chore: merge main into codex/audit-environment-state

src/application/environment/environmentStateAnswer.ts

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import {
 import { pageBound } from "../../domain/analysisView/environmentStatePaging.js";
 import { replayReason } from "../../domain/analysisView/environmentStateVariants.js";
 import { isAbsence } from "../../domain/analysisView/environmentStateWriteChecks.js";
+import { updatedEntity } from "../../domain/analysisView/environmentStateWriteApply.js";
 import {
   evaluateQuery,
   renderQueryList,
@@ -291,16 +292,6 @@ export const softDeleteFlag = (
   return undefined;
 };
 
-/** Fields as an application that soft-deletes shows them once deleted: with the type's deleted flag set, when it has one. */
-const deletedFields = (
-  serving: StateServing,
-  type: string,
-  fields: JsonObject,
-): JsonObject => {
-  const flag = softDeleteFlag(serving, type);
-  return flag === undefined ? fields : { ...fields, [flag]: true };
-};
-
 /** Fields as a delete's answer shows them: with the type's deleted flag as its recorded answer `shown` gave it, if it did. */
 export const deleteAnswerFields = (
   serving: StateServing,
@@ -326,9 +317,11 @@ const deletedEntity = (
     call,
     (collection, id) => store.deleted(type, collection, id),
   );
-  return entity === undefined
-    ? undefined
-    : { ...entity, fields: deletedFields(serving, type, entity.fields) };
+  if (entity === undefined) return undefined;
+  const flag = softDeleteFlag(serving, type);
+  return flag === undefined
+    ? entity
+    : updatedEntity(entity, { ...entity.fields, [flag]: true });
 };
 
 /** The answer for an entity the state does not hold: the tool's latest recorded 400, 404 or 410, else a tool error. */

src/application/environment/environmentStateDerivedAnswer.test.ts

@@ -33,6 +33,44 @@ const objectOf = (body: JsonValue | undefined): Record<string, JsonValue> => {
   return body;
 };
 
+describe("served path-derived fields", () => {
+  it.each([false, true])(
+    "preserves repeated parameter occurrences (ambiguous: %s)",
+    (ambiguous) => {
+      const project = ambiguous ? 1 : 3;
+      const path = `/api/orgs/1/projects/${project}/tasks`;
+      const first = { id: 1, name: "Old", orgId: 1, projectId: project };
+      const made = { id: 2, name: "Recorded", orgId: 1, projectId: project };
+      const tasks = servedFrom([
+        ["GET", path, [first]],
+        ["GET", `${path}/1`, first],
+        ["GET", "/api/orgs/2/projects/4/tasks", []],
+        ["POST", path, made, 201, { name: "Recorded" }],
+        ["GET", `${path}/2`, made],
+        ["GET", path, [first, made]],
+      ]);
+      const tool = "post_orgs_projects_tasks_by_id_id_2";
+      const args = { id: "2", id_2: "4", body: { name: "Elsewhere" } };
+      if (ambiguous) {
+        // Equal recorded values establish no choice between the path positions.
+        const before = tasks.snapshot();
+        expect(tasks.call(tool, args).ok).toBe(false);
+        expect(tasks.snapshot()).toBe(before);
+        expect(
+          tasks.answer(tool, { id: "1", id_2: "1", body: { name: "Here" } })
+            .body,
+        ).toMatchObject({ name: "Here", orgId: 1, projectId: 1 });
+      } else {
+        expect(tasks.answer(tool, args).body).toMatchObject({
+          name: "Elsewhere",
+          orgId: 2,
+          projectId: 4,
+        });
+      }
+    },
+  );
+});
+
 describe("served values an application derives from others", () => {
   it("stamps a created tag's clocks with trailing fraction zeros dropped, as the capture spelled them", () => {
     const tags = servedFrom(TAG_ROWS);

src/application/environment/environmentStateLaterReadsAnswer.test.ts

@@ -181,3 +181,47 @@ describe("served writes modelled on later reads", () => {
     });
   });
 });
+
+it.each([
+  ["item", SOFT_DELETED_ROWS, "delete_contacts_by_id", { id: "1" }],
+  ["bulk", STALE_BULK_DELETE_ROWS, "delete_contacts", { body: [{ id: 1 }] }],
+] as const)(
+  "invalidates the deletion flag override after a served %s delete",
+  (_kind, rows, tool, args) => {
+    const contacts = servedFrom(rows);
+    const snapshot = contacts.store.snapshot();
+    expect(
+      contacts.store.replace({
+        rea_state: {
+          ...snapshot.rea_state,
+          entities: snapshot.rea_state.entities.map((entity) =>
+            entity.id === "1"
+              ? {
+                  ...entity,
+                  view_fields: [
+                    {
+                      tool: "get_contacts_by_id",
+                      fields: { deleted: false, name: "Item display" },
+                    },
+                  ],
+                }
+              : entity,
+          ),
+        },
+      }).ok,
+    ).toBe(true);
+    expect(
+      contacts.answer("get_contacts_by_id", { id: "1" }).body,
+    ).toMatchObject({
+      deleted: false,
+    });
+    contacts.answer(tool, args);
+    expect(
+      contacts.answer("get_contacts_by_id", { id: "1" }).body,
+    ).toMatchObject({
+      id: 1,
+      name: "Item display",
+      deleted: true,
+    });
+  },
+);

src/application/environment/environmentStateWriteAnswer.ts

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ import {
 } from "../../domain/analysisView/environmentStateWriteLinks.js";
 import {
   pathValuesOf,
+  pathParameterKeys,
   type GeneratedRule,
   type StateWritePlan,
   type WriteCall,
@@ -106,14 +107,12 @@ export const pathValues = (
   args: ReplayArguments,
 ): Map<string, string> => {
   const names = environmentToolArguments(tool).path;
-  const template = tool.path_template
-    .slice(tool.path_template.indexOf("/") + 1)
-    .split("/");
+  const keys = pathParameterKeys(tool.path_template);
   const values = new Map<string, string>();
   for (const param of tool.params) {
     const value = ownMember(args, names.get(param.name) ?? param.name);
-    const segment = template[param.index] ?? "";
-    if (typeof value === "string") values.set(segment.slice(1, -1), value);
+    const key = keys.get(param.index);
+    if (typeof value === "string" && key !== undefined) values.set(key, value);
   }
   return values;
 };

src/application/environment/environmentStateWriteDisclosure.test.ts

@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ import {
   type Book,
 } from "../../../tests/fixtures/environmentStateWrites.js";
 import { servedCatalog } from "./environmentState.js";
+import { environmentToolAnswer } from "./environmentToolAnswer.js";
+import { projectAnalysisError } from "../../domain/analysisErrorProjection.js";
 
 const RENAMED = renamedBook(FIRST_BOOK, "Renamed Book", 3);
 
@@ -72,6 +74,33 @@ const toolOf = (rows: readonly TimedCaptureRow[], name: string) => {
 };
 
 describe("served write queries", () => {
+  it.each([
+    "?notify=quiet&unmodeled=yes",
+    "?notify=quiet&notify=quiet",
+    "?notify=quiet&unmodeled=yes&unmodeled=no",
+  ])("refuses unsupported observed query %s before changing state", (query) => {
+    const { served } = toolOf(PINNED_ROWS, "patch_books_by_id");
+    const tool = served.source.manifest.tools.find(
+      (candidate) => candidate.name === "patch_books_by_id",
+    );
+    if (tool === undefined) throw new Error("Expected patch tool");
+    const before = served.snapshot();
+    const pending = served.store.pendingWrite();
+    const respond = environmentToolAnswer(served.source, served.store);
+    const result = respond(
+      tool,
+      { id: "2", notify: "quiet", body: { name: "Changed" } },
+      query,
+    );
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(false);
+    if (result.ok) throw new Error("Expected pinned-query refusal");
+    expect(projectAnalysisError(result.error).message).toMatch(
+      /query|repeated/u,
+    );
+    expect(served.snapshot()).toBe(before);
+    expect(served.store.pendingWrite()).toEqual(pending);
+  });
+
   it("advertises the recorded query as optional so omission reaches its default", () => {
     const { served, tool } = toolOf(PINNED_ROWS, "patch_books_by_id");
     expect(tool.inputSchema.properties["notify"]).toMatchObject({

src/application/environment/environmentStateWriteQuery.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { pinnedQuery } from "../../domain/analysisView/environmentStateWriteStamps.js";
 import type { AnalysisError } from "../../domain/analysisErrorBase.js";
+import { iterateUrlQueryParameters } from "../../domain/recordedTransportUrl.js";
 import { err, ok, type Result } from "../../domain/result.js";
 import { refused, type StateServing } from "./environmentStateAnswer.js";
 import { callQuery } from "./environmentStateCallLines.js";
@@ -15,7 +16,16 @@ export const pinnedRequest = (
   request: WriteRequest,
 ): Result<WriteRequest, AnalysisError> => {
   const { tool, plan, args } = request;
-  if (hasRepeatedQueryArgument(tool, args))
+  const supplied = callQuery(tool, args);
+  const observed = new Map<string, string>();
+  let repeated = hasRepeatedQueryArgument(tool, args);
+  for (const [name, value] of iterateUrlQueryParameters(
+    request.observedQuery ?? "",
+  )) {
+    if (observed.has(name)) repeated = true;
+    observed.set(name, value);
+  }
+  if (repeated)
     return err(
       refused(
         tool,
@@ -24,7 +34,9 @@ export const pinnedRequest = (
     );
   const query = pinnedQuery(
     serving.source.exchanges.get(plan.exemplar_ordinal ?? -1)?.query,
-    callQuery(tool, args),
+    // Comparison supplies the raw query as well as translated known arguments.
+    // Keep unmodeled parameters visible without replacing those translations.
+    new Map([...observed, ...supplied]),
   );
   if (!query.ok) return err(refused(tool, `Tool ${tool.name} ${query.error}`));
   const names = environmentToolArguments(tool).query;

src/captures/TsharkCaptureProvider.ts

@@ -369,10 +369,7 @@ export class TsharkCaptureProvider implements PacketCapturePort {
         resourcePath = "path" in input ? input.path : command;
         // TShark resolves `-e` aliases before emitting canonical field names;
         // the command arguments, not output names, own field selection.
-        const matchingPackets = parsePacketOutput(
-          output.stdout.text,
-          input.packet_limit,
-        );
+        const matchingPackets = parsePacketOutput(output.stdout.text);
         const start = Math.min(input.match_offset, matchingPackets.length);
         const end =
           input.match_limit === null

src/captures/parsePacketOutput.ts

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import { packetFieldsSchema } from "../domain/captures/packetCapture.js";
 const producerSchema = z.array(
   z.object({ _source: z.object({ layers: packetFieldsSchema }) }),
 );
-export const parsePacketOutput = (text: string, packetLimit: number | null) => {
+export const parsePacketOutput = (text: string) => {
   const decoded: unknown = JSON.parse(text);
   const packets = producerSchema
     .parse(decoded)
@@ -19,11 +19,6 @@ export const parsePacketOutput = (text: string, packetLimit: number | null) => {
         "inspect_packet_capture",
         "TShark returned unordered frames.",
       );
-    if (packetLimit !== null && frame > BigInt(packetLimit))
-      throw new AnalysisOutputError(
-        "inspect_packet_capture",
-        "TShark returned a frame beyond the selected input packet limit.",
-      );
     previous = frame;
   }
   return packets;

src/domain/analysisView/EnvironmentManifestAccumulator.test.ts

@@ -120,3 +120,48 @@ it("charges the group key before building it so an oversized request method fail
   });
   expect(finished(accumulator).tools).toHaveLength(0);
 });
+
+it("counts only admitted scenario transactions and refreshes their snapshot limitations", () => {
+  const accumulator = new EnvironmentManifestAccumulator(32 * 1024);
+  expect(finished(accumulator).origin).toBe("");
+  expect(accumulator.add(sample(0, "/api/items"), "absent").ok).toBe(true);
+  const before = finished(accumulator);
+  expect(before.limitations.join(" ")).not.toContain("no primary origin");
+  expect(
+    accumulator.add(
+      {
+        ...sample(1, "/api/items", `{"name":"${"x".repeat(2_000)}"}`),
+        limitations: ["rejected-only limitation"],
+      },
+      "redacted",
+    ).ok,
+  ).toBe(false);
+  expect(finished(accumulator)).toEqual(before);
+  expect(
+    accumulator.add({
+      ...sample(1, "/api/items"),
+      limitations: ["uncommitted limitation", "x".repeat(100_000)],
+    }).ok,
+  ).toBe(false);
+  expect(finished(accumulator)).toEqual(before);
+  expect(
+    accumulator.add(
+      {
+        ...sample(2, "/api/items", '{"name":"n"}'),
+        limitations: ["accepted record limitation"],
+      },
+      "redacted",
+    ).ok,
+  ).toBe(true);
+  const after = finished(accumulator);
+  expect(after.limitations).toContain("accepted record limitation");
+  expect(after.records.map((record) => record.ordinal)).toEqual([0, 2]);
+  expect(
+    after.limitations.filter((limitation) =>
+      limitation.includes("scenario transactions with a usable request line"),
+    ),
+  ).toEqual([
+    "1 of 2 scenario transactions with a usable request line retained a response body with declared secret values replaced by redaction markers; tools citing them replay the redacted bytes.",
+    "1 of 2 scenario transactions with a usable request line retained no response body; tools citing them replay only the recorded status and content type, either of which may be absent.",
+  ]);
+});

src/domain/analysisView/EnvironmentManifestAccumulator.ts

@@ -215,9 +215,11 @@ export class EnvironmentManifestAccumulator extends WebNetworkProjectionAccumula
     record: WebNetworkCaptureRecord,
     scenarioResponseBody?: ScenarioResponseBodyRetention,
   ): Result<void, AnalysisError> {
-    const limitations = this.addLimitations(record.limitations);
-    if (!limitations.ok) return limitations;
+    const rollbackAdmission = this.retainedCheckpoint();
+    let committed = false;
     try {
+      const limitations = this.prepareLimitations(record.limitations);
+      if (!limitations.ok) return limitations;
       const line = readRecordedRequestLine(
         record.reported,
         this.includeQueryParameterNames,
@@ -226,16 +228,14 @@ export class EnvironmentManifestAccumulator extends WebNetworkProjectionAccumula
       if (line === null) return this.overBudget();
       const releaseGrouping = this.temporaryCheckpoint();
       if (line.kind === "excluded") {
-        this.#unrepresented += 1;
         releaseGrouping();
-        return this.onRecordedRequestLine(record, line);
-      }
-      // Coverage uses the same admitted request line as grouping, including origin and raw path.
-      if (scenarioResponseBody !== undefined) {
-        this.#scenarioTransactions += 1;
-        if (scenarioResponseBody === "absent") this.#scenarioWithoutBody += 1;
-        if (scenarioResponseBody === "redacted")
-          this.#scenarioRedactedBodies += 1;
+        const prepared = this.prepareRecordedRequestLine(record, line);
+        if (!prepared.ok) return prepared;
+        prepared.value();
+        limitations.value();
+        this.#unrepresented += 1;
+        committed = true;
+        return ok(undefined);
       }
       const route = scanRouteTemplate(line.path, this.scratch);
       if (route === null) return this.overBudget();
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ export class EnvironmentManifestAccumulator extends WebNetworkProjectionAccumula
           ? this.#bodyShape(record.reported)
           : ok(null);
       if (!bodyShape.ok) return bodyShape;
-      const grouped = this.#append(
+      const grouped = this.#prepareAppend(
         record.ordinal,
         line,
         route,
@@ -277,18 +277,33 @@ export class EnvironmentManifestAccumulator extends WebNetworkProjectionAccumula
       if (!grouped.ok) return grouped;
       // Keep the parsed line's admission while releasing grouping-only scratch.
       releaseGrouping();
-      return this.onRecordedRequestLine(record, line);
+      const prepared = this.prepareRecordedRequestLine(record, line);
+      if (!prepared.ok) return prepared;
+      // Both owners admitted their facts; neither commit can reject the record.
+      grouped.value();
+      prepared.value();
+      limitations.value();
+      // Coverage uses the same admitted request line as grouping, including origin and raw path.
+      if (scenarioResponseBody !== undefined) {
+        this.#scenarioTransactions += 1;
+        if (scenarioResponseBody === "absent") this.#scenarioWithoutBody += 1;
+        if (scenarioResponseBody === "redacted")
+          this.#scenarioRedactedBodies += 1;
+      }
+      committed = true;
+      return ok(undefined);
     } finally {
+      if (!committed) rollbackAdmission();
       this.releaseTemporary();
     }
   }
 
-  /** Consume the owner's parsed request line after successful grouping, including exclusions. */
-  protected onRecordedRequestLine(
+  /** Admit derived facts from the owner's parsed line, then commit only after all owners admit it. */
+  protected prepareRecordedRequestLine(
     _record: WebNetworkCaptureRecord,
     _line: RecordedRequestLine,
-  ): Result<void, AnalysisError> {
-    return ok(undefined);
+  ): Result<() => void, AnalysisError> {
+    return ok(() => {});
   }
 
   /** Read the top-level key types of the group's first recorded JSON-typed request body; nested values are never walked. */
@@ -316,14 +331,14 @@ export class EnvironmentManifestAccumulator extends WebNetworkProjectionAccumula
     return ok({ type: "object", properties: Object.fromEntries(entries) });
   }
 
-  #append(
+  #prepareAppend(
     ordinal: number,
     line: RequestLine,
     route: RouteTemplate,
     queryNames: ReadonlySet<string> | undefined,
     bucket: { readonly key: string; readonly group: GroupState | undefined },
     exchange: { readonly shape: BodyShape | null; readonly empty: boolean },
-  ): Result<void, AnalysisError> {
+  ): Result<() => void, AnalysisError> {
     const bodyShape = exchange.shape;
     const mime = mediaTypeEssence(line.rawMime);
     let group = bucket.group;
@@ -366,48 +381,49 @@ export class EnvironmentManifestAccumulator extends WebNetworkProjectionAccumula
         bytes += ENTRY_BYTES + textBytes(name.length);
     // Reserve the whole mutation while route scratch is still live.
     if (!this.retain(bytes)) return this.overBudget();
-    const position = this.#records.length;
-    this.#records.push({
-      ordinal,
-      method: line.method,
-      path: line.path,
-      status: line.status,
-      contentType: mime,
-    });
-    const jsonLike = isJsonLike(mime);
-    const stats = origin ?? { records: 0, jsonLike: 0 };
-    stats.records += 1;
-    if (jsonLike) stats.jsonLike += 1;
-    this.#origins.set(line.origin, stats);
-    if (group === undefined) {
-      group = {
+    return ok(() => {
+      const position = this.#records.length;
+      this.#records.push({
+        ordinal,
         method: line.method,
-        origin: line.origin,
-        api_surface_template: route.template,
-        parts: routeParts(route),
-        positions: [],
-        statuses: new Set(),
-        contentTypes: new Set(),
-        queryNames: new Set(),
-        bodyShape,
-        apiPath: isApiPath(route.template),
-        jsonLike: false,
-        bodiless: BODILESS_WRITE_METHODS.has(line.method),
-      };
-      this.#groups.set(bucket.key, group);
-    } else {
-      for (const segment of route.segments) {
-        const part = group.parts[segment.segment_index];
-        if (part?.kind === "param") part.values.add(segment.value);
+        path: line.path,
+        status: line.status,
+        contentType: mime,
+      });
+      const jsonLike = isJsonLike(mime);
+      const stats = origin ?? { records: 0, jsonLike: 0 };
+      stats.records += 1;
+      if (jsonLike) stats.jsonLike += 1;
+      this.#origins.set(line.origin, stats);
+      if (group === undefined) {
+        group = {
+          method: line.method,
+          origin: line.origin,
+          api_surface_template: route.template,
+          parts: routeParts(route),
+          positions: [],
+          statuses: new Set(),
+          contentTypes: new Set(),
+          queryNames: new Set(),
+          bodyShape,
+          apiPath: isApiPath(route.template),
+          jsonLike: false,
+          bodiless: BODILESS_WRITE_METHODS.has(line.method),
+        };
+        this.#groups.set(bucket.key, group);
+      } else {
+        for (const segment of route.segments) {
+          const part = group.parts[segment.segment_index];
+          if (part?.kind === "param") part.values.add(segment.value);
+        }
       }
-    }
-    group.positions.push(position);
-    group.jsonLike ||= jsonLike;
-    group.bodiless &&= exchange.empty;
-    if (line.status !== null) group.statuses.add(line.status);
-    if (mime !== null) group.contentTypes.add(mime);
-    for (const name of queryNames ?? []) group.queryNames.add(name);
-    return ok(undefined);
+      group.positions.push(position);
+      group.jsonLike ||= jsonLike;
+      group.bodiless &&= exchange.empty;
+      if (line.status !== null) group.statuses.add(line.status);
+      if (mime !== null) group.contentTypes.add(mime);
+      for (const name of queryNames ?? []) group.queryNames.add(name);
+    });
   }
 
   #tools(groups: readonly ToolGroup[]): Tool[] {
@@ -513,7 +529,8 @@ export class EnvironmentManifestAccumulator extends WebNetworkProjectionAccumula
         compare(left.method, right.method) ||
         compare(left.reason, right.reason),
     );
-    const limitations = this.addLimitations([
+    // Derived limitations describe this snapshot, not an earlier finish.
+    const limitations = this.snapshotLimitations([
       ...(this.reportsBodyShapes &&
       tools.some((tool) => tool.body_shape !== null)
         ? [
@@ -521,16 +538,6 @@ export class EnvironmentManifestAccumulator extends WebNetworkProjectionAccumula
           ]
         : []),
       ...this.#segmentLimitLimitations(toolGroups),
-      ...(this.#scenarioWithoutBody > 0
-        ? [
-            `${String(this.#scenarioWithoutBody)} of ${String(this.#scenarioTransactions)} scenario transactions with a usable request line retained no response body; tools citing them replay only the recorded status and content type, either of which may be absent.`,
-          ]
-        : []),
-      ...(this.#scenarioRedactedBodies > 0
-        ? [
-            `${String(this.#scenarioRedactedBodies)} of ${String(this.#scenarioTransactions)} scenario transactions with a usable request line retained a response body with declared secret values replaced by redaction markers; tools citing them replay the redacted bytes.`,
-          ]
-        : []),
       ...(this.#unrepresented > 0
         ? [
             `${String(this.#unrepresented)} retained records without a usable request line are not represented in the manifest.`,
@@ -541,6 +548,16 @@ export class EnvironmentManifestAccumulator extends WebNetworkProjectionAccumula
             "No retained record had a parseable origin; the manifest names no primary origin.",
           ]
         : []),
+      ...(this.#scenarioWithoutBody > 0
+        ? [
+            `${String(this.#scenarioWithoutBody)} of ${String(this.#scenarioTransactions)} scenario transactions with a usable request line retained no response body; tools citing them replay only the recorded status and content type, either of which may be absent.`,
+          ]
+        : []),
+      ...(this.#scenarioRedactedBodies > 0
+        ? [
+            `${String(this.#scenarioRedactedBodies)} of ${String(this.#scenarioTransactions)} scenario transactions with a usable request line retained a response body with declared secret values replaced by redaction markers; tools citing them replay the redacted bytes.`,
+          ]
+        : []),
     ]);
     if (!limitations.ok) return limitations;
     return ok({
@@ -567,7 +584,7 @@ export class EnvironmentManifestAccumulator extends WebNetworkProjectionAccumula
         tools.filter((tool) => tool.params.length > 0).length +
         excluded.filter((exclusion) => exclusion.templated).length,
       coverage: completeWithinViewCoverage(tools.length, tools.length),
-      limitations: this.sortedLimitations(),
+      limitations: limitations.value,
     });
   }
 }

src/domain/analysisView/EnvironmentStateAccumulator.ts

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import type { AnalysisError } from "../analysisErrorBase.js";
 import { parseExactJson } from "../exactJsonNumber.js";
 import { MAX_JSON_DEPTH, type JsonValue } from "../jsonValue.js";
 import {
+  addOffsetDateTimeMilliseconds,
   compareOffsetDateTimeInstants,
   readRecordedStart,
 } from "../offsetDateTime.js";
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@ import {
   base64PrefixChars,
   readRecordedResponseBody,
   readRecordedResponseDeclaration,
+  recordedResponseStatus,
   recordedResponseBodyIsEmpty,
   type RecordedResponseBody,
 } from "./recordedResponseBody.js";
@@ -45,6 +47,9 @@ import {
  * room under the JSON depth limit to be sealed and served.
  */
 const STATE_NESTING_DEPTH = 16;
+// Number.MIN_VALUE milliseconds needs this many decimal places in seconds;
+// this also covers the whole-second digits of every finite number duration.
+const DURATION_DIGITS = 3 - Math.floor(Math.log10(Number.MIN_VALUE));
 
 /** A recorded response body as state JSON: a JSON-like media type, complete UTF-8 text within the state body limit, exact numbers; otherwise undefined. */
 export const stateBodyJson = (
@@ -69,14 +74,14 @@ export const stateBodyJson = (
 
 const startSchema = z.object({ startedDateTime: z.string() });
 const durationSchema = z.object({ time: z.number().nonnegative() });
-const redactedWriteSchema = z.object({
+const unlocatedWriteSchema = z.object({
   request: z.object({ method: z.string() }),
-  response: z.object({ status: z.number() }).optional(),
 });
 interface RecordEntry {
   readonly facts: StateRecordFacts;
-  /** Null for a write whose URL was redacted: its target is unknown, so it bounds every type. */
+  /** Null for a write without a usable URL: its unknown target bounds every type. */
   readonly origin: string | null;
+  readonly targetExclusion?: "url-redacted" | "url-unparseable";
   readonly contentType: string;
   readonly startInterpretation:
     | NonNullable<ReturnType<typeof readRecordedStart>>["interpretation"]
@@ -119,10 +124,10 @@ export class EnvironmentStateAccumulator extends EnvironmentManifestAccumulator
     return false;
   }
 
-  protected override onRecordedRequestLine(
+  protected override prepareRecordedRequestLine(
     record: WebNetworkCaptureRecord,
     line: RecordedRequestLine,
-  ): Result<void, AnalysisError> {
+  ): Result<() => void, AnalysisError> {
     const started = startSchema.safeParse(record.reported);
     const duration = durationSchema.safeParse(record.reported);
     // Admit normalization and fraction parsing before materializing their strings.
@@ -148,28 +153,52 @@ export class EnvironmentStateAccumulator extends EnvironmentManifestAccumulator
       startMs === undefined || !duration.success
         ? undefined
         : startMs + duration.data.time;
+    // Exact completion keeps arbitrary source precision. Reserve digit-array and
+    // string expansion before the shared decimal addition allocates them.
+    if (
+      startInstant !== undefined &&
+      duration.success &&
+      duration.data.time !== 0 &&
+      !this.scratch(
+        RECORD_SCRATCH_BYTES +
+          textBytes(Math.max(startInstant.fraction.length, DURATION_DIGITS)) *
+            3,
+      )
+    )
+      return this.overBudget();
+    const endInstant =
+      startInstant === undefined || !duration.success
+        ? undefined
+        : addOffsetDateTimeMilliseconds(startInstant, duration.data.time);
     const timing: StateRecordFacts["timing"] = {
       start:
         startInstant === undefined || startMs === undefined
           ? undefined
           : { instant: startInstant, ms: startMs },
+      end: endInstant,
       endMs: end !== undefined && Number.isFinite(end) ? end : undefined,
     };
     // A fraction substring may retain its normalized timestamp's backing store,
     // including trailing zeroes removed from the exact comparison value.
     const instantBytes =
-      started.success && startInstant !== undefined
+      (started.success && startInstant !== undefined
         ? ENTRY_BYTES + textBytes(started.data.startedDateTime.length + 6)
-        : 0;
+        : 0) +
+      (endInstant !== undefined && endInstant !== startInstant
+        ? ENTRY_BYTES + textBytes(endInstant.fraction.length)
+        : 0);
     if (line.kind === "excluded")
-      return line.reason === "url-redacted"
-        ? this.#redactedWrite(
+      return line.reason === "url-redacted" ||
+        line.reason === "url-unparseable" ||
+        line.reason === "request-unavailable"
+        ? this.#unlocatedWrite(
             record,
+            line.reason === "url-redacted" ? "url-redacted" : "url-unparseable",
             timing,
             instantBytes,
             reading?.interpretation,
           )
-        : ok(undefined);
+        : ok(() => undefined);
     // The entry keeps the line's strings and a reference to the already admitted record.
     if (
       !this.retain(
@@ -185,56 +214,62 @@ export class EnvironmentStateAccumulator extends EnvironmentManifestAccumulator
       )
     )
       return this.overBudget();
-    this.#entries.set(record.ordinal, {
-      facts: {
-        ordinal: record.ordinal,
-        method: line.method,
-        path: line.path,
-        query: line.query === "" ? undefined : line.query,
-        status: line.status,
-        timing,
-      },
-      origin: line.origin,
-      contentType: line.rawMime,
-      startInterpretation: reading?.interpretation,
-      record,
+    return ok(() => {
+      this.#entries.set(record.ordinal, {
+        facts: {
+          ordinal: record.ordinal,
+          method: line.method,
+          path: line.path,
+          query: line.query === "" ? undefined : line.query,
+          status: line.status,
+          timing,
+        },
+        origin: line.origin,
+        contentType: line.rawMime,
+        startInterpretation: reading?.interpretation,
+        record,
+      });
     });
-    return ok(undefined);
   }
 
-  /** Keep a successful write whose URL was redacted, with an empty path whose root relates to every type. */
-  #redactedWrite(
+  /** Prepare a successful write with unknown target, whose empty root relates to every type. */
+  #unlocatedWrite(
     record: WebNetworkCaptureRecord,
+    reason: "url-redacted" | "url-unparseable",
     timing: StateRecordFacts["timing"],
     instantBytes: number,
     startInterpretation: RecordEntry["startInterpretation"],
-  ): Result<void, AnalysisError> {
-    const parsed = redactedWriteSchema.safeParse(record.reported);
-    if (!parsed.success) return ok(undefined);
-    const status = parsed.data.response?.status ?? 0;
+  ): Result<() => void, AnalysisError> {
+    const parsed = unlocatedWriteSchema.safeParse(record.reported);
+    if (!parsed.success) return ok(() => undefined);
+    const status = recordedResponseStatus(
+      readRecordedResponseDeclaration(record.reported),
+    );
     const facts: StateRecordFacts = {
       ordinal: record.ordinal,
       method: parsed.data.request.method,
       path: "",
       query: undefined,
-      status: status > 0 ? status : null,
+      status,
       timing,
     };
-    if (!isStateWrite(facts)) return ok(undefined);
+    if (!isStateWrite(facts)) return ok(() => undefined);
     if (
       !this.retain(
         ENTRY_BYTES * 8 + textBytes(facts.method.length) + instantBytes,
       )
     )
       return this.overBudget();
-    this.#entries.set(record.ordinal, {
-      facts,
-      origin: null,
-      contentType: "",
-      startInterpretation,
-      record,
+    return ok(() => {
+      this.#entries.set(record.ordinal, {
+        facts,
+        origin: null,
+        targetExclusion: reason,
+        contentType: "",
+        startInterpretation,
+        record,
+      });
     });
-    return ok(undefined);
   }
 
   /** Parse one retained response body as state JSON, charging its decoding and tree as temporary work. */
@@ -330,7 +365,10 @@ export class EnvironmentStateAccumulator extends EnvironmentManifestAccumulator
         entry.origin === manifest.value.origin || entry.origin === null,
     );
     const redactedWrites = entries.filter(
-      (entry) => entry.origin === null,
+      (entry) => entry.targetExclusion === "url-redacted",
+    ).length;
+    const unparseableWrites = entries.filter(
+      (entry) => entry.targetExclusion === "url-unparseable",
     ).length;
     const timeline: StateTimeline =
       entries.length > 0 &&
@@ -361,7 +399,8 @@ export class EnvironmentStateAccumulator extends EnvironmentManifestAccumulator
       },
     }).run();
     if (state === null) return this.overBudget();
-    const limitations = this.addLimitations([
+    const limitations = this.snapshotLimitations([
+      ...manifest.value.limitations,
       ...(entries.some((entry) => entry.startInterpretation === "native-date")
         ? [
             "Some recorded start spellings use native Date parsing at millisecond precision; spellings without an explicit zone depend on the host timezone.",
@@ -372,6 +411,11 @@ export class EnvironmentStateAccumulator extends EnvironmentManifestAccumulator
             `${String(redactedWrites)} of the recorded writes had a redacted URL; each ends the initial state of every type, since its target is unknown.`,
           ]
         : []),
+      ...(unparseableWrites > 0
+        ? [
+            `${String(unparseableWrites)} of the recorded writes had an unusable URL; each ends the initial state of every type, since its target is unknown.`,
+          ]
+        : []),
       ...(timeline === "record-order"
         ? [
             "Some records carry no start time, so the state's timeline is record order and overlapping requests are not detected.",
@@ -397,7 +441,7 @@ export class EnvironmentStateAccumulator extends EnvironmentManifestAccumulator
       ...state,
       unknowns: UNKNOWNS.map((unknown) => ({ ...unknown })),
       coverage: manifest.value.coverage,
-      limitations: this.sortedLimitations(),
+      limitations: limitations.value,
     });
   }
 }

src/domain/analysisView/EnvironmentStateWriteSimulation.test.ts

@@ -1418,7 +1418,7 @@ describe("encoded parent spellings", () => {
       path: "/api/orgs/uid/acme1/books",
       query: undefined,
       status: 200,
-      timing: { start: undefined, endMs: undefined },
+      timing: { start: undefined, end: undefined, endMs: undefined },
     };
     const lines = checkedLines({
       tools: [tool],
@@ -1621,7 +1621,7 @@ describe("resolved encoded item observations", () => {
       path: "/api/orgs/acme1/books/%61",
       query: undefined,
       status: 204,
-      timing: { start: undefined, endMs: undefined },
+      timing: { start: undefined, end: undefined, endMs: undefined },
     };
     const target = itemTarget(state, "/api/orgs/{org_id}/books", write);
     const itemView = {
@@ -1642,7 +1642,7 @@ describe("resolved encoded item observations", () => {
         path: "/api/orgs/acme1/books/%61",
         query: undefined,
         status: 200,
-        timing: { start: undefined, endMs: undefined },
+        timing: { start: undefined, end: undefined, endMs: undefined },
       },
     ];
     const search: ObservationSearch = {
@@ -2308,23 +2308,53 @@ describe("reads and calls on an entity an unmodelled write left unknown", () =>
     {},
   ];
 
-  it("keeps the entity unknown through a failed read that is no absence, for a later read to check", () => {
-    const rows: TimedCaptureRow[] = [
-      ["GET", "/api/books", [named("A"), other]],
-      ["GET", "/api/books/1", named("A")],
-      ["GET", "/api/books/2", other],
-      ["PATCH", "/api/books/1", named("Z"), 200, { name: "Z" }],
-      ARCHIVE,
-      // The application was briefly unavailable, so this answer shows nothing of the book.
-      ["GET", "/api/books/1", { error: "unavailable" }, 503],
-      ["GET", "/api/books/1", named("Z")],
-    ];
-    expect(gated(rows, "patch_books_by_id")).toMatchObject({
-      served: true,
-      checked_record_ordinals: [6],
-      contradicted_by: null,
-    });
-  });
+  it.each([
+    { label: "scalar", read: "unavailable", served: false },
+    { label: "array", read: [], served: false },
+    { label: "object", read: named("A"), served: true },
+  ])(
+    "requires a usable item baseline after an unmodelled write ($label)",
+    ({ read, served }) => {
+      const rows: TimedCaptureRow[] = [
+        ["GET", "/api/books", [named("A"), other]],
+        ["GET", "/api/books/1", named("A")],
+        ["GET", "/api/books/2", other],
+        ARCHIVE,
+        ["GET", "/api/books/1", read],
+        ["PATCH", "/api/books/1", named("Z"), 200, { name: "Z" }],
+        ["GET", "/api/books/1", named("Z")],
+      ];
+      expect(gated(rows, "patch_books_by_id")).toMatchObject({
+        served,
+        checked_record_ordinals: served ? [6] : [],
+      });
+    },
+  );
+
+  it.each([
+    { status: 503, body: { error: "unavailable" } },
+    { status: 200, body: "unavailable" },
+    { status: 200, body: [] },
+  ])(
+    "keeps pending effects through an unusable item read ($status, $body)",
+    ({ status, body }) => {
+      const rows: TimedCaptureRow[] = [
+        ["GET", "/api/books", [named("A"), other]],
+        ["GET", "/api/books/1", named("A")],
+        ["GET", "/api/books/2", other],
+        ["PATCH", "/api/books/1", named("Z"), 200, { name: "Z" }],
+        ARCHIVE,
+        // Neither failure nor a successful non-object response shows the book.
+        ["GET", "/api/books/1", body, status],
+        ["GET", "/api/books/1", named("Z")],
+      ];
+      expect(gated(rows, "patch_books_by_id")).toMatchObject({
+        served: true,
+        checked_record_ordinals: [6],
+        contradicted_by: null,
+      });
+    },
+  );
 
   it("confirms no update of a volatile field by a read that shows the entity again, as no other read does", () => {
     const seen = (id: number, count: number) => ({
@@ -2468,7 +2498,7 @@ describe("entities an unmodelled write made", () => {
       path: "/api/books/3",
       query: undefined,
       status: 200,
-      timing: { start: undefined, endMs: undefined },
+      timing: { start: undefined, end: undefined, endMs: undefined },
     };
     expect(
       unseen.adopt(view as unknown as StateItemView, { record, index: 1 }),
@@ -2493,7 +2523,7 @@ describe("entities an unmodelled write made", () => {
         path: "/api/books/3",
         query: undefined,
         status: 200,
-        timing: { start: undefined, endMs: undefined },
+        timing: { start: undefined, end: undefined, endMs: undefined },
       },
       index,
     });
@@ -3201,7 +3231,7 @@ it("learns omitted fields using the raw ID resolved by the item owner", () => {
     path: "/api/books/%63",
     query: undefined,
     status: 200,
-    timing: { start: undefined, endMs: undefined },
+    timing: { start: undefined, end: undefined, endMs: undefined },
   };
   const target = itemTarget(state, view.type, record);
   expect(target.id).toBe("%63");

src/domain/analysisView/EnvironmentStateWriteSimulation.ts

@@ -555,8 +555,6 @@ export class EnvironmentStateWriteSimulation {
   ): void {
     const target = entityTarget(entity.type, entity.collection, entity.id);
     const writes = this.#touched.get(target) ?? new Map();
-    this.#taint.known(entity.type, entity.collection, entity.id);
-    this.#touched.delete(target);
     if (
       isAbsence(record.status) ||
       this.#input.io.withBody(record.ordinal, (body) =>
@@ -567,12 +565,16 @@ export class EnvironmentStateWriteSimulation {
         ),
       )
     ) {
+      this.#taint.known(entity.type, entity.collection, entity.id);
+      this.#touched.delete(target);
       this.#removeEntity(entity);
       return;
     }
     const object = this.#checkFields(view, record, entity, writes);
-    if (object !== undefined)
-      this.#state.put(updatedEntity(entity, { ...entity.fields, ...object }));
+    if (object === undefined) return;
+    this.#taint.known(entity.type, entity.collection, entity.id);
+    this.#touched.delete(target);
+    this.#state.put(updatedEntity(entity, { ...entity.fields, ...object }));
   }
 
   /** Whether an item read shows an entity an unmodelled write made, or one left unknown, again rather than checks it. */

src/domain/analysisView/WebNetworkApiSurfaceAccumulator.test.ts

@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ it("bounds query parser expansion before publishing or merging observed names",
   const accumulator = new WebNetworkApiSurfaceAccumulator(64 * 1024, true);
   add(accumulator, record(0, "/products?kept=1"));
   const before = accumulator.page(0, 1);
-  expect(
-    accumulator.add(record(1, `/products?${"x=1&".repeat(200)}`)),
-  ).toMatchObject({
+  const rejected = record(1, `/products?${"x=1&".repeat(200)}`);
+  rejected.limitations = ["Uncommitted rejected record caveat"];
+  expect(accumulator.add(rejected)).toMatchObject({
     ok: false,
     error: { _tag: "AnalysisResourceConstraintError" },
   });

src/domain/analysisView/WebNetworkApiSurfaceAccumulator.ts

@@ -92,8 +92,10 @@ export class WebNetworkApiSurfaceAccumulator extends WebNetworkProjectionAccumul
   }
 
   add(record: WebNetworkCaptureRecord): Result<void, AnalysisError> {
-    const limitations = this.addLimitations(record.limitations);
+    const rollbackAdmission = this.retainedCheckpoint();
+    const limitations = this.prepareLimitations(record.limitations);
     if (!limitations.ok) return limitations;
+    let committed = false;
     try {
       const line = readRecordedRequestLine(
         record.reported,
@@ -101,14 +103,23 @@ export class WebNetworkApiSurfaceAccumulator extends WebNetworkProjectionAccumul
         this.scratch,
       );
       if (line === null) return this.overBudget();
+      let appended: Result<void, AnalysisError>;
       if (line.kind === "excluded")
-        return this.#exclude(record.ordinal, line.reason);
-      const route = scanRouteTemplate(line.path, this.scratch);
-      if (route === null) return this.overBudget();
-      const queryNames = readQueryParameterNames(line.query, this.scratch);
-      if (queryNames === null) return this.overBudget();
-      return this.#append(record.ordinal, line, route, queryNames);
+        appended = this.#exclude(record.ordinal, line.reason);
+      else {
+        const route = scanRouteTemplate(line.path, this.scratch);
+        if (route === null) return this.overBudget();
+        const queryNames = readQueryParameterNames(line.query, this.scratch);
+        if (queryNames === null) return this.overBudget();
+        appended = this.#append(record.ordinal, line, route, queryNames);
+      }
+      if (appended.ok) {
+        limitations.value();
+        committed = true;
+      }
+      return appended;
     } finally {
+      if (!committed) rollbackAdmission();
       this.releaseTemporary();
     }
   }

src/domain/analysisView/WebNetworkProjectionAccumulator.ts

@@ -105,15 +105,54 @@ export abstract class WebNetworkProjectionAccumulator {
   }
 
   addLimitations(limitations: readonly string[]): Result<void, AnalysisError> {
-    for (const limitation of limitations) {
-      if (this.#limitations.has(limitation)) continue;
-      if (!this.retain(ENTRY_BYTES + textBytes(limitation.length)))
-        return this.overBudget();
-      this.#limitations.add(limitation);
-    }
+    const prepared = this.prepareLimitations(limitations);
+    if (!prepared.ok) return prepared;
+    prepared.value();
     return ok(undefined);
   }
 
+  /** Admit record qualifications without publishing them before the record commits. */
+  protected prepareLimitations(
+    limitations: readonly string[],
+  ): Result<() => void, AnalysisError> {
+    const rollbackAdmission = this.retainedCheckpoint();
+    const pending = new Set<string>();
+    for (const limitation of limitations) {
+      if (this.#limitations.has(limitation) || pending.has(limitation))
+        continue;
+      if (!this.retain(ENTRY_BYTES + textBytes(limitation.length))) {
+        rollbackAdmission();
+        return this.overBudget();
+      }
+      pending.add(limitation);
+    }
+    return ok(() => {
+      for (const limitation of pending) this.#limitations.add(limitation);
+    });
+  }
+
+  /** Derive budgeted qualifications for this snapshot without retaining old snapshots. */
+  protected snapshotLimitations(
+    derived: readonly string[],
+  ): Result<string[], AnalysisError> {
+    const release = this.temporaryCheckpoint();
+    if (
+      !this.scratch(
+        derived.reduce(
+          (bytes, limitation) =>
+            bytes + ENTRY_BYTES + textBytes(limitation.length),
+          0,
+        ),
+      )
+    )
+      return this.overBudget();
+    try {
+      return ok([...new Set([...this.#limitations, ...derived])].sort(compare));
+    } finally {
+      release();
+    }
+  }
+
   protected sortedLimitations(): string[] {
     return [...this.#limitations].sort(compare);
   }

src/domain/analysisView/analysisView.test.ts

@@ -67,6 +67,19 @@ const nativeParent = (
   artifact: { path: "/fixtures/example.exe", sha256: "a".repeat(64) },
 });
 
+it("returns input errors for malformed parent Evidence identifiers before projection", () => {
+  for (const evidenceId of [`xx_${"a".repeat(64)}`, "ev_bad"])
+    expect(
+      projectAnalysisView(
+        { ...nativeParent(), evidenceId },
+        { kind: "summary" },
+      ),
+    ).toMatchObject({ ok: false, error: { _tag: "AnalysisInputError" } });
+  expect(projectAnalysisView(nativeParent(), { kind: "summary" }).ok).toBe(
+    true,
+  );
+});
+
 it("projects native procedure and bounded assembly and high-pcode with exact parent identity", () => {
   const parent = nativeParent();
   const procedure = projectAnalysisView(parent, {

src/domain/analysisView/analysisView.ts

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ import {
   analysisViewInputError,
 } from "./analysisViewErrors.js";
 import { digestCanonicalValue } from "../canonicalDigest.js";
-import { digestSchema } from "../digests.js";
+import { prefixedDigestSchema } from "../digests.js";
 import { err, ok, type Result } from "../result.js";
 import type { AnalysisError } from "../analysisErrorBase.js";
 import { safeParseOwnedBinaryLayout } from "../native/binaryLayout.js";
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ export const sealAnalysisView = (
     view_digest: digestCanonicalValue(projection, "Analysis view"),
   });
 
-const parentDigest = (evidenceId: string): string => evidenceId.slice(3);
+const parentEvidenceIdSchema = prefixedDigestSchema("ev");
 
 const parseJavaScriptParent = (
   input: unknown,
@@ -473,8 +473,7 @@ export const projectAnalysisView = (
   view: AnalysisViewRequest,
   accumulators: AnalysisViewAccumulators = {},
 ): Result<AnalysisViewResult, AnalysisError> => {
-  const digest = parentDigest(parent.evidenceId);
-  if (!digestSchema.safeParse(digest).success)
+  if (!parentEvidenceIdSchema.safeParse(parent.evidenceId).success)
     return err(
       analysisViewInputError([
         {

src/domain/analysisView/environmentStateGate.test.ts

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import {
   checkItemPlan,
   type StateGateContext,
 } from "./environmentStateGate.js";
+import { locateItem, locateItems } from "./environmentStateRules.js";
 import type {
   JsonObject,
   StateEntity,
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ const check = (
     path: `/api/books/${ordinal + 1}`,
     query: undefined,
     status: 200,
-    timing: { start: undefined, endMs: undefined },
+    timing: { start: undefined, end: undefined, endMs: undefined },
   }));
   const bodies: JsonObject[] = clocks.map(([, stamp], index) => ({
     id: index + 1,
@@ -116,3 +117,37 @@ describe("clock spelling facts at the read gate", () => {
     expect(large.bytes).toBe(small.bytes);
   });
 });
+
+describe("item response identity selection", () => {
+  it("uses the known identity field before choosing an envelope tier", () => {
+    const body = { request_id: "42", data: { id: "42", name: "Book" } };
+    expect(locateItem(body, "42", "id")).toEqual({
+      pointer: "/data",
+      keys: ["id"],
+    });
+    expect(locateItem(body, "42")).toEqual({
+      pointer: "",
+      keys: ["request_id"],
+    });
+    expect(locateItem(body, "42", "uid")).toBeUndefined();
+  });
+
+  it("retains ambiguity between objects carrying the known identity", () => {
+    const body = { request_id: "42", left: { id: "42" }, right: { id: "42" } };
+    expect(locateItem(body, "42", "id")).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(locateItems(body, "42", "id")).toEqual([
+      { pointer: "/left", keys: ["id"] },
+      { pointer: "/right", keys: ["id"] },
+    ]);
+    expect(locateItems(body, "42", "uid")).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it("admits an explicitly known custom identity in a sole array element", () => {
+    const body = { data: [{ bookNumber: "42", name: "Book" }] };
+    expect(locateItem(body, "42", "bookNumber")).toEqual({
+      pointer: "/data/0",
+      keys: ["bookNumber"],
+    });
+    expect(locateItem(body, "42")).toBeUndefined();
+  });
+});

src/domain/analysisView/environmentStateListCounters.test.ts

@@ -108,3 +108,75 @@ it("takes no nested member for a counter unless it equals the number listed", ()
     },
   );
 });
+
+it.each([{ nextCursor: "cursor-2" }, { has_more: true }, { nextPage: 2 }])(
+  "keeps membership recorded when paging metadata says more items follow: %j",
+  (pageInfo) => {
+    const state = environmentStateViewOf(
+      timedCaptureEvidence([
+        ["GET", "/api/records", { list: SEEDED, pageInfo }],
+        ...SEEDED.map((item): TimedCaptureRow => [
+          "GET",
+          `/api/records/${String(item["Id"])}`,
+          item,
+        ]),
+      ]),
+    );
+    expect(
+      state.views.find((view) => view.tool === "get_records"),
+    ).toMatchObject({
+      shape: "list",
+      membership: "recorded",
+    });
+  },
+);
+
+it("keeps completed paging envelopes whole and does not read entity fields as continuation metadata", () => {
+  const items = SEEDED.map((item): JsonObject => ({
+    ...item,
+    nextCursor: "entity-value",
+  }));
+  const state = environmentStateViewOf(
+    timedCaptureEvidence([
+      [
+        "GET",
+        "/api/records",
+        { list: items, pageInfo: { nextCursor: null, has_more: false } },
+      ],
+      ...items.map((item): TimedCaptureRow => [
+        "GET",
+        `/api/records/${String(item["Id"])}`,
+        item,
+      ]),
+    ]),
+  );
+  expect(state.views.find((view) => view.tool === "get_records")).toMatchObject(
+    {
+      shape: "list",
+      membership: "all",
+    },
+  );
+});
+
+it("keeps a direction-only recording on its recorded members instead of learning an unused direction", () => {
+  const state = environmentStateViewOf(
+    timedCaptureEvidence([
+      ["GET", "/api/records", SEEDED],
+      ["GET", "/api/records?direction=desc", SEEDED],
+      ...SEEDED.map((item): TimedCaptureRow => [
+        "GET",
+        `/api/records/${String(item["Id"])}`,
+        item,
+      ]),
+    ]),
+  );
+  const view = state.views.find(
+    (candidate) => candidate.tool === "get_records",
+  );
+  expect(view).toMatchObject({
+    shape: "list",
+    membership: "recorded",
+    checked_record_ordinals: [0, 1],
+  });
+  expect(view).not.toHaveProperty("query.parameters.direction");
+});

src/domain/analysisView/environmentStateListFacts.ts

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ export const listFacts = (
         counted.some(
           ([, value]) => recordedItemCount(value) !== items.length,
         ) ||
-        Object.keys(parent).some((name) => continues(name, parent[name]))
+        hasContinuation(parent, plan.pointer)
       )
         return;
       const ids = items.map((item) => scalarText(ownMember(item, field)) ?? "");
@@ -150,3 +150,15 @@ const continues = (name: string, value: JsonValue | undefined): boolean =>
   value !== null &&
   value !== false &&
   value !== "";
+
+/** Continuation facts in the envelope or its sibling paging objects, never inside the list payload. */
+const hasContinuation = (parent: JsonObject, listPointer: string): boolean => {
+  const root = pointerTokens(listPointer)[0];
+  return Object.entries(parent).some(
+    ([name, value]) =>
+      continues(name, value) ||
+      (name !== root &&
+        isObject(value) &&
+        Object.entries(value).some(([inner, flag]) => continues(inner, flag))),
+  );
+};

src/domain/analysisView/environmentStateListQuery.test.ts

@@ -376,6 +376,16 @@ describe("queries the state can always answer", () => {
 });
 
 describe("parameters that ask for an order", () => {
+  it("cannot apply a direction without a sort field, even when the recorded order happens to match", () => {
+    expect(explainLine(line("?direction=desc", [1, 2, 3, 4]))).toBeUndefined();
+    const parameters = { direction: { role: "direction" } } as const;
+    expect(ids("?direction=asc", parameters)).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(ids("?direction=desc", parameters)).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(
+      ids("?sort=id&direction=desc", { ...parameters, sort: { role: "sort" } }),
+    ).toEqual(["4", "3", "2", "1"]);
+  });
+
   it("reads a sort field in any spelling as a sort, never as a parameter without effect", () => {
     expect(explainLine(line("?_sort=id&_order=DESC", [4, 3, 2, 1]))).toEqual({
       _sort: { role: "sort" },

src/domain/analysisView/environmentStateListQuery.ts

@@ -206,7 +206,11 @@ const readCall = (
       call.page = { index: number, first: parameter.first };
     else return undefined;
   }
-  return call;
+  // A direction cannot identify the field being ordered. Leaving it unused
+  // would turn a recorded direction into permission to answer its opposite.
+  return call.direction !== undefined && call.sort === undefined
+    ? undefined
+    : call;
 };
 
 /** Entities in the order a sort value names, ties in state order, and those whose place state order decides: all without a sort, else those tied with a neighbour; undefined when it names no field. */

src/domain/analysisView/environmentStateQueryCalls.test.ts

@@ -51,6 +51,12 @@ const readOnlyOf = (
         ),
         ms: call.start ?? index,
       },
+      end:
+        call.end === null
+          ? undefined
+          : parseOffsetDateTimeInstant(
+              new Date(call.end ?? index).toISOString(),
+            ),
       endMs: call.end === null ? undefined : (call.end ?? index),
     },
   }));
@@ -505,6 +511,7 @@ describe("read-only decisions over many calls", () => {
               ),
               ms: index,
             },
+            end: parseOffsetDateTimeInstant(new Date(index).toISOString()),
             endMs: index,
           },
         };
@@ -573,6 +580,7 @@ describe("read-only decisions over a long run of calls", () => {
               ),
               ms: index,
             },
+            end: parseOffsetDateTimeInstant(new Date(index).toISOString()),
             endMs: index,
           },
         };
@@ -641,6 +649,7 @@ describe("read-only decisions over many lines", () => {
               ),
               ms: index,
             },
+            end: parseOffsetDateTimeInstant(new Date(index).toISOString()),
             endMs: index,
           },
         };

src/domain/analysisView/environmentStateRewrites.test.ts

@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@ const record = (
       instant: parseOffsetDateTimeInstant(new Date(start).toISOString()),
       ms: start,
     },
+    end:
+      endMs === undefined
+        ? undefined
+        : parseOffsetDateTimeInstant(new Date(endMs).toISOString()),
     endMs,
   },
 });

src/domain/analysisView/environmentStateRules.ts

@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ export interface StateRecordFacts {
     readonly start:
       | { readonly instant: OffsetDateTimeInstant; readonly ms: number }
       | undefined;
+    /** Exact completion, independent of the millisecond chronology policy. */
+    readonly end: OffsetDateTimeInstant | undefined;
     readonly endMs: number | undefined;
   };
 }
@@ -630,19 +632,22 @@ export const replaceAt = (
 const matchingKeys = (object: JsonObject, value: string): string[] =>
   Object.keys(object).filter((key) => scalarText(object[key]) === value);
 
-/** The entity object an item response carries with the keys repeating its path value: at the root or in one wrapper member, else as the element of a one-element array there. */
-export const locateItem = (
+/** Candidate entity objects at the first matching envelope tier. A known identity field constrains admission before choosing a tier; multiple candidates remain ambiguous. */
+export const locateItems = (
   body: JsonValue,
   value: string,
-): { readonly pointer: string; readonly keys: string[] } | undefined => {
+  idField?: string,
+): readonly { readonly pointer: string; readonly keys: string[] }[] => {
   const located = (
     object: JsonValue | undefined,
     pointer: string,
     named = false,
   ) => {
     const keys = isObject(object)
-      ? matchingKeys(object, value).filter(
-          (key) => !named || IDENTITY_NAMES.includes(key),
+      ? matchingKeys(object, value).filter((key) =>
+          idField !== undefined
+            ? key === idField
+            : !named || IDENTITY_NAMES.includes(key),
         )
       : [];
     return keys.length > 0 ? [{ pointer, keys }] : [];
@@ -658,8 +663,17 @@ export const locateItem = (
       located(soleElement(item), `${pointerTo(name)}/0`, true),
     ),
   ];
-  const chosen = tiers.find((tier) => tier.length > 0);
-  return chosen?.length === 1 ? chosen[0] : undefined;
+  return tiers.find((tier) => tier.length > 0) ?? [];
+};
+
+/** The unique entity object at the first matching envelope tier; absent or ambiguous otherwise. */
+export const locateItem = (
+  body: JsonValue,
+  value: string,
+  idField?: string,
+): { readonly pointer: string; readonly keys: string[] } | undefined => {
+  const candidates = locateItems(body, value, idField);
+  return candidates.length === 1 ? candidates[0] : undefined;
 };
 
 /** Whether every item carries `name` as a distinct string or number. */

src/domain/analysisView/environmentStateView.test.ts

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import {
   scenarioCaptureFixture,
 } from "../../../tests/fixtures/browserScenarioCapture.js";
 import type { Evidence } from "../evidence.js";
-import type { JsonValue } from "../jsonValue.js";
+import { ownedJsonObjectSchema, type JsonValue } from "../jsonValue.js";
 import { webNetworkCaptureSchema } from "../webNetworkCapture.js";
 import {
   analysisViewResultSchema,
@@ -842,7 +842,7 @@ it("leaves every line checked rather than compare more lines than the variant pa
     path: "/api/items",
     query: `?view=${String(ordinal)}`,
     status: 200,
-    timing: { start: undefined, endMs: undefined },
+    timing: { start: undefined, end: undefined, endMs: undefined },
   }));
   const shape = {
     entities: new Map(
@@ -869,7 +869,7 @@ it("tells apart member names that hold the separator, so a line spelling them ot
     path: "/api/items/1",
     query,
     status: 200,
-    timing: { start: undefined, endMs: undefined },
+    timing: { start: undefined, end: undefined, endMs: undefined },
   });
   const observed = (ordinal: number, object: JsonObject) => ({
     position: ordinal,
@@ -909,7 +909,7 @@ it("leaves every line checked when comparing many mostly empty lines would excee
       method: "GET",
       path: "/api/items",
       status: 200,
-      timing: { start: undefined, endMs: undefined },
+      timing: { start: undefined, end: undefined, endMs: undefined },
     };
     return Object.defineProperty(record, "query", {
       enumerable: true,
@@ -950,7 +950,7 @@ const expandedItemLines = (items: number) => {
       path: `/api/items/${String(ordinal % items)}`,
       query: ordinal < items ? undefined : "?expand=shelf",
       status: 200,
-      timing: { start: undefined, endMs: undefined },
+      timing: { start: undefined, end: undefined, endMs: undefined },
     }),
   );
   const shapes = new Map(
@@ -1144,6 +1144,7 @@ it("finds each span's earliest write without scanning the writes before it", ()
             return start;
           },
         },
+        end: offsetDateTimeInstantFromEpochMilliseconds(end),
         get endMs() {
           reads += 1;
           return end;
@@ -2020,3 +2021,168 @@ it.each([
     if (missingDuration) expect(state.write_clock).toBeNull();
   },
 );
+
+it.each(["not a URL", "", 42, undefined])(
+  "bounds initial state at a successful write whose URL is unavailable: %j",
+  (url) => {
+    const source = captureOf([
+      ["GET", "/api/items/1", { id: 1, title: "initial" }],
+      ["PUT", "/api/items/1", { id: 1 }],
+      ["GET", "/api/items/1", { id: 1, title: "after" }],
+    ]);
+    const capture = webNetworkCaptureSchema.parse(source.normalizedResult);
+    const reported = ownedJsonObjectSchema.parse(capture.records[1]!.reported);
+    const request = ownedJsonObjectSchema.parse(reported.request);
+    if (url === undefined) delete request.url;
+    else request.url = url;
+    const before = structuredClone(capture);
+    const state = stateOf(parentOf(analysisViewCaptureEvidence(capture)));
+    expect(state.types).toMatchObject([
+      { init_before_ordinal: 1, volatile_fields: [] },
+    ]);
+    expect(state.entities).toMatchObject([
+      { fields: { title: "initial" }, record_ordinals: [0] },
+    ]);
+    expect(state.limitations).toContainEqual(
+      expect.stringMatching(/1.*writes.*unusable URL.*target is unknown/iu),
+    );
+    expect(
+      state.limitations.some((text) => text.includes("redacted URL")),
+    ).toBe(false);
+    expect(capture).toEqual(before);
+  },
+);
+
+it("commits neither a manifest line nor state facts when inherited state admission fails", () => {
+  const records = webNetworkCaptureSchema.parse(
+    environmentManifestCaptureFixture([
+      {
+        startedDateTime: "2026-10-20T09:00:00Z",
+        time: 0,
+        request: { method: "GET", url: "https://manifest.test/api/health" },
+        response: {
+          status: 200,
+          content: { mimeType: "application/json", text: '{"healthy":true}' },
+        },
+      },
+      {
+        startedDateTime: "x".repeat(5000),
+        time: 0,
+        request: { method: "GET", url: "https://manifest.test/api/items" },
+        response: {
+          status: 200,
+          content: { mimeType: "application/json", text: "[]" },
+        },
+      },
+    ]),
+  ).records;
+  const accumulator = new EnvironmentStateAccumulator(32 * 1024);
+  expect(accumulator.add(records[0]!).ok).toBe(true);
+  expect(accumulator.add(records[1]!).ok).toBe(false);
+  const admitted = accumulator.finish();
+  if (!admitted.ok) throw admitted.error;
+  expect(admitted.value.records.map(({ ordinal }) => ordinal)).toEqual([0]);
+  const retry = structuredClone(records[1]!);
+  if (
+    retry.reported === null ||
+    typeof retry.reported !== "object" ||
+    Array.isArray(retry.reported)
+  )
+    throw new Error("Expected fixture object");
+  retry.reported.startedDateTime = "2026-10-20T09:00:01Z";
+  expect(accumulator.add(retry).ok).toBe(true);
+  const state = accumulator.finishState();
+  if (!state.ok) throw state.error;
+  expect(state.value.documents.map(({ path }) => path)).toEqual([
+    "/api/health",
+    "/api/items",
+  ]);
+});
+
+it.each([
+  { method: "GET", status: 200 },
+  { method: "PUT", status: 500 },
+])(
+  "does not infer a successful state write from an excluded $method/$status record",
+  ({ method, status }) => {
+    const source = captureOf([
+      ["GET", "/api/items/1", { id: 1, title: "initial" }],
+      [method, "/api/items/1", {}, status],
+      ["GET", "/api/items/1", { id: 1, title: "after" }],
+    ]);
+    const capture = webNetworkCaptureSchema.parse(source.normalizedResult);
+    const reported = ownedJsonObjectSchema.parse(capture.records[1]!.reported);
+    ownedJsonObjectSchema.parse(reported.request).url = "not a URL";
+    const state = stateOf(parentOf(analysisViewCaptureEvidence(capture)));
+    expect(state.types).toMatchObject([
+      { init_before_ordinal: null, volatile_fields: ["title"] },
+    ]);
+    expect(state.entities).toMatchObject([{ fields: { title: "after" } }]);
+    expect(
+      state.limitations.some((text) =>
+        text.includes("writes had an unusable URL"),
+      ),
+    ).toBe(false);
+  },
+);
+
+it.each([{}, { status: "unknown" }, { status: null }])(
+  "keeps a possible unlocated write when its response status is unknown: %j",
+  (response) => {
+    const source = captureOf([
+      ["GET", "/api/items/1", { id: 1, title: "initial" }],
+      ["PUT", "/api/items/1", {}],
+      ["GET", "/api/items/1", { id: 1, title: "after" }],
+    ]);
+    const capture = webNetworkCaptureSchema.parse(source.normalizedResult);
+    const reported = ownedJsonObjectSchema.parse(capture.records[1]!.reported);
+    ownedJsonObjectSchema.parse(reported.request).url = "not a URL";
+    reported.response = ownedJsonObjectSchema.parse(response);
+    const state = stateOf(parentOf(analysisViewCaptureEvidence(capture)));
+    expect(state.types).toMatchObject([
+      { init_before_ordinal: 1, volatile_fields: [] },
+    ]);
+    expect(state.entities).toMatchObject([
+      { fields: { title: "initial" }, record_ordinals: [0] },
+    ]);
+  },
+);
+
+it.each([true, false])(
+  "derives timeline limitations from the current state snapshot (timed: %s)",
+  (timed) => {
+    const accumulator = new EnvironmentStateAccumulator();
+    const empty = accumulator.finishState();
+    if (!empty.ok) throw empty.error;
+    expect(empty.value.timeline).toBe("record-order");
+    const record = webNetworkCaptureSchema.parse(
+      environmentManifestCaptureFixture([
+        {
+          ...(timed ? { startedDateTime: "2026-10-20T09:00:00Z" } : {}),
+          time: 0,
+          request: { method: "GET", url: "https://snapshot.test/api/items" },
+          response: {
+            status: 200,
+            content: { mimeType: "application/json", text: "[]" },
+          },
+        },
+      ]),
+    ).records[0]!;
+    expect(accumulator.add(record).ok).toBe(true);
+    const current = accumulator.finishState();
+    if (!current.ok) throw current.error;
+    expect(current.value.timeline).toBe(
+      timed ? "recorded-start-time" : "record-order",
+    );
+    expect(
+      current.value.limitations.some((text) =>
+        text.includes("Some records carry no start time"),
+      ),
+    ).toBe(!timed);
+    expect(
+      current.value.limitations.some((text) =>
+        text.includes("No retained record had a parseable origin"),
+      ),
+    ).toBe(false);
+  },
+);

src/domain/analysisView/environmentStateWriteAddress.test.ts

@@ -195,6 +195,34 @@ describe("item actions", () => {
     });
   });
 
+  it("locates an action's entity by its known id field before response metadata", () => {
+    const response = { request_id: 1, data: ARCHIVED };
+    expect(
+      planOf(
+        [
+          [
+            "GET",
+            "/api/books",
+            [shelved(FIRST_BOOK, false), shelved(SECOND_BOOK, false)],
+          ],
+          ["GET", "/api/books/1", { data: shelved(FIRST_BOOK, false) }],
+          ["GET", "/api/books/2", { data: shelved(SECOND_BOOK, false) }],
+          ["POST", "/api/books/1/archive", response],
+          ["GET", "/api/books/1", { data: ARCHIVED }],
+          ["POST", "/api/books/1/archive", response],
+          ["GET", "/api/books/1", { data: ARCHIVED }],
+        ],
+        "post_books_archive_by_id",
+      ),
+    ).toMatchObject({
+      effect: "update",
+      served: true,
+      address: { by: "action", segment: "archive" },
+      response: { shape: "entity", pointer: "/data" },
+      rules: [{ field: "archived", rule: "set", value: true }],
+    });
+  });
+
   it("serves no action seen changing its field only once, which may toggle it", () => {
     expect(
       planOf(

src/domain/analysisView/environmentStateWriteAddress.ts

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import { entityTarget, succeeded } from "./environmentStateWriteChecks.js";
 import type { WriteIo } from "./environmentStateWriteEffects.js";
 import {
   pathValuesOf,
+  pathParameterKeys,
   type BodyAddress,
   type StateWritePlan,
   type WriteAddress,
@@ -95,19 +96,20 @@ export const itemAction = (
   )
     return undefined;
   const views = facts.itemViews(target);
+  const itemKey = pathParameterKeys(tool.path_template).get(
+    segments.length - 2,
+  )!;
   const showsEntity = (record: StateRecordFacts): boolean => {
-    const id = pathValuesOf(tool.path_template, record.path)?.get(
-      item.slice(1, -1),
-    );
+    const id = pathValuesOf(tool.path_template, record.path)?.get(itemKey);
     if (id === undefined || record.status === 201) return false;
     if (facts.emptyResponse(record.ordinal)) return true;
     return facts.withBody(record.ordinal, (body) => {
       if (body === undefined || body === null) return true;
-      const located = locateItem(body, id);
+      const located = locateItem(body, id, idField);
       const object =
         located === undefined ? undefined : at(body, located.pointer);
       return (
-        located?.keys.includes(idField) === true &&
+        located !== undefined &&
         isObject(object) &&
         views.some(
           (view) =>

src/domain/analysisView/environmentStateWriteBlame.ts

@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ export class FailedReadBlame {
       const response =
         call === undefined
           ? undefined
-          : this.#responseObject(records[call]!, item.entity.id);
+          : this.#responseObject(records[call]!, item.entity);
       if (response !== undefined) responses.set(name, response);
     }
     return fieldBlame(
@@ -169,10 +169,13 @@ export class FailedReadBlame {
   /** The entity a write's response shows, located by its id. */
   #responseObject(
     record: StateRecordFacts,
-    id: string,
+    entity: StateEntity,
   ): JsonObject | undefined {
     return this.#facts.io.withBody(record.ordinal, (body) => {
-      const located = body === undefined ? undefined : locateItem(body, id);
+      const located =
+        body === undefined
+          ? undefined
+          : locateItem(body, entity.id, this.#facts.idField(entity.type));
       const object =
         located === undefined ? undefined : at(body!, located.pointer);
       return isObject(object) ? object : undefined;

src/domain/analysisView/environmentStateWriteCopies.test.ts

@@ -119,6 +119,22 @@ it(
 );
 
 describe("coincidences no member derives a created field from", () => {
+  it.each([
+    ["before", (value: string) => `𐐀${value}`],
+    ["after", (value: string) => `${value}𐐀`],
+  ])(
+    "keeps a member accepted when an astral letter joins its text %s",
+    (_, label) => {
+      const value = "harbour-notes";
+      const body = create(
+        { id: 9, name: value, label: label(value) },
+        { name: value },
+      );
+      expect(body.accepted).toEqual(["name"]);
+      expect(body.fixed).toEqual([]);
+    },
+  );
+
   it("keeps a reference accepted when a constant repeats another reference of the named entity", () => {
     const channel = "1bdxw3qoyj8zjyyhdjbdobdf4r";
     const user = "c10c054bc2a4478bb78e0210549376b1";

src/domain/analysisView/environmentStateWriteCopies.ts

@@ -8,7 +8,12 @@ import {
 } from "./environmentStateRules.js";
 import { GENERATED } from "./environmentStateWriteGenerated.js";
 import type { FieldRule } from "./environmentStateWriteRules.js";
-import { delimitedOffsets, readClock } from "./environmentStateWriteValues.js";
+import {
+  delimitedOffsets,
+  joinsAfter,
+  joinsBefore,
+  readClock,
+} from "./environmentStateWriteValues.js";
 
 /** Shorter body strings are too common to show that a field copied one. */
 export const COPY_MIN_LENGTH = 8;
@@ -52,12 +57,6 @@ export const storedMembers = (
     }),
   );
 
-/** A letter or digit, which joins a token to the text around it. */
-const WORD = /[\p{L}\p{N}]/u;
-
-const joins = (character: string | undefined): boolean =>
-  character !== undefined && WORD.test(character);
-
 /**
  * The texts that hold each token delimited, read in one pass per text: from each start after a
  * delimiter, each length a token has that a delimiter ends, rather than a search per token and text.
@@ -72,10 +71,10 @@ const holdersOf = (
   const holders = new Map<string, Set<string>>();
   for (const [field, text] of texts)
     for (let at = 0; at < text.length; at += 1) {
-      if (joins(text[at - 1])) continue;
+      if (joinsBefore(text, at)) continue;
       for (const length of lengths) {
         if (at + length > text.length) break;
-        if (joins(text[at + length])) continue;
+        if (joinsAfter(text, at + length)) continue;
         const token = text.slice(at, at + length);
         if (tokens.has(token))
           holders.set(token, (holders.get(token) ?? new Set()).add(field));

src/domain/analysisView/environmentStateWriteCutoffs.test.ts

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ const write = (path: string, ordinal: number): StateRecordFacts => ({
       instant: offsetDateTimeInstantFromEpochMilliseconds(ordinal),
       ms: ordinal,
     },
+    end: offsetDateTimeInstantFromEpochMilliseconds(ordinal),
     endMs: ordinal,
   },
 });

src/domain/analysisView/environmentStateWriteEffects.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+import { expect, it } from "vitest";
+
+import {
+  timedCaptureEvidence,
+  type TimedCaptureRow,
+} from "../../../tests/fixtures/analysisView.js";
+import {
+  FIRST_BOOK,
+  environmentStateViewOf,
+} from "../../../tests/fixtures/environmentStateWrites.js";
+
+it.each([
+  { fraction: "123456790", served: true, label: "one nanosecond later" },
+  { fraction: "123456788", served: false, label: "one nanosecond earlier" },
+  { fraction: "123456789", served: false, label: "the same instant" },
+  { fraction: "124456789", served: true, label: "one millisecond later" },
+])("checks an update clock at $label", ({ fraction, served }) => {
+  const first = {
+    ...FIRST_BOOK,
+    name: "Second title",
+    updated_at: "2026-10-17T18:00:03.123456789Z",
+  };
+  const second = {
+    ...first,
+    name: "Third title",
+    updated_at: `2026-10-17T18:00:03.${fraction}Z`,
+  };
+  const state = environmentStateViewOf(
+    timedCaptureEvidence([
+      ["GET", "/api/books", [FIRST_BOOK]],
+      ["GET", "/api/books/1", FIRST_BOOK],
+      ["PATCH", "/api/books/1", first, 200, { name: first.name }],
+      ["GET", "/api/books/1", first],
+      ["PATCH", "/api/books/1", second, 200, { name: second.name }],
+      ["GET", "/api/books/1", second],
+    ]),
+  );
+  expect(
+    state.writes.find((plan) => plan.tool === "patch_books_by_id"),
+  ).toMatchObject({
+    served,
+    reason: served ? null : "unexplained-change",
+    checked_record_ordinals: served ? [3, 5] : [3],
+    rules: expect.arrayContaining([
+      {
+        field: "updated_at",
+        rule: "clock",
+        format: { kind: "iso", separator: "T", fraction: 9, zone: "Z" },
+      },
+    ]),
+  });
+});
+
+it.each([false, true])(
+  "learns only after an unknown entity is observed again (update while unknown: %s)",
+  (updateWhileUnknown) => {
+    const initial = { ...FIRST_BOOK, revision: 1 };
+    const observed = { ...initial, name: "Second title", revision: 2 };
+    const final = { ...observed, name: "Third title" };
+    const unknownCall: TimedCaptureRow[] = updateWhileUnknown
+      ? [["PATCH", "/api/books/1", observed, 200, { name: observed.name }]]
+      : [];
+    const state = environmentStateViewOf(
+      timedCaptureEvidence([
+        ["GET", "/api/books", [initial]],
+        ["GET", "/api/books/1", initial],
+        ["POST", "/api/books/1/import", { queued: true }, 302, {}],
+        ...unknownCall,
+        ["GET", "/api/books/1", observed],
+        ["PATCH", "/api/books/1", final, 200, { name: final.name }],
+        ["GET", "/api/books/1", final],
+      ]),
+    );
+    expect(
+      state.writes.find((plan) => plan.tool === "patch_books_by_id"),
+    ).toMatchObject({
+      served: true,
+      reason: null,
+      exemplar_ordinal: updateWhileUnknown ? 5 : 4,
+      checked_record_ordinals: [updateWhileUnknown ? 6 : 5],
+      rules: [{ field: "name", rule: "echo" }],
+    });
+  },
+);
+
+it.each([
+  { requestId: 1, ambiguous: false, served: true },
+  { requestId: 2, ambiguous: false, served: true },
+  { requestId: 1, ambiguous: true, served: false },
+])(
+  "uses the known identity field for response observation ($requestId, ambiguous: $ambiguous)",
+  ({ requestId, ambiguous, served }) => {
+    const changed = { ...FIRST_BOOK, name: "Second title" };
+    const response = {
+      request_id: requestId,
+      data: changed,
+      ...(ambiguous ? { other: changed } : {}),
+    };
+    const state = environmentStateViewOf(
+      timedCaptureEvidence([
+        ["GET", "/api/books", [FIRST_BOOK]],
+        ["GET", "/api/books/1", FIRST_BOOK],
+        ["PATCH", "/api/books/1", response, 200, { name: changed.name }],
+        ["GET", "/api/books/1", changed],
+      ]),
+    );
+    const plan = state.writes.find(
+      (candidate) => candidate.tool === "patch_books_by_id",
+    );
+    expect(plan?.served).toBe(served);
+    if (served)
+      expect(plan).toMatchObject({
+        observation: { ordinal: 2, pointer: "/data" },
+        response: { ordinal: 2, shape: "entity", pointer: "/data" },
+        checked_record_ordinals: [3],
+      });
+  },
+);

src/domain/analysisView/environmentStateWriteEffects.ts

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import {
   type SimulatedState,
 } from "./environmentStateWriteChecks.js";
 import {
+  compareValues,
   explainUpdate,
   responseShapeOf,
 } from "./environmentStateWriteExplain.js";
@@ -367,11 +368,12 @@ const updatedObservation = (
           step.record.ordinal,
           (body): Observed | undefined => {
             const located =
-              body === undefined ? undefined : locateItem(body, entity.id);
+              body === undefined
+                ? undefined
+                : locateItem(body, entity.id, entity.idField);
             const object =
               located === undefined ? undefined : at(body!, located.pointer);
-            return located?.keys.includes(entity.idField) === true &&
-              isObject(object)
+            return located !== undefined && isObject(object)
               ? {
                   ordinal: step.record.ordinal,
                   pointer: located.pointer,
@@ -657,6 +659,9 @@ export const updateEntity = (
     return UNKNOWN;
   }
   const { targets, target, recorded } = outcomes(context, entity, after.object);
+  // An unknown baseline cannot establish this call's changes. Keep its outcome
+  // without creating or refining rules from values another write may have changed.
+  if (context.unknown(type, collection, id)) return recorded();
   // Only confirmed absence makes a bodyless action; malformed or unretained content stays unknown.
   const body =
     "body" in named
@@ -670,7 +675,6 @@ export const updateEntity = (
     fail(draft, step, "body-unusable");
     return recorded();
   }
-  const unknown = context.unknown(type, collection, id);
   const call = { ...callOf(step, body), body };
   const fitted = fitUpdateClocks(
     draft,
@@ -704,7 +708,7 @@ export const updateEntity = (
   const explained = { ...fitted.explained, rules: later };
   for (const member of keptOrders(call.body, after.object))
     draft.kept.add(member);
-  if (explained.unexplained.length > 0 && !unknown) {
+  if (explained.unexplained.length > 0) {
     refuse(draft, step, "unexplained-change");
     return recorded();
   }
@@ -713,16 +717,15 @@ export const updateEntity = (
     searchFrom(context, step),
     itemReads(context, { type, idField, collection, id }),
   )?.object;
-  // Each call must agree with the plan; one on an unknown entity cannot be checked, so it adds nothing to the plan.
+  // Each call with a known baseline must agree with the plan.
   if (
     built(draft) &&
-    (unknown ||
-      contradictsPlan(
-        { ...draft, plan: { ...draft.plan, rules } },
-        entity.fields,
-        after.object,
-        explained,
-      ) ||
+    (contradictsPlan(
+      { ...draft, plan: { ...draft.plan, rules } },
+      entity.fields,
+      after.object,
+      explained,
+    ) ||
       // A member calls left out is cleared by every one or by none.
       // A reference this call or an earlier one showed counts its member as the field's, whichever came first.
       defaultsDisagree(explained.body.defaults, { earlier: draft.updates }, [
@@ -735,7 +738,7 @@ export const updateEntity = (
         [...rules, ...explained.rules],
       ))
   ) {
-    if (!unknown) refuse(draft, step, "unexplained-change");
+    refuse(draft, step, "unexplained-change");
     return recorded();
   }
   draft.plan.rules = rules;
@@ -778,9 +781,10 @@ export const updateEntity = (
       after: after.object,
       kept,
     });
-  if (!written.ok || (disagrees && !unknown))
+  if (!written.ok || disagrees) {
     refuse(draft, step, "unexplained-change");
-  if (!written.ok || disagrees || unknown) return recorded();
+    return recorded();
+  }
   rememberCall(
     context.io.retain,
     draft,
@@ -893,7 +897,7 @@ const contradictsGeneratedClock = (
           candidate.field === rule.field && candidate.rule === "clock",
       ) ||
       next === undefined ||
-      next.ms <= previous.ms
+      compareValues(after[rule.field], ownMember(before, rule.field))! <= 0
     );
   });
 

src/domain/analysisView/environmentStateWriteExplain.test.ts

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import {
   type CreateEvidence,
 } from "./environmentStateWriteExplain.js";
 import type { UpdateEvidence } from "./environmentStateWriteChanges.js";
+import { writtenResponse } from "./environmentStateWriteApply.js";
 import {
   callRenewal,
   unexplainedRenewals,
@@ -504,6 +505,35 @@ it.each<[string, string[]]>([
 
 type Shaped = [WriteResponse["shape"], string | null];
 
+it.each([false, true])(
+  "keeps response entity selection distinct from repeated envelope metadata, ambiguous=%s",
+  (ambiguous) => {
+    const recorded = {
+      request_id: "42",
+      data: { id: "42", title: "Captured title" },
+      ...(ambiguous ? { other: { id: "42", title: "Another entity" } } : {}),
+    };
+    const shape = responseShapeOf(3, recorded, false, {
+      idField: "id",
+      id: "42",
+    });
+    expect(
+      writtenResponse(shape, recorded, {
+        id: "43",
+        fields: { id: "43", title: "Authored title" },
+      }),
+    ).toEqual({
+      ok: true,
+      value: ambiguous
+        ? recorded
+        : {
+            request_id: "42",
+            data: { id: "43", title: "Authored title" },
+          },
+    });
+  },
+);
+
 it.each<[string, JsonValue | undefined, boolean, Shaped]>([
   ["no body", undefined, true, ["empty", null]],
   ["an empty response with a body", { id: "42" }, true, ["empty", null]],

src/domain/analysisView/environmentStateWriteExplain.ts

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { compareUnicodeCodePoints as compare } from "../unicodeCodePointOrder.js
 import {
   ownMember,
   isObject,
-  locateItem,
+  locateItems,
   pointerTo,
   same,
   scalarText,
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ const requestRule = (
   index: BodyIndex,
   field: string,
   value: JsonValue,
-): FieldRule | undefined => {
+): FieldRule | "ambiguous-path" | undefined => {
   const { body, pathValues } = evidence.call;
   if (Object.hasOwn(body, field) && same(body[field], value))
     return { field, rule: "echo" };
@@ -185,9 +185,11 @@ const requestRule = (
     if (from !== undefined) return { field, rule: "copy", from };
   }
   const text = scalarText(value);
-  for (const [name, pathValue] of pathValues)
-    if (text !== undefined && text === pathValue)
-      return { field, rule: "path", from: name };
+  const paths = [...pathValues].filter(
+    ([, value]) => text !== undefined && text === value,
+  );
+  if (paths.length > 1) return "ambiguous-path";
+  if (paths.length === 1) return { field, rule: "path", from: paths[0]![0] };
   const slugged = typeof value === "string" && value.length >= 3;
   const source = slugged ? index.slugs.get(value) : undefined;
   return source === undefined ? undefined : slugRule(field, source);
@@ -357,8 +359,14 @@ export const explainCreate = (
   const index = indexBody(evidence.call.body);
   // The member each slug the held entities' `&` spellings refused was slugged from.
   const refusedSlugs = new Map<string, string>();
+  let ambiguousPath = false;
   for (const [field, value] of Object.entries(evidence.entity)) {
     const requested = requestRule(evidence, index, field, value);
+    if (requested === "ambiguous-path") {
+      ambiguousPath = true;
+      unexplained.push(field);
+      continue;
+    }
     const held = heldSlugRule(requested, evidence.call.body, evidence.type);
     if (requested?.rule === "slug" && held === undefined)
       refusedSlugs.set(field, requested.from);
@@ -468,12 +476,14 @@ export const explainCreate = (
     rules,
     body: blank.length === 0 ? shaped : { ...shaped, blank },
     // A template rebuilds only its generated value, so other text it keeps ties it like a constant.
-    tied: [
-      ...[...constants, ...templates].map((field) =>
-        ownMember(evidence.entity, field)!,
-      ),
-      ...literals,
-    ].some((text) => tokens.some((token) => containsDelimited(text, token))),
+    tied:
+      ambiguousPath ||
+      [
+        ...[...constants, ...templates].map((field) =>
+          ownMember(evidence.entity, field)!,
+        ),
+        ...literals,
+      ].some((text) => tokens.some((token) => containsDelimited(text, token))),
   };
 };
 
@@ -646,8 +656,11 @@ export const responseShapeOf = (
 ): WriteResponse => {
   if (empty) return { ordinal, shape: "empty", pointer: null };
   if (body === undefined) return { ordinal, shape: "recorded", pointer: null };
-  const located = locateItem(body, entity.id);
-  if (located?.keys.includes(entity.idField) === true)
+  const candidates = locateItems(body, entity.id, entity.idField);
+  if (candidates.length > 1)
+    return { ordinal, shape: "recorded", pointer: null };
+  const located = candidates[0];
+  if (located !== undefined)
     return { ordinal, shape: "entity", pointer: located.pointer };
   if (scalarText(body) === entity.id)
     return { ordinal, shape: "identity", pointer: "" };

src/domain/analysisView/environmentStateWriteLinks.test.ts

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ const record = (
       instant: parseOffsetDateTimeInstant(new Date(start).toISOString()),
       ms: start,
     },
+    end: parseOffsetDateTimeInstant(new Date(end).toISOString()),
     endMs: end,
   },
 });
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ describe("short-id creation limits", () => {
     const prior = record(0, "GET", "/api/projects", [0, 5]);
     const unknown = {
       ...prior,
-      timing: { ...prior.timing, endMs: undefined },
+      timing: { ...prior.timing, end: undefined, endMs: undefined },
     };
     const post = record(1, "POST", "/api/imports", [10, 11]);
     const later = record(2, "GET", "/api/projects/7", [20, 21]);

src/domain/analysisView/environmentStateWriteLinks.ts

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import {
 import { ENTRY_BYTES, textBytes } from "./webNetworkRouteTemplates.js";
 import {
   pathValuesOf,
+  pathParameterKeys,
   type FieldRule,
   type WriteEffect,
 } from "./environmentStateWriteRules.js";
@@ -414,13 +415,9 @@ export const anyLinkedSource = (
   plan.collection !== null &&
   normalizedPath(plan.collection) === plan.target &&
   !segmentsOf(plan.target).some(isParam) &&
-  segmentsOf(template)
-    .filter(isParam)
-    .every((segment) =>
-      plan.rules.some(
-        (rule) => rule.rule === "path" && rule.from === segment.slice(1, -1),
-      ),
-    );
+  [...pathParameterKeys(template).values()].every((name) =>
+    plan.rules.some((rule) => rule.rule === "path" && rule.from === name),
+  );
 
 /**
  * Whether a linked create's call sends the path values its exemplar did, each as recorded or in the

src/domain/analysisView/environmentStateWriteRules.ts

@@ -407,6 +407,23 @@ export interface WriteCall {
   readonly body: JsonObject | undefined;
 }
 
+/** Parameter lookup keys preserve repeated placeholder occurrences by segment position. */
+export const pathParameterKeys = (template: string): Map<number, string> => {
+  const parameters = segmentsOf(template).flatMap((segment, index) =>
+    isParam(segment) ? [[index, segment.slice(1, -1)] as const] : [],
+  );
+  const repeated =
+    new Set(parameters.map(([, name]) => name)).size !== parameters.length;
+  // If any name repeats, encode every key so a literal name cannot collide with
+  // an indexed key. Unique-name templates retain their established lookup keys.
+  return new Map(
+    parameters.map(([index, name]) => [
+      index,
+      repeated ? JSON.stringify([index, name]) : name,
+    ]),
+  );
+};
+
 /** The value each template parameter takes in a concrete path, decoded; undefined when the path does not instantiate it. */
 export const pathValuesOf = (
   template: string,
@@ -416,13 +433,14 @@ export const pathValuesOf = (
   const concrete = segmentsOf(path);
   if (pattern.length !== concrete.length) return undefined;
   const values = new Map<string, string>();
+  const keys = pathParameterKeys(template);
   for (const [index, segment] of pattern.entries()) {
     const value = concrete[index]!;
     if (!isParam(segment)) {
       if (segment !== value) return undefined;
       continue;
     }
-    values.set(segment.slice(1, -1), decodedSegment(value));
+    values.set(keys.get(index)!, decodedSegment(value));
   }
   return values;
 };

src/domain/analysisView/environmentStateWrites.test.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
 
-import type { JsonValue } from "../jsonValue.js";
+import { jsonObjectSchema, type JsonValue } from "../jsonValue.js";
 import { webNetworkCaptureSchema } from "../webNetworkCapture.js";
 import { EnvironmentStateAccumulator } from "./EnvironmentStateAccumulator.js";
 import {
@@ -86,6 +86,43 @@ it("retains learned clock rules but withholds their serving when the global cloc
     ).toEqual(plan);
 });
 
+it.each([
+  ["000000000", 0, "2026-10-17T18:00:12.000Z"],
+  ["000001", 0, "2026-10-17T18:00:13.000Z"],
+  ["000000001", 0, "2026-10-17T18:00:13.000Z"],
+  ["123000000", 0, "2026-10-17T18:00:13.000Z"],
+  ["999999", 0.001, "2026-10-17T18:00:13.000Z"],
+  ["999999", 0.001001, "2026-10-17T18:00:14.000Z"],
+])(
+  "starts the served clock after a final captured fractional instant .%s plus %sms",
+  (fraction, duration, expected) => {
+    const evidence = timedCaptureEvidence([
+      ...BOOK_ROWS,
+      ["GET", "/api/health", { ready: true }, 200, undefined, 0],
+    ]);
+    const capture = webNetworkCaptureSchema.parse(evidence.normalized_result);
+    const state = environmentStateViewOf({
+      ...evidence,
+      normalized_result: {
+        ...capture,
+        records: capture.records.map((record, index) =>
+          index === capture.records.length - 1
+            ? {
+                ...record,
+                reported: {
+                  ...jsonObjectSchema.parse(record.reported),
+                  startedDateTime: `2026-10-17T18:00:12.${fraction}Z`,
+                  time: duration,
+                },
+              }
+            : record,
+        ),
+      },
+    });
+    expect(state.write_clock).toBe(expected);
+  },
+);
+
 it.each(["delete", "mismatched-query"])(
   "does not parse unused request content for %s under a bounded state allowance",
   (kind) => {

src/domain/analysisView/environmentStateWrites.ts

@@ -2,6 +2,10 @@ import type { ExtractedState } from "./environmentStateRules.js";
 import { EnvironmentStateWriteSimulation } from "./EnvironmentStateWriteSimulation.js";
 import type { WriteSimulationInput } from "./environmentStateWriteEffects.js";
 import { usesWriteClock } from "./environmentStateWriteRules.js";
+import {
+  compareOffsetDateTimeInstants,
+  type OffsetDateTimeInstant,
+} from "../offsetDateTime.js";
 
 /** The latest end a record can have and still round up to a whole second a date can hold. */
 const LATEST_END_MS = 8_640_000_000_000_000 - 1000;
@@ -13,17 +17,23 @@ const clockStart = (
   // The clock is global: any unknown completion may extend beyond every known end.
   if (records.some((record) => record.timing.endMs === undefined)) return null;
   // A record timed past the range of a date carries no usable time, so the clock starts from the others.
-  const end = records.reduce(
-    (latest, record) =>
-      record.timing.endMs !== undefined &&
-      Math.abs(record.timing.endMs) <= LATEST_END_MS
-        ? Math.max(latest, record.timing.endMs)
-        : latest,
-    Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY,
-  );
-  return Number.isFinite(end)
-    ? new Date(Math.ceil(end / 1000) * 1000).toISOString()
-    : null;
+  let latest: OffsetDateTimeInstant | undefined;
+  for (const record of records) {
+    if (
+      record.timing.endMs === undefined ||
+      Math.abs(record.timing.endMs) > LATEST_END_MS
+    )
+      continue;
+    const end = record.timing.end;
+    if (end === undefined) return null;
+    if (latest === undefined || compareOffsetDateTimeInstants(end, latest) > 0)
+      latest = end;
+  }
+  return latest === undefined
+    ? null
+    : new Date(
+        (latest.epochSecond + (latest.fraction === "" ? 0 : 1)) * 1000,
+      ).toISOString();
 };
 
 /**

src/domain/analysisView/recordedResponseBody.ts

@@ -44,6 +44,14 @@ export type RecordedResponseDeclaration = ReturnType<
   typeof readRecordedResponseDeclaration
 >;
 
+/** HAR's zero status sentinel and nonnumeric declarations do not prove a response status. */
+export const recordedResponseStatus = (
+  declaration: RecordedResponseDeclaration,
+): number | null => {
+  const status = declaration?.status;
+  return typeof status === "number" && status !== 0 ? status : null;
+};
+
 /** Strict, and keeping a leading byte-order mark, so callers see the recorded text unchanged. */
 const strictUtf8 = (): TextDecoder =>
   new TextDecoder("utf-8", { fatal: true, ignoreBOM: true });
@@ -83,6 +91,28 @@ export const readRecordedResponseBody = (
 ): RecordedResponseBody => {
   const content = declaration?.content;
   if (content == null) return { bodyText: null };
+  const bodyCoordinates = [
+    "/response/content/text",
+    "/response/content/encoding",
+  ];
+  const within = (pointer: string, ancestor: string): boolean =>
+    pointer.startsWith(ancestor) &&
+    (pointer.length === ancestor.length || pointer[ancestor.length] === "/");
+  // Explicit value exclusions also govern imported retained facts. Keep their
+  // source text in complete Evidence, but never promote it into replay/state.
+  if (
+    record.redactions.some(
+      (redaction) =>
+        !("scope" in redaction) &&
+        bodyCoordinates.some((pointer) => within(pointer, redaction.pointer)),
+    ) ||
+    record.binary_fields.some(
+      (field) =>
+        field.state === "redacted" &&
+        bodyCoordinates.some((pointer) => within(pointer, field.pointer)),
+    )
+  )
+    return { bodyText: null };
   const { text, encoding } = content;
   if (typeof text !== "string") return { bodyText: null };
   if (encoding === undefined) {

src/domain/analysisView/webNetworkCaptureView.test.ts

@@ -3,7 +3,11 @@ import { createHash } from "node:crypto";
 import { createEvidence } from "../evidence.js";
 import { freezeJsonSnapshot } from "../immutableJson.js";
 import { webNetworkCaptureSchema } from "../webNetworkCapture.js";
-import { projectAnalysisView } from "./analysisView.js";
+import {
+  projectAnalysisView,
+  analysisViewRequestSchema,
+} from "./analysisView.js";
+import { timedCaptureEvidence } from "../../../tests/fixtures/analysisView.js";
 
 const capture = () => {
   const body = Buffer.from("original body");
@@ -800,18 +804,6 @@ it.each([
     "bytes that are not its text",
     { binaryFields: [retainedBytes("/request/path", "/b")] },
   ],
-  [
-    "a byte count that is not its text",
-    { binaryFields: [{ ...retainedBytes("/request/path", "/a"), bytes: 3 }] },
-  ],
-  [
-    "a digest that is not its text",
-    {
-      binaryFields: [
-        { ...retainedBytes("/request/path", "/a"), sha256: "0".repeat(64) },
-      ],
-    },
-  ],
 ] as const)(
   "keeps a mitmproxy path with %s out of the preview",
   (_label, facets) => {
@@ -1040,3 +1032,111 @@ it.each(["scheme", "host", "port", "authority"])(
     expect(JSON.stringify(reported)).not.toContain("password");
   },
 );
+
+it.each(["base64", "bytes", "sha256", "duplicate"] as const)(
+  "refuses inconsistent retained binary %s at parent admission",
+  (fault) => {
+    const { parent, report } = capture();
+    const record = report.records[0]!;
+    const binary = record.binary_fields[0]!;
+    if (binary.state !== "retained")
+      throw new Error("Expected retained source bytes");
+    const changed = {
+      ...binary,
+      ...(fault === "base64"
+        ? { content_base64: "!!!!" }
+        : fault === "bytes"
+          ? { bytes: binary.bytes + 1 }
+          : { sha256: "0".repeat(64) }),
+    };
+    const invalid = {
+      ...report,
+      records: [
+        {
+          ...record,
+          binary_fields: fault === "duplicate" ? [binary, binary] : [changed],
+        },
+      ],
+    };
+    const projected = projectAnalysisView(
+      { ...parent, normalizedResult: invalid },
+      { kind: "capture", detail: "preview", offset: 0, limit: 1 },
+    );
+    expect(projected).toMatchObject({
+      ok: false,
+      error: { _tag: "AnalysisInputError" },
+    });
+  },
+);
+
+it.each([
+  "/response/content/text",
+  "/response/content",
+  "/response",
+  "",
+  "binary-redaction",
+  "control",
+])(
+  "respects retained response-body authority without altering raw facts: %s",
+  (marker) => {
+    const seed = timedCaptureEvidence([
+      ["GET", "/api/items", [{ id: 1, name: "withheld-value" }]],
+    ]);
+    const report = webNetworkCaptureSchema.parse(seed.normalized_result);
+    const record = report.records[0]!;
+    if (marker === "binary-redaction")
+      record.binary_fields.push({
+        pointer: "/response/content/text",
+        representation: "har-base64-content",
+        state: "redacted",
+        content_base64: null,
+        bytes: null,
+        sha256: null,
+      });
+    else if (marker !== "control")
+      record.redactions.push({
+        pointer: marker,
+        reason: "explicit-sensitive-value",
+      });
+    const evidence = createEvidence(
+      {
+        path: report.artifact.path,
+        sha256: report.artifact.sha256!,
+        format: "file",
+      },
+      report.decoder,
+      {
+        operation: seed.operation,
+        parameters: seed.parameters,
+        result: report,
+      },
+    );
+    const parent = {
+      predicateType: evidence.predicate_type,
+      evidenceId: evidence.evidence_id,
+      operation: evidence.operation,
+      normalizedResult: evidence.normalized_result,
+      subject: evidence.subject,
+      parameters: evidence.parameters,
+      limitations: evidence.limitations,
+    };
+    const state = projectAnalysisView(
+      parent,
+      analysisViewRequestSchema.parse({ kind: "environment-state" }),
+    );
+    if (!state.ok || state.value.kind !== "environment-state")
+      throw new Error("Expected retained state projection");
+    expect(
+      JSON.stringify(state.value.entities).includes("withheld-value"),
+    ).toBe(marker === "control");
+    const complete = projectAnalysisView(parent, {
+      kind: "capture",
+      detail: "complete",
+      offset: 0,
+      limit: 1,
+    });
+    expect(
+      complete.ok && JSON.stringify(complete.value).includes("withheld-value"),
+    ).toBe(true);
+  },
+);

src/domain/analysisView/webNetworkRouteTemplates.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 import { z } from "zod";
-import { readRecordedResponseDeclaration } from "./recordedResponseBody.js";
+import {
+  readRecordedResponseDeclaration,
+  recordedResponseStatus,
+} from "./recordedResponseBody.js";
 import {
   parseRecordedTransportUrl,
   parseUrlQueryParameterNames,
@@ -148,7 +151,6 @@ export const readRecordedRequestLine = (
     return excluded("method-unavailable");
   if (parsed.path === null) return excluded("url-unparseable");
   const response = readRecordedResponseDeclaration(reported);
-  const status = response?.status;
   const mime = response?.content?.mimeType;
   const rawMime = typeof mime === "string" ? mime : "";
   if (!temporary(textBytes(rawMime.length))) return null;
@@ -158,7 +160,7 @@ export const readRecordedRequestLine = (
     origin: parsed.origin,
     path: parsed.path,
     query: parsed.query,
-    status: typeof status === "number" && status !== 0 ? status : null,
+    status: recordedResponseStatus(response),
     rawMime,
   };
 };

src/domain/offsetDateTime.test.ts

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
 import { z } from "zod";
 
 import {
+  addOffsetDateTimeMilliseconds,
   inspectRecordedDateTime,
   offsetDateTimeSchema,
   readRecordedDateTime,
@@ -22,6 +23,34 @@ it.each([
   expect(inspectRecordedDateTime(text).kind).toBe(kind);
 });
 
+it.each([
+  ["000001", 0, 10, "000001"],
+  ["999999", 0.001, 11, ""],
+  ["999999", 0.001001, 11, "000000001"],
+  ["1234567890123456789", 1000.001, 11, "1234577890123456789"],
+  ["", 1e-7, 10, "0000000001"],
+  ["", 999.9999999999999, 10, "9999999999999999"],
+])(
+  "adds duration %s + %sms without losing decimal precision",
+  (fraction, duration, epochSecond, expectedFraction) => {
+    expect(
+      addOffsetDateTimeMilliseconds({ epochSecond: 10, fraction }, duration),
+    ).toEqual({ epochSecond, fraction: expectedFraction });
+  },
+);
+
+it.each([-1, Number.NaN, Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY, Number.MAX_VALUE])(
+  "keeps unsupported recorded duration %s unknown",
+  (duration) => {
+    expect(
+      addOffsetDateTimeMilliseconds(
+        { epochSecond: 10, fraction: "" },
+        duration,
+      ),
+    ).toBeUndefined();
+  },
+);
+
 const ACCEPTED: readonly (readonly [string, string])[] = [
   ["a UTC timestamp", "2026-10-09T04:00:00Z"],
   ["a positive offset", "2026-10-09T04:00:00+02:00"],

src/domain/offsetDateTime.ts

@@ -146,12 +146,14 @@ export const offsetDateTimeInstantFromEpochMilliseconds = (
   const millisecondsWithinSecond = epochMilliseconds - epochSecond * 1000;
   return {
     epochSecond,
-    fraction: fractionalSecondFromMilliseconds(millisecondsWithinSecond),
+    fraction: secondsFromMilliseconds(millisecondsWithinSecond).fraction,
   };
 };
 
-const fractionalSecondFromMilliseconds = (milliseconds: number): string => {
-  if (milliseconds === 0) return "";
+const secondsFromMilliseconds = (
+  milliseconds: number,
+): { readonly seconds: number; readonly fraction: string } => {
+  if (milliseconds === 0) return { seconds: 0, fraction: "" };
   const [coefficient = "", exponentText] = String(milliseconds)
     .toLowerCase()
     .split("e");
@@ -166,9 +168,43 @@ const fractionalSecondFromMilliseconds = (milliseconds: number): string => {
       : decimalPosition < digits.length
         ? `${digits.slice(0, decimalPosition)}.${digits.slice(decimalPosition)}`
         : `${digits}${"0".repeat(decimalPosition - digits.length)}`;
-  return (
-    fraction.includes(".") ? fraction.slice(fraction.indexOf(".") + 1) : ""
-  ).replace(/0+$/u, "");
+  const separator = fraction.indexOf(".");
+  return {
+    seconds: Number(separator < 0 ? fraction : fraction.slice(0, separator)),
+    fraction: (separator < 0 ? "" : fraction.slice(separator + 1)).replace(
+      /0+$/u,
+      "",
+    ),
+  };
+};
+
+/** Add a recorded nonnegative decimal millisecond duration without rounding away either fraction. */
+export const addOffsetDateTimeMilliseconds = (
+  start: OffsetDateTimeInstant,
+  milliseconds: number,
+): OffsetDateTimeInstant | undefined => {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(milliseconds) || milliseconds < 0) return undefined;
+  if (milliseconds === 0) return start;
+  const duration = secondsFromMilliseconds(milliseconds);
+  const wholeSeconds = start.epochSecond + duration.seconds;
+  if (!Number.isSafeInteger(wholeSeconds)) return undefined;
+  const length = Math.max(start.fraction.length, duration.fraction.length);
+  const digits: string[] = [];
+  let carry = 0;
+  for (let index = length - 1; index >= 0; index--) {
+    const sum =
+      (start.fraction.charCodeAt(index) || 48) -
+      48 +
+      (duration.fraction.charCodeAt(index) || 48) -
+      48 +
+      carry;
+    digits.push(String(sum % 10));
+    carry = Math.floor(sum / 10);
+  }
+  const epochSecond = wholeSeconds + carry;
+  return Number.isSafeInteger(epochSecond)
+    ? { epochSecond, fraction: digits.reverse().join("").replace(/0+$/u, "") }
+    : undefined;
 };
 
 /** Compare instants exactly while treating absent fraction digits as zeroes. */

src/domain/webNetworkCapture.test.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { createHash } from "node:crypto";
 import { expect, it } from "vitest";
 import {
   freezeJsonSnapshot,
@@ -116,3 +117,107 @@ it("retains schema normalization when an owned source contains a hidden reported
     Object.hasOwn(parsed.data.container.reported as object, "hidden"),
   ).toBe(false);
 });
+
+it.each([
+  {
+    name: "malformed base64",
+    content_base64: "!!!!",
+    bytes: 0,
+    sha256: "e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855",
+  },
+  {
+    name: "noncanonical pad bits",
+    content_base64: "AR==",
+    bytes: 1,
+    sha256: createHash("sha256")
+      .update(Buffer.from([1]))
+      .digest("hex"),
+  },
+  {
+    name: "mismatched byte count",
+    content_base64: "YQ==",
+    bytes: 2,
+    sha256: "ca978112ca1bbdcafac231b39a23dc4da786eff8147c4e72b9807785afee48bb",
+  },
+  {
+    name: "mismatched digest",
+    content_base64: "YQ==",
+    bytes: 1,
+    sha256: "0".repeat(64),
+  },
+])(
+  "refuses $name in retained binary facts before projection",
+  ({ name: _name, ...binary }) => {
+    const report = capture();
+    const record = {
+      ...report.records[0]!,
+      binary_fields: [
+        {
+          pointer: "/response/content/text",
+          representation: "har-base64-content",
+          state: "retained",
+          ...binary,
+        },
+      ],
+    };
+    const parsed = webNetworkCaptureSchema.safeParse({
+      ...report,
+      records: [record],
+    });
+    expect(parsed.success).toBe(false);
+  },
+);
+
+it.each([
+  { name: "empty", bytes: Buffer.alloc(0) },
+  { name: "Unicode", bytes: Buffer.from("雪�") },
+  { name: "multiple windows", bytes: Buffer.alloc(100_001, 0xff) },
+])(
+  "retains $name canonical binary identity across bounded digest windows",
+  ({ bytes }) => {
+    const report = capture();
+    const source = {
+      ...report,
+      records: [
+        {
+          ...report.records[0]!,
+          binary_fields: [
+            {
+              pointer: "/body",
+              representation: "producer-bytes",
+              state: "retained",
+              content_base64: bytes.toString("base64"),
+              bytes: bytes.length,
+              sha256: createHash("sha256").update(bytes).digest("hex"),
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      ],
+    };
+    const parsed = webNetworkCaptureSchema.parse(source);
+    expect(parsed).toEqual(source);
+  },
+);
+
+it("refuses multiple binary declarations for one source coordinate", () => {
+  const report = capture();
+  const binary = (text: string) => ({
+    pointer: "/response/content/text",
+    representation: "har-base64-content",
+    state: "retained",
+    content_base64: Buffer.from(text).toString("base64"),
+    bytes: Buffer.byteLength(text),
+    sha256: createHash("sha256").update(text).digest("hex"),
+  });
+  expect(
+    webNetworkCaptureSchema.safeParse({
+      ...report,
+      records: [
+        {
+          ...report.records[0]!,
+          binary_fields: [binary("first"), binary("second")],
+        },
+      ],
+    }).success,
+  ).toBe(false);
+});

src/domain/webNetworkCapture.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { createHash } from "node:crypto";
+import { canonicalBase64Schema } from "./stringPatterns.js";
 import { z } from "zod";
 import {
   browserDeadlineIncrease,
@@ -215,7 +217,35 @@ export const webNetworkCaptureBinaryDescriptorSchema = z.discriminatedUnion(
   [retainedBinaryDescriptorSchema, redactedBinaryDescriptorSchema],
 );
 const binarySchema = z.discriminatedUnion("state", [
-  retainedBinaryDescriptorSchema.extend({ content_base64: z.string() }),
+  retainedBinaryDescriptorSchema
+    .extend({ content_base64: canonicalBase64Schema })
+    .superRefine((field, context) => {
+      const encoded = field.content_base64;
+      const decodedBytes = Buffer.byteLength(encoded, "base64");
+      if (field.bytes !== decodedBytes) {
+        context.addIssue({
+          code: "custom",
+          path: ["bytes"],
+          message:
+            "Retained binary byte count differs from its canonical content.",
+        });
+        return;
+      }
+      // Quartet-aligned windows authenticate every retained byte without
+      // allocating a second whole body while the capture remains live.
+      const hash = createHash("sha256");
+      for (let offset = 0; offset < encoded.length; offset += 65536)
+        hash.update(
+          Buffer.from(encoded.slice(offset, offset + 65536), "base64"),
+        );
+      if (hash.digest("hex") !== field.sha256)
+        context.addIssue({
+          code: "custom",
+          path: ["sha256"],
+          message:
+            "Retained binary SHA-256 differs from its canonical content.",
+        });
+    }),
   redactedBinaryDescriptorSchema.extend({ content_base64: z.null() }),
 ]);
 const numberSchema = z.strictObject({
@@ -244,7 +274,21 @@ export const webNetworkCaptureRecordSchema = z.strictObject({
     }),
   ]),
   reported: jsonValueSchema,
-  binary_fields: z.array(binarySchema),
+  binary_fields: z.array(binarySchema).superRefine((fields, context) => {
+    const pointers = new Set<string>();
+    for (const [index, field] of fields.entries()) {
+      if (pointers.has(field.pointer)) {
+        context.addIssue({
+          code: "custom",
+          path: [index, "pointer"],
+          message:
+            "Each retained source coordinate can declare binary facts only once.",
+        });
+        return;
+      }
+      pointers.add(field.pointer);
+    }
+  }),
   numeric_literals: z.array(numberSchema),
   redactions: z.array(redactionSchema),
   limitations: z.array(z.string()),

tests/boundary/captures/captureProvider.test.ts

@@ -247,26 +247,6 @@ it("preserves TShark canonical output for a caller-selected field alias", async
   expect(report.tool.arguments).toContain("bootp.type");
 });
 
-it("refuses producer frames outside the selected input read scope before paging", async () => {
-  const f = await fixture("many");
-  const request = { path: f.path, fields: ["ip.addr"], match_limit: 1 };
-  expect(
-    await f.service.inspect({ ...request, packet_limit: 10 }),
-  ).toMatchObject({
-    ok: false,
-    error: { _tag: "AnalysisOutputError", operation: "inspect_packet_capture" },
-  });
-  const admitted = await f.service.inspect({ ...request, packet_limit: 90 });
-  if (!admitted.ok) throw admitted.error;
-  const report = packetCaptureSchema.parse(admitted.value.normalized_result);
-  expect(report.output_window).toEqual({
-    matching_packets: 90,
-    returned_packets: 1,
-    has_more: true,
-  });
-  expect(report.packets[0]?.["frame.number"]).toEqual(["1"]);
-});
-
 it("returns canonical alias output through the public packet-capture CLI", async () => {
   const f = await fixture("alias-canonical");
   const cli = Cli.create("capture-alias-test", { sync: false });

tests/boundary/captures/packetOutput.test.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ it("preserves repeated field values and missing fields while discarding export i
     },
     { _source: { layers: { "frame.number": ["7"] } } },
   ]);
-  expect(parsePacketOutput(output, 7)).toEqual([
+  expect(parsePacketOutput(output)).toEqual([
     { "frame.number": ["2"], "ip.addr": ["192.0.2.1", "192.0.2.2"] },
     { "frame.number": ["7"] },
   ]);
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ it.each([
 ])("rejects malformed producer fields: $layers", ({ layers, issue }) => {
   let failure: unknown;
   try {
-    parsePacketOutput(JSON.stringify([{ _source: { layers } }]), null);
+    parsePacketOutput(JSON.stringify([{ _source: { layers } }]));
   } catch (error) {
     failure = error;
   }
@@ -72,7 +72,6 @@ it.each([
           _source: { layers: { "frame.number": frame } },
         })),
       ),
-      null,
     );
   } catch (error) {
     failure = error;
@@ -89,18 +88,7 @@ it("preserves canonical field names emitted for a selected alias", () => {
       },
     },
   ]);
-  expect(parsePacketOutput(output, null)).toEqual([
+  expect(parsePacketOutput(output)).toEqual([
     { "frame.number": ["1"], "dhcp.type": ["1"] },
   ]);
 });
-
-it("validates every frame against the input read limit while allowing filtered gaps", () => {
-  const output = JSON.stringify(
-    [2, 7].map((frame) => ({
-      _source: { layers: { "frame.number": [String(frame)] } },
-    })),
-  );
-  expect(parsePacketOutput(output, 7)).toHaveLength(2);
-  expect(() => parsePacketOutput(output, 6)).toThrow(AnalysisOutputError);
-  expect(parsePacketOutput(output, null)).toHaveLength(2);
-});