held back on this window's graphics driver (`OutputCapabilities::held`).
+    pub(crate) held: bool,
    /// The HDR output presented; `None` is SDR.
    pub(crate) encoding: Option<Output>,
    pub(crate) frame: FrameConfiguration,
@@ -118,6 +157,7 @@ impl EffectiveOutput {
        system_hdr: None,
        reported: None,
        wide_frame_supported: false,
+        held: false,
        encoding: None,
        frame: FrameConfiguration {
            format: wgpu::TextureFormat::Bgra8Unorm,
@@ -136,9 +176,10 @@ impl EffectiveOutput {
        self.encoding.is_some()
    }
    /// Whether `mode` asks for HDR here: On always, Auto where the destination offers it and
-    /// the display reports HDR. The output still needs an offer and a frame that can take it.
+    /// the display reports HDR, neither while HDR output is held back. The output still needs
+    /// an offer and a frame that can take it.
    pub fn requests_hdr(&self, mode: HdrMode) -> bool {
-        requests_hdr(mode, self.offered.is_some(), self.system_hdr)
+        !self.held && requests_hdr(mode, self.offered.is_some(), self.system_hdr)
    }
    /// What a 0.2 pack's `Frame` describes: the HDR display on the layered frame, whose
    /// picture is light; SDR otherwise, where the frame holds SDR's picture, the one HDR
@@ -169,6 +210,10 @@ fn requests_hdr(mode: HdrMode, offered: bool, system: Option<bool>) -> bool {
        HdrMode::Auto => offered && system == Some(true),
    }
 }
+/// Whether `settings` ask for HDR on a destination of `caps` whose display reports `reading`.
+fn wanted(settings: &Graphics, caps: OutputCapabilities, reading: DisplayReading) -> bool {
+    !caps.held && requests_hdr(settings.hdr, caps.hdr.is_some(), reading.hdr)
+}

 /// The frame a renderer made now draws in, for `settings`, the pack's `request`, what the
 /// destination and device can do (`caps`) and what the display reports.
@@ -179,7 +224,7 @@ pub(crate) fn resolve_frame(
    reading: DisplayReading,
    swapchain: wgpu::TextureFormat,
 ) -> FrameConfiguration {
-    let wanted = requests_hdr(settings.hdr, caps.hdr.is_some(), reading.hdr);
+    let wanted = wanted(settings, caps, reading);
    let (format, hud_layer) = super::frame_configuration(
        wanted && settings.hdr_smooth_gradients,
        (
@@ -210,12 +255,13 @@ pub(crate) fn resolve_output(
    frame: FrameConfiguration,
    presents: bool,
 ) -> EffectiveOutput {
-    let wanted = requests_hdr(settings.hdr, caps.hdr.is_some(), reading.hdr);
+    let wanted = wanted(settings, caps, reading);
    EffectiveOutput {
        offered: caps.hdr,
        system_hdr: reading.hdr,
        reported: reading.luminance,
        wide_frame_supported: caps.wide_frame,
+        held: caps.held,
        encoding: caps
            .hdr
            .filter(|_| wanted && presents && frame.overlay_format == frame.format),
@@ -247,6 +293,7 @@ pub(crate) mod tests {
                wide_frame: true,
                float_frame: true,
                hud_layer: true,
+                held: false,
            },
            DisplayReading {
                luminance: Some(Reported {
@@ -378,6 +425,118 @@ pub(crate) mod tests {
        assert_eq!(settings.hdr, HdrMode::On);
    }

+    /// A window on the driver a start failed on stays SDR, on an SDR frame, whatever the
+    /// mode, and the mode stays as chosen; another driver tries HDR again, and an offscreen
+    /// renderer (no driver) never holds HDR back.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_failed_start_holds_hdr_back_on_its_driver_only() {
+        let failed = "Vulkan 10de:2684 GPU; driver; 1.0";
+        for mode in [HdrMode::On, HdrMode::Auto] {
+            let settings = Graphics {
+                hdr: mode,
+                hdr_failed_start: Some(failed.into()),
+                ..Graphics::default()
+            };
+            let request = FrameRequest {
+                linear_pack: false,
+                hdr_float: true,
+            };
+            let on = |driver: Option<&str>| {
+                let (mut caps, reading) = window(Some(Output::Pq), Some(true));
+                caps.held = held(&settings, driver);
+                snapshot(&settings, request, caps, reading)
+            };
+            let out = on(Some(failed));
+            assert_eq!(out.encoding, None, "{mode:?}");
+            assert_eq!(out.frame.format, Bgra8Unorm, "{mode:?}");
+            assert!(!out.frame.hud_layer && out.held && !out.requests_hdr(mode));
+            // Still offered: the page lets the player pick a mode to try again.
+            assert!(out.hdr_offered());
+            assert_eq!(settings.hdr, mode);
+            for driver in [Some("Vulkan 10de:2684 GPU; driver; 1.1"), None] {
+                let out = on(driver);
+                assert_eq!(out.encoding, Some(Output::Pq), "{mode:?} {driver:?}");
+                assert_eq!(out.frame.format, LINEAR_FRAME, "{mode:?} {driver:?}");
+                assert!(!out.held && out.requests_hdr(mode));
+            }
+        }
+        // A marker that named no driver holds on whichever window comes first.
+        let legacy = Graphics {
+            hdr: HdrMode::On,
+            hdr_failed_start: Some(String::new()),
+            ..Graphics::default()
+        };
+        assert!(held(&legacy, Some(failed)));
+        assert!(!held(&legacy, None));
+    }
+
+    /// The fingerprint tells another GPU, backend, driver version or system version apart, in
+    /// one line.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_driver_fingerprint_is_one_line_that_changes_with_the_driver() {
+        let os = "windows (x86_64) version Windows 11 (26200.7019)";
+        let info = wgpu::AdapterInfo {
+            name: "NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4090".into(),
+            vendor: 0x10de,
+            device: 0x2684,
+            device_type: wgpu::DeviceType::DiscreteGpu,
+            device_pci_bus_id: "0000:01:00.0".into(),
+            driver: "NVIDIA".into(),
+            driver_info: "581.57\n".into(),
+            backend: wgpu::Backend::Vulkan,
+            subgroup_min_size: 32,
+            subgroup_max_size: 32,
+            transient_saves_memory: None,
+            limit_bucket: None,
+        };
+        let fingerprint = driver_fingerprint(&info, os);
+        assert_eq!(
+            fingerprint,
+            "Vulkan 10de:2684 NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4090; NVIDIA; 581.57; \
+             windows (x86_64) version Windows 11 (26200.7019)"
+        );
+        assert_ne!(
+            driver_fingerprint(&info, "windows (x86_64) version Windows 11 (26200.7171)"),
+            fingerprint
+        );
+        // Metal names no driver: a macOS update is what changes it.
+        let metal = wgpu::AdapterInfo {
+            name: "Apple M3".into(),
+            vendor: 0,
+            device: 0,
+            driver: String::new(),
+            driver_info: String::new(),
+            backend: wgpu::Backend::Metal,
+            ..info.clone()
+        };
+        let sonoma = driver_fingerprint(&metal, "macos (aarch64) version macOS 14.6");
+        assert_eq!(
+            sonoma,
+            "Metal 0000:0000 Apple M3; ; ; macos (aarch64) version macOS 14.6"
+        );
+        assert_ne!(
+            driver_fingerprint(&metal, "macos (aarch64) version macOS 15.1"),
+            sonoma
+        );
+        let other = [
+            wgpu::AdapterInfo {
+                driver_info: "582.02".into(),
+                ..info.clone()
+            },
+            wgpu::AdapterInfo {
+                backend: wgpu::Backend::Dx12,
+                ..info.clone()
+            },
+            wgpu::AdapterInfo {
+                device: 0x2704,
+                ..info.clone()
+            },
+        ];
+        for other in other {
+            assert_ne!(driver_fingerprint(&other, os), fingerprint, "{other:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
    /// Auto's paper white and peak are this display's report; the player's own values win.
    #[test]
    fn auto_levels_follow_this_renderers_report() {
@@ -0,0 +1,941 @@
+//! Applying the output a renderer resolves (`output::resolve_output`). Each observation of the
+//! settings, the destination's capabilities and the display resolves one candidate. One that
+//! changes only values (the luminance, the UI brightness, what the display reports) updates
+//! them in place. Another encoding or frame is built and the swapchain configured for it before
+//! the snapshot says so. One that fails is never published as active, and is not tried again
+//! until the request, the capabilities or the surface change. Auto keeps HDR on through a
+//! moment's loss of the display's report ([`auto_grace`]).
+use super::{DisplayReading, DisplayWatch, Renderer, hdr, output};
+use crate::graphics::HdrMode;
+use output::{EffectiveOutput, OutputCapabilities};
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+/// What an output's resources are made for: the encoding presented and the frame.
+type Key = (Option<hdr::Output>, output::FrameConfiguration);
+fn key(output: &EffectiveOutput) -> Key {
+    (output.encoding, output.frame)
+}
+
+/// An output whose resources or swapchain configuration failed, with the capabilities it
+/// failed on.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub(super) struct Rejected {
+    key: Key,
+    caps: OutputCapabilities,
+}
+
+/// What applying an output changes in a renderer.
+trait Present {
+    /// Builds what `output` presents and configures the swapchain for it, then swaps the new
+    /// resources in. On an error the resources stay as they were, and the swapchain may be
+    /// configured for neither output.
+    fn present(&mut self, output: &EffectiveOutput) -> std::result::Result<(), String>;
+    /// Presents SDR whatever happens: a swapchain that doesn't configure now is configured
+    /// again before the next frame (`surface_unconfigured`).
+    fn present_sdr(&mut self);
+}
+
+/// The snapshot to publish for `candidate` after `applied`, on `caps`. The same resources
+/// take the candidate's values as they are. Other ones are presented first and published only
+/// once that worked. On a failure the output applied stays where it presents again, else
+/// SDR, and the failed one is kept in `rejected` until the candidate's resources or the
+/// capabilities change.
+fn commit(
+    target: &mut impl Present,
+    applied: &EffectiveOutput,
+    candidate: EffectiveOutput,
+    caps: OutputCapabilities,
+    rejected: &mut Option<Rejected>,
+) -> EffectiveOutput {
+    let wanted = key(&candidate);
+    if rejected.is_some_and(|r| r.key != wanted || r.caps != caps) {
+        *rejected = None;
+    }
+    if wanted == key(applied) {
+        return candidate;
+    }
+    let kept = EffectiveOutput {
+        encoding: applied.encoding,
+        ..candidate
+    };
+    if rejected.is_some() {
+        return kept;
+    }
+    let Err(e) = target.present(&candidate) else {
+        return candidate;
+    };
+    log::warn!(
+        "Horizon renderer: {} could not be presented ({e}); keeping {}",
+        name(candidate.encoding),
+        name(applied.encoding)
+    );
+    *rejected = Some(Rejected { key: wanted, caps });
+    if target.present(&kept).is_ok() {
+        return kept;
+    }
+    log::warn!(
+        "Horizon renderer: {} no longer presents; SDR",
+        name(kept.encoding)
+    );
+    target.present_sdr();
+    EffectiveOutput {
+        encoding: None,
+        ..candidate
+    }
+}
+
+fn name(encoding: Option<hdr::Output>) -> &'static str {
+    encoding.map_or("SDR", hdr::Output::name)
+}
+
+/// The swapchain's configuration for `encoding`: `config` (what every pipeline draws in), or
+/// HDR10 or scRGB.
+pub(super) fn surface_config(
+    config: &wgpu::SurfaceConfiguration,
+    encoding: Option<hdr::Output>,
+) -> wgpu::SurfaceConfiguration {
+    let mut config = config.clone();
+    if let Some(output) = encoding {
+        config.format = output.format();
+        config.view_formats = vec![output.format()];
+        config.color_space = output.color_space();
+        config.usage = wgpu::TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT;
+    }
+    config
+}
+
+/// How long Auto keeps HDR on once the display stops reporting it. A fixed window that
+/// coalesces the report's churn as a display wakes or the window moves to another one; not a
+/// measured sleep/wake time.
+const AUTO_OFF_DELAY: Duration = Duration::from_millis(500);
+
+/// The display's report `update_output` resolves Auto with at `now`. While Auto presents HDR
+/// and the surface still offers that encoding, a report that turns false or unknown starts
+/// the timer `since`, once, and HDR stays on at the values last applied until it has held
+/// for [`AUTO_OFF_DELAY`]; a positive report before then clears it. Off and On, a changed
+/// offer, and entering HDR take `raw` at once.
+fn auto_grace(
+    now: Instant,
+    mode: HdrMode,
+    offered: Option<hdr::Output>,
+    raw: DisplayReading,
+    applied: &EffectiveOutput,
+    since: &mut Option<Instant>,
+) -> DisplayReading {
+    let lost = mode == HdrMode::Auto
+        && applied.encoding.is_some()
+        && offered == applied.encoding
+        && raw.hdr != Some(true);
+    if !lost {
+        if since.take().is_some() && raw.hdr == Some(true) {
+            log::info!("Horizon renderer: the display reports HDR again; HDR stays on");
+        }
+    } else if since.is_none() {
+        log::info!(
+            "Horizon renderer: the display stopped reporting HDR; Auto keeps it on for {} ms",
+            AUTO_OFF_DELAY.as_millis()
+        );
+        *since = Some(now);
+    } else if grace_over(*since, now) {
+        *since = None;
+    }
+    graced(*since, raw, applied)
+}
+
+fn grace_over(since: Option<Instant>, now: Instant) -> bool {
+    since.is_some_and(|since| now.saturating_duration_since(since) >= AUTO_OFF_DELAY)
+}
+
+/// What the display reports as the output takes it: during Auto's grace (`since`), HDR at the
+/// luminance `applied` was resolved with; `raw` otherwise.
+pub(super) fn graced(
+    since: Option<Instant>,
+    raw: DisplayReading,
+    applied: &EffectiveOutput,
+) -> DisplayReading {
+    match since {
+        Some(_) => DisplayReading {
+            luminance: applied.reported,
+            hdr: Some(true),
+        },
+        None => raw,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Whether the output resolves again at `now`: a due poll (`read`, with the surface's
+/// `offer`; on Wayland, an event) changed `reading` or `caps`, or Auto's grace `since` is
+/// over. Its end reads the display once more first, however long until the next poll, unless
+/// a read since the deadline did (the last read is a `DISPLAY_POLL` before the next).
+fn poll_display(
+    watch: Option<&mut DisplayWatch>,
+    reading: &mut DisplayReading,
+    caps: &mut OutputCapabilities,
+    since: Option<Instant>,
+    now: Instant,
+    read: impl FnOnce() -> DisplayReading,
+    offer: impl FnOnce() -> Option<Option<hdr::Output>>,
+) -> bool {
+    let over = grace_over(since, now);
+    let Some(watch) = watch else {
+        return over;
+    };
+    if let (Some(since), Some(next)) = (since.filter(|_| over), &mut watch.polled)
+        && *next < since + AUTO_OFF_DELAY + super::DISPLAY_POLL
+    {
+        *next = now;
+    }
+    let Some(read) = watch.poll(*reading, now, read) else {
+        return over;
+    };
+    observe(reading, caps, read, offer()) || over
+}
+
+/// What `surface` offers now (`None` offscreen): Vulkan's offered formats can change with
+/// desktop HDR or the window's output, and a display can offer the other encoding.
+fn offer(surface: Option<&wgpu::Surface>, adapter: &wgpu::Adapter) -> Option<Option<hdr::Output>> {
+    Some(hdr::output(&surface?.get_capabilities(adapter)))
+}
+
+/// Takes what a due poll read into `reading` and `caps`: the display's report `now`, and what
+/// the surface offers (`offer`, `None` without a surface). Whether either changed, the offer
+/// alone included.
+fn observe(
+    reading: &mut DisplayReading,
+    caps: &mut OutputCapabilities,
+    now: DisplayReading,
+    offer: Option<Option<hdr::Output>>,
+) -> bool {
+    let before = (*reading, caps.hdr);
+    *reading = now;
+    if let Some(offer) = offer {
+        caps.hdr = offer;
+    }
+    before != (*reading, caps.hdr)
+}
+
+/// A renderer applying an output, with the marker its HDR output's start writes.
+struct Applying<'a> {
+    renderer: &'a mut Renderer,
+    marker: &'a std::path::Path,
+}
+
+impl Present for Applying<'_> {
+    fn present(&mut self, output: &EffectiveOutput) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
+        let r = &mut *self.renderer;
+        let current = r.hdr.as_ref().map(|hdr| hdr.output);
+        let switching = output.encoding.is_some_and(|e| current != Some(e));
+        // If the game dies before HDR output shows a frame, its pipelines' build included, the
+        // marker is still there at the next start, which then holds HDR output back on this
+        // driver.
+        if output.encoding.is_none() || switching {
+            r.mark_hdr_start(output.encoding.is_some(), self.marker);
+        }
+        let built = match output.encoding {
+            Some(encoding) if switching => Some(r.build_hdr(encoding, output)?),
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        if let Some(surface) = &r.surface {
+            r.frame_gen.stop();
+            // The submit thread may still present to the old swapchain.
+            r.queue.wait();
+            let hdr = built.as_ref().or(r.hdr.as_ref());
+            Renderer::configure(
+                &r.device,
+                surface,
+                &surface_config(&r.config, output.encoding),
+                hdr.filter(|_| output.encoding.is_some()),
+                &r.device_lost,
+            )?;
+            r.surface_unconfigured = false;
+        }
+        if output.encoding.is_none() {
+            r.hdr = None;
+        } else if built.is_some() {
+            r.hdr = built;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn present_sdr(&mut self) {
+        let r = &mut *self.renderer;
+        r.hdr = None;
+        r.mark_hdr_start(false, self.marker);
+        if let Some(surface) = &r.surface {
+            r.frame_gen.stop();
+            r.queue.wait();
+            r.surface_unconfigured =
+                Renderer::configure(&r.device, surface, &r.config, None, &r.device_lost).is_err();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Renderer {
+    /// HDR output presenting `encoding` for `output`, made apart from the one presented: from
+    /// it where there is one, keeping the player's tuning (`Hdr::retargeted`). An error is
+    /// the device's, caught here rather than left for the next frame.
+    fn build_hdr(
+        &self,
+        encoding: hdr::Output,
+        output: &EffectiveOutput,
+    ) -> std::result::Result<hdr::Hdr, String> {
+        let validation = self.device.push_error_scope(wgpu::ErrorFilter::Validation);
+        let memory = self.device.push_error_scope(wgpu::ErrorFilter::OutOfMemory);
+        let mut hdr = match &self.hdr {
+            Some(hdr) => hdr.retargeted(&self.device, &self.queue, encoding),
+            None => {
+                let mut hdr = hdr::Hdr::new(
+                    &self.device,
+                    &self.queue,
+                    output.frame.format,
+                    encoding,
+                    output.frame.hud_layer,
+                );
+                hdr.look = self.hdr_lighting_setting;
+                hdr
+            }
+        };
+        let memory = pollster::block_on(memory.pop());
+        if let Some(e) = memory.or(pollster::block_on(validation.pop())) {
+            return Err(e.to_string());
+        }
+        // The metadata the swapchain's configuration sends.
+        [hdr.paper_white, hdr.peak, hdr.black] = output.nits;
+        hdr.ui = output.ui_brightness;
+        Ok(hdr)
+    }
+
+    /// HDR output (Horizon setting) as `settings` ask for it on this renderer's frame
+    /// (`output::resolve_output`): HDR10 or scRGB at paper white, the world's highlights
+    /// expanded up to the peak. Off where the surface can't present it. Offscreen
+    /// (`hdr::offscreen_output`) the frame is drawn the same and its HDR screenshot taken,
+    /// but nothing is presented, and Auto takes its defaults: no display reports.
+    pub fn update_output(
+        &mut self,
+        settings: &crate::graphics::Graphics,
+        marker: &std::path::Path,
+    ) {
+        let now = Instant::now();
+        self.watch_hdr(settings.hdr);
+        // Auto's grace ends on a fresh read, also where a settings change comes before the
+        // frame's `display_changed`.
+        if grace_over(self.auto_off_since, now) {
+            self.read_display(now);
+        }
+        self.hold_hdr_back(settings);
+        let reading = auto_grace(
+            now,
+            settings.hdr,
+            self.output_caps.hdr,
+            self.reading,
+            &self.output,
+            &mut self.auto_off_since,
+        );
+        let candidate = output::resolve_output(
+            settings,
+            self.output_caps,
+            reading,
+            self.output.frame,
+            self.surface.is_some() || self.offscreen.is_some(),
+        );
+        let (applied, caps) = (self.output, self.output_caps);
+        let mut rejected = self.output_rejected.take();
+        let renderer = &mut Applying {
+            renderer: self,
+            marker,
+        };
+        let next = commit(renderer, &applied, candidate, caps, &mut rejected);
+        self.output_rejected = rejected;
+        let [paper_white, peak, black] = next.nits;
+        if next.encoding != applied.encoding {
+            match next.encoding {
+                Some(output) => log::info!(
+                    "Horizon renderer: HDR on: {} ({:?}), {paper_white}/{peak} nits",
+                    output.name(),
+                    output.format()
+                ),
+                None => log::info!("Horizon renderer: HDR off"),
+            }
+            self.measure_emission();
+        }
+        if let Some(hdr) = &mut self.hdr {
+            hdr.ui = next.ui_brightness;
+            if (hdr.paper_white, hdr.peak, hdr.black) != (paper_white, peak, black) {
+                (hdr.paper_white, hdr.peak, hdr.black) = (paper_white, peak, black);
+                self.send_hdr_metadata();
+            }
+        }
+        self.output = next;
+    }
+
+    /// Follows the selected mode even when Auto currently wants SDR. Off never asks
+    /// the system about the display; selecting On or Auto starts a fresh watch.
+    fn watch_hdr(&mut self, mode: crate::graphics::HdrMode) {
+        if mode == crate::graphics::HdrMode::Off {
+            self.display = None;
+            self.display_fresh = false;
+            self.reading.stop_watching();
+        } else if self.display.is_none() {
+            let (watch, now) =
+                DisplayWatch::new(&self.window, self.surface.as_deref(), &self.adapter);
+            self.display = Some(watch);
+            let offer = offer(self.surface.as_deref(), &self.adapter);
+            self.output_caps.hdr = offer.unwrap_or(self.output_caps.hdr);
+            self.reading = now;
+            self.display_fresh = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The swapchain's configuration: `config` (what every pipeline draws in), or
+    /// HDR10 or scRGB while HDR output is on.
+    pub(super) fn surface_config(&self) -> wgpu::SurfaceConfiguration {
+        surface_config(&self.config, self.hdr.as_ref().map(|hdr| hdr.output))
+    }
+
+    /// After a new window surface: what it offers, and an output that failed on the old one
+    /// may be tried again. The settings apply again.
+    pub(super) fn surface_recreated(&mut self) {
+        let offer = offer(self.surface.as_deref(), &self.adapter);
+        self.output_caps.hdr = offer.unwrap_or(self.output_caps.hdr);
+        self.display_fresh = true;
+        self.output_rejected = None;
+    }
+
+    /// Whether what the system reports for the display, or what the surface offers, changed
+    /// (another output, the player recalibrating the desktop, desktop HDR offering the other
+    /// encoding): the settings' Auto values and the output follow it then, so apply them
+    /// again. Each due poll reads the surface's capabilities as well, even when the display
+    /// reports the same. So does the end of Auto's grace (`auto_grace`), with or without a
+    /// poll or an event then.
+    pub fn display_changed(&mut self) -> bool {
+        super::flush_display_log();
+        if std::mem::take(&mut self.display_fresh) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        self.read_display(Instant::now())
+    }
+
+    /// The display read where a poll is due or Auto's grace is over (`poll_display`).
+    fn read_display(&mut self, now: Instant) -> bool {
+        let (surface, adapter) = (self.surface.as_deref(), &self.adapter);
+        poll_display(
+            self.display.as_mut(),
+            &mut self.reading,
+            &mut self.output_caps,
+            self.auto_off_since,
+            now,
+            || DisplayReading::read(surface, adapter),
+            || offer(surface, adapter),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::graphics::{Graphics, HdrMode, Reported};
+    use hdr::Output::{Pq, ScRgb};
+    use output::FrameRequest;
+    use output::tests::{snapshot, window};
+
+    /// A swapchain that records what it was asked to present, and fails `fails`.
+    #[derive(Default)]
+    struct Swapchain {
+        fails: Vec<Option<hdr::Output>>,
+        /// Each encoding presented, with the luminance its metadata sends.
+        asked: Vec<(Option<hdr::Output>, [f32; 3])>,
+        sdr: usize,
+    }
+    impl Present for Swapchain {
+        fn present(&mut self, output: &EffectiveOutput) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
+            self.asked.push((output.encoding, output.nits));
+            if self.fails.contains(&output.encoding) {
+                return Err("unsupported".into());
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        fn present_sdr(&mut self) {
+            self.sdr += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    const NO_PACK: FrameRequest = FrameRequest {
+        linear_pack: false,
+        hdr_float: true,
+    };
+    fn on() -> Graphics {
+        Graphics {
+            hdr: HdrMode::On,
+            ..Graphics::default()
+        }
+    }
+    /// The candidate on a renderer whose frame is `applied`'s.
+    fn candidate(
+        settings: &Graphics,
+        caps: OutputCapabilities,
+        reading: DisplayReading,
+        applied: &EffectiveOutput,
+    ) -> EffectiveOutput {
+        output::resolve_output(settings, caps, reading, applied.frame, true)
+    }
+
+    /// HDR stays on while the display offers scRGB instead of HDR10 and then HDR10 again:
+    /// the swapchain, its metadata and the snapshot follow each, with no Off between.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_output_follows_pq_to_scrgb_and_back_while_hdr_stays_on() {
+        let settings = on();
+        let (mut caps, reading) = window(Some(Pq), Some(true));
+        let mut applied = snapshot(&settings, NO_PACK, caps, reading);
+        assert_eq!(applied.encoding, Some(Pq));
+        let (mut swapchain, mut rejected) = (Swapchain::default(), None);
+        for encoding in [ScRgb, Pq] {
+            caps.hdr = Some(encoding);
+            let next = candidate(&settings, caps, reading, &applied);
+            applied = commit(&mut swapchain, &applied, next, caps, &mut rejected);
+            assert_eq!(
+                (applied.encoding, applied.offered),
+                (Some(encoding), Some(encoding))
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                applied.frame,
+                snapshot(&settings, NO_PACK, caps, reading).frame
+            );
+        }
+        let metadata = [400.0, 1000.0, 0.0];
+        assert_eq!(
+            swapchain.asked,
+            [(Some(ScRgb), metadata), (Some(Pq), metadata)]
+        );
+        assert_eq!((rejected, swapchain.sdr), (None, 0));
+    }
+
+    /// The display reports the same luminance and HDR, but the surface now offers scRGB: the
+    /// next due poll reads it, and the output follows with the same nits and report.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_change_of_offer_alone_is_seen_at_the_next_poll() {
+        let settings = on();
+        let (mut caps, mut reading) = window(Some(Pq), Some(true));
+        let applied = snapshot(&settings, NO_PACK, caps, reading);
+        let start = std::time::Instant::now();
+        let mut watch = DisplayWatch {
+            #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+            wayland: None,
+            polled: Some(start + super::super::DISPLAY_POLL),
+        };
+        let same = reading;
+        assert_eq!(watch.poll(reading, start, || unreachable!()), None);
+        let due = start + super::super::DISPLAY_POLL;
+        assert_eq!(watch.poll(reading, due, || same), Some(same));
+        assert_eq!(watch.polled, Some(due + super::super::DISPLAY_POLL));
+        assert!(observe(&mut reading, &mut caps, same, Some(Some(ScRgb))));
+        // Nothing changed at the next poll, and offscreen nothing is offered to read.
+        assert!(!observe(&mut reading, &mut caps, same, Some(Some(ScRgb))));
+        assert!(!observe(&mut reading, &mut caps, same, None));
+        let next = candidate(&settings, caps, reading, &applied);
+        let published = commit(&mut Swapchain::default(), &applied, next, caps, &mut None);
+        assert_eq!(published.encoding, Some(ScRgb));
+        assert_eq!(
+            (published.nits, published.reported, published.system_hdr),
+            (applied.nits, applied.reported, applied.system_hdr)
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// The display's luminance or the UI brightness change on the same output: the values
+    /// follow, and nothing is built or configured again.
+    #[test]
+    fn new_nits_on_the_same_output_build_nothing() {
+        let mut settings = on();
+        let (caps, mut reading) = window(Some(Pq), Some(true));
+        let applied = snapshot(&settings, NO_PACK, caps, reading);
+        reading.luminance = Some(Reported {
+            paper_white: 250,
+            peak: 600,
+        });
+        settings.hdr_ui_brightness = 60;
+        let mut swapchain = Swapchain::default();
+        let next = candidate(&settings, caps, reading, &applied);
+        let published = commit(&mut swapchain, &applied, next, caps, &mut None);
+        assert_eq!(published, next);
+        assert_eq!(published.nits, [250.0, 600.0, 0.0]);
+        assert_eq!(published.ui_brightness, 0.6);
+        assert!(swapchain.asked.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    /// An encoding that fails is never the snapshot's: the output applied stays where it
+    /// presents again, else SDR. It is not tried again each frame, nor for new nits, only
+    /// once the request or the capabilities change.
+    #[test]
+    fn an_output_that_fails_is_never_active_nor_tried_every_frame() {
+        let settings = on();
+        let (mut caps, mut reading) = window(Some(Pq), Some(true));
+        let pq = snapshot(&settings, NO_PACK, caps, reading);
+        caps.hdr = Some(ScRgb);
+        let mut swapchain = Swapchain {
+            fails: vec![Some(ScRgb)],
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut rejected = None;
+        let next = candidate(&settings, caps, reading, &pq);
+        let published = commit(&mut swapchain, &pq, next, caps, &mut rejected);
+        assert_eq!(published.encoding, Some(Pq));
+        assert_eq!(swapchain.asked.len(), 2, "scRGB, then HDR10 again");
+        // Frames after, and a new luminance: no new attempt.
+        for paper_white in [400, 400, 300] {
+            reading.luminance = Some(Reported {
+                paper_white,
+                peak: 1000,
+            });
+            let next = candidate(&settings, caps, reading, &published);
+            let again = commit(&mut swapchain, &published, next, caps, &mut rejected);
+            assert_eq!(again.encoding, Some(Pq));
+            assert_eq!(again.nits[0], paper_white as f32);
+        }
+        assert_eq!(swapchain.asked.len(), 2);
+        // Another request (HDR Off, then On) tries it again.
+        let off = Graphics::default();
+        let sdr = commit(
+            &mut swapchain,
+            &published,
+            candidate(&off, caps, reading, &published),
+            caps,
+            &mut rejected,
+        );
+        assert_eq!((sdr.encoding, rejected), (None, None));
+        let next = candidate(&settings, caps, reading, &sdr);
+        assert_eq!(
+            commit(&mut swapchain, &sdr, next, caps, &mut rejected).encoding,
+            None
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            swapchain.asked.iter().map(|a| a.0).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            [Some(ScRgb), Some(Pq), None, Some(ScRgb), None]
+        );
+        // So does another capability (the hold lifted here stands for any).
+        caps.held = true;
+        let held = candidate(&settings, caps, reading, &sdr);
+        assert_eq!(held.encoding, None);
+        commit(&mut swapchain, &sdr, held, caps, &mut rejected);
+        caps.held = false;
+        let asked = swapchain.asked.len();
+        let next = candidate(&settings, caps, reading, &sdr);
+        commit(&mut swapchain, &sdr, next, caps, &mut rejected);
+        assert_eq!(swapchain.asked.len(), asked + 2);
+        // The output applied failing too: SDR, never the failed one.
+        let mut broken = Swapchain {
+            fails: vec![Some(ScRgb), Some(Pq)],
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let next = candidate(&settings, caps, reading, &pq);
+        let published = commit(&mut broken, &pq, next, caps, &mut None);
+        assert_eq!((published.encoding, broken.sdr), (None, 1));
+        assert_eq!(settings.hdr, HdrMode::On, "the mode stays");
+        // A new surface forgets the failure (`surface_recreated`): the same request on the
+        // same capabilities is tried again.
+        let mut swapchain = Swapchain {
+            fails: vec![Some(ScRgb)],
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut rejected = None;
+        let next = candidate(&settings, caps, reading, &pq);
+        for _ in 0..2 {
+            commit(&mut swapchain, &pq, next, caps, &mut rejected);
+        }
+        assert_eq!(swapchain.asked.len(), 2);
+        rejected = None;
+        commit(&mut swapchain, &pq, next, caps, &mut rejected);
+        assert_eq!(swapchain.asked.len(), 4);
+    }
+
+    /// A window in Auto presenting HDR10 at 400/1000 nits on the layered frame, followed on
+    /// fake time as the game follows a renderer each frame: `display_changed`, then
+    /// `update_output` where it says so.
+    struct Auto {
+        settings: Graphics,
+        start: Instant,
+        watch: DisplayWatch,
+        reading: DisplayReading,
+        caps: OutputCapabilities,
+        applied: EffectiveOutput,
+        since: Option<Instant>,
+        swapchain: Swapchain,
+        /// What the system reports when it is read, and when (ms) it was.
+        report: DisplayReading,
+        reads: Vec<u64>,
+    }
+    impl Auto {
+        /// `polled`: the system is read every `DISPLAY_POLL` from 0, else it sends events
+        /// (`event`), as on Wayland.
+        fn new(polled: bool) -> Self {
+            let settings = Graphics {
+                hdr: HdrMode::Auto,
+                ..Graphics::default()
+            };
+            let (caps, reading) = window(Some(Pq), Some(true));
+            let applied = snapshot(&settings, NO_PACK, caps, reading);
+            assert!(applied.encoding == Some(Pq) && applied.frame.hud_layer);
+            let start = Instant::now();
+            Self {
+                settings,
+                start,
+                watch: DisplayWatch {
+                    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+                    wayland: None,
+                    polled: polled.then_some(start),
+                },
+                reading,
+                caps,
+                applied,
+                since: None,
+                swapchain: Swapchain::default(),
+                report: reading,
+                reads: Vec::new(),
+            }
+        }
+        /// A frame at `ms`.
+        fn frame(&mut self, ms: u64) {
+            if self.read_display(ms) {
+                self.update(ms);
+            }
+        }
+        /// `Renderer::read_display` at `ms`.
+        fn read_display(&mut self, ms: u64) -> bool {
+            let now = self.start + Duration::from_millis(ms);
+            let (report, offer, reads) = (self.report, Some(self.caps.hdr), &mut self.reads);
+            let read = || {
+                reads.push(ms);
+                report
+            };
+            let (reading, caps) = (&mut self.reading, &mut self.caps);
+            poll_display(
+                Some(&mut self.watch),
+                reading,
+                caps,
+                self.since,
+                now,
+                read,
+                || offer,
+            )
+        }
+        /// Frames from `from` to `to` ms, every 10 ms.
+        fn frames(&mut self, from: u64, to: u64) {
+            for ms in (from..=to).step_by(10) {
+                self.frame(ms);
+            }
+        }
+        /// What the system reports from `ms` on: HDR `hdr`, with no luminance unless it is
+        /// HDR, at 300/800 nits then.
+        fn reports(&mut self, hdr: Option<bool>, offer: Option<hdr::Output>) {
+            self.report = DisplayReading {
+                luminance: (hdr == Some(true)).then_some(Reported {
+                    paper_white: 300,
+                    peak: 800,
+                }),
+                hdr,
+            };
+            self.caps.hdr = offer;
+        }
+        /// The system's event at `ms`, with what it now `reports`.
+        fn event(&mut self, ms: u64, hdr: Option<bool>, offer: Option<hdr::Output>) {
+            self.reports(hdr, offer);
+            self.reading = self.report;
+            self.update(ms);
+        }
+        /// `update_output` at `ms`, in its order.
+        fn update(&mut self, ms: u64) {
+            let now = self.start + Duration::from_millis(ms);
+            if grace_over(self.since, now) {
+                self.read_display(ms);
+            }
+            let applied = &self.applied;
+            let reading = auto_grace(
+                now,
+                self.settings.hdr,
+                self.caps.hdr,
+                self.reading,
+                applied,
+                &mut self.since,
+            );
+            let next = candidate(&self.settings, self.caps, reading, applied);
+            self.applied = commit(&mut self.swapchain, applied, next, self.caps, &mut None);
+            // While HDR stays on, the frame the game asks for (`Renderer::requested_frame`) is
+            // this one: no new renderer.
+            let reading = graced(self.since, self.reading, &self.applied);
+            let frame = output::resolve_frame(
+                &self.settings,
+                NO_PACK,
+                self.caps,
+                reading,
+                wgpu::TextureFormat::Bgra8UnormSrgb,
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                frame == self.applied.frame,
+                self.applied.hdr_on(),
+                "{ms} ms"
+            );
+        }
+        fn presented(&self) -> Vec<Option<hdr::Output>> {
+            self.swapchain.asked.iter().map(|a| a.0).collect()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The display's report flickers off and back, false or unknown: HDR stays on, nothing
+    /// is presented again, and the shader `Frame`, what the settings show as active and the
+    /// nits stay as they were applied, even while the report says nothing of them.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_report_that_flickers_off_and_back_swaps_nothing() {
+        for lost in [Some(false), None] {
+            let mut auto = Auto::new(false);
+            let before = auto.applied;
+            auto.event(0, Some(true), Some(Pq));
+            auto.frames(0, 90);
+            let fresh = auto.applied;
+            assert_eq!(fresh.nits, [300.0, 800.0, 0.0], "a positive report applies");
+            auto.event(100, lost, Some(Pq));
+            auto.frames(100, 390);
+            assert_eq!(auto.applied, fresh, "{lost:?}");
+            assert!(auto.applied.requests_hdr(HdrMode::Auto) && auto.applied.display().hdr);
+            auto.event(400, Some(true), Some(Pq));
+            auto.frames(400, 1500);
+            assert_eq!((auto.applied, auto.since), (fresh, None), "{lost:?}");
+            assert!(auto.presented().is_empty(), "{lost:?}");
+            assert_eq!(auto.applied.frame, before.frame);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A loss held through 600 ms turns HDR off once, at 500 ms, and on an event-driven
+    /// display with no event then. The same loss reported again doesn't restart the timer.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_loss_held_turns_hdr_off_once_at_the_deadline() {
+        for lost in [Some(false), None] {
+            let mut auto = Auto::new(false);
+            auto.event(0, lost, Some(Pq));
+            auto.frames(0, 190);
+            auto.event(200, lost, Some(Pq));
+            auto.frames(200, 490);
+            assert_eq!(auto.applied.encoding, Some(Pq), "{lost:?}");
+            auto.frame(500);
+            assert_eq!(auto.applied.encoding, None, "{lost:?}");
+            auto.frames(500, 3000);
+            assert_eq!(auto.presented(), [None], "{lost:?}");
+            assert_eq!(auto.since, None);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Where the system is polled, a false read by the poll that starts the timer is read
+    /// again at the deadline, not two seconds after, before it counts: the display came back
+    /// meanwhile, so HDR stays; where it didn't, HDR turns off then. The two-second cadence
+    /// stays otherwise.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_polled_false_is_read_again_at_the_deadline() {
+        for back in [true, false] {
+            let mut auto = Auto::new(true);
+            auto.frames(0, 1990);
+            auto.reports(Some(false), Some(Pq));
+            auto.frame(2000);
+            assert_eq!(
+                (auto.applied.encoding, auto.since.is_some()),
+                (Some(Pq), true)
+            );
+            if back {
+                auto.reports(Some(true), Some(Pq));
+            }
+            auto.frames(2010, 2490);
+            assert_eq!(auto.applied.encoding, Some(Pq), "never before the deadline");
+            auto.frames(2500, 4990);
+            assert_eq!(auto.reads, [0, 2000, 2500, 4500], "back {back}");
+            let after = if back { vec![] } else { vec![None] };
+            assert_eq!(auto.presented(), after, "back {back}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A settings change at the deadline, before the frame's poll (a slider, F11), reads the
+    /// display before the grace ends, and the frame after reads it no more: the display came
+    /// back meanwhile, so HDR stays; where it didn't, HDR turns off then, once.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_settings_change_at_the_deadline_reads_the_display_first() {
+        for back in [true, false] {
+            let mut auto = Auto::new(true);
+            auto.frames(0, 1990);
+            auto.reports(Some(false), Some(Pq));
+            auto.frame(2000);
+            if back {
+                auto.reports(Some(true), Some(Pq));
+            }
+            auto.frames(2010, 2490);
+            auto.update(2500);
+            assert_eq!(auto.applied.hdr_on(), back, "back {back}");
+            auto.frames(2500, 4990);
+            assert_eq!(auto.reads, [0, 2000, 2500, 4500], "back {back}");
+            let after = if back { vec![] } else { vec![None] };
+            assert_eq!(auto.presented(), after, "back {back}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A positive report clears the timer: a later loss has its own 500 ms.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_positive_report_clears_the_timer() {
+        let mut auto = Auto::new(false);
+        auto.event(100, Some(false), Some(Pq));
+        auto.event(300, Some(true), Some(Pq));
+        auto.event(700, Some(false), Some(Pq));
+        auto.frames(700, 1190);
+        assert_eq!(auto.applied.encoding, Some(Pq));
+        auto.frame(1200);
+        assert_eq!(auto.presented(), [None]);
+    }
+
+    /// Off acts at once, and On or Off clear the timer: Auto again starts it anew.
+    #[test]
+    fn off_and_on_take_no_grace() {
+        let mut auto = Auto::new(false);
+        auto.event(100, Some(false), Some(Pq));
+        auto.settings.hdr = HdrMode::Off;
+        auto.update(200);
+        assert_eq!((auto.presented(), auto.since), (vec![None], None));
+        let mut auto = Auto::new(false);
+        auto.event(100, Some(false), Some(Pq));
+        auto.settings.hdr = HdrMode::On;
+        auto.update(200);
+        assert_eq!((auto.applied.encoding, auto.since), (Some(Pq), None));
+        auto.settings.hdr = HdrMode::Auto;
+        auto.update(300);
+        auto.frames(300, 790);
+        assert_eq!(auto.applied.encoding, Some(Pq));
+        auto.frame(800);
+        assert_eq!(auto.presented(), [None]);
+    }
+
+    /// The surface no longer offering the encoding presented ends the grace at once: SDR
+    /// without a report, the other encoding with one.
+    #[test]
+    fn an_encoding_no_longer_offered_is_not_kept() {
+        for offer in [None, Some(ScRgb)] {
+            let mut auto = Auto::new(false);
+            auto.event(100, Some(false), Some(Pq));
+            auto.event(200, Some(false), offer);
+            assert_eq!((auto.presented(), auto.since), (vec![None], None));
+            let mut auto = Auto::new(false);
+            auto.event(100, None, offer);
+            assert_eq!(auto.presented(), [None], "{offer:?}");
+        }
+        let mut auto = Auto::new(false);
+        auto.event(100, Some(false), Some(Pq));
+        auto.event(200, Some(true), Some(ScRgb));
+        assert_eq!(auto.presented(), [Some(ScRgb)]);
+    }
+
+    /// Two windows' timers run apart.
+    #[test]
+    fn two_renderers_keep_their_own_timer() {
+        let (mut a, mut b) = (Auto::new(false), Auto::new(false));
+        b.start = a.start;
+        a.event(100, Some(false), Some(Pq));
+        b.event(300, Some(false), Some(Pq));
+        a.event(400, Some(true), Some(Pq));
+        for ms in (300..=900).step_by(10) {
+            a.frame(ms);
+            b.frame(ms);
+            assert_eq!(b.applied.hdr_on(), ms < 800, "{ms} ms");
+        }
+        assert_eq!((a.presented(), b.presented()), (vec![], vec![None]));
+    }
+}
@@ -55,6 +55,10 @@ mod sky_disc_blend_tests;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod undrawn_terrain_tests;

+mod image_formats;
+use image_formats::{image_format, storage_formats_of};
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod full_outputs_tests;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod shadow_faces_tests;

@@ -1826,98 +1830,6 @@ fn bindings(
    Some((entries, samplers, slots, reads, shadow_reads, images))
 }

-/// Makes each storage image of `module` in group 0 declare the format its layout entry binds:
-/// a `layout(r11f_g11f_b10f)` image whose texture is the `RGBA16F` stand-in (`bindings`).
-fn storage_formats_of(module: &mut naga::Module, entries: &[wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry]) {
-    let globals: Vec<_> = module.global_variables.iter().map(|(h, _)| h).collect();
-    for handle in globals {
-        let var = &module.global_variables[handle];
-        let Some(naga::ResourceBinding { group: 0, binding }) = var.binding else {
-            continue;
-        };
-        let naga::TypeInner::Image {
-            dim,
-            arrayed,
-            class: naga::ImageClass::Storage { format, access },
-        } = module.types[var.ty].inner
-        else {
-            continue;
-        };
-        let bound = entries.iter().find_map(|e| match e.ty {
-            wgpu::BindingType::StorageTexture { format, .. } if e.binding == binding => {
-                Some(format)
-            }
-            _ => None,
-        });
-        if format == naga::StorageFormat::Rg11b10Ufloat
-            && bound == Some(wgpu::TextureFormat::Rgba16Float)
-        {
-            let ty = module.types.insert(
-                naga::Type {
-                    name: module.types[var.ty].name.clone(),
-                    inner: naga::TypeInner::Image {
-                        dim,
-                        arrayed,
-                        class: naga::ImageClass::Storage {
-                            format: naga::StorageFormat::Rgba16Float,
-                            access,
-                        },
-                    },
-                },
-                naga::Span::UNDEFINED,
-            );
-            module.global_variables[handle].ty = ty;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// The wgpu format of an image's format qualifier.
-fn image_format(qualifier: &str) -> Option<wgpu::TextureFormat> {
-    use wgpu::TextureFormat as T;
-    Some(match qualifier {
-        "rgba32f" => T::Rgba32Float,
-        "rgba16f" => T::Rgba16Float,
-        "rg32f" => T::Rg32Float,
-        "rg16f" => T::Rg16Float,
-        "r11f_g11f_b10f" => T::Rg11b10Ufloat,
-        "r32f" => T::R32Float,
-        "r16f" => T::R16Float,
-        "rgba16" => T::Rgba16Unorm,
-        "rgb10_a2" => T::Rgb10a2Unorm,
-        "rgba8" => T::Rgba8Unorm,
-        "rg16" => T::Rg16Unorm,
-        "rg8" => T::Rg8Unorm,
-        "r16" => T::R16Unorm,
-        "r8" => T::R8Unorm,
-        "rgba16_snorm" => T::Rgba16Snorm,
-        "rgba8_snorm" => T::Rgba8Snorm,
-        "rg16_snorm" => T::Rg16Snorm,
-        "rg8_snorm" => T::Rg8Snorm,
-        "r16_snorm" => T::R16Snorm,
-        "r8_snorm" => T::R8Snorm,
-        "rgba32i" => T::Rgba32Sint,
-        "rgba16i" => T::Rgba16Sint,
-        "rgba8i" => T::Rgba8Sint,
-        "rg32i" => T::Rg32Sint,
-        "rg16i" => T::Rg16Sint,
-        "rg8i" => T::Rg8Sint,
-        "r32i" => T::R32Sint,
-        "r16i" => T::R16Sint,
-        "r8i" => T::R8Sint,
-        "rgba32ui" => T::Rgba32Uint,
-        "rgba16ui" => T::Rgba16Uint,
-        "rgb10_a2ui" => T::Rgb10a2Uint,
-        "rgba8ui" => T::Rgba8Uint,
-        "rg32ui" => T::Rg32Uint,
-        "rg16ui" => T::Rg16Uint,
-        "rg8ui" => T::Rg8Uint,
-        "r32ui" => T::R32Uint,
-        "r16ui" => T::R16Uint,
-        "r8ui" => T::R8Uint,
-        _ => return None,
-    })
-}
-
 /// The value slot of the pack's custom uniform `name` for a program declaring it as GLSL type
 /// `ty`: after the frame's uniforms, in the order of `custom` (each with the type
 /// `shaders.properties` gives it). A `float`, `int`, `vec2`, `vec3` or `vec4` custom uniform
@@ -2805,10 +2717,21 @@ impl PackPost {
            .shadow
            .zip(shadow_geometry.as_ref())
            .and_then(|(p, g)| build(p, Some(g)));
+        // A GPU that refuses translucent terrain's program with the boats' water patches gets it
+        // without them (`Post::shadow_water_plain`), rather than no translucent shadows at all.
+        let mut plain = post.shadow_water_plain;
        let shadow_water = post
            .shadow_water
            .zip(shadow_geometry.as_ref())
            .and_then(|(p, g)| build(p, Some(g)));
+        let unpatched = shadow_water.is_none().then(|| plain.take()).flatten();
+        let unpatched_name = unpatched.as_ref().map(|p| p.name.clone());
+        let shadow_water = shadow_water.or_else(|| {
+            unpatched
+                .zip(shadow_geometry.as_ref())
+                .and_then(|(p, g)| build(p, Some(g)))
+        });
+        let water_unpatched = unpatched_name.filter(|_| shadow_water.is_some());
        let (hides_sky, hides_celestial) = (post.sky.is_some(), post.sky_textured.is_some());
        let sky = (post.sky.is_some() || post.sky_textured.is_some()).then(|| {
            let geometry = PackSky::new(device);
@@ -3365,6 +3288,17 @@ impl PackPost {
        let white = [255u8; 4];
        let black = [0u8; 4];
        let flat_normal = [128u8, 128, 255, 255];
+        // Said as what it is, not as a program skipped.
+        if let Some(name) = water_unpatched {
+            let skipped = format!("{name}: skipped: ");
+            if let Some(n) = notes.iter_mut().rev().find(|n| n.starts_with(&skipped)) {
+                *n = format!(
+                    "{name}: translucent terrain without the boats' water patches, as the GPU \
+                     refused it with them ({})",
+                    &n[skipped.len()..]
+                );
+            }
+        }
        let jobs = (pack.jobs.as_ref())
            .map(std::cell::RefCell::take)
            .unwrap_or_default();
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+//! A shadow program writing as many vertex outputs as the GPU takes leaves no room for the boats'
+//! water patches (`GbuffersInputs::water_patches`, one output more): translucent terrain gets
+//! the program without them, not no shadow program. The programs here are original.
+use super::destination_tests::Fixture;
+use super::*;
+use std::io::{Cursor, Write};
+
+fn pack(outputs: u32) -> Post {
+    let mut zip = zip::ZipWriter::new(Cursor::new(Vec::new()));
+    let mut add = |name: &str, source: &str| {
+        zip.start_file(
+            format!("shaders/{name}"),
+            zip::write::SimpleFileOptions::default(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        zip.write_all(source.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+    };
+    let declared: String = (0..outputs)
+        .map(|i| format!("varying vec4 v{i};\n"))
+        .collect();
+    let written: String = (0..outputs).map(|i| format!("v{i}=vec4({i}.0);")).collect();
+    let read: String = (0..outputs).map(|i| format!("+v{i}")).collect();
+    add(
+        "shadow.vsh",
+        &format!(
+            "#version 120\n{declared}void main() {{ gl_Position=vec4(gl_Vertex.xy,0.5,1.0); {written} }}\n"
+        ),
+    );
+    add(
+        "shadow.fsh",
+        &format!("#version 120\n{declared}void main() {{ gl_FragData[0]=vec4(0.0){read}; }}\n"),
+    );
+    add(
+        "final.vsh",
+        "#version 120\nvarying vec2 uv;\nvoid main() { uv=gl_MultiTexCoord0.xy; gl_Position=ftransform(); }\n",
+    );
+    add(
+        "final.fsh",
+        "#version 120\nconst int shadowMapResolution=16;\nuniform sampler2D shadowcolor0;\n\
+         varying vec2 uv;\nvoid main() { gl_FragColor=texture2D(shadowcolor0,uv); }\n",
+    );
+    let pack = horizon_shaders::Pack::from_zip_bytes(
+        "original-full-outputs",
+        zip.finish().unwrap().into_inner(),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    let mut macros = horizon_shaders::Macros::standard();
+    let (properties, _) = horizon_shaders::read_properties(&pack, &mut macros);
+    let inputs = horizon_shaders::GameInputs {
+        terrain: Some(horizon_shaders::GbuffersInputs {
+            item_id_declared: false,
+            far_depth: false,
+            paged_maps: false,
+            water_mask: false,
+            water_patches: false,
+            declarations: "layout(location=0)in vec3 fixture_position;\n".into(),
+            body: "hz_Vertex=vec4(fixture_position,1.0);hz_Color=vec4(1.0);\
+                   hz_MultiTexCoord0=vec4(0.0);hz_MultiTexCoord1=vec4(240.0);\
+                   hz_MultiTexCoord2=vec4(240.0);hz_Normal=vec3(0.0,0.0,1.0);\n"
+                .into(),
+            attributes: vec![],
+            after: String::new(),
+            alpha_test: None,
+        }),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    horizon_shaders::load_post(&pack, "", &properties, &macros, &inputs)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_shadow_program_with_every_output_drops_the_boats_patches_not_its_water() {
+    let Some(gpu) = Fixture::new() else { return };
+    const ATTRS: [wgpu::VertexAttribute; 1] = wgpu::vertex_attr_array![0=>Float32x3];
+    let layouts = [Some(wgpu::VertexBufferLayout {
+        array_stride: 12,
+        step_mode: wgpu::VertexStepMode::Vertex,
+        attributes: &ATTRS,
+    })];
+    let geometry = || {
+        Some(Geometry {
+            material_maps: false,
+            buffers: &layouts,
+            table: None,
+            depth_write: true,
+            atlas: None,
+            ids: None,
+            cull: true,
+        })
+    };
+    let outputs = gpu.device.limits().max_inter_stage_shader_variables;
+    let post = gpu.build_with_terrain(pack(outputs), geometry());
+    assert!(post.has_shadow(), "{:?}", post.notes);
+    assert!(post.shadow_water.is_some(), "{:?}", post.notes);
+    assert!(
+        post.notes
+            .iter()
+            .any(|n| n.contains("without the boats' water patches")),
+        "{:?}",
+        post.notes
+    );
+    // With room for them, the patches stay and nothing is said.
+    let post = gpu.build_with_terrain(pack(outputs - 1), geometry());
+    assert!(post.shadow_water.is_some(), "{:?}", post.notes);
+    assert!(
+        !post.notes.iter().any(|n| n.contains("water patches")),
+        "{:?}",
+        post.notes
+    );
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+//! Image formats: a storage image's format qualifier as wgpu's, and the stand-in a module's
+//! storage images declare.
+
+/// Makes each storage image of `module` in group 0 declare the format its layout entry binds:
+/// a `layout(r11f_g11f_b10f)` image whose texture is the `RGBA16F` stand-in (`bindings`).
+pub(super) fn storage_formats_of(
+    module: &mut naga::Module,
+    entries: &[wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry],
+) {
+    let globals: Vec<_> = module.global_variables.iter().map(|(h, _)| h).collect();
+    for handle in globals {
+        let var = &module.global_variables[handle];
+        let Some(naga::ResourceBinding { group: 0, binding }) = var.binding else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let naga::TypeInner::Image {
+            dim,
+            arrayed,
+            class: naga::ImageClass::Storage { format, access },
+        } = module.types[var.ty].inner
+        else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let bound = entries.iter().find_map(|e| match e.ty {
+            wgpu::BindingType::StorageTexture { format, .. } if e.binding == binding => {
+                Some(format)
+            }
+            _ => None,
+        });
+        if format == naga::StorageFormat::Rg11b10Ufloat
+            && bound == Some(wgpu::TextureFormat::Rgba16Float)
+        {
+            let ty = module.types.insert(
+                naga::Type {
+                    name: module.types[var.ty].name.clone(),
+                    inner: naga::TypeInner::Image {
+                        dim,
+                        arrayed,
+                        class: naga::ImageClass::Storage {
+                            format: naga::StorageFormat::Rgba16Float,
+                            access,
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+                naga::Span::UNDEFINED,
+            );
+            module.global_variables[handle].ty = ty;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The wgpu format of an image's format qualifier.
+pub(super) fn image_format(qualifier: &str) -> Option<wgpu::TextureFormat> {
+    use wgpu::TextureFormat as T;
+    Some(match qualifier {
+        "rgba32f" => T::Rgba32Float,
+        "rgba16f" => T::Rgba16Float,
+        "rg32f" => T::Rg32Float,
+        "rg16f" => T::Rg16Float,
+        "r11f_g11f_b10f" => T::Rg11b10Ufloat,
+        "r32f" => T::R32Float,
+        "r16f" => T::R16Float,
+        "rgba16" => T::Rgba16Unorm,
+        "rgb10_a2" => T::Rgb10a2Unorm,
+        "rgba8" => T::Rgba8Unorm,
+        "rg16" => T::Rg16Unorm,
+        "rg8" => T::Rg8Unorm,
+        "r16" => T::R16Unorm,
+        "r8" => T::R8Unorm,
+        "rgba16_snorm" => T::Rgba16Snorm,
+        "rgba8_snorm" => T::Rgba8Snorm,
+        "rg16_snorm" => T::Rg16Snorm,
+        "rg8_snorm" => T::Rg8Snorm,
+        "r16_snorm" => T::R16Snorm,
+        "r8_snorm" => T::R8Snorm,
+        "rgba32i" => T::Rgba32Sint,
+        "rgba16i" => T::Rgba16Sint,
+        "rgba8i" => T::Rgba8Sint,
+        "rg32i" => T::Rg32Sint,
+        "rg16i" => T::Rg16Sint,
+        "rg8i" => T::Rg8Sint,
+        "r32i" => T::R32Sint,
+        "r16i" => T::R16Sint,
+        "r8i" => T::R8Sint,
+        "rgba32ui" => T::Rgba32Uint,
+        "rgba16ui" => T::Rgba16Uint,
+        "rgb10_a2ui" => T::Rgb10a2Uint,
+        "rgba8ui" => T::Rgba8Uint,
+        "rg32ui" => T::Rg32Uint,
+        "rg16ui" => T::Rg16Uint,
+        "rg8ui" => T::Rg8Uint,
+        "r32ui" => T::R32Uint,
+        "r16ui" => T::R16Uint,
+        "r8ui" => T::R8Uint,
+        _ => return None,
+    })
+}
@@ -50,6 +50,98 @@ struct TaaResources {
    uniform: wgpu::Buffer,
 }

+/// One frame handed to an upscaler backend: the jittered world at `render_size` and what
+/// it needs to rebuild it at `output_size`. The motion is the camera's alone (`reproject`);
+/// objects that move on their own carry no motion vectors yet.
+// Only TAA reads it so far; a vendor backend reads the rest (#12918).
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+pub(super) struct UpscaleFrame<'a> {
+    /// The world's colour, rendered with this frame's jitter.
+    pub color: &'a wgpu::TextureView,
+    /// The world's depth, at `render_size`.
+    pub depth: &'a wgpu::TextureView,
+    pub render_size: [u32; 2],
+    pub output_size: [u32; 2],
+    /// The jitter in clip space, as added to the projection.
+    pub jitter_clip: [f32; 2],
+    /// The same jitter in rendered pixels, y down.
+    pub jitter_pixels: [f32; 2],
+    /// This frame's unjittered clip space to the previous frame's.
+    pub reproject: [[f32; 4]; 4],
+    /// The history is unusable: a cut, a resize, a frame without the upscaler.
+    pub reset: bool,
+    /// Frames jittered so far.
+    pub index: u32,
+}
+
+/// Something that turns the jittered low-resolution world into the output picture.
+/// TAA (`TaaResources`) is the only backend; `Target` is the per-size state a backend
+/// keeps beside the world target (TAA's history textures).
+pub(super) trait UpscalerBackend {
+    type Target;
+    /// The name its GPU timing is shown under.
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str;
+    /// Write this frame's output and return the bind group that shows it (`draw_onto`).
+    fn resolve<'t>(
+        &self,
+        queue: &wgpu::Queue,
+        encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder,
+        frame: &UpscaleFrame<'_>,
+        target: &'t Self::Target,
+        timing: Option<&mut super::pack_timing::PassTiming>,
+    ) -> &'t wgpu::BindGroup;
+}
+
+impl UpscalerBackend for TaaResources {
+    type Target = History;
+
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "TAA"
+    }
+
+    fn resolve<'t>(
+        &self,
+        queue: &wgpu::Queue,
+        encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder,
+        frame: &UpscaleFrame<'_>,
+        taa: &'t History,
+        timing: Option<&mut super::pack_timing::PassTiming>,
+    ) -> &'t wgpu::BindGroup {
+        // The resolve bind group already samples `frame.color` and `frame.depth`.
+        let i = (frame.index % 2) as usize;
+        let uniform = TaaUniform {
+            reproject: frame.reproject,
+            jitter: [
+                frame.jitter_clip[0],
+                frame.jitter_clip[1],
+                if frame.reset { 1.0 } else { 0.0 },
+                0.0,
+            ],
+        };
+        queue.write_buffer(&self.uniform, 0, bytemuck::bytes_of(&uniform));
+        let attachments = [Some(wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment {
+            view: &taa.history[i],
+            resolve_target: None,
+            depth_slice: None,
+            ops: wgpu::Operations {
+                load: wgpu::LoadOp::Clear(wgpu::Color::BLACK),
+                store: wgpu::StoreOp::Store,
+            },
+        })];
+        let mut pass = encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
+            label: Some("Horizon TAA"),
+            timestamp_writes: timing.and_then(|t| t.writes(self.name())),
+            color_attachments: &attachments,
+            ..Default::default()
+        });
+        pass.set_pipeline(&self.pipeline);
+        pass.set_bind_group(0, &taa.resolve[i], &[]);
+        pass.draw(0..3, 0..1);
+        drop(pass);
+        &taa.show[i]
+    }
+}
+
 pub struct Post {
    layout: wgpu::BindGroupLayout,
    sampler: wgpu::Sampler,
@@ -563,33 +655,25 @@ impl Post {
            self.finish_with(encoder, screen, &target.group, timing.as_deref_mut());
            return;
        };
-        let i = (self.taa_frame % 2) as usize;
-        queue.write_buffer(&res.uniform, 0, bytemuck::bytes_of(&self.taa_this_frame));
-        let attachments = [Some(wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment {
-            view: &taa.history[i],
-            resolve_target: None,
-            depth_slice: None,
-            ops: wgpu::Operations {
-                load: wgpu::LoadOp::Clear(wgpu::Color::BLACK),
-                store: wgpu::StoreOp::Store,
-            },
-        })];
-        let mut pass = encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
-            label: Some("Horizon TAA"),
-            timestamp_writes: timing.as_deref_mut().and_then(|t| t.writes("TAA")),
-            color_attachments: &attachments,
-            ..Default::default()
-        });
-        pass.set_pipeline(&res.pipeline);
-        pass.set_bind_group(0, &taa.resolve[i], &[]);
-        pass.draw(0..3, 0..1);
-        drop(pass);
+        let size = self.size().unwrap_or([1, 1]);
+        let frame = UpscaleFrame {
+            color: &target.color,
+            depth: &target.depth,
+            render_size: size,
+            output_size: taa.size,
+            jitter_clip: [self.taa_this_frame.jitter[0], self.taa_this_frame.jitter[1]],
+            jitter_pixels: self.jitter_pixels(),
+            reproject: self.taa_this_frame.reproject,
+            reset: self.taa_this_frame.jitter[2] > 0.5,
+            index: self.taa_frame,
+        };
+        let shown = res.resolve(queue, encoder, &frame, taa, timing.as_deref_mut());
        let pipeline = if self.upscale > 1.0 {
            &self.sharpen
        } else {
            &self.copy
        };
-        self.draw_onto(encoder, screen, &taa.show[i], pipeline, timing);
+        self.draw_onto(encoder, screen, shown, pipeline, timing);
    }

    /// Draw what `group` binds (`bind`) onto `screen`.
@@ -5,9 +5,23 @@
 use std::{fs, path::Path};

 pub const FILE: &str = "horizon-graphics.txt";
-/// Written beside it before HDR output is switched on and removed once the first HDR frame is
-/// presented. Found at the next start, it means HDR output took the game down, so HDR starts off.
+/// Written beside it before a window's HDR output is switched on, naming the graphics driver it
+/// starts on ([`hdr_marker_text`]), and removed once the first HDR frame is presented. Found at
+/// the next start, it means HDR output took the game down there: HDR output is held back on
+/// that driver ([`Graphics::hdr_failed_start`]), and the mode stays as the player chose it.
 pub const HDR_MARKER: &str = "horizon-hdr-pending";
+/// The marker's text for a window whose HDR output starts on `driver`
+/// (`gfx::output::window_driver`).
+pub fn hdr_marker_text(driver: &str) -> String {
+    format!("driver:{driver}\n")
+}
+/// The driver a marker names; empty for one written before markers named it.
+fn marker_driver(text: &str) -> &str {
+    text.lines()
+        .find_map(|line| line.strip_prefix("driver:"))
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+        .trim()
+}

 /// What the system reports for the display HDR output goes to, in nits in HDR output's
 /// scale: where its SDR white sits (the desktop's white) and the peak. Each renderer keeps its
@@ -809,6 +823,11 @@ pub struct Graphics {
    pub hdr_lighting: bool,
    /// A vanilla key name (`HDR_KEY`): opens HDR's settings from the game. Unbound by default.
    pub hdr_key: String,
+    /// The graphics driver whose last start ended before HDR output showed a frame (the
+    /// marker found, [`HDR_MARKER`]): a window on it stays SDR whatever the mode, until the
+    /// mode is changed or the window starts on another driver ([`Graphics::hdr_held`]).
+    /// Empty for a marker that named no driver: the first one seen holds it.
+    pub hdr_failed_start: Option<String>,
    /// Battery mode: at most 60 frames per second in a world and 30 in menus
    /// or behind other windows, and half the worker threads. Off by default;
    /// it changes when frames are drawn, never what they show or the ticks.
@@ -884,6 +903,7 @@ impl Default for Graphics {
            hdr_ui_brightness: 100,
            hdr_lighting: true,
            hdr_key: "key.keyboard.unknown".into(),
+            hdr_failed_start: None,
            battery: false,
            shadow_cache: false,
            api: GraphicsApi::Auto,
@@ -909,15 +929,50 @@ impl Graphics {
                Vec::new()
            }
        };
-        if fs::remove_file(dir.join(HDR_MARKER)).is_ok() && g.hdr != HdrMode::Off {
-            g.hdr = HdrMode::Off;
+        let marker = dir.join(HDR_MARKER);
+        if let Ok(text) = fs::read_to_string(&marker)
+            && fs::remove_file(&marker).is_ok()
+            && g.hdr != HdrMode::Off
+        {
+            g.hdr_failed_start = Some(marker_driver(&text).to_owned());
            g.save(dir);
            log::warn!(
-                "the last start ended before HDR output showed a frame; HDR is off now (graphics option hdr, in {FILE})"
+                "the last start ended before HDR output showed a frame; HDR output stays off with that graphics driver until the HDR mode is changed (graphics option hdrFailedStart, in {FILE})"
            );
        }
        g
    }
+    /// Whether HDR output is held back on a window whose graphics driver is `driver`
+    /// (`gfx::output::window_driver`): the last start on it ended before HDR output
+    /// showed a frame ([`Graphics::hdr_failed_start`]).
+    pub fn hdr_held(&self, driver: &str) -> bool {
+        self.hdr_failed_start
+            .as_deref()
+            .is_some_and(|failed| failed.is_empty() || failed == driver)
+    }
+    /// The window's renderer runs on `driver`: a failed start that named no driver is this
+    /// one's now, and another driver's (a driver update, another GPU) is dropped, so HDR output
+    /// is tried again. True when it changed.
+    pub fn settle_failed_start(&mut self, driver: &str) -> bool {
+        match self.hdr_failed_start.as_deref() {
+            Some("") => self.hdr_failed_start = Some(driver.to_owned()),
+            Some(failed) if failed != driver => self.hdr_failed_start = None,
+            _ => return false,
+        }
+        true
+    }
+    /// `before`, as Undo brings it back, but never the hold on a driver HDR output failed to
+    /// start on: that stays as it is now, and goes when Undo changes the mode, as any change of
+    /// the mode drops it.
+    pub fn undone_to(&self, before: &Self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            hdr_failed_start: self
+                .hdr_failed_start
+                .clone()
+                .filter(|_| self.hdr == before.hdr),
+            ..before.clone()
+        }
+    }
    pub fn parse(text: &str) -> Self {
        let mut g = Self::default();
        for line in text.lines() {
@@ -1026,6 +1081,7 @@ impl Graphics {
                    g.hdr_ui_brightness = number(g.hdr_ui_brightness).clamp(25, 100)
                }
                "hdrKey" if value.starts_with("key.") => g.hdr_key = value.to_owned(),
+                "hdrFailedStart" => g.hdr_failed_start = Some(value.to_owned()),
                "batteryMode" => g.battery = flag(g.battery),
                "shadowCache" => g.shadow_cache = flag(g.shadow_cache),
                "batchTranslucent" => g.translucent_batching = flag(g.translucent_batching),
@@ -1104,6 +1160,9 @@ impl Graphics {
            bool_text(self.hdr_smooth_gradients),
            self.gpu_culling.key(),
        );
+        if let Some(driver) = &self.hdr_failed_start {
+            text += &format!("hdrFailedStart:{driver}\n");
+        }
        text += &self.blue_map.serialize();
        text
    }
@@ -1243,6 +1302,85 @@ mod tests {
        }
    }

+    fn scratch(name: &str) -> std::path::PathBuf {
+        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(
+            "horizon-{name}-{}-{:?}",
+            std::process::id(),
+            std::thread::current().id()
+        ));
+        let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+        fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+        dir
+    }
+
+    /// A start that finds the marker (HDR output took the last one down) keeps the mode the
+    /// player chose and saves the driver the marker names; HDR Off saves nothing.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_marker_keeps_the_mode_and_holds_the_driver_it_names() {
+        let driver = "Vulkan 10de:2684 NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4090; NVIDIA; 581.57";
+        for mode in HdrMode::ALL {
+            let dir = scratch(&format!("hdr-marker-{mode:?}"));
+            let saved = Graphics {
+                hdr: mode,
+                ..Graphics::default()
+            };
+            saved.save(&dir);
+            fs::write(dir.join(HDR_MARKER), hdr_marker_text(driver)).unwrap();
+            let g = Graphics::load(&dir);
+            let failed = (mode != HdrMode::Off).then(|| driver.to_owned());
+            assert_eq!((g.hdr, &g.hdr_failed_start), (mode, &failed), "{mode:?}");
+            assert!(!dir.join(HDR_MARKER).exists(), "{mode:?}");
+            // Saved for good: the next start, without a marker, reads the same.
+            let again = Graphics::load(&dir);
+            assert_eq!((again.hdr, again.hdr_failed_start), (mode, failed));
+            let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Today's marker names no driver: it holds whichever driver the window starts on first,
+    /// and is that driver's from then on.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_marker_without_a_driver_holds_the_first_one_seen() {
+        let dir = scratch("hdr-marker-legacy");
+        Graphics {
+            hdr: HdrMode::Auto,
+            ..Graphics::default()
+        }
+        .save(&dir);
+        fs::write(dir.join(HDR_MARKER), "HDR output was being switched on\n").unwrap();
+        let mut g = Graphics::load(&dir);
+        assert_eq!(
+            (g.hdr, g.hdr_failed_start.as_deref()),
+            (HdrMode::Auto, Some(""))
+        );
+        let (first, second) = (
+            "Vulkan 10de:2684 GPU; NVIDIA; 1",
+            "Dx12 1002:744c GPU; AMD; 2",
+        );
+        assert!(g.hdr_held(first) && g.hdr_held(second));
+        assert!(g.settle_failed_start(first));
+        assert!(g.hdr_held(first) && !g.hdr_held(second));
+        assert!(!g.settle_failed_start(first));
+        let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+    }
+
+    /// The window starting on another driver (an update, another GPU) drops the hold, so HDR
+    /// output is tried again; on the same driver it stays.
+    #[test]
+    fn another_driver_drops_the_hold() {
+        let held = "Vulkan 10de:2684 GPU; NVIDIA; 581.57";
+        let mut g = Graphics {
+            hdr: HdrMode::On,
+            hdr_failed_start: Some(held.into()),
+            ..Graphics::default()
+        };
+        assert!(!g.settle_failed_start(held));
+        assert!(g.hdr_held(held));
+        assert!(g.settle_failed_start("Vulkan 10de:2684 GPU; NVIDIA; 582.02"));
+        assert_eq!((g.hdr, g.hdr_failed_start), (HdrMode::On, None));
+        assert!(!Graphics::default().hdr_held(held));
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn round_trips() {
        let g = Graphics {
@@ -1295,6 +1433,9 @@ mod tests {
            hdr_ui_brightness: 60,
            hdr_lighting: false,
            hdr_key: "key.keyboard.h".into(),
+            hdr_failed_start: Some(
+                "Vulkan 10de:2684 NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4090; NVIDIA; 581.57".into(),
+            ),
            battery: true,
            shadow_cache: true,
            api: GraphicsApi::Dx12,
@@ -1303,6 +1444,15 @@ mod tests {
            shader_pack: "Golden Hour".into(),
        };
        assert_eq!(Graphics::parse(&g.serialize()), g);
+        // A legacy marker's hold, which names no driver, round-trips too; none writes no line.
+        for failed in [Some(String::new()), None] {
+            let graphics = Graphics {
+                hdr_failed_start: failed,
+                ..Graphics::default()
+            };
+            assert_eq!(Graphics::parse(&graphics.serialize()), graphics);
+        }
+        assert!(!Graphics::default().serialize().contains("hdrFailedStart"));
        for mode in EntityCullingMode::ALL {
            let graphics = Graphics {
                entity_culling: mode,
@@ -708,6 +708,10 @@ fn setup_of(g: &crate::graphics::Graphics, reported: bool) -> Setup {
        Setup::Changed
    }
 }
+/// What the HDR page says while HDR output is held back on this window's graphics driver
+/// (`EffectiveOutput::held`): picking a mode tries again (`H::cycle`).
+const HDR_HELD: &str = "HDR output stopped the game the last time it started with this graphics driver. Choose a mode to try again.";
+
 /// The description beside `item` where it depends on [`setup`]; `text` otherwise.
 fn description(
    item: Item,
@@ -716,6 +720,7 @@ fn description(
    text: &'static str,
 ) -> &'static str {
    match (item, setup(s, out)) {
+        (Item::Horizon(H::Hdr), _) if out.held => HDR_HELD,
        (Item::Horizon(H::HdrCalibrate), Setup::Unknown) => {
            "Your display didn't say how bright it gets: calibrate to set it up."
        }
@@ -1086,7 +1091,9 @@ impl H {
            H::FrameGeneration => {
                g.frame_generation = step(&FrameGeneration::ALL, g.frame_generation, back)
            }
+            // Any choice tries HDR output again on a driver a start failed on.
            H::Hdr => {
+                g.hdr_failed_start = None;
                g.hdr = step(&HdrMode::ALL, g.hdr, back);
                if g.hdr == HdrMode::On && !out.hdr_offered() {
                    g.hdr = step(&HdrMode::ALL, g.hdr, back);
@@ -1155,7 +1162,11 @@ impl Item {
                | H::HdrUiBrightness
                | H::HdrLighting
                | H::HdrSmoothGradients,
-            ) if !out.requests_hdr(s.horizon.hdr) => Some("Turn HDR on to use it."),
+            ) if !out.requests_hdr(s.horizon.hdr) => Some(if out.held {
+                HDR_HELD
+            } else {
+                "Turn HDR on to use it."
+            }),
            Item::Horizon(H::TranslucentBatching)
                if !crate::graphics::translucent_batching_offered() =>
            {
@@ -1522,7 +1533,7 @@ impl Screen for GraphicsScreen {
    /// one `horizon-ctl options-set` changed meanwhile), nor fullscreen, which F11 and the
    /// window manager change.
    fn undo(&mut self, s: &mut Settings, b: &Settings) -> Vec<Output> {
-        s.horizon = b.horizon.clone();
+        s.horizon = s.horizon.undone_to(&b.horizon);
        s.render_distance = b.render_distance;
        s.simulation_distance = b.simulation_distance;
        s.gamma = b.gamma;
@@ -134,3 +134,68 @@ fn hdr_setup_follows_what_the_system_reported() {
    assert_eq!(setup_of(&g, true), Setup::Changed);
    assert_eq!(setup_of(&g, false), Setup::Unknown);
 }
+
+/// While HDR output is held back on this window's driver, the HDR row says so and keeps
+/// the mode; any change of the mode drops the hold, and HDR is asked for again.
+#[test]
+fn a_held_hdr_start_is_said_on_the_page_and_a_mode_change_tries_again() {
+    use crate::gfx::{HdrOutput, output::tests};
+    let mut s = Settings::default();
+    s.horizon.hdr = HdrMode::Auto;
+    s.horizon.hdr_failed_start = Some("Vulkan 10de:2684 GPU; driver; 1.0".into());
+    let (mut caps, reading) = tests::window(Some(HdrOutput::Pq), Some(true));
+    caps.held = true;
+    let out = tests::snapshot(&s.horizon, Default::default(), caps, reading);
+    let hdr = Item::Horizon(H::Hdr);
+    let setting = h(
+        H::Hdr,
+        Cost::None,
+        "Lava, fire and sunlight shine brighter than white.",
+    );
+    let held = super::row(setting, &s, &out);
+    assert_eq!(held.chosen.as_deref(), Some(HDR_HELD));
+    assert_eq!(held.why, None);
+    assert_eq!(hdr.label(&s, &out).plain(), "HDR: Auto");
+    assert_eq!(Item::Horizon(H::HdrPeak).blocked(&s, &out), Some(HDR_HELD));
+    // Not held, the row says what HDR does.
+    caps.held = false;
+    let free = tests::snapshot(&s.horizon, Default::default(), caps, reading);
+    assert_eq!(super::row(setting, &s, &free).chosen, None);
+    // Any step of the mode, either way, tries again.
+    for back in [false, true] {
+        let mut s = s.clone();
+        hdr.cycle(&mut s, back, FB, &out);
+        assert_ne!(s.horizon.hdr, HdrMode::Auto);
+        assert_eq!(s.horizon.hdr_failed_start, None);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Undo never brings the hold back: held Auto, changed to On (HDR tried again), then
+/// undone, is Auto without the hold. With the mode left alone, it keeps the hold as it is.
+#[test]
+fn undo_never_restores_a_held_hdr_start() {
+    let mut screen = GraphicsScreen {
+        framebuffer: FB,
+        output: NONE,
+    };
+    let mut opened = Settings::default();
+    opened.horizon.hdr = HdrMode::Auto;
+    opened.horizon.hdr_failed_start = Some("Vulkan 10de:2684 GPU; driver; 1.0; os".into());
+    let mut s = opened.clone();
+    let out = offering(true, Some(true));
+    Item::Horizon(H::Hdr).cycle(&mut s, true, FB, &out);
+    assert_eq!(
+        (s.horizon.hdr, &s.horizon.hdr_failed_start),
+        (HdrMode::On, &None)
+    );
+    screen.undo(&mut s, &opened);
+    assert_eq!(
+        (s.horizon.hdr, &s.horizon.hdr_failed_start),
+        (HdrMode::Auto, &None)
+    );
+    // Another row changed and undone: the hold stays.
+    let mut s = opened.clone();
+    s.horizon.fxaa = !s.horizon.fxaa;
+    screen.undo(&mut s, &opened);
+    assert_eq!(s.horizon, opened.horizon);
+}
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 //! Nothing changes until Save, which writes the three into Horizon's settings; Cancel
 //! or Escape leaves them as they were.
 use crate::{
+    font::Font,
    hud::{HudAtlas, HudBatch, rgba},
    lang,
    settings::Settings,
@@ -33,6 +34,10 @@ pub enum Step {
 }
 const STEPS: [Step; 3] = [Step::Black, Step::Peak, Step::PaperWhite];

+/// A step's test picture for HDR output: the step, its nits and where the controls start (a
+/// share of the height).
+pub type Picture = (Step, f32, f32);
+
 /// What the options screen does after an input here.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum Outcome {
@@ -43,6 +48,30 @@ pub enum Outcome {
    Cancel,
 }

+/// The window as calibration found it: calibration turns it fullscreen for its test pictures,
+/// and gives it back as it was.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum WindowState {
+    Fullscreen,
+    Maximized,
+    Windowed,
+}
+
+impl WindowState {
+    pub fn of(fullscreen: bool, maximized: bool) -> Self {
+        match (fullscreen, maximized) {
+            (true, _) => Self::Fullscreen,
+            (false, true) => Self::Maximized,
+            (false, false) => Self::Windowed,
+        }
+    }
+    /// On leaving calibration: whether the window leaves fullscreen, and whether it is
+    /// maximized again after (leaving fullscreen gives back its restored size on Windows).
+    pub fn leaving(self) -> (bool, bool) {
+        (self != Self::Fullscreen, self == Self::Maximized)
+    }
+}
+
 pub struct Calibration {
    step: usize,
    /// Nits, in the order of `STEPS`.
@@ -53,8 +82,11 @@ pub struct Calibration {
    dragging: bool,
 }

-/// Height of the band of controls at the bottom, in GUI pixels.
+/// Height of the band of controls at the bottom with a hint of one line, in GUI pixels.
 const BAND: f32 = 84.0;
+/// Each further line of the hint, which wraps within the window less this at each side.
+const HINT_LINE: f32 = 10.0;
+const HINT_MARGIN: f32 = 10.0;

 impl Step {
    /// The slider's steps past its first: the settings' own.
@@ -115,18 +147,24 @@ impl Step {

 struct Layout {
    top: f32,
+    hint: Vec<Text>,
    slider: (f32, f32, f32),
    cancel: (f32, f32, f32),
    back: (f32, f32, f32),
    next: (f32, f32, f32),
 }
-fn layout(w: f32, h: f32) -> Layout {
-    let top = (h - BAND).floor();
+/// The band grows up by the lines `step`'s hint takes past its first.
+fn layout(font: &Font, step: Step, (w, h): (f32, f32)) -> Layout {
+    let hint = Text::literal(lang::get(step.hint_key()));
+    let hint = font.split(&hint, w - 2.0 * HINT_MARGIN);
+    let more = hint.len().saturating_sub(1) as f32 * HINT_LINE;
+    let top = (h - BAND - more).floor();
    let cx = (w / 2.0).floor();
-    let by = top + 58.0;
+    let by = top + more + 58.0;
    Layout {
        top,
-        slider: (cx - 100.0, top + 32.0, 200.0),
+        hint,
+        slider: (cx - 100.0, top + more + 32.0, 200.0),
        cancel: (cx - 152.0, by, 98.0),
        back: (cx - 49.0, by, 98.0),
        next: (cx + 54.0, by, 98.0),
@@ -159,6 +197,9 @@ impl Calibration {
    fn current(&self) -> Step {
        STEPS[self.step]
    }
+    fn layout(&self, font: &Font, size: (f32, f32)) -> Layout {
+        layout(font, self.current(), size)
+    }
    /// The slider's position, 0..=1.
    fn position(&self) -> f32 {
        let step = self.current();
@@ -184,18 +225,17 @@ impl Calibration {
        };
        Text::literal(format!("{}: {}", step.name(), value))
    }
-    /// The step, its nits and where the controls start (a share of the height), for
-    /// HDR output's test picture.
-    pub fn picture(&self, h: f32) -> (Step, f32, f32) {
+    /// The current step's test picture in a GUI of `size`.
+    pub fn picture(&self, font: &Font, size: (f32, f32)) -> Picture {
        (
            self.current(),
            self.values[self.step],
-            layout(0.0, h).top / h.max(1.0),
+            self.layout(font, size).top / size.1.max(1.0),
        )
    }
    pub fn draw(&self, batch: &mut HudBatch, atlas: &HudAtlas, cursor: (f32, f32)) {
        let (w, h) = (batch.width, batch.height);
-        let l = layout(w, h);
+        let l = self.layout(&atlas.font, (w, h));
        // Above the band HDR output draws the test picture over whatever is here.
        batch.fill(atlas, 0.0, 0.0, w, h, rgba(0, 0, 0, 255));
        batch.fill(atlas, 0.0, l.top, w, h - l.top, rgba(24, 24, 24, 255));
@@ -205,16 +245,10 @@ impl Calibration {
            &[&(self.step + 1), &STEPS.len(), &step.name()],
        ));
        ui::centered_text(batch, atlas, &title, 0.0, l.top + 6.0, w, u32::MAX);
-        let hint = Text::literal(lang::get(step.hint_key()));
-        ui::centered_text(
-            batch,
-            atlas,
-            &hint,
-            0.0,
-            l.top + 18.0,
-            w,
-            rgba(160, 160, 160, 255),
-        );
+        for (i, line) in l.hint.iter().enumerate() {
+            let y = l.top + 18.0 + i as f32 * HINT_LINE;
+            ui::centered_text(batch, atlas, line, 0.0, y, w, rgba(160, 160, 160, 255));
+        }
        let (x, y, sw) = l.slider;
        ui::slider(
            batch,
@@ -261,8 +295,14 @@ impl Calibration {
        }
    }
    /// A press, or a drag with `drag`, at `cursor`.
-    pub fn click(&mut self, cursor: (f32, f32), (w, h): (f32, f32), drag: bool) -> Outcome {
-        let l = layout(w, h);
+    pub fn click(
+        &mut self,
+        font: &Font,
+        cursor: (f32, f32),
+        size: (f32, f32),
+        drag: bool,
+    ) -> Outcome {
+        let l = self.layout(font, size);
        let (x, _, sw) = l.slider;
        if drag {
            if !self.dragging {
@@ -336,6 +376,14 @@ mod tests {

    const NONE: EffectiveOutput = EffectiveOutput::NONE;

+    fn font() -> Font {
+        Font::metrics(std::path::Path::new("/nonexistent/horizon-test-assets"))
+    }
+    /// At the default GUI scale of the game's first window (854 x 480 at 2).
+    fn picture(c: &Calibration) -> Picture {
+        c.picture(&font(), (427.0, 240.0))
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn calibration_saves_only_on_save() {
        let mut s = Settings::default();
@@ -344,14 +392,14 @@ mod tests {
        let mut c = Calibration::new(&s, &NONE);
        assert_eq!(c.key(KeyCode::ArrowLeft), Outcome::Changed);
        assert_eq!(c.key(KeyCode::ArrowLeft), Outcome::Changed);
-        assert!((c.picture(100.0).1 - 0.03).abs() < 1e-6);
+        assert!((picture(&c).1 - 0.03).abs() < 1e-6);
        assert_eq!(c.key(KeyCode::Escape), Outcome::Cancel);
        assert_eq!(s.horizon, before);
        // Black, then Peak (one step up), then Paper White, then Save.
        assert_eq!(c.key(KeyCode::Enter), Outcome::Click);
        assert_eq!(c.key(KeyCode::ArrowRight), Outcome::Changed);
        assert_eq!(c.key(KeyCode::Enter), Outcome::Click);
-        assert_eq!(c.picture(100.0).0, Step::PaperWhite);
+        assert_eq!(picture(&c).0, Step::PaperWhite);
        assert_eq!(c.key(KeyCode::Enter), Outcome::Save);
        c.save(&mut s);
        assert_eq!(s.horizon.hdr_black_level, 3);
@@ -370,10 +418,10 @@ mod tests {
        for (output, peak, paper_white) in [(&reporting, 1000.0, 400.0), (&NONE, 1000.0, 203.0)] {
            let mut c = Calibration::new(&s, output);
            c.key(KeyCode::Enter);
-            assert_eq!(c.picture(1.0).0, Step::Peak);
-            assert_eq!(c.picture(1.0).1, peak);
+            assert_eq!(picture(&c).0, Step::Peak);
+            assert_eq!(picture(&c).1, peak);
            c.key(KeyCode::Enter);
-            assert_eq!(c.picture(1.0).1, paper_white);
+            assert_eq!(picture(&c).1, paper_white);
        }
    }

@@ -392,14 +440,14 @@ mod tests {
        ];
        let mut c = Calibration::new(&Settings::default(), &NONE);
        for (i, expected) in expected.iter().enumerate() {
-            assert_eq!(c.picture(1.0).0, STEPS[i]);
+            assert_eq!(picture(&c).0, STEPS[i]);
            for _ in 0..200 {
                c.key(KeyCode::ArrowLeft);
            }
-            let mut seen = vec![c.picture(1.0).1];
+            let mut seen = vec![picture(&c).1];
            for _ in 0..200 {
                c.key(KeyCode::ArrowRight);
-                let v = c.picture(1.0).1;
+                let v = picture(&c).1;
                if seen.last() != Some(&v) {
                    seen.push(v);
                }
@@ -422,7 +470,7 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(s.horizon.hdr_black_level, 2);
        // Calibrated back down, 0 is no lift: what the step showed.
        let mut c = Calibration::new(&s, &NONE);
-        assert!((c.picture(1.0).1 - 0.02).abs() < 1e-6);
+        assert!((picture(&c).1 - 0.02).abs() < 1e-6);
        c.key(KeyCode::ArrowLeft);
        c.key(KeyCode::ArrowLeft);
        c.key(KeyCode::Enter);
@@ -435,14 +483,89 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(s.horizon.hdr_peak, 10_000);
        let mut c = Calibration::new(&s, &NONE);
        c.key(KeyCode::Enter);
-        assert_eq!(c.picture(1.0).1, 10_000.0);
+        assert_eq!(picture(&c).1, 10_000.0);
        // One step down from the top is 500 nits; from 2000, 50.
        c.key(KeyCode::ArrowLeft);
-        assert_eq!(c.picture(1.0).1, 9500.0);
+        assert_eq!(picture(&c).1, 9500.0);
        s.horizon.hdr_peak = 2000;
        let mut c = Calibration::new(&s, &NONE);
        c.key(KeyCode::Enter);
        c.key(KeyCode::ArrowLeft);
-        assert_eq!(c.picture(1.0).1, 1950.0);
+        assert_eq!(picture(&c).1, 1950.0);
+    }
+
+    /// A hint wider than the window less its margins wraps, the band grows up by the lines
+    /// it adds, and the test picture ends where the band drawn starts.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_hint_wraps_and_the_band_grows_by_its_lines() {
+        let font = font();
+        let mut c = Calibration::new(&Settings::default(), &NONE);
+        c.key(KeyCode::Enter);
+        c.key(KeyCode::Enter);
+        let hint = Text::literal(lang::get(Step::PaperWhite.hint_key()));
+        let wide = font.width_text(&hint);
+        let size = (wide + 2.0 * HINT_MARGIN, 240.0);
+        let one = c.layout(&font, size);
+        assert_eq!(one.hint.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(one.top, 240.0 - BAND);
+        let narrow = (wide * 0.6, 240.0);
+        let wrapped = c.layout(&font, narrow);
+        assert_eq!(wrapped.hint.len(), 2);
+        assert!(
+            wrapped
+                .hint
+                .iter()
+                .all(|l| font.width_text(l) <= narrow.0 - 2.0 * HINT_MARGIN)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(wrapped.top, 240.0 - BAND - HINT_LINE);
+        // Under the hint's lines, the controls keep their place in the band.
+        assert_eq!(
+            wrapped.slider.1 - wrapped.top,
+            one.slider.1 - one.top + HINT_LINE
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            wrapped.next.1 - wrapped.top,
+            one.next.1 - one.top + HINT_LINE
+        );
+        for size in [size, narrow] {
+            let (_, _, band) = c.picture(&font, size);
+            assert_eq!(band * size.1, c.layout(&font, size).top);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The Peak step's patch (a square of a tenth of the screen, centred above the band,
+    /// `hdr.wgsl`) stays above the band even on the narrowest GUI with every hint wrapped:
+    /// its side is no more than the band's top.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_test_pictures_stay_above_a_grown_band() {
+        let font = font();
+        let mut c = Calibration::new(&Settings::default(), &NONE);
+        for step in STEPS {
+            for (w, h) in [(320.0, 240.0), (200.0, 240.0), (427.0, 240.0)] {
+                let (shown, _, band) = c.picture(&font, (w, h));
+                assert_eq!(shown, step);
+                let side = (0.1 * w * h).sqrt();
+                assert!(
+                    side <= band * h,
+                    "{step:?} at {w}x{h}: {side} > {}",
+                    band * h
+                );
+            }
+            c.key(KeyCode::Enter);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Leaving calibration gives the window back as it found it.
+    #[test]
+    fn leaving_gives_the_window_back_as_it_was() {
+        use WindowState as W;
+        assert_eq!(W::of(true, false), W::Fullscreen);
+        assert_eq!(W::of(true, true), W::Fullscreen);
+        assert_eq!(W::of(false, true), W::Maximized);
+        assert_eq!(W::of(false, false), W::Windowed);
+        // (leave fullscreen, maximize again)
+        assert_eq!(W::Fullscreen.leaving(), (false, false));
+        assert_eq!(W::Maximized.leaving(), (true, true));
+        assert_eq!(W::Windowed.leaving(), (true, false));
    }
 }
@@ -100,13 +100,13 @@ pub struct HudAtlas {
    pub glint_armor: (Vec<u8>, u32, u32),
    /// A resource pack's own `core/text` shader for the GUI's text, translated;
    /// none draws the text natively.
-    pub text_shader: Option<std::sync::Arc<horizon_shaders::CoreProgram>>,
+    pub text_shader: Option<std::sync::Arc<crate::core_shader::CoreProgram>>,
    /// A resource pack's own `core/rendertype_lines` shader for the block outline, translated;
    /// none draws the outline natively.
-    pub lines_shader: Option<std::sync::Arc<horizon_shaders::CoreProgram>>,
+    pub lines_shader: Option<std::sync::Arc<crate::core_shader::CoreProgram>>,
    /// The packs' `core/sky` and `core/stars`, when a pack replaces them.
-    pub sky_shader: Option<std::sync::Arc<horizon_shaders::CoreProgram>>,
-    pub stars_shader: Option<std::sync::Arc<horizon_shaders::CoreProgram>>,
+    pub sky_shader: Option<std::sync::Arc<crate::core_shader::CoreProgram>>,
+    pub stars_shader: Option<std::sync::Arc<crate::core_shader::CoreProgram>>,
    /// The packs' Polytone screen sprite modifiers.
    pub sprite_modifiers: std::sync::Arc<sprite_modifiers::SpriteModifiers>,
    /// The packs' OptiFine random entity textures, whose variants this atlas packs.
@@ -1427,32 +1427,7 @@ impl HudAtlas {
        }
        if full {
            // Official Recipes artwork from Just Enough Items, under MIT.
-            for (name, png) in [
-                (
-                    "button_enabled_v2",
-                    include_bytes!("jei_recipes/button_enabled_v2.png").as_slice(),
-                ),
-                (
-                    "button_disabled_v2",
-                    include_bytes!("jei_recipes/button_disabled_v2.png").as_slice(),
-                ),
-                (
-                    "button_highlight_v2",
-                    include_bytes!("jei_recipes/button_highlight_v2.png").as_slice(),
-                ),
-                (
-                    "icons/arrow_previous_v2",
-                    include_bytes!("jei_recipes/icons/arrow_previous_v2.png").as_slice(),
-                ),
-                (
-                    "icons/arrow_next_v2",
-                    include_bytes!("jei_recipes/icons/arrow_next_v2.png").as_slice(),
-                ),
-                (
-                    "search_background_v2",
-                    include_bytes!("jei_recipes/search_background_v2.png").as_slice(),
-                ),
-            ] {
+            for (name, png) in crate::jei_sprites::SPRITES {
                let (width, height, rgba) = decode_bytes(png)?;
                images.push((format!("horizon/jei/{name}"), width, height, rgba));
            }
@@ -2895,7 +2870,7 @@ impl HudRenderer {
    pub fn set_text_shader(
        &mut self,
        device: &wgpu::Device,
-        shader: Option<&horizon_shaders::CoreProgram>,
+        shader: Option<&crate::core_shader::CoreProgram>,
    ) {
        self.pack_text = shader.and_then(|shader| {
            pack_text::PackText::new(device, self.format, &self.atlas_view, shader, self.coverage)
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ fn coverage_uses_pack_texts_final_alpha_and_discard() {
        return;
    };
    // A translated-style struct result and early return; no dependency on game resources.
-    let program = horizon_shaders::CoreProgram {
+    let program = crate::core_shader::CoreProgram {
        vertex: naga::front::wgsl::parse_str("@vertex fn main(@location(0) p: vec2<f32>) -> @builtin(position) vec4<f32> { return vec4(p.x / 2.0 - 1.0, 1.0 - p.y, 0.0, 1.0); }").unwrap(),
        fragment: naga::front::wgsl::parse_str("struct Result { @location(0) color: vec4<f32> } @fragment fn main(@builtin(position) p: vec4<f32>) -> Result { if p.x > 2.0 { discard; } return Result(vec4(0.4, 0.2, 0.1, 0.5)); }").unwrap(),
    };
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ fn a_pack_text_shader_without_a_colour_output_is_dropped_not_wrapped() {
    let Some(mut gpu) = Gpu::new() else {
        return;
    };
-    let program = horizon_shaders::CoreProgram {
+    let program = crate::core_shader::CoreProgram {
        vertex: naga::front::wgsl::parse_str("@vertex fn main(@location(0) p: vec2<f32>) -> @builtin(position) vec4<f32> { return vec4(p, 0.0, 1.0); }").unwrap(),
        fragment: naga::front::wgsl::parse_str("@fragment fn main() -> @location(1) vec4<f32> { return vec4(1.0); }").unwrap(),
    };
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::sync::Arc;

-use horizon_shaders::{CoreProgram, Glue};
+use crate::core_shader::{CoreProgram, Glue};

 use super::{HudBatch, HudVertex};
 use crate::gfx::hud_coverage::Pipeline;
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ pub(super) fn load_core(
        let path = format!("assets/{namespace}/{path}");
        read(root, &path).or_else(|| read(defaults, &path))
    };
-    match horizon_shaders::translate_core(&vertex, &fragment, defines, &include, glue) {
+    match crate::core_shader::translate_core(&vertex, &fragment, defines, &include, glue) {
        Ok(program) => {
            log::info!("the resource pack's {name} shader is used");
            Some(Arc::new(program))
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ impl PackText {
                count: None,
            })
            .collect();
-        for (_, binding) in horizon_shaders::SAMPLERS {
+        for (_, binding) in crate::core_shader::SAMPLERS {
            entries.push(wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry {
                binding,
                visibility,
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ impl PackText {
                }),
            })
            .collect();
-        for (_, binding) in horizon_shaders::SAMPLERS {
+        for (_, binding) in crate::core_shader::SAMPLERS {
            resources.push(wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
                binding,
                resource: wgpu::BindingResource::TextureView(atlas),
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+//! The official Recipes viewer's artwork from Just Enough Items, under MIT (`jei_recipes/LICENSE.txt`,
+//! THIRD_PARTY_NOTICES.md): `HudAtlas` loads each as the sprite `horizon/jei/<name>`.
+
+/// Each sprite's name and its PNG.
+pub(crate) const SPRITES: &[(&str, &[u8])] = &[
+    (
+        "button_enabled_v2",
+        include_bytes!("jei_recipes/button_enabled_v2.png"),
+    ),
+    (
+        "button_disabled_v2",
+        include_bytes!("jei_recipes/button_disabled_v2.png"),
+    ),
+    (
+        "button_highlight_v2",
+        include_bytes!("jei_recipes/button_highlight_v2.png"),
+    ),
+    (
+        "icons/arrow_previous_v2",
+        include_bytes!("jei_recipes/icons/arrow_previous_v2.png"),
+    ),
+    (
+        "icons/arrow_next_v2",
+        include_bytes!("jei_recipes/icons/arrow_next_v2.png"),
+    ),
+    (
+        "search_background_v2",
+        include_bytes!("jei_recipes/search_background_v2.png"),
+    ),
+    ("slot", include_bytes!("jei_recipes/slot.png")),
+    (
+        "icons/list_badge",
+        include_bytes!("jei_recipes/icons/list_badge.png"),
+    ),
+    (
+        "interactive_ingredient_tooltip_background",
+        include_bytes!("jei_recipes/interactive_ingredient_tooltip_background.png"),
+    ),
+    (
+        "recipe_preview_background_v2",
+        include_bytes!("jei_recipes/recipe_preview_background_v2.png"),
+    ),
+    (
+        "ingredient_list_slot_background_v2",
+        include_bytes!("jei_recipes/ingredient_list_slot_background_v2.png"),
+    ),
+    (
+        "scrollbar_background_v2",
+        include_bytes!("jei_recipes/scrollbar_background_v2.png"),
+    ),
+    (
+        "scrollbar_marker_v2",
+        include_bytes!("jei_recipes/scrollbar_marker_v2.png"),
+    ),
+];
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ pub mod command_block;
 pub mod connected;
 pub mod containers;
 pub mod controller_ui;
+pub mod core_shader;
 pub mod crash;
 pub mod custom_sky;
 pub mod datapack;
@@ -62,10 +63,12 @@ pub mod hud_layout;
 pub mod hud_overlays;
 pub mod inventory_effects;
 pub mod java_text;
+mod jei_sprites;
 pub mod jigsaw_block;
 pub mod keypad;
 pub mod terrain_model;
 pub use horizon_polytone::colors as polytone_colors;
+pub use horizon_polytone::creative_tabs as polytone_creative_tabs;
 pub use horizon_world::json_folder;
 pub mod level_loading;
 pub mod light;
@@ -761,6 +761,49 @@ pub struct MeshTables {
    colormaps: Vec<Arc<crate::environment::Colormap>>,
    water_colormap: Option<u16>,
 }
+/// Vanilla's four biome colour functions (`BiomeColors`) with what the packs replace them by:
+/// `biome_colors` (a colormap or a flat colour), else the colormap a block modifier gives
+/// `grass_block`, `oak_leaves` or `leaf_litter`, or a fluid modifier gives water, which Polytone
+/// spreads to every block of that function. Each with the tints that read it.
+fn biome_functions(
+    pack_root: &std::path::Path,
+    modifiers: &[(bool, horizon_polytone::Targets, String)],
+) -> Vec<(&'static [Tint], crate::environment::Colormap)> {
+    use crate::environment::Colormap;
+    use horizon_polytone::colors::BiomeColor;
+    const FUNCTIONS: [(&str, &str, &[Tint]); 4] = [
+        (
+            "grass",
+            "minecraft:grass_block",
+            &[
+                Tint::Grass,
+                Tint::GrassBlock,
+                Tint::TallGrassUpper,
+                Tint::SugarCane,
+            ],
+        ),
+        ("foliage", "minecraft:oak_leaves", &[Tint::Foliage]),
+        ("dry_foliage", "minecraft:leaf_litter", &[Tint::DryFoliage]),
+        ("water", "minecraft:water", &[Tint::Water]),
+    ];
+    let colors = horizon_polytone::colors::PackColors::read(pack_root);
+    FUNCTIONS
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter_map(|(function, block, tints)| {
+            let colormap = match colors.biome_color(function) {
+                Some(BiomeColor::Flat(rgb)) => Some(Colormap::flat(rgb)),
+                Some(BiomeColor::Colormap(id)) => Colormap::load(pack_root, &id),
+                None => modifiers
+                    .iter()
+                    .find(|(fluid, targets, _)| {
+                        *fluid == (function == "water") && targets.matches(block, |_| false)
+                    })
+                    .and_then(|(_, _, id)| Colormap::load(pack_root, id)),
+            }?;
+            Some((tints, colormap))
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
 fn stem_color(age: u8) -> u32 {
    let a = u32::from(age);
    (a * 32) << 16 | (255 - a * 8) << 8 | (a * 4)
@@ -945,7 +988,8 @@ impl MeshTables {
    }
    /// These tables with the colormaps of the Polytone block and fluid modifiers of the packs
    /// merged at `pack_root` (wiki "Colormaps"): a tinted block they target takes its colour
-    /// from the colormap, and its own tint where the colormap's pixel is transparent.
+    /// from the colormap, and its own tint where the colormap's pixel is transparent. Vanilla's
+    /// four biome colour functions take the packs' `biome_colors` first (wiki "Custom Colors").
    #[must_use]
    pub fn with_polytone_colormaps(
        mut self,
@@ -953,7 +997,8 @@ impl MeshTables {
        registry: &horizon_world::registry::BlockRegistry,
    ) -> Self {
        let modifiers = crate::environment::polytone_colormap_modifiers(pack_root);
-        if modifiers.is_empty() {
+        let biome_functions = biome_functions(pack_root, &modifiers);
+        if modifiers.is_empty() && biome_functions.is_empty() {
            return self;
        }
        let mut loaded: std::collections::HashMap<String, Option<u16>> = Default::default();
@@ -964,7 +1009,24 @@ impl MeshTables {
                Some((colormaps.len() - 1) as u16)
            })
        };
+        for (tints, colormap) in biome_functions {
+            self.colormaps.push(Arc::new(colormap));
+            let i = Some((self.colormaps.len() - 1) as u16);
+            if tints == [Tint::Water] {
+                self.water_colormap = i;
+            }
+            for info in &mut self.info {
+                let own = &info.tints[..usize::from(info.tint_count).min(2)];
+                if own.iter().any(|t| tints.contains(t)) {
+                    info.colormap = i;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        let water_function = self.water_colormap;
        for (fluid, targets, id) in &modifiers {
+            if *fluid && water_function.is_some() {
+                continue;
+            }
            if *fluid {
                if targets.matches("minecraft:water", |_| false) {
                    self.water_colormap = index(id, &mut self.colormaps);
@@ -1495,9 +1557,9 @@ struct Tints<'a> {
    /// by colormap and section-local block.
    colormaps: &'a [Arc<crate::environment::Colormap>],
    water_colormap: Option<u16>,
-    sampled: std::collections::HashMap<(u16, [i32; 3]), Option<u32>>,
+    sampled: crate::fast_hash::FxHashMap<(u16, [i32; 3]), Option<u32>>,
    /// Each colormap's own colour by block, before the blend averages them.
-    cells: std::collections::HashMap<(u16, [i32; 3]), Option<u32>>,
+    cells: crate::fast_hash::FxHashMap<(u16, [i32; 3]), Option<u32>>,
 }
 impl<'a> Tints<'a> {
    fn new(
@@ -1518,8 +1580,8 @@ impl<'a> Tints<'a> {
            uniform: None,
            colormaps: &[],
            water_colormap: None,
-            sampled: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
-            cells: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
+            sampled: Default::default(),
+            cells: Default::default(),
        }
    }
    /// With the packs' colormaps of `tables`.
@@ -1531,10 +1593,16 @@ impl<'a> Tints<'a> {
    /// Colormap `index`'s colour at block `(x, y, z)` (section-local), `None` where its pixel
    /// is transparent.
    fn colormap(&mut self, index: u16, x: i32, y: i32, z: i32) -> Option<u32> {
+        let colormap = self.colormaps.get(usize::from(index))?.clone();
+        // A colormap that ignores the height, over one biome: one colour per column.
+        let y = if colormap.column && self.uniform_biome().is_some() {
+            0
+        } else {
+            y
+        };
        if let Some(&known) = self.sampled.get(&(index, [x, y, z])) {
            return known;
        }
-        let colormap = self.colormaps.get(usize::from(index))?.clone();
        // ClientLevel.calculateBlockTint: the mean of the (2r+1)^2 colours around the block, each
        // channel summed and divided. A transparent pixel in the square leaves the block's own.
        let r = if colormap.biome_blend { self.radius } else { 0 };
@@ -1573,7 +1641,11 @@ impl<'a> Tints<'a> {
        if let Some(&known) = self.cells.get(&(index, at)) {
            return known;
        }
-        let id = Self::biome_id(&self.zoom, self.region, self.plains, self.origin, at);
+        // One biome over the section and its blend margin: no zoom per block.
+        let id = match self.uniform_biome() {
+            Some(biome) => biome,
+            None => Self::biome_id(&self.zoom, self.region, self.plains, self.origin, at),
+        };
        let [cx, cz, base_y] = self.origin;
        let block = [cx * 16 + at[0], base_y + at[1], cz * 16 + at[2]];
        let mut host = crate::environment::BlockHost::new(block, self.biomes.get(id));
@@ -251,3 +251,117 @@ fn a_biome_colormap_blends_over_a_biome_edge_as_the_vanilla_water_tint_does() {
    }
    assert!(edge_differs, "the square must cross the edge somewhere");
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn biome_colors_and_a_grass_block_colormap_replace_their_whole_biome_function() {
+    let biomes = Biomes::from_jsons(&[(
+        "minecraft:plains",
+        serde_json::json!({"effects": {"water_color": 0x3F76E4}}),
+    )]);
+    // biome_colors gives water a flat green; a block modifier colours oak leaves with a map,
+    // which Polytone spreads to the whole foliage function.
+    let root = pack(&[
+        (
+            "assets/mypack/polytone/colors.json",
+            br#"{"biome_colors": {"water": "0x00ff00"}}"#.to_vec(),
+        ),
+        (
+            "assets/mypack/polytone/colormaps/leaves.png",
+            png_row(&[[0, 0, 255, 255]]),
+        ),
+        (
+            "assets/mypack/polytone/block_modifiers/oak.json",
+            br#"{"targets": ["minecraft:oak_leaves"], "colormap": "mypack:leaves"}"#.to_vec(),
+        ),
+    ]);
+    let modifiers = crate::environment::polytone_colormap_modifiers(&root);
+    let functions = biome_functions(&root, &modifiers);
+    let tints: Vec<_> = functions.iter().map(|(t, _)| *t).collect();
+    assert_eq!(tints.len(), 2);
+    assert!(tints[0] == [Tint::Foliage] && tints[1] == [Tint::Water]);
+    let colormaps: Vec<_> = functions.into_iter().map(|(_, c)| Arc::new(c)).collect();
+    let chunks: Vec<Vec<Chunk>> = (0..3)
+        .map(|rz| (0..3).map(|rx| filled(rx - 1, rz - 1, 0)).collect())
+        .collect();
+    let region: [[Option<&Chunk>; 3]; 3] =
+        std::array::from_fn(|rz| std::array::from_fn(|rx| Some(&chunks[rz][rx])));
+    let mut tints = Tints::new(&region, &biomes, BiomeZoom::new(0), 0, [0, 0, 64]);
+    tints.colormaps = &colormaps;
+    tints.water_colormap = Some(1);
+    assert_eq!(tints.water(3, 4, 5), 0x00_FF00);
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(root).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn only_a_colormap_that_ignores_the_height_is_shared_up_a_column() {
+    let root = pack(&[
+        (
+            "assets/mypack/polytone/colormaps/flat.png",
+            png_row(&[[1, 2, 3, 255]]),
+        ),
+        (
+            "assets/mypack/polytone/colormaps/flat.json",
+            br#"{"x_axis": "biome_id", "y_axis": "r.noise(o.x/60, o.z/60)"}"#.to_vec(),
+        ),
+        (
+            "assets/mypack/polytone/colormaps/tall.png",
+            png_row(&[[1, 2, 3, 255]]),
+        ),
+        (
+            "assets/mypack/polytone/colormaps/tall.json",
+            br#"{"y_axis": "y_level"}"#.to_vec(),
+        ),
+    ]);
+    let load = |id| crate::environment::Colormap::load(&root, id).unwrap();
+    assert!(load("mypack:flat").column);
+    assert!(!load("mypack:tall").column);
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(root).unwrap();
+}
+
+/// Times a section's colormap tints with the freepack's kind of grass colormap (a biome id
+/// column and a noise row) over the default Biome Blend: `cargo test --release ... -- --ignored
+/// --nocapture colormap_tint_cost`.
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "timing, not a check"]
+fn colormap_tint_cost() {
+    const RADIUS: i32 = 2;
+    const LAYERS: i32 = 16;
+    let biomes = Biomes::from_jsons(&[(
+        "minecraft:plains",
+        serde_json::json!({"effects": {"water_color": 0x3F76E4}}),
+    )]);
+    let pixels: Vec<[u8; 4]> = (0..16).map(|i| [i * 16, 200, 64, 255]).collect();
+    let root = pack(&[
+        ("assets/mypack/polytone/colormaps/grass.png", png_row(&pixels)),
+        (
+            "assets/mypack/polytone/colormaps/grass.json",
+            br#"{"x_axis": "biome_id", "y_axis": "0.5+(r.noise(o.x/60,5+o.z/60)*0.55)", "biome_id_mapper": {"minecraft:plains": 1, "texture_size": 16}}"#
+                .to_vec(),
+        ),
+    ]);
+    let colormaps = vec![Arc::new(
+        crate::environment::Colormap::load(&root, "mypack:grass").unwrap(),
+    )];
+    let chunks: Vec<Vec<Chunk>> = (0..3)
+        .map(|rz| (0..3).map(|rx| filled(rx - 1, rz - 1, 0)).collect())
+        .collect();
+    let region: [[Option<&Chunk>; 3]; 3] =
+        std::array::from_fn(|rz| std::array::from_fn(|rx| Some(&chunks[rz][rx])));
+    let rounds = 50;
+    let start = std::time::Instant::now();
+    let mut check = 0u64;
+    for _ in 0..rounds {
+        let mut tints = Tints::new(&region, &biomes, BiomeZoom::new(0), RADIUS, [0, 0, 64]);
+        tints.colormaps = &colormaps;
+        for y in 0..LAYERS {
+            for z in 0..16 {
+                for x in 0..16 {
+                    check += u64::from(tints.colormap(0, x, y, z).unwrap_or(0));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let per = start.elapsed() / rounds;
+    println!("{LAYERS} layers of 256 blended colormap tints: {per:?} (checksum {check})");
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(root).unwrap();
+}
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ pub use crate::settings::Opt;

 use crate::{
    gamepad::{self, GlyphStyle},
+    hdr_calibration::Picture,
    hud::{HudAtlas, HudBatch, rgba},
    keybinds::{self, CATEGORIES, KeyBinds, all_mappings},
    lang::{self, LanguageInfo},
@@ -1682,8 +1683,8 @@ pub struct OptionsUi {
    pub split_profiles: crate::split_profiles::SplitProfiles,
    /// HDR calibration while its page is open.
    pub calibration: Option<crate::hdr_calibration::Calibration>,
-    /// Whether the window was fullscreen before calibration made it so (the game keeps it).
-    pub calibration_fullscreen: Option<bool>,
+    /// The window as calibration found it before making it fullscreen (the game keeps it).
+    pub calibration_window: Option<crate::hdr_calibration::WindowState>,
    pub split_setup: crate::split_ui::SplitUi,
    pub studio: crate::studio_ui::StudioUi,
    /// The AI Agent page's status lines (set by the game while it shows).
@@ -1762,7 +1763,7 @@ impl Default for OptionsUi {
            pack_configs: Default::default(),
            split_profiles: Default::default(),
            calibration: None,
-            calibration_fullscreen: None,
+            calibration_window: None,
            split_setup: Default::default(),
            studio: Default::default(),
            agent_status: Vec::new(),
@@ -2582,43 +2583,6 @@ impl OptionsUi {
        }
        rows
    }
-    /// A native mod's page: its name, its keys as Key Binds rows (the
-    /// player's choice, else the default), then its buttons.
-    fn native_rows(&self, s: &Settings, i: usize) -> Vec<Row> {
-        let Some(m) = s.mods.installed.get(i) else {
-            return Vec::new();
-        };
-        let mut rows = vec![Row::Note(m.title.clone())];
-        let Some(page) = &m.native else {
-            return rows;
-        };
-        let chosen = s.mods.keys.get(&m.id);
-        for (k, [name, label, default]) in page.keys.iter().enumerate() {
-            let key = chosen.and_then(|c| c.get(name)).unwrap_or(default);
-            let mut message = keybinds::display_name(key);
-            if self.selected_native_key == Some((i, k)) {
-                message = Text::literal("> ")
-                    .append(message.with_color(text::WHITE))
-                    .append(" <")
-                    .with_color(text::YELLOW);
-            }
-            let caption = button(0.0, 0.0, 150.0, Text::literal(label.clone()), Act::None);
-            let change = button(0.0, 0.0, 150.0, message, Act::NativeKey(i, k));
-            rows.push(Row::Buttons(inactive(caption), Some(change)));
-        }
-        for (b, label) in page.buttons.iter().enumerate() {
-            let widget = button(
-                0.0,
-                0.0,
-                310.0,
-                Text::literal(label.clone()),
-                Act::NativeButton(i, b),
-            );
-            rows.push(Row::Buttons(widget, None));
-        }
-        rows
-    }
-
    fn list_rows(&self, s: &Settings) -> Vec<Row> {
        match self.page() {
            Page::SplitSetup => Vec::new(),
@@ -4030,7 +3994,7 @@ impl OptionsUi {
            if right {
                return Vec::new();
            }
-            let outcome = c.click((x, y), size, drag);
+            let outcome = c.click(&atlas.font, (x, y), size, drag);
            return self.calibration_outcome(s, outcome);
        }
        if self.shell().is_some() {
@@ -4272,10 +4236,7 @@ impl OptionsUi {
                            self.push(Page::NativeMod(i));
                            events.push(Event::NativeSettings(i));
                        }
-                        Act::NativeKey(i, k) => {
-                            self.selected_key = Some(NATIVE_KEY);
-                            self.selected_native_key = Some((i, k));
-                        }
+                        Act::NativeKey(i, k) => self.wait_native_key(i, k),
                        Act::NativeButton(i, b) => events.push(Event::NativeButton(i, b)),
                        Act::OpenModFolder => events.push(Event::OpenModFolder),
                        Act::ModProject(i) => {
@@ -4632,13 +4593,12 @@ impl OptionsUi {
            }
        }
    }
-    /// HDR calibration's test picture, while its page is open: the step, its nits and
-    /// where the controls start (a share of the height `h`).
-    pub fn calibration_picture(&self, h: f32) -> Option<(crate::hdr_calibration::Step, f32, f32)> {
+    /// HDR calibration's test picture, while its page is open, in a GUI of `size`.
+    pub fn calibration_picture(&self, atlas: &HudAtlas, size: (f32, f32)) -> Option<Picture> {
        self.calibration
            .as_ref()
            .filter(|_| self.page() == Page::HdrCalibration)
-            .map(|c| c.picture(h))
+            .map(|c| c.picture(&atlas.font, size))
    }
    pub fn back(&mut self, s: &mut Settings) -> Vec<Event> {
        let mut events = Vec::new();
@@ -4782,16 +4742,7 @@ impl OptionsUi {
            return Vec::new();
        };
        if name == NATIVE_KEY {
-            let (i, k) = self.selected_native_key.take().unwrap_or_default();
-            let Some(m) = s.mods.installed.get(i) else {
-                return Vec::new();
-            };
-            let Some([key, ..]) = m.native.as_ref().and_then(|p| p.keys.get(k)) else {
-                return Vec::new();
-            };
-            let keys = s.mods.keys.entry(m.id.clone()).or_default();
-            keys.insert(key.clone(), value);
-            return vec![Event::Changed];
+            return self.bind_native_key(s, value);
        }
        if !s.extras.set_key(name, value.clone()) && !s.horizon.set_key(name, value.clone()) {
            s.keys.set(name, &value);
@@ -5173,10 +5124,7 @@ impl OptionsUi {
                            self.push(Page::NativeMod(i));
                            events.push(Event::NativeSettings(i));
                        }
-                        Act::NativeKey(i, k) => {
-                            self.selected_key = Some(NATIVE_KEY);
-                            self.selected_native_key = Some((i, k));
-                        }
+                        Act::NativeKey(i, k) => self.wait_native_key(i, k),
                        Act::NativeButton(i, b) => events.push(Event::NativeButton(i, b)),
                        Act::OpenModFolder => events.push(Event::OpenModFolder),
                        Act::ModProject(i) => {
@@ -8439,3 +8387,5 @@ mod tests {
 #[cfg(test)]
 #[path = "options_ui_graphics_tests.rs"]
 mod graphics_tests;
+#[path = "options_ui_pages.rs"]
+mod pages;
@@ -143,3 +143,34 @@ fn the_graphics_screens_wheel_scrolls_even_over_a_slider_being_changed() {
    assert_eq!(s.horizon.chunk_updates, 16);
    assert!(ui.graphics.scroll_amount() > before);
 }
+
+/// A window holding HDR output back (a start failed on its driver) shows it on the HDR page
+/// as soon as the graphics screen opens, with no setting applied: the row's line, and
+/// Calibrate blocked, where the same window not holding it back calibrates.
+#[test]
+fn a_held_hdr_start_shows_as_the_graphics_screen_opens() {
+    use crate::gfx::output::tests::{snapshot, window};
+    let atlas = atlas();
+    let mut s = Settings::default();
+    s.horizon.hdr = crate::graphics::HdrMode::Auto;
+    s.horizon.hdr_failed_start = Some("Vulkan 10de:2684 GPU; driver; 1.0; os".into());
+    let (mut caps, reading) = window(Some(crate::gfx::HdrOutput::Pq), Some(true));
+    for held in [true, false] {
+        caps.held = held;
+        let mut ui = OptionsUi {
+            size: (427.0, 240.0),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let output = snapshot(&s.horizon, Default::default(), caps, reading);
+        ui.draw(
+            &s,
+            output,
+            &mut HudBatch::new([427, 240]),
+            &atlas,
+            (-1.0, -1.0),
+        );
+        ui.show(Page::Graphics);
+        assert!(calibrates(&mut ui, &mut s, &atlas) != held, "held {held}");
+        assert_eq!(ui.graphics.screen.output.held, held);
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+//! The pages crates add to the options screens: a native mod's settings page (its keys and
+//! buttons). Kept out of options_ui.rs, which may not grow (tools/check_file_size.py).
+use super::*;
+
+impl OptionsUi {
+    /// A native mod's page: its name, its keys as Key Binds rows (the
+    /// player's choice, else the default), then its buttons.
+    pub(super) fn native_rows(&self, s: &Settings, i: usize) -> Vec<Row> {
+        let Some(m) = s.mods.installed.get(i) else {
+            return Vec::new();
+        };
+        let mut rows = vec![Row::Note(m.title.clone())];
+        let Some(page) = &m.native else {
+            return rows;
+        };
+        let chosen = s.mods.keys.get(&m.id);
+        for (k, [name, label, default]) in page.keys.iter().enumerate() {
+            let key = chosen.and_then(|c| c.get(name)).unwrap_or(default);
+            let mut message = keybinds::display_name(key);
+            if self.selected_native_key == Some((i, k)) {
+                message = Text::literal("> ")
+                    .append(message.with_color(text::WHITE))
+                    .append(" <")
+                    .with_color(text::YELLOW);
+            }
+            let caption = button(0.0, 0.0, 150.0, Text::literal(label.clone()), Act::None);
+            let change = button(0.0, 0.0, 150.0, message, Act::NativeKey(i, k));
+            rows.push(Row::Buttons(inactive(caption), Some(change)));
+        }
+        for (b, label) in page.buttons.iter().enumerate() {
+            let widget = button(
+                0.0,
+                0.0,
+                310.0,
+                Text::literal(label.clone()),
+                Act::NativeButton(i, b),
+            );
+            rows.push(Row::Buttons(widget, None));
+        }
+        rows
+    }
+
+    /// A native mod's key waits for the next key or button pressed.
+    pub(super) fn wait_native_key(&mut self, i: usize, k: usize) {
+        self.selected_key = Some(NATIVE_KEY);
+        self.selected_native_key = Some((i, k));
+    }
+
+    /// The key pressed for the native mod's key that waited for one.
+    pub(super) fn bind_native_key(&mut self, s: &mut Settings, value: String) -> Vec<Event> {
+        let (i, k) = self.selected_native_key.take().unwrap_or_default();
+        let Some(m) = s.mods.installed.get(i) else {
+            return Vec::new();
+        };
+        let Some([key, ..]) = m.native.as_ref().and_then(|p| p.keys.get(k)) else {
+            return Vec::new();
+        };
+        let keys = s.mods.keys.entry(m.id.clone()).or_default();
+        keys.insert(key.clone(), value);
+        vec![Event::Changed]
+    }
+}
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 //! `redstone.<power>`), for drawing only: the pack recolours collars, tropical fish, banners, wool,
 //! sign text and redstone wire and dust, while gameplay (crafting, item data, the beacon) keeps
 //! vanilla's `DyeColor`. Lock-free: the draw paths and the mesher's workers read it per face.
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::sync::RwLock;
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering::Relaxed};

 use crate::block_entity_render::DYES;
@@ -30,6 +32,96 @@ pub fn set(colors: &PackColors) {
    }
 }

+/// An item modifier's `bar_color` of the `damage` type: a row of colours picked by the stack's
+/// damage, the first pixel undamaged, the last at full damage (measured on the real mod).
+struct DamageBar {
+    targets: horizon_polytone::Targets,
+    row: Vec<u32>,
+}
+static ITEM_BARS: RwLock<Vec<DamageBar>> = RwLock::new(Vec::new());
+
+/// Reads the packs' item modifiers' durability bar colours under a pack overlay root: an
+/// `<item>_bar.png` alone, or a json whose `bar_color` is `damage` with its `<name>_bar.png` (or
+/// `<name>.png`) beside it. Colormap ids and inline colormaps aren't read.
+pub fn set_item_bars(root: &Path) {
+    let mut bars = Vec::new();
+    for namespace in std::fs::read_dir(root.join("assets"))
+        .into_iter()
+        .flatten()
+        .flatten()
+    {
+        let base = namespace.path().join("polytone/item_modifiers");
+        let mut stack = vec![base.clone()];
+        while let Some(dir) = stack.pop() {
+            for entry in std::fs::read_dir(&dir).into_iter().flatten().flatten() {
+                let path = entry.path();
+                if path.is_dir() {
+                    stack.push(path);
+                } else if let Some(bar) = item_bar(root, &base, &path) {
+                    bars.push(bar);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    *ITEM_BARS.write().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner()) = bars;
+}
+
+fn item_bar(root: &Path, base: &Path, path: &Path) -> Option<DamageBar> {
+    let name = path.file_name()?.to_str()?;
+    let row = |png: &Path| {
+        let (width, _, rgba) = crate::sprites::read_rgba(png).ok()?;
+        let row: Vec<u32> = rgba[..width as usize * 4]
+            .as_chunks::<4>()
+            .0
+            .iter()
+            .map(|p| u32::from(p[0]) << 16 | u32::from(p[1]) << 8 | u32::from(p[2]))
+            .collect();
+        (!row.is_empty()).then_some(row)
+    };
+    if let Some(stem) = name.strip_suffix("_bar.png") {
+        // A json of the same name owns its png.
+        if path.with_file_name(format!("{stem}.json")).exists() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let relative = path.parent()?.strip_prefix(base).ok()?.join(stem);
+        let namespace = base.parent()?.parent()?.file_name()?.to_str()?;
+        let id = format!("{namespace}:{}", relative.to_str()?.replace('\\', "/"));
+        let targets = horizon_polytone::Targets::parse(None, Some(&id)).ok()?;
+        return Some(DamageBar {
+            targets,
+            row: row(path)?,
+        });
+    }
+    let stem = name.strip_suffix(".json")?;
+    let json: serde_json::Value = horizon_world::json_file::read(path).ok()?;
+    if json.get("bar_color")?.as_str()? != "damage" {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let png = [format!("{stem}_bar.png"), format!("{stem}.png")]
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|png| path.with_file_name(png))
+        .find(|png| png.exists())?;
+    let relative = path.strip_prefix(root).unwrap_or(path).to_string_lossy();
+    let implicit = horizon_polytone::implicit_id(&relative, "item_modifiers");
+    let targets =
+        horizon_polytone::Targets::parse(json.get("targets"), implicit.as_deref()).ok()?;
+    Some(DamageBar {
+        targets,
+        row: row(&png)?,
+    })
+}
+
+/// A pack's durability bar colour (RGB) for an item at this damage (0 to 1).
+pub fn item_bar_color(item: &str, damage: f32) -> Option<u32> {
+    let bars = ITEM_BARS.read().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner());
+    let bar = bars
+        .iter()
+        .rev()
+        .find(|b| b.targets.matches(item, |_| false))?;
+    let last = (bar.row.len() - 1) as f32;
+    Some(bar.row[(damage.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * last).round() as usize])
+}
+
 fn read(table: &[AtomicU64; 16], i: usize) -> Option<u32> {
    let v = table[i & 15].load(Relaxed);
    (v != 0).then_some(v as u32)
@@ -96,4 +188,49 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(sheep_wool(pink as u8), 0xB6687F);
        std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).ok();
    }
+
+    fn png_row(path: &Path, pixels: &[[u8; 3]]) {
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(path.parent().unwrap()).unwrap();
+        let file = std::fs::File::create(path).unwrap();
+        let mut encoder = png::Encoder::new(file, pixels.len() as u32, 1);
+        encoder.set_color(png::ColorType::Rgba);
+        let data: Vec<u8> = pixels
+            .iter()
+            .flat_map(|p| [p[0], p[1], p[2], 255])
+            .collect();
+        encoder
+            .write_header()
+            .unwrap()
+            .write_image_data(&data)
+            .unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_damage_bar_picks_its_pixel_by_the_stacks_damage() {
+        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("pack-bars-{}", std::process::id()));
+        let modifiers = dir.join("assets/minecraft/polytone/item_modifiers");
+        let rgby = [[255, 0, 0], [0, 255, 0], [0, 0, 255], [255, 255, 0]];
+        png_row(&modifiers.join("diamond_pickaxe_bar.png"), &rgby);
+        std::fs::write(
+            modifiers.join("tools.json"),
+            r#"{"targets": ["minecraft:iron_axe"], "bar_color": "damage"}"#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        png_row(&modifiers.join("tools_bar.png"), &[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]);
+        set_item_bars(&dir);
+        // The real mod: damage 200 of 1561 shows the first pixel, 1400 the last.
+        assert_eq!(
+            item_bar_color("minecraft:diamond_pickaxe", 200.0 / 1561.0),
+            Some(0xFF0000)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            item_bar_color("minecraft:diamond_pickaxe", 1400.0 / 1561.0),
+            Some(0xFFFF00)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(item_bar_color("minecraft:iron_axe", 0.9), Some(0x040506));
+        assert_eq!(item_bar_color("minecraft:diamond_shovel", 0.5), None);
+        set_item_bars(&dir.join("none"));
+        assert_eq!(item_bar_color("minecraft:diamond_pickaxe", 0.5), None);
+        std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).ok();
+    }
 }
@@ -362,6 +362,13 @@ impl Settings {
            .and_then(|dir| fs::read_to_string(dir.join(crate::extras::FILE)).ok())
            .unwrap_or_default();
        let mut extras = crate::extras::Extras::parse(&extras_text);
+        // The settings stores of the crates above the engine: their lines of this file, or of
+        // their own (docs/layers.md, "Platform registries").
+        horizon_hooks::settings::engine::load(&mut |file| match path.parent() {
+            _ if file == crate::extras::FILE => Some(extras_text.clone()),
+            Some(dir) => fs::read_to_string(dir.join(file)).ok(),
+            None => None,
+        });
        // The enabled mods are the game folder's, shared by its players (`--player-dir`).
        let mods = path
            .parent()
@@ -690,6 +697,7 @@ impl Settings {
            let mut extras = self.extras.clone();
            extras.emote_key = self.keys.get("key.emote").to_owned();
            extras.save(dir);
+            horizon_hooks::settings::engine::save_own(dir, &[crate::extras::FILE]);
            self.mods.save(&crate::logging::shared_dir(dir));
        }
    }
@@ -549,6 +549,9 @@ pub struct Streaming {
    pub mod_forced: HashSet<(i32, i32)>,
    /// No work is scheduled while paused (title screen).
    pub paused: bool,
+    /// Finished meshes the renderer has not taken yet (the game's pending
+    /// uploads): they count against the meshing room as the jobs do.
+    pub upload_backlog: usize,
    /// Dimension flags: sky light, Nether face shading.
    pub sky_light: bool,
    pub nether_shading: bool,
@@ -1062,7 +1065,9 @@ pub struct WorkerContext {
    pub biomes: Arc<crate::biome::Biomes>,
    pub light: Arc<LightTables>,
 }
+mod bounded;
 mod relight_now;
+use bounded::nearest_first;
 impl Streaming {
    pub fn new<G: ChunkGenerator>(
        generator: Arc<G>,
@@ -1147,6 +1152,7 @@ impl Streaming {
            forced: HashSet::new(),
            mod_forced: HashSet::new(),
            paused: false,
+            upload_backlog: 0,
            sky_light: true,
            nether_shading: false,
            shader_pack_lighting: false,
@@ -2083,7 +2089,10 @@ impl Streaming {
        // jobs went stale long before a worker reached them (#3629). What
        // stays dirty is asked for again, from the current centre, as
        // capacity frees; `requeue` then has a small queue to keep close.
-        let room = (self.workers * 32).saturating_sub(self.meshing.len());
+        // Meshes waiting for upload count too: when uploads fall behind (a
+        // low frame rate at a wide distance), meshing on held gigabytes of
+        // them until the system swapped.
+        let room = (self.workers * 32).saturating_sub(self.meshing.len() + self.upload_backlog);
        nearest_first(&mut candidates, room);
        for (_, x, z, sections) in candidates.drain(..) {
            let Some(region) = Self::region(world, x, z) else {
@@ -3021,19 +3030,6 @@ fn light_region_ready(
    }
    true
 }
-/// The nearest `room` of the `candidates`, ordered: the light and mesh
-/// stages submit bounded work, chosen from everything that is ready each
-/// `update`, so what runs is always the nearest of what is left — chosen
-/// again, from the current centre, as capacity frees, the way vanilla's
-/// chunk task queues follow the current ticket levels. The selection is
-/// O(n); the sort orders only what is submitted.
-fn nearest_first<T: Ord>(candidates: &mut Vec<T>, room: usize) {
-    if candidates.len() > room {
-        candidates.select_nth_unstable(room);
-        candidates.truncate(room);
-    }
-    candidates.sort_unstable();
-}
 /// What `keep_unchanged_sections` found changed.
 #[derive(Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
 struct Resent {
@@ -3586,37 +3582,6 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(pops(queue), [None]);
    }

-    /// The light and mesh stages submit bounded work, the nearest first:
-    /// what exceeds the room stays dirty, to be chosen again — from the
-    /// current centre — as capacity frees. Submitted whole, the queue once
-    /// held every ready column's jobs and grew with the render distance
-    /// (#3629); ties break by position, so the choice is deterministic.
-    #[test]
-    fn bounded_submission_takes_the_nearest_first() {
-        let candidates: Vec<(i64, i32, i32, u32)> = (0..40i32)
-            .map(|i| {
-                let (x, z) = (i / 8 - 2, i % 8 - 3);
-                (
-                    i64::from((x - 3).pow(2) + (z - 2).pow(2)),
-                    x,
-                    z,
-                    1 << (i % 24),
-                )
-            })
-            .collect();
-        let mut expected = candidates.clone();
-        expected.sort_unstable();
-        let mut none = candidates.clone();
-        nearest_first(&mut none, 0);
-        assert!(none.is_empty());
-        let mut nearest = candidates;
-        nearest_first(&mut nearest, 5);
-        assert_eq!(nearest, expected[..5]);
-        let mut past = expected.clone();
-        nearest_first(&mut past, expected.len() + 10);
-        assert_eq!(past, expected);
-    }
-
    /// What the scheduler counts as ready to light: every neighbour a
    /// finished column, or a decorated proto chunk past the area — the
    /// walk `light_region` makes without its snapshot.
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+//! Bounded submission: the light and mesh stages hand the workers only the
+//! nearest of what is ready.
+
+/// The nearest `room` of the `candidates`, ordered: the light and mesh
+/// stages submit bounded work, chosen from everything that is ready each
+/// `update`, so what runs is always the nearest of what is left — chosen
+/// again, from the current centre, as capacity frees, the way vanilla's
+/// chunk task queues follow the current ticket levels. The selection is
+/// O(n); the sort orders only what is submitted.
+pub(super) fn nearest_first<T: Ord>(candidates: &mut Vec<T>, room: usize) {
+    if candidates.len() > room {
+        candidates.select_nth_unstable(room);
+        candidates.truncate(room);
+    }
+    candidates.sort_unstable();
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// The light and mesh stages submit bounded work, the nearest first:
+    /// what exceeds the room stays dirty, to be chosen again — from the
+    /// current centre — as capacity frees. Submitted whole, the queue once
+    /// held every ready column's jobs and grew with the render distance
+    /// (#3629); ties break by position, so the choice is deterministic.
+    #[test]
+    fn bounded_submission_takes_the_nearest_first() {
+        let candidates: Vec<(i64, i32, i32, u32)> = (0..40i32)
+            .map(|i| {
+                let (x, z) = (i / 8 - 2, i % 8 - 3);
+                (
+                    i64::from((x - 3).pow(2) + (z - 2).pow(2)),
+                    x,
+                    z,
+                    1 << (i % 24),
+                )
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let mut expected = candidates.clone();
+        expected.sort_unstable();
+        let mut none = candidates.clone();
+        nearest_first(&mut none, 0);
+        assert!(none.is_empty());
+        let mut nearest = candidates;
+        nearest_first(&mut nearest, 5);
+        assert_eq!(nearest, expected[..5]);
+        let mut past = expected.clone();
+        nearest_first(&mut past, expected.len() + 10);
+        assert_eq!(past, expected);
+    }
+}
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
 //!
 //! [`TouchControls`] turns fingers into the controller state the game already
 //! reads ([`PadState`]). Each finger gets a role when it lands (the joystick or
-//! D-pad, a button, or a camera drag) and keeps it until it lifts, so moving,
-//! looking and pressing never take each other's fingers.
+//! D-pad, a button, or a look gesture on the world) and keeps it until it
+//! lifts, so moving, looking and pressing never take each other's fingers.
 pub mod aim;
 pub mod layout;
 pub use aim::{
@@ -22,6 +22,10 @@ use crate::gamepad::{Button, PadState};
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};

+/// A world touch held this long without dragging becomes a hold (mining, eating).
+const HOLD_DELAY: Duration = Duration::from_millis(350);
+/// How long the marker of a short world tap stays.
+const MARKER_TIME: Duration = Duration::from_millis(180);
 /// Two taps on the D-pad's sneak button closer than this toggle crouching.
 const DOUBLE_TAP: Duration = Duration::from_millis(300);
 /// A look finger that moves farther than this (a fraction of the surface
@@ -35,8 +39,19 @@ const SWAP_HANDS: &str = "action:key.swapOffhand";
 enum Role {
    /// Drives the joystick or D-pad, measured from this anchor.
    Move([f32; 2]),
-    /// Landed on the world: turns the camera once it moves past [`DRAG_SLOP`].
-    Look { start: [f32; 2], dragged: bool },
+    /// Turns the camera; without a drag, a short tap or a long hold acts on
+    /// the world where it landed.
+    Look {
+        start: [f32; 2],
+        since: Instant,
+        /// Moved past [`DRAG_SLOP`]: a camera turn, not a tap.
+        dragged: bool,
+        /// Whether a hold uses the item (eat, draw a bow) instead of mining,
+        /// as [`TouchControls::hold_uses_item`] said when the finger landed.
+        held_use: bool,
+        /// Became a hold before it dragged; it keeps acting while it turns.
+        committed: bool,
+    },
    /// Landed on a control that acted at once; nothing more until it lifts.
    Ignore,
    /// Holds the shield up.
@@ -52,6 +67,8 @@ pub struct TouchControls {
    pub settings: Settings,
    /// The game needs the crosshair whatever the scheme.
    pub force_crosshair: bool,
+    /// The held item is aimed along the crosshair ([`projectile_crosshair`]).
+    pub projectile_crosshair: bool,
    /// The player has a shield, so the shield button may show.
    pub shield_available: bool,
    /// Only the shortcut buttons (chat, pause, settings, F3, F5): a keyboard
@@ -64,6 +81,16 @@ pub struct TouchControls {
    pub vertical_movement: bool,
    pub swimming: bool,
    pub mounted: bool,
+    /// A long hold on the world uses the held item instead of mining. Read when
+    /// a finger lands, so a change mid-hold (the last apple eaten) can't turn
+    /// eating into mining.
+    pub hold_uses_item: bool,
+    /// Where this tick's world action aims (0..1 of the surface), set by
+    /// [`Self::poll_state`].
+    pub aim: Option<[f32; 2]>,
+    /// A world hold is active this tick, and whether it uses the item.
+    pub holding: bool,
+    pub holding_use: bool,
    /// A button was pressed; the game plays the click and clears it.
    pub clicked: bool,
    pub chat_requested: bool,
@@ -75,6 +102,10 @@ pub struct TouchControls {
    pending: PadState,
    /// Key or action presses for the game's key bindings: (token, down).
    key_events: Vec<(String, bool)>,
+    tap_aim: Option<[f32; 2]>,
+    /// A short world tap waiting for the game, with the finger's `held_use`.
+    pending_tap: Option<bool>,
+    last_marker: Option<([f32; 2], Instant)>,
    last_sneak_tap: Option<Instant>,
    sprint_latched: bool,
    aspect: f32,
@@ -99,6 +130,27 @@ impl TouchControls {
        }
    }

+    /// Where a dynamic joystick may appear, as `[x, y, w, h]`: a strip
+    /// `dynamic_area_x` of the width wide on the joystick's side, and
+    /// `dynamic_area_y` of the height tall centred on it. Touches outside it
+    /// stay camera gestures.
+    pub fn dynamic_area(&self) -> [f32; 4] {
+        let home = self.placement(Control::Move);
+        let width = self.settings.dynamic_area_x.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+        let height = self.settings.dynamic_area_y.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+        let y = (home.center[1] - height / 2.0).clamp(0.0, 1.0 - height);
+        let x = if home.center[0] < 0.5 {
+            0.0
+        } else {
+            1.0 - width
+        };
+        [x, y, width, height]
+    }
+
+    fn dynamic_joystick(&self) -> bool {
+        self.settings.dynamic_joystick && self.settings.mode != Mode::Dpad
+    }
+
    /// The shortcuts that stay with [`Self::auxiliary_only`].
    fn auxiliary_control(c: Control) -> bool {
        matches!(
@@ -123,7 +175,17 @@ impl TouchControls {
    /// The visible control under `point`, the last-drawn one first.
    pub fn control_at(&self, point: [f32; 2]) -> Option<Control> {
        Control::ALL.into_iter().rev().find(|&c| {
-            self.visible(c) && layout::contains(self.placement(c).rect(self.aspect()), point)
+            if !self.visible(c) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if c == Control::Move && self.dynamic_joystick() {
+                let area = self.dynamic_area();
+                return area[2] > 0.0
+                    && area[3] > 0.0
+                    && !self.moving()
+                    && layout::contains(area, point);
+            }
+            layout::contains(self.placement(c).rect(self.aspect()), point)
        })
    }

@@ -262,12 +324,41 @@ impl TouchControls {
                .any(|(r, _)| matches!(r, Role::Shield))
    }

+    /// Where the touch marker goes in the tap schemes: under a look finger, or
+    /// briefly where a short tap landed.
+    pub fn pointer(&self) -> Option<[f32; 2]> {
+        if self.crosshair() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        self.fingers
+            .values()
+            .find_map(|(r, point)| matches!(r, Role::Look { .. }).then_some(*point))
+            .or_else(|| {
+                self.last_marker
+                    .filter(|(_, t)| t.elapsed() < MARKER_TIME)
+                    .map(|(p, _)| p)
+            })
+    }
+
+    /// The aim point of a world action: the crosshair, or where the finger is.
+    fn aim_at(&self, point: [f32; 2]) -> [f32; 2] {
+        if self.settings.crosshair() || self.projectile_crosshair {
+            [0.5, 0.5]
+        } else {
+            point
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn world_gestures(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.crosshair() || self.settings.crosshair_gestures
+    }
+
    /// One touch event: finger `id` at `point` (0..1 of the surface), as it
    /// lands (`started`), moves, or lifts (`ended`). Returns how far the
    /// camera should turn, in surface fractions (see [`camera_delta`]).
    pub fn update(&mut self, id: u64, point: [f32; 2], started: bool, ended: bool) -> [f32; 2] {
        if ended {
-            self.fingers.remove(&id);
+            self.lift(id);
            return [0.0; 2];
        }
        if started {
@@ -275,14 +366,26 @@ impl TouchControls {
            return [0.0; 2];
        }
        let aspect = self.aspect();
+        let attack_look = self.settings.attack_button_look && self.crosshair();
        let Some((role, previous)) = self.fingers.get_mut(&id) else {
            return [0.0; 2];
        };
        let turns = match role {
-            Role::Look { start, dragged } => {
+            Role::Look {
+                start,
+                since,
+                dragged,
+                committed,
+                ..
+            } => {
+                if !*dragged && since.elapsed() >= HOLD_DELAY {
+                    *committed = true;
+                }
                *dragged |= ((point[0] - start[0]) * aspect).hypot(point[1] - start[1]) > DRAG_SLOP;
                *dragged
            }
+            // In the crosshair schemes the attack button can steer while it mines.
+            Role::Button(Button::RightTrigger) => attack_look,
            _ => false,
        };
        let delta = [point[0] - previous[0], point[1] - previous[1]];
@@ -290,11 +393,34 @@ impl TouchControls {
        if turns { delta } else { [0.0; 2] }
    }

+    fn lift(&mut self, id: u64) {
+        let Some((
+            Role::Look {
+                start,
+                since,
+                dragged,
+                held_use,
+                ..
+            },
+            _,
+        )) = self.fingers.remove(&id)
+        else {
+            return;
+        };
+        if self.world_gestures() && !dragged && since.elapsed() < HOLD_DELAY {
+            self.tap_aim = Some(self.aim_at(start));
+            self.last_marker = Some((start, Instant::now()));
+            self.pending_tap = Some(held_use);
+        }
+    }
+
    fn land(&mut self, id: u64, point: [f32; 2]) {
        let role = match self.control_at(point) {
-            Some(Control::Move) if !self.moving() => {
-                Role::Move(self.placement(Control::Move).center)
-            }
+            Some(Control::Move) if !self.moving() => Role::Move(if self.dynamic_joystick() {
+                point
+            } else {
+                self.placement(Control::Move).center
+            }),
            Some(Control::Shield) => {
                self.clicked = true;
                self.pending.triggers[0] = 1.0;
@@ -348,7 +474,10 @@ impl TouchControls {
            Some(c) => Self::button(c).map_or(Role::Ignore, Role::Button),
            None => Role::Look {
                start: point,
+                since: Instant::now(),
                dragged: false,
+                held_use: self.hold_uses_item,
+                committed: false,
            },
        };
        self.fingers.insert(id, (role, point));
@@ -367,20 +496,87 @@ impl TouchControls {
        self.last_sneak_tap = None;
        self.sprint_latched = false;
        self.pending = PadState::default();
+        self.aim = None;
+        self.tap_aim = None;
+        self.pending_tap = None;
+        self.last_marker = None;
+        self.holding_use = false;
+        self.holding = false;
        self.chat_requested = false;
        self.settings_requested = false;
        self.debug_requested = false;
        self.perspective_requested = false;
    }

+    /// A short world tap since the last call, and whether it uses the item.
+    /// A tap never holds attack or use into the next tick: the game acts once
+    /// at [`Self::aim`].
+    pub fn take_tap(&mut self) -> Option<bool> {
+        self.pending_tap.take()
+    }
+
    /// Key or action presses for the game's key bindings since the last call.
    pub fn key_events(&mut self) -> Vec<(String, bool)> {
        std::mem::take(&mut self.key_events)
    }

-    /// This tick's controller state, with presses that already lifted.
+    /// This tick's controller state, with presses that already lifted, and
+    /// sets [`Self::aim`], [`Self::holding`] and [`Self::holding_use`].
    pub fn poll_state(&mut self) -> PadState {
-        self.state().merge(&std::mem::take(&mut self.pending))
+        let mut state = self.state().merge(&std::mem::take(&mut self.pending));
+        self.aim = self.tap_aim.take();
+        self.holding_use = false;
+        self.holding = false;
+        if !self.world_gestures() {
+            return state;
+        }
+        let mut hold = None;
+        for (role, point) in self.fingers.values_mut() {
+            if let Role::Look {
+                since,
+                dragged,
+                held_use,
+                committed,
+                ..
+            } = role
+            {
+                if !*dragged && since.elapsed() >= HOLD_DELAY {
+                    *committed = true;
+                }
+                if !*dragged || *committed {
+                    hold = Some((*point, *committed, *held_use));
+                    if *committed {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some((point, committed, held_use)) = hold {
+            self.aim = Some(self.aim_at(point));
+            if committed {
+                self.holding = true;
+                self.holding_use = held_use;
+                state.triggers[usize::from(!held_use)] = 1.0;
+            }
+        }
+        state
+    }
+
+    /// Keeps the current hold using the item, even after the last one was
+    /// eaten or the target changed.
+    pub fn latch_use(&mut self) {
+        if let Some((Role::Look { held_use, .. }, _)) = self.fingers.values_mut().find(|(r, _)| {
+            matches!(
+                r,
+                Role::Look {
+                    committed: true,
+                    ..
+                }
+            )
+        }) {
+            *held_use = true;
+        }
+        self.holding_use = true;
    }

    /// The controller state the fingers hold right now.
@@ -176,9 +176,21 @@ pub struct Settings {
    pub sensitivity_vertical: f32,
    /// The sprint button toggles sprinting instead of holding it.
    pub sprint_toggle: bool,
+    /// In the crosshair schemes, taps and holds on the world also attack and
+    /// use (at the crosshair), as in the tap schemes.
+    pub crosshair_gestures: bool,
+    /// In the crosshair schemes, dragging the attack button turns the camera.
+    pub attack_button_look: bool,
    /// In the tap schemes, the use button shows while it would act on what
    /// the crosshair points at.
    pub contextual_interact: bool,
+    /// The joystick appears where the finger lands, within the dynamic area.
+    pub dynamic_joystick: bool,
+    /// The dynamic area's width: a fraction of the surface, from the
+    /// joystick's edge inwards.
+    pub dynamic_area_x: f32,
+    /// The dynamic area's height, centred on the joystick (1 is the whole height).
+    pub dynamic_area_y: f32,
    /// Scales every control without changing the saved sizes (0.5-2).
    pub button_scale: f32,
 }
@@ -220,7 +232,12 @@ impl Default for Settings {
            sensitivity_horizontal: 1.0,
            sensitivity_vertical: 1.0,
            sprint_toggle: false,
+            crosshair_gestures: false,
+            attack_button_look: true,
            contextual_interact: false,
+            dynamic_joystick: false,
+            dynamic_area_x: 0.25,
+            dynamic_area_y: 1.0,
            button_scale: 1.0,
        }
    }
@@ -265,6 +282,8 @@ impl Settings {
            *v = finite_or(*v, 1.0).clamp(0.1, 3.0);
        }
        self.button_scale = finite_or(self.button_scale, 1.0).clamp(0.5, 2.0);
+        self.dynamic_area_x = finite_or(self.dynamic_area_x, 0.25).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+        self.dynamic_area_y = finite_or(self.dynamic_area_y, 1.0).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
    }

    /// Whether attack and use act on the crosshair rather than on a tap.
@@ -437,14 +456,19 @@ mod tests {
    #[test]
    fn control_options_default_safely_and_stay_in_range() {
        let read: Settings = serde_json::from_str(r#"{"mode":"tap"}"#).unwrap();
-        assert!(!read.sprint_toggle && !read.contextual_interact);
-        assert_eq!(read.button_scale, 1.0);
+        assert!(read.attack_button_look && !read.sprint_toggle && !read.dynamic_joystick);
+        assert_eq!([read.dynamic_area_x, read.dynamic_area_y], [0.25, 1.0]);
        let mut s = Settings {
            button_scale: f32::NAN,
+            dynamic_area_x: -1.0,
+            dynamic_area_y: f32::INFINITY,
            ..Settings::default()
        };
        s.sanitize();
-        assert_eq!(s.button_scale, 1.0);
+        assert_eq!(
+            [s.button_scale, s.dynamic_area_x, s.dynamic_area_y],
+            [1.0, 0.0, 1.0]
+        );
        s.button_scale = 9.0;
        s.sanitize();
        assert_eq!(s.button_scale, 2.0);
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+//! Taps and holds on the world, and the dynamic joystick.
+use super::*;
+
+/// Backdates a look finger, as if it had been held `ms` milliseconds.
+fn age(t: &mut TouchControls, id: u64, ms: u64) {
+    if let Some((Role::Look { since, .. }, _)) = t.fingers.get_mut(&id) {
+        *since = Instant::now() - Duration::from_millis(ms);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dynamic_area_follows_the_configured_width_and_height() {
+    let mut t = TouchControls::default();
+    t.settings.dynamic_area_x = 0.25;
+    t.settings.dynamic_area_y = 0.5;
+    let area = t.dynamic_area();
+    assert_eq!([area[0], area[2], area[3]], [0.0, 0.25, 0.5]);
+    let move_y = t.placement(Control::Move).center[1];
+    assert!((area[1] - (move_y - 0.25).clamp(0.0, 0.5)).abs() < 1e-4);
+    // Far above the joystick, a touch stays a camera gesture.
+    t.settings.dynamic_joystick = true;
+    t.update(1, [0.1, 0.05], true, false);
+    assert!(matches!(role(&t, 1), Role::Look { .. }));
+    t.update(1, [0.1, 0.05], false, true);
+    t.update(2, [0.1, move_y], true, false);
+    assert!(matches!(role(&t, 2), Role::Move(_)));
+    // The strip stays on the surface and follows a left-handed layout.
+    t.settings.dynamic_area_y = 1.0;
+    t.settings.left_handed = true;
+    let area = t.dynamic_area();
+    assert_eq!([area[0], area[1], area[3]], [0.75, 0.0, 1.0]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dynamic_joystick_spawns_in_its_strip_and_keeps_its_frame() {
+    let mut t = TouchControls::default();
+    t.settings.dynamic_joystick = true;
+    t.update(1, [0.5, 0.5], true, false);
+    assert!(matches!(role(&t, 1), Role::Look { .. }));
+    t.update(1, [0.5, 0.5], false, true);
+    // The frame is where the finger first landed.
+    t.update(2, [0.12, 0.6], true, false);
+    assert!(matches!(role(&t, 2), Role::Move(a) if a == [0.12, 0.6]));
+    t.update(2, [0.20, 0.6], false, false);
+    assert!(matches!(role(&t, 2), Role::Move(a) if a == [0.12, 0.6]));
+    assert!(t.state().left[0] > 0.0);
+    t.update(2, [0.20, 0.6], false, true);
+    t.settings.left_handed = true;
+    t.update(3, [0.80, 0.6], true, false);
+    assert!(matches!(role(&t, 3), Role::Move(_)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dynamic_joystick_respects_hidden_controls_and_one_owner() {
+    let mut t = TouchControls::default();
+    t.settings.dynamic_joystick = true;
+    t.settings.dynamic_area_x = 0.05;
+    // The fixed joystick's home is outside a narrow strip: a camera gesture.
+    t.update(1, t.placement(Control::Move).center, true, false);
+    assert!(matches!(role(&t, 1), Role::Look { .. }));
+    t.clear();
+    let edge = [0.025, 0.5];
+    assert_eq!(t.control_at(edge), Some(Control::Move));
+    t.update(2, edge, true, false);
+    assert!(matches!(role(&t, 2), Role::Move(_)));
+    // A second finger can't take the joystick.
+    t.update(3, [0.03, 0.6], true, false);
+    assert!(matches!(role(&t, 3), Role::Look { .. }));
+    t.update(2, [0.05, 0.5], false, false);
+    assert!(t.state().left[0] > 0.0);
+    t.update(2, [0.05, 0.5], false, true);
+    assert_eq!(t.state().left, [0.0; 2]);
+    t.clear();
+    t.settings.button_visibility[Control::Move as usize] = layout::HIDDEN;
+    t.update(4, edge, true, false);
+    assert!(matches!(role(&t, 4), Role::Look { .. }));
+    t.clear();
+    t.settings.button_visibility[Control::Move as usize] = layout::FOLLOW_SCHEME;
+    t.settings.dynamic_area_x = 0.0;
+    t.update(5, [0.0, 0.5], true, false);
+    assert!(matches!(role(&t, 5), Role::Look { .. }));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn fixed_joystick_dpad_and_buttons_win_over_the_dynamic_strip() {
+    let mut t = TouchControls::default();
+    let home = t.placement(Control::Move).center;
+    t.update(1, [home[0] + 0.01, home[1]], true, false);
+    assert!(matches!(role(&t, 1), Role::Move(a) if a == home));
+    t.clear();
+    t.settings.dynamic_joystick = true;
+    t.settings.mode = Mode::Dpad;
+    let home = t.placement(Control::Move).center;
+    let up = [home[0], home[1] - t.placement(Control::Move).size / 3.0];
+    t.update(2, up, true, false);
+    assert!(matches!(role(&t, 2), Role::Move(a) if a == home));
+    t.clear();
+    t.settings.mode = Mode::Crosshair;
+    t.settings.dynamic_area_x = 1.0;
+    t.update(3, t.placement(Control::Jump).center, true, false);
+    assert!(t.state().held(Button::South));
+    assert!(!t.moving());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn projectiles_aim_short_taps_at_the_crosshair() {
+    let mut t = TouchControls::default();
+    t.settings.mode = Mode::Tap;
+    t.projectile_crosshair = true;
+    t.hold_uses_item = true;
+    t.update(1, [0.6, 0.4], true, false);
+    t.update(1, [0.6, 0.4], false, true);
+    t.poll_state();
+    assert_eq!(t.aim, Some([0.5, 0.5]));
+    assert_eq!(t.take_tap(), Some(true));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn world_taps_never_hold_attack_or_use_and_keep_the_landing_item() {
+    for (mode, split) in Mode::SCHEMES.map(|(m, s, _)| (m, s)) {
+        for held_use in [false, true] {
+            let mut t = TouchControls::default();
+            t.settings.mode = mode;
+            t.settings.split_controls = split;
+            t.settings.crosshair_gestures = true;
+            t.hold_uses_item = held_use;
+            t.update(1, [0.6, 0.4], true, false);
+            t.hold_uses_item = !held_use;
+            t.update(1, [0.6, 0.4], false, true);
+            assert_eq!(t.poll_state().triggers, [0.0; 2]);
+            assert_eq!(t.take_tap(), Some(held_use));
+            assert_eq!(t.take_tap(), None);
+            t.update(2, [0.6, 0.4], true, false);
+            t.update(2, [0.6, 0.4], false, true);
+            t.clear();
+            assert_eq!(t.take_tap(), None);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn looking_around_with_food_never_starts_eating() {
+    let mut t = TouchControls::default();
+    t.settings.mode = Mode::Tap;
+    t.hold_uses_item = true;
+    t.update(1, [0.6, 0.4], true, false);
+    assert_eq!(t.poll_state().triggers, [0.0; 2]);
+    t.update(1, [0.7, 0.4], false, false);
+    age(&mut t, 1, 1000);
+    assert_eq!(t.poll_state().triggers, [0.0; 2]);
+    assert_eq!(t.pointer(), Some([0.7, 0.4]));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn crosshair_gestures_aim_at_the_centre() {
+    for (mode, split) in [(Mode::Crosshair, false), (Mode::Dpad, true)] {
+        let mut t = TouchControls::default();
+        t.settings.mode = mode;
+        t.settings.split_controls = split;
+        t.update(1, [0.6, 0.4], true, false);
+        t.update(1, [0.6, 0.4], false, true);
+        assert_eq!(t.take_tap(), None, "off by default");
+        t.settings.crosshair_gestures = true;
+        t.update(2, [0.6, 0.4], true, false);
+        t.update(2, [0.6, 0.4], false, true);
+        assert_eq!(t.poll_state().triggers, [0.0; 2]);
+        assert_eq!(t.take_tap(), Some(false));
+        assert_eq!(t.aim, Some([0.5, 0.5]));
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_tap_aims_where_it_lands_and_a_drag_only_turns() {
+    let mut t = TouchControls::default();
+    t.settings.mode = Mode::Tap;
+    t.update(1, [0.6, 0.4], true, false);
+    t.update(1, [0.6, 0.4], false, true);
+    assert_eq!(t.poll_state().triggers, [0.0; 2]);
+    assert_eq!(t.take_tap(), Some(false));
+    assert_eq!(t.aim, Some([0.6, 0.4]));
+    t.poll_state();
+    assert_eq!(t.aim, None);
+    t.update(2, [0.6, 0.4], true, false);
+    assert_eq!(t.update(2, [0.605, 0.4], false, false), [0.0; 2]);
+    assert_ne!(t.update(2, [0.7, 0.4], false, false), [0.0; 2]);
+    t.update(2, [0.7, 0.4], false, true);
+    assert_eq!(t.poll_state().triggers, [0.0; 2]);
+    assert_eq!(t.take_tap(), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn the_attack_button_can_turn_the_camera_while_mining() {
+    for enabled in [true, false] {
+        let mut t = TouchControls::default();
+        t.settings.attack_button_look = enabled;
+        let start = t.placement(Control::Attack).center;
+        t.update(1, start, true, false);
+        assert_eq!(t.poll_state().triggers[1], 1.0);
+        let end = [start[0] - 0.2, start[1] - 0.1];
+        assert_eq!(t.update(1, end, false, false) != [0.0; 2], enabled);
+        assert_eq!(t.poll_state().triggers[1], 1.0);
+        t.update(1, end, false, true);
+        assert_eq!(t.poll_state().triggers[1], 0.0);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_long_hold_keeps_mining_while_the_camera_turns() {
+    let mut t = TouchControls::default();
+    t.settings.mode = Mode::Tap;
+    t.update(1, [0.6, 0.4], true, false);
+    age(&mut t, 1, 400);
+    assert_eq!(t.poll_state().triggers[1], 1.0);
+    assert_eq!(t.aim, Some([0.6, 0.4]));
+    assert!(t.holding && !t.holding_use);
+    assert_ne!(t.update(1, [0.7, 0.4], false, false), [0.0; 2]);
+    assert_eq!(t.poll_state().triggers[1], 1.0);
+    assert_eq!(t.aim, Some([0.7, 0.4]));
+    t.update(1, [0.7, 0.4], false, true);
+    assert_eq!(t.poll_state().triggers[1], 0.0);
+    assert_eq!(t.take_tap(), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn eating_survives_drift_and_ends_with_its_finger() {
+    let mut t = TouchControls::default();
+    t.settings.mode = Mode::Tap;
+    t.hold_uses_item = true;
+    t.update(1, [0.6, 0.4], true, false);
+    age(&mut t, 1, 400);
+    assert_eq!(t.poll_state().triggers, [1.0, 0.0]);
+    assert!(t.holding_use);
+    assert_ne!(t.update(1, [0.66, 0.46], false, false), [0.0; 2]);
+    t.hold_uses_item = false; // the last item eaten can't turn into mining
+    assert_eq!(t.poll_state().triggers, [1.0, 0.0]);
+    assert_eq!(t.aim, Some([0.66, 0.46]));
+    // A second finger turning the camera doesn't change the hold.
+    t.update(2, [0.4, 0.3], true, false);
+    assert_ne!(t.update(2, [0.45, 0.3], false, false), [0.0; 2]);
+    assert_eq!(t.poll_state().triggers, [1.0, 0.0]);
+    t.update(1, [0.66, 0.46], false, true);
+    assert_eq!(t.poll_state().triggers, [0.0; 2]);
+    assert!(!t.holding_use);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn latch_use_turns_a_hold_into_use_but_not_a_tap() {
+    let mut t = TouchControls::default();
+    t.settings.mode = Mode::Tap;
+    t.update(1, [0.6, 0.4], true, false);
+    t.poll_state();
+    assert!(!t.holding);
+    age(&mut t, 1, 400);
+    assert_eq!(t.poll_state().triggers, [0.0, 1.0]);
+    assert!(t.holding);
+    t.latch_use();
+    assert_eq!(t.poll_state().triggers, [1.0, 0.0]);
+    t.update(1, [0.66, 0.4], false, true);
+    assert_eq!(t.poll_state().triggers, [0.0; 2]);
+    assert!(!t.holding);
+    t.update(2, [0.6, 0.4], true, false);
+    t.update(2, [0.6, 0.4], false, true);
+    assert_eq!(t.poll_state().triggers, [0.0; 2]);
+    assert_eq!(t.take_tap(), Some(false));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn the_marker_follows_a_look_finger_only_in_tap_schemes() {
+    let mut t = TouchControls::default();
+    t.settings.mode = Mode::Tap;
+    assert_eq!(t.pointer(), None);
+    t.update(1, [0.6, 0.4], true, false);
+    assert_eq!(t.pointer(), Some([0.6, 0.4]));
+    assert_eq!(t.poll_state().triggers, [0.0; 2]);
+    assert_eq!(t.aim, Some([0.6, 0.4]));
+    t.update(1, [0.7, 0.4], false, false);
+    t.poll_state();
+    assert_eq!(t.pointer(), Some([0.7, 0.4]));
+    assert_eq!(t.aim, None);
+    t.update(1, [0.7, 0.4], false, true);
+    t.clear();
+    t.settings.mode = Mode::Crosshair;
+    t.update(1, [0.6, 0.4], true, false);
+    assert_eq!(t.pointer(), None);
+}
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // Adapted from Starling's touch.rs tests (see the header of touch.rs).
 use super::*;

+mod gestures;
+
 fn role(t: &TouchControls, id: u64) -> Role {
    t.fingers[&id].0
 }
@@ -138,6 +138,10 @@ fn scaling(sprite: &str, r: &Rect) -> NineSlice {
            | "horizon/jei/button_disabled_v2"
            | "horizon/jei/button_highlight_v2" => [6; 4],
            "horizon/jei/search_background_v2" => [6; 4],
+            "horizon/jei/interactive_ingredient_tooltip_background" => [16; 4],
+            "horizon/jei/recipe_preview_background_v2" => [16; 4],
+            "horizon/jei/scrollbar_background_v2" => [6; 4],
+            "horizon/jei/scrollbar_marker_v2" => [2, 2, 2, 1],
            "gui/sprites/widget/button"
            | "gui/sprites/widget/button_highlighted"
            | "gui/sprites/widget/button_disabled" => [3; 4],
@@ -1227,6 +1231,13 @@ pub struct EditBox {
    /// Grey completion shown after the text (EditBox.setSuggestion).
    pub suggestion: Option<String>,
    pub text_color: u32,
+    /// `EditBox.textColorUneditable`: the colour of a box `setEditable(false)`
+    /// made read-only, which still shows its value and caret.
+    pub text_color_uneditable: u32,
+    /// `EditBox.isEditable`: a read-only box keeps the focus, the caret keys
+    /// and copy, but takes no typed text, Backspace/Delete or paste (`AnvilScreen`
+    /// sets it by its input slot).
+    pub editable: bool,
    /// `getMessage`: what the narrator calls the box ("<message> edit box:
    /// <value>").
    pub message: String,
@@ -1518,6 +1529,8 @@ impl EditBox {
            focused_at: Instant::now(),
            suggestion: None,
            text_color: rgba(224, 224, 224, 255),
+            text_color_uneditable: rgba(112, 112, 112, 255),
+            editable: true,
            message: String::new(),
            frame: None,
        }
@@ -1562,6 +1575,12 @@ impl EditBox {
    }
    /// EditBox.insertText: replace the selection, respecting the maximum length.
    pub fn insert_text(&mut self, text: &str) {
+        // `EditBox.charTyped` only inserts through `canConsumeInput`, which a
+        // read-only box fails; the screens here hand typed text to this method
+        // directly.
+        if !self.editable {
+            return;
+        }
        let (a, b) = self.selected();
        let filtered = crate::clipboard::filter_text(text, self.multiline);
        let room = self
@@ -1573,8 +1592,12 @@ impl EditBox {
        let pos = a + char_len(&insert);
        self.set_cursor(pos, false);
    }
-    /// Delete `n` characters (negative: backwards) or the selection.
+    /// Delete `n` characters (negative: backwards) or the selection. A
+    /// read-only box consumes the key without changing its value.
    pub fn delete_chars(&mut self, n: isize) {
+        if !self.editable {
+            return;
+        }
        if self.cursor != self.highlight {
            self.insert_text("");
            return;
@@ -1677,20 +1700,24 @@ impl EditBox {
        use winit::keyboard::KeyCode as K;
        match key {
            K::Backspace => {
-                let n = if ctrl {
-                    self.word_position(-1) as isize - self.cursor as isize
-                } else {
-                    -1
-                };
-                self.delete_chars(n);
+                if self.editable {
+                    let n = if ctrl {
+                        self.word_position(-1) as isize - self.cursor as isize
+                    } else {
+                        -1
+                    };
+                    self.delete_chars(n);
+                }
            }
            K::Delete => {
-                let n = if ctrl {
-                    self.word_position(1) as isize - self.cursor as isize
-                } else {
-                    1
-                };
-                self.delete_chars(n);
+                if self.editable {
+                    let n = if ctrl {
+                        self.word_position(1) as isize - self.cursor as isize
+                    } else {
+                        1
+                    };
+                    self.delete_chars(n);
+                }
            }
            K::ArrowLeft => {
                let p = if ctrl {
@@ -1724,6 +1751,19 @@ impl EditBox {
        shortcut: crate::clipboard::EditShortcut,
        clipboard: &mut dyn crate::clipboard::Clipboard,
    ) -> bool {
+        use crate::clipboard::EditShortcut;
+        if !self.editable {
+            match shortcut {
+                // EditBox.keyPressed: Cut copies the selection, then does not
+                // take it out of a read-only box.
+                EditShortcut::Cut => {
+                    clipboard.set(&self.selected_text());
+                    return false;
+                }
+                EditShortcut::Paste => return false,
+                EditShortcut::SelectAll | EditShortcut::Copy => {}
+            }
+        }
        let before = self.value.clone();
        crate::clipboard::apply(self, shortcut, clipboard);
        self.reset_blink();
@@ -1777,7 +1817,11 @@ impl EditBox {
                u32::MAX,
            );
        }
-        let color = self.text_color;
+        let color = if self.editable {
+            self.text_color
+        } else {
+            self.text_color_uneditable
+        };
        let rest: String = self.value.chars().skip(self.display).collect();
        let shown_len = atlas.font.fit(&rest, self.inner_width());
        let displayed: String = rest.chars().take(shown_len).collect();
@@ -2531,4 +2575,51 @@ mod tests {
            (112, 180)
        );
    }
+
+    /// `EditBox.setEditable(false)`: the box keeps the focus, the caret keys
+    /// and copy, but `charTyped`/paste/Backspace/Delete do nothing, and Cut
+    /// copies without taking the text out. A value and the caret still show,
+    /// in `textColorUneditable`.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_read_only_edit_box_keeps_the_caret_and_copy_but_refuses_editing() {
+        use crate::clipboard::{EditShortcut, MemoryClipboard};
+        let mut edit = EditBox::new(0.0, 0.0, 100.0, 20.0);
+        edit.set_value("name");
+        edit.editable = false;
+        let mut clipboard = MemoryClipboard("pasted".into());
+        // The caret keys still work.
+        assert!(edit.key(winit::keyboard::KeyCode::ArrowLeft, false, false));
+        assert_eq!(edit.cursor, 3);
+        assert!(edit.key(winit::keyboard::KeyCode::Home, false, false));
+        assert_eq!(edit.cursor, 0);
+        // Backspace and Delete are consumed but change nothing.
+        assert!(edit.key(winit::keyboard::KeyCode::Backspace, false, false));
+        assert!(edit.key(winit::keyboard::KeyCode::Delete, false, false));
+        assert_eq!(edit.value, "name");
+        // Typed text (and an IME commit) goes through insert_text: refused.
+        edit.insert_text("typed");
+        assert_eq!(edit.value, "name");
+        edit.delete_chars(-1);
+        assert_eq!(edit.value, "name");
+        // Paste changes nothing; Cut copies and keeps the text; Copy copies.
+        edit.set_cursor(0, false);
+        edit.set_cursor(4, true);
+        assert!(!edit.shortcut(EditShortcut::Paste, &mut clipboard));
+        assert_eq!(edit.value, "name");
+        assert!(!edit.shortcut(EditShortcut::Cut, &mut clipboard));
+        assert_eq!(edit.value, "name");
+        assert_eq!(clipboard.0, "name");
+        edit.set_cursor(0, false);
+        edit.set_cursor(4, true);
+        assert!(!edit.shortcut(EditShortcut::Copy, &mut clipboard));
+        assert_eq!(clipboard.0, "name");
+        // An editable box does all of it again. (Set the caret past the
+        // selection first: insertion replaces a selection.)
+        edit.editable = true;
+        edit.set_cursor(4, false);
+        edit.insert_text("x");
+        assert_eq!(edit.value, "namex");
+        assert!(edit.key(winit::keyboard::KeyCode::Backspace, false, false));
+        assert_eq!(edit.value, "name");
+    }
 }
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ horizon-client-render = { path = "../horizon-client-render" }
 horizon-command = { path = "../horizon-command" }
 horizon-items = { path = "../horizon-items" }
 horizon-core = { path = "../horizon-core" }
+# Extension points for the crates above the engine (docs/layers.md, "How a Horizon crate plugs in").
+horizon-hooks = { path = "../horizon-hooks" }
 # OptiFine-format pack files: custom entity models, random entity textures.
 horizon-optifine = { path = "../horizon-optifine" }
 # The server thread ahead of the workers (MinecraftServer.spin's Thread.setPriority).
@@ -67,7 +69,7 @@ chrono = { version = "0.4.42", default-features = false, features = ["clock", "s
 flate2 = { version = "1.1.10", default-features = false, features = ["zlib-rs", "runtime_detection"] }
 horizon-theme = { path = "../horizon-theme" }
 # Opt-in data collection: the game keeps, the launcher sends (docs/telemetry.md). The
-# anonymous "I'm playing" ping is horizon-client-lib's (`heartbeat.rs`), the `heartbeat` feature.
+# anonymous "I'm playing" ping is the Horizon layer's (`horizon-heartbeat`, in the official executable).
 horizon-telemetry = { path = "../horizon-telemetry", default-features = false }
 horizon-bench = { path = "../horizon-bench" }
 crc32fast = "1"
@@ -117,18 +119,15 @@ audio = ["horizon-client-render/audio", "horizon-client-lib/audio"]
 controllers = ["horizon-client-lib/controllers", "dep:gilrs", "dep:horizon-dualsense", "horizon-client-input/controllers"]
 # Horizon's own extras over the vanilla game, for a fork that wants them out (docs/forking.md):
 # cosmetics and emotes, the "Horizon player" presence, the official server added to
-# the server list, the Horizon Settings and Mods pages, Discord, Play with Friends and the
-# heartbeat. Players always get them; there is no switch. `grep -rn horizon-extras crates/` lists
+# the server list, the Horizon Settings and Mods pages, Discord and Play with Friends. Players always get them; there is no switch. `grep -rn horizon-extras crates/` lists
 # every place it gates. Without it (`--no-default-features --features audio,controllers`) the
 # client is best effort: CI builds only the default.
-horizon-extras = ["discord", "friends", "heartbeat"]
+horizon-extras = ["discord", "friends"]
 # Online extras a server or a port can leave out; the server build has none of them. "Playing Horizon"
 # on Discord (game/discord.rs).
 discord = ["horizon-client-lib/discord"]
 # Play with Friends: sharing a world behind an invite code (game/friends.rs) and joining one.
 friends = ["horizon-client-lib/friends", "dep:horizon-friends"]
-# The anonymous "I'm playing" ping (docs/telemetry.md).
-heartbeat = ["horizon-client-lib/heartbeat"]
 # Records the call sites of mob random draws (`mob_ai_probe` traces).
 rng-trace = ["horizon-core/rng-trace", "horizon-client-lib/rng-trace"]
 # Rust's allocations go to the system heap instead of mimalloc, where heap profilers that replace
@@ -447,6 +447,7 @@
  "Already set up for your display. Only calibrate if HDR looks wrong.": "Already set up for your display. Only calibrate if HDR looks wrong.",
  "Puts Peak Brightness and Paper White back to your display's setup.": "Puts Peak Brightness and Paper White back to your display's setup.",
  "Set up for your display. Leave on Auto unless it looks wrong.": "Set up for your display. Leave on Auto unless it looks wrong.",
+  "HDR output stopped the game the last time it started with this graphics driver. Choose a mode to try again.": "HDR output stopped the game the last time it started with this graphics driver. Choose a mode to try again.",
  "Lower it until the logo just disappears into the black.": "Lower it until the logo just disappears into the black.",
  "Raise it until the logo just disappears into the bright square.": "Raise it until the logo just disappears into the bright square.",
  "Make the card a white that's comfortable to look at for a long time, in the light you play in.": "Make the card a white that's comfortable to look at for a long time, in the light you play in.",
@@ -1057,5 +1058,8 @@
  "horizon.studio.topbar.add_marker": "Add Marker",
  "horizon.studio.topbar.clear_keyframes": "🗑 Clear Keyframes",
  "horizon.studio.topbar.timeline_hud": "⏱ Timeline",
-  "horizon.studio.topbar.split_scene": "Split Scene"
+  "horizon.studio.topbar.split_scene": "Split Scene",
+  "horizon.recipes.fuel.options": "Hold SHIFT to pin this tooltip, then click an ingredient to view recipes.",
+  "horizon.recipes.fuel.any": "Any Fuel",
+  "horizon.recipes.fuel.minecraft": "Minecraft"
 }
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-//! Embeds Horizon's icon (`packaging/icons/horizon.ico`) in the Windows executables, as icon
-//! resource 1: Explorer and the task bar show it, and the window takes it as its icon.
-//! The optional Segment Heap manifest is embedded in the same resource compilation.
+//! Generates the native mod API, and gives the Windows executable Horizon's icon and its stack
+//! (`packaging/windows/exe.rs`, shared with the official executable's build script).
+#[path = "../../packaging/windows/exe.rs"]
+mod windows_exe;
+
 fn main() {
    let root =
        std::path::PathBuf::from(std::env::var_os("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR").unwrap()).join("../..");
@@ -19,119 +21,5 @@ fn main() {
    if !staged.is_empty() {
        println!("cargo:rustc-env=HORIZON_MIXIN_MODS={}", staged.join(","));
    }
-    let manifest_dir = std::path::PathBuf::from(std::env::var_os("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR").unwrap());
-    let ico = manifest_dir
-        .join("../..")
-        .join("packaging/icons/horizon.ico");
-    let target_os =
-        std::env::var("CARGO_CFG_TARGET_OS").expect("Cargo must provide the build target OS");
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", ico.display());
-    // The game's main thread gets 8 MB of stack on Windows as on macOS and Linux (Windows gives 1
-    // MB): splitscreen builds a joining player's `Game`, ~67 KB, deep in the event loop.
-    if target_os == "windows" {
-        println!("cargo:rerun-if-env-changed=WINDRES");
-        println!("cargo:rerun-if-env-changed=AR");
-        println!("cargo:rerun-if-env-changed=RC_PATH");
-        let target_env = std::env::var("CARGO_CFG_TARGET_ENV")
-            .expect("Cargo must provide the target environment");
-        let arg = match target_env.as_str() {
-            "msvc" => "/STACK:8388608",
-            _ => "-Wl,--stack,8388608",
-        };
-        println!("cargo:rustc-link-arg-bin=horizon-client={arg}");
-        let (resource_manifest_dir, resource_icon) = match resource_path(&manifest_dir, &target_env)
-            .and_then(|dir| Ok((dir, resource_path(&ico, &target_env)?)))
-        {
-            Ok(paths) => paths,
-            // #10398: a local GNU build in a folder whose path has a space or a non-ASCII letter,
-            // on a volume without 8.3 names, still builds (the launcher's native mod builds use
-            // that toolchain), without the icon. CI never does.
-            Err(e) if std::env::var_os("CI").is_none() => {
-                println!("cargo:warning=building without Horizon's icon: {e}");
-                return;
-            }
-            Err(e) => panic!("{e}"),
-        };
-        let mut resource = winresource::WindowsResource::new();
-        resource.set_icon(&resource_icon);
-        if std::env::var_os("CARGO_FEATURE_WINDOWS_SEGMENT_HEAP").is_some() {
-            let manifest = manifest_dir.join("windows-segment-heap.manifest");
-            println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", manifest.display());
-            let resource_manifest =
-                resource_path(&manifest, &target_env).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{e}"));
-            resource.set_manifest_file(&resource_manifest);
-        }
-
-        let original_manifest_dir = std::env::var_os("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR").unwrap();
-        if cfg!(windows) && target_env == "gnu" {
-            // GNU windres can split paths with spaces or fail on non-ASCII paths while
-            // preprocessing the .rc file. Pass an 8.3 alias for the include directory; the icon
-            // and optional manifest use the same alias.
-            // This build script has no other Rust threads, and winresource reads this variable
-            // only while compiling the resource; restore the original value immediately after.
-            unsafe { std::env::set_var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR", &resource_manifest_dir) };
-        }
-        let result = resource.compile();
-        if cfg!(windows) && target_env == "gnu" {
-            unsafe { std::env::set_var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR", original_manifest_dir) };
-        }
-        result.expect("embedding Horizon's icon in Windows resources");
-    }
-}
-
-/// `path` as the resource compiler takes it: an error only when GNU windres would need an 8.3 alias
-/// that the volume doesn't have.
-fn resource_path(path: &std::path::Path, target_env: &str) -> Result<String, String> {
-    let path = path.canonicalize().unwrap_or_else(|error| {
-        panic!(
-            "resolving Windows resource path {}: {error}",
-            path.display()
-        )
-    });
-    #[cfg(windows)]
-    let path = {
-        let path_string = path.to_string_lossy();
-        if target_env == "gnu"
-            && (!path_string.is_ascii() || path_string.chars().any(char::is_whitespace))
-        {
-            short_windows_path(&path).map_err(|error| {
-                format!(
-                    "GNU windres needs an ASCII Windows resource path for {}: {error}",
-                    path.display()
-                )
-            })?
-        } else {
-            path
-        }
-    };
-    #[cfg(not(windows))]
-    let _ = target_env;
-    Ok(path.to_string_lossy().replace('\\', "/"))
-}
-
-#[cfg(windows)]
-fn short_windows_path(path: &std::path::Path) -> std::io::Result<std::path::PathBuf> {
-    use std::os::windows::ffi::{OsStrExt, OsStringExt};
-
-    #[link(name = "kernel32")]
-    unsafe extern "system" {
-        fn GetShortPathNameW(input: *const u16, output: *mut u16, capacity: u32) -> u32;
-    }
-
-    let input: Vec<u16> = path.as_os_str().encode_wide().chain(Some(0)).collect();
-    let mut output = vec![0u16; 32_768];
-    let length =
-        unsafe { GetShortPathNameW(input.as_ptr(), output.as_mut_ptr(), output.len() as u32) };
-    if length == 0 || length as usize >= output.len() {
-        return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error());
-    }
-    let short_path = std::ffi::OsString::from_wide(&output[..length as usize]);
-    let short_path_string = short_path.to_string_lossy();
-    if !short_path_string.is_ascii() || short_path_string.chars().any(char::is_whitespace) {
-        return Err(std::io::Error::new(
-            std::io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
-            "the volume has no ASCII 8.3 path for this file",
-        ));
-    }
-    Ok(short_path.into())
+    windows_exe::resources("horizon-client");
 }
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 //! progress (`PlayerAdvancements`) and the predicates criteria test
 //! (`EntityPredicate`, `ItemPredicate`, `LocationPredicate`, the loot
 //! conditions advancements use).
+mod state_ranges;
+
 use horizon_world::lazy_json::LazyJson;
 use serde_json::Value;
 use std::{
@@ -619,6 +621,10 @@ pub trait World {
    fn structures(&self, pos: [i32; 3]) -> Vec<String>;
    /// Block name and properties.
    fn block(&self, pos: [i32; 3]) -> (String, BTreeMap<String, String>);
+    /// Legal values of the actual registered property, unavailable without registry access.
+    fn block_property_values(&self, _block: &str, _property: &str) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
+        None
+    }
    fn fluid(&self, pos: [i32; 3]) -> Option<String>;
    fn can_see_sky(&self, pos: [i32; 3]) -> bool;
    fn light(&self, pos: [i32; 3]) -> i32;
@@ -914,7 +920,9 @@ pub fn block(v: &Value, pos: [i32; 3], w: &dyn World) -> bool {
                Value::String(s) => have == *s,
                Value::Bool(b) => have == b.to_string(),
                Value::Number(n) => have == n.to_string(),
-                Value::Object(_) => have.parse::<f64>().is_ok_and(|h| range_f(want, h)),
+                Value::Object(bounds) => w
+                    .block_property_values(&name, k)
+                    .is_some_and(|domain| state_ranges::matches(bounds, &have, &domain)),
                _ => false,
            };
            if !ok {
@@ -1955,7 +1963,6 @@ impl Tree {
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use serde_json::json;
-
    #[test]
    fn advancement_reward_function_is_optional_and_namespaced() {
        for (raw, expected) in [
@@ -1980,7 +1987,6 @@ mod tests {
        .unwrap();
        assert!(without.rewards.function.is_none());
    }
-
    /// The criteria an inventory change and a recipe unlock test, on vanilla's tree:
    /// `cargo test -p horizon-client --lib -- --ignored --nocapture index_on_vanilla_tree`
    /// with HORIZON_RESOURCES set to the prepared resources.
@@ -2188,7 +2194,6 @@ mod tests {
            &Flat
        ));
    }
-
    /// A `recipe_crafted` criterion names `minecraft:x`; the craft hands
    /// the recipe book and the trigger the same whole id (`award_crafted`
    /// qualifies). The bare name the crafting copy uses never matched —
@@ -2211,7 +2216,6 @@ mod tests {
            "the whole id award_crafted passes matches"
        );
    }
-
    /// `LockCode.canUnlock` for a chest with
    /// `lock:{items:"minecraft:gold_ingot"}`: a gold ingot opens it, an empty
    /// hand or another item does not, and a spectator always does.
@@ -3360,7 +3364,6 @@ mod tests {
        );
        assert_eq!(date_millis("not a date"), None);
    }
-
    #[test]
    fn simulate_progression_advancements() {
        let mut tree = Tree::default();
@@ -3447,7 +3450,6 @@ mod tests {
            tree.by_id.insert(id, tree.list.len());
            tree.list.push(a);
        }
-
        fn get_list(tree: &Tree, target: Option<&str>, mode: &str) -> Vec<usize> {
            match target {
                None => (0..tree.list.len()).collect(),
@@ -3476,7 +3478,6 @@ mod tests {
                }
            }
        }
-
        fn grant(tree: &Tree, prog: &mut Progress, list: &[usize]) -> i32 {
            let mut count = 0;
            for &i in list {
@@ -3491,7 +3492,6 @@ mod tests {
            }
            count
        }
-
        fn revoke(tree: &Tree, prog: &mut Progress, list: &[usize]) -> i32 {
            let mut count = 0;
            for &i in list {
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+//! `StatePropertiesPredicate.RangedMatcher`: parse through the actual legal domain.
+//!
+//! The pinned vanilla registry's property kinds and all enum comparisons are checked
+//! independently. Direction's possible-values order differs from Comparable order;
+//! other vanilla enums preserve it. This does not establish modded/future enum order.
+use horizon_core::{geometry::Direction, text::parse_java_integer};
+use serde_json::{Map, Value};
+
+fn direction(value: &str) -> Option<Direction> {
+    Some(match value {
+        "down" => Direction::Down,
+        "up" => Direction::Up,
+        "north" => Direction::North,
+        "south" => Direction::South,
+        "west" => Direction::West,
+        "east" => Direction::East,
+        _ => return None,
+    })
+}
+
+/// StatePropertiesPredicate.RangedMatcher.match: inclusive typed, legal-domain comparisons.
+pub(super) fn matches(bounds: &Map<String, Value>, actual: &str, domain: &[String]) -> bool {
+    if domain.is_empty() || !domain.iter().any(|v| v == actual) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let boolean = domain.len() == 2
+        && domain.iter().any(|v| v == "true")
+        && domain.iter().any(|v| v == "false");
+    // The existing feature-codec integer-family inference, independently checked
+    // against actual IntegerProperty kinds for every pinned registered property.
+    let integer = domain.iter().all(|v| {
+        !v.is_empty()
+            && v.trim_start_matches('-')
+                .bytes()
+                .all(|b| b.is_ascii_digit())
+    });
+    let directional = domain.iter().all(|v| direction(v).is_some());
+    let rank = |value: &str| -> Option<i32> {
+        if integer {
+            let value = parse_java_integer(value)?;
+            return domain
+                .iter()
+                .any(|v| *v == value.to_string())
+                .then_some(value);
+        }
+        // Membership precedes comparison, including for filtered Direction domains.
+        let index = domain.iter().position(|v| v == value)?;
+        if boolean {
+            Some(i32::from(value == "true"))
+        } else if directional {
+            Some(i32::from(direction(value)? as u8))
+        } else {
+            // Only the separately validated remaining pinned vanilla enums.
+            i32::try_from(index).ok()
+        }
+    };
+    let Some(actual) = rank(actual) else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    for (key, lower) in [("min", true), ("max", false)] {
+        if let Some(bound) = bounds.get(key) {
+            let Some(bound) = bound.as_str().and_then(rank) else {
+                return false;
+            };
+            if (lower && actual < bound) || (!lower && actual > bound) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    true
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use serde_json::json;
+
+    fn check(domain: &[&str], actual: &str, range: Value, expected: bool) {
+        let domain: Vec<_> = domain.iter().map(|v| (*v).to_owned()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(
+            matches(range.as_object().unwrap(), actual, &domain),
+            expected,
+            "actual={actual}, range={range}, domain={domain:?}"
+        );
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn boolean_uses_comparable_not_values_order() {
+        let d = ["true", "false"];
+        check(&d, "false", json!({"max":"false"}), true);
+        check(&d, "true", json!({"max":"false"}), false);
+        check(&d, "true", json!({"min":"true"}), true);
+        check(&d, "false", json!({"min":"true"}), false);
+        check(&d, "true", json!({"min":"true","max":"false"}), false);
+        check(&d, "true", json!({"min":"True"}), false);
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn integer_bounds_parse_then_require_legal_values() {
+        let d = ["0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7"];
+        check(&d, "5", json!({"min":"2","max":"06"}), true);
+        check(&d, "7", json!({"min":"2","max":"06"}), false);
+        check(&d, "5", json!({"min":"6","max":"2"}), false);
+        for bound in ["10", "-1", "2147483648", "1e0", " 2"] {
+            check(&d, "5", json!({"min":bound}), false);
+        }
+        check(
+            &["-2", "-1", "0"],
+            "-1",
+            json!({"min":"-02","max":"0"}),
+            true,
+        );
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn full_direction_compares_existing_native_enum() {
+        // Actual six-facing Property values; west follows south in Comparable.
+        let d = ["north", "east", "south", "west", "up", "down"];
+        for actual in d {
+            check(
+                &d,
+                actual,
+                json!({"min":"north","max":"west"}),
+                matches!(actual, "north" | "south" | "west"),
+            );
+            check(&d, actual, json!({"min":"up","max":"down"}), false);
+        }
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn filtered_direction_membership_is_not_widened() {
+        let d = ["up", "down"];
+        check(&d, "down", json!({"max":"down"}), true);
+        check(&d, "up", json!({"max":"down"}), false);
+        check(&d, "up", json!({"min":"up"}), true);
+        check(&d, "down", json!({"min":"up"}), false);
+        check(&d, "up", json!({"min":"north"}), false);
+        check(
+            &["north", "south", "west", "east"],
+            "north",
+            json!({"min":"down"}),
+            false,
+        );
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn other_enum_preserves_validated_nonlexical_order() {
+        let d = ["single", "left", "right"];
+        check(&d, "single", json!({"min":"left"}), false);
+        check(&d, "right", json!({"min":"left"}), true);
+        check(&d, "single", json!({"min":"unknown"}), false);
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn unavailable_or_unknown_values_and_present_invalid_bounds_fail() {
+        check(&[], "north", json!({}), false);
+        check(&["north", "south"], "missing", json!({}), false);
+        check(&["north", "south"], "north", json!({}), true);
+        for bound in [json!(null), json!(2), json!(false), json!({})] {
+            check(&["north", "south"], "north", json!({"min":bound}), false);
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -899,11 +899,8 @@ impl Ticker<'_, '_, '_, '_> {
    /// `AbstractArrow.startFalling`.
    fn start_falling(&mut self) {
        self.st.in_ground = false;
-        let v = self.p.velocity;
-        let x = f64::from(self.st.random.next_float() * 0.2);
-        let y = f64::from(self.st.random.next_float() * 0.2);
-        let z = f64::from(self.st.random.next_float() * 0.2);
-        self.p.velocity = Vec3::new(v.x * x, v.y * y, v.z * z);
+        self.p.velocity =
+            crate::projectiles::start_falling_velocity(self.p.velocity, &mut self.st.random);
        self.st.life = 0;
    }
    /// `AbstractArrow.stepMoveAndHit`: the nearest entity on the way, else the
@@ -253,6 +253,19 @@ fn an_arrow_owned_by_an_armor_stand_needs_mob_griefing_to_prime_tnt() {
    assert!(primes_tnt(None, false));
 }

+#[test]
+fn client_arrow_tick_waits_for_a_non_self_move_to_leave_its_block() {
+    let steps = run_with(&[], 1, false, |p| {
+        let arrow = p.arrow.as_mut().unwrap();
+        arrow.in_ground = true;
+        arrow.last_state = Some(BlockStateId(1));
+    });
+    let p = &steps[0];
+    let arrow = p.arrow.as_ref().unwrap();
+    assert!(arrow.in_ground);
+    assert_eq!(p.velocity, Vec3::new(1.0, 0.2, 0.0));
+}
+
 #[test]
 #[ignore = "run by client-arrow differential harness"]
 fn client_arrow_parity_fixture() {
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//! A saved `speed_multiplier` is read by `ValueInput.getFloatOr`, which takes
+//! any numeric tag, not only a float.
+use horizon_client_lib::{containers::BlockEntity, save::decode_block_entity};
+use horizon_world::nbt::Tag;
+
+fn brewing(speed: Tag) -> f32 {
+    let tag = Tag::compound([
+        ("id", Tag::String("minecraft:brewing_stand".into())),
+        ("x", Tag::Int(0)),
+        ("y", Tag::Int(64)),
+        ("z", Tag::Int(0)),
+        ("speed_multiplier", speed),
+    ]);
+    let (_, model) = decode_block_entity(&tag).unwrap();
+    let BlockEntity::Brewing(stand) = model else {
+        panic!("a brewing stand");
+    };
+    stand.speed
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn an_integer_speed_multiplier_loads() {
+    assert_eq!(brewing(Tag::Int(2)), 2.0);
+    assert_eq!(brewing(Tag::Double(1.5f64.to_bits())), 1.5);
+}
@@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ pub use horizon_client_render::{
    jigsaw_block, json_folder, level_loading, light, lod, logging, menu_blur, mesher, minimap,
    mipmap, mod_browser, mod_list, model_library, models, multiline_edit, native_emissive,
    options_file, options_fixes, options_ui, overlay, pack_browser, pack_palette, pack_screen,
-    packs, pad_cursor, pad_glyph, par, particles, poi_sections, polytone_colors, polytone_post,
-    post_chain, potent_sulfur, preedit, providers, pvp, pvp_hud, random_source, screen_draw,
-    screen_effects, sculk, section_mask, server_terrain, settings, shader_options,
-    shader_pack_list, signs, skins, social, sound_engine, sound_events, sound_preview, spans,
-    split_layout, split_map, split_profiles, sprites, streaming, structure_block, tab_list,
-    terrain_model, test_block, test_instance_block, testgen, title_edition, trims, ui, vault,
-    weather, widgets, world, worldborder, zip,
+    packs, pad_cursor, pad_glyph, par, particles, poi_sections, polytone_colors,
+    polytone_creative_tabs, polytone_post, post_chain, potent_sulfur, preedit, providers, pvp,
+    pvp_hud, random_source, screen_draw, screen_effects, sculk, section_mask, server_terrain,
+    settings, shader_options, shader_pack_list, signs, skins, social, sound_engine, sound_events,
+    sound_preview, spans, split_layout, split_map, split_profiles, sprites, streaming,
+    structure_block, tab_list, terrain_model, test_block, test_instance_block, testgen,
+    title_edition, trims, ui, vault, weather, widgets, world, worldborder, zip,
 };
 pub mod attack_strength;
 pub mod attribute_updates;
@@ -77,8 +77,6 @@ pub mod game_rules_screen;
 pub mod gizmos;
 pub mod gossip;
 pub mod health;
-#[cfg(feature = "heartbeat")]
-pub mod heartbeat;
 pub mod hotbar;
 pub mod hunger;
 pub mod inv_sort;
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-//! The mouse handling every survival and container screen shares
+//! The input handling every survival and container screen shares
 //! (`AbstractContainerScreen.mouseClicked` / `mouseReleased`): which slot id
 //! a click targets (-999 outside the window, `hasClickedOutside` with the
 //! recipe book's own rule) and which `ContainerInput` it sends. Shift is
 //! the event's own modifiers (`InputWithModifiers.hasShiftDown`: the
-//! physical Shift keys, never the remapped or toggled sneak key).
+//! physical Shift keys, never the remapped or toggled sneak key). The
+//! keyboard's hotbar and off-hand keys are the same screen's
+//! (`checkHotbarKeyPressed`).

 use crate::menu::Input;

@@ -93,14 +95,44 @@ impl Button {
    }
 }

+/// `AbstractContainerScreen.mouseClicked`'s double click: the same slot and
+/// the same button within 250 ms (`MouseHandler`'s `doubleClick`), with
+/// `lastClickSlot` replaced by every click that reaches the container logic —
+/// `None` for a click outside the window, which ends the chain.
+pub fn double_click(
+    last: &mut Option<(std::time::Instant, Option<usize>, bool)>,
+    slot: Option<usize>,
+    right: bool,
+    now: std::time::Instant,
+) -> bool {
+    let double = last.is_some_and(|(at, was_slot, was_right)| {
+        was_slot == slot && was_right == right && now.duration_since(at).as_millis() < 250
+    });
+    *last = Some((now, slot, right));
+    double
+}
+
 /// The input state `mouseClicked`/`mouseReleased` keep between events.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct Clicks {
    /// `isQuickCrafting` with `quickCraftingButton`.
    quick_crafting: Option<Button>,
    skip_next_release: bool,
 }

+impl Default for Clicks {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            quick_crafting: None,
+            // AbstractContainerScreen's constructor: `this.skipNextRelease =
+            // true`. The release of the click that opened the screen (a chest
+            // right-click opens it on the server's answer) is not a click on
+            // the slot now under the pointer.
+            skip_next_release: true,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// What a release does.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
 pub enum Release {
@@ -133,7 +165,9 @@ impl Clicks {
    /// dead on every screen after it.
    pub fn cancel_drag(&mut self) {
        self.quick_crafting = None;
-        self.skip_next_release = false;
+        // A fresh `AbstractContainerScreen` starts with `skipNextRelease`
+        // true, so the next release without a press is swallowed.
+        self.skip_next_release = true;
    }

    /// `mouseClicked` (no double click): the `slotClicked` input it sends on
@@ -206,6 +240,32 @@ impl Clicks {
    }
 }

+/// A key `AbstractContainerScreen.checkHotbarKeyPressed` acts on: one of the
+/// nine hotbar slots (`keyHotbarSlots`) or the off hand (`keySwapOffhand`).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub enum HotbarKey {
+    /// `key.hotbar.N`, in `0..9`.
+    Slot(usize),
+    /// `key.swapOffhand`, the menu's button 40.
+    Offhand,
+}
+
+/// What `AbstractContainerScreen.checkHotbarKeyPressed` answers: the menu
+/// button of the SWAP click, or `None` when the screen refuses it. The whole
+/// method is gated on `this.menu.getCarried().isEmpty() && this.hoveredSlot
+/// != null`, so a carried stack sends nothing; without that guard the
+/// server's SWAP would move the hotbar slot into the slot under the cursor
+/// while the stack stays on the cursor.
+pub fn hotbar_swap(hovered: Option<HotbarKey>, carried_empty: bool) -> Option<i32> {
+    if !carried_empty {
+        return None;
+    }
+    Some(match hovered? {
+        HotbarKey::Slot(slot) => i32::try_from(slot).ok()?,
+        HotbarKey::Offhand => 40,
+    })
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
@@ -381,4 +441,92 @@ mod tests {
            Some(Input::Pickup)
        );
    }
+
+    /// `AbstractContainerScreen`'s constructor sets `skipNextRelease = true`:
+    /// a release with no press before it on this screen clicks nothing. This
+    /// is the release of the click that opened the screen (the server's
+    /// answer to a chest's right-click comes after the button went up), over
+    /// the slot now under the pointer. A carried stack is what makes the
+    /// release click, so that is the hand it is tested with.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_release_before_any_press_clicks_nothing() {
+        let slot = Target::<usize>::Slot(0);
+        let mut clicks = Clicks::default();
+        assert_eq!(
+            clicks.release(&slot, Button::Left, false, false, false, false),
+            Release::Nothing
+        );
+        // A press and release are a normal click again.
+        assert_eq!(clicks.press(&slot, Button::Left, false, false, false), None);
+        assert_eq!(
+            clicks.release(&slot, Button::Left, false, false, false, false),
+            Release::Click(Input::Pickup)
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// A screen that takes the pointer over starts as a fresh
+    /// `AbstractContainerScreen` does: `cancel_drag` drops the old drag and
+    /// leaves `skipNextRelease` true, so the opening click's release (a
+    /// carried stack is what would click) does nothing.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_screen_that_takes_the_pointer_over_swallows_its_first_release() {
+        let slot = Target::<usize>::Slot(3);
+        let mut clicks = Clicks::default();
+        // The old screen's press with a stack carried left a drag behind.
+        clicks.press(&slot, Button::Left, false, false, false);
+        clicks.cancel_drag();
+        assert_eq!(
+            clicks.release(&slot, Button::Left, false, false, false, false),
+            Release::Nothing
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// `AbstractContainerScreen.mouseClicked`: `this.lastClickSlot = slot`
+    /// runs for every click that reaches the container logic, and
+    /// `doubleclick` is the same slot and button within `MouseHandler`'s
+    /// 250 ms. A click outside is a click on no slot (`null`), so the next
+    /// click on a real slot is not a double click.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_click_on_no_slot_ends_the_double_click_chain() {
+        use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+        let start = Instant::now();
+        let mut last = None;
+        let at = |ms| start + Duration::from_millis(ms);
+        assert!(!double_click(&mut last, Some(4), false, at(0)));
+        assert!(double_click(&mut last, Some(4), false, at(100)));
+        // The click outside records null: the slot under the pointer is no
+        // longer the last click's slot.
+        assert!(!double_click(&mut last, None, false, at(120)));
+        assert!(!double_click(&mut last, Some(4), false, at(140)));
+        // The same slot from another button is not the same double click.
+        assert!(!double_click(&mut last, Some(4), true, at(150)));
+        assert!(double_click(&mut last, Some(4), true, at(200)));
+        // Over 250 ms is two clicks, not a double click.
+        assert!(!double_click(&mut last, Some(4), true, at(500)));
+    }
+
+    /// `AbstractContainerScreen.checkHotbarKeyPressed`:
+    /// `this.menu.getCarried().isEmpty() && this.hoveredSlot != null` gates
+    /// the off hand and the nine hotbar slots alike. A stack on the cursor
+    /// refuses the key (the menu's SWAP does not look at the carried stack
+    /// and would move the hotbar slot into the hovered one); so does no
+    /// hovered slot.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_carried_stack_refuses_the_container_hotbar_keys() {
+        for carried_empty in [false, true] {
+            for slot in 0..9 {
+                let key = HotbarKey::Slot(slot);
+                assert_eq!(
+                    hotbar_swap(Some(key), carried_empty),
+                    carried_empty.then_some(slot as i32)
+                );
+            }
+            assert_eq!(
+                hotbar_swap(Some(HotbarKey::Offhand), carried_empty),
+                carried_empty.then_some(40)
+            );
+        }
+        assert_eq!(hotbar_swap(None, true), None);
+        assert_eq!(hotbar_swap(None, false), None);
+    }
 }
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ pub struct Tab {
    /// The page of tabs it is on: vanilla's are 0, mods' after, as NeoForge
    /// pages them.
    pub page: u32,
+    /// A Polytone creative tab modifier's `name`: its text and colour, over the tab's own.
+    pub name: Option<(String, Option<u32>)>,
 }
 impl Tab {
    /// The tab without its stacks.
@@ -41,6 +43,7 @@ impl Tab {
            inventory: self.inventory,
            hotbar: self.hotbar,
            page: self.page,
+            name: self.name.clone(),
        }
    }
 }
@@ -97,6 +100,29 @@ pub struct Creative {
    /// of every search item, built on the first search and kept until the
    /// translations, item list or enchantment registry change.
    lines_cache: Mutex<Option<(u64, Arc<[Vec<String>]>)>>,
+    /// The packs' Polytone creative tab modifiers, applied by `rebuild`.
+    pack: Vec<crate::polytone_creative_tabs::TabModifier>,
+}
+/// A text component's plain text and its colour (a name, or `#rrggbb`).
+fn component_text(json: &Value) -> (String, Option<u32>) {
+    match json {
+        Value::String(s) => (s.clone(), None),
+        Value::Object(o) => {
+            let text = o
+                .get("text")
+                .or_else(|| o.get("translate"))
+                .and_then(Value::as_str)
+                .unwrap_or("")
+                .to_owned();
+            let color = o.get("color").and_then(Value::as_str).and_then(|c| {
+                c.strip_prefix('#')
+                    .and_then(|hex| u32::from_str_radix(hex, 16).ok())
+                    .or_else(|| crate::text::named_color(c))
+            });
+            (text, color)
+        }
+        _ => (String::new(), None),
+    }
 }
 /// The grid's stacks for one tab, search text and language.
 struct Shown {
@@ -300,6 +326,7 @@ impl Creative {
                    inventory: kind == "INVENTORY",
                    hotbar: kind == "HOTBAR",
                    page: t["page"].as_u64().unwrap_or(0) as u32,
+                    name: None,
                },
                category: kind == "CATEGORY",
                operator,
@@ -340,6 +367,7 @@ impl Creative {
                    inventory: kind == "INVENTORY",
                    hotbar: false,
                    page: 0,
+                    name: None,
                },
                category: false,
            });
@@ -380,6 +408,7 @@ impl Creative {
            permissions: false,
            shown: Mutex::new(None),
            lines_cache: Mutex::new(None),
+            pack: Vec::new(),
        };
        creative.rebuild();
        creative
@@ -399,10 +428,12 @@ impl Creative {
                    .filter(|(_, o)| keep(**o))
                    .map(|(s, _)| s.clone())
                    .collect();
-                (!e.category || !items.is_empty()).then(|| Tab {
+                let mut tab = Tab {
                    items,
                    ..e.tab.header()
-                })
+                };
+                self.apply_pack(&mut tab);
+                (!e.category || !tab.items.is_empty()).then_some(tab)
            })
            .collect();
        *self.lines_cache.lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner()) = None;
@@ -414,6 +445,44 @@ impl Creative {
            .unzip();
        self.forget_items();
    }
+    /// The packs' Polytone creative tab modifiers (wiki "Creative Tab Modifiers"): the tabs are
+    /// built again with them.
+    pub fn set_pack_modifiers(&mut self, pack: Vec<crate::polytone_creative_tabs::TabModifier>) {
+        self.pack = pack;
+        self.rebuild();
+        self.selected = self.selected.min(self.tabs.len().saturating_sub(1));
+    }
+    /// A tab after the modifiers aimed at it: its items, icon and name.
+    fn apply_pack(&self, tab: &mut Tab) {
+        let aimed = self
+            .pack
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|m| m.targets.matches(&tab.id, |_| false));
+        for m in aimed {
+            let in_tag = |item: &str, tag: &str| {
+                let (namespace, path) = split_id(tag);
+                self.exported_search.iter().any(|(s, e, _)| {
+                    *s.item == *item && e.tags.iter().any(|t| t.0 == namespace && t.1 == path)
+                })
+            };
+            let mut ids: Vec<String> = tab.items.iter().map(|s| s.item.to_string()).collect();
+            m.apply(&mut ids, &in_tag);
+            let mut old = std::mem::take(&mut tab.items);
+            tab.items = ids
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|id| match old.iter().position(|s| *s.item == *id) {
+                    Some(i) => old.remove(i),
+                    None => ItemStack::new(&id, 1),
+                })
+                .collect();
+            if let Some(icon) = &m.icon {
+                tab.icon = icon.clone();
+            }
+            if let Some(name) = &m.name {
+                tab.name = Some(component_text(name));
+            }
+        }
+    }
    /// `CreativeModeInventoryScreen.tryRefreshInvalidatedTabs`, which its
    /// constructor and `containerTick` run with `hasPermissions`
    /// (`Player.canUseGameMasterBlocks` and the Operator Items Tab option):
@@ -483,6 +552,7 @@ impl Creative {
                inventory: false,
                hotbar: false,
                page: 0,
+                name: None,
            });
        }
        &self.tabs[self.selected.min(self.tabs.len() - 1)]
@@ -1678,6 +1748,7 @@ mod tests {
            inventory: false,
            hotbar: false,
            page: 0,
+            name: None,
        };
        // Top row, second column: the button spans x 27..53, y -28..4.
        let t = tab(true, 1);
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@
 //! length u32 LE + JSON). The game only calls [`set`] each frame: a change wakes the thread,
 //! which connects when Discord runs, retries every 15 s when it doesn't, keeps under Discord's
 //! update limit and clears the activity on quit. Nothing is sent with the setting off,
-//! or with `HORIZON_NO_DISCORD=1`.
+//! or with `HORIZON_NO_DISCORD=1`. It uses nothing else of the game (docs/layers.md: Horizon layer):
+//! `game/discord.rs` says what the player does.
 use std::collections::VecDeque;
 use std::io::{self, Read, Write};
 use std::path::PathBuf;
@@ -14,7 +15,7 @@ use std::time::{Duration, Instant, SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};

 use serde_json::{Value, json};

-use crate::command::args::GameMode;
+use horizon_command::args::GameMode;

 /// The "Horizon" application on Discord's developer portal (public: it names the game). Its
 /// Rich Presence assets: `horizon`, the logo.
@@ -51,9 +52,11 @@ pub enum Play {
    Singleplayer,
    /// A server or someone else's LAN world. Its address and name are never shown.
    Multiplayer,
-    /// This world is open to LAN or friends; `players` counts the host.
+    /// This world is open to LAN or friends; `players` counts the host, `max` is how many
+    /// may join.
    Hosting {
        players: usize,
+        max: usize,
    },
 }

@@ -253,7 +256,7 @@ fn activity(status: Status, since: Option<u64>) -> Option<Value> {
            let (details, party) = match play {
                Play::Singleplayer => ("Singleplayer", None),
                Play::Multiplayer => ("Multiplayer", None),
-                Play::Hosting { players } => ("Hosting a world", Some(players)),
+                Play::Hosting { players, max } => ("Hosting a world", Some((players, max))),
            };
            (details, Some(place), party)
        }
@@ -265,8 +268,7 @@ fn activity(status: Status, since: Option<u64>) -> Option<Value> {
    if let Some(start) = since {
        a["timestamps"] = json!({"start": start});
    }
-    if let Some(players) = party {
-        let max = crate::lan::MAX_PLAYERS;
+    if let Some((players, max)) = party {
        a["party"] = json!({
            "id": format!("horizon-{}", std::process::id()),
            "size": [players.clamp(1, max), max],
@@ -531,7 +533,7 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(multi["details"], "Multiplayer");
        assert_eq!(multi["state"], "In the End");

-        let host = world(Play::Hosting { players: 3 }, Dimension::Overworld);
+        let host = world(Play::Hosting { players: 3, max: 8 }, Dimension::Overworld);
        let host = activity(host, Some(5)).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(host["details"], "Hosting a world");
        assert_eq!(host["state"], "In the Overworld");
@@ -549,7 +551,8 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(w.since, Some(20));
        // Another dimension, opening to LAN: the same visit.
        assert!(w.update(world(Play::Singleplayer, Dimension::Nether), 30));
-        assert!(w.update(world(Play::Hosting { players: 1 }, Dimension::Nether), 40));
+        let hosting = world(Play::Hosting { players: 1, max: 8 }, Dimension::Nether);
+        assert!(w.update(hosting, 40));
        assert_eq!(w.since, Some(20));
        assert!(w.update(Status::Menus, 50));
        assert_eq!(w.since, None);
@@ -115,6 +115,7 @@ pub fn update_entity_fluids(
            0.0023333333333333335
        },
    );
+    let _ = interaction.apply_mod_currents(&mut scene);
    (water_height, lava_height, eye_in_water)
 }
 impl ItemEntity {
@@ -621,14 +621,9 @@ pub fn mob_to_nbt(
        ("Air", Tag::Short(m.air as i16)),
        ("Health", Tag::Float(m.health.max(0.0).to_bits())),
        ("AbsorptionAmount", Tag::Float(m.absorption.to_bits())),
-        (
-            "HurtTime",
-            Tag::Short(m.hurt_time.clamp(0, i32::from(i16::MAX)) as i16),
-        ),
-        (
-            "DeathTime",
-            Tag::Short(m.death_time.clamp(0, i32::from(i16::MAX)) as i16),
-        ),
+        // LivingEntity.addAdditionalSaveData: (short) casts, nothing clamped.
+        ("HurtTime", Tag::Short(m.hurt_time as i16)),
+        ("DeathTime", Tag::Short(m.death_time as i16)),
        // Mob.addAdditionalSaveData writes the current virtual getter, not raw input.
        ("CanPickUpLoot", Tag::Byte(i8::from(m.can_pick_up_loot()))),
        ("PersistenceRequired", Tag::Byte(i8::from(m.persistent))),
@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@ pub fn main_with(mods: crate::mod_api::Mods) {
    horizon_client::telemetry::mark_start();
    // Opt-in telemetry keeps each crash report (docs/telemetry.md), whatever the mode.
    crash::on_report(horizon_client::telemetry::keep_crash);
+    // Crates above the engine registered their hooks before this (horizon-official's `main`);
+    // none registers after this point.
+    horizon_hooks::engine::seal();
    horizon_client::spans::startup::init(std::time::Instant::now());
    horizon_client::spans::trace::start_from_env();
    let args: Vec<String> = std::env::args().skip(1).collect();
@@ -303,6 +306,7 @@ pub fn main_with(mods: crate::mod_api::Mods) {
            game::exit_code::ERROR
        });
    }
+    horizon_hooks::engine::shutdown();
    logging::flush();
 }

@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ use std::{
    sync::Arc,
    time::Instant,
 };
-
 pub(super) struct Toast {
    icon: String,
    frame: Frame,
@@ -214,6 +213,10 @@ impl adv::World for View<'_, '_> {
            .unwrap_or_default();
        (name, props)
    }
+    fn block_property_values(&self, block: &str, property: &str) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
+        let values = self.0.pack.assets.registry.property_values(block, property);
+        (!values.is_empty()).then(|| values.into_iter().map(str::to_owned).collect())
+    }
    fn fluid(&self, p: [i32; 3]) -> Option<String> {
        match self
            .0
@@ -1886,7 +1889,6 @@ impl Game<'_> {
            adv::conditions(&c["player"], &ctx, w) && adv::block(c, pos, w)
        });
    }
-
    /// `TargetBlockTrigger`: signal and projectile conditions are evaluated in
    /// the shooter's context, including distance from the shooter.
    pub(super) fn trigger_target_hit(&mut self, projectile: &EntityView, strength: i32) {
@@ -1908,7 +1910,6 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                && adv::conditions(&c["projectile"], &target, w)
        });
    }
-
    /// `ItemUsedOnLocationTrigger` (placed_block, item_used_on_block).
    pub(super) fn trigger_block(&mut self, name: &str, pos: [i32; 3], stack: &ItemStack) {
        let me = self.player_entity_for(name);
@@ -2550,7 +2551,6 @@ impl Game<'_> {
 pub(super) fn text_of(v: &Value) -> Text {
    horizon_client::scoreboard::comp_text(v)
 }
-
 /// An advancement's display as a server mod reads it: its title and
 /// description as text (the components as the datapack wrote them), its
 /// frame (`task`, `goal` or `challenge`), and whether it is announced in
@@ -131,6 +131,26 @@ struct View {
 fn window(w: f32, h: f32) -> (f32, f32) {
    (((w - 252.0) / 2.0).floor(), ((h - 140.0) / 2.0).floor())
 }
+/// `ServerboundSeenAdvancementsPacket.openedTab`: `ClientAdvancements.setSelectedTab`
+/// with `showToast` true — the player picked a tab — tells the server which
+/// one, so a LAN server can keep it (`handleSeenAdvancements`) and answer with
+/// the tab to reopen. The tab the screen opens on is picked without the flag
+/// and says nothing.
+pub(super) fn opened_tab(id: &str) -> horizon_protocol::packets::play::SeenAdvancements {
+    horizon_protocol::packets::play::SeenAdvancements {
+        action: 0,
+        tab: Some(id.to_owned()),
+    }
+}
+/// `ServerboundSeenAdvancementsPacket.closedScreen()` (`AdvancementsScreen.removed`):
+/// action 1, which carries no tab.
+pub(super) fn closed_screen() -> horizon_protocol::packets::play::SeenAdvancements {
+    horizon_protocol::packets::play::SeenAdvancements {
+        action: 1,
+        tab: None,
+    }
+}
+
 impl Game<'_> {
    pub(super) fn open_advancements(&mut self, from_pause: bool) {
        self.load_advancements();
@@ -145,6 +165,8 @@ impl Game<'_> {
        self.capture(false);
    }
    pub(super) fn close_advancements(&mut self) {
+        // AdvancementsScreen.removed: the server hears the screen closed.
+        self.send(horizon_protocol::packets::play::Serverbound::SeenAdvancements(closed_screen()));
        if self.adv_ui.from_pause {
            self.screen = Screen::Paused;
        } else {
@@ -779,6 +801,13 @@ impl Game<'_> {
            let (x, y) = (left + x, top + y);
            let (cx, cy) = self.cursor;
            if cx > x && cx < x + ty.1 && cy > y && cy < y + ty.2 {
+                // `ClientAdvancements.setSelectedTab(tab, true)`: the packet
+                // goes out before the tab is compared, so a click on the tab
+                // already open tells the server again.
+                let id = self.adv.tree.list[t].id.clone();
+                self.send(
+                    horizon_protocol::packets::play::Serverbound::SeenAdvancements(opened_tab(&id)),
+                );
                if self.adv_ui.tab != Some(t) {
                    self.adv_ui.tab = Some(t);
                    self.adv_ui.scroll = None;
@@ -808,3 +837,57 @@ impl Game<'_> {
        self.adv_scroll_by(&view, f64::from(x) * 16.0, f64::from(y) * 16.0);
    }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod seen_advancement_tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use horizon_protocol::buf::{Codec, Reader, Writer};
+    use horizon_protocol::packets::play::SeenAdvancements;
+
+    /// `ServerboundSeenAdvancementsPacket.openedTab` and `closedScreen`: an
+    /// opened tab is action 0 with its advancement id, a closed screen action
+    /// 1 with no id at all.
+    #[test]
+    fn an_opened_tab_carries_its_id_and_a_close_carries_none() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            opened_tab("minecraft:story/root"),
+            SeenAdvancements {
+                action: 0,
+                tab: Some("minecraft:story/root".into()),
+            }
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            closed_screen(),
+            SeenAdvancements {
+                action: 1,
+                tab: None,
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// The wire form `handleSeenAdvancements` reads back: the id follows only
+    /// action 0, so a close is two bytes and a read of it yields no tab.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_closed_screen_writes_no_identifier() {
+        let mut w = Writer::new();
+        SeenAdvancements::write(&closed_screen(), &mut w);
+        let bytes = w.data;
+        assert_eq!(bytes, vec![1]);
+        let mut r = Reader::new(&bytes);
+        assert_eq!(
+            SeenAdvancements::read(&mut r).unwrap(),
+            SeenAdvancements {
+                action: 1,
+                tab: None,
+            }
+        );
+        let mut w = Writer::new();
+        SeenAdvancements::write(&opened_tab("minecraft:story/root"), &mut w);
+        let bytes = w.data;
+        let mut r = Reader::new(&bytes);
+        assert_eq!(
+            SeenAdvancements::read(&mut r).ok(),
+            Some(opened_tab("minecraft:story/root"))
+        );
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+//! Breaking blocks: a held tool mining a block, `break_block` and the player's break with its drops
+//! (`Block.popResource` for a broken block), the destroy-progress cracks shown to everyone, and a
+//! bundle dropping its content.
+use super::*;
+
+impl Game<'_> {
+    /// `ItemStack.mineBlock` for the held stack once a survival player has
+    /// mined the block `name`: an item with a `tool` component counts as used
+    /// and loses its `damage_per_block` on a block that doesn't break
+    /// instantly (`ShearsItem`: on any block but fire).
+    pub(super) fn mine_block_with_held(&mut self, name: &str, hardness: f32) {
+        let Some(stack) = self.inventory[self.selected].clone() else {
+            return;
+        };
+        let Some(per_block) = self.items().mining_damage(&stack) else {
+            return;
+        };
+        let max = self.items().mining_damage_capacity(&stack);
+        let wears = if &*stack.item == "minecraft:shears" {
+            !self.items().block_in_tag("minecraft:fire", name)
+        } else {
+            hardness != 0.0
+        };
+        if wears && per_block > 0 && max > 0 {
+            self.damage_held_with_max(per_block, max);
+        }
+        self.award_stat("used", &stack.item, 1);
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn break_block(&mut self, pos: [i32; 3]) -> Result<()> {
+        self.player_break_block(pos).map(|_| ())
+    }
+
+    /// `ServerPlayerGameMode.destroyBlock`: whether the block was removed.
+    /// A break inside another (a mod breaking more blocks from its
+    /// `native_destroy_block`) keeps the outer break's own events.
+    pub(super) fn player_break_block(&mut self, pos: [i32; 3]) -> Result<bool> {
+        let outer = self.lan_break_pos.replace(pos);
+        let broken = self.with_player_actor(|game| game.break_block_as_player(pos));
+        self.lan_break_pos = outer;
+        broken
+    }
+
+    /// `Block.popResource` for a player's break, or into `break_collect`
+    /// when a mod takes the drops to the player's inventory: the stack still
+    /// gets what the block entity copies into it, and nothing is kept where
+    /// blocks don't drop.
+    pub(super) fn pop_break_drop(&mut self, pos: [i32; 3], mut stack: ItemStack) {
+        if self.break_collect.is_none() {
+            return self.pop_resource(pos, stack);
+        }
+        self.pending.attach(pos, &mut stack);
+        if self.ui.rules.bool("block_drops")
+            && let Some(kept) = self.break_collect.as_mut()
+        {
+            kept.push(stack);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `BundleItem.dropContent`: `removeOneItemFromBundle` and `Player.drop`,
+    /// then the drop sound and the used statistic.
+    pub(super) fn drop_bundle_content(&mut self, slot: usize) {
+        let items = self.items();
+        let Some(mut bundle) = self.stack_in(slot).cloned() else {
+            return;
+        };
+        let Some(mut contents) = horizon_client::bundle::Contents::of(items, &bundle) else {
+            return;
+        };
+        let Some(removed) = contents.remove_one(items) else {
+            return;
+        };
+        contents.store(&mut bundle);
+        let item = Arc::clone(&bundle.item);
+        *self.stack_in_mut(slot) = Some(bundle);
+        let Some(position) = self.player.as_ref().map(|p| p.position) else {
+            return;
+        };
+        let at = [position.x, position.y, position.z];
+        // playRemoveOneSound, then Player.drop and playDropContentsSound at
+        // the player's block.
+        let pitch = 0.8 + self.world.random.next_float() * 0.4;
+        self.audio
+            .play(horizon_client::bundle::REMOVE_ONE, Some(at), 0.8, pitch);
+        self.player_drop(removed);
+        let block = BlockPos::containing(position);
+        let pitch = 0.8 + self.world.random.next_float() * 0.4;
+        self.audio.play(
+            horizon_client::bundle::DROP_CONTENTS,
+            Some([block.x, block.y, block.z].map(|v| f64::from(v) + 0.5)),
+            0.8,
+            pitch,
+        );
+        self.award_stat("used", &item, 1);
+    }
+
+    /// `ServerPlayerGameMode.tick` while a player digs: level event 2020 every
+    /// fourth tick since the START (the hit sound), else 2019 (the crack only),
+    /// for everyone around, the digger included (`levelEvent(null, ...)`).
+    pub(super) fn destroy_progress_event(&mut self, pos: [i32; 3], face: [i32; 3], ticks: u32) {
+        let id = if ticks.is_multiple_of(4) { 2020 } else { 2019 };
+        let direction = horizon_core::geometry::Direction::ALL
+            .iter()
+            .position(|d| d.normal() == face)
+            .unwrap_or(1);
+        self.level_event_at(id, pos, direction as i32);
+    }
+
+    /// `LevelRenderer.destroyBlockProgress`: a player's crack on a block (0..=9), or none
+    /// (any other progress). Cracks not updated for 400 ticks are dropped.
+    pub(crate) fn destroy_block_progress(&mut self, breaker: i32, pos: [i32; 3], progress: i32) {
+        let now = self.world.game_time;
+        self.destroying
+            .retain(|_, c| now.saturating_sub(c.2) <= 400);
+        if (0..10).contains(&progress) {
+            self.destroying.insert(breaker, (pos, progress as u8, now));
+        } else {
+            self.destroying.remove(&breaker);
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -117,4 +117,65 @@ impl Game<'_> {
            self.particles.push(particle);
        });
    }
+
+    pub(super) fn particle_sprite(
+        &self,
+        state: BlockStateId,
+        pos: [i32; 3],
+    ) -> Option<(String, u32)> {
+        let sprite = Self::block_particle_sprite(&self.pack, state)?;
+        let chunks = &self.world.chunks;
+        let (cx, cz) = (pos[0] >> 4, pos[2] >> 4);
+        let region: [[Option<&horizon_client::chunk::Chunk>; 3]; 3] = std::array::from_fn(|dz| {
+            std::array::from_fn(|dx| {
+                chunks
+                    .get(&(cx + dx as i32 - 1, cz + dz as i32 - 1))
+                    .map(|c| &**c)
+            })
+        });
+        let tint = self
+            .pack
+            .context
+            .tables
+            .terrain_particle_tint(
+                state,
+                pos,
+                &region,
+                world_biomes!(self),
+                self.streaming.biome_zoom,
+                self.streaming.biome_blend,
+            )
+            .unwrap_or(0xFFFFFF);
+        Some((sprite, tint))
+    }
+
+    /// ClientLevel.addBreakingParticles: one crumb on the face being mined.
+    pub(super) fn crack_particle(&mut self, pos: [i32; 3], face: [i32; 3], state: BlockStateId) {
+        if self.settings.extras.hide_block_particles {
+            return;
+        }
+        let Some((sprite, tint)) = self.particle_sprite(state, pos) else {
+            return;
+        };
+        let boxes = self.particle_shape(pos, state);
+        // Keep client effects separate from the authoritative world RNG.
+        let r = self.particles.random();
+        let Some(p) = horizon_client::particles::breaking_position(r, pos, face, &boxes) else {
+            return;
+        };
+        let mut particle = Particle::terrain(r, p, [0.0; 3], sprite, tint);
+        particle.set_power(0.2);
+        particle.scale(0.6);
+        self.particles.push(particle);
+    }
+
+    /// `BlockTransformer.TransformParticle.send`: its level event.
+    pub(super) fn transform_particle(&mut self, particle: &str, pos: [i32; 3]) {
+        match particle {
+            "scrape" => self.level_event_at(3005, pos, 0),
+            "wax_on" => self.level_event_at(3003, pos, 0),
+            "wax_off" => self.level_event_at(3004, pos, 0),
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
 }
@@ -286,4 +286,77 @@ impl Game<'_> {
        laps.lap("tb_pistons");
        Ok(sent)
    }
+
+    /// Track which chunks are ticking (Ticks needs chunk load/unload).
+    pub(super) fn sync_tick_chunks(&mut self) {
+        if !self.tick_chunks.synchronize(&self.world.chunks) {
+            return;
+        }
+        // Move only the added keys out so registration can borrow all of Game.
+        let added = self.tick_chunks.take_added();
+        for &key in &added {
+            self.register_chunk_ticks(key);
+        }
+        for &key in self.tick_chunks.removed() {
+            self.random_tick_sections.remove(&key);
+            self.portals.sections.remove(&key);
+            self.block_ticks
+                .remove_chunk(horizon_core::position::ChunkPos::new(key.0, key.1));
+            self.block_ticks
+                .comparator_outputs
+                .retain(|p, _| (p.x >> 4, p.z >> 4) != key);
+            self.hoppers.retain(|p, _| (p.0 >> 4, p.2 >> 4) != key);
+            // Its moving pistons were saved with it and load back with it.
+            self.block_ticks
+                .moving_pistons
+                .retain(|(p, _)| (p.x >> 4, p.z >> 4) != key);
+        }
+        self.tick_chunks.recycle_added(added);
+    }
+
+    /// `ServerLevel.tick`: moving block entities push after entity travel.
+    pub(super) fn tick_moving_pistons(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.with_level(|b, level, ticks| b.tick_block_entities(level, ticks));
+        let pushes = std::mem::take(&mut self.block_ticks.piston_pushes);
+        self.push_piston_entities(pushes);
+        self.process_level_events()?;
+        self.sync_moving_pistons();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// `ServerLevel.tick`'s scheduled block then fluid ticks, one at a time:
+    /// the side effects of each (a shrieker summoning a warden, drops, game
+    /// events) happen before the next tick runs, as they do inline in vanilla.
+    pub(super) fn tick_scheduled(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        for fluids in [false, true] {
+            let mut laps = horizon_client::spans::laps();
+            let name = if fluids { "tb_fluids" } else { "tb_scheduled" };
+            if !self.with_level(|b, level, ticks| b.scheduled_begin(level, ticks, fluids)) {
+                laps.lap(name);
+                continue;
+            }
+            loop {
+                // Due ticks run against one level while each leaves nothing for
+                // the game to apply (level events, spilled items or orbs): the
+                // next one would see the same level built again.
+                let more = self.with_level(|b, level, ticks| {
+                    loop {
+                        let more = b.scheduled_step(level, ticks, fluids);
+                        if !more || !level.events.is_empty() || !level.spill.is_empty() {
+                            break more;
+                        }
+                    }
+                });
+                if !self.level_events.is_empty() {
+                    self.process_level_events()?;
+                }
+                if !more {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            self.with_level(|b, _, ticks| b.scheduled_finish(ticks, fluids));
+            laps.lap(name);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+//! A bucket's aim and target: `getPlayerPOVHitResult(..., SOURCE_ONLY)` for an empty bucket (the block outline or a source fluid, whichever is nearer) and `BucketItem.use`'s place position.
+use super::*;
+
+impl Game<'_> {
+    /// `getPlayerPOVHitResult(level, player, SOURCE_ONLY)` for an empty
+    /// bucket: the block outline or a source fluid, whichever is nearer. A
+    /// waterlogged block is a block hit (its outline is the block's, its
+    /// fluid a source); flowing fluid has no shape to pick.
+    pub(super) fn bucket_hit(&self) -> Option<Hit> {
+        let origin = self.aim().map_or([0.0; 3], |(origin, _)| origin);
+        let distance = |p: [f64; 3]| {
+            (p[0] - origin[0]).powi(2) + (p[1] - origin[1]).powi(2) + (p[2] - origin[2]).powi(2)
+        };
+        match (self.pick(), self.pick_fluid()) {
+            (Some(block), Some(fluid)) => Some(if distance(block.point) <= distance(fluid.point) {
+                block
+            } else {
+                fluid
+            }),
+            (block, fluid) => block.or(fluid),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `BucketItem.use`'s place position: a water bucket fills the clicked
+    /// block itself when that block can hold it (`canBlockContainFluid`: a
+    /// waterloggable stair, slab, fence, ..., but not a double slab, kelp or
+    /// seagrass); every other bucket empties into the block the clicked face
+    /// leads to. `SolidBucketItem` places like a block item, into a
+    /// replaceable clicked block.
+    pub(super) fn bucket_target(&self, content: BucketContent, hit: &Hit) -> [i32; 3] {
+        let clicked = self.world.block(hit.pos[0], hit.pos[1], hit.pos[2]);
+        let behaviours = self.res.behaviours();
+        if content == BucketContent::Powder {
+            if self.res.facts().get(clicked).replaceable {
+                return hit.pos;
+            }
+        } else if content.is_water()
+            && behaviours.is_liquid_container(clicked)
+            && behaviours.can_place_liquid(
+                clicked,
+                horizon_world::fluid::FluidKind::Water,
+                self.creative,
+            )
+        {
+            return hit.pos;
+        }
+        hit.beside()
+    }
+}
@@ -1389,9 +1389,6 @@ impl Game<'_> {
            }
        }
        self.set_mode(mode);
-        if self.screen == Screen::Inventory && (self.creative || self.spectator()) {
-            self.screen = Screen::Playing;
-        }
        true
    }
    fn cmd_gamemode(&mut self, ctx: &Context) -> R<i32> {
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 //! Unit tests that lived in game.rs's inline `tests` module.
+use super::inventory_input::drop_whole_stack;
 use super::*;
 use horizon_client::container_screen::{Button, Clicks, Release, Target};
 use horizon_client::keymapping::{KeyAction, SNEAK, SPRINT, ToggleKeys};
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
 //! service once a run, `OwnerCheck`): anyone else sees a vanilla game and the game asks nothing
 //! about other players, until the player chooses otherwise in the settings.

+pub(super) mod emote_wheel;
+pub(super) mod emotes;
 mod fx;

 use super::Game;
@@ -23,6 +25,9 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::sync::mpsc::{Receiver, channel};
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};

+/// Horizon's mark before a Horizon player's name, over their name tag and in the player list.
+pub(super) const MARK: horizon_client::tab_list::NameMark = &horizon_cosmetics::mark::MARK;
+
 /// An item as the renderer takes it.
 struct Baked {
    item: Arc<Item>,
@@ -72,6 +77,10 @@ pub(super) struct Cosmetics {
    emote_out: EmoteOut,
    /// Companions, trails and auras.
    fx: RefCell<Fx>,
+    /// Emotes: those the wheel offers and the one playing (`cosmetics/emotes.rs`).
+    emotes: emotes::Emotes,
+    /// The emote wheel (`cosmetics/emote_wheel.rs`).
+    wheel: emote_wheel::Wheel,
 }

 /// The emote the player plays, told to the service: the last wish sent (`Some(None)`: stopped),
@@ -518,7 +527,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                }
            }
            // My emote: only while I show myself as a Horizon player (playing one says so).
-            let playing = self.emotes.sending();
+            let playing = c.emotes.sending();
            let looping = playing.as_ref().is_some_and(|(_, looping)| *looping);
            let wish = playing.map(|(id, _)| id).filter(|_| extras.horizon_listed);
            let o = &mut c.emote_out;
@@ -577,14 +586,15 @@ impl Game<'_> {
            for m in self.mobs.iter_mut() {
                let age = m.age as f32;
                if &*m.kind.id == "minecraft:mannequin"
-                    && m.emote.as_ref().is_none_or(|p| p.at(age).is_none())
+                    && emotes::playing(m).is_none_or(|p| p.at(age).is_none())
                {
-                    m.emote = Some(horizon_cosmetics::Playing {
+                    let playing = horizon_cosmetics::Playing {
                        item: first.clone(),
                        // Out of step, so a crowd doesn't move as one.
                        start: age - (m.id % 40) as f32,
                        stop: None,
-                    });
+                    };
+                    emotes::set_playing(m, Some(playing));
                }
            }
            return;
@@ -595,7 +605,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
        if !shown {
            feed.ask([]);
            for m in self.mobs.iter_mut() {
-                m.emote = None;
+                emotes::set_playing(m, None);
            }
            return;
        }
@@ -622,7 +632,8 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                let (dx, dz) = (m.position.x - m.previous.x, m.position.z - m.previous.z);
                dx * dx + dz * dz > 1e-4
            };
-            match (seen, &mut m.emote) {
+            let mut next = emotes::playing(m).cloned();
+            match (seen, &mut next) {
                (Some(seen), Some(p)) if Arc::ptr_eq(&p.item, &seen.item) => {
                    if moved && p.stop.is_none() {
                        p.stop = Some(age);
@@ -639,9 +650,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                (_, Some(p)) if p.stop.is_none() => p.stop = Some(age),
                _ => {}
            }
-            if m.emote.as_ref().is_some_and(|p| p.at(age).is_none()) {
-                m.emote = None;
-            }
+            emotes::set_playing(m, next.filter(|p| p.at(age).is_some()));
        }
    }

@@ -649,7 +658,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
    /// every 10 minutes (a folder's emotes need no asking; an offline account has none).
    pub(super) fn refresh_owned_emotes(&mut self) {
        const AGAIN: Duration = Duration::from_secs(600);
-        let e = &mut self.emotes;
+        let e = &mut self.cosmetics.emotes;
        if self.cosmetics.local
            || !enabled()
            || horizon_client::auth::current().is_none()
@@ -790,7 +799,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
        let worn = self.worn(m, own);
        // An emote's props: its time and weight while it plays.
        let ticks = m.age as f32 + alpha;
-        let emote = m.emote.as_ref().and_then(|p| {
+        let emote = emotes::playing(m).and_then(|p| {
            let (t, w) = p.at(ticks)?;
            (p.item.vertices > 0).then_some((&p.item, t, w))
        });
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@
 //! number; Escape or the key again closes it. The game doesn't pause and nothing is sent to the
 //! game server.

-use super::{Game, Screen};
+use crate::game::{Game, Screen};
 use horizon_client::{hud::HudBatch, text::Text};
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 use winit::event::{ElementState, MouseButton, WindowEvent};
 use winit::keyboard::{KeyCode, PhysicalKey};

 /// Emotes on the wheel.
-pub(super) const SLOTS: usize = 8;
+pub(in crate::game) const SLOTS: usize = 8;
 /// The ring, in GUI pixels from the middle; inside `INNER` nothing is hovered.
 const INNER: f32 = 30.0;
 const OUTER: f32 = 92.0;
@@ -19,14 +19,14 @@ const OUTER: f32 = 92.0;
 const HOLD: Duration = Duration::from_millis(250);

 #[derive(Default)]
-pub(super) struct Wheel {
+pub(in crate::game) struct Wheel {
    opened: Option<Instant>,
    hovered: Option<usize>,
 }

 /// The slice under a point `(dx, dy)` from the middle (GUI pixels, y down) of a wheel of `n`:
 /// slice 0 is straight up, then clockwise. None in the dead middle or past the ring.
-pub(super) fn slice_at(dx: f32, dy: f32, n: usize) -> Option<usize> {
+pub(in crate::game) fn slice_at(dx: f32, dy: f32, n: usize) -> Option<usize> {
    let r = dx.hypot(dy);
    if n == 0 || r < INNER || r > OUTER * 1.6 {
        return None;
@@ -44,9 +44,9 @@ fn at(cx: f32, cy: f32, radius: f32, angle: f32) -> [f32; 2] {

 impl Game<'_> {
    /// Opens the wheel from play.
-    pub(super) fn open_emote_wheel(&mut self) {
+    pub(in crate::game) fn open_emote_wheel(&mut self) {
        self.refresh_owned_emotes();
-        self.emote_wheel = Wheel {
+        self.cosmetics.wheel = Wheel {
            opened: Some(Instant::now()),
            hovered: None,
        };
@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@ impl Game<'_> {
    }

    /// Closes the wheel; `play`: the slice to play first.
-    pub(super) fn close_emote_wheel(&mut self, play: Option<usize>) {
-        self.emote_wheel = Wheel::default();
+    pub(in crate::game) fn close_emote_wheel(&mut self, play: Option<usize>) {
+        self.cosmetics.wheel = Wheel::default();
        self.screen = Screen::Playing;
        self.capture(true);
        let id = play.and_then(|i| self.owned_emotes().get(i).map(|e| e.id.clone()));
@@ -70,19 +70,20 @@ impl Game<'_> {
    }

    /// The emote key let go: a held press plays what is hovered, a tap keeps the wheel open.
-    pub(super) fn emote_wheel_released(&mut self) {
+    pub(in crate::game) fn emote_wheel_released(&mut self) {
        let held = self
-            .emote_wheel
+            .cosmetics
+            .wheel
            .opened
            .is_some_and(|at| at.elapsed() >= HOLD);
-        if held || self.emote_wheel.hovered.is_some() {
-            self.close_emote_wheel(self.emote_wheel.hovered);
+        if held || self.cosmetics.wheel.hovered.is_some() {
+            self.close_emote_wheel(self.cosmetics.wheel.hovered);
        }
    }

    /// A window event while the wheel is open: the emote key let go, or a left click. True when
    /// the wheel took it.
-    pub(super) fn emote_wheel_event(&mut self, event: &WindowEvent) -> bool {
+    pub(in crate::game) fn emote_wheel_event(&mut self, event: &WindowEvent) -> bool {
        match event {
            WindowEvent::KeyboardInput { event, .. }
                if event.state == ElementState::Released
@@ -105,11 +106,11 @@ impl Game<'_> {
    }

    /// A click on the wheel: plays the hovered emote, or closes.
-    pub(super) fn emote_wheel_click(&mut self) {
-        self.close_emote_wheel(self.emote_wheel.hovered);
+    pub(in crate::game) fn emote_wheel_click(&mut self) {
+        self.close_emote_wheel(self.cosmetics.wheel.hovered);
    }

-    pub(super) fn draw_emote_wheel(&mut self, batch: &mut HudBatch) {
+    pub(in crate::game) fn draw_emote_wheel(&mut self, batch: &mut HudBatch) {
        horizon_client::widgets::begin_screen(|| {
            horizon_client::widgets::ScreenInfo::new("emote_wheel", "horizon.emote_wheel.title")
        });
@@ -125,8 +126,8 @@ impl Game<'_> {
        let n = names.len();
        // The cursor is in GUI pixels, as the batch.
        let (mx, my) = self.cursor;
-        self.emote_wheel.hovered = slice_at(mx - cx, my - cy, n);
-        let hovered = self.emote_wheel.hovered;
+        self.cosmetics.wheel.hovered = slice_at(mx - cx, my - cy, n);
+        let hovered = self.cosmetics.wheel.hovered;
        let atlas = &self.gui.atlas;
        // The ring: each slice a fan of quads, the hovered one brighter.
        let slices = n.max(1);
@@ -4,8 +4,10 @@
 //! sleeping, gliding or sneaking cancels one; the camera pulls back to the front view while it
 //! plays (from first person only) and comes back when it ends.

-use super::Game;
-use super::perspective::CameraType;
+use crate::game::Game;
+use crate::game::perspective::CameraType;
+use horizon_client::mobs::Mob;
+use horizon_client::mobs::anim::BodyPose;
 use horizon_cosmetics::account::OwnedEmote;
 use horizon_cosmetics::{Item, Playing, Slot};
 use std::sync::Arc;
@@ -14,14 +16,15 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 const DRIFT: f64 = 0.01;

 #[derive(Default)]
-pub(super) struct Emotes {
+pub(in crate::game) struct Emotes {
    /// The emotes the wheel offers, in order.
-    pub(super) owned: Vec<Arc<Item>>,
+    pub(in crate::game) owned: Vec<Arc<Item>>,
    /// Their names by locale, by id (the service's), when known.
-    pub(super) names: std::collections::HashMap<String, std::collections::BTreeMap<String, String>>,
+    pub(in crate::game) names:
+        std::collections::HashMap<String, std::collections::BTreeMap<String, String>>,
    /// The account's emotes on their way from the service, and when they last came.
-    pub(super) loading: Option<std::sync::mpsc::Receiver<Result<Vec<OwnedEmote>, String>>>,
-    pub(super) loaded: Option<std::time::Instant>,
+    pub(in crate::game) loading: Option<std::sync::mpsc::Receiver<Result<Vec<OwnedEmote>, String>>>,
+    pub(in crate::game) loaded: Option<std::time::Instant>,
    /// `owned` was read from `HORIZON_COSMETICS_LOCAL`'s folder.
    local_read: bool,
    playing: Option<Playing>,
@@ -34,13 +37,48 @@ pub(super) struct Emotes {

 impl Emotes {
    /// The emote to tell the service about, while it plays: its id and whether it loops.
-    pub(super) fn sending(&self) -> Option<(String, bool)> {
+    pub(in crate::game) fn sending(&self) -> Option<(String, bool)> {
        let p = self.playing.as_ref().filter(|p| p.stop.is_none())?;
        let looping = p.item.emote.as_ref().is_some_and(|e| e.looping);
        Some((p.item.id.clone(), looping))
    }
 }

+/// An emote on a player's model: the engine's pose hook (`Mob::emote`), which names no cosmetics
+/// type.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct EmotePose(Playing);
+
+impl BodyPose for EmotePose {
+    fn pose(&self, age: f32, at_rest: &[[f32; 9]; 6], poses: &mut [[f32; 9]; 6]) -> bool {
+        let (Some(emote), Some((t, weight))) = (&self.0.item.emote, self.0.at(age)) else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        emote.pose_body(t, weight, at_rest, poses);
+        true
+    }
+}
+
+/// The emote `m` plays, if any.
+pub(in crate::game) fn playing(m: &Mob) -> Option<&Playing> {
+    let any: &dyn std::any::Any = &**m.emote.as_ref()?;
+    any.downcast_ref::<EmotePose>().map(|e| &e.0)
+}
+
+/// Makes `m` play `next`, unless it plays that already (a new one allocates).
+pub(in crate::game) fn set_playing(m: &mut Mob, next: Option<Playing>) {
+    let same = match (playing(m), &next) {
+        (None, None) => true,
+        (Some(a), Some(b)) => {
+            Arc::ptr_eq(&a.item, &b.item) && a.start == b.start && a.stop == b.stop
+        }
+        _ => false,
+    };
+    if !same {
+        m.emote = next.map(|p| Arc::new(EmotePose(p)) as Arc<dyn BodyPose>);
+    }
+}
+
 /// The emotes among a folder's item files, by id.
 fn read_folder(dir: &std::path::Path) -> Vec<Arc<Item>> {
    let mut emotes: Vec<Arc<Item>> = std::fs::read_dir(dir)
@@ -58,19 +96,19 @@ fn read_folder(dir: &std::path::Path) -> Vec<Arc<Item>> {
 impl Game<'_> {
    /// The emotes the wheel offers: a local folder's (`HORIZON_COSMETICS_LOCAL`), else those the
    /// account owns.
-    pub(super) fn owned_emotes(&mut self) -> &[Arc<Item>] {
-        if !self.emotes.local_read {
-            self.emotes.local_read = true;
+    pub(in crate::game) fn owned_emotes(&mut self) -> &[Arc<Item>] {
+        if !self.cosmetics.emotes.local_read {
+            self.cosmetics.emotes.local_read = true;
            if let Some(dir) = std::env::var_os("HORIZON_COSMETICS_LOCAL") {
-                self.emotes.owned = read_folder(std::path::Path::new(&dir));
+                self.cosmetics.emotes.owned = read_folder(std::path::Path::new(&dir));
            }
        }
-        &self.emotes.owned
+        &self.cosmetics.emotes.owned
    }

    /// An emote's name: the catalogue's, else its id in words (`wave_hello`: "Wave hello").
-    pub(super) fn emote_name(&self, id: &str) -> String {
-        let names = self.emotes.names.get(id);
+    pub(in crate::game) fn emote_name(&self, id: &str) -> String {
+        let names = self.cosmetics.emotes.names.get(id);
        let lang = horizon_client::lang::code();
        if let Some(name) = names.and_then(|n| n.get(&lang).or_else(|| n.get("en_us"))) {
            return name.clone();
@@ -87,7 +125,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
        let Some(p) = self.player.as_ref() else {
            return false;
        };
-        super::cosmetics::enabled()
+        super::enabled()
            && self.player_model.is_some()
            && !p.health.dead_or_dying()
            && !p.fall_flying
@@ -99,7 +137,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {

    /// Plays the owned emote `id` (again from its start if it plays already). False if it isn't
    /// owned or the player can't emote now.
-    pub(super) fn play_emote(&mut self, id: &str) -> bool {
+    pub(in crate::game) fn play_emote(&mut self, id: &str) -> bool {
        let Some(item) = self.owned_emotes().iter().find(|i| i.id == id).cloned() else {
            return false;
        };
@@ -110,14 +148,14 @@ impl Game<'_> {
            return false;
        };
        let start = m.age as f32;
-        self.emotes.from = Some(p.position);
-        self.emotes.playing = Some(Playing {
+        self.cosmetics.emotes.from = Some(p.position);
+        self.cosmetics.emotes.playing = Some(Playing {
            item,
            start,
            stop: None,
        });
        if self.camera_type.first_person() {
-            self.emotes.camera_from = Some(self.camera_type);
+            self.cosmetics.emotes.camera_from = Some(self.camera_type);
            self.camera_type = CameraType::ThirdPersonFront;
            self.check_entity_post_effect(false);
        }
@@ -125,9 +163,9 @@ impl Game<'_> {
    }

    /// Stops the emote playing, fading it out.
-    pub(super) fn stop_emote(&mut self) {
+    pub(in crate::game) fn stop_emote(&mut self) {
        let now = self.player_model.as_ref().map_or(0.0, |m| m.age as f32);
-        if let Some(p) = self.emotes.playing.as_mut()
+        if let Some(p) = self.cosmetics.emotes.playing.as_mut()
            && p.stop.is_none()
        {
            p.stop = Some(now);
@@ -135,21 +173,21 @@ impl Game<'_> {
    }

    /// The emote playing, if any (its id).
-    pub(super) fn emote_playing(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        let p = self.emotes.playing.as_ref()?;
+    pub(in crate::game) fn emote_playing(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        let p = self.cosmetics.emotes.playing.as_ref()?;
        p.stop.is_none().then_some(p.item.id.as_str())
    }

    /// Once a tick after the player's model: cancels the emote on movement or action, ends it,
    /// puts the camera back, and hands it to the model.
    fn tick_emote(&mut self) {
-        if self.emotes.playing.is_none() {
+        if self.cosmetics.emotes.playing.is_none() {
            if let Some(m) = self.player_model.as_mut() {
-                m.emote = None;
+                set_playing(m, None);
            }
            return;
        }
-        let moved = match (self.player.as_ref(), self.emotes.from) {
+        let moved = match (self.player.as_ref(), self.cosmetics.emotes.from) {
            (Some(p), Some(from)) => {
                let (dx, dy, dz) = (
                    p.position.x - from.x,
@@ -169,16 +207,17 @@ impl Game<'_> {
        }
        let now = self.player_model.as_ref().map_or(0.0, |m| m.age as f32);
        if self
+            .cosmetics
            .emotes
            .playing
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|p| p.at(now))
            .is_none()
        {
-            self.emotes.playing = None;
-            self.emotes.from = None;
+            self.cosmetics.emotes.playing = None;
+            self.cosmetics.emotes.from = None;
            // The pulled-back view goes back to first person, unless the player turned it.
-            if let Some(from) = self.emotes.camera_from.take()
+            if let Some(from) = self.cosmetics.emotes.camera_from.take()
                && self.camera_type == CameraType::ThirdPersonFront
            {
                self.camera_type = from;
@@ -186,26 +225,27 @@ impl Game<'_> {
            }
        }
        if let Some(m) = self.player_model.as_mut() {
-            m.emote = self.emotes.playing.clone();
+            set_playing(m, self.cosmetics.emotes.playing.clone());
        }
    }

    /// Once a tick: my emote, then the other players'.
-    pub(super) fn tick_emotes(&mut self) {
+    pub(in crate::game) fn tick_emotes(&mut self) {
        if let Some(done) = self
+            .cosmetics
            .emotes
            .loading
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|rx| rx.try_recv().ok())
        {
-            self.emotes.loading = None;
+            self.cosmetics.emotes.loading = None;
            if let Ok(owned) = done {
-                self.emotes.loaded = Some(std::time::Instant::now());
-                self.emotes.names.clear();
-                self.emotes.owned.clear();
+                self.cosmetics.emotes.loaded = Some(std::time::Instant::now());
+                self.cosmetics.emotes.names.clear();
+                self.cosmetics.emotes.owned.clear();
                for (item, names) in owned {
-                    self.emotes.names.insert(item.id.clone(), names);
-                    self.emotes.owned.push(Arc::new(item));
+                    self.cosmetics.emotes.names.insert(item.id.clone(), names);
+                    self.cosmetics.emotes.owned.push(Arc::new(item));
                }
            }
        }
@@ -215,14 +255,55 @@ impl Game<'_> {

    /// How far the camera stands back while an emote pulls it (1: the usual distance): it eases
    /// out over the emote's first quarter second.
-    pub(super) fn emote_camera_pull(&self, partial: f32) -> f32 {
-        let (Some(p), Some(m)) = (&self.emotes.playing, &self.player_model) else {
+    pub(in crate::game) fn emote_camera_pull(&self, partial: f32) -> f32 {
+        let (Some(p), Some(m)) = (&self.cosmetics.emotes.playing, &self.player_model) else {
            return 1.0;
        };
-        if self.emotes.camera_from.is_none() {
+        if self.cosmetics.emotes.camera_from.is_none() {
            return 1.0;
        }
        let t = ((m.age as f32 + partial - p.start) / 5.0).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
        0.35 + 0.65 * t * t * (3.0 - 2.0 * t)
    }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn an_emote_poses_the_body_over_the_animation_until_it_ends() {
+        // The right arm up to 90° about z at tick 10, the body hopping 4 px.
+        let item = Item::parse(
+            br#"{"format": 1, "id": "up", "slot": "emote", "parts": [],
+                "emote": {"length": 20, "blend": 0, "tracks": [
+                  {"part": "right_arm", "keys": [{"t": 10, "rotation": [0, 0, 90]}]},
+                  {"part": "root", "keys": [{"t": 0, "offset": [0, -4, 0]}]}]}}"#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let rest = |x: f32, y: f32| [x, y, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0];
+        let mut at_rest = [rest(0.0, 0.0); 6];
+        at_rest[2] = rest(-5.0, 2.0);
+        // What the walk animation did: the head looks aside, the arm swings.
+        let mut poses = at_rest;
+        poses[0][4] = 0.4;
+        poses[2][3] = 0.7;
+        let pose = EmotePose(Playing {
+            item: Arc::new(item),
+            start: 100.0,
+            stop: None,
+        });
+        assert!(pose.pose(110.0, &at_rest, &mut poses));
+        let arm = poses[2];
+        assert!(
+            (arm[5] - std::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2).abs() < 1e-5 && arm[3].abs() < 1e-5,
+            "{arm:?}"
+        );
+        assert!((arm[0] + 5.0).abs() < 1e-5 && (arm[1] - (2.0 - 4.0)).abs() < 1e-5);
+        // The head keeps looking aside, lifted with the body.
+        let head = poses[0];
+        assert!((head[4] - 0.4).abs() < 1e-5 && (head[1] + 4.0).abs() < 1e-5);
+        // Past its end the emote poses nothing.
+        assert!(!pose.pose(125.0, &at_rest, &mut poses));
+    }
+}
@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@ impl Game<'_> {
    /// `itemGroup.<mod>.<name>`, else its `title` as a lang key (a mod's own
    /// `itemGroup.<mod>`), else `title` as English text.
    pub(super) fn creative_tab_title(&self, tab: &horizon_client::creative::Tab) -> String {
+        if let Some((name, _)) = &tab.name {
+            return name.clone();
+        }
        match horizon_client::creative::item_group_key(&tab.id) {
            Some(key) => self.translate(key, &tab.title),
            None => {
@@ -144,7 +147,12 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                &title,
                ox + 8.0,
                oy + 6.0,
-                rgba(64, 64, 64, 255),
+                tab.name
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .and_then(|n| n.1)
+                    .map_or(rgba(64, 64, 64, 255), |c| {
+                        rgba((c >> 16) as u8, (c >> 8) as u8, c as u8, 255)
+                    }),
                false,
            );
        }
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 //! chunk-generation spawning (`NaturalSpawner`), mob events (attacks,
 //! breeding, conversions, drops), projectiles, player interactions
 //! (feeding, shearing, milking, spawn eggs, throwing) and rendering.
+mod projectile_world;
 mod pufferfish_player;

 use super::{
@@ -148,92 +149,6 @@ pub(super) struct ProjWorld<'a, 'w> {
    /// block would (`clipIncludingBorder`); None: no border.
    pub border: Option<[f64; 4]>,
 }
-impl ProjectileWorld for ProjWorld<'_, '_> {
-    fn block_contacts(&self, entity: i32, kind: &str, from: Vec3, to: Vec3, bounds: Aabb) {
-        horizon_client::block_contact::swept_inside(entity, kind, from, to, bounds, |p| {
-            let state = self.w.world.block(p.x, p.y, p.z);
-            (state, &self.w.facts.get(state).name)
-        });
-    }
-    fn clip(&self, from: Vec3, to: Vec3) -> Option<(Vec3, [i32; 3], [i32; 3])> {
-        let mut scene = SceneCollisions {
-            world: self.w.world,
-            binding: self.w.collision,
-            subject: None,
-        };
-        let context = horizon_world::collision_context::CollisionContext::position(from.y);
-        let r = traverse_blocks(from, to, 256, |p: BlockPos| {
-            let state = self.w.world.block(p.x, p.y, p.z);
-            if self.w.facts.is_air(state) {
-                return None;
-            }
-            // ClipContext hands CollisionContext.of(projectile): scaffolding
-            // is open for a projectile below it.
-            let shape = self
-                .w
-                .collision
-                .collision_shape_with_context(&mut scene, state, p, &context)
-                .ok()?;
-            shape.clip(from, to, p)
-        });
-        let hit = r.ok().flatten().map(|hit| {
-            (
-                hit.location,
-                [hit.block.x, hit.block.y, hit.block.z],
-                hit.direction.normal(),
-            )
-        });
-        match self.border {
-            Some(bounds) => clip_including_border(hit, from, to, bounds),
-            None => hit,
-        }
-    }
-    /// Entity.updateFluidInteraction over the projectile's box, not the
-    /// block at its feet (#3072).
-    fn in_water(&self, bounds: Aabb) -> bool {
-        self.w.fluids(bounds, bounds.max_position().y).in_water
-    }
-    fn targets(&self) -> &[(Who, Aabb)] {
-        &self.targets
-    }
-    /// `BaseFireBlock.entityInside` for a thrown projectile: fire and soul
-    /// fire set it alight for 160 ticks.
-    fn ignites(&self, p: [i32; 3]) -> bool {
-        let state = self.w.world.block(p[0], p[1], p[2]);
-        matches!(
-            &*self.w.facts.get(state).name,
-            "minecraft:fire" | "minecraft:soul_fire"
-        )
-    }
-    fn empty(&self, p: [i32; 3]) -> bool {
-        self.w.facts.is_air(self.w.world.block(p[0], p[1], p[2]))
-    }
-    /// `WebBlock.entityInside` and `PowderSnowBlock.entityInside`.
-    fn stuck_speed(&self, p: [i32; 3]) -> Option<Vec3> {
-        horizon_client::projectiles::stuck_speed_of(
-            &self.w.facts.get(self.w.world.block(p[0], p[1], p[2])).name,
-        )
-    }
-    fn bubble_column(&self, p: [i32; 3]) -> Option<(bool, bool)> {
-        horizon_client::motion::bubble_column_at(
-            self.w.world,
-            self.w.registry,
-            self.w.facts,
-            self.w.collision,
-            BlockPos::new(p[0], p[1], p[2]),
-        )
-        .map(|c| (c.drag, c.surface))
-    }
-    fn can_stand_on(&self, p: [i32; 3], entity_y: f64) -> bool {
-        horizon_client::collisions::projectile_can_stand_on(
-            self.w.world,
-            self.w.collision,
-            BlockPos::new(p[0], p[1], p[2]),
-            entity_y,
-        )
-    }
-}
-
 /// `Projectile.isPickable`: a projectile in `#minecraft:redirectable_projectile`
 /// (a ghast's fireball and both wind charges) is pickable, so another
 /// projectile's `ProjectileUtil.getEntityHitResult` can strike it
@@ -1228,8 +1143,8 @@ impl Game<'_> {
    /// `DistanceManager.inEntityTickingRange` in an entity-ticking chunk
    /// (block coordinates), from every player's tickets (`update_chunk_tickets`).
    pub(super) fn entity_ticking_area(&self) -> impl Fn(i32, i32) -> bool + use<> {
-        let levels = self.tickets.levels();
-        move |x, z| levels.entity_ticking_at(x, z)
+        self.tickets
+            .entity_ticking_area(&self.world.chunks, self.remote.is_none())
    }
    /// The entity phase of `tick_creatures`: every mob's tick, deaths, and the
    /// projectiles and effects that follow from them.
@@ -1351,7 +1266,10 @@ impl Game<'_> {
            let path_changes = horizon_client::mobs::collision_changes(&base, &path_writes);
            // Each mob keeps its snapshot slot all tick; the first slot of an
            // id answers, as a scan would.
-            let mut index = horizon_client::fast_hash::FxHashMap::<u32, u32>::default();
+            let mut index = horizon_client::fast_hash::FxHashMap::with_capacity_and_hasher(
+                snapshot.len(),
+                Default::default(),
+            );
            let mut villager_slots = Vec::new();
            let mut solid_slots = Vec::new();
            for (i, s) in snapshot.iter().enumerate() {
@@ -1364,6 +1282,10 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                }
            }
            laps.lap("creature_prepare");
+            let single_player = horizon_client::mobs::single_player_pos(
+                players.iter().map(|p| (p.position, p.spectator)),
+            );
+            let mut despawn_w = base.despawn_view();
            let mut cached_difficulty: Option<((i32, i32), spawning::LocalDifficulty)> = None;
            for i in 0..mobs.len() {
                let m = &mut mobs[i];
@@ -1387,26 +1309,18 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                    keep.push(!m.hostile() || m.persistent);
                    continue;
                }
-                let nearest_player = nearest
-                    .nearest(m.position.x, m.position.y, m.position.z)
-                    .map(|p| p.position);
+                let nearest_player = single_player.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                    nearest
+                        .nearest(m.position.x, m.position.y, m.position.z)
+                        .map(|p| p.position)
+                });
                // ServerLevel.tick: every loaded entity checks despawning, but
                // only those in entity-ticking chunks (within the simulation
                // distance) tick. The despawn check reads the nearest player
                // and the difficulty, not the player the mob sees.
                if !ticking(bx, bz) {
-                    let w = MobWorld {
-                        others: &snapshot,
-                        others_grid: Some(&grid),
-                        others_index: Some(&index),
-                        others_villagers: Some(&villager_slots),
-                        others_solid: Some(&solid_slots),
-                        nearest_player,
-                        player: None,
-                        teams: std::sync::Arc::clone(&base.teams),
-                        ..base
-                    };
-                    let kept = horizon_client::mobs::ai::despawn_check(m, &w);
+                    despawn_w.nearest_player = nearest_player;
+                    let kept = horizon_client::mobs::ai::despawn_check(m, &despawn_w);
                    if !kept {
                        died.remove(&m.id);
                        snapshot[i].alive = false;
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+//! What a flying projectile asks of the world (`ProjectileWorld` for `ProjWorld`): block
+//! contacts, collisions, fluids and the world border.
+use super::*;
+
+impl ProjectileWorld for ProjWorld<'_, '_> {
+    fn block_contacts(&self, entity: i32, kind: &str, from: Vec3, to: Vec3, bounds: Aabb) {
+        horizon_client::block_contact::swept_inside(entity, kind, from, to, bounds, |p| {
+            let state = self.w.world.block(p.x, p.y, p.z);
+            (state, &self.w.facts.get(state).name)
+        });
+    }
+    fn clip(&self, from: Vec3, to: Vec3) -> Option<(Vec3, [i32; 3], [i32; 3])> {
+        let mut scene = SceneCollisions {
+            world: self.w.world,
+            binding: self.w.collision,
+            subject: None,
+        };
+        let context = horizon_world::collision_context::CollisionContext::position(from.y);
+        let r = traverse_blocks(from, to, 256, |p: BlockPos| {
+            let state = self.w.world.block(p.x, p.y, p.z);
+            if self.w.facts.is_air(state) {
+                return None;
+            }
+            // ClipContext hands CollisionContext.of(projectile): scaffolding
+            // is open for a projectile below it.
+            let shape = self
+                .w
+                .collision
+                .collision_shape_with_context(&mut scene, state, p, &context)
+                .ok()?;
+            shape.clip(from, to, p)
+        });
+        let hit = r.ok().flatten().map(|hit| {
+            (
+                hit.location,
+                [hit.block.x, hit.block.y, hit.block.z],
+                hit.direction.normal(),
+            )
+        });
+        match self.border {
+            Some(bounds) => clip_including_border(hit, from, to, bounds),
+            None => hit,
+        }
+    }
+    /// Entity.updateFluidInteraction over the projectile's box, not the
+    /// block at its feet (#3072).
+    fn in_water(&self, bounds: Aabb) -> bool {
+        self.w.fluids(bounds, bounds.max_position().y).in_water
+    }
+    fn targets(&self) -> &[(Who, Aabb)] {
+        &self.targets
+    }
+    /// `BaseFireBlock.entityInside` for a thrown projectile: fire and soul
+    /// fire set it alight for 160 ticks.
+    fn ignites(&self, p: [i32; 3]) -> bool {
+        let state = self.w.world.block(p[0], p[1], p[2]);
+        matches!(
+            &*self.w.facts.get(state).name,
+            "minecraft:fire" | "minecraft:soul_fire"
+        )
+    }
+    fn empty(&self, p: [i32; 3]) -> bool {
+        self.w.facts.is_air(self.w.world.block(p[0], p[1], p[2]))
+    }
+    /// `WebBlock.entityInside` and `PowderSnowBlock.entityInside`.
+    fn stuck_speed(&self, p: [i32; 3]) -> Option<Vec3> {
+        horizon_client::projectiles::stuck_speed_of(
+            &self.w.facts.get(self.w.world.block(p[0], p[1], p[2])).name,
+        )
+    }
+    fn bubble_column(&self, p: [i32; 3]) -> Option<(bool, bool)> {
+        horizon_client::motion::bubble_column_at(
+            self.w.world,
+            self.w.registry,
+            self.w.facts,
+            self.w.collision,
+            BlockPos::new(p[0], p[1], p[2]),
+        )
+        .map(|c| (c.drag, c.surface))
+    }
+    fn can_stand_on(&self, p: [i32; 3], entity_y: f64) -> bool {
+        horizon_client::collisions::projectile_can_stand_on(
+            self.w.world,
+            self.w.collision,
+            BlockPos::new(p[0], p[1], p[2]),
+            entity_y,
+        )
+    }
+}
@@ -21,11 +21,13 @@ impl Game<'_> {
        let play = if let Some(host) = &self.lan {
            Play::Hosting {
                players: 1 + host.hub.guests.len(),
+                max: horizon_client::lan::MAX_PLAYERS,
            }
        } else if let Some(server) = &self.integrated {
            match (server.published(), &self.remote) {
                (Some(_), Some(remote)) => Play::Hosting {
                    players: remote.player_count(),
+                    max: horizon_client::lan::MAX_PLAYERS,
                },
                _ => Play::Singleplayer,
            }
@@ -190,6 +190,9 @@ impl Game<'_> {
    fn dispense_case(&mut self, case: &Value) -> Result<Vec<String>> {
        let seed = case["seed"].as_i64().unwrap_or(0);
        self.fixture_reset(seed);
+        if let Some(op) = case.get("blocking_wear") {
+            return self.fixture_blocking_wear(op);
+        }
        // The oracle level answers one sky and one block light everywhere.
        let light = case["light"].as_array();
        let level = |i: usize, default: i64| {
@@ -666,6 +669,46 @@ impl Game<'_> {
        Ok(out)
    }

+    /// Compare a raised item's durability across two frontal hits.
+    fn fixture_blocking_wear(&mut self, op: &Value) -> Result<Vec<String>> {
+        let stack = parse_stack(op["item"].as_str().ok_or("missing blocking stack")?)?
+            .ok_or("empty blocking stack")?;
+        // Reload the stack just as a player inventory does between sessions.
+        let saved = horizon_items::item_nbt::item_to_nbt(&stack);
+        self.inventory[self.selected] = horizon_items::item_nbt::item_from_nbt(&saved);
+        let (creative, mode) = (self.creative, self.mode);
+        self.creative = op["creative"].as_bool().unwrap_or(false);
+        self.mode = if self.creative {
+            GameMode::Creative
+        } else {
+            GameMode::Survival
+        };
+        self.combat = Default::default();
+        self.using = None;
+        self.shield_cooldown = 0;
+        self.yaw = 0.0;
+        self.player = Some(PlayerMotion::new(
+            self.motion,
+            horizon_core::geometry::Vec3::new(0.0, 64.0, 0.0),
+        )?);
+        if !self.raise_shield(self.selected) || self.using.is_none() {
+            return Err("could not raise blocking stack".into());
+        }
+        let mut lines = Vec::new();
+        for _ in 0..2 {
+            self.hurt_player_from(4.0, Some([0.0, 64.0, 2.0]), "minecraft:arrow", Some(None));
+            let stack = self.inventory[self.selected].as_ref();
+            let (count, damage) = stack.map_or((0, 0), |stack| (stack.count, stack.damage));
+            lines.push(format!("blocking wear {count} {damage}"));
+        }
+        self.player = None;
+        self.using = None;
+        self.inventory[self.selected] = None;
+        self.creative = creative;
+        self.mode = mode;
+        Ok(lines)
+    }
+
    /// The player's hit on the first target with the case's item, from the
    /// attack strength's scaled `base` damage on: the item's damage bonus and
    /// source, the hurt with the weapon's armor effects, then `weapon_hit`
@@ -4805,74 +4805,8 @@ impl Game<'_> {
    }
 }

-/// The dying model's colour, `ARGB.white(1 - deathTime / 200)`: `Mth.floor` of the alpha
-/// shifted as a Java int, so past 200 it wraps as vanilla's does.
-fn dissolve_color(death: f32) -> u32 {
-    let alpha = ((1.0 - death / 200.0) * 255.0).floor() as i32;
-    (alpha << 24) as u32 | 0x00FF_FFFF
-}
-/// `DissolveMaskSampler` at the vertex's `UV0`: the same place in the mask's sprite as in the
-/// skin's, as the dissolve overlay reads it from `glint_uv` (entity.wgsl).
-fn dissolve_mask(quads: &mut [Vertex], skin: [f32; 4], mask: [f32; 4]) {
-    for v in quads {
-        let u = (v.uv[0] - skin[0]) / (skin[2] - skin[0]);
-        let w = (v.uv[1] - skin[1]) / (skin[3] - skin[1]);
-        v.glint_uv = [
-            mask[0] + (mask[2] - mask[0]) * u,
-            mask[1] + (mask[3] - mask[1]) * w,
-        ];
-    }
-}
-/// `submitRays`: the death rays from a fixed seed, fading in white to magenta.
-fn dragon_rays(base: glam::Mat4, t: f32, white: horizon_client::hud::Rect, out: &mut Vec<Vertex>) {
-    // Vanilla's dragonRays has no texture. Sample inside the white sprite:
-    // its border can round into transparent neighbours during interpolation.
-    let uv = [(white.u0 + white.u1) / 2.0, (white.v0 + white.v1) / 2.0];
-    let over = if t > 0.8 {
-        ((t - 0.8) / 0.2).min(1.0)
-    } else {
-        0.0
-    };
-    let inner = (((1.0 - over) * 255.0) as u32) << 24 | 0x00FF_FFFF;
-    let outer = 0x00FF_00FF;
-    let mut random = LegacyRandom::new(432);
-    let mut m = base;
-    let count = ((t + t * t) / 2.0 * 60.0).floor() as i32;
-    let half_sqrt3 = 3f32.sqrt() / 2.0;
-    let tau = std::f32::consts::TAU;
-    for _ in 0..count {
-        let mut f = || random.next_float() * tau;
-        let q1 = glam::Quat::from_rotation_x(f())
-            * glam::Quat::from_rotation_y(f())
-            * glam::Quat::from_rotation_z(f());
-        let (a, b, c) = (f(), f(), f());
-        let q2 = glam::Quat::from_rotation_x(a)
-            * glam::Quat::from_rotation_y(b)
-            * glam::Quat::from_rotation_z(c + t * std::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2);
-        m *= glam::Mat4::from_quat(q1 * q2);
-        let length = random.next_float() * 20.0 + 5.0 + over * 10.0;
-        let width = random.next_float() * 2.0 + 1.0 + over * 2.0;
-        let o = glam::Vec3::ZERO;
-        let left = glam::Vec3::new(-half_sqrt3 * width, length, -0.5 * width);
-        let right = glam::Vec3::new(half_sqrt3 * width, length, -0.5 * width);
-        let bottom = glam::Vec3::new(0.0, length, width);
-        for (p1, p2) in [(left, right), (right, bottom), (bottom, left)] {
-            // A triangle as a quad with its last corner repeated.
-            for (p, c) in [(o, inner), (p1, outer), (p2, outer), (p2, outer)] {
-                out.push(Vertex {
-                    normal: [0; 4],
-                    pos: m.transform_point3(p).to_array(),
-                    uv,
-                    layer: horizon_client::gfx::DRAGON_RAYS_OVERLAY,
-                    color: c,
-                    light: 0,
-
-                    glint_uv: [0.0, 0.0],
-                });
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
+mod death_render;
+use death_render::{dissolve_color, dissolve_mask, dragon_rays};

 /// `Entity.push` on the server's copy of a player, then `hurt`. A player's
 /// own client hears of its velocity only when a hurt marks it