Release Cosmopolitan v3.6.2

Our cosmocc binaries are now built with GCC 14.1, using the Cosmo commit
efb3a34608 from yesterday.

GCC is now configured using --enable-analyzer so you can use -fanalyzer.

.clang-format

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ AlignConsecutiveMacros: true
 AlignConsecutiveDeclarations: false
 AlwaysBreakBeforeMultilineStrings: false
 AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: false
+AllowShortLoopsOnASingleLine: false
+AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: false
 KeepEmptyLinesAtTheStartOfBlocks: true
 ConstructorInitializerAllOnOneLineOrOnePerLine: true
 IncludeBlocks: Merge

.git-blame-ignore-revs

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# Run this command to always ignore formatting commits in git blame
+# git config blame.ignoreRevsFile .git-blame-ignore-revs
+
+# Upgraded clang-format to 19.0.0git
+89fc95fefd40413706ff1bdaac2e8d98b328dbf1
+# vim c++ filetype in modelines
+04c6bc478e082263d67c41bedbd033dde2d429eb
+# Ran clang-format
+f032b5570b4cd87c6bb4abb54c0b98e69c939955
+# Applied clang-format update to repo
+6e6fc38935054db0534d5af4fb99c6193305b946
+# revert retabbing
+2b315626f3af765cdfbc61114647412cdb798b3a
+# more modeline errata
+3a8e01a77a7c97af0b16fb1651b230cee7f7d4c6
+# fix more vi modelines
+2fc507c98f53a76718f61f9a36602f86b5ac0cc9
+# flip et/noet in modelines
+e16a7d8f3b8f906c3ef76e79f57f3adfc7f25186
+# fix vi modelines
+394d998315f613a888cc6b6c051d4163bdf5cd6f
+# clang-format
+c0eacf2eb1e1c0b3bd4f71f12fef258f5b249c3f
+# ape-m1 formatting cleanup
+da8baf2aa5ce93b958aca90a0ae69f537806324b
+# Run clang-format on most sources
+369f9740de4534c28d0e81ab2afc99decbb9a3e6
+# Get rid of .internal.h convention in LIBC_INTRIN
+86d884cce24d773e298a2714c1e3d91ecab9be45

.gitattributes

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 # -*- conf -*-
+*.gz                         binary
 /build/bootstrap/*.com       binary
 /usr/share/zoneinfo/*        binary

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/01-bug-low.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+name: Low Severity Bugs
+description: Used to report low severity bugs in cosmopolitan (e.g. cosmetic issues, non critical UI glitches)
+title: "Bug: "
+labels: ["bug", "low severity"]
+body:
+  - type: markdown
+    attributes:
+      value: |
+        Thanks for taking the time to fill out this bug report! 
+        Please include information about your system, the steps to reproduce the bug, 
+        and the version of cosmopolitan that you are using. 
+        If possible, please provide a minimal code example that reproduces the bug.
+        You may also consider using function call tracing `--ftrace` or the lighter system call tracing `--strace`
+        for additional technical logging that may allow us to narrow down where the fault occurred.
+  - type: input
+    id: contact
+    attributes:
+      label: Contact Details
+      description: How can we get in touch with you if we need more info?
+      placeholder: ex. [email protected]
+    validations:
+      required: false
+  - type: textarea
+    id: what-happened
+    attributes:
+      label: What happened?
+      description: Also tell us, what did you expect to happen?
+      placeholder: Tell us what you see!
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    id: version
+    attributes:
+      label: Version
+      description: What version of our software are you running? (use `--version` to get a version string)
+      placeholder: "cosmocc (GCC) 12.3.0"
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: dropdown
+    id: operating-system
+    attributes:
+      label: What operating system are you seeing the problem on?
+      multiple: true
+      options:
+        - Linux
+        - Mac
+        - Windows
+        - FreeBSD
+        - OpenBSD
+        - NetBSD
+        - BIOS
+    validations:
+      required: false
+  - type: textarea
+    id: logs
+    attributes:
+      label: Relevant log output
+      description: Please copy and paste any relevant log output. This will be automatically formatted into code, so no need for backticks.
+      render: shell

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/02-bug-medium.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+name: Medium Severity Bug
+description: Used to report medium severity bugs in cosmopolitan (e.g. Malfunctioning Features but generally still useable)
+title: "Bug: "
+labels: ["bug", "medium severity"]
+body:
+  - type: markdown
+    attributes:
+      value: |
+        Thanks for taking the time to fill out this bug report! 
+        Please include information about your system, the steps to reproduce the bug, 
+        and the version of cosmopolitan that you are using. 
+        If possible, please provide a minimal code example that reproduces the bug.
+        You may also consider using function call tracing `--ftrace` or the lighter system call tracing `--strace`
+        for additional technical logging that may allow us to narrow down where the fault occurred.
+  - type: input
+    id: contact
+    attributes:
+      label: Contact Details
+      description: How can we get in touch with you if we need more info?
+      placeholder: ex. [email protected]
+    validations:
+      required: false
+  - type: textarea
+    id: what-happened
+    attributes:
+      label: What happened?
+      description: Also tell us, what did you expect to happen?
+      placeholder: Tell us what you see!
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    id: version
+    attributes:
+      label: Version
+      description: What version of our software are you running? (use `--version` to get a version string)
+      placeholder: "cosmocc (GCC) 12.3.0"
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: dropdown
+    id: operating-system
+    attributes:
+      label: What operating system are you seeing the problem on?
+      multiple: true
+      options:
+        - Linux
+        - Mac
+        - Windows
+        - FreeBSD
+        - OpenBSD
+        - NetBSD
+        - BIOS
+    validations:
+      required: false
+  - type: textarea
+    id: logs
+    attributes:
+      label: Relevant log output
+      description: Please copy and paste any relevant log output. This will be automatically formatted into code, so no need for backticks.
+      render: shell

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/03-bug-high.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+name: High Severity Bug
+description: Used to report high severity bugs in cosmopolitan (e.g. Malfunctioning features hindering important common workflow)
+title: "Bug: "
+labels: ["bug", "high severity"]
+body:
+  - type: markdown
+    attributes:
+      value: |
+        Thanks for taking the time to fill out this bug report! 
+        Please include information about your system, the steps to reproduce the bug, 
+        and the version of cosmopolitan that you are using. 
+        If possible, please provide a minimal code example that reproduces the bug.
+        You may also consider using function call tracing `--ftrace` or the lighter system call tracing `--strace`
+        for additional technical logging that may allow us to narrow down where the fault occurred.
+  - type: input
+    id: contact
+    attributes:
+      label: Contact Details
+      description: How can we get in touch with you if we need more info?
+      placeholder: ex. [email protected]
+    validations:
+      required: false
+  - type: textarea
+    id: what-happened
+    attributes:
+      label: What happened?
+      description: Also tell us, what did you expect to happen?
+      placeholder: Tell us what you see!
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    id: version
+    attributes:
+      label: Version
+      description: What version of our software are you running? (use `--version` to get a version string)
+      placeholder: "cosmocc (GCC) 12.3.0"
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: dropdown
+    id: operating-system
+    attributes:
+      label: What operating system are you seeing the problem on?
+      multiple: true
+      options:
+        - Linux
+        - Mac
+        - Windows
+        - FreeBSD
+        - OpenBSD
+        - NetBSD
+        - BIOS
+    validations:
+      required: false
+  - type: textarea
+    id: logs
+    attributes:
+      label: Relevant log output
+      description: Please copy and paste any relevant log output. This will be automatically formatted into code, so no need for backticks.
+      render: shell

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/04-bug-critical.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+name: Critical Severity Bug
+description: Used to report critical severity bugs in cosmopolitan (e.g. Crashing, Corrupted, Dataloss)
+title: "Bug: "
+labels: ["bug", "critical severity"]
+body:
+  - type: markdown
+    attributes:
+      value: |
+        Thanks for taking the time to fill out this bug report! 
+        Please include information about your system, the steps to reproduce the bug, 
+        and the version of cosmopolitan that you are using. 
+        If possible, please provide a minimal code example that reproduces the bug.
+        You may also consider using function call tracing `--ftrace` or the lighter system call tracing `--strace`
+        for additional technical logging that may allow us to narrow down where the fault occurred.
+  - type: input
+    id: contact
+    attributes:
+      label: Contact Details
+      description: How can we get in touch with you if we need more info?
+      placeholder: ex. [email protected]
+    validations:
+      required: false
+  - type: textarea
+    id: what-happened
+    attributes:
+      label: What happened?
+      description: Also tell us, what did you expect to happen?
+      placeholder: Tell us what you see!
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    id: version
+    attributes:
+      label: Version
+      description: What version of our software are you running? (use `--version` to get a version string)
+      placeholder: "cosmocc (GCC) 12.3.0"
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: dropdown
+    id: operating-system
+    attributes:
+      label: What operating system are you seeing the problem on?
+      multiple: true
+      options:
+        - Linux
+        - Mac
+        - Windows
+        - FreeBSD
+        - OpenBSD
+        - NetBSD
+        - BIOS
+    validations:
+      required: false
+  - type: textarea
+    id: logs
+    attributes:
+      label: Relevant log output
+      description: Please copy and paste any relevant log output. This will be automatically formatted into code, so no need for backticks.
+      render: shell

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/05-enhancement.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+name: Enhancement template
+description: Used to request enhancements for cosmopolitan
+title: "Feature Request: "
+labels: ["enhancement"]
+body:
+  - type: markdown
+    attributes:
+      value: |
+        [Please post your idea first in Discussion if there is not yet a consensus for this enhancement request. This will help to keep this issue tracker focused on enhancements that the community has agreed needs to be implemented.](https://github.com/jart/cosmopolitan/discussions/categories/ideas)
+
+  - type: checkboxes
+    id: prerequisites
+    attributes:
+      label: Prerequisites
+      description: Please confirm the following before submitting your enhancement request.
+      options:
+        - label: I am running the latest code. Mention the version if possible as well.
+          required: true
+        - label: I carefully followed the [README.md](https://github.com/jart/cosmopolitan/blob/master/README.md).
+          required: true
+        - label: I searched using keywords relevant to my issue to make sure that I am creating a new issue that is not already open (or closed).
+          required: true
+        - label: I reviewed the [Discussions](https://github.com/jart/cosmopolitan/discussions), and have a new and useful enhancement to share.
+          required: true
+
+  - type: textarea
+    id: feature-description
+    attributes:
+      label: Feature Description
+      description: Please provide a detailed written description of what you were trying to do, and what you expected `cosmopolitan` to do as an enhancement.
+      placeholder: Detailed description of the enhancement
+    validations:
+      required: true
+
+  - type: textarea
+    id: motivation
+    attributes:
+      label: Motivation
+      description: Please provide a detailed written description of reasons why this feature is necessary and how it is useful to `cosmopolitan` users.
+      placeholder: Explanation of why this feature is needed and its benefits
+    validations:
+      required: true
+
+  - type: textarea
+    id: possible-implementation
+    attributes:
+      label: Possible Implementation
+      description: If you have an idea as to how it can be implemented, please write a detailed description. Feel free to give links to external sources or share visuals that might be helpful to understand the details better.
+      placeholder: Detailed description of potential implementation
+    validations:
+      required: false

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/06-research.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+name: Research
+description: Track new technical research area
+title: "Research: "
+labels: ["research"]
+body:
+  - type: markdown
+    attributes:
+      value: |
+        Don't forget to check for any [duplicate research issue tickets](https://github.com/jart/cosmopolitan/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22research+%F0%9F%94%AC%22)
+
+  - type: checkboxes
+    id: research-stage
+    attributes:
+      label: Research Stage
+      description: Track general state of this research ticket
+      options:
+        - label: Background Research (Let's try to avoid reinventing the wheel)
+        - label: Hypothesis Formed (How do you think this will work and it's effect?)
+        - label: Strategy / Implementation Forming
+        - label: Analysis of results
+        - label: Debrief / Documentation (So people in the future can learn from us)
+
+  - type: textarea
+    id: background
+    attributes:
+      label: Previous existing literature and research
+      description: Whats the current state of the art and whats the motivation for this research?
+
+  - type: textarea
+    id: hypothesis
+    attributes:
+      label: Hypothesis
+      description: How do you think this will work and it's effect?
+
+  - type: textarea
+    id: implementation
+    attributes:
+      label: Implementation
+      description: Got an approach? e.g. a PR ready to go?
+
+  - type: textarea
+    id: analysis
+    attributes:
+      label: Analysis
+      description: How does the proposed implementation behave?
+
+  - type: textarea
+    id: logs
+    attributes:
+      label: Relevant log output
+      description: Please copy and paste any relevant log output. This will be automatically formatted into code, so no need for backticks.
+      render: shell

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/07-refactor.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+name: Refactor (Maintainers)
+description: Used to track refactoring opportunities
+title: "Refactor: "
+labels: ["refactor"]
+body:
+  - type: markdown
+    attributes:
+      value: |
+        Don't forget to [check for existing refactor issue tickets](https://github.com/jart/cosmopolitan/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3Arefactoring) in case it's already covered.
+        Also you may want to check [Pull request refactor label as well](https://github.com/jart/cosmopolitan/pulls?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Apr+label%3Arefactoring) for duplicates too.
+
+  - type: textarea
+    id: background-description
+    attributes:
+      label: Background Description
+      description: Please provide a detailed written description of the pain points you are trying to solve.
+      placeholder: Detailed description behind your motivation to request refactor
+    validations:
+      required: true
+
+  - type: textarea
+    id: possible-approaches
+    attributes:
+      label: Possible Refactor Approaches
+      description: If you have some idea of possible approaches to solve this problem. You may want to make it a todo list.
+      placeholder: Your idea of possible refactoring opportunity/approaches
+    validations:
+      required: false

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+blank_issues_enabled: true
+contact_links:
+  - name: FAQ
+    url: https://github.com/jart/cosmopolitan/wiki/FAQ
+    about: Is your question a common one? You may want to check here first.
+  - name: Got an idea?
+    url: https://github.com/jart/cosmopolitan/discussions/categories/ideas
+    about: Pop it there. It may then become an enhancement ticket.
+  - name: Got a question?
+    url: https://github.com/jart/cosmopolitan/discussions/categories/q-a
+    about: Ask a question there!
+  - name: Want to contribute?
+    url: https://github.com/jart/cosmopolitan/wiki/contribute
+    about: Head to the contribution guide page of the wiki for areas you can help with
+

.github/labeler.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# https://github.com/actions/labeler
+
+documentation:
+    - changed-files:
+        - any-glob-to-any-file:
+            - README.md
+            - LICENSE
+            - CONTRIBUTING.md
+            - libc/README.md
+            - tool/cosmocc/README.md
+            - third_party/getopt/README.txt
+build:
+    - changed-files:
+        - any-glob-to-any-file:
+            - build/**
+            - Makefile
+            - '*/*.mk'
+examples:
+    - changed-files:
+        - any-glob-to-any-file: examples/**
+devops:
+    - changed-files:
+        - any-glob-to-any-file:
+            - .github/**
+            - .clang-format
+dsp:
+    - changed-files:
+        - any-glob-to-any-file:
+            - dsp/**
+ape:
+    - changed-files:
+        - any-glob-to-any-file:
+            - ape/**
+libc:
+    - changed-files:
+        - any-glob-to-any-file:
+            - libc/**
+net:
+    - changed-files:
+        - any-glob-to-any-file:
+            - net/**
+third_party:
+    - changed-files:
+        - any-glob-to-any-file:
+            - third_party/**
+tool:
+    - changed-files:
+        - any-glob-to-any-file:
+            - tool/**

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        mode: ["", tiny, opt, rel]
+        mode: ["", tiny, rel, tinylinux, optlinux]
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v3
 

.github/workflows/labeler.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+name: "Pull Request Labeler"
+on:
+- pull_request_target
+
+jobs:
+  labeler:
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      pull-requests: write
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        repository: "jart/cosmopolitan"
+    - uses: actions/labeler@v5
+      with:
+        configuration-path: '.github/labeler.yml'

.gitignore

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 # -*- conf -*-
 
 /o
+/cosmocc
+/.cosmocc
 
 # TODO: Find some way to have Python write to o/
 __pycache__

.vscode/c_cpp_properties.json

@@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
-{
-	"configurations": [
-		{
-			"name": "Win32",
-			"includePath": [
-				"${workspaceFolder}"
-			],
-			"cStandard": "c11",
-			"cppStandard": "c++11",
-			"forcedInclude": ["${workspaceFolder}/.vscode/vscode.h"],
-			"defines": [
-				"libcesque=",
-				"pureconst=",
-				"paramsnonnull(x)=",
-				"alignas(x)",
-				"alignof(x)",
-				"artificial=",
-				"dontdiscard=",
-				"mayalias=",
-				"forceinline=",
-				"forcealign(x)=",
-				"scanfesque(x)=",
-				"strftimeesque(x)=",
-				"wontreturn=",
-				"textreal=",
-				"mallocesque=",
-				"callocesque=",
-				"vallocesque=",
-				"reallocesque=",
-				"strlenesque=",
-				"memcpyesque=",
-				"hasatleast=",
-				"noinline=",
-				"textexit=",
-				"returnstwice=",
-				"textwindows=",
-				"privileged=",
-				"compatfn=",
-				"noinstrument=",
-				"nodebuginfo=",
-				"interruptfn=",
-				"optimizespeed=",
-				"forcealignargpointer=",
-				"noasan=",
-				"noubsan=",
-				"donothing=",
-				"nosideeffect=",
-				"unreachable=",,
-				"notpossible=",
-				"thatispacked=",
-				"dontthrow=",
-				"nocallback=",
-				"relegated=",
-				"hidden=",
-				"textstartup=",
-				"initarray=",
-				"returnsnonnull=",
-				"returnspointerwithnoaliases=",
-				"printfesque(x)=",
-				"attributeallocsize(x)=",
-				"returnsaligned(x)=",
-				"attributeallocalign(x)=",
-				"nullterminated(x)="
-			]
-		},
-		{
-			"name": "Linux",
-			"includePath": [
-				"${workspaceFolder}"
-			],
-			"cStandard": "gnu17",
-			"compilerPath": "${workspaceFolder}/o/third_party/gcc/bin/x86_64-linux-musl-gcc",
-			"compilerArgs": [
-				"-Wall",
-				"-Werror",
-				"-fdebug-prefix-map=${workspaceFolder}=",
-				"-frecord-gcc-switches",
-				"-Wa,-W",
-				"-Wa,-I.",
-				"-Wa,--noexecstack",
-				"-Wa,--nocompress-debug-sections",
-				"-Og",
-				"-g",
-				"-gdescribe-dies",
-				"-msse3",
-				"-mno-red-zone",
-				"-fno-math-errno",
-				"-fno-trapping-math",
-				"-fno-fp-int-builtin-inexact",
-				"-fno-ident",
-				"-fno-common",
-				"-fno-gnu-unique",
-				"-fstrict-aliasing",
-				"-fstrict-overflow",
-				"-fno-semantic-interposition",
-				"-mno-omit-leaf-frame-pointer",
-				"-fno-jump-tables",
-				"-nostdinc",
-				"-iquote."
-			],
-			"forcedInclude": [
-				"libc/integral/normalize.inc"
-			],
-			"defines": [
-				"COSMO",
-				"MODE=",
-				"IMAGE_BASE_VIRTUAL=0x400000"
-			]
-		}
-	],
-	"version": 4
-}

.vscode/vscode.h

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-#define __VSCODE_INTELLISENSE__ 1
-#include "libc/integral/normalize.inc"

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -2,23 +2,77 @@
 
 We'd love to accept your patches! Please read this guide first.
 
+## Identity Disclosure
+
+This project does not accept anonymous contributions. Justine Tunney
+won't merge pull requests from strangers. In order to change the Cosmo
+codebase, and have your changes be upstreamed, she has to know who you
+are. You're encouraged to disclose your full name and email address to
+the public too, by including them in your git commit messages; however
+that's not a requirement; as we're happy to respect the wishes of
+contributors who prefer to remain anonymous to the public.
+
 ## Copyright Assignment
 
-Please send an email to Justine Tunney <jtunney@gmail.com> stating that
-you intend to assign her the copyright to the changes you contribute to
-Cosmopolitan. Please use the same email address you use for git commits
-which should only contain original source code from you or other people
-who are also assigning copyright. Please note that, if you're employed,
-you may need to get your employer's approval beforehand. If you can not
-assign copyright due to local laws, then you may alternatively consider
-disclaiming it using the language in [Unlicense](https://unlicense.org)
-or [CC-0](http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0)
+The first time you send a pull request, you need to send an email to
+Justine Tunney <jtunney@gmail.com> stating that you intend to assign her
+the copyright to the changes you contribute to Cosmopolitan. It only
+needs to happen once. This only applies to the code you *choose* to
+contribute. The email should be sent from an email address associated
+with your identity. Your email should link to your pull request.
 
-This is important because we can't produce 12kb single-file executables
-that comply with license requirements if we have to embed lots of them.
-Although that's less of an issue depending on the purpose of the files.
-For example, ownership is much less of a concern in the unit test files
-so you're encouraged to put your copyright on those, provided it's ISC.
+To make things easy, here's an example of a good email you can use:
+
+> **From**: YOUR NAME ([email protected])  
+> **To**: Justine Tunney ([email protected])  
+> **Subject**: Cosmopolitan Copyright Assignment for YOUR NAME
+>
+> Hi Justine,
+>
+> I made my first contribution to Cosmopolitan in
+> https://github.com/jart/cosmopolitan/pull/XXXX could you please take a
+> look? I intend to assign you the copyright to the changes I contribute
+> to Cosmopolitan.
+>
+> Thanks!
+
+Please note that in order to give Justine the copyright, it has to be
+yours to give in the first place. If you're employed, then you should
+get your employer's approval to do this beforehand. Even with big
+companies like Google, this process is quick and painless. Usually we
+see employers granting authorization in less than one day.
+
+If you live in a country that doesn't recognize one's ability to assign
+copyright, then you may alternatively consider disclaiming it using the
+language in [Unlicense](https://unlicense.org) or
+[CC-0](http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0).
+
+If you're checking-in third party code, then you need to have headers at
+the top of each source file (but never header files) documenting its
+owners and the code should go in the `third_party/` folder. Every third
+party project should have a `README.cosmo` file that documents its
+provenance as well as any local changes you've made.
+
+## Copyright Policy Exceptions
+
+### Tests
+
+You're encoraged to claim ownership of your test code. If you add a new
+file under the `test/` directory, then you should put your name in the
+ISC license header at the top of the file. If you add new test cases to
+an existing unit test file, then you're encouraged to append a line with
+your name to the existing copyright header of that file.
+
+### Exceptional Features
+
+Let's say you discovered a faster better way to implement `log10()` and
+you want to give it to Cosmopolitan. In cases like this, it really isn't
+appropriate for Justine to own your code. What you could do instead, is
+write your own new and improved `log10.c` from scratch, put your name on
+the top with the ISC license, and then add a `__notice()` directive so
+that your name will be embedded inside every executable that links the
+`log10()` function. This will help you get your name out there. Please
+note you need get approval from Justine each time you want to do this.
 
 ## Style Guide
 
@@ -29,34 +83,4 @@ clang-format -i -style=file tool/net/redbean.c
 ```
 
 If you use Emacs this can be automated on save for Cosmopolitan using
-[tool/emacs/cosmo-format.el]([tool/emacs/cosmo-format.el]).
-
-### Source Files
-
-- Must use include paths relative to the root of the repository
-- Must have comment at top of file documenting copyright and license
-- Must have notice embedding if not owned by Justine (exception: tests)
-- May use language extensions that are supported by both GCC and Clang
-- Should use Google indentation (otherwise use `/* clang-format off */`)
-- Should use asm() instead of compiler APIs (exception: ctz, clz, memcpy)
-
-### Header Files
-
-- Must not have copyright or license comments
-- Must have once guards (otherwise change `.h` to `.inc`)
-- Must be ANSI C89 compatible to be included in the amalgamation header
-- Must include its dependencies (exception: libc/integral/normalize.inc)
-- Must not define objects (i.e. `cc -c -xc foo.h` will produce empty `.o`)
-- Should not use typedefs
-- Should not use forward declarations
-- Should not include documentation comments
-- Should not include parameter names in prototypes
-- Should not pose problems if included by C++ or Assembly sources
-- Should not declare non-ANSI code, at all, when the user requests ANSI
-
-### Build Config
-
-- Must not write files outside `o/`
-- Must not communicate with Internet
-- Must not depend on system libraries
-- Must not depend on system commands (exception: sh, make, gzip, zip)
+[tool/emacs/cosmo-format.el](tool/emacs/cosmo-format.el).

Makefile

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #-*-mode:makefile-gmake;indent-tabs-mode:t;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-┐
-#───vi: set et ft=make ts=8 tw=8 fenc=utf-8 :vi───────────────────────┘
+#── vi: set et ft=make ts=8 sw=8 fenc=utf-8 :vi ──────────────────────┘
 #
 # SYNOPSIS
 #
@@ -21,23 +21,23 @@
 #   make -j8 -O MODE=tiny
 #
 #   # build individual target
-#   make -j8 -O o//examples/hello.com
-#   o//examples/hello.com
+#   make -j8 -O o//examples/hello
+#   o//examples/hello
 #
 #   # view source
 #   less examples/hello.c
 #
 #   # view binary
-#   o//tool/viz/bing.com o//examples/hello.com |
-#     o//tool/viz/fold.com
+#   o//tool/viz/bing o//examples/hello |
+#     o//tool/viz/fold
 #
 #   # view transitive closure of legalese
-#   o//tool/viz/bing.com -n o//examples/hello.com |
-#     o//tool/viz/fold.com
+#   o//tool/viz/bing -n o//examples/hello |
+#     o//tool/viz/fold
 #
 #   # basic debugging
-#   make -j8 -O MODE=dbg o/dbg/examples/crashreport.com
-#   o/examples/crashreport.com
+#   make -j8 -O MODE=dbg o/dbg/examples/crashreport
+#   o/examples/crashreport
 #   less examples/crashreport.c
 #
 #   # extremely tiny binaries
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
 #
 # TROUBLESHOOTING
 #
-#   make -j8 -O V=1 o//examples/hello.com
+#   make -j8 -O V=1 o//examples/hello
 #   make o//examples/life.elf -pn |& less
 #   etc.
 #
@@ -59,14 +59,13 @@
 #
 #   build/config.mk
 
-SHELL      = build/bootstrap/cocmd.com
-HOSTS     ?= freebsd openbsd netbsd rhel7 rhel5 xnu win10
+SHELL      = build/bootstrap/cocmd
 MAKEFLAGS += --no-builtin-rules
 
 .SUFFIXES:
 .DELETE_ON_ERROR:
 .FEATURES: output-sync
-.PHONY: all o bins check test depend tags
+.PHONY: all o bins check test depend tags aarch64 clean
 
 ifneq ($(m),)
 ifeq ($(MODE),)
@@ -74,11 +73,110 @@ MODE := $(m)
 endif
 endif
 
+COMMA := ,
+PWD := $(shell pwd)
+
+# detect wsl2 running cosmopolitan binaries on the host by checking whether:
+# - user ran build/bootstrap/make, in which case make's working directory is in wsl
+# - user ran make, in which case cocmd's working directory is in wsl
+ifneq ($(findstring //wsl.localhost/,$(CURDIR) $(PWD)),)
+$(warning wsl2 interop is enabled)
+$(error you need to run sudo sh -c 'echo -1 > /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/WSLInterop')
+endif
+
+UNAME_M := $(shell uname -m)
+UNAME_S := $(shell uname -s)
+
+# apple still distributes a 17 year old version of gnu make
+ifeq ($(MAKE_VERSION), 3.81)
+$(error please use build/bootstrap/make)
+endif
+
+LC_ALL = C
+SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH = 0
+
+ARFLAGS = rcsD
+ZFLAGS ?=
+XARGS ?= xargs -P4 -rs8000
+DOT ?= dot
+CLANG = clang
+TMPDIR = o/tmp
+AR = $(BOOTSTRAP)/ar.ape
+CP = $(BOOTSTRAP)/cp.ape
+RM = $(BOOTSTRAP)/rm.ape -f
+GZIP = $(BOOTSTRAP)/gzip.ape
+ECHO = $(BOOTSTRAP)/echo.ape
+CHMOD = $(BOOTSTRAP)/chmod.ape
+TOUCH = $(BOOTSTRAP)/touch.ape
+PKG = $(BOOTSTRAP)/package.ape
+MKDEPS = $(BOOTSTRAP)/mkdeps
+ZIPOBJ = $(BOOTSTRAP)/zipobj
+ZIPCOPY = $(BOOTSTRAP)/zipcopy
+PECHECK = $(BOOTSTRAP)/pecheck
+FIXUPOBJ = $(BOOTSTRAP)/fixupobj
+OBJBINCOPY = $(BOOTSTRAP)/objbincopy
+MKDIR = build/bootstrap/mkdir -p
+COMPILE = build/bootstrap/compile -V9 -M2048m -P8192 $(QUOTA)
+
+IGNORE := $(shell $(MKDIR) $(TMPDIR))
+
+# the default build modes is empty string
+# on x86_64 hosts, MODE= is the same as MODE=x86_64
+# on aarch64 hosts, MODE= is changed to MODE=aarch64
+ifeq ($(MODE),)
+ifeq ($(UNAME_M),arm64)
+MODE := aarch64
+endif
+ifeq ($(UNAME_M),aarch64)
+MODE := aarch64
+endif
+endif
+
+ifneq ($(findstring aarch64,$(MODE)),)
+ARCH = aarch64
+HOSTS ?= pi studio freebsdarm
+else
+ARCH = x86_64
+HOSTS ?= freebsd rhel7 xnu openbsd netbsd win10
+endif
+
+ZIPOBJ_FLAGS += -a$(ARCH)
+IGNORE := $(shell $(MKDIR) $(TMPDIR))
+
+export ADDR2LINE
+export LC_ALL
+export MKDIR
+export MODE
+export SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH
+export TMPDIR
+
+COSMOCC = .cosmocc/3.6.0
+BOOTSTRAP = $(COSMOCC)/bin
+TOOLCHAIN = $(COSMOCC)/bin/$(ARCH)-linux-cosmo-
+DOWNLOAD := $(shell build/download-cosmocc.sh $(COSMOCC) 3.6.0 4918c45ac3e0972ff260e2a249e25716881e39fb679d5e714ae216a2ef6c3f7e)
+
+AS = $(TOOLCHAIN)as
+CC = $(TOOLCHAIN)gcc
+CXX = $(TOOLCHAIN)g++
+CXXFILT = $(TOOLCHAIN)c++filt
+LD = $(TOOLCHAIN)ld.bfd
+NM = $(TOOLCHAIN)nm
+GCC = $(TOOLCHAIN)gcc
+STRIP = $(TOOLCHAIN)strip
+OBJCOPY = $(TOOLCHAIN)objcopy
+OBJDUMP = $(TOOLCHAIN)objdump
+ifneq ($(wildcard $(PWD)/$(TOOLCHAIN)addr2line),)
+ADDR2LINE = $(PWD)/$(TOOLCHAIN)addr2line
+else
+ADDR2LINE = $(TOOLCHAIN)addr2line
+endif
+
+# primary build rules
 all:	o
 o:	o/$(MODE)
-
 o/$(MODE):			\
 	o/$(MODE)/ape		\
+	o/$(MODE)/ctl		\
 	o/$(MODE)/dsp		\
 	o/$(MODE)/net		\
 	o/$(MODE)/libc		\
@@ -87,20 +185,43 @@ o/$(MODE):			\
 	o/$(MODE)/examples	\
 	o/$(MODE)/third_party
 
+# TODO(jart): Make Emacs `C-c C-c` shortcut not need this.
+.PHONY: o/$(MODE)/ o/$(MODE)/.
+o/$(MODE)/: o/$(MODE)
+o/$(MODE)/.: o/$(MODE)
+
+# check if we're using o//third_party/make/make
+# we added sandboxing to guarantee cosmo's makefile is hermetic
+# it also shaves away 200ms of startup latency with native $(uniq)
+ifneq ($(LANDLOCKMAKE_VERSION),)
+ifeq ($(UNAME_S),Linux)
+ifeq ($(wildcard /usr/bin/ape),)
+$(warning please run ape/apeinstall.sh if you intend to use landlock make)
+$(shell sleep .5)
+endif
+endif
+ifneq ($(TOOLCHAIN),)
 .STRICT = 1
-.PLEDGE = stdio rpath wpath cpath fattr proc
-.UNVEIL =			\
-	libc/integral		\
-	libc/disclaimer.inc	\
-	rwc:/dev/shm		\
-	rx:build/bootstrap	\
-	rx:o/third_party/gcc	\
-	/proc/stat		\
-	rw:/dev/null		\
-	w:o/stack.log		\
-	/etc/hosts		\
-	~/.runit.psk		\
-	/proc/self/status	\
+endif
+endif
+
+.PLEDGE += stdio rpath wpath cpath fattr proc
+.UNVEIL +=					\
+	libc/integral				\
+	libc/stdbool.h				\
+	rwc:/dev/shm				\
+	rx:.cosmocc				\
+	rx:build/bootstrap			\
+	r:build/portcosmo.h			\
+	/proc/stat				\
+	rw:/dev/null				\
+	rw:/dev/full				\
+	w:o/stack.log				\
+	/etc/hosts				\
+	~/.runit.psk				\
+	/proc/self/status			\
+	rx:/usr/bin/qemu-aarch64		\
+	rx:o/third_party/qemu/qemu-aarch64	\
 	/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_governor
 
 PKGS =
@@ -110,145 +231,160 @@ include build/functions.mk			#─┐
 include build/definitions.mk			# ├──META
 include build/config.mk				# │  You can build
 include build/rules.mk				# │  You can topologically order
-include build/online.mk				# │
-include libc/stubs/stubs.mk			#─┘
-include libc/nexgen32e/nexgen32e.mk		#─┐
-include libc/sysv/sysv.mk			# ├──SYSTEM SUPPORT
-include libc/nt/nt.mk				# │  You can do math
-include libc/intrin/intrin.mk			# │  You can use the stack
-include libc/linux/linux.mk			# │  You can manipulate arrays
-include libc/tinymath/tinymath.mk		# │  You can issue raw system calls
-include third_party/compiler_rt/compiler_rt.mk	# │
-include libc/str/str.mk				# │
-include third_party/xed/xed.mk			# │
-include third_party/puff/puff.mk		# │
-include third_party/zlib/zlib.mk		# │
-include third_party/double-conversion/dc.mk	# │
-include libc/elf/elf.mk				# │
-include ape/ape.mk				# │
-include libc/fmt/fmt.mk				# │
-include libc/vga/vga.mk				#─┘
-include libc/calls/calls.mk			#─┐
-include third_party/getopt/getopt.mk		# │
-include libc/runtime/runtime.mk			# ├──SYSTEMS RUNTIME
-include libc/crt/crt.mk				# │  You can issue system calls
-include third_party/nsync/nsync.mk		# │
-include third_party/dlmalloc/dlmalloc.mk	#─┘
-include libc/mem/mem.mk				#─┐
-include third_party/gdtoa/gdtoa.mk		# ├──DYNAMIC RUNTIME
-include third_party/nsync/mem/mem.mk		# │  You can now use stdio
-include libc/thread/thread.mk			# │  You can finally call malloc()
-include libc/zipos/zipos.mk			# │
-include libc/time/time.mk			# │
-include libc/stdio/stdio.mk			# │
-include third_party/libcxx/libcxx.mk		# │
-include net/net.mk				# │
-include libc/log/log.mk				# │
-include third_party/bzip2/bzip2.mk		# │
-include dsp/core/core.mk			# │
-include libc/x/x.mk				# │
-include third_party/stb/stb.mk			# │
-include dsp/scale/scale.mk			# │
-include dsp/mpeg/mpeg.mk			# │
-include dsp/dsp.mk				# │
-include third_party/zlib/gz/gz.mk		# │
-include third_party/musl/musl.mk		# │
-include libc/libc.mk				#─┘
-include libc/sock/sock.mk			#─┐
-include dsp/tty/tty.mk				# ├──ONLINE RUNTIME
-include libc/dns/dns.mk				# │  You can communicate with the network
-include net/http/http.mk			# │
-include third_party/mbedtls/mbedtls.mk		# │
-include net/https/https.mk			# │
-include third_party/regex/regex.mk		#─┘
-include third_party/tidy/tidy.mk
-include third_party/third_party.mk
-include third_party/nsync/testing/testing.mk
-include libc/testlib/testlib.mk
-include tool/viz/lib/vizlib.mk
-include tool/args/args.mk
-include test/tool/args/test.mk
-include third_party/linenoise/linenoise.mk
-include third_party/maxmind/maxmind.mk
-include net/finger/finger.mk
-include third_party/double-conversion/test/test.mk
-include third_party/lua/lua.mk
-include third_party/tr/tr.mk
-include third_party/sed/sed.mk
-include third_party/awk/awk.mk
-include third_party/hiredis/hiredis.mk
-include third_party/make/make.mk
-include third_party/ctags/ctags.mk
-include third_party/finger/finger.mk
-include third_party/argon2/argon2.mk
-include third_party/smallz4/smallz4.mk
-include third_party/sqlite3/sqlite3.mk
-include third_party/mbedtls/test/test.mk
-include third_party/quickjs/quickjs.mk
-include third_party/lz4cli/lz4cli.mk
-include third_party/zip/zip.mk
-include third_party/unzip/unzip.mk
-include tool/build/lib/buildlib.mk
-include third_party/chibicc/chibicc.mk
-include third_party/chibicc/test/test.mk
-include third_party/python/python.mk
-include tool/build/emucrt/emucrt.mk
-include tool/build/emubin/emubin.mk
-include tool/build/build.mk
-include tool/curl/curl.mk
-include examples/examples.mk
-include examples/pyapp/pyapp.mk
-include examples/pylife/pylife.mk
-include tool/decode/lib/decodelib.mk
-include tool/decode/decode.mk
-include tool/lambda/lib/lib.mk
-include tool/lambda/lambda.mk
-include tool/plinko/lib/lib.mk
-include tool/plinko/plinko.mk
-include test/tool/plinko/test.mk
-include tool/hash/hash.mk
-include tool/net/net.mk
-include tool/viz/viz.mk
-include tool/tool.mk
-include net/turfwar/turfwar.mk
-include test/libc/tinymath/test.mk
-include test/libc/intrin/test.mk
-include test/libc/mem/test.mk
-include test/libc/nexgen32e/test.mk
-include test/libc/runtime/test.mk
-include test/libc/thread/test.mk
-include test/libc/sock/test.mk
-include test/libc/str/test.mk
-include test/libc/log/test.mk
-include test/libc/str/test.mk
-include test/libc/calls/test.mk
-include test/libc/x/test.mk
-include test/libc/xed/test.mk
-include test/libc/fmt/test.mk
-include test/libc/dns/test.mk
-include test/libc/time/test.mk
-include test/libc/stdio/test.mk
-include test/libc/zipos/test.mk
-include test/libc/release/test.mk
-include test/libc/test.mk
-include test/net/http/test.mk
-include test/net/https/test.mk
-include test/net/finger/test.mk
-include test/net/test.mk
-include test/tool/build/lib/test.mk
-include test/tool/build/test.mk
-include test/tool/viz/lib/test.mk
-include test/tool/viz/test.mk
-include test/tool/net/test.mk
-include test/tool/test.mk
-include test/dsp/core/test.mk
-include test/dsp/scale/test.mk
-include test/dsp/tty/test.mk
-include test/dsp/test.mk
-include examples/package/lib/build.mk
-include examples/package/build.mk
+include build/online.mk				#─┘
+include libc/nexgen32e/BUILD.mk			#─┐
+include libc/sysv/BUILD.mk			# ├──SYSTEM SUPPORT
+include libc/nt/BUILD.mk			# │  You can do math
+include libc/intrin/BUILD.mk			# │  You can use the stack
+include third_party/compiler_rt/BUILD.mk	# │  You can manipulate arrays
+include libc/tinymath/BUILD.mk			# │  You can issue raw system calls
+include libc/str/BUILD.mk			# │
+include third_party/xed/BUILD.mk		# │
+include third_party/puff/BUILD.mk		# │
+include libc/elf/BUILD.mk			# │
+include ape/BUILD.mk				# │
+include libc/fmt/BUILD.mk			# │
+include libc/vga/BUILD.mk			# │
+include libc/irq/BUILD.mk			#─┘
+include libc/calls/BUILD.mk			#─┐
+include libc/irq/BUILD.mk			# ├──SYSTEMS RUNTIME
+include third_party/nsync/BUILD.mk		# │  You can issue system calls
+include libc/runtime/BUILD.mk			# │
+include libc/crt/BUILD.mk			# │
+include third_party/dlmalloc/BUILD.mk		#─┘
+include libc/mem/BUILD.mk			#─┐
+include third_party/gdtoa/BUILD.mk		# ├──DYNAMIC RUNTIME
+include third_party/nsync/mem/BUILD.mk		# │  You can now use stdio
+include libc/proc/BUILD.mk			# │  You can now use threads
+include libc/dlopen/BUILD.mk			# │  You can now use processes
+include libc/thread/BUILD.mk			# │  You can finally call malloc()
+include third_party/zlib/BUILD.mk		# │
+include libc/stdio/BUILD.mk			# │
+include tool/hello/BUILD.mk			# │
+include third_party/tz/BUILD.mk			# │
+include net/BUILD.mk				# │
+include third_party/vqsort/BUILD.mk		# │
+include libc/log/BUILD.mk			# │
+include third_party/getopt/BUILD.mk		# │
+include third_party/bzip2/BUILD.mk		# │
+include dsp/core/BUILD.mk			# │
+include third_party/zlib/gz/BUILD.mk		# │
+include third_party/intel/BUILD.mk		# │
+include third_party/aarch64/BUILD.mk		# │
+include libc/BUILD.mk				#─┘
+include libc/sock/BUILD.mk			#─┐
+include net/http/BUILD.mk			# ├──ONLINE RUNTIME
+include third_party/musl/BUILD.mk		# │  You can communicate with the network
+include libc/x/BUILD.mk				# │
+include dsp/scale/BUILD.mk			# │
+include dsp/mpeg/BUILD.mk			# │
+include dsp/tty/BUILD.mk			# │
+include dsp/BUILD.mk				# │
+include third_party/stb/BUILD.mk		# │
+include third_party/mbedtls/BUILD.mk		# │
+include third_party/ncurses/BUILD.mk		# │
+include third_party/readline/BUILD.mk		# │
+include third_party/libunwind/BUILD.mk		# |
+include third_party/libcxxabi/BUILD.mk		# |
+include third_party/double-conversion/BUILD.mk	# │
+include ctl/BUILD.mk				# │
+include third_party/libcxx/BUILD.mk		# │
+include third_party/openmp/BUILD.mk		# │
+include third_party/pcre/BUILD.mk		# │
+include third_party/less/BUILD.mk		# │
+include net/https/BUILD.mk			# │
+include third_party/regex/BUILD.mk		#─┘
+include third_party/tidy/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/nsync/testing/BUILD.mk
+include libc/testlib/BUILD.mk
+include tool/viz/lib/BUILD.mk
+include tool/args/BUILD.mk
+include test/math/BUILD.mk
+include test/posix/BUILD.mk
+include test/ctl/BUILD.mk
+include test/libcxx/BUILD.mk
+include test/tool/args/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/linenoise/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/maxmind/BUILD.mk
+include net/finger/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/double-conversion/test/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/lua/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/tree/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/zstd/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/tr/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/sed/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/awk/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/hiredis/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/make/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/ctags/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/finger/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/argon2/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/smallz4/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/sqlite3/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/mbedtls/test/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/lz4cli/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/zip/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/xxhash/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/unzip/BUILD.mk
+include tool/build/lib/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/chibicc/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/chibicc/test/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/python/BUILD.mk
+include tool/build/BUILD.mk
+include tool/curl/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/qemu/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/libcxxabi/test/BUILD.mk
+include examples/BUILD.mk
+include examples/pyapp/BUILD.mk
+include examples/pylife/BUILD.mk
+include tool/decode/lib/BUILD.mk
+include tool/decode/BUILD.mk
+include tool/lambda/lib/BUILD.mk
+include tool/lambda/BUILD.mk
+include tool/plinko/lib/BUILD.mk
+include tool/plinko/BUILD.mk
+include test/tool/plinko/BUILD.mk
+include tool/net/BUILD.mk
+include tool/viz/BUILD.mk
+include tool/BUILD.mk
+include net/turfwar/BUILD.mk
+include test/libc/tinymath/BUILD.mk
+include test/libc/intrin/BUILD.mk
+include test/libc/mem/BUILD.mk
+include test/libc/nexgen32e/BUILD.mk
+include test/libc/runtime/BUILD.mk
+include test/libc/thread/BUILD.mk
+include test/libc/sock/BUILD.mk
+include test/libc/str/BUILD.mk
+include test/libc/log/BUILD.mk
+include test/libc/str/BUILD.mk
+include test/libc/calls/BUILD.mk
+include test/libc/x/BUILD.mk
+include test/libc/xed/BUILD.mk
+include test/libc/fmt/BUILD.mk
+include test/libc/time/BUILD.mk
+include test/libc/proc/BUILD.mk
+include test/libc/stdio/BUILD.mk
+include test/libc/BUILD.mk
+include test/net/http/BUILD.mk
+include test/net/https/BUILD.mk
+include test/net/finger/BUILD.mk
+include test/net/BUILD.mk
+include test/tool/build/lib/BUILD.mk
+include test/tool/build/BUILD.mk
+include test/tool/viz/lib/BUILD.mk
+include test/tool/viz/BUILD.mk
+include test/tool/net/BUILD.mk
+include test/tool/BUILD.mk
+include test/dsp/core/BUILD.mk
+include test/dsp/scale/BUILD.mk
+include test/dsp/tty/BUILD.mk
+include test/dsp/BUILD.mk
+include examples/package/lib/BUILD.mk
+include examples/package/BUILD.mk
 #-φ-examples/package/new.sh
-include test/test.mk
+include test/BUILD.mk
 
 OBJS	 = $(foreach x,$(PKGS),$($(x)_OBJS))
 SRCS	:= $(foreach x,$(PKGS),$($(x)_SRCS))
@@ -267,14 +403,14 @@ tags:	TAGS HTAGS
 o/$(MODE)/.x:
 	@$(COMPILE) -AMKDIR -tT$@ $(MKDIR) $(@D)
 
-o/$(MODE)/srcs.txt: o/$(MODE)/.x $(MAKEFILES) $(call uniq,$(foreach x,$(SRCS),$(dir $(x))))
+o/$(MODE)/srcs.txt: o/$(MODE)/.x $(MAKEFILES) $(call uniq,$(foreach x,$(SRCS),$(dir $(x)))) $(SRCS)
 	$(file >$@,$(SRCS))
-o/$(MODE)/hdrs.txt: o/$(MODE)/.x $(MAKEFILES) $(call uniq,$(foreach x,$(HDRS) $(INCS),$(dir $(x))))
+o/$(MODE)/hdrs.txt: o/$(MODE)/.x $(MAKEFILES) $(call uniq,$(foreach x,$(HDRS) $(INCS),$(dir $(x)))) $(HDRS) $(INCS)
 	$(file >$@,$(HDRS) $(INCS))
-o/$(MODE)/incs.txt: o/$(MODE)/.x $(MAKEFILES) $(call uniq,$(foreach x,$(INCS) $(INCS),$(dir $(x))))
+o/$(MODE)/incs.txt: o/$(MODE)/.x $(MAKEFILES) $(call uniq,$(foreach x,$(INCS) $(INCS),$(dir $(x)))) $(INCS) $(INCS)
 	$(file >$@,$(INCS))
 o/$(MODE)/depend: o/$(MODE)/.x o/$(MODE)/srcs.txt o/$(MODE)/hdrs.txt o/$(MODE)/incs.txt $(SRCS) $(HDRS) $(INCS)
-	@$(COMPILE) -AMKDEPS -L320 $(MKDEPS) -o $@ -r o/$(MODE)/ @o/$(MODE)/srcs.txt @o/$(MODE)/hdrs.txt @o/$(MODE)/incs.txt
+	$(COMPILE) -AMKDEPS -L320 $(MKDEPS) -o $@ -s -r o/$(MODE)/ @o/$(MODE)/srcs.txt @o/$(MODE)/hdrs.txt @o/$(MODE)/incs.txt
 
 o/$(MODE)/srcs-old.txt: o/$(MODE)/.x $(MAKEFILES) $(call uniq,$(foreach x,$(SRCS),$(dir $(x))))
 	$(file >$@) $(foreach x,$(SRCS),$(file >>$@,$(x)))
@@ -282,45 +418,52 @@ o/$(MODE)/hdrs-old.txt: o/$(MODE)/.x $(MAKEFILES) $(call uniq,$(foreach x,$(HDRS
 	$(file >$@) $(foreach x,$(HDRS) $(INCS),$(file >>$@,$(x)))
 
 TAGS: private .UNSANDBOXED = 1
-TAGS:	o/$(MODE)/srcs-old.txt $(SRCS) o/$(MODE)/third_party/ctags/ctags.com
+TAGS:	o/$(MODE)/srcs-old.txt $(SRCS) #o/$(MODE)/third_party/ctags/ctags
 	@$(RM) $@
-	@o/$(MODE)/third_party/ctags/ctags.com $(TAGSFLAGS) -L $< -o $@
+	@o/$(MODE)/third_party/ctags/ctags $(TAGSFLAGS) -L $< -o $@
 
 HTAGS: private .UNSANDBOXED = 1
-HTAGS:	o/$(MODE)/hdrs-old.txt $(HDRS) o/$(MODE)/third_party/ctags/ctags.com
+HTAGS:	o/$(MODE)/hdrs-old.txt $(filter-out third_party/libcxx/%,$(HDRS)) #o/$(MODE)/third_party/ctags/ctags
 	@$(RM) $@
-	@build/htags o/$(MODE)/third_party/ctags/ctags.com -L $< -o $@
+	@build/htags o/$(MODE)/third_party/ctags/ctags -L $< -o $@
 
 loc: private .UNSANDBOXED = 1
-loc: o/$(MODE)/tool/build/summy.com
+loc: o/$(MODE)/tool/build/summy
 	find -name \*.h -or -name \*.c -or -name \*.S | \
 	$(XARGS) wc -l | grep total | awk '{print $$1}' | $<
 
 # PLEASE: MAINTAIN TOPOLOGICAL ORDER
 # FROM HIGHEST LEVEL TO LOWEST LEVEL
 COSMOPOLITAN_OBJECTS =			\
+	CTL				\
+	THIRD_PARTY_DOUBLECONVERSION	\
+	THIRD_PARTY_OPENMP		\
+	TOOL_ARGS			\
 	NET_HTTP			\
-	LIBC_DNS			\
 	LIBC_SOCK			\
 	LIBC_NT_WS2_32			\
 	LIBC_NT_IPHLPAPI		\
-	LIBC_NT_MSWSOCK			\
 	LIBC_X				\
 	THIRD_PARTY_GETOPT		\
 	LIBC_LOG			\
-	LIBC_TIME			\
-	LIBC_ZIPOS			\
+	THIRD_PARTY_TZ			\
 	THIRD_PARTY_MUSL		\
+	THIRD_PARTY_ZLIB_GZ		\
+	THIRD_PARTY_LIBCXXABI		\
+	THIRD_PARTY_LIBUNWIND		\
 	LIBC_STDIO			\
 	THIRD_PARTY_GDTOA		\
 	THIRD_PARTY_REGEX		\
 	LIBC_THREAD			\
+	LIBC_PROC			\
 	THIRD_PARTY_NSYNC_MEM		\
 	LIBC_MEM			\
 	THIRD_PARTY_DLMALLOC		\
+	LIBC_DLOPEN			\
 	LIBC_RUNTIME			\
 	THIRD_PARTY_NSYNC		\
 	LIBC_ELF			\
+	LIBC_IRQ			\
 	LIBC_CALLS			\
 	LIBC_SYSV_CALLS			\
 	LIBC_VGA			\
@@ -329,12 +472,12 @@ COSMOPOLITAN_OBJECTS =			\
 	LIBC_NT_PDH			\
 	LIBC_NT_GDI32			\
 	LIBC_NT_COMDLG32		\
-	LIBC_NT_URL			\
 	LIBC_NT_USER32			\
 	LIBC_NT_NTDLL			\
 	LIBC_NT_ADVAPI32		\
 	LIBC_NT_SYNCHRONIZATION		\
 	LIBC_FMT			\
+	THIRD_PARTY_ZLIB		\
 	THIRD_PARTY_PUFF		\
 	THIRD_PARTY_COMPILER_RT		\
 	LIBC_TINYMATH			\
@@ -342,16 +485,17 @@ COSMOPOLITAN_OBJECTS =			\
 	LIBC_STR			\
 	LIBC_SYSV			\
 	LIBC_INTRIN			\
+	LIBC_NT_BCRYPTPRIMITIVES	\
 	LIBC_NT_KERNEL32		\
 	LIBC_NEXGEN32E
 
-COSMOPOLITAN_HEADERS =			\
+COSMOPOLITAN_H_PKGS =			\
 	APE				\
 	LIBC				\
 	LIBC_CALLS			\
-	LIBC_DNS			\
 	LIBC_ELF			\
 	LIBC_FMT			\
+	LIBC_DLOPEN			\
 	LIBC_INTRIN			\
 	LIBC_LOG			\
 	LIBC_MEM			\
@@ -360,44 +504,60 @@ COSMOPOLITAN_HEADERS =			\
 	LIBC_RUNTIME			\
 	LIBC_SOCK			\
 	LIBC_STDIO			\
+	LIBC_PROC			\
 	THIRD_PARTY_NSYNC		\
 	THIRD_PARTY_XED			\
 	LIBC_STR			\
 	LIBC_SYSV			\
 	LIBC_THREAD			\
-	LIBC_TIME			\
 	LIBC_TINYMATH			\
 	LIBC_X				\
-	LIBC_ZIPOS			\
 	LIBC_VGA			\
 	NET_HTTP			\
+	TOOL_ARGS			\
 	THIRD_PARTY_DLMALLOC		\
 	THIRD_PARTY_GDTOA		\
 	THIRD_PARTY_GETOPT		\
 	THIRD_PARTY_MUSL		\
+	THIRD_PARTY_ZLIB		\
+	THIRD_PARTY_ZLIB_GZ		\
 	THIRD_PARTY_REGEX
 
+COSMOCC_PKGS =				\
+	$(COSMOPOLITAN_H_PKGS)		\
+	CTL				\
+	THIRD_PARTY_AARCH64		\
+	THIRD_PARTY_LIBCXX		\
+	THIRD_PARTY_LIBCXXABI		\
+	THIRD_PARTY_LIBUNWIND		\
+	THIRD_PARTY_OPENMP		\
+	THIRD_PARTY_INTEL
+
 o/$(MODE)/cosmopolitan.a:		\
 		$(foreach x,$(COSMOPOLITAN_OBJECTS),$($(x)_A_OBJS))
 
-o/cosmopolitan.h:							\
-		o/$(MODE)/tool/build/rollup.com				\
-		libc/integral/normalize.inc				\
-		$(foreach x,$(COSMOPOLITAN_HEADERS),$($(x)_HDRS))	\
-		$(foreach x,$(COSMOPOLITAN_HEADERS),$($(x)_INCS))
-	$(file >$(TMPDIR)/$(subst /,_,$@),libc/integral/normalize.inc $(foreach x,$(COSMOPOLITAN_HEADERS),$($(x)_HDRS)))
-	@$(COMPILE) -AROLLUP -T$@ o/$(MODE)/tool/build/rollup.com @$(TMPDIR)/$(subst /,_,$@) >$@
+COSMOCC_HDRS =								\
+	$(wildcard libc/integral/*)					\
+	$(foreach x,$(COSMOCC_PKGS),$($(x)_HDRS))			\
+	$(foreach x,$(COSMOCC_PKGS),$($(x)_INCS))
+
+o/cosmocc.h.txt: Makefile
+	$(file >$@, $(call uniq,$(COSMOCC_HDRS)))
+
+COSMOPOLITAN_H_ROOT_HDRS =						\
+	libc/integral/normalize.inc					\
+	$(foreach x,$(COSMOPOLITAN_H_PKGS),$($(x)_HDRS))
 
 o/cosmopolitan.html: private .UNSANDBOXED = 1
 o/cosmopolitan.html:							\
-		o/$(MODE)/third_party/chibicc/chibicc.com.dbg		\
+		o/$(MODE)/third_party/chibicc/chibicc.dbg		\
 		$(filter-out %.s,$(foreach x,$(COSMOPOLITAN_OBJECTS),$($(x)_SRCS)))	\
-		$(SRCS)							\
+		$(filter-out %.cpp,$(filter-out %.cc,$(SRCS)))				\
 		$(HDRS)
-	$(file >$(TMPDIR)/$(subst /,_,$@),$(filter-out %.s,$(foreach x,$(COSMOPOLITAN_OBJECTS),$($(x)_SRCS))))
-	o/$(MODE)/third_party/chibicc/chibicc.com.dbg -J		\
+	$(file >$(TMPDIR)/$(subst /,_,$@),$(filter-out %.cpp,$(filter-out %.cc,$(filter-out %.s,$(foreach x,$(COSMOPOLITAN_OBJECTS),$($(x)_SRCS))))))
+	o/$(MODE)/third_party/chibicc/chibicc.dbg -J		\
 		-fno-common -include libc/integral/normalize.inc -o $@	\
-		@$(TMPDIR)/$(subst /,_,$@)
+		-DCOSMO @$(TMPDIR)/$(subst /,_,$@)
 
 $(SRCS):					\
 	libc/integral/normalize.inc		\
@@ -407,14 +567,49 @@ $(SRCS):					\
 	libc/integral/lp64arg.inc		\
 	libc/integral/lp64.inc
 
+ifeq ($(ARCH), x86_64)
+TOOLCHAIN_ARTIFACTS =				\
+	o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.lds			\
+	o/$(MODE)/libc/crt/crt.o		\
+	o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.elf			\
+	o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.o			\
+	o/$(MODE)/ape/ape-copy-self.o		\
+	o/$(MODE)/ape/ape-no-modify-self.o	\
+	o/$(MODE)/cosmopolitan.a		\
+	o/$(MODE)/third_party/libcxx/libcxx.a	\
+	o/$(MODE)/tool/build/march-native	\
+	o/$(MODE)/tool/build/ar			\
+	o/$(MODE)/tool/build/mktemper		\
+	o/$(MODE)/tool/build/fixupobj		\
+	o/$(MODE)/tool/build/zipcopy		\
+	o/$(MODE)/tool/build/apelink		\
+	o/$(MODE)/tool/build/pecheck
+else
+TOOLCHAIN_ARTIFACTS =				\
+	o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.elf			\
+	o/$(MODE)/ape/aarch64.lds		\
+	o/$(MODE)/libc/crt/crt.o		\
+	o/$(MODE)/cosmopolitan.a		\
+	o/$(MODE)/third_party/libcxx/libcxx.a	\
+	o/$(MODE)/tool/build/march-native	\
+	o/$(MODE)/tool/build/fixupobj		\
+	o/$(MODE)/tool/build/zipcopy
+endif
+
 .PHONY: toolchain
-toolchain:	o/cosmopolitan.h				\
-		o/$(MODE)/ape/public/ape.lds			\
-		o/$(MODE)/libc/crt/crt.o			\
-		o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.o				\
-		o/$(MODE)/ape/ape-copy-self.o			\
-		o/$(MODE)/ape/ape-no-modify-self.o		\
-		o/$(MODE)/cosmopolitan.a
+toolchain: $(TOOLCHAIN_ARTIFACTS)
+
+.PHONY: clean_toolchain
+clean_toolchain:
+	$(RM) $(TOOLCHAIN_ARTIFACTS)
+
+aarch64: private .INTERNET = true
+aarch64: private .UNSANDBOXED = true
+aarch64:
+	$(MAKE) m=aarch64
+
+clean:
+	$(RM) -r o
 
 # UNSPECIFIED PREREQUISITES TUTORIAL
 #

README.md

@@ -12,206 +12,149 @@ possible performance and the tiniest footprint imaginable.
 
 ## Background
 
-For an introduction to this project, please read the [αcτµαlly pδrταblε
-εxεcµταblε](https://justine.lol/ape.html) blog post and [cosmopolitan
+For an introduction to this project, please read the [actually portable
+executable](https://justine.lol/ape.html) blog post and [cosmopolitan
 libc](https://justine.lol/cosmopolitan/index.html) website. We also have
-[API documentation](https://justine.lol/cosmopolitan/documentation.html).
+[API
+documentation](https://justine.lol/cosmopolitan/documentation.html).
 
 ## Getting Started
 
-If you're doing your development work on Linux or BSD then you need just
-five files to get started. Here's what you do on Linux:
+You can start by obtaining a release of our `cosmocc` compiler from
+<https://cosmo.zip/pub/cosmocc/>.
 
 ```sh
-wget https://justine.lol/cosmopolitan/cosmopolitan-amalgamation-2.2.zip
-unzip cosmopolitan-amalgamation-2.2.zip
-printf 'main() { printf("hello world\\n"); }\n' >hello.c
-gcc -g -Os -static -nostdlib -nostdinc -fno-pie -no-pie -mno-red-zone \
-  -fno-omit-frame-pointer -pg -mnop-mcount -mno-tls-direct-seg-refs -gdwarf-4 \
-  -o hello.com.dbg hello.c -fuse-ld=bfd -Wl,-T,ape.lds -Wl,--gc-sections \
-  -include cosmopolitan.h crt.o ape-no-modify-self.o cosmopolitan.a
-objcopy -S -O binary hello.com.dbg hello.com
+mkdir -p cosmocc
+cd cosmocc
+wget https://cosmo.zip/pub/cosmocc/cosmocc.zip
+unzip cosmocc.zip
 ```
 
-You now have a portable program.
+Here's an example program we can write:
+
+```c
+// hello.c
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+int main() {
+  printf("hello world\n");
+}
+```
+
+It can be compiled as follows:
 
 ```sh
-./hello.com
-bash -c './hello.com'  # zsh/fish workaround (we patched them in 2021)
+cosmocc -o hello hello.c
+./hello
 ```
 
-If `./hello.com` executed on Linux throws an error about not finding an
-interpreter, it should be fixed by running the following command (although
-note that it may not survive a system restart):
+The Cosmopolitan Libc runtime links some heavyweight troubleshooting
+features by default, which are very useful for developers and admins.
+Here's how you can log system calls:
 
 ```sh
-sudo sh -c "echo ':APE:M::MZqFpD::/bin/sh:' >/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register"
+./hello --strace
 ```
 
-If the same command produces puzzling errors on WSL or WINE when using
-Redbean 2.x, they may be fixed by disabling binfmt_misc:
+Here's how you can get a much more verbose log of function calls:
 
 ```sh
-sudo sh -c 'echo -1 >/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/status'
+./hello --ftrace
 ```
 
-Since we used the `ape-no-modify-self.o` bootloader (rather than
-`ape.o`) your executable will not modify itself when it's run. What
-it'll instead do, is extract a 4kb program (the [APE loader](https://justine.lol/apeloader/))
-to `${TMPDIR:-${HOME:-.}}` that maps your program into memory without
-needing to copy it. The APE loader must be in an executable location
-(e.g. not stored on a `noexec` mount) for it to run. See below for
-alternatives:
-
-It's possible to install the APE loader systemwide as follows.
+You can use the Cosmopolitan's toolchain to build conventional open
+source projects which use autotools. This strategy normally works:
 
 ```sh
-# System-Wide APE Install
-# for Linux, Darwin, and BSDs
-# 1. Copies APE Loader to /usr/bin/ape
-# 2. Registers w/ binfmt_misc too if Linux
-ape/apeinstall.sh
-
-# System-Wide APE Uninstall
-# for Linux, Darwin, and BSDs
-ape/apeuninstall.sh
+export CC=x86_64-unknown-cosmo-cc
+export CXX=x86_64-unknown-cosmo-c++
+./configure --prefix=/opt/cosmos/x86_64
+make -j
+make install
 ```
 
-It's also possible to convert APE binaries into the system-local format
-by using the `--assimilate` flag. Please note that if binfmt_misc is in
-play, you'll need to unregister it temporarily before doing this, since
-the assimilate feature is part of the shell script header.
+## Cosmopolitan Source Builds
 
-```sh
-$ file hello.com
-hello.com: DOS/MBR boot sector
-./hello.com --assimilate
-$ file hello.com
-hello.com: ELF 64-bit LSB executable
-```
+Cosmopolitan can be compiled from source on any of our supported
+platforms. The Makefile will download cosmocc automatically.
 
-Now that you're up and running with Cosmopolitan Libc and APE, here's
-some of the most important troubleshooting tools APE offers that you
-should know, in case you encounter any issues:
-
-```sh
-./hello.com --strace   # log system calls to stderr
-./hello.com --ftrace   # log function calls to stderr
-```
-
-Do you love tiny binaries? If so, you may not be happy with Cosmo adding
-heavyweight features like tracing to your binaries by default. In that
-case, you may want to consider using our build system:
-
-```sh
-make m=tiny
-```
-
-Which will cause programs such as `hello.com` and `life.com` to shrink
-from 60kb in size to about 16kb. There's also a prebuilt amalgamation
-online <https://justine.lol/cosmopolitan/cosmopolitan-tiny.zip> hosted
-on our download page <https://justine.lol/cosmopolitan/download.html>.
-
-### MacOS
-
-If you're developing on MacOS you can install the GNU compiler
-collection for x86_64-elf via homebrew:
-
-```sh
-brew install x86_64-elf-gcc
-```
-
-Then in the above scripts just replace `gcc` and `objcopy` with
-`x86_64-elf-gcc` and `x86_64-elf-objcopy` to compile your APE binary.
-
-### Windows
-
-If you're developing on Windows then you need to download an
-x86_64-pc-linux-gnu toolchain beforehand. See the [Compiling on
-Windows](https://justine.lol/cosmopolitan/windows-compiling.html)
-tutorial. It's needed because the ELF object format is what makes
-universal binaries possible.
-
-Cosmopolitan officially only builds on Linux. However, one highly
-experimental (and currently broken) thing you could try, is building the
-entire cosmo repository from source using the cross9 toolchain.
-
-```
-mkdir -p o/third_party
-rm -rf o/third_party/gcc
-wget https://justine.lol/linux-compiler-on-windows/cross9.zip
-unzip cross9.zip
-mv cross9 o/third_party/gcc
-build/bootstrap/make.com
-```
-
-## Source Builds
-
-Cosmopolitan can be compiled from source on any Linux distro. First, you
-need to download or clone the repository.
-
-```sh
-wget https://justine.lol/cosmopolitan/cosmopolitan.tar.gz
-tar xf cosmopolitan.tar.gz  # see releases page
-cd cosmopolitan
-```
-
-This will build the entire repository and run all the tests:
-
-```sh
-build/bootstrap/make.com
-o//examples/hello.com
-find o -name \*.com | xargs ls -rShal | less
-```
-
-If you get an error running make.com then it's probably because you have
-WINE installed to `binfmt_misc`. You can fix that by installing the the
-APE loader as an interpreter. It'll improve build performance too!
+It's recommended that you install a systemwide APE Loader. This command
+requires `sudo` access to copy the `ape` command to a system folder and
+register with binfmt_misc on Linux, for even more performance.
 
 ```sh
 ape/apeinstall.sh
 ```
 
+You can now build the mono repo with any modern version of GNU Make. To
+make life easier, we've included one in the cosmocc toolchain, which is
+guaranteed to be compatible and furthermore includes our extensions for
+doing build system sandboxing.
+
+```sh
+build/bootstrap/make -j8
+o//examples/hello
+```
+
 Since the Cosmopolitan repository is very large, you might only want to
-build a particular thing. Cosmopolitan's build config does a good job at
-having minimal deterministic builds. For example, if you wanted to build
-only hello.com then you could do that as follows:
+build one particular thing. Here's an example of a target that can be
+compiled relatively quickly, which is a simple POSIX test that only
+depends on core LIBC packages.
 
 ```sh
-build/bootstrap/make.com o//examples/hello.com
+rm -rf o//libc o//test
+build/bootstrap/make o//test/posix/signal_test
+o//test/posix/signal_test
 ```
 
 Sometimes it's desirable to build a subset of targets, without having to
-list out each individual one. You can do that by asking make to build a
-directory name. For example, if you wanted to build only the targets and
-subtargets of the chibicc package including its tests, you would say:
+list out each individual one. For example if you wanted to build and run
+all the unit tests in the `TEST_POSIX` package, you could say:
 
 ```sh
-build/bootstrap/make.com o//third_party/chibicc
-o//third_party/chibicc/chibicc.com --help
+build/bootstrap/make o//test/posix
 ```
 
 Cosmopolitan provides a variety of build modes. For example, if you want
 really tiny binaries (as small as 12kb in size) then you'd say:
 
 ```sh
-build/bootstrap/make.com m=tiny
+build/bootstrap/make m=tiny
 ```
 
-Here's some other build modes you can try:
+You can furthermore cut out the bloat of other operating systems, and
+have Cosmopolitan become much more similar to Musl Libc.
 
 ```sh
-build/bootstrap/make.com m=dbg       # asan + ubsan + debug
-build/bootstrap/make.com m=asan      # production memory safety
-build/bootstrap/make.com m=opt       # -march=native optimizations
-build/bootstrap/make.com m=rel       # traditional release binaries
-build/bootstrap/make.com m=optlinux  # optimal linux-only performance
-build/bootstrap/make.com m=fastbuild # build 28% faster w/o debugging
-build/bootstrap/make.com m=tinylinux # tiniest linux-only 4kb binaries
+build/bootstrap/make m=tinylinux
 ```
 
 For further details, see [//build/config.mk](build/config.mk).
 
+## Debugging
+
+To print a log of system calls to stderr:
+
+```sh
+cosmocc -o hello hello.c
+./hello --strace
+```
+
+To print a log of function calls to stderr:
+
+```sh
+cosmocc -o hello hello.c
+./hello --ftrace
+```
+
+Both strace and ftrace use the unbreakable kprintf() facility, which is
+able to be sent to a file by setting an environment variable.
+
+```sh
+export KPRINTF_LOG=log
+./hello --strace
+```
+
 ## GDB
 
 Here's the recommended `~/.gdbinit` config:
@@ -236,11 +179,60 @@ end
 src
 ```
 
-You normally run the `.com.dbg` file under gdb. If you need to debug the
-`.com` file itself, then you can load the debug symbols independently as
+You normally run the `.dbg` file under gdb. If you need to debug the
+`` file itself, then you can load the debug symbols independently as
 
+```sh
+gdb foo -ex 'add-symbol-file foo.dbg 0x401000'
 ```
-gdb foo.com -ex 'add-symbol-file foo.com.dbg 0x401000'
+
+## Platform Notes
+
+### Shells
+
+If you use zsh and have trouble running APE programs try `sh -c ./prog`
+or simply upgrade to zsh 5.9+ (since we patched it two years ago). The
+same is the case for Python `subprocess`, old versions of fish, etc.
+
+### Linux
+
+Some Linux systems are configured to launch MZ executables under WINE.
+Other distros configure their stock installs so that APE programs will
+print "run-detectors: unable to find an interpreter". For example:
+
+```sh
+jart@ubuntu:~$ wget https://cosmo.zip/pub/cosmos/bin/dash
+jart@ubuntu:~$ chmod +x dash
+jart@ubuntu:~$ ./dash
+run-detectors: unable to find an interpreter for ./dash
+```
+
+You can fix that by registering APE with `binfmt_misc`:
+
+```sh
+sudo wget -O /usr/bin/ape https://cosmo.zip/pub/cosmos/bin/ape-$(uname -m).elf
+sudo chmod +x /usr/bin/ape
+sudo sh -c "echo ':APE:M::MZqFpD::/usr/bin/ape:' >/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register"
+sudo sh -c "echo ':APE-jart:M::jartsr::/usr/bin/ape:' >/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register"
+```
+
+You should be good now. APE will not only work, it'll launch executables
+400µs faster now too. However if things still didn't work out, it's also
+possible to disable `binfmt_misc` as follows:
+
+```sh
+sudo sh -c 'echo -1 > /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/cli'     # remove Ubuntu's MZ interpreter
+sudo sh -c 'echo -1 > /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/status'  # remove ALL binfmt_misc entries
+```
+
+### WSL
+
+It's normally unsafe to use APE in a WSL environment, because it tries
+to run MZ executables as WIN32 binaries within the WSL environment. In
+order to make it safe to use Cosmopolitan software on WSL, run this:
+
+```sh
+sudo sh -c "echo -1 > /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/WSLInterop"
 ```
 
 ## Discord Chatroom
@@ -250,16 +242,16 @@ server. You're welcome to join us! <https://discord.gg/FwAVVu7eJ4>
 
 ## Support Vector
 
-| Platform        | Min Version | Circa |
-| :---            | ---:        | ---:  |
-| AMD             | K8 Venus    | 2005  |
-| Intel           | Core        | 2006  |
-| Linux           | 2.6.18      | 2007  |
-| Windows         | 8 [1]       | 2012  |
-| Mac OS X        | 15.6        | 2018  |
-| OpenBSD         | 6.4         | 2018  |
-| FreeBSD         | 13          | 2020  |
-| NetBSD          | 9.2         | 2021  |
+| Platform       | Min Version | Circa |
+| :---           | ---:        | ---:  |
+| AMD            | K8          | 2003  |
+| Intel          | Core        | 2006  |
+| Linux          | 2.6.18      | 2007  |
+| Windows        | 8 [1]       | 2012  |
+| Darwin (macOS) | 23.1.0+     | 2023  |
+| OpenBSD        | 7           | 2021  |
+| FreeBSD        | 13          | 2020  |
+| NetBSD         | 9.2         | 2021  |
 
 [1] See our [vista branch](https://github.com/jart/cosmopolitan/tree/vista)
     for a community supported version of Cosmopolitan that works on Windows

ape/BUILD.mk

@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+#-*-mode:makefile-gmake;indent-tabs-mode:t;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-┐
+#── vi: set noet ft=make ts=8 sw=8 fenc=utf-8 :vi ────────────────────┘
+#
+# OVERVIEW
+#
+#   αcτµαlly pδrταblε εxεcµταblε
+#
+# DESCRIPTION
+#
+#   This file defines the libraries, runtimes, and build rules needed to
+#   create executables from your Linux workstation that'll run anywhere.
+#   Loading this package will make certain systemic modifications to the
+#   build like turning off the System V "Red Zone" optimization, because
+#   αcτµαlly pδrταblε εxεcµταblεs need to be able to run in kernelspace.
+
+PKGS += APE
+
+APE_FILES := $(wildcard ape/*.*)
+APE_HDRS = $(filter %.h,$(APE_FILES))
+APE_INCS = $(filter %.inc,$(APE_FILES))
+
+ifeq ($(ARCH), aarch64)
+
+APE = o/$(MODE)/ape/aarch64.lds
+
+APELINK =					\
+	$(COMPILE)				\
+	-ALINK.ape				\
+	$(LINK)					\
+	$(LINKARGS)				\
+	$(OUTPUT_OPTION) &&			\
+	$(COMPILE)				\
+	-AFIXUP.ape				\
+	-wT$@					\
+	$(FIXUPOBJ)				\
+	$@
+
+APE_SRCS = ape/ape.S ape/start.S ape/launch.S ape/systemcall.S
+APE_OBJS = o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.o
+APE_NO_MODIFY_SELF = $(APE)
+APE_COPY_SELF = $(APE)
+
+.PHONY: o/$(MODE)/ape
+o/$(MODE)/ape: $(APE)
+
+o/$(MODE)/ape/aarch64.lds:			\
+	ape/aarch64.lds				\
+	libc/zip.internal.h			\
+	libc/thread/tls.h			\
+	libc/calls/struct/timespec.h		\
+	libc/macros.internal.h			\
+	libc/str/str.h
+
+APE_LOADER_LDFLAGS =				\
+	-pie					\
+	-static					\
+	-nostdlib				\
+	--no-dynamic-linker			\
+	-z norelro				\
+	-z common-page-size=0x4000		\
+	-z max-page-size=0x4000
+
+APE_LOADER_FLAGS =				\
+	-DNDEBUG				\
+	-iquote.				\
+	-Wall					\
+	-Wextra					\
+	-fpie					\
+	-Os					\
+	-ffreestanding				\
+	-mgeneral-regs-only			\
+	-fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables		\
+	-fno-stack-protector			\
+	-fno-ident				\
+	-fno-gnu-unique				\
+	-c					\
+	 $(OUTPUT_OPTION)			\
+	$<
+
+o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.elf: o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.elf.dbg
+	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJCOPY -T$@ $(OBJCOPY) -g $< $@
+	@$(COMPILE) -AFIXUPOBJ -wT$@ $(FIXUPOBJ) $@
+
+o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.elf.dbg:			\
+		o/$(MODE)/ape/start.o		\
+		o/$(MODE)/ape/loader.o		\
+		o/$(MODE)/ape/launch.o		\
+		o/$(MODE)/ape/systemcall.o
+	@$(COMPILE) -ALINK.elf $(LD) $(APE_LOADER_LDFLAGS) -o $@ $(patsubst %.lds,-T %.lds,$^)
+
+o/$(MODE)/ape/loader.o: ape/loader.c ape/ape.h
+	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.c $(CC) -DSUPPORT_VECTOR=33 -g $(APE_LOADER_FLAGS)
+o/$(MODE)/ape/start.o: ape/start.S
+	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.S $(OBJECTIFY.S) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) -c $<
+o/$(MODE)/ape/launch.o: ape/launch.S
+	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.S $(OBJECTIFY.S) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) -c $<
+o/$(MODE)/ape/systemcall.o: ape/systemcall.S
+	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.S $(OBJECTIFY.S) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) -c $<
+
+.PHONY: o/$(MODE)/ape
+o/$(MODE)/ape: o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.elf
+
+else
+
+APE =	o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.o			\
+	o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.lds
+
+APELINK =					\
+	$(COMPILE)				\
+	-ALINK.ape				\
+	$(LINK)					\
+	$(LINKARGS)				\
+	$(OUTPUT_OPTION) &&			\
+	$(COMPILE)				\
+	-AFIXUP.ape				\
+	-wT$@					\
+	$(FIXUPOBJ)				\
+	$@
+
+APE_NO_MODIFY_SELF =				\
+	o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.lds			\
+	o/$(MODE)/ape/ape-no-modify-self.o
+
+APE_COPY_SELF =					\
+	o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.lds			\
+	o/$(MODE)/ape/ape-copy-self.o
+
+APE_LOADER_FLAGS =				\
+	-DNDEBUG				\
+	-iquote.				\
+	-Wall					\
+	-Wextra					\
+	-Werror					\
+	-pedantic-errors			\
+	-fpie					\
+	-Os					\
+	-ffreestanding				\
+	-mgeneral-regs-only			\
+	-fno-stack-protector			\
+	-fno-ident				\
+	-fno-gnu-unique				\
+	-c					\
+	 $(OUTPUT_OPTION)			\
+	$<
+
+APE_SRCS_C = ape/loader.c
+APE_SRCS_S = $(filter %.S,$(APE_FILES))
+APE_SRCS = $(APE_SRCS_C) $(APE_SRCS_S)
+APE_OBJS = $(APE_SRCS_S:%.S=o/$(MODE)/%.o)
+APE_CHECKS = $(APE_HDRS:%=o/%.ok)
+
+o/ape/idata.inc:				\
+		ape/idata.internal.h		\
+		ape/relocations.h
+
+o/$(MODE)/ape/ape-no-modify-self.o:		\
+		ape/ape.S			\
+		ape/ape.h			\
+		ape/macros.internal.h		\
+		ape/relocations.h		\
+		ape/ape.internal.h		\
+		libc/dce.h			\
+		libc/elf/def.h			\
+		libc/thread/tls.h		\
+		libc/macho.internal.h		\
+		libc/macros.internal.h		\
+		libc/nexgen32e/uart.internal.h	\
+		libc/calls/metalfile.internal.h	\
+		libc/nt/pedef.internal.h	\
+		libc/runtime/e820.internal.h	\
+		libc/runtime/mman.internal.h	\
+		libc/runtime/pc.internal.h	\
+		libc/sysv/consts/prot.h		\
+		o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.elf
+	@$(COMPILE)				\
+		-AOBJECTIFY.S			\
+		$(OBJECTIFY.S)			\
+		$(OUTPUT_OPTION)		\
+		-DAPE_NO_MODIFY_SELF		\
+		-DAPE_LOADER='"o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.elf"' $<
+
+o/$(MODE)/ape/ape-copy-self.o:			\
+		ape/ape.S			\
+		ape/ape.h			\
+		ape/macros.internal.h		\
+		ape/relocations.h		\
+		ape/ape.internal.h		\
+		libc/dce.h			\
+		libc/elf/def.h			\
+		libc/thread/tls.h		\
+		libc/macho.internal.h		\
+		libc/macros.internal.h		\
+		libc/nexgen32e/uart.internal.h	\
+		libc/calls/metalfile.internal.h	\
+		libc/nt/pedef.internal.h	\
+		libc/runtime/e820.internal.h	\
+		libc/runtime/mman.internal.h	\
+		libc/runtime/pc.internal.h	\
+		libc/sysv/consts/prot.h
+	@$(COMPILE)				\
+		-AOBJECTIFY.S			\
+		$(OBJECTIFY.S)			\
+		$(OUTPUT_OPTION)		\
+		-DAPE_NO_MODIFY_SELF $<
+
+o/$(MODE)/ape/loader.o: ape/loader.c
+	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.c $(CC) -DSUPPORT_VECTOR=121 -g $(APE_LOADER_FLAGS)
+o/$(MODE)/ape/loader-gcc.asm: ape/loader.c
+	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.c $(CC) -DSUPPORT_VECTOR=121 -S -g0 $(APE_LOADER_FLAGS)
+o/$(MODE)/ape/loader-clang.asm: ape/loader.c
+	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.c $(CLANG) -DSUPPORT_VECTOR=121 -S -g0 $(APE_LOADER_FLAGS)
+
+o/$(MODE)/ape/loader-xnu.o: ape/loader.c
+	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.c $(CC) -DSUPPORT_VECTOR=8 -g $(APE_LOADER_FLAGS)
+o/$(MODE)/ape/loader-xnu-gcc.asm: ape/loader.c
+	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.c $(CC) -DSUPPORT_VECTOR=8 -S -g0 $(APE_LOADER_FLAGS)
+o/$(MODE)/ape/loader-xnu-clang.asm: ape/loader.c
+	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.c $(CLANG) -DSUPPORT_VECTOR=8 -S -g0 $(APE_LOADER_FLAGS)
+
+o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.elf: o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.elf.dbg
+	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJBINCOPY -w $(OBJBINCOPY) -f -o $@ $<
+
+o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.macho: o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.elf.dbg
+	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJBINCOPY -w $(OBJBINCOPY) -fm -o $@ $<
+
+APE_LOADER_LDFLAGS =				\
+	-static					\
+	-nostdlib				\
+	--no-dynamic-linker			\
+	-z separate-code			\
+	-z common-page-size=0x1000		\
+	-z max-page-size=0x10000
+
+o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.elf.dbg:			\
+		o/$(MODE)/ape/loader-macho.o	\
+		o/$(MODE)/ape/start.o		\
+		o/$(MODE)/ape/loader.o		\
+		o/$(MODE)/ape/launch.o		\
+		o/$(MODE)/ape/systemcall.o	\
+		ape/loader.lds
+	@$(COMPILE) -ALINK.elf $(LD) $(APE_LOADER_LDFLAGS) -o $@ $(patsubst %.lds,-T %.lds,$^)
+
+.PHONY: o/$(MODE)/ape
+o/$(MODE)/ape:	$(APE_CHECKS)			\
+		o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.o		\
+		o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.lds		\
+		o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.elf		\
+		o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.macho		\
+		o/$(MODE)/ape/ape-copy-self.o	\
+		o/$(MODE)/ape/ape-no-modify-self.o
+
+endif
+
+# these assembly files are safe to build on aarch64
+o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.o:				\
+		ape/ape.S			\
+		ape/ape.h			\
+		libc/dce.h			\
+		libc/elf/def.h			\
+		ape/relocations.h		\
+		libc/thread/tls.h		\
+		ape/ape.internal.h		\
+		ape/macros.internal.h		\
+		libc/macho.internal.h		\
+		libc/macros.internal.h		\
+		libc/sysv/consts/prot.h		\
+		libc/nt/pedef.internal.h	\
+		libc/runtime/pc.internal.h	\
+		libc/runtime/e820.internal.h	\
+		libc/runtime/mman.internal.h	\
+		libc/nexgen32e/uart.internal.h	\
+		libc/calls/metalfile.internal.h
+	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.S $(OBJECTIFY.S) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) -c $<
+
+o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.lds:				\
+		ape/ape.lds			\
+		ape/macros.internal.h		\
+		ape/relocations.h		\
+		ape/ape.internal.h		\
+		libc/thread/tls.h		\
+		libc/calls/struct/timespec.h	\
+		libc/thread/thread.h		\
+		libc/dce.h			\
+		libc/elf/def.h			\
+		libc/elf/pf2prot.internal.h	\
+		libc/macros.internal.h		\
+		libc/nt/pedef.internal.h	\
+		libc/str/str.h			\
+		libc/zip.internal.h

ape/aarch64.lds

@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+/*-*- mode: ld-script; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 2; coding: utf-8   -*-│
+│ vi: set et sts=2 sw=2 fenc=utf-8                                         :vi │
+╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/prot.h"
+#include "libc/thread/tls.h"
+
+ENTRY(_start)
+OUTPUT_ARCH(aarch64)
+OUTPUT_FORMAT("elf64-littleaarch64",
+              "elf64-bigaarch64",
+              "elf64-littleaarch64")
+
+SECTIONS {
+
+  . = SEGMENT_START("text-segment", 0x000800000000);
+  __executable_start = .;
+  . += SIZEOF_HEADERS;
+
+  .interp            : { *(.interp) }
+  .note.gnu.build-id : { *(.note.gnu.build-id) }
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+  }
+
+  .dynamic : {
+    *(.dynamic)
+  }
+
+  .got : {
+    *(.got)
+    *(.igot)
+  }
+
+  . = DATA_SEGMENT_RELRO_END(24, .);
+
+  .got.plt : {
+    *(.got.plt)
+    *(.igot.plt)
+  }
+
+  .data : {
+    __data_start = .;
+    KEEP(*(SORT_BY_NAME(.piro.data.sort.*)))
+    *(.data .data.* .gnu.linkonce.d.*)
+    KEEP(*(SORT_BY_NAME(.sort.data.*)))
+    SORT(CONSTRUCTORS)
+  }
+
+  _edata = .;
+  PROVIDE(edata = .);
+
+  . = .;
+  __bss_start = .;
+  __bss_start__ = .;
+
+  .bss : {
+    *(.dynbss)
+    *(.bss .bss.* .gnu.linkonce.b.*)
+    KEEP(*(SORT_BY_NAME(.piro.bss.sort.*)))
+    *(COMMON)
+    . = ALIGN(CONSTANT(COMMONPAGESIZE));
+  }
+
+  _bss_end__ = .;
+  __bss_end__ = .;
+  . = ALIGN(64 / 8);
+  . = SEGMENT_START("ldata-segment", .);
+  . = ALIGN(64 / 8);
+  __end__ = .;
+  _end = .;
+  PROVIDE(end = .);
+
+  . = DATA_SEGMENT_END(.);
+
+  .stab               0 : { *(.stab) }
+  .stabstr            0 : { *(.stabstr) }
+  .stab.excl          0 : { *(.stab.excl) }
+  .stab.exclstr       0 : { *(.stab.exclstr) }
+  .stab.index         0 : { *(.stab.index) }
+  .stab.indexstr      0 : { *(.stab.indexstr) }
+  .gnu.build.attributes : { *(.gnu.build.attributes .gnu.build.attributes.*) }
+  .debug              0 : { *(.debug) }
+  .line               0 : { *(.line) }
+  .debug_srcinfo      0 : { *(.debug_srcinfo) }
+  .debug_sfnames      0 : { *(.debug_sfnames) }
+  .debug_aranges      0 : { *(.debug_aranges) }
+  .debug_pubnames     0 : { *(.debug_pubnames) }
+  .debug_info         0 : { *(.debug_info .gnu.linkonce.wi.*) }
+  .debug_abbrev       0 : { *(.debug_abbrev) }
+  .debug_line         0 : { *(.debug_line .debug_line.* .debug_line_end) }
+  .debug_frame        0 : { *(.debug_frame) }
+  .debug_str          0 : { *(.debug_str) }
+  .debug_loc          0 : { *(.debug_loc) }
+  .debug_macinfo      0 : { *(.debug_macinfo) }
+  .debug_weaknames    0 : { *(.debug_weaknames) }
+  .debug_funcnames    0 : { *(.debug_funcnames) }
+  .debug_typenames    0 : { *(.debug_typenames) }
+  .debug_varnames     0 : { *(.debug_varnames) }
+  .debug_pubtypes     0 : { *(.debug_pubtypes) }
+  .debug_ranges       0 : { *(.debug_ranges) }
+  .debug_macro        0 : { *(.debug_macro) }
+  .debug_addr         0 : { *(.debug_addr) }
+  .ARM.attributes     0 : { KEEP(*(.ARM.attributes)) KEEP(*(.gnu.attributes)) }
+  .note.gnu.arm.ident 0 : { KEEP(*(.note.gnu.arm.ident)) }
+
+  .zip 0 : {
+    KEEP(*(.zip.file))
+    __zip_cdir_start = .;
+    KEEP(*(.zip.cdir))
+    __zip_cdir_size = . - __zip_cdir_start;
+    KEEP(*(.zip.eocd))
+  }
+
+  /DISCARD/ : {
+    *(__patchable_function_entries)
+    *(.GCC.command.line)
+    *(.note.GNU-stack)
+    *(.gnu_debuglink)
+    *(.text.windows)
+    *(.gnu.lto_*)
+    *(.eh_frame)
+    *(.idata.*)
+    *(.yoink)
+    *(.head)
+  }
+}
+
+ape_stack_vaddr = DEFINED(ape_stack_vaddr) ? ape_stack_vaddr : 0x700000000000;
+ape_stack_memsz = DEFINED(ape_stack_memsz) ? ape_stack_memsz : 8 * 1024 * 1024;
+ape_stack_prot = PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE;
+
+_tls_size = _tbss_end - _tdata_start;
+_tdata_size = _tdata_end - _tdata_start;
+_tbss_size = _tbss_end - _tbss_start;
+_tbss_offset = _tbss_start - _tdata_start;
+_tls_content = (_tdata_end - _tdata_start) + (_tbss_end - _tbss_start);
+_tdata_align = ALIGNOF(.tdata);
+_tbss_align = ALIGNOF(.tbss);
+_tls_align = MAX(TLS_ALIGNMENT, MAX(ALIGNOF(.tdata), ALIGNOF(.tbss)));

ape/ape.h

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#ifndef COSMOPOLITAN_APE_APE_H_
+#define COSMOPOLITAN_APE_APE_H_
+
+#define APE_VERSION_MAJOR 1
+#define APE_VERSION_MINOR 10
+#define APE_VERSION_STR   APE_VERSION_STR_(APE_VERSION_MAJOR, APE_VERSION_MINOR)
+#define APE_VERSION_NOTE  APE_VERSION_NOTE_(APE_VERSION_MAJOR, APE_VERSION_MINOR)
+
+#define APE_VERSION_STR__(x, y) #x "." #y
+#define APE_VERSION_STR_(x, y)  APE_VERSION_STR__(x, y)
+#define APE_VERSION_NOTE_(x, y) (100000000 * (x) + 1000000 * (y))
+
+#endif /* COSMOPOLITAN_APE_APE_H_ */

ape/ape.internal.h

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#ifndef COSMOPOLITAN_APE_APE_INTERNAL_H_
+#define COSMOPOLITAN_APE_APE_INTERNAL_H_
+#include "libc/dce.h"
+
+#if SupportsWindows() || SupportsMetal() || SupportsXnu()
+#define APE_IS_SHELL_SCRIPT
+#endif
+
+#endif /* COSMOPOLITAN_APE_APE_INTERNAL_H_ */

ape/ape.lds

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*-*- mode: ld-script; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 2; coding: utf-8   -*-│
-│vi: set et sts=2 tw=2 fenc=utf-8                                           :vi│
+│ vi: set et sts=2 sw=2 fenc=utf-8                                         :vi │
 ╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡
 │ Copyright 2020 Justine Alexandra Roberts Tunney                              │
 │                                                                              │
@@ -181,16 +181,39 @@
 #include "libc/elf/pf2prot.internal.h"
 #include "libc/nt/pedef.internal.h"
 #include "libc/thread/tls.h"
-#include "libc/zip.h"
+#include "ape/ape.internal.h"
+
+/* uncomment if .com.dbg won't execute on your kernel (will break .com file) */
+/* #define APE_FIX_COM_DBG */
+
+#ifdef __x86__
+#define CODE_GRANULE 1
+#else
+#define CODE_GRANULE 4
+#endif
+
+#ifdef APE_FIX_COM_DBG
+#define SKEW SIZEOF_HEADERS
+#else
+#define SKEW 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef IMAGE_BASE_VIRTUAL
+#define IMAGE_BASE_VIRTUAL 0x400000
+#endif
+
+#if IMAGE_BASE_VIRTUAL > 0xffffffff
+#error "please use 32-bit addresses for image data"
+#endif
 
 ENTRY(_start)
 
 PHDRS {
   Head PT_LOAD FLAGS(PF_X|PF_R);
-  Rom PT_LOAD FLAGS(PF_X|PF_R);
-  Ram PT_LOAD FLAGS(PF_W|PF_R);
+  Cod PT_LOAD FLAGS(PF_X|PF_R);
+  Rom PT_LOAD FLAGS(PF_R);
   Tls PT_TLS FLAGS(PF_W|PF_R);
-  Bss PT_LOAD FLAGS(PF_W|PF_R);
+  Ram PT_LOAD FLAGS(PF_W|PF_R);
   stack PT_GNU_STACK FLAGS(PF_W|PF_R);
 }
 
@@ -201,44 +224,44 @@ SECTIONS {
 /*BEGIN: linux addressability guarantee */
 /*BEGIN: bsd addressability guarantee */
 
-  .head SEGMENT_START("text-segment", IMAGE_BASE_VIRTUAL) : AT(IMAGE_BASE_REAL) {
-    HIDDEN(_base = .);
+  .head SEGMENT_START("text-segment", IMAGE_BASE_VIRTUAL) + SKEW : AT(IMAGE_BASE_REAL) {
+    __executable_start = .;
 
     /* Real Mode */
     KEEP(*(.head))
-    KEEP(*(.apesh))
-    KEEP(*(.head2))
     KEEP(*(.text.head))
 
     /* Executable & Linkable Format */
-    . = ALIGN(__SIZEOF_POINTER__);
-    HIDDEN(ape_phdrs = .);
+    . = ALIGN(. != 0 ? __SIZEOF_POINTER__ : 0);
+    ape_phdrs = .;
     KEEP(*(.elf.phdrs))
-    HIDDEN(ape_phdrs_end = .);
-
-    KEEP(*(.emush))
+    ape_phdrs_end = .;
 
     /* OpenBSD */
-    . = ALIGN(__SIZEOF_POINTER__);
-    HIDDEN(ape_note = .);
+    . = ALIGN(. != 0 ? __SIZEOF_POINTER__ : 0);
+    ape_note = .;
     KEEP(*(.note.openbsd.ident))
     KEEP(*(.note.netbsd.ident))
-    HIDDEN(ape_note_end = .);
+    ape_note_end = .;
 
     /* Portable Executable */
     KEEP(*(.pe.header))
-    HIDDEN(ape_pe_sections = .);
+    ape_pe_sections = .;
     KEEP(*(.pe.sections))
-    HIDDEN(ape_pe_sections_end = .);
+    ape_pe_sections_end = .;
 
     /* Mach-O */
     KEEP(*(.macho))
-    . = ALIGN(__SIZEOF_POINTER__);
-    HIDDEN(ape_macho_end = .);
+    . = ALIGN(. != 0 ? __SIZEOF_POINTER__ : 0);
+    ape_macho_end = .;
+
+    /* APE loader */
+    KEEP(*(.ape.loader))
+    . = ALIGN(. != 0 ? CODE_GRANULE : 0);
 
     KEEP(*(.ape.pad.head))
-    . = ALIGN(SupportsWindows() || SupportsMetal() ? PAGESIZE : 16);
-    HIDDEN(_ehead = .);
+    . = ALIGN(. != 0 ? (SupportsWindows() || SupportsMetal() ? CONSTANT(COMMONPAGESIZE) : 16) : 0);
+    _ehead = .;
   } :Head
 
 /*BEGIN: nt addressability guarantee */
@@ -248,12 +271,10 @@ SECTIONS {
     /* Code that needs to be addressable in Real Mode */
     *(.text.real)
     KEEP(*(SORT_BY_NAME(.sort.text.real.*)))
-    /* Code we want earlier in the binary w/o modifications */
-    KEEP(*(.ape.loader))
-    HIDDEN(_ereal = .);
+    _ereal = .;
 /*END: realmode addressability guarantee */
 /*BEGIN: morphable code */
-    . += 1;
+    . += CODE_GRANULE;
 
     /* Normal Code */
     *(.start)
@@ -261,12 +282,9 @@ SECTIONS {
     KEEP(*(SORT_BY_NAME(.init.*)))
     KEEP(*(.init))
     KEEP(*(.initepilogue))
-    KEEP(*(.pltprologue))
     *(.plt)
-    KEEP(*(.pltepilogue))
-    KEEP(*(.pltgotprologue))
     *(.plt.got)
-    KEEP(*(.pltgotepilogue))
+    *(.iplt)
     *(.text.startup .text.startup.*)
     *(.text.exit .text.exit.*)
     *(.text.unlikely .text.*_unlikely .text.unlikely.*)
@@ -275,7 +293,6 @@ SECTIONS {
     KEEP(*(.textwindowsprologue))
     *(.text.windows)
     KEEP(*(.textwindowsepilogue))
-    KEEP(*(.blink))
     *(SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT(.text.modernity))
     *(SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT(.text.modernity.*))
     *(SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT(.text.hot))
@@ -283,7 +300,6 @@ SECTIONS {
     KEEP(*(.keep.text))
     *(.text .stub .text.*)
     KEEP(*(SORT_BY_NAME(.sort.text.*)))
-    *(.subrs)
 
     KEEP(*(.ape.pad.test));
     *(.test.unlikely)
@@ -291,17 +307,20 @@ SECTIONS {
 
     /* Privileged code invulnerable to magic */
     KEEP(*(.ape.pad.privileged));
-    . += . > 0 ? 1 : 0;
+    . = ALIGN(__privileged_end > __privileged_start ? CONSTANT(COMMONPAGESIZE) : 0);
 /*END: morphable code */
-    HIDDEN(__privileged_start = .);
-    . += . > 0 ? 1 : 0;
+    __privileged_start = .;
     *(.privileged)
-    HIDDEN(__privileged_end = .);
-    . += . > 0 ? 1 : 0;
+    __privileged_end = .;
+
+    KEEP(*(.ape.pad.text))
+    . = ALIGN(. != 0 ? CONSTANT(COMMONPAGESIZE) : 0);
+/*END: Read Only Data (only needed for initialization) */
+  } :Cod
 
 /*BEGIN: Read Only Data */
 
-    KEEP(*(.ape.pad.rodata));
+  .rodata ALIGN(CONSTANT(COMMONPAGESIZE)) : {
     KEEP(*(.rodata.pytab.0));
     KEEP(*(.rodata.pytab.1));
     KEEP(*(.rodata.pytab.2));
@@ -310,48 +329,30 @@ SECTIONS {
     *(.ubsan.types)
     *(.ubsan.data)
 
-    /* Unit Test & Fixture Registry */
-
-/*BEGIN: Read only data that needn't be mapped after initialization */
-
     /* Legal Notices */
-#if !defined(IM_FEELING_NAUGHTY) || defined(EMBED_NOTICES)
-    KEEP(*(.commentprologue))
-    KEEP(*(.comment))
-    KEEP(*(.commentepilogue))
-#endif
+    __notices = .;
+    KEEP(*(.notice))
+    BYTE(0);
+    BYTE(10);
+    BYTE(10);
 
+/*BEGIN: read-only data that's only needed for initialization */
+
+#if SupportsWindows()
     /* Windows DLL Import Directory */
     KEEP(*(.idata.ro));
     KEEP(*(SORT_BY_NAME(.idata.ro.*)))
-
-    . = ALIGN(__SIZEOF_POINTER__);
-    PROVIDE_HIDDEN(__init_array_start = .);
-    KEEP(*(SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.init_array.*)
-           SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.ctors.*)))
-    KEEP(*(.ctors))
-    KEEP(*(.init_array))
-    KEEP(*(.preinit_array))
-    PROVIDE_HIDDEN(__init_array_end = .);
-
-    . = ALIGN(__SIZEOF_POINTER__);
-    PROVIDE_HIDDEN(__fini_array_start = .);
-    KEEP(*(SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.fini_array.*)
-           SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.dtors.*)))
-    KEEP(*(.dtors))
-    PROVIDE_HIDDEN(__fini_array_end = .);
+#endif
 
     /* Encoded Data Structures w/ Linear Initialization Order */
     KEEP(*(.initroprologue))
     KEEP(*(SORT_BY_NAME(.initro.*)))
     KEEP(*(.initroepilogue))
     KEEP(*(SORT_BY_NAME(.sort.rodata.*)))
+    . = ALIGN(. != 0 ? CONSTANT(COMMONPAGESIZE) : 0); /* don't delete this line :o */
+
+/*END: read-only data that's only needed for initialization */
 
-    KEEP(*(.ape.pad.text))
-    . = ALIGN(PAGESIZE);
-    HIDDEN(_etext = .);
-    PROVIDE_HIDDEN(etext = .);
-/*END: Read Only Data (only needed for initialization) */
   } :Rom
 
 /* initialization image for thread-local storage, this is copied */
@@ -361,66 +362,96 @@ SECTIONS {
     *(SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT(.tdata))
     *(SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT(.tdata.*))
     _tdata_end = .;
-    . = ALIGN(PAGESIZE);
+    KEEP(*(.ape.pad.rodata))
+    . = ALIGN(. != 0 ? CONSTANT(COMMONPAGESIZE) : 0);
+    _etext = .;
+    PROVIDE(etext = .);
   } :Tls :Rom
 /*END: Read Only Data */
 
+  . = ALIGN(CONSTANT(COMMONPAGESIZE));
+
 /* this only tells the linker about the layout of uninitialized */
 /* TLS data, and does not advance the linker's location counter */
-  .tbss . : {
+  .tbss : {
     _tbss_start = .;
     *(SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT(.tbss))
     *(SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT(.tbss.*))
-    . = ALIGN(TLS_ALIGNMENT);
+    KEEP(*(.fstls))
     /* the %fs register is based on this location */
     _tbss_end = .;
   } :Tls
 
-  .data ALIGN(PAGESIZE) : {
+  .data . : {
 /*BEGIN: Read/Write Data */
+#if SupportsWindows()
     KEEP(*(SORT_BY_NAME(.piro.data.sort.iat.*)))
+#endif
 /*BEGIN: NT FORK COPYING */
     KEEP(*(.dataprologue))
     *(.data .data.*)
+    *(.gnu_extab)
+    *(.gcc_except_table .gcc_except_table.*)
+    *(.exception_ranges*)
+    *(.PyRuntime) /* for python */
+    *(.subrs) /* for emacs */
     KEEP(*(SORT_BY_NAME(.sort.data.*)))
-    . += . > 0 ? 1 : 0;
+    . += . > 0 ? CODE_GRANULE : 0;
 
-    KEEP(*(.gotprologue))
+    . = ALIGN(. != 0 ? __SIZEOF_POINTER__ : 0);
+    __got_start = .;
     *(.got)
-    KEEP(*(.gotepilogue))
+    __got_end = .;
 
-    KEEP(*(.gotpltprologue))
     *(.got.plt)
-    KEEP(*(.gotpltepilogue))
+
+    . = ALIGN(. != 0 ? __SIZEOF_POINTER__ : 0);
+    __init_array_start = .;
+    KEEP(*(.preinit_array))
+    KEEP(*(SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.init_array.*)
+           SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.ctors.*)))
+    KEEP(*(.init_array))
+    KEEP(*(.ctors))
+    __init_array_end = .;
+
+    . = ALIGN(. != 0 ? __SIZEOF_POINTER__ : 0);
+    __fini_array_start = .;
+    KEEP(*(SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.fini_array.*)
+           SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.dtors.*)))
+    KEEP(*(.fini_array))
+    KEEP(*(.dtors))
+    __fini_array_end = .;
 
 /*BEGIN: Post-Initialization Read-Only */
-    . = ALIGN(__SIZEOF_POINTER__);
+    . = ALIGN(. != 0 ? __SIZEOF_POINTER__ : 0);
     KEEP(*(SORT_BY_NAME(.piro.relo.sort.*)))
-    PROVIDE_HIDDEN(__relo_end = .);
-    . = ALIGN(__SIZEOF_POINTER__);
+    . = ALIGN(. != 0 ? __SIZEOF_POINTER__ : 0);
     KEEP(*(SORT_BY_NAME(.piro.data.sort.*)))
     KEEP(*(.piro.pad.data))
+    *(.igot.plt)
     KEEP(*(.dataepilogue))
+
+    . = ALIGN(. != 0 ? CONSTANT(COMMONPAGESIZE) : 0);
 /*END: NT FORK COPYING */
-    HIDDEN(_edata = .);
-    PROVIDE_HIDDEN(edata = .);
-    KEEP(*(SORT_BY_NAME(.zip.*)))
-    HIDDEN(_ezip = .);
-    . = ALIGN(PAGESIZE);
+    _edata = .;
+    PROVIDE(edata = .);
+    _ezip = .; /* <-- very deprecated */
   } :Ram
 
+  . = ALIGN(CONSTANT(COMMONPAGESIZE));
+
 /*END:   file content that's loaded by o/s */
 /*END:   file content */
 /*BEGIN: bss memory that's addressable */
 
-  .bss ALIGN(64) : {
+  .bss : {
 /*BEGIN: NT FORK COPYING */
     KEEP(*(.bssprologue))
     KEEP(*(SORT_BY_NAME(.piro.bss.init.*)))
     *(.piro.bss)
     KEEP(*(SORT_BY_NAME(.piro.bss.sort.*)))
-    HIDDEN(__piro_end = .);
-    . += . > 0 ? 1 : 0;
+    __piro_end = .;
+    . += . > 0 ? CODE_GRANULE : 0;
 /*END: Post-Initialization Read-Only */
 
     /* Statically Allocated Empty Space */
@@ -431,11 +462,15 @@ SECTIONS {
     KEEP(*(SORT_BY_NAME(.sort.bss.*)))
 
     KEEP(*(.bssepilogue))
+
+    . = ALIGN(. != 0 ? CONSTANT(COMMONPAGESIZE) : 0);
+
 /*END: NT FORK COPYING */
-    . = ALIGN(PAGESIZE);
-    HIDDEN(_end = .);
-    PROVIDE_HIDDEN(end = .);
-  } :Bss
+  } :Ram
+
+  . = ALIGN(CONSTANT(COMMONPAGESIZE));
+  _end = .;
+  PROVIDE(end = .);
 
 /*END: nt addressability guarantee */
 /*END: bsd addressability guarantee */
@@ -478,14 +513,34 @@ SECTIONS {
   .gnu.attributes    0 : { KEEP(*(.gnu.attributes)) }
   .GCC.command.line  0 : { *(.GCC.command.line) }
 
+  .zip 0 : {
+    KEEP(*(.zip.file))
+    __zip_cdir_start = .;
+    KEEP(*(.zip.cdir))
+    __zip_cdir_size = . - __zip_cdir_start;
+    KEEP(*(.zip.eocd))
+  }
+
   /DISCARD/ : {
+#if !SupportsWindows()
+    *(.idata.ro);
+    *(.idata.ro.*)
+    *(.piro.data.sort.iat.*)
+#endif
+    *(__patchable_function_entries)
+    *(.note.gnu.property)
     *(__mcount_loc)
+    *(.rela.dyn)
     *(.discard)
     *(.yoink)
-    *(.*)
   }
 }
 
+ape_pe_filealignment = 512;
+ape_pe_sectionalignment = 4096;
+ape_pe_sizeofheaders = SIZEOF(.head);
+ape_pe_sizeofimage = ROUNDUP(_end - __executable_start, ape_pe_sectionalignment);
+
 PFSTUB8(ape_elf_entry, _start);
 PFSTUB8(ape_elf_phoff, RVA(ape_phdrs));
 PFSTUB8(ape_elf_shoff, 0);
@@ -493,70 +548,58 @@ PFSTUB4(ape_elf_phnum, (ape_phdrs_end - ape_phdrs) / 56);
 PFSTUB4(ape_elf_shnum, 0);
 PFSTUB4(ape_elf_shstrndx, 0);
 
-HIDDEN(_tls_size = _tbss_end - _tdata_start);
-HIDDEN(_tdata_size = _tdata_end - _tdata_start);
-HIDDEN(_tbss_size = _tbss_end - _tbss_start);
-HIDDEN(_tbss_offset = _tbss_start - _tdata_start);
-HIDDEN(_tls_content = (_tdata_end - _tdata_start) + (_tbss_end - _tbss_start));
+_tls_size = _tbss_end - _tdata_start;
+_tdata_size = _tdata_end - _tdata_start;
+_tbss_size = _tbss_end - _tbss_start;
+_tbss_offset = _tbss_start - _tdata_start;
+_tls_content = (_tdata_end - _tdata_start) + (_tbss_end - _tbss_start);
+_tdata_align = ALIGNOF(.tdata);
+_tbss_align = ALIGNOF(.tbss);
+_tls_align = MAX(TLS_ALIGNMENT, MAX(ALIGNOF(.tdata), ALIGNOF(.tbss)));
 
-HIDDEN(__privileged_addr = ROUNDDOWN(__privileged_start, PAGESIZE));
-HIDDEN(__privileged_size = (ROUNDUP(__privileged_end, PAGESIZE) -
-                            ROUNDDOWN(__privileged_start, PAGESIZE)));
+ape_cod_offset = 0;
+ape_cod_vaddr = ADDR(.head);
+ape_cod_paddr = LOADADDR(.head);
+ape_cod_filesz = ADDR(.rodata) - ADDR(.head);
+ape_cod_memsz = ape_cod_filesz;
+ape_cod_align = CONSTANT(COMMONPAGESIZE);
+ape_cod_rva = RVA(ape_cod_vaddr);
 
-HIDDEN(ape_rom_offset = 0);
-HIDDEN(ape_rom_vaddr = ADDR(.head));
-HIDDEN(ape_rom_paddr = LOADADDR(.head));
-HIDDEN(ape_rom_filesz = LOADADDR(.data) - ape_rom_paddr);
-HIDDEN(ape_rom_memsz = ADDR(.data) - ADDR(.head));
-HIDDEN(ape_rom_align = PAGESIZE);
-HIDDEN(ape_rom_rva = RVA(ape_rom_vaddr));
+ape_rom_vaddr = ADDR(.rodata);
+ape_rom_offset = ape_rom_vaddr - __executable_start;
+ape_rom_paddr = LOADADDR(.rodata);
+ape_rom_filesz = ADDR(.tbss) - ADDR(.rodata);
+ape_rom_memsz = ape_rom_filesz;
+ape_rom_align = CONSTANT(COMMONPAGESIZE);
+ape_rom_rva = RVA(ape_rom_vaddr);
 
-HIDDEN(ape_ram_offset = ape_rom_offset + ape_rom_filesz);
-HIDDEN(ape_ram_vaddr = ADDR(.data));
-HIDDEN(ape_ram_paddr = LOADADDR(.data));
-HIDDEN(ape_ram_filesz = SIZEOF(.data));
-HIDDEN(ape_ram_memsz = ADDR(.bss) + SIZEOF(.bss) - ape_ram_vaddr);
-HIDDEN(ape_ram_align = PAGESIZE);
-HIDDEN(ape_ram_rva = RVA(ape_ram_vaddr));
+ape_ram_vaddr = ADDR(.data);
+ape_ram_offset = ape_ram_vaddr - __executable_start;
+ape_ram_paddr = LOADADDR(.data);
+ape_ram_filesz = ADDR(.bss) - ADDR(.data);
+ape_ram_memsz = _end - ADDR(.data);
+ape_ram_align = CONSTANT(COMMONPAGESIZE);
+ape_ram_rva = RVA(ape_ram_vaddr);
 
-HIDDEN(ape_stack_pf = DEFINED(ape_stack_pf) ? ape_stack_pf : PF_R | PF_W);
-HIDDEN(ape_stack_prot = _PF2PROT(ape_stack_pf));
-HIDDEN(ape_stack_offset = ape_ram_offset + ape_ram_filesz);
-HIDDEN(ape_stack_vaddr = DEFINED(ape_stack_vaddr) ? ape_stack_vaddr : 0x700000000000);
-HIDDEN(ape_stack_paddr = ape_ram_paddr + ape_ram_filesz);
-HIDDEN(ape_stack_filesz = 0);
-HIDDEN(ape_stack_memsz = DEFINED(ape_stack_memsz) ? ape_stack_memsz : STACKSIZE);
-HIDDEN(ape_stack_align = 16);
+ape_stack_pf = DEFINED(ape_stack_pf) ? ape_stack_pf : PF_R | PF_W;
+ape_stack_prot = _PF2PROT(ape_stack_pf);
+ape_stack_offset = 0;
+ape_stack_vaddr = DEFINED(ape_stack_vaddr) ? ape_stack_vaddr : 0x700000000000;
+ape_stack_paddr = ape_ram_paddr + ape_ram_filesz;
+ape_stack_filesz = 0;
+ape_stack_memsz = DEFINED(ape_stack_memsz) ? ape_stack_memsz : 8 * 1024 * 1024;
 
-HIDDEN(ape_note_offset = ape_rom_offset + (ape_note - ape_rom_vaddr));
-HIDDEN(ape_note_vaddr = ape_note);
-HIDDEN(ape_note_paddr = ape_rom_paddr + ape_note_offset);
-HIDDEN(ape_note_filesz = ape_note_end - ape_note);
-HIDDEN(ape_note_memsz = ape_note_filesz);
-HIDDEN(ape_note_align = __SIZEOF_POINTER__);
+ape_note_offset = ape_cod_offset + (ape_note - ape_cod_vaddr);
+ape_note_filesz = ape_note_end - ape_note;
+ape_note_memsz = ape_note_filesz;
 
-HIDDEN(ape_text_offset = ape_rom_offset + LOADADDR(.text) - ape_rom_paddr);
-HIDDEN(ape_text_paddr = LOADADDR(.text));
-HIDDEN(ape_text_vaddr = ADDR(.text));
-HIDDEN(ape_text_filesz = SIZEOF(.text) + SIZEOF(.tdata));
-HIDDEN(ape_text_memsz = SIZEOF(.text) + SIZEOF(.tdata));
-HIDDEN(ape_text_align = PAGESIZE);
-HIDDEN(ape_text_rva = RVA(ape_text_vaddr));
-
-HIDDEN(ape_data_offset = ape_ram_offset + LOADADDR(.data) - ape_ram_paddr);
-HIDDEN(ape_data_paddr = LOADADDR(.data));
-HIDDEN(ape_data_vaddr = ADDR(.data));
-HIDDEN(ape_data_filesz = SIZEOF(.data));
-HIDDEN(ape_data_memsz = SIZEOF(.data));
-HIDDEN(ape_data_align = PAGESIZE);
-HIDDEN(ape_data_rva = RVA(ape_data_vaddr));
-
-HIDDEN(ape_bss_offset = ape_ram_offset + LOADADDR(.bss) - ape_ram_paddr);
-HIDDEN(ape_bss_paddr = LOADADDR(.bss));
-HIDDEN(ape_bss_vaddr = ADDR(.bss));
-HIDDEN(ape_bss_filesz = 0);
-HIDDEN(ape_bss_memsz = SIZEOF(.bss));
-HIDDEN(ape_bss_align = PAGESIZE);
+ape_text_vaddr = ADDR(.text);
+ape_text_offset = ape_text_vaddr - __executable_start;
+ape_text_paddr = LOADADDR(.text);
+ape_text_filesz = ADDR(.rodata) - ADDR(.text);
+ape_text_memsz = ape_text_filesz;
+ape_text_align = CONSTANT(COMMONPAGESIZE);
+ape_text_rva = RVA(ape_text_vaddr);
 
 /* we roundup here because xnu wants the file load segments page-aligned */
 /* but we don't want to add the nop padding to the ape program, so we'll */
@@ -564,72 +607,19 @@ HIDDEN(ape_bss_align = PAGESIZE);
 SHSTUB2(ape_loader_dd_skip, DEFINED(ape_loader) ? RVA(ape_loader) / 64 : 0);
 SHSTUB2(ape_loader_dd_count,
         DEFINED(ape_loader_end)
-            ? ROUNDUP(ape_loader_end - ape_loader, PAGESIZE) / 64
+            ? ROUNDUP(ape_loader_end - ape_loader, CONSTANT(COMMONPAGESIZE)) / 64
             : 0);
 
-HIDDEN(blink_aarch64_b0 = RVA(blink_aarch64) % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_aarch64_b1 = RVA(blink_aarch64) < 10 ? 32 : RVA(blink_aarch64) / 10 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_aarch64_b2 = RVA(blink_aarch64) < 100 ? 32 : RVA(blink_aarch64) / 100 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_aarch64_b3 = RVA(blink_aarch64) < 1000 ? 32 : RVA(blink_aarch64) / 1000 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_aarch64_b4 = RVA(blink_aarch64) < 10000 ? 32 : RVA(blink_aarch64) / 10000 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_aarch64_b5 = RVA(blink_aarch64) < 100000 ? 32 : RVA(blink_aarch64) / 100000 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_aarch64_b6 = RVA(blink_aarch64) < 1000000 ? 32 : RVA(blink_aarch64) / 1000000 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_aarch64_b7 = RVA(blink_aarch64) < 10000000 ? 32 : RVA(blink_aarch64) / 10000000 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_aarch64_b8 = RVA(blink_aarch64) < 100000000 ? 32 : RVA(blink_aarch64) / 100000000 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_aarch64_b9 = RVA(blink_aarch64) < 1000000000 ? 32 : RVA(blink_aarch64) / 1000000000 % 10 + 48);
-
-HIDDEN(blink_aarch64_size_b0 = blink_aarch64_size % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_aarch64_size_b1 = blink_aarch64_size < 10 ? 32 : blink_aarch64_size / 10 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_aarch64_size_b2 = blink_aarch64_size < 100 ? 32 : blink_aarch64_size / 100 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_aarch64_size_b3 = blink_aarch64_size < 1000 ? 32 : blink_aarch64_size / 1000 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_aarch64_size_b4 = blink_aarch64_size < 10000 ? 32 : blink_aarch64_size / 10000 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_aarch64_size_b5 = blink_aarch64_size < 100000 ? 32 : blink_aarch64_size / 100000 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_aarch64_size_b6 = blink_aarch64_size < 1000000 ? 32 : blink_aarch64_size / 1000000 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_aarch64_size_b7 = blink_aarch64_size < 10000000 ? 32 : blink_aarch64_size / 10000000 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_aarch64_size_b8 = blink_aarch64_size < 100000000 ? 32 : blink_aarch64_size / 100000000 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_aarch64_size_b9 = blink_aarch64_size < 1000000000 ? 32 : blink_aarch64_size / 1000000000 % 10 + 48);
-
-HIDDEN(blink_darwin_arm64_b0 = RVA(blink_darwin_arm64) % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_darwin_arm64_b1 = RVA(blink_darwin_arm64) < 10 ? 32 : RVA(blink_darwin_arm64) / 10 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_darwin_arm64_b2 = RVA(blink_darwin_arm64) < 100 ? 32 : RVA(blink_darwin_arm64) / 100 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_darwin_arm64_b3 = RVA(blink_darwin_arm64) < 1000 ? 32 : RVA(blink_darwin_arm64) / 1000 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_darwin_arm64_b4 = RVA(blink_darwin_arm64) < 10000 ? 32 : RVA(blink_darwin_arm64) / 10000 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_darwin_arm64_b5 = RVA(blink_darwin_arm64) < 100000 ? 32 : RVA(blink_darwin_arm64) / 100000 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_darwin_arm64_b6 = RVA(blink_darwin_arm64) < 1000000 ? 32 : RVA(blink_darwin_arm64) / 1000000 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_darwin_arm64_b7 = RVA(blink_darwin_arm64) < 10000000 ? 32 : RVA(blink_darwin_arm64) / 10000000 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_darwin_arm64_b8 = RVA(blink_darwin_arm64) < 100000000 ? 32 : RVA(blink_darwin_arm64) / 100000000 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_darwin_arm64_b9 = RVA(blink_darwin_arm64) < 1000000000 ? 32 : RVA(blink_darwin_arm64) / 1000000000 % 10 + 48);
-
-HIDDEN(blink_darwin_arm64_size_b0 = blink_darwin_arm64_size % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_darwin_arm64_size_b1 = blink_darwin_arm64_size < 10 ? 32 : blink_darwin_arm64_size / 10 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_darwin_arm64_size_b2 = blink_darwin_arm64_size < 100 ? 32 : blink_darwin_arm64_size / 100 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_darwin_arm64_size_b3 = blink_darwin_arm64_size < 1000 ? 32 : blink_darwin_arm64_size / 1000 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_darwin_arm64_size_b4 = blink_darwin_arm64_size < 10000 ? 32 : blink_darwin_arm64_size / 10000 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_darwin_arm64_size_b5 = blink_darwin_arm64_size < 100000 ? 32 : blink_darwin_arm64_size / 100000 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_darwin_arm64_size_b6 = blink_darwin_arm64_size < 1000000 ? 32 : blink_darwin_arm64_size / 1000000 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_darwin_arm64_size_b7 = blink_darwin_arm64_size < 10000000 ? 32 : blink_darwin_arm64_size / 10000000 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_darwin_arm64_size_b8 = blink_darwin_arm64_size < 100000000 ? 32 : blink_darwin_arm64_size / 100000000 % 10 + 48);
-HIDDEN(blink_darwin_arm64_size_b9 = blink_darwin_arm64_size < 1000000000 ? 32 : blink_darwin_arm64_size / 1000000000 % 10 + 48);
-
 #if SupportsMetal()
-HIDDEN(v_ape_realsectors =
-           MIN(0x70000 - IMAGE_BASE_REAL, ROUNDUP(RVA(_ezip), 512)) / 512);
-HIDDEN(v_ape_realbytes = v_ape_realsectors * 512);
-HIDDEN(v_ape_realdwords = v_ape_realsectors * (512 / 4));
-HIDDEN(v_ape_allsectors = ROUNDUP(RVA(_ezip), 512) / 512);
-HIDDEN(v_ape_allbytes = v_ape_allsectors * 512);
-HIDDEN(v_ape_highsectors = MIN(0xffff, v_ape_allsectors - v_ape_realsectors));
+v_ape_realsectors = MIN(0x70000 - IMAGE_BASE_REAL, ROUNDUP(RVA(_ezip), 512)) / 512;
+v_ape_realbytes = v_ape_realsectors * 512;
+v_ape_realdwords = v_ape_realsectors * (512 / 4);
+v_ape_allsectors = ROUNDUP(RVA(_ezip), 512) / 512;
+v_ape_allbytes = v_ape_allsectors * 512;
+v_ape_highsectors = MIN(0xffff, v_ape_allsectors - v_ape_realsectors);
 TSSDESCSTUB2(_tss, _tss, _tss_end ? _tss_end - _tss - 1 : 0);
 #endif
 
-/* ZIP End of Central Directory header */
-#define ZIPCONST(NAME, VAL) HIDDEN(NAME = DEFINED(__zip_start) ? VAL : 0);
-ZIPCONST(v_zip_cdoffset, __zip_start - IMAGE_BASE_VIRTUAL);
-ZIPCONST(v_zip_cdirsize, __zip_end - __zip_start);
-ASSERT(v_zip_cdirsize % kZipCdirHdrLinkableSize == 0, "bad zip cdir");
-ZIPCONST(v_zip_records, v_zip_cdirsize / kZipCdirHdrLinkableSize);
-ZIPCONST(v_zip_commentsize, _ezip - __zip_end - kZipCdirHdrMinSize);
-
 #if SupportsXnu()
 /* Generates deterministic ID. */
 #define PHI 0x9e3779b9925d4c17
@@ -648,19 +638,8 @@ ZIPCONST(v_zip_commentsize, _ezip - __zip_end - kZipCdirHdrMinSize);
   KMH(ape_uuid1, X);      \
   XORSHIFT(ape_uuid2, X); \
   KMH(ape_uuid2, X)
-HIDDEN(ape_uuid1 = 88172645463325252);
-HIDDEN(ape_uuid2 = 88172645463325252);
-CHURN(ape_bss_align);
-CHURN(ape_bss_filesz);
-CHURN(ape_bss_memsz);
-CHURN(ape_bss_offset);
-CHURN(ape_bss_paddr);
-CHURN(ape_data_filesz);
-CHURN(ape_data_memsz);
-CHURN(ape_data_offset);
-CHURN(ape_data_paddr);
-CHURN(ape_data_rva);
-CHURN(ape_data_vaddr);
+ape_uuid1 = 88172645463325252;
+ape_uuid2 = 88172645463325252;
 CHURN(ape_elf_entry);
 CHURN(ape_elf_phnum);
 CHURN(ape_elf_phoff);
@@ -669,13 +648,10 @@ CHURN(ape_elf_shoff);
 CHURN(ape_elf_shstrndx);
 CHURN(ape_macho_end);
 CHURN(ape_note);
-CHURN(ape_note_align);
 CHURN(ape_note_end);
 CHURN(ape_note_filesz);
 CHURN(ape_note_memsz);
 CHURN(ape_note_offset);
-CHURN(ape_note_paddr);
-CHURN(ape_note_vaddr);
 CHURN(ape_ram_align);
 CHURN(ape_ram_filesz);
 CHURN(ape_ram_memsz);
@@ -689,7 +665,14 @@ CHURN(ape_rom_memsz);
 CHURN(ape_rom_offset);
 CHURN(ape_rom_paddr);
 CHURN(ape_rom_rva);
-CHURN(ape_rom_vaddr);
+CHURN(ape_cod_vaddr);
+CHURN(ape_cod_align);
+CHURN(ape_cod_filesz);
+CHURN(ape_cod_memsz);
+CHURN(ape_cod_offset);
+CHURN(ape_cod_paddr);
+CHURN(ape_cod_rva);
+CHURN(ape_cod_vaddr);
 CHURN(ape_text_align);
 CHURN(ape_text_filesz);
 CHURN(ape_text_memsz);
@@ -722,22 +705,22 @@ CHURN(WinMain);
 #if SupportsWindows() || SupportsMetal()
 #define LINK_WINDOWS (SupportsWindows() && !DEFINED(EfiMain))
 PFSTUB4(ape_pe_offset, ape_pe - ape_mz);
-HIDDEN(ape_pe_optsz = ape_pe_sections - (ape_pe + 24));
-HIDDEN(ape_pe_shnum = (ape_pe_sections_end - ape_pe_sections) / 40);
-HIDDEN(ape_pe_base = IMAGE_BASE_VIRTUAL);
-HIDDEN(ape_idata = LINK_WINDOWS ? RVA(ape_idata_iat) : 0);
-HIDDEN(ape_idata_iatsize = LINK_WINDOWS ? ape_idata_iatend - ape_idata_iat : 0);
-HIDDEN(ape_idata = LINK_WINDOWS ? RVA(ape_idata_idt) : 0);
-HIDDEN(ape_idata_idtsize = LINK_WINDOWS ? ape_idata_idtend - ape_idata_idt : 0);
-HIDDEN(v_ntversion = LINK_WINDOWS ? 6 : 1);
-HIDDEN(v_ntdllchar = LINK_WINDOWS ? 288 : 0);
-HIDDEN(v_ntsubversion = LINK_WINDOWS ? 6 : 5);
-HIDDEN(v_ntsubsystem = (LINK_WINDOWS
-                        ? (DEFINED(GetMessage)
-                           ? kNtImageSubsystemWindowsGui
-                           : kNtImageSubsystemWindowsCui)
-                        : kNtImageSubsystemEfiApplication));
-HIDDEN(ape_pe_entry = LINK_WINDOWS ? WinMain : EfiMain);
+ape_pe_optsz = ape_pe_sections - (ape_pe + 24);
+ASSERT(ape_pe_optsz % 8 == 0, "SizeOfOptionalHeader must be multiple of 8");
+ape_pe_shnum = (ape_pe_sections_end - ape_pe_sections) / 40;
+ape_pe_base = IMAGE_BASE_VIRTUAL;
+ape_idataz = LINK_WINDOWS ? RVA(ape_idata_iat) : 0;
+ape_idata_iatsize = LINK_WINDOWS ? ape_idata_iatend - ape_idata_iat : 0;
+ape_idata = LINK_WINDOWS ? RVA(ape_idata_idt) : 0;
+ape_idata_idtsize = LINK_WINDOWS ? ape_idata_idtend - ape_idata_idt : 0;
+v_ntdllchar = LINK_WINDOWS ? 288 : 0;
+v_ntsubversion = LINK_WINDOWS ? 6 : 5;
+v_ntsubsystem = (LINK_WINDOWS
+                 ? (DEFINED(GetMessage)
+                    ? kNtImageSubsystemWindowsGui
+                    : kNtImageSubsystemWindowsCui)
+                 : kNtImageSubsystemEfiApplication);
+ape_pe_entry = LINK_WINDOWS ? WinMain : EfiMain;
 #endif
 
 #if SupportsXnu()
@@ -755,12 +738,6 @@ ASSERT(((DEFINED(__init_rodata_end) ? __init_rodata_end : 0) %
 ASSERT((!DEFINED(ape_grub) ? 1 : RVA(ape_grub) < 8192),
        "grub stub needs to be in first 8kb of image");
 
-ASSERT(DEFINED(_start) || DEFINED(_start16),
-       "please link a _start() or _start16() entrypoint");
-
-ASSERT(!DEFINED(_start16) || REAL(_end) < 65536,
-       "ape won't support non-tiny real mode programs");
-
 ASSERT(IS2POW(ape_stack_memsz),
        "ape_stack_memsz must be a two power");
 
@@ -770,6 +747,8 @@ ASSERT(ape_stack_vaddr % ape_stack_memsz == 0,
 ASSERT(ALIGNOF(.tdata) <= TLS_ALIGNMENT && ALIGNOF(.tbss) <= TLS_ALIGNMENT,
        "_Thread_local _Alignof can't exceed TLS_ALIGNMENT");
 
+ASSERT(DEFINED(main), "main() function not defined");
+
 /* Let's not be like Knight Capital. */
 /* NOCROSSREFS_TO(.test .text) */
 

ape/ape.mk

@@ -1,196 +0,0 @@
-#-*-mode:makefile-gmake;indent-tabs-mode:t;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-┐
-#───vi: set et ft=make ts=8 tw=8 fenc=utf-8 :vi───────────────────────┘
-#
-# OVERVIEW
-#
-#   αcτµαlly pδrταblε εxεcµταblε
-#
-# DESCRIPTION
-#
-#   This file defines the libraries, runtimes, and build rules needed to
-#   create executables from your Linux workstation that'll run anywhere.
-#   Loading this package will make certain systemic modifications to the
-#   build like turning off the System V "Red Zone" optimization, because
-#   αcτµαlly pδrταblε εxεcµταblεs need to be able to run in kernelspace.
-
-PKGS += APE
-
-APE =	o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.o			\
-	o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.lds
-
-APE_NO_MODIFY_SELF =				\
-	o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.lds			\
-	o/$(MODE)/ape/ape-no-modify-self.o
-
-APE_COPY_SELF =					\
-	o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.lds			\
-	o/$(MODE)/ape/ape-copy-self.o
-
-APELINK =					\
-	$(COMPILE)				\
-	-ALINK.ape				\
-	$(LINK)					\
-	$(LINKARGS)				\
-	$(OUTPUT_OPTION)
-
-APE_LOADER_FLAGS =				\
-	-DNDEBUG				\
-	-iquote.				\
-	-Wall					\
-	-Wextra					\
-	-fpie					\
-	-Os					\
-	-ffreestanding				\
-	-mgeneral-regs-only			\
-	-mno-red-zone				\
-	-fno-ident				\
-	-fno-gnu-unique				\
-	-c					\
-	 $(OUTPUT_OPTION)			\
-	$<
-
-APE_FILES := $(wildcard ape/*.*)
-APE_HDRS = $(filter %.h,$(APE_FILES))
-APE_INCS = $(filter %.inc,$(APE_FILES))
-APE_SRCS_C = ape/loader.c
-APE_SRCS_S = $(filter %.S,$(APE_FILES))
-APE_SRCS = $(APE_SRCS_C) $(APE_SRCS_S)
-APE_OBJS = $(APE_SRCS_S:%.S=o/$(MODE)/%.o)
-APE_CHECKS = $(APE_HDRS:%=o/%.ok)
-
-o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.lds:				\
-		ape/ape.lds			\
-		ape/macros.internal.h		\
-		ape/relocations.h		\
-		libc/intrin/bits.h		\
-		libc/thread/tls.h		\
-		libc/calls/struct/timespec.h	\
-		libc/thread/thread.h		\
-		libc/dce.h			\
-		libc/elf/def.h			\
-		libc/elf/pf2prot.internal.h	\
-		libc/macros.internal.h		\
-		libc/nt/pedef.internal.h	\
-		libc/str/str.h			\
-		libc/zip.h
-
-o/$(MODE)/ape/public/ape.lds: OVERRIDE_CPPFLAGS += -UCOSMO
-o/$(MODE)/ape/public/ape.lds:			\
-		ape/public/ape.lds		\
-		ape/ape.lds			\
-		ape/macros.internal.h		\
-		ape/relocations.h		\
-		libc/intrin/bits.h		\
-		libc/thread/tls.h		\
-		libc/calls/struct/timespec.h	\
-		libc/thread/thread.h		\
-		libc/dce.h			\
-		libc/elf/def.h			\
-		libc/elf/pf2prot.internal.h	\
-		libc/macros.internal.h		\
-		libc/nt/pedef.internal.h	\
-		libc/str/str.h			\
-		libc/zip.h
-
-o/ape/idata.inc:				\
-		ape/idata.internal.h		\
-		ape/relocations.h
-
-o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.o:				\
-		ape/blink-aarch64.gz		\
-		ape/blink-darwin-arm64.gz
-
-o/$(MODE)/ape/ape-no-modify-self.o:		\
-		ape/ape.S			\
-		ape/macros.internal.h		\
-		ape/notice.inc			\
-		ape/relocations.h		\
-		libc/dce.h			\
-		libc/elf/def.h			\
-		libc/intrin/asancodes.h		\
-		libc/macho.internal.h		\
-		libc/macros.internal.h		\
-		libc/nexgen32e/uart.internal.h	\
-		libc/calls/metalfile.internal.h	\
-		libc/nexgen32e/vidya.internal.h	\
-		libc/nt/pedef.internal.h	\
-		libc/runtime/e820.internal.h	\
-		libc/runtime/mman.internal.h	\
-		libc/runtime/pc.internal.h	\
-		libc/runtime/symbolic.h		\
-		libc/sysv/consts/prot.h		\
-		ape/blink-aarch64.gz		\
-		ape/blink-darwin-arm64.gz	\
-		o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.elf
-	@$(COMPILE)				\
-		-AOBJECTIFY.S			\
-		$(OBJECTIFY.S)			\
-		$(OUTPUT_OPTION)		\
-		-DAPE_NO_MODIFY_SELF		\
-		-DAPE_LOADER='"o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.elf"' $<
-
-o/$(MODE)/ape/ape-copy-self.o:			\
-		ape/ape.S			\
-		ape/macros.internal.h		\
-		ape/notice.inc			\
-		ape/relocations.h		\
-		libc/dce.h			\
-		libc/elf/def.h			\
-		libc/intrin/asancodes.h		\
-		libc/macho.internal.h		\
-		libc/macros.internal.h		\
-		libc/nexgen32e/uart.internal.h	\
-		libc/calls/metalfile.internal.h	\
-		libc/nexgen32e/vidya.internal.h	\
-		libc/nt/pedef.internal.h	\
-		libc/runtime/e820.internal.h	\
-		libc/runtime/mman.internal.h	\
-		libc/runtime/pc.internal.h	\
-		libc/runtime/symbolic.h		\
-		libc/sysv/consts/prot.h		\
-		ape/blink-aarch64.gz		\
-		ape/blink-darwin-arm64.gz
-	@$(COMPILE)				\
-		-AOBJECTIFY.S			\
-		$(OBJECTIFY.S)			\
-		$(OUTPUT_OPTION)		\
-		-DAPE_NO_MODIFY_SELF $<
-
-o/$(MODE)/ape/loader.o: ape/loader.c ape/loader.h
-	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.c $(CC) -DSUPPORT_VECTOR=0b01111001 -g $(APE_LOADER_FLAGS)
-o/$(MODE)/ape/loader-gcc.asm: ape/loader.c
-	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.c $(CC) -DSUPPORT_VECTOR=0b01111001 -S -g0 $(APE_LOADER_FLAGS)
-o/$(MODE)/ape/loader-clang.asm: ape/loader.c
-	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.c $(CLANG) -DSUPPORT_VECTOR=0b01111001 -S -g0 $(APE_LOADER_FLAGS)
-
-o/$(MODE)/ape/loader-xnu.o: ape/loader.c ape/loader.h
-	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.c $(CC) -DSUPPORT_VECTOR=0b00001000 -g $(APE_LOADER_FLAGS)
-o/$(MODE)/ape/loader-xnu-gcc.asm: ape/loader.c
-	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.c $(CC) -DSUPPORT_VECTOR=0b00001000 -S -g0 $(APE_LOADER_FLAGS)
-o/$(MODE)/ape/loader-xnu-clang.asm: ape/loader.c
-	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.c $(CLANG) -DSUPPORT_VECTOR=0b00001000 -S -g0 $(APE_LOADER_FLAGS)
-
-o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.elf: o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.elf.dbg
-o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.macho: o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.macho.dbg
-
-o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.elf.dbg:			\
-		o/$(MODE)/ape/loader.o		\
-		o/$(MODE)/ape/loader-elf.o	\
-		ape/loader.lds
-	@$(ELFLINK) -z max-page-size=0x10
-
-o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.macho.dbg:			\
-		o/$(MODE)/ape/loader-xnu.o	\
-		o/$(MODE)/ape/loader-macho.o	\
-		ape/loader-macho.lds
-	@$(ELFLINK) -z max-page-size=0x10
-
-.PHONY: o/$(MODE)/ape
-o/$(MODE)/ape:	$(APE_CHECKS)			\
-		o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.o		\
-		o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.lds		\
-		o/$(MODE)/ape/public/ape.lds	\
-		o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.elf		\
-		o/$(MODE)/ape/ape.macho		\
-		o/$(MODE)/ape/ape-copy-self.o	\
-		o/$(MODE)/ape/ape-no-modify-self.o

ape/apeinstall.sh

@@ -1,62 +1,107 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
+PROG=${0##*/}
+MODE=${MODE:-$m}
+TMPDIR=${TMPDIR:-/tmp}
+COSMO=${COSMO:-/opt/cosmo}
+COSMOS=${COSMOS:-/opt/cosmos}
+
+if [ ! -f ape/loader.c ]; then
+  cd "$COSMO" || exit
+fi
+
+if [ -x build/bootstrap/make ]; then
+  MAKE=build/bootstrap/make
+else
+  MAKE=make
+fi
+
 if [ "$(id -u)" -eq 0 ]; then
   SUDO=
-else
+elif command -v sudo >/dev/null 2>&1; then
   SUDO=sudo
+elif command -v doas >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+  SUDO=doas
+else
+  echo "need root or sudo" >&2
+  exit
+fi
+
+if command -v install >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+  if [ x"$(uname -s)" = xLinux ]; then
+    INSTALL="install -o root -g root -m 755"
+  else
+    INSTALL="install -o root -g wheel -m 755"
+  fi
+else
+  INSTALL="cp -f"
 fi
 
 echo "Actually Portable Executable (APE) Installer" >&2
 echo "Author:  Justine Tunney <[email protected]>"  >&2
 
+# special installation process for apple silicon
+if [ x"$(uname -s)" = xDarwin ] && [ x"$(uname -m)" = xarm64 ]; then
+  echo "cc -O -o $TMPDIR/ape.$$ ape/ape-m1.c" >&2
+  cc -O -o "$TMPDIR/ape.$$" ape/ape-m1.c || exit
+  trap 'rm "$TMPDIR/ape.$$"' EXIT
+  if [ ! -d /usr/local/bin ]; then
+    echo "$SUDO mkdir -p /usr/local/bin" >&2
+    $SUDO mkdir -p /usr/local/bin || exit
+  fi
+  echo "$SUDO $INSTALL $TMPDIR/ape.$$ /usr/local/bin/ape" >&2
+  $SUDO $INSTALL "$TMPDIR/ape.$$" /usr/local/bin/ape || exit
+  exit
+fi
+
+if [ x"$(uname -m)" = xarm64 ] || [ x"$(uname -m)" = xaarch64 ]; then
+  MODE=aarch64
+  EXT=elf
+  BEXT=aarch64
+elif [ x"$(uname -m)" = xx86_64 ]; then
+  MODE=
+  if [ x"$(uname -s)" = xDarwin ]; then
+    EXT=macho
+  else
+    EXT=elf
+  fi
+  BEXT=$EXT
+else
+  echo "unsupported architecture $(uname -m)" >&2
+  exit
+fi
+
 ################################################################################
 # INSTALL APE LOADER SYSTEMWIDE
 
-if [ -f o/depend ]; then
-  # mkdeps.com build was successfully run so assume we can build
-  echo >&2
-  echo "recompiling ape loader" >&2
-  echo "running: make -j8 o//ape" >&2
-  make -j8 o//ape || exit
-  echo "done" >&2
+if [ -f o/$MODE/depend ] && $MAKE -j8 o/$MODE/ape; then
+  echo "successfully recompiled ape loader" >&2
+elif [ -x o/$MODE/ape/ape.$EXT ]; then
+  echo "using ape loader you compiled earlier" >&2
 elif [ -d build/bootstrap ]; then
   # if make isn't being used then it's unlikely the user changed the sources
   # in that case the prebuilt binaries should be completely up-to-date
   echo "using prebuilt ape loader from cosmo repo" >&2
-  mkdir -p o//ape || exit
-  cp -af build/bootstrap/ape.elf o//ape/ape.elf || exit
-  cp -af build/bootstrap/ape.macho o//ape/ape.macho || exit
+  mkdir -p o/$MODE/ape || exit
+  cp -af build/bootstrap/ape.$BEXT o/$MODE/ape/ape.$EXT || exit
 else
   echo "no cosmopolitan libc repository here" >&2
-  echo "fetching ape loader from justine.lol"  >&2
-  mkdir -p o//ape || exit
+  echo "fetching ape loader from justine.lol" >&2
+  mkdir -p o/$MODE/ape || exit
   if command -v wget >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-    wget -qO o//ape/ape.elf https://justine.lol/ape.elf || exit
-    wget -qO o//ape/ape.macho https://justine.lol/ape.macho || exit
+    wget -qO o/$MODE/ape/ape.$EXT https://justine.lol/ape.$BEXT || exit
   else
-    curl -Rso o//ape/ape.elf https://justine.lol/ape.elf || exit
-    curl -Rso o//ape/ape.macho https://justine.lol/ape.macho || exit
+    curl -Rso o/$MODE/ape/ape.$EXT https://justine.lol/ape.$BEXT || exit
   fi
-  chmod +x o//ape/ape.elf || exit
-  chmod +x o//ape/ape.macho || exit
+  chmod +x o/$MODE/ape/ape.$EXT || exit
 fi
 
-if [ "$(uname -s)" = "Darwin" ]; then
-  if ! [ /usr/bin/ape -nt o//ape/ape.macho ]; then
-    echo >&2
-    echo "installing o//ape/ape.elf to /usr/bin/ape" >&2
-    echo "$SUDO mv -f o//ape/ape.elf /usr/bin/ape" >&2
-    $SUDO cp -f o//ape/ape.macho /usr/bin/ape || exit
-    echo "done" >&2
-  fi
-else
-  if ! [ /usr/bin/ape -nt o//ape/ape.elf ]; then
-    echo >&2
-    echo "installing o//ape/ape.elf to /usr/bin/ape" >&2
-    echo "$SUDO mv -f o//ape/ape.elf /usr/bin/ape" >&2
-    $SUDO cp -f o//ape/ape.elf /usr/bin/ape || exit
-    echo "done" >&2
-  fi
+if ! [ /usr/bin/ape -nt o/$MODE/ape/ape.$EXT ]; then
+  echo >&2
+  echo "installing o/$MODE/ape/ape.$EXT to /usr/bin/ape" >&2
+  echo "$SUDO $INSTALL o/$MODE/ape/ape.$EXT /usr/bin/ape" >&2
+  $SUDO $INSTALL o/$MODE/ape/ape.$EXT /usr/bin/ape || exit
+  echo "done" >&2
 fi
 
 ################################################################################
@@ -92,13 +137,20 @@ if [ x"$(uname -s)" = xLinux ]; then
     echo done >&2
   fi
 
+  uname_r="$(uname -r)"
+  if printf '%s\n%s\n' 5.12 "$uname_r" | sort -CV; then
+    FLAGS=FP
+  else
+    FLAGS=F
+  fi
+
   echo >&2
   echo registering APE with binfmt_misc >&2
   echo you may need to edit configs to persist across reboot >&2
-  echo '$SUDO sh -c "echo '"'"':APE:M::MZqFpD::/usr/bin/ape:'"'"' >/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register"' >&2
-  $SUDO sh -c "echo ':APE:M::MZqFpD::/usr/bin/ape:' >/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register" || exit
-  echo '$SUDO sh -c "echo '"'"':APE-jart:M::jartsr::/usr/bin/ape:'"'"' >/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register"' >&2
-  $SUDO sh -c "echo ':APE-jart:M::jartsr::/usr/bin/ape:' >/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register" || exit
+  echo '$SUDO sh -c "echo '"'"':APE:M::MZqFpD::/usr/bin/ape:'"$FLAGS'"' >/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register"' >&2
+  $SUDO sh -c "echo ':APE:M::MZqFpD::/usr/bin/ape:$FLAGS' >/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register" || exit
+  echo '$SUDO sh -c "echo '"'"':APE-jart:M::jartsr::/usr/bin/ape:'"$FLAGS'"' >/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register"' >&2
+  $SUDO sh -c "echo ':APE-jart:M::jartsr::/usr/bin/ape:$FLAGS' >/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register" || exit
   echo done >&2
 
   if [ x"$(cat /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/status)" = xdisabled ]; then

ape/apeuninstall.sh

@@ -1,9 +1,23 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
+PROG=${0##*/}
+MODE=${MODE:-$m}
+COSMO=${COSMO:-/opt/cosmo}
+COSMOS=${COSMOS:-/opt/cosmos}
+
+if [ ! -f ape/loader.c ]; then
+  cd "$COSMO" || exit
+fi
+
 if [ "$UID" = "0" ]; then
   SUDO=
-else
+elif command -v sudo >/dev/null 2>&1; then
   SUDO=sudo
+elif command -v doas >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+  SUDO=doas
+else
+  echo "need root or sudo" >&2
+  exit
 fi
 
 {
@@ -11,7 +25,7 @@ fi
   echo "APE Uninstaller intends to run (in pseudo-shell)"
   echo
   echo "    sudo echo -1 into /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/APE*"
-  echo "    sudo rm -f /usr/bin/ape ~/.ape o/tmp/.ape /tmp/.ape"
+  echo "    sudo rm -f /usr/bin/ape ~/.ape /tmp/.ape # etc."
   echo
   echo "You may then use ape/apeinstall.sh to reinstall it"
   echo
@@ -23,4 +37,32 @@ for f in /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/APE*; do
     $SUDO sh -c "echo -1 >$f" || exit
   fi
 done
-$SUDO rm -f /usr/bin/ape ~/.ape o/tmp/.ape o/tmp/ape /tmp/.ape /tmp/ape || exit
+
+# system installation
+if [ -f /usr/bin/ape ]; then
+  $SUDO rm -f /usr/bin/ape
+fi
+if [ -f /usr/local/bin/ape ]; then
+  $SUDO rm -f /usr/local/bin/ape
+fi
+
+# legacy installations
+rm -f o/tmp/ape /tmp/ape "${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/ape"
+
+# ad-hoc installations
+for x in .ape \
+         .ape-1.1 \
+         .ape-1.3 \
+         .ape-1.4 \
+         .ape-1.5 \
+         .ape-1.6 \
+         .ape-1.7 \
+         .ape-1.8 \
+         .ape-1.9 \
+         .ape-1.10; do
+  rm -f \
+     ~/$x \
+     /tmp/$x \
+     o/tmp/$x \
+     "${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/$x"
+done

ape/config.h

@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef COSMOPOLITAN_APE_CONFIG_H_
-#define COSMOPOLITAN_APE_CONFIG_H_
-#if !(__ASSEMBLER__ + __LINKER__ + 0)
-
-#define STATIC_SYMBOL(NAME, VALUE)   \
-  asm(".equ\t" NAME "," VALUE "\n\t" \
-      ".globl\t" NAME)
-
-#endif /* !(__ASSEMBLER__ + __LINKER__ + 0) */
-#endif /* COSMOPOLITAN_APE_CONFIG_H_ */

ape/idata.internal.h

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*-*- mode:unix-assembly; indent-tabs-mode:t; tab-width:8; coding:utf-8     -*-│
-│vi: set et ft=asm ts=8 sw=8 fenc=utf-8                                     :vi│
+│ vi: set noet ft=asm ts=8 sw=8 fenc=utf-8                                 :vi │
 ╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡
 │ Copyright 2020 Justine Alexandra Roberts Tunney                              │
 │                                                                              │
@@ -31,7 +31,8 @@
 //	@see	libc/nt/master.sh
 //	@see	ape/ape.lds
 //	@see	winimp
-.macro	.imp	dll:req fn:req actual:req hint
+.macro	.imp	dll:req fn:req actual:req
+#ifdef __x86_64__
 	.dll	"\dll"
 	.section ".piro.data.sort.iat.2.\dll\().2.\actual","aw",@progbits
 	.type	\fn,@object
@@ -42,25 +43,28 @@
 	.hidden	\fn
 	.previous
 	.section ".idata.ro.ilt.\dll\().2.\actual","a",@progbits
-".Lidata.ilt.\dll\().\actual":
+"idata.ilt.\dll\().\actual":
 	.quad	RVA("\dll\().\actual")
-	.type	".Lidata.ilt.\dll\().\actual",@object
-	.size	".Lidata.ilt.\dll\().\actual",.-".Lidata.ilt.\dll\().\actual"
+	.type	"idata.ilt.\dll\().\actual",@object
+	.size	"idata.ilt.\dll\().\actual",.-"idata.ilt.\dll\().\actual"
 	.previous
 	.section ".idata.ro.hnt.\dll\().2.\actual","a",@progbits
 "\dll\().\actual":
-	.ifnb	\hint			# hint i.e. guess function ordinal
-	.short	\hint
-	.else
-	.short	0
-	.endif
+	.short	0			// hint
 	.asciz	"\actual"
-	.align	2			# documented requirement
+	.align	2			// documented requirement
 	.globl	"\dll\().\actual"
 	.hidden	"\dll\().\actual"
 	.type	"\dll\().\actual",@object
 	.size	"\dll\().\actual",.-"\dll\().\actual"
 	.previous
+#else
+	.section ".data.nt.\actual","aw",@progbits
+	.globl	"\fn"
+	.balign	8
+	.weak	"\actual"
+"\fn":	.quad	"\actual"
+#endif
 .endm
 
 //	Defines DLL import.
@@ -68,16 +72,16 @@
 .macro	.dll	name:req
   .section ".idata.ro.idt.2.\name","aG",@progbits,"\name",comdat
 	.equ	".Lidata.idt.\name",.
-	.long	RVA("idata.ilt.\name")		# ImportLookupTable
-	.long	0				# TimeDateStamp
-	.long	0				# ForwarderChain
-	.long	RVA(".Lidata.str.\name")	# DllNameRva
-	.long	RVA("idata.iat.\name")		# ImportAddressTable
+	.long	RVA("idata.ilt.\name")		// ImportLookupTable
+	.long	0				// TimeDateStamp
+	.long	0				// ForwarderChain
+	.long	RVA(".Lidata.str.\name")	// DllNameRva
+	.long	RVA("idata.iat.\name")		// ImportAddressTable
 	.type	".Lidata.idt.\name",@object
 	.size	".Lidata.idt.\name",.-".Lidata.idt.\name"
   .previous
   .section ".idata.ro.ilt.\name\().1","aG",@progbits,"\name",comdat
-	.align	__SIZEOF_POINTER__
+	.balign	__SIZEOF_POINTER__
 	.type	"idata.ilt.\name",@object
 "idata.ilt.\name":
 	.previous/*
@@ -88,12 +92,12 @@
 	.quad	0
   .previous
   .section ".idata.ro.hnt.\name\().1","aG",@progbits,"\name",comdat
-	.align	__SIZEOF_POINTER__
+	.balign	__SIZEOF_POINTER__
 	.type	"idata.hnt.\name",@object
 	.equ	"idata.hnt.\name",.
   .previous
   .section ".piro.data.sort.iat.2.\name\().1","awG",@progbits,"\name",comdat
-	.align	__SIZEOF_POINTER__
+	.balign	__SIZEOF_POINTER__
 	.type	"idata.iat.\name",@object
 "idata.iat.\name":
 	.previous/*

ape/launch.S

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+/*-*- mode:unix-assembly; indent-tabs-mode:t; tab-width:8; coding:utf-8     -*-│
+│ vi: set noet ft=asm ts=8 sw=8 fenc=utf-8                                 :vi │
+╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡
+│ Copyright 2023 Justine Alexandra Roberts Tunney                              │
+│                                                                              │
+│ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for         │
+│ any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the         │
+│ above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.      │
+│                                                                              │
+│ THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL                │
+│ WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED                │
+│ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE             │
+│ AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL         │
+│ DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR        │
+│ PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER               │
+│ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
+│ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
+╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#include "libc/macros.internal.h"
+
+//	Calls _start() function of loaded program.
+//
+//	When the program entrypoint is called, all registers shall be
+//	cleared, with the exception of (1) %rdi will be equal to %rsp
+//	on FreeBSD and (2) %cl will contain the detected host OS code
+//
+//	We clear all the general registers we can to have some wiggle
+//	room, to extend the behavior of this loader in the future. We
+//	don't need to clear the XMM registers because your APE loader
+//	should be compiled using gcc/clang's -mgeneral-regs-only flag
+//
+//	@param	rdi is passed through as-is
+//	@param	rsi is address of entrypoint (becomes zero)
+//	@param	rdx is passed through as-is
+//	@param	rcx is passed through as-is
+//	@param	r8  is stack pointer (becomes zero)
+//	@noreturn
+Launch:
+#ifdef __aarch64__
+
+	mov	x16,x1
+	mov	sp,x4
+	mov	x1,0
+	mov	x4,0
+	mov	x5,0
+	mov	x6,0
+	mov	x7,0
+	mov	x8,0
+	mov	x9,0
+	mov	x10,0
+	mov	x11,0
+	mov	x12,0
+	mov	x13,0
+	mov	x14,0
+	mov	x15,0
+	mov	x17,0
+	mov	x19,0
+	mov	x20,0
+	mov	x21,0
+	mov	x22,0
+	mov	x23,0
+	mov	x24,0
+	mov	x25,0
+	mov	x26,0
+	mov	x27,0
+	mov	x28,0
+	mov	x29,0
+	mov	x30,0
+	br	x16
+
+#else
+
+	mov	%r8,%rsp
+	xor	%r8d,%r8d
+	xor	%r9d,%r9d
+	xor	%r10d,%r10d
+	xor	%r11d,%r11d
+	xor	%r12d,%r12d
+	xor	%r13d,%r13d
+	xor	%r14d,%r14d
+	xor	%r15d,%r15d
+	push	%rsi
+	xor	%esi,%esi
+	xor	%ebp,%ebp
+	xor	%ebx,%ebx
+	xor	%eax,%eax
+	ret
+
+#endif
+	.endfn	Launch,globl

ape/loader-elf.S

@@ -1,249 +0,0 @@
-/*-*- mode:unix-assembly; indent-tabs-mode:t; tab-width:8; coding:utf-8     -*-│
-│vi: set et ft=asm ts=8 tw=8 fenc=utf-8                                     :vi│
-╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡
-│ Copyright 2021 Justine Alexandra Roberts Tunney                              │
-│                                                                              │
-│ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for         │
-│ any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the         │
-│ above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.      │
-│                                                                              │
-│ THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL                │
-│ WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED                │
-│ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE             │
-│ AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL         │
-│ DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR        │
-│ PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER               │
-│ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
-│ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
-╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
-#include "libc/elf/def.h"
-#include "libc/sysv/consts/prot.h"
-#include "libc/macho.internal.h"
-#include "libc/dce.h"
-#include "libc/macros.internal.h"
-
-//	APE Loader Executable Structure
-//	Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD
-
-	.align	8
-ehdr:	.ascii	"\177ELF"
-	.byte	ELFCLASS64
-	.byte	ELFDATA2LSB
-	.byte	1
-	.byte	ELFOSABI_FREEBSD
-	.quad	0
-	.word	ET_EXEC			# e_type
-	.word	EM_NEXGEN32E		# e_machine
-	.long	1			# e_version
-	.quad	_start			# e_entry
-	.quad	phdrs - ehdr		# e_phoff
-	.quad	0			# e_shoff
-	.long	0			# e_flags
-	.word	64			# e_ehsize
-	.word	56			# e_phentsize
-	.word	4			# e_phnum
-	.word	0			# e_shentsize
-	.word	0			# e_shnum
-	.word	0			# e_shstrndx
-	.endobj	ehdr,globl
-
-	.align	8
-phdrs:	.long	PT_LOAD			# p_type
-	.long	PF_R|PF_X		# p_flags
-	.quad	0			# p_offset
-	.quad	ehdr			# p_vaddr
-	.quad	ehdr			# p_paddr
-	.quad	filesz			# p_filesz
-	.quad	filesz			# p_memsz
-	.quad	PAGESIZE		# p_align
-
-	.long	PT_LOAD			# p_type
-	.long	PF_R|PF_W		# p_flags
-	.quad	0			# p_offset
-	.quad	bss			# p_vaddr
-	.quad	bss			# p_paddr
-	.quad	0			# p_filesz
-	.quad	bsssize			# p_memsz
-	.quad	PAGESIZE		# p_align
-
-	.long	PT_GNU_STACK		# p_type
-	.long	PF_R|PF_W		# p_flags
-	.quad	0			# p_offset
-	.quad	0			# p_vaddr
-	.quad	0			# p_paddr
-	.quad	0			# p_filesz
-	.quad	0			# p_memsz
-	.quad	16			# p_align
-
-	.long	PT_NOTE			# p_type
-	.long	PF_R			# p_flags
-	.quad	note - ehdr		# p_offset
-	.quad	note			# p_vaddr
-	.quad	note			# p_paddr
-	.quad	notesize		# p_filesz
-	.quad	notesize		# p_memsz
-	.quad	8			# p_align
-	.endobj	phdrs
-
-note:	.long	2f-1f
-	.long	4f-3f
-	.long	1
-1:	.asciz	"OpenBSD"
-2:	.align	4
-3:	.long	0
-4:	.long	2f-1f
-	.long	4f-3f
-	.long	1
-1:	.asciz	"NetBSD"
-2:	.align	4
-3:	.long	901000000
-4:	.endobj	note
-	notesize = . - note
-
-	.align	64,0				# for ape.S dd
-	.org	0x180				# for ape.S dd
-
-//	APE Loader XNU Header
-//
-//	This header is dd'd backwards by the APE shell script when
-//	running on Mac OS X.
-//
-//	@see	ape/ape.S
-macho:	.long	0xFEEDFACE+1
-	.long	MAC_CPU_NEXGEN32E
-	.long	MAC_CPU_NEXGEN32E_ALL
-	.long	MAC_EXECUTE
-	.long	5				# number of load commands
-	.long	60f-10f				# size of all load commands
-	.long	MAC_NOUNDEFS			# flags
-	.long	0				# reserved
-10:	.long	MAC_LC_SEGMENT_64
-	.long	20f-10b				# unmaps first page dir
-	.ascin	"__PAGEZERO",16			# consistent with linux
-	.quad	0,0x200000,0,0			# which forbids mem <2m
-	.long	0,0,0,0
-20:	.long	MAC_LC_SEGMENT_64
-	.long	30f-20b
-	.ascin	"__TEXT",16
-	.quad	ehdr				# vaddr
-	.quad	4096				# memsz
-	.quad	0				# file offset
-	.quad	filesz				# file size
-	.long	PROT_EXEC|PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE	# maxprot
-	.long	PROT_EXEC|PROT_READ		# initprot
-	.long	1				# segment section count
-	.long	0				# flags
-210:	.ascin	"__text",16			# section name (.text)
-	.ascin	"__TEXT",16
-	.quad	_start				# vaddr
-	.quad	textsz				# memsz
-	.long	textoff				# offset
-	.long	6				# align 2**6 = 64
-	.long	0				# reloc table offset
-	.long	0				# relocation count
-	.long	MAC_S_ATTR_SOME_INSTRUCTIONS	# section type & attributes
-	.long	0,0,0				# reserved
-30:	.long	MAC_LC_SEGMENT_64
-	.long	40f-30b
-	.ascin	"__DATA",16
-	.quad	bss				# vaddr
-	.quad	bsssize				# memsz
-	.quad	0				# offset
-	.quad	0				# file size
-	.long	PROT_EXEC|PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE	# maxprot
-	.long	PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE		# initprot
-	.long	1				# segment section count
-	.long	0				# flags
-310:	.ascin	"__bss",16			# section name (.bss)
-	.ascin	"__DATA",16
-	.quad	bss				# vaddr
-	.quad	bsssize				# memsz
-	.long	0				# offset
-	.long	12				# align 2**12 = 4096
-	.long	0				# reloc table offset
-	.long	0				# relocation count
-	.long	MAC_S_ZEROFILL			# section type & attributes
-	.long	0,0,0				# reserved
-40:	.long	MAC_LC_UUID
-	.long	50f-40b
-	.quad	0x3fb29ee4ac6c87aa		# uuid1
-	.quad	0xdd2c9bb866d9eef8		# uuid2
-50:	.long	MAC_LC_UNIXTHREAD
-	.long	60f-50b				# cmdsize
-	.long	MAC_THREAD_NEXGEN32E		# flavaflav
-	.long	(520f-510f)/4			# count
-510:	.quad	0				# rax
-	.quad	0				# rbx
-	.quad	0				# rcx
-	.quad	_HOSTXNU			# rdx
-	.quad	0				# rdi
-	.quad	0				# rsi
-	.quad	0				# rbp
-	.quad	0				# rsp
-	.quad	0				# r8
-	.quad	0				# r9
-	.quad	0				# r10
-	.quad	0				# r11
-	.quad	0				# r12
-	.quad	0				# r13
-	.quad	0				# r14
-	.quad	0				# r15
-	.quad	_start				# rip
-	.quad	0				# rflags
-	.quad	0				# cs
-	.quad	0				# fs
-	.quad	0				# gs
-520:
-60:
-	.endobj	macho
-
-	.align	64,0				# for ape.S dd
-	.org	0x400				# for ape.S dd
-
-//	Ape Loader Entrpoint
-//
-//	This is normally called by the operating system. However it may
-//	be called by the Actually Portable Executables themselves, when
-//	re-executing a program. Just do this:
-//
-//	    memcpy(0x200000, loader)
-//	    lea handoff(%rip),%rcx
-//	    lea argblock(%rip),%rsp
-//	    jmp 0x200400
-//
-//	@see	APE_LOADER_ENTRY
-//	@see	ape/loader.h
-_start:
-
-//	Hack for detecting M1 Rosetta environment.
-//	https://github.com/jart/cosmopolitan/issues/429#issuecomment-1166704377
-	cmp	$-1,%ebx
-	jne	0f
-	cmp	$+1,%edx
-	jne	0f
-	mov	$_HOSTXNU,%dl
-	xor	%ecx,%ecx
-
-0:	mov	%rsp,%rsi
-	jmp	ApeLoader
-	.endfn	_start,globl
-
-//	System Call Entrpoint
-//
-//	This function is used by the APE loader to make system calls.
-//	We also pass a reference to this function to the APE binary's
-//	_start() function. It's needed because on OpenBSD, msyscall()
-//	restricts which pages can issue system calls, and it can only
-//	be called once. Therefore if we want to be load and re-load a
-//	binary multiple times without calling the system execve(), we
-//	need to be able to handover the SYSCALL function. We hardcode
-//	this to a fixed address, but that shouldn't be used, since we
-//	would ideally want to move it to a random page in the future.
-__syscall_loader:
-	clc
-	syscall
-	jc	1f
-	ret
-1:	neg	%rax
-	ret
-	.endfn	__syscall_loader,globl

ape/loader-macho.S

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*-*- mode:unix-assembly; indent-tabs-mode:t; tab-width:8; coding:utf-8     -*-│
-│vi: set et ft=asm ts=8 tw=8 fenc=utf-8                                     :vi│
+│ vi: set noet ft=asm ts=8 sw=8 fenc=utf-8                                 :vi │
 ╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡
 │ Copyright 2021 Justine Alexandra Roberts Tunney                              │
 │                                                                              │
@@ -21,118 +21,75 @@
 #include "libc/dce.h"
 #include "libc/macros.internal.h"
 
-//	APE Loader Executable Structure for XNU
+//	Apple Mach-O Executable Headers
+//	Fixups are applied by objbincopy
+//	There must exist a MAC_LC_SEGMENT_64 for every PT_LOAD
 
-	.align	4096
-macho:	.long	0xFEEDFACE+1
+	.section .macho,"a",@progbits
+	.balign	64
+	.long	0xFEEDFACE+1
 	.long	MAC_CPU_NEXGEN32E
 	.long	MAC_CPU_NEXGEN32E_ALL
 	.long	MAC_EXECUTE
-	.long	5				# number of load commands
-	.long	60f-10f				# size of all load commands
-	.long	MAC_NOUNDEFS			# flags
-	.long	0				# reserved
+	.long	5				// number of load commands
+	.long	60f-10f				// size of all load commands
+	.long	MAC_NOUNDEFS|MAC_SPLIT_SEGS	// flags
+	.long	0				// reserved
 10:	.long	MAC_LC_SEGMENT_64
-	.long	20f-10b				# unmaps first page dir
-	.ascin	"__PAGEZERO",16			# consistent with linux
-	.quad	0,0x200000,0,0			# which forbids mem <2m
+	.long	20f-10b				// unmaps first page dir
+	.ascin	"__PAGEZERO",16			// consistent with linux
+	.quad	0,0x200000,0,0			// which forbids mem <2m
 	.long	0,0,0,0
 20:	.long	MAC_LC_SEGMENT_64
 	.long	30f-20b
 	.ascin	"__TEXT",16
-	.quad	macho				# vaddr
-	.quad	4096				# memsz
-	.quad	0				# file offset
-	.quad	filesz				# file size
-	.long	PROT_EXEC|PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE	# maxprot
-	.long	PROT_EXEC|PROT_READ		# initprot
-	.long	1				# segment section count
-	.long	0				# flags
-210:	.ascin	"__text",16			# section name (.text)
-	.ascin	"__TEXT",16
-	.quad	_start				# vaddr
-	.quad	textsz				# memsz
-	.long	textoff				# offset
-	.long	6				# align 2**3 = 64
-	.long	0				# reloc table offset
-	.long	0				# relocation count
-	.long	MAC_S_ATTR_SOME_INSTRUCTIONS	# section type & attributes
-	.long	0,0,0				# reserved
+	.quad	0				// vaddr
+	.quad	0				// memsz
+	.quad	0				// file offset
+	.quad	0				// file size
+	.long	0				// maxprot
+	.long	0				// initprot
+	.long	0				// segment section count
+	.long	0				// flags
 30:	.long	MAC_LC_SEGMENT_64
 	.long	40f-30b
-	.ascin	"__DATA",16
-	.quad	bss				# vaddr
-	.quad	bsssize				# memsz
-	.quad	0				# offset
-	.quad	0				# file size
-	.long	PROT_EXEC|PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE	# maxprot
-	.long	PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE		# initprot
-	.long	1				# segment section count
-	.long	0				# flags
-310:	.ascin	"__bss",16			# section name (.bss)
-	.ascin	"__DATA",16
-	.quad	bss				# vaddr
-	.quad	bsssize				# memsz
-	.long	0				# offset
-	.long	12				# align 2**12 = 4096
-	.long	0				# reloc table offset
-	.long	0				# relocation count
-	.long	MAC_S_ZEROFILL			# section type & attributes
-	.long	0,0,0				# reserved
+	.ascin	"__RODATA",16
+	.quad	0				// vaddr
+	.quad	0				// memsz
+	.quad	0				// file offset
+	.quad	0				// file size
+	.long	0				// maxprot
+	.long	0				// initprot
+	.long	0				// segment section count
+	.long	0				// flags
 40:	.long	MAC_LC_UUID
 	.long	50f-40b
-	.quad	0x3fb29ee4ac6c87aa		# uuid1
-	.quad	0xdd2c9bb866d9eef8		# uuid2
+	.quad	0x4527148ba7a513ef		// uuid1
+	.quad	0x56fa865940665e8f		// uuid2
 50:	.long	MAC_LC_UNIXTHREAD
-	.long	60f-50b				# cmdsize
-	.long	MAC_THREAD_NEXGEN32E		# flavaflav
-	.long	(520f-510f)/4			# count
-510:	.quad	0				# rax
-	.quad	0				# rbx
-	.quad	0				# rcx
-	.quad	_HOSTXNU			# rdx
-	.quad	0				# rdi
-	.quad	0				# rsi
-	.quad	0				# rbp
-	.quad	0				# rsp
-	.quad	0				# r8
-	.quad	0				# r9
-	.quad	0				# r10
-	.quad	0				# r11
-	.quad	0				# r12
-	.quad	0				# r13
-	.quad	0				# r14
-	.quad	0				# r15
-	.quad	_start				# rip
-	.quad	0				# rflags
-	.quad	0				# cs
-	.quad	0				# fs
-	.quad	0				# gs
+	.long	60f-50b				// cmdsize
+	.long	MAC_THREAD_NEXGEN32E		// flavaflav
+	.long	(520f-510f)/4			// count
+510:	.quad	0				// rax
+	.quad	0				// rbx
+	.quad	0				// rcx
+	.quad	0				// rdx
+	.quad	0				// rdi
+	.quad	0				// rsi
+	.quad	0				// rbp
+	.quad	0				// rsp
+	.quad	0				// r8
+	.quad	0				// r9
+	.quad	0				// r10
+	.quad	0				// r11
+	.quad	0				// r12
+	.quad	0				// r13
+	.quad	0				// r14
+	.quad	0				// r15
+	.quad	XnuEntrypoint			// rip
+	.quad	0				// rflags
+	.quad	0				// cs
+	.quad	0				// fs
+	.quad	0				// gs
 520:
 60:
-	.endobj	macho,globl
-
-	.align	64
-_start:
-
-//	Hack for detecting M1 Rosetta environment.
-//	https://github.com/jart/cosmopolitan/issues/429#issuecomment-1166704377
-	cmp	$-1,%ebx
-	jne	0f
-	cmp	$+1,%edx
-	jne	0f
-	mov	$_HOSTXNU,%dl
-	xor	%ecx,%ecx
-
-0:	mov	%rsp,%rsi
-	jmp	ApeLoader
-	.endfn	_start,globl
-
-__syscall_loader:
-	clc
-	syscall
-	jc	1f
-	ret
-1:	neg	%rax
-	ret
-	.endfn	__syscall_loader,globl

ape/loader-macho.lds

@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-/*-*- mode: ld-script; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 2; coding: utf-8   -*-│
-│vi: set et sts=2 tw=2 fenc=utf-8                                           :vi│
-╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡
-│ Copyright 2021 Justine Alexandra Roberts Tunney                              │
-│                                                                              │
-│ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for         │
-│ any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the         │
-│ above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.      │
-│                                                                              │
-│ THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL                │
-│ WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED                │
-│ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE             │
-│ AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL         │
-│ DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR        │
-│ PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER               │
-│ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
-│ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
-╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
-ENTRY(_start)
-
-SECTIONS {
-  . = 0x200000;
-  .text : {
-    *(.text)
-    *(.rodata .rodata.*)
-    . = ALIGN(4096);
-  }
-  filesz = . - macho;
-  textsz = . - _start;
-  .bss ALIGN(4096) : {
-    bss = .;
-    *(.bss)
-    . = ALIGN(4096);
-  }
-  memsz = . - macho;
-  /DISCARD/ : {
-    *(.*)
-  }
-}
-
-bsssize = SIZEOF(.bss);
-textoff = _start - macho;

ape/loader.h

@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef COSMOPOLITAN_APE_LOADER_H_
-#define COSMOPOLITAN_APE_LOADER_H_
-
-#define APE_LOADER_BASE  0x200000
-#define APE_LOADER_SIZE  0x200000
-#define APE_LOADER_ENTRY 0x200400
-#define APE_LOADER_BSS   (PAGESIZE * 2)
-#define APE_LOADER_STACK 0x7f0000000000
-#define APE_BLOCK_BASE   0x7e0000000000
-#define APE_BLOCK_SIZE   0x000200000000
-
-struct ApeLoader {
-  int fd;
-  int os;
-  char *prog;
-  char *page;
-  void *systemcall;
-};
-
-#endif /* COSMOPOLITAN_APE_LOADER_H_ */

ape/loader.lds

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*-*- mode: ld-script; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 2; coding: utf-8   -*-│
-│vi: set et sts=2 tw=2 fenc=utf-8                                           :vi│
+│ vi: set et sts=2 sw=2 fenc=utf-8                                         :vi │
 ╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡
-│ Copyright 2021 Justine Alexandra Roberts Tunney                              │
+│ Copyright 2023 Justine Alexandra Roberts Tunney                              │
 │                                                                              │
 │ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for         │
 │ any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the         │
@@ -16,28 +16,80 @@
 │ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
-ENTRY(_start)
+
+ENTRY(ElfEntrypoint)
+
+PHDRS {
+  text PT_LOAD FLAGS(1) FILEHDR PHDRS; /* PF_X */
+  rodata PT_LOAD FLAGS(4); /* PF_R */
+  stack PT_GNU_STACK FLAGS(6); /* PF_W|PF_R */
+  note PT_NOTE FLAGS(4); /* PF_R */
+}
 
 SECTIONS {
-  . = 0x200000;
+
+  . = SEGMENT_START("text-segment", 0x7f000000);
+  __executable_start = .;
+  . += SIZEOF_HEADERS;
+
+  .macho : {
+    KEEP(*(.macho))
+  } :text
+
+  .note : {
+    KEEP(*(.note))
+  } :text :note
+
   .text : {
-    *(.text)
-    *(.rodata .rodata.*)
-    . = ALIGN(64);
-  }
-  filesz = . - ehdr;
-  textsz = . - _start;
-  .bss ALIGN(4096) : {
-    bss = .;
-    *(.bss)
-    . = ALIGN(4096);
-  }
+    *(.text .text.* .gnu.linkonce.t.*)
+  } :text
+
+  .rodata ALIGN(CONSTANT(COMMONPAGESIZE)) : {
+    *(.rodata .rodata.* .gnu.linkonce.r.*)
+  } :rodata
+
+  .stack : {
+    *(.stack)
+  } :stack
+
   _end = .;
-  memsz = _end - ehdr;
+
+  .stab               0 : { *(.stab) }
+  .stabstr            0 : { *(.stabstr) }
+  .stab.excl          0 : { *(.stab.excl) }
+  .stab.exclstr       0 : { *(.stab.exclstr) }
+  .stab.index         0 : { *(.stab.index) }
+  .stab.indexstr      0 : { *(.stab.indexstr) }
+  .gnu.build.attributes : { *(.gnu.build.attributes .gnu.build.attributes.*) }
+  .debug              0 : { *(.debug) }
+  .line               0 : { *(.line) }
+  .debug_srcinfo      0 : { *(.debug_srcinfo) }
+  .debug_sfnames      0 : { *(.debug_sfnames) }
+  .debug_aranges      0 : { *(.debug_aranges) }
+  .debug_pubnames     0 : { *(.debug_pubnames) }
+  .debug_info         0 : { *(.debug_info .gnu.linkonce.wi.*) }
+  .debug_abbrev       0 : { *(.debug_abbrev) }
+  .debug_line         0 : { *(.debug_line .debug_line.* .debug_line_end) }
+  .debug_frame        0 : { *(.debug_frame) }
+  .debug_str          0 : { *(.debug_str) }
+  .debug_loc          0 : { *(.debug_loc) }
+  .debug_macinfo      0 : { *(.debug_macinfo) }
+  .debug_weaknames    0 : { *(.debug_weaknames) }
+  .debug_funcnames    0 : { *(.debug_funcnames) }
+  .debug_typenames    0 : { *(.debug_typenames) }
+  .debug_varnames     0 : { *(.debug_varnames) }
+  .debug_pubtypes     0 : { *(.debug_pubtypes) }
+  .debug_ranges       0 : { *(.debug_ranges) }
+  .debug_macro        0 : { *(.debug_macro) }
+  .debug_addr         0 : { *(.debug_addr) }
+  .debug_loclists     0 : { *(.debug_loclists) }
+  .debug_rnglists     0 : { *(.debug_rnglists) }
+  .debug_line_str     0 : { *(.debug_line_str) }
+  .debug_extra        0 : { *(.debug_line_str) }
+  .debug_pubtypes     0 : { *(.debug_pubtypes) }
+  .gnu.attributes     0 : { KEEP(*(.gnu.attributes)) }
+
   /DISCARD/ : {
     *(.*)
   }
 }
-
-bsssize = SIZEOF(.bss);
-textoff = _start - ehdr;

ape/macros.internal.h

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*-*- mode:unix-assembly; indent-tabs-mode:t; tab-width:8; coding:utf-8     -*-│
-│vi: set et ft=asm ts=8 sw=8 fenc=utf-8                                     :vi│
+│ vi: set noet ft=asm ts=8 sw=8 fenc=utf-8                                 :vi │
 ╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡
 │ Copyright 2020 Justine Alexandra Roberts Tunney                              │
 │                                                                              │
@@ -22,119 +22,6 @@
 #ifdef __ASSEMBLER__
 /* clang-format off */
 
-/**
- * @fileoverview Macros relevant to αcτµαlly pδrταblε εxεcµταblε.
- */
-
-//	Calls near (i.e. pc+pcrel<64kB) FUNCTION.
-//	@mode	long,legacy,real
-//	@cost	9 bytes overhead
-.macro	rlcall	function:req
-	.byte	0x50                   	# push %[er]ax
-	.byte	0xb8,0,0		# mov $?,%[e]ax
-	jmp	911f
-	.byte	0x58                   	# pop %[er]ax
-	.byte	0xe8			# call Jvds
-	.long	\function\()-.-4
-	jmp	912f
-911:	.byte	0x58                   	# pop %[er]ax
-	.byte	0xe8			# call Jvds
-	.short	\function\()-.-2
-912:
-.endm
-
-//	Loads far (i.e. <1mb) abs constexpr ADDRESS into ES:DI+EDX+RDX.
-//	@mode	long,legacy,real
-.macro	movesdi	address:req
-	.byte	0xbf			# mov $0x????xxxx,%[e]di
-	.short	\address>>4
-	.byte	0x8e,0xc7		# mov %di,%es
-	.byte	0xbf			# mov $0x????xxxx,%[e]di
-	.short	\address&0xf
-	jmp	297f
-	.byte	0xbf			# mov $0x????xxxx,%edi
-	.long	\address
-297:
-.endm
-
-//	Loads 16-bit CONSTEXPR into Qw-register w/ optional zero-extend.
-//	@mode	long,legacy,real
-.macro	bbmov	constexpr:req abcd abcd.hi:req abcd.lo:req
- .ifnb	\abcd
-  .if	(\constexpr)<128 && (\constexpr)>=0
-	pushpop	\constexpr,\abcd
-   .exitm
-  .endif
- .endif
-	movb	$(\constexpr)>>8&0xff,\abcd.hi
-	movb	$(\constexpr)&0xff,\abcd.lo
-.endm
-
-//	Compares 16-bit CONSTEXPR with Qw-register.
-//	@mode	long,legacy,real
-.macro	bbcmp	constexpr:req abcd.hi:req abcd.lo:req
-	cmpb	$(\constexpr)>>8&0xff,\abcd.hi
-	jnz	387f
-	cmpb	$(\constexpr)&0xff,\abcd.lo
-387:
-.endm
-
-//	Adds 16-bit CONSTEXPR to Qw-register.
-//	@mode	long,legacy,real
-.macro	bbadd	constexpr:req abcd.hi:req abcd.lo:req
-	addb	$(\constexpr)&0xff,\abcd.lo
- .if	(\constexpr) != 0
-	adcb	$(\constexpr)>>8&0xff,\abcd.hi
- .endif
-.endm
-
-//	Subtracts 16-bit CONSTEXPR from Qw-register.
-//	@mode	long,legacy,real
-.macro	bbsub	constexpr:req abcd.hi:req abcd.lo:req
-	subb	$(\constexpr)&0xff,\abcd.lo
- .if	(\constexpr) != 0
-	sbbb	$(\constexpr)>>8&0xff,\abcd.hi
- .endif
-.endm
-
-//	Ands Qw-register with 16-bit CONSTEXPR.
-//	@mode	long,legacy,real
-.macro	bband	constexpr:req abcd.hi:req abcd.lo:req
- .if	((\constexpr)&0xff) != 0xff || ((\constexpr)>>8&0xff) == 0xff
-	andb	$(\constexpr)&0xff,\abcd.lo
- .endif
- .if	((\constexpr)>>8&0xff) != 0xff
-	andb	$(\constexpr)>>8&0xff,\abcd.hi
- .endif
-.endm
-
-//	Ors Qw-register with 16-bit CONSTEXPR.
-//	@mode	long,legacy,real
-.macro	bbor	constexpr:req abcd.hi:req abcd.lo:req
- .if	((\constexpr)&0xff) != 0 || ((\constexpr)>>8&0xff) != 0
-	orb	$(\constexpr)&0xff,\abcd.lo
- .endif
- .if	((\constexpr)>>8&0xff) != 0
-	orb	$(\constexpr)>>8&0xff,\abcd.hi
- .endif
-.endm
-
-//	Performs ACTION only if in real mode.
-//	@mode	long,legacy,real
-.macro	rlo	clobber:req action:vararg
-990:	mov	$0,\clobber
-	.if	.-990b!=3
-	.error	"bad clobber or assembler mode"
-	.endif
-991:	\action
-	.rept	2-(.-991b)
-	nop
-	.endr
-	.if	.-991b!=2
-	.error	"ACTION must be 1-2 bytes"
-	.endif
-.endm
-
 //	Initializes real mode stack.
 //	The most holiest of holy code.
 //	@mode	real
@@ -197,9 +84,10 @@
 /* clang-format on */
 #elif defined(__LINKER__)
 
-#define BCX_NIBBLE(X) ((((X)&0xf) > 0x9) ? ((X)&0xf) + 0x37 : ((X)&0xf) + 0x30)
-#define BCX_OCTET(X)  ((BCX_NIBBLE((X) >> 4) << 8) | (BCX_NIBBLE((X) >> 0) << 0))
-#define BCX_INT16(X)  ((BCX_OCTET((X) >> 8) << 16) | (BCX_OCTET((X) >> 0) << 0))
+#define BCX_NIBBLE(X) \
+  ((((X) & 0xf) > 0x9) ? ((X) & 0xf) + 0x37 : ((X) & 0xf) + 0x30)
+#define BCX_OCTET(X) ((BCX_NIBBLE((X) >> 4) << 8) | (BCX_NIBBLE((X) >> 0) << 0))
+#define BCX_INT16(X) ((BCX_OCTET((X) >> 8) << 16) | (BCX_OCTET((X) >> 0) << 0))
 #define BCXSTUB(SYM, X)                      \
   HIDDEN(SYM##_bcx0 = BCX_INT16((X) >> 48)); \
   HIDDEN(SYM##_bcx1 = BCX_INT16((X) >> 32)); \
@@ -211,12 +99,12 @@
  *
  * <p>This allows linker scripts to generate printf commands.
  */
-#define BCO_OCTET(X) (((X)&0x7) + 0x30)
+#define BCO_OCTET(X) (((X) & 0x7) + 0x30)
 #define BCOB_UNIT(X)                                           \
   ((BCO_OCTET((X) >> 0) << 24) | (BCO_OCTET((X) >> 3) << 16) | \
-   (BCO_OCTET(((X)&0xff) >> 6) << 8) | 0x5c)
+   (BCO_OCTET(((X) & 0xff) >> 6) << 8) | 0x5c)
 
-#define PFBYTE(SYM, X, I) HIDDEN(SYM##_bcs##I = BCOB_UNIT((X) >> ((I)*8)))
+#define PFBYTE(SYM, X, I) HIDDEN(SYM##_bcs##I = BCOB_UNIT((X) >> ((I) * 8)))
 #define PFSTUB2(SYM, X) \
   HIDDEN(SYM = (X));    \
   PFBYTE(SYM, X, 0);    \
@@ -253,23 +141,16 @@
    : (X) < 10000000  ? BCD_RIGHT(BCD_SMEAR((X) / 1000))  \
    : (X) < 100000000 ? BCD_RIGHT(BCD_SMEAR((X) / 10000)) \
                      : 0xffffffffffffffff)
-#define BCD_RIGHT(X) \
-  (((X)) < 10000     ? 0x20202020                  \
-   : (X) < 100000    ? 0x20202030 +                \
-                       (X) % 10                    \
-   : (X) < 1000000   ? 0x20203030 +                \
-                       ((X) / 10) % 10 +           \
-                       (X) % 10 * 0x100            \
-   : (X) < 10000000  ? 0x20303030 +                \
-                       ((X) / 100) % 10 +          \
-                       ((X) / 10) % 10 * 0x100 +   \
-                       (X) % 10 * 0x10000          \
-   : (X) < 100000000 ? 0x30303030 +                \
-                       ((X) / 1000) % 10 +         \
-                       ((X) / 100) % 10 * 0x100 +  \
-                       ((X) / 10) % 10 * 0x10000 + \
-                       (X) % 10 * 0x1000000        \
-                     : 0xffffffffffffffff)
+#define BCD_RIGHT(X)                                                   \
+  (((X)) < 10000    ? 0x20202020                                       \
+   : (X) < 100000   ? 0x20202030 + (X) % 10                            \
+   : (X) < 1000000  ? 0x20203030 + ((X) / 10) % 10 + (X) % 10 * 0x100  \
+   : (X) < 10000000 ? 0x20303030 + ((X) / 100) % 10 +                  \
+                          ((X) / 10) % 10 * 0x100 + (X) % 10 * 0x10000 \
+   : (X) < 100000000                                                   \
+       ? 0x30303030 + ((X) / 1000) % 10 + ((X) / 100) % 10 * 0x100 +   \
+             ((X) / 10) % 10 * 0x10000 + (X) % 10 * 0x1000000          \
+       : 0xffffffffffffffff)
 
 /**
  * Laying out the GDT entries for a TSS for bare metal operation.
@@ -278,15 +159,11 @@
   HIDDEN(SYM##_desc_ent0 = TSSDESC_ENT0(BASE, LIM)); \
   HIDDEN(SYM##_desc_ent1 = TSSDESC_ENT1(BASE));      \
   ASSERT((LIM) >= 0 && (LIM) <= 0xffff, "bare metal TSS is suspiciously fat")
-#define TSSDESC_ENT0(BASE, LIM)                \
-  (((LIM)        <<  0 & 0x000000000000ffff) | \
-   ((BASE)       << 16 & 0x000000ffffff0000) | \
-    0x89         << 40                       | \
-   ((LIM)  >> 16 << 48 & 0x000f000000000000) | \
-    0x2          << 52                       | \
+#define TSSDESC_ENT0(BASE, LIM)                                              \
+  (((LIM) << 0 & 0x000000000000ffff) | ((BASE) << 16 & 0x000000ffffff0000) | \
+   0x89 << 40 | ((LIM) >> 16 << 48 & 0x000f000000000000) | 0x2 << 52 |       \
    ((BASE) >> 24 << 56 & 0xff00000000000000))
-#define TSSDESC_ENT1(BASE)                     \
-   ((BASE) >> 32 <<  0 & 0x00000000ffffffff)
+#define TSSDESC_ENT1(BASE) ((BASE) >> 32 << 0 & 0x00000000ffffffff)
 
 #endif /* __ASSEMBLER__ */
 #endif /* APE_MACROS_H_ */

ape/sections.internal.h

@@ -1,34 +1,32 @@
 #ifndef COSMOPOLITAN_APE_SECTIONS_INTERNAL_H_
 #define COSMOPOLITAN_APE_SECTIONS_INTERNAL_H_
-#if !(__ASSEMBLER__ + __LINKER__ + 0)
 COSMOPOLITAN_C_START_
 
-extern unsigned char _base[];
-extern unsigned char _ehead[];
-extern unsigned char _etext[];
-extern unsigned char _edata[];
-extern unsigned char _ezip[];
-extern unsigned char _end[];
-extern unsigned char _ereal[];
-extern unsigned char _tdata_start[];
-extern unsigned char _tdata_end[];
-extern unsigned char _tbss_start[];
-extern unsigned char _tbss_end[];
-extern unsigned char __privileged_start[];
-extern unsigned char __privileged_addr[];
-extern unsigned char __privileged_size[];
-extern unsigned char __privileged_end[];
-extern unsigned char __test_start[];
-extern unsigned char __ro[];
-extern unsigned char *__relo_start[];
-extern unsigned char *__relo_end[];
-extern uint8_t __zip_start[];
-extern uint8_t __zip_end[];
-extern uint8_t __data_start[];
-extern uint8_t __data_end[];
-extern uint8_t __bss_start[];
-extern uint8_t __bss_end[];
+extern const char __notices[] __attribute__((__weak__));
+extern unsigned char __executable_start[] __attribute__((__weak__));
+extern unsigned char __privileged_start[] __attribute__((__weak__));
+extern unsigned char _ehead[] __attribute__((__weak__));
+extern unsigned char _etext[] __attribute__((__weak__));
+extern unsigned char _edata[] __attribute__((__weak__));
+extern unsigned char _ezip[] __attribute__((__weak__));
+extern unsigned char _end[] __attribute__((__weak__));
+extern unsigned char _ereal[] __attribute__((__weak__));
+extern unsigned char _tdata_start[] __attribute__((__weak__));
+extern unsigned char _tdata_end[] __attribute__((__weak__));
+extern unsigned char _tbss_start[] __attribute__((__weak__));
+extern unsigned char _tbss_end[] __attribute__((__weak__));
+extern unsigned char _tls_align[] __attribute__((__weak__));
+extern unsigned char _tdata_align[] __attribute__((__weak__));
+extern unsigned char _tbss_align[] __attribute__((__weak__));
+extern unsigned char __test_start[] __attribute__((__weak__));
+extern unsigned char __ro[] __attribute__((__weak__));
+extern unsigned char __data_start[] __attribute__((__weak__));
+extern unsigned char __data_end[] __attribute__((__weak__));
+extern unsigned char __bss_start[] __attribute__((__weak__));
+extern unsigned char __bss_end[] __attribute__((__weak__));
+extern unsigned long __got_start[] __attribute__((__weak__));
+extern unsigned long __got_end[] __attribute__((__weak__));
+extern unsigned char ape_phdrs[] __attribute__((__weak__));
 
 COSMOPOLITAN_C_END_
-#endif /* !(__ASSEMBLER__ + __LINKER__ + 0) */
 #endif /* COSMOPOLITAN_APE_SECTIONS_INTERNAL_H_ */

ape/specification.md

@@ -0,0 +1,703 @@
+# Actually Portable Executable Specification v0.1
+
+Actually Portable Executable (APE) is an executable file format that
+polyglots the Windows Portable Executable (PE) format with a UNIX Sixth
+Edition style shell script that doesn't have a shebang. This makes it
+possible to produce a single file binary that executes on the stock
+installations of the many OSes and architectures.
+
+## Supported OSes and Architectures
+
+- AMD64
+  - Linux
+  - MacOS
+  - Windows
+  - FreeBSD
+  - OpenBSD
+  - NetBSD
+  - BIOS
+
+- ARM64
+  - Linux
+  - MacOS
+  - FreeBSD
+  - Windows (non-native)
+
+## File Header
+
+APE defines three separate file magics, all of which are 8 characters
+long. Any file that starts with one of these magic values can be
+considered an APE program.
+
+### (1) APE MZ Magic
+
+- ASCII: `MZqFpD='`
+- Hex: 4d 5a 71 46 70 44 3d 27
+
+This is the canonical magic used by almost all APE programs. It enables
+maximum portability between OSes. When interpreted as a shell script, it
+is assigning a single quoted string to an unused variable. The shell
+will then ignore subsequent binary content that's placed inside the
+string.
+
+It is strongly recommended that this magic value be immediately followed
+by a newline (\n or hex 0a) character. Some shells, e.g. FreeBSD SH and
+Zsh impose a binary safety check before handing off files that don't
+have a shebang to `/bin/sh`. That check applies to the first line, which
+can't contain NUL characters.
+
+The letters were carefully chosen so as to be valid x86 instructions in
+all operating modes. This makes it possible to store a BIOS bootloader
+disk image inside an APE binary. For example, simple CLI programs built
+with Cosmopolitan Libc will boot from BIOS into long mode if they're
+treated as a floppy disk image.
+
+The letters also allow for the possibility of being treated on x86-64 as
+a flat executable, where the PE / ELF / Mach-O executable structures are
+ignored, and execution simply begins at the beginning of the file,
+similar to how MS-DOS .COM binaries work.
+
+The 0x4a relative offset of the magic causes execution to jump into the
+MS-DOS stub defined by Portable Executable. APE binaries built by Cosmo
+Libc use tricks in the MS-DOS stub to check the operating mode and then
+jump to the appropriate entrypoint, e.g. `_start()`.
+
+#### Decoded as i8086
+
+```asm
+  dec  %bp
+  pop  %dx
+  jno  0x4a
+  jo   0x4a
+```
+
+#### Decoded as i386
+
+```asm
+  push %ebp
+  pop  %edx
+  jno  0x4a
+  jo   0x4a
+```
+
+#### Decoded as x86-64
+
+```asm
+  rex.WRB
+  pop %r10
+  jno 0x4a
+  jo  0x4a
+```
+
+### (2) APE UNIX-Only Magic
+
+- ASCII: `jartsr='`
+- Hex: 6a 61 72 74 73 72 3d 27
+
+Being a novel executable format that was first published in 2020, the
+APE file format is less understood by industry tools compared to the PE,
+ELF, and Mach-O executable file formats, which have been around for
+decades. For this reason, APE programs that use the MZ magic above can
+attract attention from Windows AV software, which may be unwanted by
+developers who aren't interested in targeting the Windows platform.
+Therefore the `jartsr='` magic is defined which enables the creation of
+APE binaries that can safely target all non-Windows platforms. Even
+though this magic is less common, APE interpreters and binfmt-misc
+installations MUST support this.
+
+It is strongly recommended that this magic value be immediately followed
+by a newline (\n or hex 0a) character. Some shells, e.g. FreeBSD SH and
+Zsh impose a binary safety check before handing off files that don't
+have a shebang to `/bin/sh`. That check applies to the first line, which
+can't contain NUL characters.
+
+The letters were carefully chosen so as to be valid x86 instructions in
+all operating modes. This makes it possible to store a BIOS bootloader
+disk image inside an APE binary. For example, simple CLI programs built
+with Cosmopolitan Libc will boot from BIOS into long mode if they're
+treated as a floppy disk image.
+
+The letters also allow for the possibility of being treated on x86-64 as
+a flat executable, where the PE / ELF / Mach-O executable structures are
+ignored, and execution simply begins at the beginning of the file,
+similar to how MS-DOS .COM binaries work.
+
+The 0x78 relative offset of the magic causes execution to jump into the
+MS-DOS stub defined by Portable Executable. APE binaries built by Cosmo
+Libc use tricks in the MS-DOS stub to check the operating mode and then
+jump to the appropriate entrypoint, e.g. `_start()`.
+
+#### Decoded as i8086 / i386 / x86-64
+
+```asm
+  push $0x61
+  jb   0x78
+  jae  0x78
+```
+
+### (3) APE Debug Magic
+
+- ASCII: `APEDBG='`
+- Hex: 41 50 45 44 42 47 3d 27
+
+While APE files must be valid shell scripts, in practice, UNIX systems
+will oftentimes be configured to provide a faster safer alternative to
+loading an APE binary through `/bin/sh`. The Linux Kernel can be patched
+to have execve() recognize the APE format and directly load its embedded
+ELF header. Linux systems can also use binfmt-misc to recognize APE's MZ
+and jartsr magic, and pass them to a userspace program named `ape` that
+acts as an interpreter. In such environments, the need sometimes arises
+to be able to test that the `/bin/sh` is working correctly, in which
+case the `APEDBG='` magic is RECOMMENDED.
+
+APE interpreters, execve() implementations, and binfmt-misc installs
+MUST ignore this magic. If necessary, steps can be taken to help files
+with this magic be passed to `/bin/sh` like a normal shebang-less shell
+script for execution.
+
+## Embedded ELF Header
+
+APE binaries MAY embed an ELF header inside them. Unlike conventional
+executable file formats, this header is not stored at a fixed offset.
+It's instead encoded as octal escape codes in a shell script `printf`
+statement. For example:
+
+```
+printf '\177ELF\2\1\1\011\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\2\0\076\0\1\0\0\0\166\105\100\000\000\000\000\000\060\013\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\165\312\1\1\100\0\070\0\005\000\0\0\000\000\000\000'
+```
+
+This `printf` statement MUST appear in the first 8192 bytes of the APE
+executable, so as to limit how much of the initial portion of a file an
+interpreter must load.
+
+Multiple such `printf` statements MAY appear in the first 8192 bytes, in
+order to specify multiple architectures. For example, fat binaries built
+by the `apelink` program (provided by Cosmo Libc) will have two encoded
+ELF headers, for AMD64 and ARM64, each of which point into the proper
+file offsets for their respective native code. Therefore, kernels and
+interpreters which load the APE format directly MUST check the
+`e_machine` field of the `Elf64_Ehdr` that's decoded from the octal
+codes, before accepting a `printf` shell statement as valid.
+
+These printf statements MUST always use only unescaped ASCII characters
+or octal escape codes. These printf statements MUST NOT use space saving
+escape codes such as `\n`. For example, rather than saying `\n` it would
+be valid to say `\012` instead. It's also valid to say `\12` but only if
+the encoded characters that follow aren't an octal digit.
+
+For example, the following algorithm may be used for parsing octal:
+
+```c
+static int ape_parse_octal(const unsigned char page[8192], int i, int *pc)
+{
+        int c;
+        if ('0' <= page[i] && page[i] <= '7') {
+                c = page[i++] - '0';
+                if ('0' <= page[i] && page[i] <= '7') {
+                        c *= 8;
+                        c += page[i++] - '0';
+                        if ('0' <= page[i] && page[i] <= '7') {
+                                c *= 8;
+                                c += page[i++] - '0';
+                        }
+                }
+                *pc = c;
+        }
+        return i;
+}
+```
+
+APE aware interpreters SHOULD only take `e_machine` into consideration.
+It is the responsibility of the `_start()` function to detect the OS.
+Therefore, multiple `printf` statements are only embedded in the shell
+script for different CPU architectures.
+
+The OS ABI field of an APE embedded `Elf64_Ehdr` SHOULD be set to
+`ELFOSABI_FREEBSD`, since it's the only UNIX OS APE supports that
+actually checks the field. However different values MAY be chosen for
+binaries that don't intend to have FreeBSD in their support vector.
+
+Counter-intuitively, the ARM64 ELF header is used on the MacOS ARM64
+platform when loading from fat binaries.
+
+## Embedded Mach-O Header (x86-64 only)
+
+APE shell scripts that support MacOS on AMD64 must use the `dd` command
+in a very specific way to specify how the embedded binary Macho-O header
+is copied backward to the start of the file. For example:
+
+```
+dd if="$o" of="$o" bs=8 skip=433      count=66       conv=notrunc
+```
+
+These `dd` statements have traditionally been generated by the GNU as
+and ld.bfd programs by encoding ASCII into 64-bit linker relocations,
+which necessitated a fixed width for integer values. It took several
+iterations over APE's history before we eventually got it right:
+
+- `arg="  9293"` is how we originally had ape do it
+- `arg=$((  9293))` b/c busybox sh disliked quoted space
+- `arg=9293  ` is generated by modern apelink program
+
+Software that parses the APE file format, which needs to extract the
+Macho-O x86-64 header SHOULD support the old binaries that use the
+previous encodings. To make backwards compatibility simple the following
+regular expression may be used, which generalizes to all defined
+formats:
+
+```c
+regcomp(&rx,
+        "bs="              // dd block size arg
+        "(['\"] *)?"       //   #1 optional quote w/ space
+        "(\\$\\(\\( *)?"   //   #2 optional math w/ space
+        "([[:digit:]]+)"   //   #3
+        "( *\\)\\))?"      //   #4 optional math w/ space
+        "( *['\"])?"       //   #5 optional quote w/ space
+        " +"               //
+        "skip="            // dd skip arg
+        "(['\"] *)?"       //   #6 optional quote w/ space
+        "(\\$\\(\\( *)?"   //   #7 optional math w/ space
+        "([[:digit:]]+)"   //   #8
+        "( *\\)\\))?"      //   #9 optional math w/ space
+        "( *['\"])?"       //  #10 optional quote w/ space
+        " +"               //
+        "count="           // dd count arg
+        "(['\"] *)?"       //  #11 optional quote w/ space
+        "(\\$\\(\\( *)?"   //  #12 optional math w/ space
+        "([[:digit:]]+)",  //  #13
+        REG_EXTENDED);
+```
+
+For further details, see the canonical implementation in
+`cosmopolitan/tool/build/assimilate.c`.
+
+## Static Linking
+
+Actually Portable Executables are always statically linked. This
+revision of the specification does not define any facility for storing
+code in dynamic shared objects.
+
+Cosmopolitan Libc provides a solution that enables APE binaries have
+limited access to dlopen(). By manually loading a platform-specific
+executable and asking the OS-specific libc's dlopen() to load
+OS-specific libraries, it becomes possible to use GPUs and GUIs. This
+has worked great for AI projects like llamafile.
+
+There is no way for an Actually Portable Executable to interact with
+OS-specific dynamic shared object extension modules to programming
+languages. For example, a Lua interpreter compiled as an Actually
+Portable Executable would have no way of linking extension libraries
+downloaded from the Lua Rocks package manager. This is primarily because
+different OSes define incompatible ABIs.
+
+While it was possible to polyglot PE+ELF+MachO to create multi-OS
+executables, it simply isn't possible to do that same thing for
+DLL+DYLIB+SO. Therefore, in order to have DSOs, APE would need to either
+choose one of the existing formats or invent one of its own, and then
+develop its own parallel ecosystem of extension software. In the future,
+the APE specification may expand to encompass this. However the focus to
+date has been exclusively on executables with limited dlopen() support.
+
+## Application Binary Interface (ABI)
+
+APE binaries use the System V ABI, as defined by:
+
+- [System V ABI - AMD64 Architecture Processor Supplement](https://gitlab.com/x86-psABIs/x86-64-ABI)
+- AARCH64 has a uniform consensus defined by ARM Limited
+
+There are however a few changes we've had to make.
+
+### No Red Zone
+
+Actually Portable Executables that have Windows and/or bare metal in
+their support vector MUST be compiled using `-mno-red-zone`. This is
+because, on Windows, DLLs and other software lurking in the va-space
+might use tricks like SetThreadContext() to take control of a thread
+whereas on bare metal, it's also generally accepted that kernel-mode
+code cannot assume a red zone either due to hardware interrupts that
+pull the exact same kinds of stunts.
+
+APE software that only has truly System V ABI conformant OSes (e.g.
+Linux) in their support vector MAY use the red zone optimization.
+
+### Thread Local Storage
+
+#### aarch64
+
+Here's the TLS memory layout on aarch64:
+
+```
+           x28
+        %tpidr_el0
+            │
+            │    _Thread_local
+        ┌───┼───┬──────────┬──────────┐
+        │tib│dtv│  .tdata  │  .tbss   │
+        ├───┴───┴──────────┴──────────┘
+        │
+    __get_tls()
+```
+
+The ARM64 code in actually portable executables use the `x28` register
+to store the address of the thread information block. All aarch64 code
+linked into these executables SHOULD be compiled with `-ffixed-x28`
+which is supported by both Clang and GCC.
+
+The runtime library for an actually portable executables MAY choose to
+use `tpidr_el0` instead, if OSes like MacOS aren't being targeted. For
+example, if the goal is to create a Linux-only fat binary linker program
+for Musl Libc, then choosing to use the existing `tpidr_el0` convention
+would be friction-free alternative.
+
+It's not possible for an APE runtime that targets the full range of OSes
+to use the `tpidr_el0` register for TLS because Apple won't allow it. On
+MacOS ARM64 systems, this register can only be used by a runtime to
+implement the `sched_getcpu()` system call. It's reserved by MacOS.
+
+#### x86-64
+
+Here's the TLS memory layout on x86_64:
+
+```
+                          __get_tls()
+                              │
+                             %fs OpenBSD/NetBSD
+           _Thread_local      │
+    ┌───┬──────────┬──────────┼───┐
+    │pad│  .tdata  │  .tbss   │tib│
+    └───┴──────────┴──────────┼───┘
+                              │
+   Linux/FreeBSD/Windows/Mac %gs
+```
+
+Quite possibly the greatest challenge in Actually Portable Executable
+working, has been overcoming the incompatibilities between OSes in how
+thread-local storage works on x86-64. The AMD64 architecture defines two
+special segment registers. Every OS uses one of these segment registers
+to implement TLS support. However not all OSes agree on which register
+to use. Some OSes grant userspace the power to define either of these
+registers to hold any value that is desired. Some OSes only effectively
+allow a single one of them to be changed. Lastly, some OSes, e.g.
+Windows, claim ownership of the memory layout these registers point
+towards too.
+
+Here's a breakdown on how much power is granted to userspace runtimes by
+each OS when it comes to changing amd64 segment registers.
+
+|         | %fs          | %gs          |
+|---------|--------------|--------------|
+| Linux   | unrestricted | unrestricted |
+| MacOS   | inaccessible | unrestricted |
+| Windows | inaccessible | restricted   |
+| FreeBSD | unrestricted | unrestricted |
+| NetBSD  | unrestricted | broken       |
+| OpenBSD | unrestricted | inaccessible |
+
+Therefore, regardless of which register one we choose, some OSes are
+going to be incompatible.
+
+APE binaries are always built with a Linux compiler. So another issue
+arises in the fact that our Linux-flavored GCC and Clang toolchains
+(which are used to produce cross-OS binaries) are also only capable of
+producing TLS instructions that use the %fs convention.
+
+To solve these challenges, the `cosmocc` compiler will rewrite binary
+objects after they've been compiled by GCC, so that the `%gs` register
+is used, rather than `%fs`. Morphing x86-64 binaries after they've been
+compiled is normally difficult, due to the complexity of the machine
+instruction language. However GCC provides `-mno-tls-direct-seg-refs`
+which greatly reduces the complexity of this task. This flag forgoes
+some optimizations to make the generated code simpler. Rather than doing
+clever arithmetic with `%fs` prefixes, the compiler will always generate
+the thread information block address load as a separate instruction.
+
+```c
+// Change AMD code to use %gs:0x30 instead of %fs:0
+// We assume -mno-tls-direct-seg-refs has been used
+static void ChangeTlsFsToGs(unsigned char *p, size_t n) {
+  unsigned char *e = p + n - 9;
+  while (p <= e) {
+    // we're checking for the following expression:
+    //   0144 == p[0] &&           // %fs
+    //   0110 == (p[1] & 0373) &&  // rex.w (and ignore rex.r)
+    //   (0213 == p[2] ||          // mov reg/mem → reg (word-sized)
+    //   0003 == p[2]) &&          // add reg/mem → reg (word-sized)
+    //   0004 == (p[3] & 0307) &&  // mod/rm (4,reg,0) means sib → reg
+    //   0045 == p[4] &&           // sib (5,4,0) → (rbp,rsp,0) → disp32
+    //   0000 == p[5] &&           // displacement (von Neumann endian)
+    //   0000 == p[6] &&           // displacement
+    //   0000 == p[7] &&           // displacement
+    //   0000 == p[8]              // displacement
+    uint64_t w = READ64LE(p) & READ64LE("\377\373\377\307\377\377\377\377");
+    if ((w == READ64LE("\144\110\213\004\045\000\000\000") ||
+         w == READ64LE("\144\110\003\004\045\000\000\000")) &&
+        !p[8]) {
+      p[0] = 0145;  // change %fs to %gs
+      p[5] = 0x30;  // change 0 to 0x30
+      p += 9;
+    } else {
+      ++p;
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+By favoring `%gs` we've now ensured friction-free compatibility for the
+APE runtime on MacOS, Linux, and FreeBSD which are all able to conform
+easily to this convention. However additional work needs to be done at
+runtime when an APE program is started on Windows, OpenBSD, and NetBSD.
+On these platforms, all executable pages must be faulted and morphed to
+fixup the TLS instructions.
+
+On OpenBSD and NetBSD, this is as simple as undoing the example
+operation above. Earlier at compile-time we turned `%fs` into `%gs`.
+Now, at runtime, `%gs` must be turned back into `%fs`. Since the
+executable is morphing itself, this is easier said than done.
+
+OpenBSD for example enforces a `W^X` invariant. Code that's executing
+can't modify itself at the same time. The way Cosmopolitan solves this
+is by defining a special part of the binary called `.text.privileged`.
+This section is aligned to page boundaries. A GNU ld linker script is
+used to ensure that code which morphs code is placed into this section,
+through the use of a header-defined cosmo-specific keyword `privileged`.
+Additionally, the `fixupobj` program is used by the Cosmo build system
+to ensure that compiled objects don't contain privileged functions that
+call non-privileged functions. Needless to say, `mprotect()` needs to be
+a privileged function, so that it can be used to disable the execute bit
+on all other parts of the executable except for the privileged section,
+thereby making it writable. Once this has been done, code can change.
+
+On Windows the displacement bytes of the TLS instruction are changed to
+use the `%gs:0x1480+i*8` ABI where `i` is a number assigned by the WIN32
+`TlsAlloc()` API. This avoids the need to call `TlsGetValue()` which is
+implemented this exact same way under the hood. Even though 0x1480 isn't
+explicitly documented by MSDN, this ABI is believed to be stable because
+MSVC generates binaries that use this offset directly. The only caveat
+is that `TlsAlloc()` must be called as early in the runtime init as
+possible, to ensure an index less than 64 is returned.
+
+### Thread Information Block (TIB)
+
+The Actually Portable Executable Thread Information Block (TIB) is
+defined by this version of the specification as follows:
+
+- The 64-bit TIB self-pointer is stored at offset 0x00.
+- The 64-bit TIB self-pointer is also stored at offset 0x30.
+- The 32-bit `errno` value is stored at offset 0x3c.
+
+All other parts of the thread information block should be considered
+unspecified and therefore reserved for future specifications.
+
+The APE thread information block is aligned on a 64-byte boundary.
+
+Cosmopolitan Libc v3.5.8 (c. 2024-07-21) currently implements a thread
+information block that's 512 bytes in size.
+
+### Foreign Function Calls
+
+Even though APE programs always use the System V ABI, there arises the
+occasional need to interface with foreign functions, e.g. WIN32. The
+`__attribute__((__ms_abi__))` annotation introduced by GCC v6 is used
+for this purpose.
+
+The ability to change a function's ABI on a case-by-case basis is
+surprisingly enough supported by GCC, Clang, NVCC, and even the AMD HIP
+compilers for both UNIX systems and Windows. All of these compilers
+support both the System V ABI and the Microsoft x64 ABI.
+
+APE binaries will actually favor the Microsoft ABI even when running on
+UNIX OSes for certain dlopen() use-cases. For example, if we control the
+code to a CUDA module, which we compile on each OS separately from our
+main APE binary, then any function that's inside the APE binary whose
+pointer may be passed into a foreign module SHOULD be compiled to use
+the Microsoft ABI. This is because in practice the OS-specific module
+may need to be compiled by MSVC, where MS ABI is the *only* ABI, which
+forces our UNIX programs to partially conform. Thankfully, all UNIX
+compilers support doing it on a case-by-case basis.
+
+### Char Signedness
+
+Actually Portable Executable defines `char` as signed.
+
+Therefore conformant APE software MUST use `-fsigned-char` when building
+code for aarch64, as well as any other architecture that (unlike x86-64)
+would otherwise define `char` as being `unsigned char` by default.
+
+This decision was one of the cases where it made sense to offer a more
+consistent runtime experience for fat multi-arch binaries. However you
+SHOULD still write code to assume `char` can go either way. But if all
+you care about is using APE, then you CAN assume `char` is signed.
+
+### Long Double
+
+On AMD64 platforms, APE binaries define `long double` as 80-bit.
+
+On ARM64 platforms, APE binaries define `long double` as 128-bit.
+
+We accept inconsistency in this case, because hardware acceleration is
+far more valuable than stylistic consistency in the case of mathematics.
+
+One challenge arises on AMD64 for supporting `long double` across OSes.
+Unlike UNIX systems, the Windows Executive on x86-64 initializes the x87
+FPU to have double (64-bit) precision rather than 80-bit. That's because
+code compiled by MSVC treats `long double` as though it were `double` to
+prefer always using the more modern SSE instructions. However System V
+requires genuine 80-bit `long double` support on AMD64.
+
+Therefore, if an APE program detects that it's been started on a Windows
+x86-64 system, then it SHOULD use the following assembly to initialize
+the x87 FPU in System V ABI mode.
+
+```asm
+	fldcw	1f(%rip)
+	.rodata
+	.balign	2
+//	8087 FPU Control Word
+//	 IM: Invalid Operation ───────────────┐
+//	 DM: Denormal Operand ───────────────┐│
+//	 ZM: Zero Divide ───────────────────┐││
+//	 OM: Overflow ─────────────────────┐│││
+//	 UM: Underflow ───────────────────┐││││
+//	 PM: Precision ──────────────────┐│││││
+//	 PC: Precision Control ───────┐  ││││││
+//	  {float,∅,double,long double}│  ││││││
+//	 RC: Rounding Control ──────┐ │  ││││││
+//	  {even, →-∞, →+∞, →0}      │┌┤  ││││││
+//	                           ┌┤││  ││││││
+//	                          d││││rr││││││
+1:	.short	0b00000000000000000001101111111
+	.previous
+```
+
+## Executable File Alignment
+
+Actually Portable Executable is a statically-linked flat executable file
+format that is, as a thing in itself, agnostic to file alignments. For
+example, the shell script payload at the beginning of the file and its
+statements have no such requirements. Alignment requirements are however
+imposed by the executable formats that APE wraps.
+
+1. ELF requires that file offsets be congruent with virtual addresses
+   modulo the CPU page size. So when we add a shell script to the start
+   of an executable, we need to round up to the page size in order to
+   maintain ELF's invariant. Although no such roundup is required on the
+   program segments once the invariant is restored. ELF loaders will
+   happily map program headers from arbitrary file intervals (which may
+   overlap) onto arbitrarily virtual intervals (which don't need to be
+   contiguous). In order to do that, the loaders will generally use
+   UNIX's mmap() function which is more restrictive and only accepts
+   addresses and offsets that are page aligned. To make it possible to
+   map an unaligned ELF program header that could potentially start and
+   stop at any byte, ELF loaders round-out the intervals, which means
+   adjacent unrelated data might also get mapped, which may need to be
+   explicitly zero'd. Thanks to the cleverness of ELF, it's possible to
+   have an executable file be very tiny, without needing any alignment
+   bytes, and it'll be loaded into a properly aligned virtual space
+   where segments can be as sparse as we want them to be.
+
+2. PE doesn't care about congruence and instead defines two separate
+   kinds of alignment. First, PE requires that the layout of segment
+   memory inside the file be aligned on at minimum the classic 512 byte
+   MS-DOS page size. This means that, unlike ELF, some alignment padding
+   may need to be encoded into the file, making it slightly larger. Next
+   PE imposes an alignment restriction on segments once they've been
+   mapped into the virtual address space, which must be rounded to the
+   system page size. Like ELF, PE segments need to be properly ordered
+   but they're allowed to drift apart once mapped in a non-contiguous
+   sparsely mapped way. When inserting shell script content at the start
+   of a PE file, the most problematic thing is the need to round up to
+   the 64kb system granularity, which results in a lot of needless bytes
+   of padding being inserted by a naive second-pass linker.
+
+3. Apple's Mach-O format is the strictest of them all. While both ELF
+   and PE are defined in such a way that invites great creativity, XNU
+   will simply refuse to an executable that does anything creative with
+   alignment. All loaded segments need to both start and end on a page
+   aligned address. XNU also wants segments to be contiguous similar to
+   portable executable, except it applies to both the file and virtual
+   spaces, which must follow the same structure.
+
+Actually Portable Executables must conform to the strictest requirements
+demanded by the support vector. Therefore an APE binary that has headers
+for all three of the above executable formats MUST conform to the Apple
+way of doing things. GNU ld linker scripts aren't very good at producing
+ELF binaries that rigidly conform to this simple naive layout. There are
+so many ways things can go wrong, where third party code might slip its
+own custom section name in-between the linker script sections that are
+explicitly defined, thereby causing ELF's powerful features to manifest
+and the resulting content overlapping. The best `ld` flag that helps is
+`--orphan-handling=error` which can help with explaining such mysteries.
+
+While Cosmopolitan was originally defined to just use stock GNU tools,
+this proved intractable over time, and the project has been evolving in
+the direction of building its own. Inventing the `apelink` program was
+what enabled the project to achieve multi-architecture binaries whereas
+previously it was only possible to do multi-OS binaries. In the future,
+our hope is that a fast power linker like Mold can be adapted to produce
+fat APE binaries directly from object files in one pass.
+
+## Position Independent Code
+
+APE doesn't currently support position independent executable formats.
+This is because APE was originally written for the GNU linker, where PIC
+and PIE were after-thoughts and never fully incorporated with the older
+more powerful linker script techniques upon which APE relies. Future
+iterations of this specification are intended to converge on modern
+standards, as our tooling becomes developed enough to support it.
+
+However this only applies to the wrapped executable formats themselves.
+While our convention to date has been to always load ELF programs at the
+4mb mark, this is not guaranteed across OSes and architectures. Programs
+should have no expectations that a program will be loaded to any given
+address. For example, Cosmo currently implements APE on AARCH64 as
+loading executables to a starting address of 0x000800000000. This
+address occupies a sweet spot of requirements.
+
+## Address Space
+
+In order to create a single binary that supports as many platforms as
+possible without needing to be recompiled, there's a very narrow range
+of addresses that can be used. That range is somewhere between 32 bits
+and 39 bits.
+
+- Embedded devices that claim to be 64-bit will oftentimes only support
+  a virtual address space that's 39 bits in size.
+
+- We can't load executable images on AARCH64 beneath 0x100000000 (4gb)
+  because Apple forbids doing that, possibly in an effort to enforce a
+  best practice for spotting 32-bit to 64-bit transition bugs. Please
+  note that this restriction only applies to Apple ARM64 systems. The
+  x86-64 version of XNU will happily load APE binaries to 0x00400000.
+
+- The AMD64 architecture on desktops and servers can usually be counted
+  upon to provide a 47-bit address space. The Linux Kernel for instance
+  grants each userspace program full dominion over addresses 0x00200000
+  through 0x00007fffffffffff provided the hardware supports this. On
+  modern workstations supporting Intel and AMD's new PML5T feature which
+  virtualizes memory using a radix trie that's five layers deep, Linux
+  is able to offer userspace its choice of fixed addresses from
+  0x00200000 through 0x00ffffffffffffff. The only exception to this rule
+  we've encountered so far is that Windows 7 and Windows Vista behaved
+  similar to embedded devices in reducing the number of va bits.
+
+## Page Size
+
+APE software MUST be page size agnostic. For many years the industry had
+converged on a strong consensus of having a page size that's 4096 bytes.
+However this convention was never guaranteed. New computers have become
+extremely popular, such as Apple Silicon, that use a 16kb page size.
+
+By convention, Cosmopolitan Libc currently generates ELF headers for
+x86-64 that are strictly aligned on a 4096-byte page size. On ARM64
+Cosmopolitan is currently implemented to always generate ELF headers
+aligned on a 16kb page size.
+
+In addition to being page size agnostic, APE software that cares about
+working correctly on Windows needs to be aware of the concept of
+allocation granularity. While the page size on Windows is generally 4kb
+in size, memory mappings can only be created on addresses that aligned
+to the system allocation granularity, which is generally 64kb. If you
+use a function like mmap() with Cosmopolitan Libc, then the `addr` and
+`offset` parameters need to be aligned to `sysconf(_SC_GRANSIZE)` or
+else your software won't work on Windows. Windows has other limitations
+too, such as lacking the ability to carve or punch holes in mappings.

ape/start.S

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+/*-*- mode:unix-assembly; indent-tabs-mode:t; tab-width:8; coding:utf-8     -*-│
+│ vi: set noet ft=asm ts=8 sw=8 fenc=utf-8                                 :vi │
+╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡
+│ Copyright 2023 Justine Alexandra Roberts Tunney                              │
+│                                                                              │
+│ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for         │
+│ any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the         │
+│ above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.      │
+│                                                                              │
+│ THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL                │
+│ WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED                │
+│ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE             │
+│ AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL         │
+│ DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR        │
+│ PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER               │
+│ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
+│ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
+╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#include "libc/dce.h"
+#include "ape/ape.h"
+#include "libc/macros.internal.h"
+
+#ifdef __aarch64__
+
+_start:	mov	x1,sp
+	and     sp,x1,#-16
+	mov	x29,0
+	bl	ApeLoader
+	.endfn	_start,globl
+
+#else
+
+XnuEntrypoint:
+	mov	$_HOSTXNU,%dl			// xnu's not unix!
+ElfEntrypoint:
+	mov	%rsp,%rsi			// save real stack
+	andq    $-16,%rsp                       // force SSE alignment
+	call	ApeLoader
+	.endfn	ElfEntrypoint,globl
+	.endfn	XnuEntrypoint,globl
+
+	.section .note,"a",@progbits
+	.balign	4
+openbsd.ident:
+	.long	2f-1f
+	.long	4f-3f
+	.long	1
+1:	.asciz	"OpenBSD"
+2:	.balign	4
+3:	.long	0
+4:	.size	openbsd.ident,.-openbsd.ident
+	.type	openbsd.ident,@object
+	.balign	4
+netbsd.ident:
+	.long	2f-1f
+	.long	4f-3f
+	.long	1
+1:	.asciz	"NetBSD"
+2:	.balign	4
+3:	.long	901000000
+4:	.size	netbsd.ident,.-netbsd.ident
+	.type	netbsd.ident,@object
+	.balign	4
+ape.ident:
+	.long	2f-1f
+	.long	4f-3f
+	.long	1
+1:	.asciz	"APE"
+2:	.balign	4
+3:	.long	APE_VERSION_NOTE
+4:	.size	ape.ident,.-ape.ident
+	.type	ape.ident,@object
+
+#endif

ape/systemcall.S

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+/*-*- mode:unix-assembly; indent-tabs-mode:t; tab-width:8; coding:utf-8     -*-│
+│ vi: set noet ft=asm ts=8 sw=8 fenc=utf-8                                 :vi │
+╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡
+│ Copyright 2023 Justine Alexandra Roberts Tunney                              │
+│                                                                              │
+│ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for         │
+│ any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the         │
+│ above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.      │
+│                                                                              │
+│ THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL                │
+│ WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED                │
+│ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE             │
+│ AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL         │
+│ DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR        │
+│ PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER               │
+│ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
+│ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
+╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#include "libc/macros.internal.h"
+
+//	Invokes system call.
+//
+//	This function has eight parameters. The first seven are for
+//	arguments passed along to the system call. The eight is for
+//	the magic number that indicates which system call is called
+//
+//	The return value follows the Linux kernel convention, where
+//	errors are returned as `-errno`. BSD systems are normalized
+//	to follow this convention automatically.
+SystemCall:
+#ifdef __aarch64__
+	mov	x8,x7
+	mov	x9,0
+	adds	x9,x9,0
+	svc	0
+	bcs	1f
+	ret
+1:	neg	x0,x0
+	ret
+#else
+	mov	%rcx,%r10
+	mov	16(%rsp),%eax
+	clc
+	syscall
+	jnc	1f
+	neg	%rax
+1:	ret
+#endif
+	.endfn	SystemCall,globl

build/bootstrap/gcc-only-flags.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+--nocompress-debug-sections
+--noexecstack
+-Wa,--nocompress-debug-sections
+-Wa,--noexecstack
+-Wa,-msse2avx
+-Werror=maybe-uninitialized
+-Wno-literal-suffix
+-Wno-unused-but-set-variable
+-Wunsafe-loop-optimizations
+-fbranch-target-load-optimize
+-fcx-limited-range
+-fdelete-dead-exceptions
+-femit-struct-debug-baseonly
+-ffp-int-builtin-inexact
+-finline-functions-called-once
+-fipa-pta
+-fivopts
+-flimit-function-alignment
+-fmerge-constants
+-fmodulo-sched
+-fmodulo-sched-allow-regmoves
+-fno-align-jumps
+-fno-align-labels
+-fno-align-loops
+-fno-code-hoisting
+-fno-cx-limited-range
+-fno-fp-int-builtin-inexact
+-fno-gnu-unique
+-fno-inline-functions-called-once
+-fno-instrument-functions
+-fno-schedule-insns2
+-fno-whole-program
+-fopt-info-vec
+-fopt-info-vec-missed
+-freg-struct-return
+-freschedule-modulo-scheduled-loops
+-frounding-math
+-fsched2-use-superblocks
+-fschedule-insns
+-fschedule-insns2
+-fshrink-wrap
+-fshrink-wrap-separate
+-fsignaling-nans
+-fstack-clash-protection
+-ftracer
+-ftrapv
+-ftree-loop-im
+-ftree-loop-vectorize
+-funsafe-loop-optimizations
+-fversion-loops-for-strides
+-fwhole-program
+-gdescribe-dies
+-gstabs
+-mcall-ms2sysv-xlogues
+-mdispatch-scheduler
+-mfpmath=sse+387
+-mmitigate-rop
+-mno-fentry

build/config.mk

@@ -1,20 +1,52 @@
 #-*-mode:makefile-gmake;indent-tabs-mode:t;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-┐
-#───vi: set et ft=make ts=8 tw=8 fenc=utf-8 :vi───────────────────────┘
+#── vi: set et ft=make ts=8 sw=8 fenc=utf-8 :vi ──────────────────────┘
 
 # Default Mode
 #
 #   - `make`
 #   - Optimized
 #   - Backtraces
-#   - Debuggable
 #   - Syscall tracing
 #   - Function tracing
-#   - Reasonably small
 #
 ifeq ($(MODE),)
-CONFIG_CCFLAGS += $(BACKTRACES) $(FTRACE) -O2
+ENABLE_FTRACE = 1
+CONFIG_OFLAGS ?= -g -ggdb
+CONFIG_CCFLAGS += -O2 $(BACKTRACES)
+CONFIG_CPPFLAGS += -DSYSDEBUG
+endif
+ifeq ($(MODE), x86_64)
+ENABLE_FTRACE = 1
+CONFIG_OFLAGS ?= -g -ggdb
+CONFIG_CCFLAGS += -O2 $(BACKTRACES)
+CONFIG_CPPFLAGS += -DSYSDEBUG
+endif
+ifeq ($(MODE), aarch64)
+ENABLE_FTRACE = 1
+CONFIG_OFLAGS ?= -g -ggdb
+CONFIG_CCFLAGS += -O2 $(BACKTRACES)
+CONFIG_CPPFLAGS += -DSYSDEBUG
+endif
+
+# Zero Optimization Mode
+#
+#   - Goes 2x slower
+#   - Supports --strace
+#   - Unsupports --ftrace
+#   - Better GDB debugging
+#
+ifeq ($(MODE), zero)
+ENABLE_FTRACE = 1
+CONFIG_OFLAGS ?= -g -ggdb
+OVERRIDE_CFLAGS += -O0
+OVERRIDE_CXXFLAGS += -O0
+CONFIG_CPPFLAGS += -DSYSDEBUG
+endif
+ifeq ($(MODE), aarch64-zero)
+CONFIG_OFLAGS ?= -g -ggdb
+OVERRIDE_CFLAGS += -O0 -fdce
+OVERRIDE_CXXFLAGS += -O0 -fdce
 CONFIG_CPPFLAGS += -DSYSDEBUG
-TARGET_ARCH ?= -msse3
 endif
 
 # Fast Build Mode
@@ -25,14 +57,12 @@ endif
 #   - Function tracing
 #   - Some optimizations
 #   - Limited Backtraces
-#   - Compiles 28% faster
 #
-ifeq ($(MODE),fastbuild)
-CONFIG_CCFLAGS += $(BACKTRACES) $(FTRACE) -O
+ifeq ($(MODE), fastbuild)
+ENABLE_FTRACE = 1
+CONFIG_CCFLAGS += $(BACKTRACES) -O
 CONFIG_CPPFLAGS += -DSYSDEBUG -DDWARFLESS
-CONFIG_OFLAGS += -g0
 CONFIG_LDFLAGS += -S
-TARGET_ARCH ?= -msse3
 endif
 
 # Optimized Mode
@@ -48,12 +78,15 @@ endif
 #   - GCC 8+ hoists check fails into .text.cold, thus minimizing impact
 #
 ifeq ($(MODE), opt)
-CONFIG_CPPFLAGS += -DNDEBUG -DSYSDEBUG -msse2avx -Wa,-msse2avx
-CONFIG_CCFLAGS += $(BACKTRACES) $(FTRACE) -O3 -fmerge-all-constants
-TARGET_ARCH ?= -march=native
+ENABLE_FTRACE = 1
+CONFIG_OFLAGS ?= -g -ggdb
+CONFIG_CPPFLAGS += -DNDEBUG -DSYSDEBUG
+CONFIG_CCFLAGS += $(BACKTRACES) -O3 -fmerge-all-constants
+CONFIG_TARGET_ARCH ?= -march=native
 endif
 
 # Optimized Linux Mode
+# The Fastest Mode of All
 #
 #   - `make MODE=optlinux`
 #   - Turns on red zone
@@ -63,10 +96,24 @@ endif
 #   - Turns off support for other operating systems
 #
 ifeq ($(MODE), optlinux)
-CONFIG_CPPFLAGS += -DNDEBUG -msse2avx -Wa,-msse2avx -DSUPPORT_VECTOR=1
+CONFIG_OFLAGS ?= -g -ggdb
+CONFIG_CPPFLAGS += -DNDEBUG -DSYSDEBUG -DSUPPORT_VECTOR=1
 CONFIG_CCFLAGS += -O3 -fmerge-all-constants
-DEFAULT_COPTS += -mred-zone
-TARGET_ARCH ?= -march=native
+CONFIG_COPTS += -mred-zone
+CONFIG_TARGET_ARCH ?= -march=native
+endif
+ifeq ($(MODE), x86_64-optlinux)
+CONFIG_OFLAGS ?= -g -ggdb
+CONFIG_CPPFLAGS += -DNDEBUG -DSYSDEBUG -DSUPPORT_VECTOR=1
+CONFIG_CCFLAGS += -O3 -fmerge-all-constants
+CONFIG_COPTS += -mred-zone
+CONFIG_TARGET_ARCH ?= -march=native
+endif
+ifeq ($(MODE), aarch64-optlinux)
+CONFIG_OFLAGS ?= -g -ggdb
+CONFIG_CPPFLAGS += -DNDEBUG -DSYSDEBUG -DSUPPORT_VECTOR=1
+CONFIG_CCFLAGS += -O3 -fmerge-all-constants
+CONFIG_COPTS += -mred-zone
 endif
 
 # Release Mode
@@ -77,6 +124,7 @@ endif
 #   - More optimized
 #   - Reasonably small
 #   - Numeric backtraces
+#   - No DWARF data bloat
 #   - Toilsome debuggability
 #   - assert() statements removed
 #   - DCHECK_xx() statements removed
@@ -84,45 +132,51 @@ endif
 #   - CHECK_xx() won't leak strings into binary
 #
 ifeq ($(MODE), rel)
-CONFIG_CPPFLAGS += -DNDEBUG
+CONFIG_CPPFLAGS += -DNDEBUG -DDWARFLESS
 CONFIG_CCFLAGS += $(BACKTRACES) -O2
-TARGET_ARCH ?= -msse3
 PYFLAGS += -O1
 endif
 
-# Asan Mode
-#
-# Safer binaries good for backend production serving.
-#
-#   - `make MODE=asan`
-#   - Memory safety
-#   - Production worthy
-#   - Backtraces
-#   - Debuggability
-#   - Larger binaries
-#
-ifeq ($(MODE), asan)
-CONFIG_CCFLAGS += $(BACKTRACES) -O2 -DSYSDEBUG
-CONFIG_COPTS += -fsanitize=address
-TARGET_ARCH ?= -msse3
-endif
-
 # Debug Mode
 #
 #   - `make MODE=dbg`
 #   - Backtraces
-#   - Enables asan
-#   - Enables ubsan (TODO)
+#   - Enables ubsan
 #   - Stack canaries
-#   - No optimization (TODO)
+#   - No optimization
 #   - Enormous binaries
 #
 ifeq ($(MODE), dbg)
-CONFIG_CPPFLAGS += -DMODE_DBG
-CONFIG_CCFLAGS += $(BACKTRACES) $(FTRACE) -DSYSDEBUG -O -fno-inline
-CONFIG_COPTS += -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=undefined
-TARGET_ARCH ?= -msse3
+ENABLE_FTRACE = 1
+CONFIG_OFLAGS ?= -g -ggdb
+OVERRIDE_CFLAGS += -O0
+OVERRIDE_CXXFLAGS += -O0
+CONFIG_CPPFLAGS += -DMODE_DBG -D__SANITIZE_UNDEFINED__ -Wno-unused-variable -Wno-unused-but-set-variable
+CONFIG_CCFLAGS += $(BACKTRACES) -DSYSDEBUG
+CONFIG_COPTS += -fsanitize=undefined
 OVERRIDE_CCFLAGS += -fno-pie
+QUOTA ?= -C64 -L300
+endif
+ifeq ($(MODE), x86_64-dbg)
+ENABLE_FTRACE = 1
+CONFIG_OFLAGS ?= -g -ggdb
+OVERRIDE_CFLAGS += -O0
+OVERRIDE_CXXFLAGS += -O0
+CONFIG_CPPFLAGS += -DMODE_DBG -D__SANITIZE_UNDEFINED__ -Wno-unused-variable -Wno-unused-but-set-variable
+CONFIG_CCFLAGS += $(BACKTRACES) -DSYSDEBUG
+CONFIG_COPTS += -fsanitize=undefined
+OVERRIDE_CCFLAGS += -fno-pie
+QUOTA ?= -C64 -L300
+endif
+ifeq ($(MODE), aarch64-dbg)
+ENABLE_FTRACE = 1
+CONFIG_OFLAGS ?= -g -ggdb
+OVERRIDE_CFLAGS += -O0 -fdce
+OVERRIDE_CXXFLAGS += -O0 -fdce
+CONFIG_CPPFLAGS += -DMODE_DBG -D__SANITIZE_UNDEFINED__ -Wno-unused-variable -Wno-unused-but-set-variable
+CONFIG_CCFLAGS += $(BACKTRACES) -DSYSDEBUG
+CONFIG_COPTS += -fsanitize=undefined
+QUOTA ?= -C64 -L300
 endif
 
 # System Five Mode
@@ -136,9 +190,10 @@ endif
 #   - No Windows bloat!
 #
 ifeq ($(MODE), sysv)
-CONFIG_CCFLAGS += $(BACKTRACES) $(FTRACE) -O2
+ENABLE_FTRACE = 1
+CONFIG_OFLAGS ?= -g -ggdb
+CONFIG_CCFLAGS += $(BACKTRACES) -O2
 CONFIG_CPPFLAGS += -DSYSDEBUG -DSUPPORT_VECTOR=121
-TARGET_ARCH ?= -msse3
 endif
 
 # Tiny Mode
@@ -165,16 +220,48 @@ CONFIG_CCFLAGS +=			\
 	-fno-align-labels		\
 	-fno-align-loops		\
 	-fschedule-insns2		\
-	-fomit-frame-pointer		\
 	-momit-leaf-frame-pointer	\
 	-foptimize-sibling-calls	\
 	-DDWARFLESS
-CONFIG_OFLAGS +=			\
-	-g0
-CONFIG_LDFLAGS +=			\
-	-S
-TARGET_ARCH ?=				\
-	-msse3
+PYFLAGS +=				\
+	-O2				\
+	-B
+endif
+ifeq ($(MODE), x86_64-tiny)
+CONFIG_CPPFLAGS +=			\
+	-DTINY				\
+	-DNDEBUG			\
+	-DTRUSTWORTHY
+CONFIG_CCFLAGS +=			\
+	-Os				\
+	-fno-align-functions		\
+	-fno-align-jumps		\
+	-fno-align-labels		\
+	-fno-align-loops		\
+	-fschedule-insns2		\
+	-momit-leaf-frame-pointer	\
+	-foptimize-sibling-calls	\
+	-DDWARFLESS
+PYFLAGS +=				\
+	-O2				\
+	-B
+endif
+ifeq ($(MODE), aarch64-tiny)
+# TODO(jart): -mcmodel=tiny
+CONFIG_CPPFLAGS +=			\
+	-DTINY				\
+	-DNDEBUG			\
+	-DTRUSTWORTHY
+CONFIG_CCFLAGS +=			\
+	-Os				\
+	-fno-align-functions		\
+	-fno-align-jumps		\
+	-fno-align-labels		\
+	-fno-align-loops		\
+	-fschedule-insns2		\
+	-momit-leaf-frame-pointer	\
+	-foptimize-sibling-calls	\
+	-DDWARFLESS
 PYFLAGS +=				\
 	-O2				\
 	-B
@@ -200,20 +287,12 @@ CONFIG_CPPFLAGS +=			\
 	-DTRUSTWORTHY			\
 	-DSUPPORT_VECTOR=1		\
 	-DDWARFLESS
-DEFAULT_COPTS +=			\
-	-mred-zone
-CONFIG_OFLAGS +=			\
-	-g0
-CONFIG_LDFLAGS +=			\
-	-S
 CONFIG_CCFLAGS +=			\
 	-Os				\
 	-fno-align-functions		\
 	-fno-align-jumps		\
 	-fno-align-labels		\
 	-fno-align-loops
-TARGET_ARCH ?=				\
-	-msse3
 endif
 
 # Linux+BSD Tiny Mode
@@ -237,20 +316,12 @@ CONFIG_CPPFLAGS +=		\
 	-DTRUSTWORTHY		\
 	-DSUPPORT_VECTOR=113	\
 	-DDWARFLESS
-DEFAULT_COPTS +=		\
-	-mred-zone
-CONFIG_OFLAGS +=		\
-	-g0
-CONFIG_LDFLAGS +=		\
-	-S
 CONFIG_CCFLAGS +=		\
 	-Os			\
 	-fno-align-functions	\
 	-fno-align-jumps	\
 	-fno-align-labels	\
 	-fno-align-loops
-TARGET_ARCH ?=			\
-	-msse3
 endif
 
 # Unix Tiny Mode
@@ -273,20 +344,12 @@ CONFIG_CPPFLAGS +=		\
 	-DTRUSTWORTHY		\
 	-DSUPPORT_VECTOR=121	\
 	-DDWARFLESS
-DEFAULT_COPTS +=		\
-	-mred-zone
 CONFIG_CCFLAGS +=		\
 	-Os			\
 	-fno-align-functions	\
 	-fno-align-jumps	\
 	-fno-align-labels	\
 	-fno-align-loops
-CONFIG_OFLAGS +=		\
-	-g0
-CONFIG_LDFLAGS +=		\
-	-S
-TARGET_ARCH ?=			\
-	-msse3
 endif
 
 # Tiny Metallic Unix Mode
@@ -315,40 +378,40 @@ CONFIG_CCFLAGS +=		\
 	-fno-align-jumps	\
 	-fno-align-labels	\
 	-fno-align-loops
-CONFIG_OFLAGS +=		\
-	-g0
-CONFIG_LDFLAGS +=		\
-	-S
-TARGET_ARCH ?=			\
-	-msse3
 endif
 
-# GCC11 Mode
-# https://justine.lol/compilers/x86_64-linux-musl__x86_64-linux-musl__g++-11.2.0.tar.xz
-ifeq ($(MODE), gcc11)
-.UNVEIL += rx:/opt/gcc11
-CONFIG_CCFLAGS += $(BACKTRACES) $(FTRACE) -DSYSDEBUG -O2
-AS = /opt/gcc11/bin/x86_64-linux-musl-as
-CC = /opt/gcc11/bin/x86_64-linux-musl-gcc
-CXX = /opt/gcc11/bin/x86_64-linux-musl-g++
-CXXFILT = /opt/gcc11/bin/x86_64-linux-musl-c++filt
-LD = /opt/gcc11/bin/x86_64-linux-musl-ld.bfd
-NM = /opt/gcc11/bin/x86_64-linux-musl-nm
-GCC = /opt/gcc11/bin/x86_64-linux-musl-gcc
-STRIP = /opt/gcc11/bin/x86_64-linux-musl-strip
-OBJCOPY = /opt/gcc11/bin/x86_64-linux-musl-objcopy
-OBJDUMP = /opt/gcc11/bin/x86_64-linux-musl-objdump
-ADDR2LINE = /opt/gcc11/bin/x86_64-linux-musl-addr2line
-CONFIG_CCFLAGS += $(BACKTRACES) $(FTRACE) -O2 -Wno-stringop-overread
-CONFIG_CFLAGS += -Wno-old-style-definition
-CONFIG_CPPFLAGS += -DNDEBUG -DSYSDEBUG
-TARGET_ARCH ?= -msse3
+# no x87 instructions mode
+#
+#     export MODE=nox87
+#     make -j8 toolchain
+#     cosmocc -o /tmp/hello.com hello.c
+#
+# lets you shave ~23kb off blink
+#
+#     git clone https://github.com/jart/blink
+#     cd blink
+#     ./configure --disable-x87
+#     make -j8
+#     o//blink/blink /tmp/hello.com
+#
+ifeq ($(MODE), nox87)
+ENABLE_FTRACE = 1
+CONFIG_COPTS += -mlong-double-64
+CONFIG_CCFLAGS += $(BACKTRACES) -O2
+CONFIG_CPPFLAGS += -DSYSDEBUG -DNOX87
 endif
 
 # LLVM Mode
+#
+# We aim to support:
+#
+#     make -j8 m=llvm o/llvm/libc
+#
+# The rest of the monorepo may not work with llvm.
+#
 ifeq ($(MODE), llvm)
-TARGET_ARCH ?= -msse3
-CONFIG_CCFLAGS += $(BACKTRACES) $(FTRACE) -DSYSDEBUG -O2
+.STRICT = 0
+CONFIG_CCFLAGS += $(BACKTRACES) -DSYSDEBUG -O2
 AS = clang
 CC = clang
 CXX = clang++
@@ -386,12 +449,66 @@ endif
 # such as MSVC or XCode. You can run your binary objects through a tool
 # like objconv to convert them to COFF or MachO. Then use ANSI mode to
 # rollup one header file that'll enable linkage with minimal issues.
-
 ifeq ($(MODE), ansi)
-
 CONFIG_CFLAGS += -std=c11
 #CONFIG_CPPFLAGS += -ansi
 CONFIG_CXXFLAGS += -std=c++11
-TARGET_ARCH ?= -msse3
-
 endif
+
+ifneq ($(ENABLE_FTRACE),)
+CONFIG_CPPFLAGS += -DFTRACE
+FTRACE_CCFLAGS = -fno-inline-functions-called-once
+OVERRIDE_CFLAGS += $(FTRACE_CCFLAGS)
+OVERRIDE_CXXFLAGS += $(FTRACE_CCFLAGS)
+# function prologue nops for --ftrace
+ifeq ($(ARCH), x86_64)
+# this flag causes gcc to generate functions like this
+#
+#       nop nop nop nop nop nop nop nop nop
+#     func:
+#       nop nop
+#       ...
+#
+# which tool/build/fixupobj.c improves at build time like this
+#
+#       nop nop nop nop nop nop nop nop nop
+#     func:
+#       xchg %ax,%ax
+#       ...
+#
+# which --ftrace morphs at runtime like this
+#
+#       ud2                # 2 bytes
+#       call ftrace_hook   # 5 bytes
+#       jmp +2             # 2 bytes
+#     func:
+#       jmp -7             # 2 bytes
+#       ...
+#
+CONFIG_CCFLAGS += -fpatchable-function-entry=18,16
+endif
+ifeq ($(ARCH), aarch64)
+# this flag causes gcc to generate functions like this
+#
+#       nop nop nop nop nop nop
+#     func:
+#       nop
+#       ...
+#
+# which --ftrace morphs at runtime like this
+#
+#       brk #31337
+#       stp x29,x30,[sp,#-16]!
+#       mov x29,sp
+#       bl  ftrace_hook
+#       ldp x29,x30,[sp],#16
+#       b   +1
+#     func:
+#       b   -5
+#       ...
+#
+CONFIG_CCFLAGS += -fpatchable-function-entry=7,6
+endif
+endif
+
+TARGET_ARCH ?= $(CONFIG_TARGET_ARCH)

build/definitions.mk

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #-*-mode:makefile-gmake;indent-tabs-mode:t;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-┐
-#───vi: set et ft=make ts=8 tw=8 fenc=utf-8 :vi───────────────────────┘
+#── vi: set et ft=make ts=8 sw=8 fenc=utf-8 :vi ──────────────────────┘
 #
 # SYNOPSIS
 #
@@ -33,94 +33,43 @@
 #
 # VARIABLES
 #
-#     CCFLAGS      gcc frontend flags (.i, .c, .cc, .f, .S, .lds, etc.)
+#   Our configuration variables, ordered by increasing preference:
+#
+#     CCFLAGS      frontend flags (.i, .c, .cc, .f, .S, .lds, etc.)
+#     OFLAGS       objectify flags (precludes -S and -E)
 #     CPPFLAGS     preprocessor flags (.h, .c, .cc, .S, .inc, .lds, etc.)
+#     TARGET_ARCH  microarchitecture flags (e.g. -march=native)
+#     COPTS        c/c++ flags (.c, .cc)
 #     CFLAGS       c flags (.c only)
 #     CXXFLAGS     c++ flags (.cc only)
-#     COPTS        c/c++ flags (.c, .cc)
 #     LDFLAGS      linker flags (don't use -Wl, frontend prefix)
 #     ASFLAGS      assembler flags (don't use -Wa, frontend prefix)
-#     TARGET_ARCH  microarchitecture flags (e.g. -march=native)
-
-LC_ALL = C
-SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH = 0
-
-ARFLAGS = rcsD
-ZFLAGS ?=
-XARGS ?= xargs -P4 -rs8000
-DOT ?= dot
-CLANG = clang
-FC = gfortran  #/opt/cross9f/bin/x86_64-linux-musl-gfortran
-TMPDIR = o/tmp
-
-AR = build/bootstrap/ar.com
-CP = build/bootstrap/cp.com
-RM = build/bootstrap/rm.com -f
-ECHO = build/bootstrap/echo.com
-TOUCH = build/bootstrap/touch.com
-PKG = build/bootstrap/package.com
-MKDEPS = build/bootstrap/mkdeps.com
-ZIPOBJ = build/bootstrap/zipobj.com
-FIXUPOBJ = build/bootstrap/fixupobj.com
-MKDIR = build/bootstrap/mkdir.com -p
-COMPILE = build/bootstrap/compile.com -V9 -P4096 $(QUOTA)
-
-COMMA := ,
-PWD := $(shell build/bootstrap/pwd.com)
-IMAGE_BASE_VIRTUAL ?= 0x400000
-
-IGNORE := $(shell $(ECHO) -2 ♥cosmo)
-IGNORE := $(shell $(MKDIR) o/tmp)
-
-ifneq ("$(wildcard o/third_party/gcc/bin/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-*)","")
-PREFIX = o/third_party/gcc/bin/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-
-else
-IGNORE := $(shell build/bootstrap/unbundle.com)
-PREFIX = o/third_party/gcc/bin/x86_64-linux-musl-
-endif
-
-AS = $(PREFIX)as
-CC = $(PREFIX)gcc
-CXX = $(PREFIX)g++
-CXXFILT = $(PREFIX)c++filt
-LD = $(PREFIX)ld.bfd
-NM = $(PREFIX)nm
-GCC = $(PREFIX)gcc
-STRIP = $(PREFIX)strip
-OBJCOPY = $(PREFIX)objcopy
-OBJDUMP = $(PREFIX)objdump
-ADDR2LINE = $(PWD)/$(PREFIX)addr2line
-
-export ADDR2LINE
-export LC_ALL
-export MKDIR
-export MODE
-export SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH
-export TMPDIR
+#
+#   For each FOO above, there exists (by increasing preference)
+#
+#     DEFAULT_FOO  see build/definitions.mk
+#     CONFIG_FOO   see build/config.mk
+#     FOO          set ~/.cosmo.mk and target-specific
+#     OVERRIDE_FOO set ~/.cosmo.mk and target-specific (use rarely)
+#
 
 ifeq ($(LANDLOCKMAKE_VERSION),)
-TMPSAFE = $(TMPDIR)/$(subst /,_,$@).tmp
+TMPSAFE = $(join $(TMPDIR)/,$(subst /,_,$@)).tmp
 else
 TMPSAFE = $(TMPDIR)/
 endif
 
-FTRACE =								\
-	-pg
-
 BACKTRACES =								\
 	-fno-schedule-insns2						\
-	-fno-omit-frame-pointer						\
 	-fno-optimize-sibling-calls					\
 	-mno-omit-leaf-frame-pointer
 
-SANITIZER =								\
-	-fsanitize=address
-
 NO_MAGIC =								\
-	-mno-fentry							\
+	-ffreestanding							\
 	-fno-stack-protector						\
 	-fwrapv								\
-	-fno-sanitize=all
+	-fno-sanitize=all						\
+	-fpatchable-function-entry=0,0
 
 OLD_CODE =								\
 	-fno-strict-aliasing						\
@@ -131,78 +80,108 @@ TRADITIONAL =								\
 	-Wno-return-type						\
 	-Wno-pointer-sign
 
-DEFAULT_CCFLAGS =							\
+DEFAULT_CCFLAGS +=							\
 	-Wall								\
 	-Werror								\
-	-fdebug-prefix-map='$(PWD)'=					\
+	-fno-omit-frame-pointer						\
 	-frecord-gcc-switches
 
-DEFAULT_OFLAGS =							\
-	-g								\
-	-gdwarf-4							\
-	-gdescribe-dies
-
-DEFAULT_COPTS =								\
-	-mno-red-zone							\
-	-fno-math-errno							\
-	-fno-trapping-math						\
-	-fno-fp-int-builtin-inexact					\
+DEFAULT_COPTS ?=							\
 	-fno-ident							\
 	-fno-common							\
 	-fno-gnu-unique							\
 	-fstrict-aliasing						\
 	-fstrict-overflow						\
 	-fno-semantic-interposition					\
+	-fno-dwarf2-cfi-asm						\
+	-fno-unwind-tables						\
+	-fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables
+
+ifeq ($(ARCH), x86_64)
+# Microsoft says "[a]ny memory below the stack beyond the red zone
+# [note: Windows defines the x64 red zone size as 0] is considered
+# volatile and may be modified by the operating system at any time."
+# https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20190111-00/?p=100685
+DEFAULT_COPTS +=							\
+	-mno-red-zone							\
 	-mno-tls-direct-seg-refs
+endif
+
+ifeq ($(ARCH), aarch64)
+#
+# - Apple says in "Writing ARM64 code for Apple platforms" that we're
+#   not allowed to use the x18 register.
+#
+# - Cosmopolitan Libc uses x28 for thread-local storage because Apple
+#   forbids us from using tpidr_el0 too.
+#
+# - Cosmopolitan currently lacks an implementation of the runtime
+#   libraries needed by the -moutline-atomics flag
+#
+DEFAULT_COPTS +=							\
+	-ffixed-x18							\
+	-ffixed-x28							\
+	-fsigned-char							\
+	-mno-outline-atomics
+endif
 
 MATHEMATICAL =								\
 	-O3								\
 	-fwrapv
 
-DEFAULT_CPPFLAGS =							\
-	-DCOSMO								\
+DEFAULT_CPPFLAGS +=							\
+	-D_COSMO_SOURCE							\
 	-DMODE='"$(MODE)"'						\
-	-DIMAGE_BASE_VIRTUAL=$(IMAGE_BASE_VIRTUAL)			\
+	-Wno-prio-ctor-dtor						\
+	-Wno-unknown-pragmas						\
 	-nostdinc							\
-	-iquote .
+	-iquote.							\
+	-isystem libc/isystem
 
 DEFAULT_CFLAGS =							\
-	-std=gnu2x
+	-std=gnu23
 
 DEFAULT_CXXFLAGS =							\
+	-std=gnu++23							\
 	-fno-rtti							\
 	-fno-exceptions							\
 	-fuse-cxa-atexit						\
-	-fno-threadsafe-statics						\
 	-Wno-int-in-bool-context					\
 	-Wno-narrowing							\
-	-Wno-literal-suffix
+	-Wno-literal-suffix						\
+	-isystem third_party/libcxx
 
 DEFAULT_ASFLAGS =							\
 	-W								\
 	-I.								\
-	--noexecstack							\
-	--nocompress-debug-sections
+	--noexecstack
 
 DEFAULT_LDFLAGS =							\
 	-static								\
 	-nostdlib							\
-	-melf_x86_64							\
+	-znorelro							\
 	--gc-sections							\
+	-z noexecstack							\
 	--build-id=none							\
-	--no-dynamic-linker						\
-	-zmax-page-size=0x1000 #--cref [email protected]
+	--no-dynamic-linker
 
-ZIPOBJ_FLAGS =								\
-	 -b$(IMAGE_BASE_VIRTUAL)
+# # generate linker report files
+# DEFAULT_LDFLAGS += --cref [email protected]
 
-PYFLAGS =								\
-	 -b$(IMAGE_BASE_VIRTUAL)
+ifeq ($(ARCH), aarch64)
+DEFAULT_LDFLAGS +=							\
+	-zmax-page-size=0x4000						\
+	-zcommon-page-size=0x4000					\
+	-znorelro
+else
+DEFAULT_LDFLAGS +=							\
+	-zmax-page-size=0x4000						\
+	-zcommon-page-size=0x1000
+endif
 
 ASONLYFLAGS =								\
 	-c								\
-	-g								\
-	--debug-prefix-map='$(PWD)'=
+	-g
 
 DEFAULT_LDLIBS =
 
@@ -276,40 +255,31 @@ LD.libs =								\
 	$(CONFIG_LIBS)							\
 	$(LIBS)
 
-COMPILE.c.flags = $(cc.flags) $(cpp.flags) $(copt.flags) $(c.flags)
-COMPILE.cxx.flags = $(cc.flags) $(cpp.flags) $(copt.flags) $(cxx.flags)
-COMPILE.f.flags = $(cc.flags) $(copt.flags) $(f.flags)
-COMPILE.F.flags = $(cc.flags) $(cpp.flags) $(copt.flags) $(f.flags)
+COMPILE.c.flags = $(cc.flags) $(copt.flags) $(cpp.flags) $(c.flags)
+COMPILE.cxx.flags = $(cc.flags) $(copt.flags) $(cxx.flags) $(cpp.flags)
 COMPILE.i.flags = $(cc.flags) $(copt.flags) $(c.flags)
 COMPILE.ii.flags = $(cc.flags) $(copt.flags) $(cxx.flags)
 LINK.flags = $(DEFAULT_LDFLAGS) $(CONFIG_LDFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS)
-OBJECTIFY.c.flags = $(OBJECTIFY.S.flags) $(copt.flags) $(c.flags)
-OBJECTIFY.cxx.flags = $(OBJECTIFY.S.flags) $(copt.flags) $(cxx.flags)
+OBJECTIFY.c.flags = $(cc.flags) $(o.flags) $(S.flags) $(cpp.flags) $(copt.flags) $(c.flags)
+OBJECTIFY.cxx.flags = $(cc.flags) $(o.flags) $(S.flags) $(cxx.flags) $(cpp.flags) $(copt.flags)
 OBJECTIFY.s.flags = $(ASONLYFLAGS) $(s.flags)
-OBJECTIFY.S.flags = $(copt.flags) $(cc.flags) $(o.flags) $(cpp.flags) $(S.flags)
-OBJECTIFY.f.flags = $(copt.flags) $(cc.flags) $(o.flags) $(copt.flags) $(S.flags) $(f.flags)
-OBJECTIFY.F.flags = $(OBJECTIFY.f.flags) $(cpp.flags)
+OBJECTIFY.S.flags = $(cc.flags) $(o.flags) $(S.flags) $(cpp.flags)
 PREPROCESS.flags = -E $(copt.flags) $(cc.flags) $(cpp.flags)
 PREPROCESS.lds.flags = -D__LINKER__ $(filter-out -g%,$(PREPROCESS.flags)) -P -xc
 
 COMPILE.c = $(CC) -S $(COMPILE.c.flags)
 COMPILE.cxx = $(CXX) -S $(COMPILE.cxx.flags)
 COMPILE.i = $(CC) -S $(COMPILE.i.flags)
-COMPILE.f = $(FC) -S $(COMPILE.f.flags)
-COMPILE.F = $(FC) -S $(COMPILE.F.flags)
 OBJECTIFY.s = $(AS) $(OBJECTIFY.s.flags)
 OBJECTIFY.S = $(CC) $(OBJECTIFY.S.flags) -c
-OBJECTIFY.f = $(FC) $(OBJECTIFY.f.flags) -c
-OBJECTIFY.F = $(FC) $(OBJECTIFY.F.flags) -c
 OBJECTIFY.c = $(CC) $(OBJECTIFY.c.flags) -c
 OBJECTIFY.cxx = $(CXX) $(OBJECTIFY.cxx.flags) -c
 PREPROCESS = $(CC) $(PREPROCESS.flags)
 PREPROCESS.lds = $(CC) $(PREPROCESS.lds.flags)
 LINK = $(LD) $(LINK.flags)
 ELF = o/libc/elf/elf.lds
-ELFLINK = $(COMPILE) -ALINK.elf $(LINK) $(LINKARGS) $(OUTPUT_OPTION)
+ELFLINK = $(COMPILE) -ALINK.elf $(LINK) $(LINKARGS) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) && $(COMPILE) -AFIXUP.ape -T$@ $(FIXUPOBJ) $@
 LINKARGS = $(patsubst %.lds,-T %.lds,$(call uniqr,$(LD.libs) $(filter-out %.pkg,$^)))
-LOLSAN = build/lolsan -b $(IMAGE_BASE_VIRTUAL)
 
 # The compiler won't generate %xmm code for sources extensioned .greg.c,
 # which is needed for C modules wanting to run at the executive level or
@@ -324,74 +294,9 @@ OBJECTIFY.greg.c =							\
 	-fno-optimize-sibling-calls					\
 	-fno-sanitize=all						\
 	-ffreestanding							\
-	-mno-fentry							\
 	-fwrapv								\
 	-c
 
-OBJECTIFY.ansi.c = $(CC) $(OBJECTIFY.c.flags) -ansi -Wextra -Werror -pedantic-errors -c
-OBJECTIFY.c99.c = $(CC) $(OBJECTIFY.c.flags) -std=c99 -Wextra -Werror -pedantic-errors -c
-OBJECTIFY.c11.c = $(CC) $(OBJECTIFY.c.flags) -std=c11 -Wextra -Werror -pedantic-errors -c
-OBJECTIFY.c2x.c = $(CC) $(OBJECTIFY.c.flags) -std=c2x -Wextra -Werror -pedantic-errors -c
-
-OBJECTIFY.real.c =							\
-	$(GCC)								\
-	-x-no-pg							\
-	$(OBJECTIFY.c.flags)						\
-	-wrapper build/realify.sh					\
-	-D__REAL_MODE__							\
-	-ffixed-r8							\
-	-ffixed-r9							\
-	-ffixed-r10							\
-	-ffixed-r11							\
-	-ffixed-r12							\
-	-ffixed-r13							\
-	-ffixed-r14							\
-	-ffixed-r15							\
-	-mno-red-zone							\
-	-fcall-used-rbx							\
-	-fno-jump-tables						\
-	-fno-shrink-wrap						\
-	-fno-schedule-insns2						\
-	-flive-range-shrinkage						\
-	-fno-omit-frame-pointer						\
-	-momit-leaf-frame-pointer					\
-	-mpreferred-stack-boundary=3					\
-	-fno-delete-null-pointer-checks					\
-	-c
-
-OBJECTIFY.ncabi.c =							\
-	$(GCC)								\
-	$(OBJECTIFY.c.flags)						\
-	-mno-sse							\
-	-mfpmath=387							\
-	-mno-fentry							\
-	-fno-stack-protector						\
-	-fno-instrument-functions					\
-	-fno-optimize-sibling-calls					\
-	-fno-sanitize=all						\
-	-fcall-saved-rcx						\
-	-fcall-saved-rdx						\
-	-fcall-saved-rdi						\
-	-fcall-saved-rsi						\
-	-fcall-saved-r8							\
-	-fcall-saved-r9							\
-	-fcall-saved-r10						\
-	-fcall-saved-r11						\
-	-c								\
-	-xc
-
-OBJECTIFY.initabi.c =							\
-	$(GCC)								\
-	$(OBJECTIFY.c.flags)						\
-	-mno-fentry							\
-	-fno-stack-protector						\
-	-fno-instrument-functions					\
-	-fno-optimize-sibling-calls					\
-	-fno-sanitize=all						\
-	-fcall-saved-rdi						\
-	-fcall-saved-rsi						\
-	-c
-
 TAGSFLAGS =								\
 	-e								\
 	-a								\

build/download-cosmocc.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# cosmocc downloader script
+# https://justine.lol/cosmo3/#install
+# https://github.com/jart/cosmopolitan/blob/master/tool/cosmocc/README.md
+
+# collect arguments
+OUTPUT_DIR=${1:?OUTPUT_DIR}
+COSMOCC_VERSION=${2:?COSMOCC_VERSION}
+COSMOCC_SHA256SUM=${3:?COSMOCC_SHA256SUM}
+URL1="https://github.com/jart/cosmopolitan/releases/download/${COSMOCC_VERSION}/cosmocc-${COSMOCC_VERSION}.zip"
+URL2="https://cosmo.zip/pub/cosmocc/cosmocc-${COSMOCC_VERSION}.zip"
+
+# helper function
+abort() {
+  printf '%s\n' "download terminated." >&2
+  exit 1
+}
+
+# exit if already downloaded
+# we need it because directory timestamps work wierdly
+OUTPUT_DIR=${OUTPUT_DIR%/}
+if [ -d "${OUTPUT_DIR}" ]; then
+  exit 0
+fi
+
+# find commands we need to securely download cosmocc
+if ! UNZIP=$(command -v unzip 2>/dev/null); then
+  printf '%s\n' "$0: fatal error: you need the unzip command" >&2
+  printf '%s\n' "please download https://cosmo.zip/pub/cosmos/bin/unzip and put it on the system path" >&2
+  abort
+fi
+if command -v sha256sum >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+  # can use system sha256sum
+  true
+elif command -v shasum >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+  sha256sum() {
+    shasum -a 256 "$@"
+  }
+else
+  if [ ! -f build/sha256sum.c ]; then
+    printf '%s\n' "$0: fatal error: you need to install sha256sum" >&2
+    printf '%s\n' "please download https://cosmo.zip/pub/cosmos/bin/sha256sum and put it on the system path" >&2
+    abort
+  fi
+  if ! SHA256SUM=$(command -v "$PWD/o/build/sha256sum" 2>/dev/null); then
+    if ! CC=$(command -v "$CC" 2>/dev/null); then
+      if ! CC=$(command -v cc 2>/dev/null); then
+        if ! CC=$(command -v cosmocc 2>/dev/null); then
+          printf '%s\n' "$0: fatal error: you need to install either sha256sum, cc, or cosmocc" >&2
+          printf '%s\n' "please download https://cosmo.zip/pub/cosmos/bin/sha256sum and put it on the system path" >&2
+          abort
+        fi
+      fi
+    fi
+    mkdir -p o/build || abort
+    SHA256SUM="$PWD/o/build/sha256sum"
+    printf '%s\n' "${CC} -w -O2 -o ${SHA256SUM} build/sha256sum.c" >&2
+    "${CC}" -w -O2 -o "${SHA256SUM}.$$" build/sha256sum.c || abort
+    mv -f "${SHA256SUM}.$$" "${SHA256SUM}" || abort
+  fi
+  sha256sum() {
+    "${SHA256SUM}" "$@"
+  }
+fi
+if WGET=$(command -v wget 2>/dev/null); then
+  DOWNLOAD=$WGET
+  DOWNLOAD_ARGS=-O
+elif CURL=$(command -v curl 2>/dev/null); then
+  DOWNLOAD=$CURL
+  DOWNLOAD_ARGS=-fLo
+else
+  printf '%s\n' "$0: fatal error: you need to install either wget or curl" >&2
+  printf '%s\n' "please download https://cosmo.zip/pub/cosmos/bin/wget and put it on the system path" >&2
+  abort
+fi
+
+# create temporary output directory
+OLDPWD=$PWD
+OUTPUT_TMP="${OUTPUT_DIR}.tmp.$$/"
+mkdir -p "${OUTPUT_TMP}" || abort
+cd "${OUTPUT_TMP}"
+die() {
+  cd "${OLDPWD}"
+  rm -rf "${OUTPUT_TMP}"
+  abort
+}
+
+# download cosmocc toolchain
+# multiple urls avoids outages and national firewalls
+if ! "${DOWNLOAD}" ${DOWNLOAD_ARGS} cosmocc.zip "${URL1}"; then
+  rm -f cosmocc.zip
+  "${DOWNLOAD}" ${DOWNLOAD_ARGS} cosmocc.zip "${URL2}" || die
+fi
+printf '%s\n' "${COSMOCC_SHA256SUM} *cosmocc.zip" >cosmocc.zip.sha256sum
+sha256sum -c cosmocc.zip.sha256sum || die
+"${UNZIP}" cosmocc.zip || die
+rm -f cosmocc.zip cosmocc.zip.sha256sum
+
+# commit output directory
+cd "${OLDPWD}" || die
+mv "${OUTPUT_TMP}" "${OUTPUT_DIR}" || die

build/functions.mk

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #-*-mode:makefile-gmake;indent-tabs-mode:t;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-┐
-#───vi: set et ft=make ts=8 tw=8 fenc=utf-8 :vi───────────────────────┘
+#── vi: set et ft=make ts=8 sw=8 fenc=utf-8 :vi ──────────────────────┘
 #
 # SYNOPSIS
 #

build/htags

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 #-*-mode:sh;indent-tabs-mode:nil;tab-width:2;coding:utf-8-*-┐
-#───vi: set net ft=sh ts=2 sts=2 fenc=utf-8 :vi─────────────┘
+#── vi: set et ft=sh ts=2 sts=2 fenc=utf-8 :vi ─────────────┘
 #
 # OVERVIEW
 #
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ set -- --regex-c='/_Atomic(\([^)]*\))/\1/b' "$@"
 set -- --regex-c='/^\(\(hidden\|extern\|const\) \)*[_[:alpha:]][_[:alnum:]]*[ *][ *]*\([_[:alpha:]][_[:alnum:]]*[ *][ *]*\)*\([_[:alpha:]][_$[:alnum:]]*\)/\4/b' "$@"
 
 # ctags doesn't understand function prototypes, e.g.
-#   bool isheap(void *p) dontthrow nocallback;
+#   bool isheap(void *p) dontthrow dontcallback;
 set -- --regex-c='/^[_[:alpha:]][_[:alnum:]]*[ *][ *]*\([_[:alpha:]][_[:alnum:]]*[ *][ *]*\)*\([_[:alpha:]][_$[:alnum:]]*\)(.*/\2/b' "$@"
 
 # ctags doesn't understand function pointers, e.g.
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ set -- --regex-c='/^extern [^(]*(\*const \([^)]*\))(/\1/b' "$@"
 #   struct WorstSoftwareEver;
 set -- --regex-c='/^struct.*;$/uehocruehcroue/b' "$@"
 
-exec $TAGS                                                        \
+build/run $TAGS                                                   \
      -e                                                           \
      --langmap=c:.c.h                                             \
      --exclude=libc/nt/struct/imagefileheader.internal.h          \

build/objdump

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+COSMO=${COSMO:-/opt/cosmo}
+
+if [ -n "$OBJDUMP" ]; then
+  exec "$OBJDUMP" "$@"
+fi
+
+find_objdump() {
+  if [ -x .cosmocc/3.6.0/bin/$1-linux-cosmo-objdump ]; then
+    OBJDUMP=.cosmocc/3.6.0/bin/$1-linux-cosmo-objdump
+  elif [ -x .cosmocc/3.6.0/bin/$1-linux-musl-objdump ]; then
+    OBJDUMP=.cosmocc/3.6.0/bin/$1-linux-musl-objdump
+  elif [ -x "$COSMO/.cosmocc/3.6.0/bin/$1-linux-cosmo-objdump" ]; then
+    OBJDUMP="$COSMO/.cosmocc/3.6.0/bin/$1-linux-cosmo-objdump"
+  elif [ -x "$COSMO/.cosmocc/3.6.0/bin/$1-linux-musl-objdump" ]; then
+    OBJDUMP="$COSMO/.cosmocc/3.6.0/bin/$1-linux-musl-objdump"
+  else
+    echo "error: toolchain not found (try running 'cosmocc --update' or 'make' in the cosmo monorepo)" >&2
+    exit 1
+  fi
+}
+
+if printf '%s\n' "$*" | grep aarch64 >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+  find_objdump aarch64
+  exec "$OBJDUMP" "$@"
+else
+  find_objdump x86_64
+  exec "$OBJDUMP" "$@"
+fi

build/online.mk

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #-*-mode:makefile-gmake;indent-tabs-mode:t;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-┐
-#───vi: set et ft=make ts=8 tw=8 fenc=utf-8 :vi───────────────────────┘
+#── vi: set et ft=make ts=8 sw=8 fenc=utf-8 :vi ──────────────────────┘
 #
 # SYNOPSIS
 #
@@ -22,10 +22,14 @@
 #   - tool/build/runit.c
 #   - tool/build/runitd.c
 
-.PRECIOUS: o/$(MODE)/%.com.ok
-o/$(MODE)/%.com.ok: .PLEDGE = stdio rpath wpath cpath proc fattr inet
-o/$(MODE)/%.com.ok:				\
-		o/$(MODE)/tool/build/runit.com	\
-		o/$(MODE)/tool/build/runitd.com	\
-		o/$(MODE)/%.com
+.PRECIOUS: o/$(MODE)/%.ok
+o/$(MODE)/%.ok: private .PLEDGE = stdio rpath wpath cpath proc fattr inet dns
+o/$(MODE)/%.ok: private .UNVEIL += r:/etc/resolv.conf
+o/$(MODE)/%.ok:					\
+		o/$(MODE)/tool/build/runit	\
+		o/$(MODE)/tool/build/runitd	\
+		o/$(MODE)/%
 	@$(COMPILE) -wATEST -tT$@ $^ $(HOSTS)
+
+.PHONY:
+o/tiny/tool/build/runit:

build/realify.sed

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #-*-mode:sed;indent-tabs-mode:t;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-┐
-#───vi: et ft=sed ts=8 tw=8 fenc=utf-8 :vi─────────────────┘
+#── vi: et ft=sed ts=8 sw=8 fenc=utf-8 :vi ────────────────┘
 #
 # SYNOPSIS
 #

build/rules.mk

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #-*-mode:makefile-gmake;indent-tabs-mode:t;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-┐
-#───vi: set et ft=make ts=8 tw=8 fenc=utf-8 :vi───────────────────────┘
+#── vi: set et ft=make ts=8 sw=8 fenc=utf-8 :vi ──────────────────────┘
 #
 # SYNOPSIS
 #
@@ -16,40 +16,15 @@
 
 MAKEFLAGS += --no-builtin-rules
 
-o/%.o: %.s                         ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.s $(OBJECTIFY.s) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
-o/%.o: o/%.s                       ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.s $(OBJECTIFY.s) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
-o/%.s: %.S                         ; @$(COMPILE) -APREPROCESS $(PREPROCESS) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
-o/%.s: o/%.S                       ; @$(COMPILE) -APREPROCESS $(PREPROCESS) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
-o/%.o: %.S                         ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.S $(OBJECTIFY.S) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
-o/%.o: o/%.S                       ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.S $(OBJECTIFY.S) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
-o/%.lds: %.lds                     ; @$(COMPILE) -APREPROCESS $(PREPROCESS.lds) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
-o/%.inc: %.h                       ; @$(COMPILE) -APREPROCESS $(PREPROCESS) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) -D__ASSEMBLER__ -P $<
-o/%.greg.o: %.greg.c               ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.greg $(OBJECTIFY.greg.c) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
+MAKE_ZIPCOPY = $(COMPILE) -AZIPCOPY -wT$@ $(ZIPCOPY) $< $@
+ifneq ($(ARCH), aarch64)
+MAKE_OBJCOPY = $(COMPILE) -AOBJCOPY -T$@ $(OBJCOPY) -S -O binary $< $@ && $(MAKE_ZIPCOPY)
+else
+MAKE_OBJCOPY = $(COMPILE) -AOBJCOPY -T$@ $(OBJCOPY) -S $< $@ && $(MAKE_ZIPCOPY)
+endif
 
-o/$(MODE)/%: o/$(MODE)/%.dbg       ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJCOPY -T$@ $(OBJCOPY) -S -O binary $< $@
-o/$(MODE)/%.o: %.s                 ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.s $(OBJECTIFY.s) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
-o/$(MODE)/%.o: o/$(MODE)/%.s       ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.s $(OBJECTIFY.s) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
-o/$(MODE)/%.o: %.f                 ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.f $(OBJECTIFY.f) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
-o/$(MODE)/%.o: %.F                 ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.F $(OBJECTIFY.F) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
-o/$(MODE)/%.h: %.c                 ; @$(COMPILE) -AAMALGAMATE $(PREPROCESS) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) -fdirectives-only -P $<
-o/$(MODE)/%.h: o/$(MODE)/%.c       ; @$(COMPILE) -AAMALGAMATE $(PREPROCESS) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) -fdirectives-only -P $<
-o/$(MODE)/%.o: %.S                 ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.S $(OBJECTIFY.S) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
-o/$(MODE)/%.o: o/$(MODE)/%.S       ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.S $(OBJECTIFY.S) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
-o/$(MODE)/%.o: %.cc                ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.cxx $(OBJECTIFY.cxx) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
-o/$(MODE)/%.lds: %.lds             ; @$(COMPILE) -APREPROCESS $(PREPROCESS.lds) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
-o/$(MODE)/%.o: %.greg.c            ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.greg $(OBJECTIFY.greg.c) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
-o/$(MODE)/%.greg.o: %.greg.c       ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.greg $(OBJECTIFY.greg.c) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
-o/$(MODE)/%.initabi.o: %.initabi.c ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.init $(OBJECTIFY.initabi.c) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
-o/$(MODE)/%.ncabi.o: %.ncabi.c     ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.nc $(OBJECTIFY.ncabi.c) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
-o/$(MODE)/%.real.o: %.c            ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.real $(OBJECTIFY.real.c) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
-
-o/%.o: %.cc
-	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.cxx $(OBJECTIFY.cxx) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
-	@$(COMPILE) -AFIXUPOBJ -wT$@ $(FIXUPOBJ) $@
-
-o/%.o: o/%.cc
-	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.cxx $(OBJECTIFY.cxx) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
-	@$(COMPILE) -AFIXUPOBJ -wT$@ $(FIXUPOBJ) $@
+o/$(MODE)/%: o/$(MODE)/%.dbg
+	@$(MAKE_OBJCOPY)
 
 o/$(MODE)/%.o: %.c
 	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.c $(OBJECTIFY.c) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
@@ -59,10 +34,39 @@ o/$(MODE)/%.o: o/$(MODE)/%.c
 	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.c $(OBJECTIFY.c) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
 	@$(COMPILE) -AFIXUPOBJ -wT$@ $(FIXUPOBJ) $@
 
-o/$(MODE)/%.o: o/$(MODE)/%.cc
+o/$(MODE)/%.h: %.c
+	@$(COMPILE) -AAMALGAMATE $(PREPROCESS) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) -fdirectives-only -P $<
+
+o/$(MODE)/%.o: %.cc
 	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.cxx $(OBJECTIFY.cxx) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
 	@$(COMPILE) -AFIXUPOBJ -wT$@ $(FIXUPOBJ) $@
 
+o/$(MODE)/%.o: %.cpp
+	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.cxx $(OBJECTIFY.cxx) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
+
+o/$(MODE)/%.lds: %.lds
+	@$(COMPILE) -APREPROCESS $(PREPROCESS.lds) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
+
+ifneq ($(ARCH), aarch64)
+o/$(MODE)/%.o: %.S
+	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.S $(OBJECTIFY.S) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
+o/$(MODE)/%.o: o/$(MODE)/%.S
+	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.S $(OBJECTIFY.S) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
+else
+o/$(MODE)/%.o: %.S libc/empty.s
+	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.S $(OBJECTIFY.s) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) libc/empty.s
+o/$(MODE)/%.o: o/$(MODE)/%.S libc/empty.s
+	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.S $(OBJECTIFY.s) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) libc/empty.s
+endif
+
+o/$(MODE)/%.o: %.greg.c
+	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.greg $(OBJECTIFY.greg.c) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
+	@$(COMPILE) -AFIXUPOBJ -wT$@ $(FIXUPOBJ) $@
+
+o/$(MODE)/%.greg.o: %.greg.c
+	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.greg $(OBJECTIFY.greg.c) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
+	@$(COMPILE) -AFIXUPOBJ -wT$@ $(FIXUPOBJ) $@
+
 o/%.a:
 	$(file >$(TMPDIR)/$(subst /,_,$@),$^)
 	@$(COMPILE) -AARCHIVE -wT$@ $(AR) $(ARFLAGS) $@ @$(TMPDIR)/$(subst /,_,$@)
@@ -75,21 +79,17 @@ o/$(MODE)/%.pkg:
 	$(file >$(TMPSAFE).args,$(filter %.o,$^))
 	@$(COMPILE) -APACKAGE -wT$@ $(PKG) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $(addprefix -d,$(filter %.pkg,$^)) @$(TMPSAFE).args
 
-o/$(MODE)/%.o: %.py o/$(MODE)/third_party/python/pyobj.com
-	@$(COMPILE) -wAPYOBJ o/$(MODE)/third_party/python/pyobj.com $(PYFLAGS) -o $@ $<
+o/$(MODE)/%.o: %.py o/$(MODE)/third_party/python/pyobj
+	@$(COMPILE) -wAPYOBJ o/$(MODE)/third_party/python/pyobj $(PYFLAGS) -o $@ $<
 
-o/$(MODE)/%.pyc: %.py o/$(MODE)/third_party/python/pycomp.com
-	@$(COMPILE) -wAPYCOMP o/$(MODE)/third_party/python/pycomp.com $(PYCFLAGS) -o $@ $<
+o/$(MODE)/%.pyc: %.py o/$(MODE)/third_party/python/pycomp
+	@$(COMPILE) -wAPYCOMP o/$(MODE)/third_party/python/pycomp $(PYCFLAGS) -o $@ $<
 
-o/$(MODE)/%.lua: %.lua o/$(MODE)/third_party/lua/luac.com
-	@$(COMPILE) -wALUAC o/$(MODE)/third_party/lua/luac.com -s -o $@ $<
+o/$(MODE)/%.lua: %.lua o/$(MODE)/third_party/lua/luac
+	@$(COMPILE) -wALUAC o/$(MODE)/third_party/lua/luac -s -o $@ $<
 
-o/$(MODE)/%.lua.runs: %.lua o/$(MODE)/tool/net/redbean.com
-	@$(COMPILE) -wALUA -tT$@ o/$(MODE)/tool/net/redbean.com $(LUAFLAGS) -i $<
-
-o/$(MODE)/%: o/$(MODE)/%.com o/$(MODE)/tool/build/cp.com o/$(MODE)/tool/build/assimilate.com
-	@$(COMPILE) -wACP -T$@ o/$(MODE)/tool/build/cp.com $< $@
-	@$(COMPILE) -wAASSIMILATE -T$@ o/$(MODE)/tool/build/assimilate.com $@
+o/$(MODE)/%.lua.runs: %.lua o/$(MODE)/tool/net/redbean
+	@$(COMPILE) -wALUA -tT$@ o/$(MODE)/tool/net/redbean $(LUAFLAGS) -i $<
 
 ################################################################################
 # LOCAL UNIT TESTS
@@ -108,22 +108,22 @@ o/$(MODE)/%: o/$(MODE)/%.com o/$(MODE)/tool/build/cp.com o/$(MODE)/tool/build/as
 #
 # You could then run a command like:
 #
-#     make -j8 o//test/libc/calls/openbsd_test.com.runs
+#     make -j8 o//test/libc/calls/openbsd_test.runs
 #
 # You need PROT_EXEC permission since ftrace morphs the binary. It's
-# also worth mentioning that the pledge.com command can simulate what
+# also worth mentioning that the pledge command can simulate what
 # Landlock Make does:
 #
-#     o//tool/build/pledge.com \
+#     o//tool/build/pledge \
 #       -v. -p 'stdio rpath wpath cpath tty prot_exec' \
-#       o//test/libc/calls/openbsd_test.com \
+#       o//test/libc/calls/openbsd_test \
 #       ----ftrace
 #
 # This is useful in the event a test binary should run by itself, but
 # fails to run beneath Landlock Make. It's also useful sometimes to
 # override the verbosity when running tests:
 #
-#     make V=5 TESTARGS=-b o//test/libc/calls/openbsd_test.com.runs
+#     make V=5 TESTARGS=-b o//test/libc/calls/openbsd_test.runs
 #
 # This way, if for some reason a test should fail but calls exit(0),
 # then the stdout/stderr output, which would normally be suppressed,
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ o/$(MODE)/%.runs: o/$(MODE)/%
 ################################################################################
 # ELF ZIP FILES
 #
-# zipobj.com lets us do fast incremental linking of compressed data.
+# zipobj lets us do fast incremental linking of compressed data.
 # it's nice because if we link a hundred binaries that use the time zone
 # database, then that database only needs to be DEFLATE'd once.
 
@@ -183,27 +183,6 @@ o/$(MODE)/%.okk: private .UNSANDBOXED = 1
 o/$(MODE)/%.okk: %
 	@$(COMPILE) -ACHECK.h $(COMPILE.cxx) -xc++ -g0 -o $@ $<
 
-################################################################################
-# EXECUTABLE HELPERS
-
-MAKE_OBJCOPY =					\
-	$(COMPILE) -AOBJCOPY -T$@		\
-	$(OBJCOPY) -S -O binary $< $@
-
-MAKE_SYMTAB_CREATE =				\
-	$(COMPILE) -wASYMTAB			\
-	o/$(MODE)/tool/build/symtab.com		\
-	-o $(TMPSAFE)/.symtab			\
-	$<
-
-MAKE_SYMTAB_ZIP =				\
-	$(COMPILE) -AZIP -T$@			\
-	o/$(MODE)/third_party/zip/zip.com	\
-	-b$(TMPDIR)				\
-	-9qj					\
-	$@					\
-	$(TMPSAFE)/.symtab
-
 ################################################################################
 # EMACS ASSEMBLY GENERATION
 
@@ -219,6 +198,7 @@ o/$(MODE)/%-clang.asm: private .UNSANDBOXED = 1
 o/$(MODE)/%-clang.asm: %.c
 	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.c $(OBJECTIFY.c) -S -g0 $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
 
+# TODO(jart): Make intrinsics support Clang.
 o/$(MODE)/%-clang.asm: CC = $(CLANG)
 o/$(MODE)/%-clang.asm: private .UNSANDBOXED = 1
 o/$(MODE)/%-clang.asm: %.cc

build/run

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+UNAMEM=$(uname -m)
+UNAMES=$(uname -s)
+if [ x"$UNAMES" = x"Darwin" ] && [ x"$UNAMEM" = x"arm64" ]; then
+  exec ape "$@"
+else
+  exec "$@"
+fi

build/sanitycheck

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ if [ ! -f /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/status ]; then
   exit 0
 fi
 
-if ! build/bootstrap/echo.com -n; then
+if ! build/bootstrap/echo -n; then
   cat <<'EOF' >&2
 
 ERROR

build/sha256sum.c

@@ -0,0 +1,455 @@
+/*-*- mode:c;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:2;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8 -*-│
+│ vi: set et ft=c ts=2 sts=2 sw=2 fenc=utf-8                               :vi │
+╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡
+│ Copyright 2022 Justine Alexandra Roberts Tunney                              │
+│                                                                              │
+│ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for         │
+│ any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the         │
+│ above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.      │
+│                                                                              │
+│ THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL                │
+│ WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED                │
+│ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE             │
+│ AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL         │
+│ DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR        │
+│ PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER               │
+│ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
+│ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
+╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+// this file should not have dependencies, because everything will be
+// re-downloaded if the o/tool/sha256sum artifact becomes invalidated
+
+#define PROG "sha256sum"
+#define USAGE \
+  "\
+Usage: " PROG " [-?hbctw] [PATH...]\n\
+  -h          help\n\
+  -c          check mode\n\
+  -b          binary mode\n\
+  -t          textual mode\n\
+  -w          warning mode\n"
+
+#define ROTR(a, b)   (((a) >> (b)) | ((a) << (32 - (b))))
+#define CH(x, y, z)  (((x) & (y)) ^ (~(x) & (z)))
+#define MAJ(x, y, z) (((x) & (y)) ^ ((x) & (z)) ^ ((y) & (z)))
+#define EP0(x)       (ROTR(x, 2) ^ ROTR(x, 13) ^ ROTR(x, 22))
+#define EP1(x)       (ROTR(x, 6) ^ ROTR(x, 11) ^ ROTR(x, 25))
+#define SIG0(x)      (ROTR(x, 7) ^ ROTR(x, 18) ^ ((x) >> 3))
+#define SIG1(x)      (ROTR(x, 17) ^ ROTR(x, 19) ^ ((x) >> 10))
+
+struct Sha256Ctx {
+  uint8_t data[64];
+  uint32_t datalen;
+  uint64_t bitlen;
+  uint32_t state[8];
+};
+
+static const uint32_t kSha256Tab[64] = {
+    0x428a2f98, 0x71374491, 0xb5c0fbcf, 0xe9b5dba5,  //
+    0x3956c25b, 0x59f111f1, 0x923f82a4, 0xab1c5ed5,  //
+    0xd807aa98, 0x12835b01, 0x243185be, 0x550c7dc3,  //
+    0x72be5d74, 0x80deb1fe, 0x9bdc06a7, 0xc19bf174,  //
+    0xe49b69c1, 0xefbe4786, 0x0fc19dc6, 0x240ca1cc,  //
+    0x2de92c6f, 0x4a7484aa, 0x5cb0a9dc, 0x76f988da,  //
+    0x983e5152, 0xa831c66d, 0xb00327c8, 0xbf597fc7,  //
+    0xc6e00bf3, 0xd5a79147, 0x06ca6351, 0x14292967,  //
+    0x27b70a85, 0x2e1b2138, 0x4d2c6dfc, 0x53380d13,  //
+    0x650a7354, 0x766a0abb, 0x81c2c92e, 0x92722c85,  //
+    0xa2bfe8a1, 0xa81a664b, 0xc24b8b70, 0xc76c51a3,  //
+    0xd192e819, 0xd6990624, 0xf40e3585, 0x106aa070,  //
+    0x19a4c116, 0x1e376c08, 0x2748774c, 0x34b0bcb5,  //
+    0x391c0cb3, 0x4ed8aa4a, 0x5b9cca4f, 0x682e6ff3,  //
+    0x748f82ee, 0x78a5636f, 0x84c87814, 0x8cc70208,  //
+    0x90befffa, 0xa4506ceb, 0xbef9a3f7, 0xc67178f2,  //
+};
+
+static bool g_warn;
+static char g_mode;
+static bool g_check;
+static int g_mismatches;
+
+static void Sha256Transform(uint32_t state[8], const uint8_t data[64]) {
+  unsigned i;
+  uint32_t a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, t1, t2, m[64];
+  for (i = 0; i < 16; ++i, data += 4) {
+    m[i] = (uint32_t)data[0] << 24 | data[1] << 16 | data[2] << 8 | data[3];
+  }
+  for (; i < 64; ++i) {
+    m[i] = SIG1(m[i - 2]) + m[i - 7] + SIG0(m[i - 15]) + m[i - 16];
+  }
+  a = state[0];
+  b = state[1];
+  c = state[2];
+  d = state[3];
+  e = state[4];
+  f = state[5];
+  g = state[6];
+  h = state[7];
+  for (i = 0; i < 64; ++i) {
+    t1 = h + EP1(e) + CH(e, f, g) + kSha256Tab[i] + m[i];
+    t2 = EP0(a) + MAJ(a, b, c);
+    h = g;
+    g = f;
+    f = e;
+    e = d + t1;
+    d = c;
+    c = b;
+    b = a;
+    a = t1 + t2;
+  }
+  state[0] += a;
+  state[1] += b;
+  state[2] += c;
+  state[3] += d;
+  state[4] += e;
+  state[5] += f;
+  state[6] += g;
+  state[7] += h;
+}
+
+static void Sha256Init(struct Sha256Ctx *ctx) {
+  ctx->datalen = 0;
+  ctx->bitlen = 0;
+  ctx->state[0] = 0x6a09e667;
+  ctx->state[1] = 0xbb67ae85;
+  ctx->state[2] = 0x3c6ef372;
+  ctx->state[3] = 0xa54ff53a;
+  ctx->state[4] = 0x510e527f;
+  ctx->state[5] = 0x9b05688c;
+  ctx->state[6] = 0x1f83d9ab;
+  ctx->state[7] = 0x5be0cd19;
+}
+
+static void Sha256Update(struct Sha256Ctx *ctx, const uint8_t *data,
+                         long size) {
+  long i;
+  for (i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    ctx->data[ctx->datalen] = data[i];
+    ctx->datalen++;
+    if (ctx->datalen == 64) {
+      Sha256Transform(ctx->state, ctx->data);
+      ctx->bitlen += 512;
+      ctx->datalen = 0;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void Sha256Final(struct Sha256Ctx *ctx, uint8_t *hash) {
+  long i;
+  i = ctx->datalen;
+  ctx->data[i++] = 0x80;
+  if (ctx->datalen < 56) {
+    memset(ctx->data + i, 0, 56 - i);
+  } else {
+    memset(ctx->data + i, 0, 64 - i);
+    Sha256Transform(ctx->state, ctx->data);
+    memset(ctx->data, 0, 56);
+  }
+  ctx->bitlen += ctx->datalen * 8;
+  ctx->data[63] = ctx->bitlen;
+  ctx->data[62] = ctx->bitlen >> 8;
+  ctx->data[61] = ctx->bitlen >> 16;
+  ctx->data[60] = ctx->bitlen >> 24;
+  ctx->data[59] = ctx->bitlen >> 32;
+  ctx->data[58] = ctx->bitlen >> 40;
+  ctx->data[57] = ctx->bitlen >> 48;
+  ctx->data[56] = ctx->bitlen >> 56;
+  Sha256Transform(ctx->state, ctx->data);
+  for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+    hash[i] = (ctx->state[0] >> (24 - i * 8)) & 0xff;
+    hash[i + 4] = (ctx->state[1] >> (24 - i * 8)) & 0xff;
+    hash[i + 8] = (ctx->state[2] >> (24 - i * 8)) & 0xff;
+    hash[i + 12] = (ctx->state[3] >> (24 - i * 8)) & 0xff;
+    hash[i + 16] = (ctx->state[4] >> (24 - i * 8)) & 0xff;
+    hash[i + 20] = (ctx->state[5] >> (24 - i * 8)) & 0xff;
+    hash[i + 24] = (ctx->state[6] >> (24 - i * 8)) & 0xff;
+    hash[i + 28] = (ctx->state[7] >> (24 - i * 8)) & 0xff;
+  }
+}
+
+static char *FormatUint32(char *p, uint32_t x) {
+  char t;
+  size_t i, a, b;
+  i = 0;
+  do {
+    p[i++] = x % 10 + '0';
+    x = x / 10;
+  } while (x > 0);
+  p[i] = '\0';
+  if (i) {
+    for (a = 0, b = i - 1; a < b; ++a, --b) {
+      t = p[a];
+      p[a] = p[b];
+      p[b] = t;
+    }
+  }
+  return p + i;
+}
+
+static char *FormatInt32(char *p, int32_t x) {
+  if (x < 0)
+    *p++ = '-', x = -(uint32_t)x;
+  return FormatUint32(p, x);
+}
+
+static size_t StrCat(char *dst, const char *src, size_t dsize) {
+  size_t m, n = dsize;
+  const char *p = dst;
+  const char *q = src;
+  while (n-- != 0 && *dst != '\0')
+    dst++;
+  m = dst - p;
+  n = dsize - m;
+  if (n-- == 0) {
+    return m + strlen(src);
+  }
+  while (*src != '\0') {
+    if (n != 0) {
+      *dst++ = *src;
+      n--;
+    }
+    src++;
+  }
+  *dst = '\0';
+  return m + (src - q);
+}
+
+static void GetOpts(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+  int opt;
+  g_mode = ' ';
+  while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "?hbctw")) != -1) {
+    switch (opt) {
+      case 'w':
+        g_warn = true;
+        break;
+      case 'c':
+        g_check = true;
+        break;
+      case 't':
+        g_mode = ' ';
+        break;
+      case 'b':
+        g_mode = '*';
+        break;
+      case 'h':
+      case '?':
+        (void)write(1, USAGE, sizeof(USAGE) - 1);
+        exit(0);
+      default:
+        (void)write(2, USAGE, sizeof(USAGE) - 1);
+        exit(64);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void Write(int fd, const char *s, ...) {
+  va_list va;
+  char buf[512];
+  buf[0] = 0;
+  va_start(va, s);
+  do {
+    StrCat(buf, s, sizeof(buf));
+  } while ((s = va_arg(va, const char *)));
+  va_end(va);
+  (void)write(fd, buf, strlen(buf));
+}
+
+static bool IsModeCharacter(char c) {
+  switch (c) {
+    case ' ':
+    case '*':
+      return true;
+    default:
+      return false;
+  }
+}
+
+static bool IsSupportedPath(const char *path) {
+  size_t i;
+  for (i = 0;; ++i) {
+    switch (path[i]) {
+      case 0:
+        if (i)
+          return true;
+        // fallthrough
+      case '\r':
+      case '\n':
+      case '\\':
+        Write(2, PROG, ": ", path, ": unsupported path\n", NULL);
+        return false;
+      default:
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static bool GetDigest(const char *path, FILE *f, uint8_t digest[32]) {
+  size_t got;
+  uint8_t buf[512];
+  struct Sha256Ctx ctx;
+  Sha256Init(&ctx);
+  while ((got = fread(buf, 1, sizeof(buf), f))) {
+    Sha256Update(&ctx, buf, got);
+  }
+  if (ferror(f)) {
+    Write(2, PROG, ": ", path, ": ", strerror(errno), "\n", NULL);
+    return false;
+  }
+  Sha256Final(&ctx, digest);
+  return true;
+}
+
+static char *CopyHex(char *s, const void *p, size_t n) {
+  const char *d, *e;
+  for (d = (const char *)p, e = d + n; d < e; ++d) {
+    *s++ = "0123456789abcdef"[(*d >> 4) & 15];
+    *s++ = "0123456789abcdef"[(*d >> 0) & 15];
+  }
+  *s = 0;
+  return s;
+}
+
+static bool ProduceDigest(const char *path, FILE *f) {
+  char hexdigest[65];
+  char mode[2] = {g_mode};
+  unsigned char digest[32];
+  if (!IsSupportedPath(path))
+    return false;
+  if (!GetDigest(path, f, digest))
+    return false;
+  CopyHex(hexdigest, digest, 32);
+  Write(1, hexdigest, " ", mode, path, "\n", NULL);
+  return true;
+}
+
+static char *Chomp(char *line) {
+  size_t i;
+  if (line) {
+    for (i = strlen(line); i--;) {
+      if (line[i] == '\r' || line[i] == '\n') {
+        line[i] = '\0';
+      } else {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return line;
+}
+
+static int HexToInt(int c) {
+  if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
+    return c - '0';
+  } else if ('a' <= c && c <= 'f') {
+    return c - 'a' + 10;
+  } else if ('A' <= c && c <= 'F') {
+    return c - 'A' + 10;
+  } else {
+    return -1;
+  }
+}
+
+static bool CheckDigests(const char *path, FILE *f) {
+  FILE *f2;
+  bool k = true;
+  int a, b, i, line;
+  const char *path2, *status;
+  uint8_t wantdigest[32], gotdigest[32];
+  char buf[64 + 2 + PATH_MAX + 1 + 1], *p;
+  for (line = 0; fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), f); ++line) {
+    if (!*Chomp(buf))
+      continue;
+    for (p = buf, i = 0; i < 32; ++i) {
+      if ((a = HexToInt(*p++ & 255)) == -1)
+        goto InvalidLine;
+      if ((b = HexToInt(*p++ & 255)) == -1)
+        goto InvalidLine;
+      wantdigest[i] = a << 4 | b;
+    }
+    if (*p++ != ' ')
+      goto InvalidLine;
+    if (!IsModeCharacter(*p++))
+      goto InvalidLine;
+    path2 = p;
+    if (!*path2)
+      goto InvalidLine;
+    if (!IsSupportedPath(path2))
+      continue;
+    if ((f2 = fopen(path2, "rb"))) {
+      if (GetDigest(path2, f2, gotdigest)) {
+        if (!memcmp(wantdigest, gotdigest, 32)) {
+          status = "OK";
+        } else {
+          status = "FAILED";
+          ++g_mismatches;
+          k = false;
+        }
+        Write(1, path2, ": ", status, "\n", NULL);
+      } else {
+        k = false;
+      }
+      fclose(f2);
+    } else {
+      Write(2, PROG, ": ", path2, ": ", strerror(errno), "\n", NULL);
+      k = false;
+    }
+    continue;
+  InvalidLine:
+    if (g_warn) {
+      char linestr[12];
+      FormatInt32(linestr, line + 1);
+      Write(2, PROG, ": ", path, ":", linestr, ": ",
+            "improperly formatted checksum line", "\n", NULL);
+    }
+  }
+  if (ferror(f)) {
+    Write(2, PROG, ": ", path, ": ", strerror(errno), "\n", NULL);
+    k = false;
+  }
+  return k;
+}
+
+static bool Process(const char *path, FILE *f) {
+  if (g_check) {
+    return CheckDigests(path, f);
+  } else {
+    return ProduceDigest(path, f);
+  }
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+  int i;
+  FILE *f;
+  bool k = true;
+  GetOpts(argc, argv);
+  if (optind == argc) {
+    f = stdin;
+    k &= Process("-", f);
+  } else {
+    for (i = optind; i < argc; ++i) {
+      if ((f = fopen(argv[i], "rb"))) {
+        k &= Process(argv[i], f);
+        fclose(f);
+      } else {
+        Write(2, PROG, ": ", argv[i], ": ", strerror(errno), "\n", NULL);
+        k = false;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (g_mismatches) {
+    char ibuf[12];
+    FormatInt32(ibuf, g_mismatches);
+    Write(2, PROG, ": WARNING: ", ibuf, " computed checksum did NOT match\n",
+          NULL);
+  }
+  return !k;
+}

ctl/.clang-format

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+---
+BasedOnStyle: Mozilla
+IndentWidth: 4
+ColumnLimit: 80
+---
+Language: Cpp
+AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: false
+AlignTrailingComments: false
+AlignEscapedNewlines: DontAlign
+AlwaysBreakTemplateDeclarations: true
+ConstructorInitializerAllOnOneLineOrOnePerLine: true
+FixNamespaceComments: true
+---

ctl/BUILD.mk

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#-*-mode:makefile-gmake;indent-tabs-mode:t;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-┐
+#── vi: set noet ft=make ts=8 sw=8 fenc=utf-8 :vi ────────────────────┘
+
+PKGS += CTL
+
+CTL_ARTIFACTS += CTL_A
+CTL = $(CTL_A_DEPS) $(CTL_A)
+CTL_A = o/$(MODE)/ctl/ctl.a
+CTL_A_FILES := $(wildcard ctl/*)
+CTL_A_HDRS = $(filter %.h,$(CTL_A_FILES))
+CTL_A_SRCS = $(filter %.cc,$(CTL_A_FILES))
+CTL_A_OBJS = $(CTL_A_SRCS:%.cc=o/$(MODE)/%.o)
+
+CTL_A_CHECKS =						\
+	$(CTL_A).pkg					\
+	$(CTL_A_HDRS:%=o/$(MODE)/%.okk)			\
+
+CTL_A_DIRECTDEPS =					\
+	LIBC_INTRIN					\
+	LIBC_MEM					\
+	LIBC_NEXGEN32E					\
+	LIBC_STDIO					\
+	LIBC_STR					\
+	THIRD_PARTY_DOUBLECONVERSION			\
+	THIRD_PARTY_GDTOA				\
+	THIRD_PARTY_LIBCXXABI				\
+	THIRD_PARTY_LIBUNWIND				\
+
+CTL_A_DEPS := $(call uniq,$(foreach x,$(CTL_A_DIRECTDEPS),$($(x))))
+
+$(CTL_A):	ctl/					\
+		$(CTL_A).pkg				\
+		$(CTL_A_OBJS)
+
+$(CTL_A).pkg:						\
+		$(CTL_A_OBJS)				\
+		$(foreach x,$(CTL_A_DIRECTDEPS),$($(x)_A).pkg)
+
+$(CTL_A_OBJS): private					\
+		OVERRIDE_CXXFLAGS +=			\
+			-Wframe-larger-than=4096	\
+			-Walloca-larger-than=4096	\
+			-ffunction-sections		\
+			-fdata-sections			\
+			-fexceptions			\
+
+CTL_LIBS = $(foreach x,$(CTL_ARTIFACTS),$($(x)))
+CTL_SRCS = $(foreach x,$(CTL_ARTIFACTS),$($(x)_SRCS))
+CTL_HDRS = $(foreach x,$(CTL_ARTIFACTS),$($(x)_HDRS))
+CTL_CHECKS = $(foreach x,$(CTL_ARTIFACTS),$($(x)_CHECKS))
+CTL_OBJS = $(foreach x,$(CTL_ARTIFACTS),$($(x)_OBJS))
+$(CTL_OBJS): $(BUILD_FILES) ctl/BUILD.mk
+
+.PHONY: o/$(MODE)/ctl
+o/$(MODE)/ctl: $(CTL_CHECKS)

ctl/accumulate.h

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// -*-mode:c++;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:4;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-
+// vi: set et ft=cpp ts=4 sts=4 sw=4 fenc=utf-8 :vi
+#ifndef CTL_ACCUMULATE_H_
+#define CTL_ACCUMULATE_H_
+
+namespace ctl {
+
+template<class InputIt, class T>
+constexpr T
+accumulate(InputIt first, InputIt last, T init)
+{
+    for (; first != last; ++first)
+        init = init + *first;
+    return init;
+}
+
+template<class InputIt, class T, class BinaryOperation>
+constexpr T
+accumulate(InputIt first, InputIt last, T init, BinaryOperation op)
+{
+    for (; first != last; ++first)
+        init = op(init, *first);
+    return init;
+}
+
+} // namespace ctl
+
+#endif // CTL_ACCUMULATE_H_

ctl/add_lvalue_reference.h

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// -*-mode:c++;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:4;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-
+// vi: set et ft=cpp ts=4 sts=4 sw=4 fenc=utf-8 :vi
+#ifndef CTL_ADD_LVALUE_REFERENCE_H_
+#define CTL_ADD_LVALUE_REFERENCE_H_
+
+namespace ctl {
+
+template<typename T>
+struct add_lvalue_reference
+{
+    typedef T& type;
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+struct add_lvalue_reference<T&>
+{
+    typedef T& type;
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+struct add_lvalue_reference<T&&>
+{
+    typedef T& type;
+};
+
+template<>
+struct add_lvalue_reference<void>
+{
+    typedef void type;
+};
+
+template<>
+struct add_lvalue_reference<const void>
+{
+    typedef const void type;
+};
+
+template<>
+struct add_lvalue_reference<volatile void>
+{
+    typedef volatile void type;
+};
+
+template<>
+struct add_lvalue_reference<const volatile void>
+{
+    typedef const volatile void type;
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+using add_lvalue_reference_t = typename add_lvalue_reference<T>::type;
+
+} // namespace ctl
+
+#endif // CTL_ADD_LVALUE_REFERENCE_H_

ctl/add_pointer.h

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// -*-mode:c++;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:4;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-
+// vi: set et ft=cpp ts=4 sts=4 sw=4 fenc=utf-8 :vi
+#ifndef CTL_ADD_POINTER_H_
+#define CTL_ADD_POINTER_H_
+#include "remove_reference.h"
+
+namespace ctl {
+
+// Primary template
+template<typename T>
+struct add_pointer
+{
+    typedef typename remove_reference<T>::type* type;
+};
+
+// Specialization for functions
+template<typename R, typename... Args>
+struct add_pointer<R(Args...)>
+{
+    typedef R (*type)(Args...);
+};
+
+// Specialization for function references
+template<typename R, typename... Args>
+struct add_pointer<R (&)(Args...)>
+{
+    typedef R (*type)(Args...);
+};
+
+// Specialization for rvalue references to functions
+template<typename R, typename... Args>
+struct add_pointer<R (&&)(Args...)>
+{
+    typedef R (*type)(Args...);
+};
+
+// Helper alias template (C++14 and later)
+template<typename T>
+using add_pointer_t = typename add_pointer<T>::type;
+
+} // namespace ctl
+
+#endif // CTL_ADD_POINTER_H_

ctl/addressof.h

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// -*-mode:c++;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:4;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-
+// vi: set et ft=cpp ts=4 sts=4 sw=4 fenc=utf-8 :vi
+#ifndef CTL_ADDRESSOF_H_
+#define CTL_ADDRESSOF_H_
+
+namespace ctl {
+
+template<typename T>
+T*
+addressof(T& arg) noexcept
+{
+    return reinterpret_cast<T*>(
+      &const_cast<char&>(reinterpret_cast<const volatile char&>(arg)));
+}
+
+template<typename R, typename... Args>
+R (*addressof(R (*&arg)(Args...)) noexcept)
+(Args...)
+{
+    return arg;
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+T*
+addressof(T&&) = delete;
+
+} // namespace ctl
+
+#endif // CTL_ADDRESSOF_H_

ctl/advance.h

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// -*-mode:c++;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:4;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-
+// vi: set et ft=cpp ts=4 sts=4 sw=4 fenc=utf-8 :vi
+#ifndef CTL_ADVANCE_H_
+#define CTL_ADVANCE_H_
+
+namespace ctl {
+
+template<class InputIt, class Distance>
+constexpr void
+advance(InputIt& it, Distance n)
+{
+    while (n > 0) {
+        --n;
+        ++it;
+    }
+    while (n < 0) {
+        ++n;
+        --it;
+    }
+}
+
+} // namespace ctl
+
+#endif // CTL_ADVANCE_H_

ctl/all_of.h

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// -*-mode:c++;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:4;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-
+// vi: set et ft=cpp ts=4 sts=4 sw=4 fenc=utf-8 :vi
+#ifndef CTL_ALL_OF_H_
+#define CTL_ALL_OF_H_
+
+namespace ctl {
+
+template<class InputIt, class UnaryPredicate>
+constexpr bool
+all_of(InputIt first, InputIt last, UnaryPredicate p)
+{
+    for (; first != last; ++first)
+        if (!p(*first))
+            return false;
+    return true;
+}
+
+} // namespace ctl
+
+#endif // CTL_ALL_OF_H_

ctl/allocator.h

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+// -*-mode:c++;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:4;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-
+// vi: set et ft=cpp ts=4 sts=4 sw=4 fenc=utf-8 :vi
+#ifndef CTL_ALLOCATOR_H_
+#define CTL_ALLOCATOR_H_
+#include "bad_alloc.h"
+#include "integral_constant.h"
+#include "new.h"
+#include "utility.h"
+
+namespace ctl {
+
+template<typename T>
+class allocator
+{
+  public:
+    using value_type = T;
+    using size_type = size_t;
+    using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
+    using propagate_on_container_move_assignment = ctl::true_type;
+    using is_always_equal = ctl::true_type;
+    using pointer = T*;
+    using const_pointer = const T*;
+    using reference = T&;
+    using const_reference = const T&;
+
+    constexpr allocator() noexcept = default;
+
+    constexpr allocator(const allocator&) noexcept = default;
+
+    template<class U>
+    constexpr allocator(const allocator<U>&) noexcept
+    {
+    }
+
+    constexpr ~allocator() = default;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] T* allocate(size_type n)
+    {
+        if (n > __SIZE_MAX__ / sizeof(T))
+            throw ctl::bad_alloc();
+        if (auto p = static_cast<T*>(::operator new(
+              n * sizeof(T), ctl::align_val_t(alignof(T)), ctl::nothrow)))
+            return p;
+        throw ctl::bad_alloc();
+    }
+
+    void deallocate(T* p, size_type n) noexcept
+    {
+        ::operator delete(p, n * sizeof(T), ctl::align_val_t(alignof(T)));
+    }
+
+    template<typename U, typename... Args>
+    void construct(U* p, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        ::new (static_cast<void*>(p)) U(ctl::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+
+    template<typename U>
+    void destroy(U* p)
+    {
+        p->~U();
+    }
+
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept
+    {
+        return __SIZE_MAX__ / sizeof(T);
+    }
+
+    allocator& operator=(const allocator&) = default;
+
+    template<typename U>
+    struct rebind
+    {
+        using other = allocator<U>;
+    };
+};
+
+template<class T, class U>
+bool
+operator==(const allocator<T>&, const allocator<U>&) noexcept
+{
+    return true;
+}
+
+template<class T, class U>
+bool
+operator!=(const allocator<T>&, const allocator<U>&) noexcept
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+} // namespace ctl
+
+#endif // CTL_ALLOCATOR_H_

ctl/allocator_traits.h

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+// -*-mode:c++;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:4;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-
+// vi: set et ft=cpp ts=4 sts=4 sw=4 fenc=utf-8 :vi
+#ifndef CTL_ALLOCATOR_TRAITS_H_
+#define CTL_ALLOCATOR_TRAITS_H_
+#include "integral_constant.h"
+
+namespace ctl {
+
+template<typename Alloc>
+struct allocator_traits
+{
+    using allocator_type = Alloc;
+    using value_type = typename Alloc::value_type;
+    using pointer = typename Alloc::value_type*;
+    using const_pointer = const typename Alloc::value_type*;
+    using void_pointer = void*;
+    using const_void_pointer = const void*;
+    using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
+    using size_type = size_t;
+
+    using propagate_on_container_copy_assignment = ctl::false_type;
+    using propagate_on_container_move_assignment = ctl::true_type;
+    using propagate_on_container_swap = ctl::false_type;
+    using is_always_equal = ctl::true_type;
+
+    template<typename T>
+    struct rebind_alloc
+    {
+        using other = typename Alloc::template rebind<T>::other;
+    };
+
+    template<typename T>
+    using rebind_traits = allocator_traits<typename rebind_alloc<T>::other>;
+
+    static pointer allocate(Alloc& a, size_type n)
+    {
+        return a.allocate(n);
+    }
+
+    static void deallocate(Alloc& a, pointer p, size_type n)
+    {
+        a.deallocate(p, n);
+    }
+
+    template<typename T, typename... Args>
+    static void construct(Alloc& a, T* p, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        ::new ((void*)p) T(static_cast<Args&&>(args)...);
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    static void destroy(Alloc& a, T* p)
+    {
+        p->~T();
+    }
+
+    static size_type max_size(const Alloc& a) noexcept
+    {
+        return a.max_size();
+    }
+
+    static Alloc select_on_container_copy_construction(const Alloc& a)
+    {
+        return a;
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace ctl
+
+#endif // CTL_ALLOCATOR_TRAITS_H_

ctl/any_of.h

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// -*-mode:c++;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:4;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-
+// vi: set et ft=cpp ts=4 sts=4 sw=4 fenc=utf-8 :vi
+#ifndef CTL_ANY_OF_H_
+#define CTL_ANY_OF_H_
+
+namespace ctl {
+
+template<class InputIt, class UnaryPredicate>
+constexpr bool
+any_of(InputIt first, InputIt last, UnaryPredicate p)
+{
+    for (; first != last; ++first)
+        if (p(*first))
+            return true;
+    return false;
+}
+
+} // namespace ctl
+
+#endif // CTL_ANY_OF_H_

ctl/array.h

@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+// -*-mode:c++;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:4;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-
+// vi: set et ft=cpp ts=4 sts=4 sw=4 fenc=utf-8 :vi
+#ifndef CTL_ARRAY_H_
+#define CTL_ARRAY_H_
+#include "initializer_list.h"
+#include "out_of_range.h"
+#include "reverse_iterator.h"
+
+namespace ctl {
+
+template<typename T, size_t N>
+struct array
+{
+    using value_type = T;
+    using size_type = size_t;
+    using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
+    using reference = value_type&;
+    using const_reference = const value_type&;
+    using pointer = value_type*;
+    using const_pointer = const value_type*;
+    using iterator = value_type*;
+    using const_iterator = const value_type*;
+    using reverse_iterator = ctl::reverse_iterator<iterator>;
+    using const_reverse_iterator = ctl::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>;
+
+    T elems[N];
+
+    constexpr array() = default;
+
+    constexpr array(std::initializer_list<T> init)
+    {
+        auto it = init.begin();
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < N && it != init.end(); ++i, ++it)
+            elems[i] = *it;
+    }
+
+    constexpr reference at(size_type pos)
+    {
+        if (pos >= N)
+            throw ctl::out_of_range();
+        return elems[pos];
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_reference at(size_type pos) const
+    {
+        if (pos >= N)
+            throw ctl::out_of_range();
+        return elems[pos];
+    }
+
+    constexpr reference operator[](size_type pos)
+    {
+        if (pos >= N)
+            __builtin_trap();
+        return elems[pos];
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_reference operator[](size_type pos) const
+    {
+        if (pos >= N)
+            __builtin_trap();
+        return elems[pos];
+    }
+
+    constexpr reference front()
+    {
+        return elems[0];
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_reference front() const
+    {
+        return elems[0];
+    }
+
+    constexpr reference back()
+    {
+        return elems[N - 1];
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_reference back() const
+    {
+        return elems[N - 1];
+    }
+
+    constexpr T* data() noexcept
+    {
+        return elems;
+    }
+
+    constexpr const T* data() const noexcept
+    {
+        return elems;
+    }
+
+    constexpr iterator begin() noexcept
+    {
+        return elems;
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_iterator begin() const noexcept
+    {
+        return elems;
+    }
+
+    constexpr iterator end() noexcept
+    {
+        return elems + N;
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_iterator end() const noexcept
+    {
+        return elems + N;
+    }
+
+    constexpr reverse_iterator rbegin() noexcept
+    {
+        return reverse_iterator(end());
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept
+    {
+        return const_reverse_iterator(end());
+    }
+
+    constexpr reverse_iterator rend() noexcept
+    {
+        return reverse_iterator(begin());
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept
+    {
+        return const_reverse_iterator(begin());
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept
+    {
+        return begin();
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_iterator cend() const noexcept
+    {
+        return end();
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept
+    {
+        return rbegin();
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept
+    {
+        return rend();
+    }
+
+    constexpr bool empty() const noexcept
+    {
+        return N == 0;
+    }
+
+    constexpr size_type size() const noexcept
+    {
+        return N;
+    }
+
+    constexpr size_type max_size() const noexcept
+    {
+        return N;
+    }
+
+    void fill(const T& value)
+    {
+        for (size_type i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
+            elems[i] = value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void swap(array& other) noexcept
+    {
+        for (size_type i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
+            T temp = elems[i];
+            elems[i] = other.elems[i];
+            other.elems[i] = temp;
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename T, size_t N>
+bool
+operator==(const array<T, N>& lhs, const array<T, N>& rhs)
+{
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
+        if (!(lhs[i] == rhs[i]))
+            return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+template<typename T, size_t N>
+bool
+operator!=(const array<T, N>& lhs, const array<T, N>& rhs)
+{
+    return !(lhs == rhs);
+}
+
+template<typename T, size_t N>
+bool
+operator<(const array<T, N>& lhs, const array<T, N>& rhs)
+{
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
+        if (lhs[i] < rhs[i])
+            return true;
+        if (rhs[i] < lhs[i])
+            return false;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+template<typename T, size_t N>
+bool
+operator<=(const array<T, N>& lhs, const array<T, N>& rhs)
+{
+    return !(rhs < lhs);
+}
+
+template<typename T, size_t N>
+bool
+operator>(const array<T, N>& lhs, const array<T, N>& rhs)
+{
+    return rhs < lhs;
+}
+
+template<typename T, size_t N>
+bool
+operator>=(const array<T, N>& lhs, const array<T, N>& rhs)
+{
+    return !(lhs < rhs);
+}
+
+template<typename T, size_t N>
+void
+swap(array<T, N>& lhs, array<T, N>& rhs) noexcept
+{
+    lhs.swap(rhs);
+}
+
+} // namespace ctl
+
+#endif // CTL_ARRAY_H_

ctl/back_inserter.h

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+// -*-mode:c++;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:4;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-
+// vi: set et ft=cpp ts=4 sts=4 sw=4 fenc=utf-8 :vi
+#ifndef CTL_BACK_INSERTER_H_
+#define CTL_BACK_INSERTER_H_
+#include "iterator.h"
+#include "utility.h"
+
+namespace ctl {
+
+template<class Container>
+class back_insert_iterator
+{
+  protected:
+    Container* container;
+
+  public:
+    using iterator_category = ctl::output_iterator_tag;
+    using value_type = void;
+    using difference_type = void;
+    using pointer = void;
+    using reference = void;
+
+    explicit back_insert_iterator(Container& c) : container(&c)
+    {
+    }
+
+    back_insert_iterator& operator=(const typename Container::value_type& value)
+    {
+        container->push_back(value);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    back_insert_iterator& operator=(typename Container::value_type&& value)
+    {
+        container->push_back(ctl::move(value));
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    back_insert_iterator& operator*()
+    {
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    back_insert_iterator& operator++()
+    {
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    back_insert_iterator operator++(int)
+    {
+        return *this;
+    }
+};
+
+template<class Container>
+back_insert_iterator<Container>
+back_inserter(Container& c)
+{
+    return back_insert_iterator<Container>(c);
+}
+
+} // namespace ctl
+
+#endif // CTL_BACK_INSERTER_H_

ctl/bad_alloc.h

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// -*-mode:c++;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:4;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-
+// vi: set et ft=cpp ts=4 sts=4 sw=4 fenc=utf-8 :vi
+#ifndef CTL_BAD_ALLOC_H_
+#define CTL_BAD_ALLOC_H_
+#include "exception.h"
+
+namespace ctl {
+
+class bad_alloc : public ctl::exception
+{
+  public:
+    bad_alloc() noexcept = default;
+    ~bad_alloc() override = default;
+
+    const char* what() const noexcept override
+    {
+        return "ctl::bad_alloc";
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace ctl
+
+#endif // CTL_BAD_ALLOC_H_

ctl/conditional.h

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// -*-mode:c++;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:4;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-
+// vi: set et ft=cpp ts=4 sts=4 sw=4 fenc=utf-8 :vi
+#ifndef CTL_CONDITIONAL_H_
+#define CTL_CONDITIONAL_H_
+
+namespace ctl {
+
+template<bool B, class T, class F>
+struct conditional
+{
+    typedef T type;
+};
+
+template<class T, class F>
+struct conditional<false, T, F>
+{
+    typedef F type;
+};
+
+} // namespace ctl
+
+#endif // CTL_CONDITIONAL_H_

ctl/copy.h

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// -*-mode:c++;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:4;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-
+// vi: set et ft=cpp ts=4 sts=4 sw=4 fenc=utf-8 :vi
+#ifndef CTL_COPY_H_
+#define CTL_COPY_H_
+
+namespace ctl {
+
+template<class InputIt, class OutputIt>
+OutputIt
+copy(InputIt first, InputIt last, OutputIt d_first)
+{
+    while (first != last) {
+        *d_first = *first;
+        ++d_first;
+        ++first;
+    }
+    return d_first;
+}
+
+} // namespace ctl
+
+#endif // CTL_COPY_H_

ctl/decay.h

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// -*-mode:c++;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:4;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-
+// vi: set et ft=cpp ts=4 sts=4 sw=4 fenc=utf-8 :vi
+#ifndef CTL_DECAY_H_
+#define CTL_DECAY_H_
+#include "add_pointer.h"
+#include "conditional.h"
+#include "is_array.h"
+#include "is_function.h"
+#include "remove_cv.h"
+#include "remove_extent.h"
+#include "remove_reference.h"
+
+namespace ctl {
+
+template<typename T>
+struct decay
+{
+  private:
+    typedef typename ctl::remove_reference<T>::type U;
+
+  public:
+    typedef typename ctl::conditional<
+      ctl::is_array<U>::value,
+      typename ctl::remove_extent<U>::type*,
+      typename ctl::conditional<ctl::is_function<U>::value,
+                                typename ctl::add_pointer<U>::type,
+                                typename ctl::remove_cv<U>::type>::type>::type
+      type;
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+using decay_t = typename decay<T>::type;
+
+} // namespace ctl
+
+#endif // CTL_DECAY_H_