feat(tui): add prompt image previews

chore(tui): upgrade integrated OpenTUI snapshot
feat(tui): use OpenTUI clipboard service
2026-08-08 01:59:46 -04:00 · 2026-08-07 16:31:53 +02:00 · 2026-08-07 16:31:28 +02:00 · 2026-08-07 16:31:28 +02:00
104 changed files with 2426 additions and 3188 deletions
@@ -395,7 +395,6 @@
        "ignore": "7.0.5",
        "immer": "11.1.4",
        "jsonc-parser": "3.3.1",
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        "tree-sitter-bash": "0.25.0",
        "tree-sitter-powershell": "0.25.10",
        "turndown": "7.2.0",
@@ -598,9 +597,9 @@
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-        "@opentui/core": ">=0.4.5",
-        "@opentui/keymap": ">=0.4.5",
-        "@opentui/solid": ">=0.4.5",
+        "@opentui/core": "0.0.0-20260807-6b4336f3",
+        "@opentui/keymap": "0.0.0-20260807-6b4336f3",
+        "@opentui/solid": "0.0.0-20260807-6b4336f3",
        "solid-js": ">=1.9.0",
      },
      "optionalPeers": [
@@ -891,7 +890,6 @@
        "@opentui/keymap": "catalog:",
        "@opentui/solid": "catalog:",
        "@solid-primitives/event-bus": "1.1.2",
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        "effect": "catalog:",
        "fuzzysort": "catalog:",
        "get-east-asian-width": "catalog:",
@@ -1075,9 +1073,9 @@
    "@silvia-odwyer/photon-node@0.3.4": "patches/@silvia-odwyer%2Fphoton-node@0.3.4.patch",
  },
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-    "@opentui/keymap": "catalog:",
-    "@opentui/solid": "catalog:",
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+    "@opentui/keymap": "0.0.0-20260807-6b4336f3",
+    "@opentui/solid": "0.0.0-20260807-6b4336f3",
    "@types/bun": "catalog:",
    "@types/node": "catalog:",
    "effect": "catalog:",
@@ -1095,9 +1093,9 @@
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    "@octokit/rest": "22.0.0",
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-    "@opentui/keymap": "0.4.5",
-    "@opentui/solid": "0.4.5",
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+    "@opentui/keymap": "0.0.0-20260807-6b4336f3",
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    "@pierre/diffs": "1.2.10",
    "@playwright/test": "1.59.1",
    "@sentry/solid": "10.36.0",
@@ -2134,27 +2132,27 @@

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@@ -3582,8 +3580,6 @@

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-
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@@ -4000,7 +3996,7 @@

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@@ -4886,7 +4880,7 @@

    "npm-registry-fetch": ["npm-registry-fetch@19.1.1", "", { "dependencies": { "@npmcli/redact": "^4.0.0", "jsonparse": "^1.3.1", "make-fetch-happen": "^15.0.0", "minipass": "^7.0.2", "minipass-fetch": "^5.0.0", "minizlib": "^3.0.1", "npm-package-arg": "^13.0.0", "proc-log": "^6.0.0" } }, "sha512-TakBap6OM1w0H73VZVDf44iFXsOS3h+L4wVMXmbWOQroZgFhMch0juN6XSzBNlD965yIKvWg2dfu7NSiaYLxtw=="],

-    "npm-run-path": ["npm-run-path@5.3.0", "", { "dependencies": { "path-key": "^4.0.0" } }, "sha512-ppwTtiJZq0O/ai0z7yfudtBpWIoxM8yE6nHi1X47eFR2EWORqfbu6CnPlNsjeN683eT0qG6H/Pyf9fCcvjnnnQ=="],
+    "npm-run-path": ["npm-run-path@4.0.1", "", { "dependencies": { "path-key": "^3.0.0" } }, "sha512-S48WzZW777zhNIrn7gxOlISNAqi9ZC/uQFnRdbeIHhZhCA6UqpkOT8T1G7BvfdgP4Er8gF4sUbaS0i7QvIfCWw=="],

    "nth-check": ["nth-check@2.1.1", "", { "dependencies": { "boolbase": "^1.0.0" } }, "sha512-lqjrjmaOoAnWfMmBPL+XNnynZh2+swxiX3WUE0s4yEHI6m+AwrK2UZOimIRl3X/4QctVqS8AiZjFqyOGrMXb/w=="],

@@ -4912,7 +4906,7 @@

    "once": ["once@1.4.0", "", { "dependencies": { "wrappy": "1" } }, "sha512-lNaJgI+2Q5URQBkccEKHTQOPaXdUxnZZElQTZY0MFUAuaEqe1E+Nyvgdz/aIyNi6Z9MzO5dv1H8n58/GELp3+w=="],

-    "onetime": ["onetime@6.0.0", "", { "dependencies": { "mimic-fn": "^4.0.0" } }, "sha512-1FlR+gjXK7X+AsAHso35MnyN5KqGwJRi/31ft6x0M194ht7S+rWAvd7PHss9xSKMzE0asv1pyIHaJYq+BbacAQ=="],
+    "onetime": ["onetime@5.1.2", "", { "dependencies": { "mimic-fn": "^2.1.0" } }, "sha512-kbpaSSGJTWdAY5KPVeMOKXSrPtr8C8C7wodJbcsd51jRnmD+GZu8Y0VoU6Dm5Z4vWr0Ig/1NKuWRKf7j5aaYSg=="],

    "oniguruma-parser": ["oniguruma-parser@0.12.2", "", {}, "sha512-6HVa5oIrgMC6aA6WF6XyyqbhRPJrKR02L20+2+zpDtO5QAzGHAUGw5TKQvwi5vctNnRHkJYmjAhRVQF2EKdTQw=="],

@@ -5512,7 +5506,7 @@

    "strip-bom-string": ["strip-bom-string@1.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-uCC2VHvQRYu+lMh4My/sFNmF2klFymLX1wHJeXnbEJERpV/ZsVuonzerjfrGpIGF7LBVa1O7i9kjiWvJiFck8g=="],

-    "strip-final-newline": ["strip-final-newline@3.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-dOESqjYr96iWYylGObzd39EuNTa5VJxyvVAEm5Jnh7KGo75V43Hk1odPQkNDyXNmUR6k+gEiDVXnjB8HJ3crXw=="],
+    "strip-final-newline": ["strip-final-newline@2.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-BrpvfNAE3dcvq7ll3xVumzjKjZQ5tI1sEUIKr3Uoks0XUl45St3FlatVqef9prk4jRDzhW6WZg+3bk93y6pLjA=="],

    "strip-indent": ["strip-indent@3.0.0", "", { "dependencies": { "min-indent": "^1.0.0" } }, "sha512-laJTa3Jb+VQpaC6DseHhF7dXVqHTfJPCRDaEbid/drOhgitgYku/letMUqOXFoWV0zIIUbjpdH2t+tYj4bQMRQ=="],

@@ -5544,8 +5538,6 @@

    "svgo": ["svgo@4.0.2", "", { "dependencies": { "commander": "^11.1.0", "css-select": "^5.1.0", "css-tree": "^3.0.1", "css-what": "^6.1.0", "csso": "^5.0.5", "picocolors": "^1.1.1", "sax": "^1.5.0" }, "bin": "./bin/svgo.js" }, "sha512-ekx94z1rRc5LDi6oSUaeRnYhd0UOJxdtQCL2rF8xpWxD3TPAsISWOrxezqGovqS38GRZOdpDfvQe3ts6F7nsng=="],

-    "system-architecture": ["system-architecture@0.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-ulAk51I9UVUyJgxlv9M6lFot2WP3e7t8Kz9+IS6D4rVba1tR9kON+Ey69f+1R4Q8cd45Lod6a4IcJIxnzGc/zA=="],
-
    "tagged-tag": ["tagged-tag@1.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-yEFYrVhod+hdNyx7g5Bnkkb0G6si8HJurOoOEgC8B/O0uXLHlaey/65KRv6cuWBNhBgHKAROVpc7QyYqE5gFng=="],

    "tailwindcss": ["tailwindcss@4.1.11", "", {}, "sha512-2E9TBm6MDD/xKYe+dvJZAmg3yxIEDNRc0jwlNyDg/4Fil2QcSLjFKGVff0lAf1jjeaArlG/M75Ey/EYr/OJtBA=="],
@@ -6484,8 +6476,6 @@

    "@vercel/cli-config/zod": ["zod@4.1.11", "", {}, "sha512-WPsqwxITS2tzx1bzhIKsEs19ABD5vmCVa4xBo2tq/SrV4RNZtfws1EnCWQXM6yh8bD08a1idvkB5MZSBiZsjwg=="],

-    "@vercel/cli-exec/execa": ["execa@5.1.1", "", { "dependencies": { "cross-spawn": "^7.0.3", "get-stream": "^6.0.0", "human-signals": "^2.1.0", "is-stream": "^2.0.0", "merge-stream": "^2.0.0", "npm-run-path": "^4.0.1", "onetime": "^5.1.2", "signal-exit": "^3.0.3", "strip-final-newline": "^2.0.0" } }, "sha512-8uSpZZocAZRBAPIEINJj3Lo9HyGitllczc27Eh5YYojjMFMn8yHMDMaUHE2Jqfq05D/wucwI4JGURyXt1vchyg=="],
-
    "@vercel/functions/@vercel/oidc": ["@vercel/oidc@3.8.1", "", { "dependencies": { "@vercel/cli-config": "0.2.1", "@vercel/cli-exec": "1.0.0", "jose": "^5.9.6" } }, "sha512-ufdalm2MWOYksyj8KVpWjoOFPJO6zoYpuyvIggIQ2bB0CFCjTCiTkGXHqAKwG77GVRjOaN3/8S5ITlZpXWmqOw=="],

    "@vercel/nft/acorn": ["acorn@8.17.0", "", { "bin": { "acorn": "bin/acorn" } }, "sha512-xRQbDb9BnwDafYNn6Vwl839DYVjqXYb1XVGtWAZ1kcDc6iwAL4hg3B1dZlRiuENFeO2H53gFG3in621AdERVAg=="],
@@ -6670,9 +6660,11 @@

    "estree-util-to-js/source-map": ["source-map@0.7.6", "", {}, "sha512-i5uvt8C3ikiWeNZSVZNWcfZPItFQOsYTUAOkcUPGd8DqDy1uOUikjt5dG+uRlwyvR108Fb9DOd4GvXfT0N2/uQ=="],

-    "execa/get-stream": ["get-stream@8.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-VaUJspBffn/LMCJVoMvSAdmscJyS1auj5Zulnn5UoYcY531UWmdwhRWkcGKnGU93m5HSXP9LP2usOryrBtQowA=="],
+    "execa/get-stream": ["get-stream@6.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-ts6Wi+2j3jQjqi70w5AlN8DFnkSwC+MqmxEzdEALB2qXZYV3X/b1CTfgPLGJNMeAWxdPfU8FO1ms3NUfaHCPYg=="],

-    "execa/is-stream": ["is-stream@3.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-LnQR4bZ9IADDRSkvpqMGvt/tEJWclzklNgSw48V5EAaAeDd6qGvN8ei6k5p0tvxSR171VmGyHuTiAOfxAbr8kA=="],
+    "execa/is-stream": ["is-stream@2.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-hFoiJiTl63nn+kstHGBtewWSKnQLpyb155KHheA1l39uvtO9nWIop1p3udqPcUd/xbF1VLMO4n7OI6p7RbngDg=="],
+
+    "execa/signal-exit": ["signal-exit@3.0.7", "", {}, "sha512-wnD2ZE+l+SPC/uoS0vXeE9L1+0wuaMqKlfz9AMUo38JsyLSBWSFcHR1Rri62LZc12vLr1gb3jl7iwQhgwpAbGQ=="],

    "express/cookie": ["cookie@0.7.2", "", {}, "sha512-yki5XnKuf750l50uGTllt6kKILY4nQ1eNIQatoXEByZ5dWgnKqbnqmTrBE5B4N7lrMJKQ2ytWMiTO2o0v6Ew/w=="],

@@ -6744,8 +6736,6 @@

    "node-gyp/undici": ["undici@6.28.0", "", {}, "sha512-LIY910g9TI13YS95lrMFrs8Rm/u/irgHeTWoKCoteeJ04CUJ92eEfj0rVn+7VKMPBpUPiUoBKfhNyLI23EE/KA=="],

-    "npm-run-path/path-key": ["path-key@4.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-haREypq7xkM7ErfgIyA0z+Bj4AGKlMSdlQE2jvJo6huWD1EdkKYV+G/T4nq0YEF2vgTT8kqMFKo1uHn950r4SQ=="],
-
    "openid-client/jose": ["jose@4.15.9", "", {}, "sha512-1vUQX+IdDMVPj4k8kOxgUqlcK518yluMuGZwqlr44FS1ppZB/5GWh4rZG89erpOBOJjU/OBsnCVFfapsRz6nEA=="],

    "openid-client/lru-cache": ["lru-cache@6.0.0", "", { "dependencies": { "yallist": "^4.0.0" } }, "sha512-Jo6dJ04CmSjuznwJSS3pUeWmd/H0ffTlkXXgwZi+eq1UCmqQwCh+eLsYOYCwY991i2Fah4h1BEMCx4qThGbsiA=="],
@@ -7516,20 +7506,6 @@

    "@tailwindcss/oxide-wasm32-wasi/@napi-rs/wasm-runtime/@tybys/wasm-util": ["@tybys/wasm-util@0.10.3", "", { "dependencies": { "tslib": "^2.4.0" } }, "sha512-F3fo1MYrRJYL3zER0OUOmkutjr1Vp23m7OsSgp7nq4SP6OqX6C/56XFIPAl5bt3zaBRjmW7SGz3u/6LwFpYcOg=="],

-    "@vercel/cli-exec/execa/get-stream": ["get-stream@6.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-ts6Wi+2j3jQjqi70w5AlN8DFnkSwC+MqmxEzdEALB2qXZYV3X/b1CTfgPLGJNMeAWxdPfU8FO1ms3NUfaHCPYg=="],
-
-    "@vercel/cli-exec/execa/human-signals": ["human-signals@2.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-B4FFZ6q/T2jhhksgkbEW3HBvWIfDW85snkQgawt07S7J5QXTk6BkNV+0yAeZrM5QpMAdYlocGoljn0sJ/WQkFw=="],
-
-    "@vercel/cli-exec/execa/is-stream": ["is-stream@2.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-hFoiJiTl63nn+kstHGBtewWSKnQLpyb155KHheA1l39uvtO9nWIop1p3udqPcUd/xbF1VLMO4n7OI6p7RbngDg=="],
-
-    "@vercel/cli-exec/execa/npm-run-path": ["npm-run-path@4.0.1", "", { "dependencies": { "path-key": "^3.0.0" } }, "sha512-S48WzZW777zhNIrn7gxOlISNAqi9ZC/uQFnRdbeIHhZhCA6UqpkOT8T1G7BvfdgP4Er8gF4sUbaS0i7QvIfCWw=="],
-
-    "@vercel/cli-exec/execa/onetime": ["onetime@5.1.2", "", { "dependencies": { "mimic-fn": "^2.1.0" } }, "sha512-kbpaSSGJTWdAY5KPVeMOKXSrPtr8C8C7wodJbcsd51jRnmD+GZu8Y0VoU6Dm5Z4vWr0Ig/1NKuWRKf7j5aaYSg=="],
-
-    "@vercel/cli-exec/execa/signal-exit": ["signal-exit@3.0.7", "", {}, "sha512-wnD2ZE+l+SPC/uoS0vXeE9L1+0wuaMqKlfz9AMUo38JsyLSBWSFcHR1Rri62LZc12vLr1gb3jl7iwQhgwpAbGQ=="],
-
-    "@vercel/cli-exec/execa/strip-final-newline": ["strip-final-newline@2.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-BrpvfNAE3dcvq7ll3xVumzjKjZQ5tI1sEUIKr3Uoks0XUl45St3FlatVqef9prk4jRDzhW6WZg+3bk93y6pLjA=="],
-
    "@vercel/functions/@vercel/oidc/jose": ["jose@5.9.6", "", {}, "sha512-AMlnetc9+CV9asI19zHmrgS/WYsWUwCn2R7RzlbJWD7F9eWYUTGyBmU9o6PxngtLGOiDGPRu+Uc4fhKzbpteZQ=="],

    "@vercel/routing-utils/ajv/json-schema-traverse": ["json-schema-traverse@0.4.1", "", {}, "sha512-xbbCH5dCYU5T8LcEhhuh7HJ88HXuW3qsI3Y0zOZFKfZEHcpWiHU/Jxzk629Brsab/mMiHQti9wMP+845RPe3Vg=="],
@@ -8586,8 +8562,6 @@

    "@solidjs/start/shiki/@shikijs/engine-javascript/oniguruma-to-es": ["oniguruma-to-es@2.3.0", "", { "dependencies": { "emoji-regex-xs": "^1.0.0", "regex": "^5.1.1", "regex-recursion": "^5.1.1" } }, "sha512-bwALDxriqfKGfUufKGGepCzu9x7nJQuoRoAFp4AnwehhC2crqrDIAP/uN2qdlsAvSMpeRC3+Yzhqc7hLmle5+g=="],

-    "@vercel/cli-exec/execa/onetime/mimic-fn": ["mimic-fn@2.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-OqbOk5oEQeAZ8WXWydlu9HJjz9WVdEIvamMCcXmuqUYjTknH/sqsWvhQ3vgwKFRR1HpjvNBKQ37nbJgYzGqGcg=="],
-
    "ansi-align/string-width/strip-ansi/ansi-regex": ["ansi-regex@5.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-quJQXlTSUGL2LH9SUXo8VwsY4soanhgo6LNSm84E1LBcE8s3O0wpdiRzyR9z/ZZJMlMWv37qOOb9pdJlMUEKFQ=="],

    "app-builder-lib/@electron/get/fs-extra/universalify": ["universalify@0.1.2", "", {}, "sha512-rBJeI5CXAlmy1pV+617WB9J63U6XcazHHF2f2dbJix4XzpUF0RS3Zbj0FGIOCAva5P/d/GBOYaACQ1w+0azUkg=="],
@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@
      "@octokit/rest": "22.0.0",
      "@hono/standard-validator": "0.2.0",
      "@hono/zod-validator": "0.4.2",
-      "@opentui/core": "0.4.5",
-      "@opentui/keymap": "0.4.5",
-      "@opentui/solid": "0.4.5",
+      "@opentui/core": "0.0.0-20260807-6b4336f3",
+      "@opentui/keymap": "0.0.0-20260807-6b4336f3",
+      "@opentui/solid": "0.0.0-20260807-6b4336f3",
      "@tanstack/solid-virtual": "3.13.32",
      "@shikijs/stream": "4.2.0",
      "@standard-schema/spec": "1.1.0",
@@ -149,9 +149,9 @@
    "electron"
  ],
  "overrides": {
-    "@opentui/core": "catalog:",
-    "@opentui/keymap": "catalog:",
-    "@opentui/solid": "catalog:",
+    "@opentui/core": "0.0.0-20260807-6b4336f3",
+    "@opentui/keymap": "0.0.0-20260807-6b4336f3",
+    "@opentui/solid": "0.0.0-20260807-6b4336f3",
    "@types/bun": "catalog:",
    "@types/node": "catalog:",
    "effect": "catalog:"
@@ -25,20 +25,8 @@ import { ToolSchemaProjection } from "./utils/tool-schema"

 const ADAPTER = "gemini"
 const MEDIA_MIMES = new Set<string>(ProviderShared.MEDIA_MIMES)
-// Google documents this sentinel for replaying Gemini 3 function calls after their original signature was lost.
-const SKIP_THOUGHT_SIGNATURE_VALIDATOR = "skip_thought_signature_validator"
 export const DEFAULT_BASE_URL = "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com/v1beta"

-// Gemini 3 rejects replayed function calls without a thought signature. Google's SDKs avoid that in normal chats by
-// retaining complete model responses, but OpenCode reconstructs durable history and may encounter an unsigned call
-// from an older or external session. Model IDs are open-ended, so unknown Gemini aliases inherit current behavior.
-const requiresThoughtSignatureFallback = (modelID: string) => {
-  if (!/(^|\/)gemini-/i.test(modelID)) return false
-  if (/(^|\/)gemini-(?:1|2)(?:[.-]|$)/i.test(modelID)) return false
-  if (/(^|\/)gemini-pro(?:-vision)?$/i.test(modelID)) return false
-  return !/(^|\/)gemini-robotics-er-1\.5(?:[.-]|$)/i.test(modelID)
-}
-
 export interface OptionsInput {
  readonly [key: string]: unknown
  readonly cachedContent?: string
@@ -157,9 +145,6 @@ const GeminiGenerationConfig = Schema.Struct({
  temperature: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
  topP: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
  topK: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
-  frequencyPenalty: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
-  presencePenalty: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
-  seed: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
  stopSequences: optionalArray(Schema.String),
  thinkingConfig: Schema.optional(GeminiThinkingConfig),
 })
@@ -217,13 +202,11 @@ interface ParserState {
 //    keys on non-object scalars. Mirrors OpenCode's historical Gemini rules.
 //
 // 2. Project — lossy mapping from JSON Schema to Gemini's schema dialect:
-//    drop empty root parameter schemas while preserving nested empty objects,
-//    expand type arrays into `anyOf`, derive `nullable: true` from null members,
-//    coerce `const` to `[const]` enum, recurse properties/items, and propagate
+//    drop empty objects, derive `nullable: true` from `type: [..., "null"]`,
+//    coerce `const` to `[const]` enum, recurse properties/items, propagate
 //    only an allowlisted set of keys (description, required, format, type,
-//    nullable, enum, properties, items, allOf, anyOf, oneOf, minLength).
-//    Anything outside the allowlist (e.g. `additionalProperties`, `$ref`) is
-//    silently dropped.
+//    properties, items, allOf, anyOf, oneOf, minLength). Anything outside the
+//    allowlist (e.g. `additionalProperties`, `$ref`) is silently dropped.
 //
 // Sanitize runs first, then project. The implementation lives in
 // `utils/gemini-tool-schema` so this protocol keeps the same shape as the other
@@ -299,8 +282,6 @@ const lowerMessages = Effect.fn("Gemini.lowerMessages")(function* (request: LLMR

    if (message.role === "assistant") {
      const parts: Array<Schema.Schema.Type<typeof GeminiContentPart>> = []
-      // Parallel Gemini 3 calls may carry one signature on the first call; unsigned sibling calls are valid.
-      let hasSignedToolCall = false
      for (const part of message.content) {
        if (!ProviderShared.supportsContent(part, ["text", "reasoning", "tool-call"]))
          return yield* ProviderShared.unsupportedContent("Gemini", "assistant", ["text", "reasoning", "tool-call"])
@@ -313,17 +294,7 @@ const lowerMessages = Effect.fn("Gemini.lowerMessages")(function* (request: LLMR
          continue
        }
        if (part.type === "tool-call") {
-          const lowered = lowerToolCall(part)
-          const signature = lowered.thoughtSignature
-          parts.push({
-            ...lowered,
-            thoughtSignature:
-              signature ??
-              (requiresThoughtSignatureFallback(request.model.id) && !hasSignedToolCall
-                ? SKIP_THOUGHT_SIGNATURE_VALIDATOR
-                : undefined),
-          })
-          if (signature !== undefined) hasSignedToolCall = true
+          parts.push(lowerToolCall(part))
          continue
        }
      }
@@ -417,9 +388,6 @@ const fromRequest = Effect.fn("Gemini.fromRequest")(function* (request: LLMReque
    temperature: generation?.temperature,
    topP: generation?.topP,
    topK: generation?.topK,
-    frequencyPenalty: generation?.frequencyPenalty,
-    presencePenalty: generation?.presencePenalty,
-    seed: generation?.seed,
    stopSequences: generation?.stop,
    thinkingConfig: options.thinkingConfig,
  }
@@ -90,15 +90,10 @@ const OpenResponsesFunctionCallOutput = Schema.Union([
 ])

 export const InputItem = Schema.Union([
-  Schema.Struct({ role: Schema.tag("system"), id: Schema.optionalKey(Schema.String), content: Schema.String }),
-  Schema.Struct({
-    role: Schema.tag("user"),
-    id: Schema.optionalKey(Schema.String),
-    content: Schema.Array(OpenResponsesInputContent),
-  }),
+  Schema.Struct({ role: Schema.tag("system"), content: Schema.String }),
+  Schema.Struct({ role: Schema.tag("user"), content: Schema.Array(OpenResponsesInputContent) }),
  Schema.Struct({
    role: Schema.tag("assistant"),
-    id: Schema.optionalKey(Schema.String),
    content: Schema.Array(OpenResponsesOutputText),
    phase: Schema.optionalKey(MessagePhase),
  }),
@@ -106,23 +101,19 @@ export const InputItem = Schema.Union([
  OpenResponsesItemReference,
  Schema.Struct({
    type: Schema.tag("function_call"),
-    id: Schema.optionalKey(Schema.String),
    call_id: Schema.String,
    name: Schema.String,
    arguments: Schema.String,
  }),
  Schema.Struct({
    type: Schema.tag("function_call_output"),
-    id: Schema.optionalKey(Schema.String),
    call_id: Schema.String,
    output: OpenResponsesFunctionCallOutput,
  }),
 ])
 type OpenResponsesInputItem = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof InputItem>
-type ProviderInputItem = Readonly<Record<string, unknown>> & { readonly type: string; readonly id?: string }
 type LoweredInputItem =
  | OpenResponsesInputItem
-  | ProviderInputItem
  | {
      readonly role: "assistant"
      readonly content: ReadonlyArray<{ readonly type: "output_text"; readonly text: string }>
@@ -137,7 +128,7 @@ type OpenResponsesReasoningInput = {
  summary: Array<{ type: "summary_text"; text: string }>
  encrypted_content?: string | null
 }
-type OpenResponsesReasoningReplay = Omit<OpenResponsesReasoningInput, "id"> & { id?: string }
+type OpenResponsesReasoningReplay = Omit<OpenResponsesReasoningInput, "id">

 export const Tool = Schema.Struct({
  type: Schema.tag("function"),
@@ -263,11 +254,6 @@ export interface Extension {
    readonly request: LLMRequest
  }) => MediaInput | undefined
  readonly messagePhase?: (value: unknown) => MessagePhase | null | undefined
-  readonly lowerProviderItem?: (
-    part: ToolResultPart,
-    providerMetadataKey: string,
-    store: boolean | undefined,
-  ) => ProviderInputItem | undefined
 }

 const BASE: Extension = { id: ADAPTER, name: NAME }
@@ -324,47 +310,35 @@ export const lowerToolChoice = (protocolName: string, toolChoice: NonNullable<LL
    tool: (toolName) => ({ type: "function" as const, name: toolName }),
  })

-const metadataItemID = (
-  part: { readonly itemId?: string; readonly providerMetadata?: ProviderMetadata },
-  providerMetadataKey: string,
-) => {
-  if (part.itemId) return part.itemId
-  const metadata = part.providerMetadata?.[providerMetadataKey]
-  return ProviderShared.isRecord(metadata) && typeof metadata.itemId === "string" && metadata.itemId.length > 0
-    ? metadata.itemId
-    : undefined
-}
-
-const lowerToolCall = (part: ToolCallPart, providerMetadataKey: string): OpenResponsesInputItem => {
-  const itemId = metadataItemID(part, providerMetadataKey)
-  return {
-    type: "function_call",
-    ...(itemId === undefined ? {} : { id: itemId }),
-    call_id: part.id,
-    name: part.name,
-    arguments: ProviderShared.encodeJson(part.input),
-  }
-}
+const lowerToolCall = (part: ToolCallPart): OpenResponsesInputItem => ({
+  type: "function_call",
+  call_id: part.id,
+  name: part.name,
+  arguments: ProviderShared.encodeJson(part.input),
+})

 const lowerReasoning = (part: ReasoningPart, providerMetadataKey: string): OpenResponsesReasoningInput | undefined => {
  const metadata = part.providerMetadata?.[providerMetadataKey]
-  const itemId = metadataItemID(part, providerMetadataKey)
-  if (!itemId) return undefined
+  if (!ProviderShared.isRecord(metadata) || typeof metadata.itemId !== "string" || metadata.itemId.length === 0)
+    return undefined
  const encryptedContent =
-    ProviderShared.isRecord(metadata) &&
-    (typeof metadata.reasoningEncryptedContent === "string" || metadata.reasoningEncryptedContent === null)
+    typeof metadata.reasoningEncryptedContent === "string" || metadata.reasoningEncryptedContent === null
      ? metadata.reasoningEncryptedContent
      : undefined
  return {
    type: "reasoning",
-    id: itemId,
+    id: metadata.itemId,
    summary: part.text.length > 0 ? [{ type: "summary_text", text: part.text }] : [],
    encrypted_content: encryptedContent,
  }
 }

-const hostedToolItemID = (part: ToolResultPart, providerMetadataKey: string) =>
-  metadataItemID(part, providerMetadataKey)
+const hostedToolItemID = (part: ToolResultPart, providerMetadataKey: string) => {
+  const metadata = part.providerMetadata?.[providerMetadataKey]
+  return ProviderShared.isRecord(metadata) && typeof metadata.itemId === "string" && metadata.itemId.length > 0
+    ? metadata.itemId
+    : undefined
+}

 const lowerMedia = Effect.fn("OpenResponses.lowerMedia")(function* (
  part: MediaPart,
@@ -423,18 +397,17 @@ const lowerToolResultOutput = Effect.fn("OpenResponses.lowerToolResultOutput")(f
 })

 const lowerMessages = Effect.fn("OpenResponses.lowerMessages")(function* (request: LLMRequest, extension: Extension) {
-  const options = OpenResponsesOptions.resolve(request)
  const system: LoweredInputItem[] =
    request.system.length === 0 ? [] : [{ role: "system", content: ProviderShared.joinText(request.system) }]
  const input: LoweredInputItem[] = [...system]
-  const store = options.store
+  const store = OpenResponsesOptions.resolve(request).store
  const providerMetadataKey = request.model.route.providerMetadataKey ?? "openresponses"

  for (const message of request.messages) {
    if (message.role === "system") {
      const part = yield* ProviderShared.wrappedSystemUpdate(extension.name, message)
      const previous = input.at(-1)
-      if (previous && "role" in previous && previous.role === "user" && Array.isArray(previous.content))
+      if (previous && "role" in previous && previous.role === "user")
        input[input.length - 1] = {
          role: "user",
          content: [...previous.content, { type: "input_text", text: part.text }],
@@ -454,24 +427,24 @@ const lowerMessages = Effect.fn("OpenResponses.lowerMessages")(function* (reques
    if (message.role === "assistant") {
      const content: TextPart[] = []
      const reasoningItems: Record<string, OpenResponsesReasoningReplay> = {}
-      const hostedToolItems = new Set<string>()
+      const reasoningReferences = new Set<string>()
+      const hostedToolReferences = new Set<string>()
      const flushText = () => {
        if (content.length === 0) return
-        const groups = content.reduce<
-          Array<{ phase: MessagePhase | null | undefined; itemId: string | undefined; parts: TextPart[] }>
-        >((groups, part) => {
-          const metadata = part.providerMetadata?.[providerMetadataKey]
-          const phase = ProviderShared.isRecord(metadata) ? messagePhase(metadata.phase, extension) : undefined
-          const itemId = metadataItemID(part, providerMetadataKey)
-          const group = groups.at(-1)
-          if (group && group.phase === phase && group.itemId === itemId) group.parts.push(part)
-          else groups.push({ phase, itemId, parts: [part] })
-          return groups
-        }, [])
+        const groups = content.reduce<Array<{ phase: MessagePhase | null | undefined; parts: TextPart[] }>>(
+          (groups, part) => {
+            const metadata = part.providerMetadata?.[providerMetadataKey]
+            const phase = ProviderShared.isRecord(metadata) ? messagePhase(metadata.phase, extension) : undefined
+            const group = groups.at(-1)
+            if (group && group.phase === phase) group.parts.push(part)
+            else groups.push({ phase, parts: [part] })
+            return groups
+          },
+          [],
+        )
        input.push(
          ...groups.map((group) => ({
            role: "assistant" as const,
-            ...(group.itemId === undefined ? {} : { id: group.itemId }),
            content: group.parts.map((part) => ({ type: "output_text" as const, text: part.text })),
            ...(group.phase === undefined ? {} : { phase: group.phase }),
          })),
@@ -487,6 +460,11 @@ const lowerMessages = Effect.fn("OpenResponses.lowerMessages")(function* (reques
          flushText()
          const reasoning = lowerReasoning(part, providerMetadataKey)
          if (!reasoning) continue
+          if (store !== false) {
+            if (!reasoningReferences.has(reasoning.id)) input.push({ type: "item_reference", id: reasoning.id })
+            reasoningReferences.add(reasoning.id)
+            continue
+          }
          const existing = reasoningItems[reasoning.id]
          if (existing) {
            existing.summary.push(...reasoning.summary)
@@ -496,7 +474,6 @@ const lowerMessages = Effect.fn("OpenResponses.lowerMessages")(function* (reques
          }
          const replay = {
            type: reasoning.type,
-            id: reasoning.id,
            summary: reasoning.summary,
            encrypted_content: reasoning.encrypted_content,
          }
@@ -507,24 +484,22 @@ const lowerMessages = Effect.fn("OpenResponses.lowerMessages")(function* (reques
        if (part.type === "tool-call") {
          flushText()
          if (part.providerExecuted === true) continue
-          input.push(lowerToolCall(part, providerMetadataKey))
+          input.push(lowerToolCall(part))
          continue
        }
        if (part.type === "tool-result" && part.providerExecuted === true) {
          flushText()
          const itemID = hostedToolItemID(part, providerMetadataKey)
-          const providerItem = extension.lowerProviderItem?.(part, providerMetadataKey, store)
-          if (providerItem && itemID && !hostedToolItems.has(itemID)) input.push(providerItem)
-          if (!providerItem && store !== false && itemID && !hostedToolItems.has(itemID))
+          if (store !== false && itemID && !hostedToolReferences.has(itemID))
            input.push({ type: "item_reference", id: itemID })
-          if (!providerItem && store === false && part.result.type === "content") {
+          if (store === false && part.result.type === "content") {
            const content: ReadonlyArray<Content> = part.result.value
            input.push({
              role: "user",
              content: yield* Effect.forEach(content, (item) => lowerToolResultContentItem(item, request, extension)),
            })
          }
-          if (itemID) hostedToolItems.add(itemID)
+          if (itemID) hostedToolReferences.add(itemID)
          continue
        }
        return yield* ProviderShared.unsupportedContent(extension.name, "assistant", [
@@ -666,9 +641,9 @@ const onOutputTextDelta = (state: ParserState, event: Event, id: string): StepRe
  if (!event.delta) return [state, NO_EVENTS]
  const events: LLMEvent[] = []
  const phase = state.messagePhases[id]
-  const metadata = providerMetadata(state, { itemId: id, ...(phase === undefined ? {} : { phase }) })
-  const lifecycle = Lifecycle.textStart(state.lifecycle, events, id, metadata, id)
-  return [{ ...state, lifecycle: Lifecycle.textDelta(lifecycle, events, id, event.delta, metadata, id) }, events]
+  const metadata = phase === undefined ? undefined : providerMetadata(state, { phase })
+  const lifecycle = Lifecycle.textStart(state.lifecycle, events, id, metadata)
+  return [{ ...state, lifecycle: Lifecycle.textDelta(lifecycle, events, id, event.delta) }, events]
 }

 const onOutputTextDone = (state: ParserState, event: Event, id: string): StepResult => {
@@ -677,13 +652,7 @@ const onOutputTextDone = (state: ParserState, event: Event, id: string): StepRes
    return onOutputTextDelta(state, { ...event, delta: event.text }, id)
  }
  const events: LLMEvent[] = []
-  return [
-    {
-      ...state,
-      lifecycle: Lifecycle.textEnd(state.lifecycle, events, id, providerMetadata(state, { itemId: id }), id),
-    },
-    events,
-  ]
+  return [{ ...state, lifecycle: Lifecycle.textEnd(state.lifecycle, events, id) }, events]
 }

 export const onReasoningDelta = (state: ParserState, event: Event, itemID: string): StepResult => {
@@ -694,14 +663,7 @@ export const onReasoningDelta = (state: ParserState, event: Event, itemID: strin
  return [
    {
      ...state,
-      lifecycle: Lifecycle.reasoningDelta(
-        state.lifecycle,
-        events,
-        id,
-        event.delta,
-        providerMetadata(state, { itemId: itemID }),
-        itemID,
-      ),
+      lifecycle: Lifecycle.reasoningDelta(state.lifecycle, events, id, event.delta),
    },
    events,
  ]
@@ -743,13 +705,7 @@ const onOutputItemAdded = (state: ParserState, event: Event): StepResult => {
    return [
      {
        ...state,
-        lifecycle: Lifecycle.reasoningStart(
-          state.lifecycle,
-          events,
-          `${item.id}:0`,
-          reasoningMetadata(state, item),
-          item.id,
-        ),
+        lifecycle: Lifecycle.reasoningStart(state.lifecycle, events, `${item.id}:0`, reasoningMetadata(state, item)),
        reasoningItems: {
          ...state.reasoningItems,
          [item.id]: { encryptedContent: item.encrypted_content, summaryParts: { 0: "active" } },
@@ -768,7 +724,6 @@ const onOutputItemAdded = (state: ParserState, event: Event): StepResult => {
      lifecycle,
      tools: ToolStream.start(state.tools, item.id, {
        id: item.call_id ?? item.id,
-        itemId: item.id,
        name: item.name ?? "",
        input: item.arguments ?? "",
        providerMetadata: metadata,
@@ -776,12 +731,7 @@ const onOutputItemAdded = (state: ParserState, event: Event): StepResult => {
    },
    [
      ...events,
-      LLMEvent.toolInputStart({
-        id: item.call_id ?? item.id,
-        itemId: item.id,
-        name: item.name ?? "",
-        providerMetadata: metadata,
-      }),
+      LLMEvent.toolInputStart({ id: item.call_id ?? item.id, name: item.name ?? "", providerMetadata: metadata }),
    ],
  ]
 }
@@ -800,7 +750,6 @@ const onReasoningSummaryPartAdded = (state: ParserState, event: Event): StepResu
          events,
          `${event.item_id}:0`,
          providerMetadata(state, { itemId: event.item_id, reasoningEncryptedContent: null }),
-          event.item_id,
        ),
        reasoningItems: {
          ...state.reasoningItems,
@@ -821,7 +770,6 @@ const onReasoningSummaryPartAdded = (state: ParserState, event: Event): StepResu
          events,
          `${event.item_id}:${entry[0]}`,
          providerMetadata(state, { itemId: event.item_id }),
-          event.item_id,
        ),
      state.lifecycle,
    )
@@ -833,7 +781,6 @@ const onReasoningSummaryPartAdded = (state: ParserState, event: Event): StepResu
        events,
        `${event.item_id}:${event.summary_index}`,
        providerMetadata(state, { itemId: event.item_id, reasoningEncryptedContent: item.encryptedContent ?? null }),
-        event.item_id,
      ),
      reasoningItems: {
        ...state.reasoningItems,
@@ -869,7 +816,6 @@ const onReasoningSummaryPartDone = (state: ParserState, event: Event): StepResul
              events,
              `${event.item_id}:${event.summary_index}`,
              providerMetadata(state, { itemId: event.item_id }),
-              event.item_id,
            )
          : state.lifecycle,
      reasoningItems: {
@@ -924,8 +870,7 @@ const onOutputItemDone = Effect.fn("OpenResponses.onOutputItemDone")(function* (
          state.lifecycle,
          events,
          item.id,
-          providerMetadata(state, { itemId: item.id, ...(phase === undefined ? {} : { phase }) }),
-          item.id,
+          phase === undefined ? undefined : providerMetadata(state, { phase }),
        ),
        messageItems,
        messagePhases,
@@ -936,15 +881,9 @@ const onOutputItemDone = Effect.fn("OpenResponses.onOutputItemDone")(function* (

  if (item.type === "function_call") {
    if (!item.id || !item.call_id || !item.name) return [state, NO_EVENTS] satisfies StepResult
-    const metadata = providerMetadata(state, { itemId: item.id })
    const tools = state.tools[item.id]
      ? state.tools
-      : ToolStream.start(state.tools, item.id, {
-          id: item.call_id,
-          itemId: item.id,
-          name: item.name,
-          providerMetadata: metadata,
-        })
+      : ToolStream.start(state.tools, item.id, { id: item.call_id, name: item.name })
    const result =
      item.arguments === undefined
        ? yield* ToolStream.finish(state.id, tools, item.id)
@@ -974,7 +913,7 @@ const onOutputItemDone = Effect.fn("OpenResponses.onOutputItemDone")(function* (
      const lifecycle = Object.entries(reasoningItem.summaryParts)
        .filter((entry) => entry[1] === "active" || entry[1] === "can-conclude")
        .reduce(
-          (lifecycle, entry) => Lifecycle.reasoningEnd(lifecycle, events, `${item.id}:${entry[0]}`, metadata, item.id),
+          (lifecycle, entry) => Lifecycle.reasoningEnd(lifecycle, events, `${item.id}:${entry[0]}`, metadata),
          state.lifecycle,
        )
      const { [item.id]: _removed, ...reasoningItems } = state.reasoningItems
@@ -982,12 +921,12 @@ const onOutputItemDone = Effect.fn("OpenResponses.onOutputItemDone")(function* (
    }
    if (!state.lifecycle.reasoning.has(item.id)) {
      const lifecycle = Lifecycle.stepStart(state.lifecycle, events)
-      events.push(LLMEvent.reasoningStart({ id: item.id, itemId: item.id, providerMetadata: metadata }))
-      events.push(LLMEvent.reasoningEnd({ id: item.id, itemId: item.id, providerMetadata: metadata }))
+      events.push(LLMEvent.reasoningStart({ id: item.id, providerMetadata: metadata }))
+      events.push(LLMEvent.reasoningEnd({ id: item.id, providerMetadata: metadata }))
      return [{ ...state, lifecycle }, events] satisfies StepResult
    }
    return [
-      { ...state, lifecycle: Lifecycle.reasoningEnd(state.lifecycle, events, item.id, metadata, item.id) },
+      { ...state, lifecycle: Lifecycle.reasoningEnd(state.lifecycle, events, item.id, metadata) },
      events,
    ] satisfies StepResult
  }
@@ -38,14 +38,10 @@ const OpenAIResponsesToolChoice = Schema.Union([
 const OpenAIResponsesInputItem = Schema.Union([
  Schema.Struct({
    role: Schema.tag("assistant"),
-    id: Schema.optionalKey(Schema.String),
    content: Schema.Array(Schema.Struct({ type: Schema.tag("output_text"), text: Schema.String })),
    phase: Schema.optionalKey(Schema.NullOr(OpenResponses.MessagePhase)),
  }),
  OpenResponses.InputItem,
-  Schema.StructWithRest(Schema.Struct({ type: Schema.String, id: Schema.optionalKey(Schema.String) }), [
-    Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown),
-  ]),
 ])

 const OpenAIResponsesCoreFields = {
@@ -84,25 +80,6 @@ const extension = {
      mime_type: media.mime,
    }
  },
-  lowerProviderItem: (part, providerMetadataKey, store) => {
-    const metadata = part.providerMetadata?.[providerMetadataKey]
-    if (!ProviderShared.isRecord(metadata) || !ProviderShared.isRecord(metadata.item)) return undefined
-    if (typeof metadata.item.type !== "string") return undefined
-    const id = typeof metadata.item.id === "string" ? metadata.item.id : undefined
-    // The public API requires stored state to replay image-generation items. In
-    // stateless mode, lower the generated file through the existing user-image fallback.
-    if (metadata.item.type === "image_generation_call" && store === false) return undefined
-    if (metadata.item.type === "image_generation_call")
-      return {
-        type: metadata.item.type,
-        ...(id === undefined ? {} : { id }),
-        ...(typeof metadata.item.status === "string" ? { status: metadata.item.status } : {}),
-        ...(typeof metadata.item.revised_prompt === "string" ? { revised_prompt: metadata.item.revised_prompt } : {}),
-        ...(typeof metadata.item.result === "string" ? { result: metadata.item.result } : {}),
-      }
-    const item: Record<string, unknown> & { type: string } = { ...metadata.item, type: metadata.item.type }
-    return item
-  },
 } satisfies OpenResponses.Extension

 const nativeImageToolInput = (tool: ToolDefinition) => {
@@ -218,29 +195,23 @@ const onHostedToolDone = Effect.fn("OpenAIResponses.onHostedToolDone")(function*
  item: HostedToolItem,
 ) {
  const tool = HOSTED_TOOLS[item.type]
-  const callMetadata = OpenResponses.providerMetadata(state, { itemId: item.id })
-  const resultMetadata = OpenResponses.providerMetadata(
-    state,
-    item.type === "image_generation_call" ? { itemId: item.id } : { itemId: item.id, item },
-  )
+  const providerMetadata = OpenResponses.providerMetadata(state, { itemId: item.id })
  const events: LLMEvent[] = []
  const lifecycle = Lifecycle.stepStart(state.lifecycle, events)
  events.push(
    LLMEvent.toolCall({
      id: item.id,
-      itemId: item.id,
      name: tool.name,
      input: tool.input(item),
      providerExecuted: true,
-      providerMetadata: callMetadata,
+      providerMetadata,
    }),
    LLMEvent.toolResult({
      id: item.id,
-      itemId: item.id,
      name: tool.name,
      result: yield* hostedToolResult(item),
      providerExecuted: true,
-      providerMetadata: resultMetadata,
+      providerMetadata,
    }),
  )
  return [{ ...state, lifecycle }, events] satisfies OpenResponses.StepResult
@@ -61,57 +61,37 @@ const emptyObjectSchema = (schema: Record<string, unknown>) =>
  (!isRecord(schema.properties) || Object.keys(schema.properties).length === 0) &&
  !schema.additionalProperties

-const projectNode = (schema: unknown, nested = false): Record<string, unknown> | undefined => {
+const projectNode = (schema: unknown): Record<string, unknown> | undefined => {
  if (!isRecord(schema)) return undefined
-  if (!nested && emptyObjectSchema(schema)) return undefined
-  const types = Array.isArray(schema.type) ? schema.type.filter((type) => type !== "null") : undefined
-  const anyOf = Array.isArray(schema.anyOf) ? schema.anyOf : undefined
-  const hasNullAnyOf = anyOf?.some((item) => isRecord(item) && item.type === "null") ?? false
-  const anyOfTypes = hasNullAnyOf ? anyOf?.filter((item) => !isRecord(item) || item.type !== "null") : anyOf
-  const flattenedAnyOf = hasNullAnyOf && anyOfTypes?.length === 1 ? projectNode(anyOfTypes[0], true) : undefined
-  const result = Object.fromEntries(
+  if (emptyObjectSchema(schema)) return undefined
+  return Object.fromEntries(
    [
      ["description", schema.description],
      ["required", schema.required],
      ["format", schema.format],
-      ["type", types ? (types.length === 0 ? "null" : undefined) : schema.type],
-      [
-        "nullable",
-        (Array.isArray(schema.type) && schema.type.includes("null") && types && types.length > 0) || hasNullAnyOf
-          ? true
-          : undefined,
-      ],
+      ["type", Array.isArray(schema.type) ? schema.type.filter((type) => type !== "null")[0] : schema.type],
+      ["nullable", Array.isArray(schema.type) && schema.type.includes("null") ? true : undefined],
      ["enum", schema.const !== undefined ? [schema.const] : schema.enum],
      [
        "properties",
        isRecord(schema.properties)
-          ? Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(schema.properties).map(([key, value]) => [key, projectNode(value, true)]))
+          ? Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(schema.properties).map(([key, value]) => [key, projectNode(value)]))
          : undefined,
      ],
      [
        "items",
        Array.isArray(schema.items)
-          ? schema.items.map((item) => projectNode(item, true))
+          ? schema.items.map(projectNode)
          : schema.items === undefined
            ? undefined
-            : projectNode(schema.items, true),
+            : projectNode(schema.items),
      ],
-      ["allOf", Array.isArray(schema.allOf) ? schema.allOf.map((item) => projectNode(item, true)) : undefined],
-      [
-        "anyOf",
-        anyOfTypes
-          ? hasNullAnyOf && anyOfTypes.length === 1
-            ? undefined
-            : anyOfTypes.map((item) => projectNode(item, true))
-          : types && types.length > 0
-            ? types.map((type) => ({ type }))
-            : undefined,
-      ],
-      ["oneOf", Array.isArray(schema.oneOf) ? schema.oneOf.map((item) => projectNode(item, true)) : undefined],
+      ["allOf", Array.isArray(schema.allOf) ? schema.allOf.map(projectNode) : undefined],
+      ["anyOf", Array.isArray(schema.anyOf) ? schema.anyOf.map(projectNode) : undefined],
+      ["oneOf", Array.isArray(schema.oneOf) ? schema.oneOf.map(projectNode) : undefined],
      ["minLength", schema.minLength],
    ].filter((entry) => entry[1] !== undefined),
  )
-  return flattenedAnyOf ? { ...result, ...flattenedAnyOf } : result
 }

 export const convert = (schema: unknown) => projectNode(sanitizeNode(schema))
@@ -1,10 +1,4 @@
-import {
-  LLMEvent,
-  type FinishReasonDetails,
-  type ProviderMetadata,
-  type ResponseItemID,
-  type Usage,
-} from "../../schema"
+import { LLMEvent, type FinishReasonDetails, type ProviderMetadata, type Usage } from "../../schema"

 export interface State {
  readonly stepStarted: boolean
@@ -20,29 +14,16 @@ export const stepStart = (state: State, events: LLMEvent[]): State => {
  return { ...state, stepStarted: true }
 }

-export const textStart = (
-  state: State,
-  events: LLMEvent[],
-  id: string,
-  providerMetadata?: ProviderMetadata,
-  itemId?: ResponseItemID,
-): State => {
+export const textStart = (state: State, events: LLMEvent[], id: string, providerMetadata?: ProviderMetadata): State => {
  if (state.text.has(id)) return state
  const stepped = stepStart(state, events)
-  events.push(LLMEvent.textStart({ id, ...(itemId === undefined ? {} : { itemId }), providerMetadata }))
+  events.push(LLMEvent.textStart({ id, providerMetadata }))
  return { ...stepped, text: new Set([...stepped.text, id]) }
 }

-export const textDelta = (
-  state: State,
-  events: LLMEvent[],
-  id: string,
-  text: string,
-  providerMetadata?: ProviderMetadata,
-  itemId?: ResponseItemID,
-): State => {
-  const started = textStart(state, events, id, providerMetadata, itemId)
-  events.push(LLMEvent.textDelta({ id, ...(itemId === undefined ? {} : { itemId }), text, providerMetadata }))
+export const textDelta = (state: State, events: LLMEvent[], id: string, text: string): State => {
+  const started = textStart(state, events, id)
+  events.push(LLMEvent.textDelta({ id, text }))
  return started
 }

@@ -51,11 +32,10 @@ export const reasoningStart = (
  events: LLMEvent[],
  id: string,
  providerMetadata?: ProviderMetadata,
-  itemId?: ResponseItemID,
 ): State => {
  if (state.reasoning.has(id)) return state
  const stepped = stepStart(state, events)
-  events.push(LLMEvent.reasoningStart({ id, ...(itemId === undefined ? {} : { itemId }), providerMetadata }))
+  events.push(LLMEvent.reasoningStart({ id, providerMetadata }))
  return { ...stepped, reasoning: new Set([...stepped.reasoning, id]) }
 }

@@ -65,10 +45,9 @@ export const reasoningDelta = (
  id: string,
  text: string,
  providerMetadata?: ProviderMetadata,
-  itemId?: ResponseItemID,
 ): State => {
-  const started = reasoningStart(state, events, id, providerMetadata, itemId)
-  events.push(LLMEvent.reasoningDelta({ id, ...(itemId === undefined ? {} : { itemId }), text, providerMetadata }))
+  const started = reasoningStart(state, events, id, providerMetadata)
+  events.push(LLMEvent.reasoningDelta({ id, text, providerMetadata }))
  return started
 }

@@ -77,26 +56,19 @@ export const reasoningEnd = (
  events: LLMEvent[],
  id: string,
  providerMetadata?: ProviderMetadata,
-  itemId?: ResponseItemID,
 ): State => {
  if (!state.reasoning.has(id)) return state
  const stepped = stepStart(state, events)
-  events.push(LLMEvent.reasoningEnd({ id, ...(itemId === undefined ? {} : { itemId }), providerMetadata }))
+  events.push(LLMEvent.reasoningEnd({ id, providerMetadata }))
  const reasoning = new Set(stepped.reasoning)
  reasoning.delete(id)
  return { ...stepped, reasoning }
 }

-export const textEnd = (
-  state: State,
-  events: LLMEvent[],
-  id: string,
-  providerMetadata?: ProviderMetadata,
-  itemId?: ResponseItemID,
-): State => {
+export const textEnd = (state: State, events: LLMEvent[], id: string, providerMetadata?: ProviderMetadata): State => {
  if (!state.text.has(id)) return state
  const stepped = stepStart(state, events)
-  events.push(LLMEvent.textEnd({ id, ...(itemId === undefined ? {} : { itemId }), providerMetadata }))
+  events.push(LLMEvent.textEnd({ id, providerMetadata }))
  const text = new Set(stepped.text)
  text.delete(id)
  return { ...stepped, text }
@@ -1,12 +1,5 @@
 import { Effect } from "effect"
-import {
-  AIError,
-  LLMEvent,
-  type ProviderMetadata,
-  type ResponseItemID,
-  type ToolCall,
-  type ToolInputError,
-} from "../../schema"
+import { AIError, LLMEvent, type ProviderMetadata, type ToolCall, type ToolInputError } from "../../schema"
 import { eventError, parseToolInput, type ToolAccumulator } from "../shared"

 type StreamKey = string | number
@@ -17,7 +10,6 @@ type StreamKey = string | number
 * so far, not the parsed object.
 */
 export interface PendingTool extends ToolAccumulator {
-  readonly itemId?: ResponseItemID
  readonly providerExecuted?: boolean
  readonly providerMetadata?: ProviderMetadata
 }
@@ -60,7 +52,6 @@ const withoutTool = <K extends StreamKey>(tools: State<K>, key: K): State<K> =>
 const inputStart = (tool: PendingTool) =>
  LLMEvent.toolInputStart({
    id: tool.id,
-    ...(tool.itemId === undefined ? {} : { itemId: tool.itemId }),
    name: tool.name,
    providerExecuted: tool.providerExecuted ? true : undefined,
    providerMetadata: tool.providerMetadata,
@@ -69,7 +60,6 @@ const inputStart = (tool: PendingTool) =>
 const inputDelta = (tool: PendingTool, text: string) =>
  LLMEvent.toolInputDelta({
    id: tool.id,
-    ...(tool.itemId === undefined ? {} : { itemId: tool.itemId }),
    name: tool.name,
    text,
  })
@@ -80,7 +70,6 @@ const toolCall = (route: string, tool: PendingTool, inputOverride?: string) => {
    Effect.map((input): ToolCall | ToolInputError =>
      LLMEvent.toolCall({
        id: tool.id,
-        ...(tool.itemId === undefined ? {} : { itemId: tool.itemId }),
        name: tool.name,
        input,
        providerExecuted: tool.providerExecuted ? true : undefined,
@@ -93,7 +82,6 @@ const toolCall = (route: string, tool: PendingTool, inputOverride?: string) => {
        : Effect.succeed(
            LLMEvent.toolInputError({
              id: tool.id,
-              ...(tool.itemId === undefined ? {} : { itemId: tool.itemId }),
              name: tool.name,
              raw,
            }),
@@ -105,15 +93,7 @@ const toolCall = (route: string, tool: PendingTool, inputOverride?: string) => {
 const finishEvents = (tool: PendingTool, event: ToolCall | ToolInputError): ReadonlyArray<LLMEvent> =>
  event.type === "tool-input-error"
    ? [event]
-    : [
-        LLMEvent.toolInputEnd({
-          id: tool.id,
-          ...(tool.itemId === undefined ? {} : { itemId: tool.itemId }),
-          name: tool.name,
-          providerMetadata: tool.providerMetadata,
-        }),
-        event,
-      ]
+    : [LLMEvent.toolInputEnd({ id: tool.id, name: tool.name, providerMetadata: tool.providerMetadata }), event]

 /** Store the updated tool and produce the optional public delta event. */
 const appendTool = <K extends StreamKey>(
@@ -168,7 +148,6 @@ export const appendOrStart = <K extends StreamKey>(
    id,
    name,
    input: `${current?.input ?? ""}${delta.text}`,
-    itemId: current?.itemId,
    providerExecuted: current?.providerExecuted,
    providerMetadata: current?.providerMetadata,
  }
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Schema } from "effect"
-import { ContentBlockID, FinishReason, ProviderMetadata, ResponseItemID, ToolCallID } from "./ids"
+import { ContentBlockID, FinishReason, ProviderMetadata, ToolCallID } from "./ids"
 import { Message, ToolCallPart, ToolOutput, ToolResultPart, ToolResultValue, type ContentPart } from "./messages"
 import { ProviderFailureClassification } from "./errors"

@@ -84,7 +84,6 @@ export type StepStart = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof StepStart>
 export const TextStart = Schema.Struct({
  type: Schema.tag("text-start"),
  id: ContentBlockID,
-  itemId: Schema.optional(ResponseItemID),
  providerMetadata: Schema.optional(ProviderMetadata),
 }).annotate({ identifier: "LLM.Event.TextStart" })
 export type TextStart = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof TextStart>
@@ -93,7 +92,6 @@ export const TextDelta = Schema.Struct({
  type: Schema.tag("text-delta"),
  id: ContentBlockID,
  text: Schema.String,
-  itemId: Schema.optional(ResponseItemID),
  providerMetadata: Schema.optional(ProviderMetadata),
 }).annotate({ identifier: "LLM.Event.TextDelta" })
 export type TextDelta = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof TextDelta>
@@ -101,7 +99,6 @@ export type TextDelta = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof TextDelta>
 export const TextEnd = Schema.Struct({
  type: Schema.tag("text-end"),
  id: ContentBlockID,
-  itemId: Schema.optional(ResponseItemID),
  providerMetadata: Schema.optional(ProviderMetadata),
 }).annotate({ identifier: "LLM.Event.TextEnd" })
 export type TextEnd = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof TextEnd>
@@ -109,7 +106,6 @@ export type TextEnd = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof TextEnd>
 export const ReasoningStart = Schema.Struct({
  type: Schema.tag("reasoning-start"),
  id: ContentBlockID,
-  itemId: Schema.optional(ResponseItemID),
  providerMetadata: Schema.optional(ProviderMetadata),
 }).annotate({ identifier: "LLM.Event.ReasoningStart" })
 export type ReasoningStart = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof ReasoningStart>
@@ -118,7 +114,6 @@ export const ReasoningDelta = Schema.Struct({
  type: Schema.tag("reasoning-delta"),
  id: ContentBlockID,
  text: Schema.String,
-  itemId: Schema.optional(ResponseItemID),
  providerMetadata: Schema.optional(ProviderMetadata),
 }).annotate({ identifier: "LLM.Event.ReasoningDelta" })
 export type ReasoningDelta = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof ReasoningDelta>
@@ -126,7 +121,6 @@ export type ReasoningDelta = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof ReasoningDelta>
 export const ReasoningEnd = Schema.Struct({
  type: Schema.tag("reasoning-end"),
  id: ContentBlockID,
-  itemId: Schema.optional(ResponseItemID),
  providerMetadata: Schema.optional(ProviderMetadata),
 }).annotate({ identifier: "LLM.Event.ReasoningEnd" })
 export type ReasoningEnd = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof ReasoningEnd>
@@ -135,7 +129,6 @@ export const ToolInputStart = Schema.Struct({
  type: Schema.tag("tool-input-start"),
  id: ToolCallID,
  name: Schema.String,
-  itemId: Schema.optional(ResponseItemID),
  providerExecuted: Schema.optional(Schema.Boolean),
  providerMetadata: Schema.optional(ProviderMetadata),
 }).annotate({ identifier: "LLM.Event.ToolInputStart" })
@@ -144,7 +137,6 @@ export type ToolInputStart = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof ToolInputStart>
 export const ToolInputDelta = Schema.Struct({
  type: Schema.tag("tool-input-delta"),
  id: ToolCallID,
-  itemId: Schema.optional(ResponseItemID),
  name: Schema.String,
  text: Schema.String,
 }).annotate({ identifier: "LLM.Event.ToolInputDelta" })
@@ -154,7 +146,6 @@ export const ToolInputEnd = Schema.Struct({
  type: Schema.tag("tool-input-end"),
  id: ToolCallID,
  name: Schema.String,
-  itemId: Schema.optional(ResponseItemID),
  providerMetadata: Schema.optional(ProviderMetadata),
 }).annotate({ identifier: "LLM.Event.ToolInputEnd" })
 export type ToolInputEnd = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof ToolInputEnd>
@@ -163,7 +154,6 @@ export type ToolInputEnd = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof ToolInputEnd>
 export const ToolInputError = Schema.Struct({
  type: Schema.tag("tool-input-error"),
  id: ToolCallID,
-  itemId: Schema.optional(ResponseItemID),
  name: Schema.String,
  raw: Schema.String,
 }).annotate({ identifier: "LLM.Event.ToolInputError" })
@@ -172,7 +162,6 @@ export type ToolInputError = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof ToolInputError>
 export const ToolCall = Schema.Struct({
  type: Schema.tag("tool-call"),
  id: ToolCallID,
-  itemId: Schema.optional(ResponseItemID),
  name: Schema.String,
  input: Schema.Unknown,
  providerExecuted: Schema.optional(Schema.Boolean),
@@ -183,7 +172,6 @@ export type ToolCall = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof ToolCall>
 export const ToolResult = Schema.Struct({
  type: Schema.tag("tool-result"),
  id: ToolCallID,
-  itemId: Schema.optional(ResponseItemID),
  name: Schema.String,
  result: ToolResultValue,
  output: Schema.optional(ToolOutput),
@@ -195,7 +183,6 @@ export type ToolResult = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof ToolResult>
 export const ToolError = Schema.Struct({
  type: Schema.tag("tool-error"),
  id: ToolCallID,
-  itemId: Schema.optional(ResponseItemID),
  name: Schema.String,
  message: Schema.String,
  error: Schema.optional(Schema.Defect()),
@@ -347,14 +334,12 @@ const responseUsage = (events: ReadonlyArray<LLMEvent>) =>
 interface ContentAssembly {
  readonly contentIndex: number
  readonly text: string
-  readonly itemId?: ResponseItemID
  readonly providerMetadata?: ProviderMetadata
 }

 interface ToolInputAssembly {
  readonly name: string
  readonly text: string
-  readonly itemId?: ResponseItemID
  readonly providerMetadata?: ProviderMetadata
 }

@@ -400,27 +385,11 @@ const appendEvent = (state: ResponseState, event: LLMEvent): ResponseState => {
  }
 }

-const textContent = (
-  text: string,
-  itemId: ResponseItemID | undefined,
-  providerMetadata: ProviderMetadata | undefined,
-): ContentPart => ({
-  type: "text",
-  text,
-  ...(itemId === undefined ? {} : { itemId }),
-  ...(providerMetadata === undefined ? {} : { providerMetadata }),
-})
+const textContent = (text: string, providerMetadata: ProviderMetadata | undefined): ContentPart =>
+  providerMetadata === undefined ? { type: "text", text } : { type: "text", text, providerMetadata }

-const reasoningContent = (
-  text: string,
-  itemId: ResponseItemID | undefined,
-  providerMetadata: ProviderMetadata | undefined,
-): ContentPart => ({
-  type: "reasoning",
-  text,
-  ...(itemId === undefined ? {} : { itemId }),
-  ...(providerMetadata === undefined ? {} : { providerMetadata }),
-})
+const reasoningContent = (text: string, providerMetadata: ProviderMetadata | undefined): ContentPart =>
+  providerMetadata === undefined ? { type: "reasoning", text } : { type: "reasoning", text, providerMetadata }

 const contentWith = (state: ResponseState, content: ReadonlyArray<ContentPart>): ResponseState => ({
  ...state,
@@ -435,32 +404,26 @@ const replaceContent = (state: ResponseState, index: number, part: ContentPart)
    state.message.content.map((item, itemIndex) => (itemIndex === index ? part : item)),
  )

-const ensureText = (
-  state: ResponseState,
-  id: string,
-  itemId?: ResponseItemID,
-  providerMetadata?: ProviderMetadata,
-): ResponseState => {
+const ensureText = (state: ResponseState, id: string, providerMetadata?: ProviderMetadata): ResponseState => {
  if (state.textParts[id]) return state
  return {
-    ...appendContent(state, textContent("", itemId, providerMetadata)),
+    ...appendContent(state, textContent("", providerMetadata)),
    textParts: {
      ...state.textParts,
-      [id]: { contentIndex: state.message.content.length, text: "", itemId, providerMetadata },
+      [id]: { contentIndex: state.message.content.length, text: "", providerMetadata },
    },
  }
 }

 const reduceTextDelta = (state: ResponseState, event: TextDelta): ResponseState => {
-  const started = ensureText(state, event.id, event.itemId, event.providerMetadata)
+  const started = ensureText(state, event.id, event.providerMetadata)
  const current = started.textParts[event.id]
  if (!current) return started
  const text = current.text + event.text
-  const itemId = event.itemId ?? current.itemId
  const providerMetadata = event.providerMetadata ?? current.providerMetadata
  return {
-    ...replaceContent(started, current.contentIndex, textContent(text, itemId, providerMetadata)),
-    textParts: { ...started.textParts, [event.id]: { ...current, text, itemId, providerMetadata } },
+    ...replaceContent(started, current.contentIndex, textContent(text, providerMetadata)),
+    textParts: { ...started.textParts, [event.id]: { ...current, text, providerMetadata } },
  }
 }

@@ -468,39 +431,32 @@ const reduceTextEnd = (state: ResponseState, event: TextEnd): ResponseState => {
  const current = state.textParts[event.id]
  if (!current) return state
  const providerMetadata = event.providerMetadata ?? current.providerMetadata
-  const itemId = event.itemId ?? current.itemId
  return {
-    ...replaceContent(state, current.contentIndex, textContent(current.text, itemId, providerMetadata)),
-    textParts: { ...state.textParts, [event.id]: { ...current, itemId, providerMetadata } },
+    ...replaceContent(state, current.contentIndex, textContent(current.text, providerMetadata)),
+    textParts: { ...state.textParts, [event.id]: { ...current, providerMetadata } },
  }
 }

-const ensureReasoning = (
-  state: ResponseState,
-  id: string,
-  itemId?: ResponseItemID,
-  providerMetadata?: ProviderMetadata,
-): ResponseState => {
+const ensureReasoning = (state: ResponseState, id: string, providerMetadata?: ProviderMetadata): ResponseState => {
  if (state.reasoningParts[id]) return state
  return {
-    ...appendContent(state, reasoningContent("", itemId, providerMetadata)),
+    ...appendContent(state, reasoningContent("", providerMetadata)),
    reasoningParts: {
      ...state.reasoningParts,
-      [id]: { contentIndex: state.message.content.length, text: "", itemId, providerMetadata },
+      [id]: { contentIndex: state.message.content.length, text: "", providerMetadata },
    },
  }
 }

 const reduceReasoningDelta = (state: ResponseState, event: ReasoningDelta): ResponseState => {
-  const started = ensureReasoning(state, event.id, event.itemId, event.providerMetadata)
+  const started = ensureReasoning(state, event.id, event.providerMetadata)
  const current = started.reasoningParts[event.id]
  if (!current) return started
  const text = current.text + event.text
-  const itemId = event.itemId ?? current.itemId
  const providerMetadata = event.providerMetadata ?? current.providerMetadata
  return {
-    ...replaceContent(started, current.contentIndex, reasoningContent(text, itemId, providerMetadata)),
-    reasoningParts: { ...started.reasoningParts, [event.id]: { ...current, text, itemId, providerMetadata } },
+    ...replaceContent(started, current.contentIndex, reasoningContent(text, providerMetadata)),
+    reasoningParts: { ...started.reasoningParts, [event.id]: { ...current, text, providerMetadata } },
  }
 }

@@ -508,10 +464,9 @@ const reduceReasoningEnd = (state: ResponseState, event: ReasoningEnd): Response
  const current = state.reasoningParts[event.id]
  if (!current) return state
  const providerMetadata = event.providerMetadata ?? current.providerMetadata
-  const itemId = event.itemId ?? current.itemId
  return {
-    ...replaceContent(state, current.contentIndex, reasoningContent(current.text, itemId, providerMetadata)),
-    reasoningParts: { ...state.reasoningParts, [event.id]: { ...current, itemId, providerMetadata } },
+    ...replaceContent(state, current.contentIndex, reasoningContent(current.text, providerMetadata)),
+    reasoningParts: { ...state.reasoningParts, [event.id]: { ...current, providerMetadata } },
  }
 }

@@ -519,7 +474,7 @@ const reduceToolInputStart = (state: ResponseState, event: ToolInputStart): Resp
  ...state,
  toolInputs: {
    ...state.toolInputs,
-    [event.id]: { name: event.name, text: "", itemId: event.itemId, providerMetadata: event.providerMetadata },
+    [event.id]: { name: event.name, text: "", providerMetadata: event.providerMetadata },
  },
 })

@@ -540,7 +495,6 @@ const reduceToolInputEnd = (state: ResponseState, event: ToolInputEnd): Response
      [event.id]: {
        ...current,
        name: event.name,
-        itemId: event.itemId ?? current.itemId,
        providerMetadata: event.providerMetadata ?? current.providerMetadata,
      },
    },
@@ -550,7 +504,6 @@ const reduceToolInputEnd = (state: ResponseState, event: ToolInputEnd): Response
 const toolCallContent = (event: ToolCall): ContentPart =>
  ToolCallPart.make({
    id: event.id,
-    ...(event.itemId === undefined ? {} : { itemId: event.itemId }),
    name: event.name,
    input: event.input,
    ...(event.providerExecuted === undefined ? {} : { providerExecuted: event.providerExecuted }),
@@ -560,7 +513,6 @@ const toolCallContent = (event: ToolCall): ContentPart =>
 const toolResultContent = (event: ToolResult): ContentPart =>
  ToolResultPart.make({
    id: event.id,
-    ...(event.itemId === undefined ? {} : { itemId: event.itemId }),
    name: event.name,
    result: event.result,
    ...(event.providerExecuted === undefined ? {} : { providerExecuted: event.providerExecuted }),
@@ -576,13 +528,13 @@ const reduceResponseState = (state: ResponseState, event: LLMEvent): ResponseSta
  const next = appendEvent(state, event)
  switch (event.type) {
    case "text-start":
-      return ensureText(next, event.id, event.itemId, event.providerMetadata)
+      return ensureText(next, event.id, event.providerMetadata)
    case "text-delta":
      return reduceTextDelta(next, event)
    case "text-end":
      return reduceTextEnd(next, event)
    case "reasoning-start":
-      return ensureReasoning(next, event.id, event.itemId, event.providerMetadata)
+      return ensureReasoning(next, event.id, event.providerMetadata)
    case "reasoning-delta":
      return reduceReasoningDelta(next, event)
    case "reasoning-end":
@@ -21,9 +21,6 @@ export type ProviderID = typeof ProviderID.Type
 export const ResponseID = Schema.String
 export type ResponseID = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof ResponseID>

-export const ResponseItemID = Schema.String
-export type ResponseItemID = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof ResponseItemID>
-
 export const ContentBlockID = Schema.String
 export type ContentBlockID = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof ContentBlockID>

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { Schema } from "effect"
 import { Tool } from "@opencode-ai/schema/tool"
-import { JsonSchema, MessageRole, ProviderMetadata, ResponseItemID } from "./ids"
+import { JsonSchema, MessageRole, ProviderMetadata } from "./ids"
 import { CacheHint, CachePolicy, GenerationOptions, HttpOptions, LanguageModelSchema, ProviderOptions } from "./options"
 import { isRecord } from "../utils/record"

@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ export const SystemPart = Object.assign(systemPartSchema, {
 export const TextPart = Schema.Struct({
  type: Schema.Literal("text"),
  text: Schema.String,
-  itemId: Schema.optional(ResponseItemID),
  cache: Schema.optional(CacheHint),
  metadata: Schema.optional(Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown)),
  providerMetadata: Schema.optional(ProviderMetadata),
@@ -122,7 +121,6 @@ export const ToolCallPart = Object.assign(
  Schema.Struct({
    type: Schema.Literal("tool-call"),
    id: Schema.String,
-    itemId: Schema.optional(ResponseItemID),
    name: Schema.String,
    input: Schema.Unknown,
    providerExecuted: Schema.optional(Schema.Boolean),
@@ -140,7 +138,6 @@ export const ToolResultPart = Object.assign(
  Schema.Struct({
    type: Schema.Literal("tool-result"),
    id: Schema.String,
-    itemId: Schema.optional(ResponseItemID),
    name: Schema.String,
    result: ToolResultValue,
    providerExecuted: Schema.optional(Schema.Boolean),
@@ -157,7 +154,6 @@ export const ToolResultPart = Object.assign(
    ): ToolResultPart => ({
      type: "tool-result",
      id: input.id,
-      ...(input.itemId === undefined ? {} : { itemId: input.itemId }),
      name: input.name,
      result: ToolResultValue.make(input.result, input.resultType),
      providerExecuted: input.providerExecuted,
@@ -172,7 +168,6 @@ export type ToolResultPart = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof ToolResultPart>
 export const ReasoningPart = Schema.Struct({
  type: Schema.Literal("reasoning"),
  text: Schema.String,
-  itemId: Schema.optional(ResponseItemID),
  encrypted: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
  cache: Schema.optional(CacheHint),
  metadata: Schema.optional(Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown)),
@@ -186,7 +181,7 @@ export const ContentPart = Schema.Union([TextPart, MediaPart, ToolCallPart, Tool
 export type ContentPart = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof ContentPart>

 export class Message extends Schema.Class<Message>("LLM.Message")({
-  id: Schema.optional(ResponseItemID),
+  id: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
  role: MessageRole,
  content: Schema.Array(ContentPart),
  metadata: Schema.optional(Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown)),
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ const result = (call: ToolCallPart, value: ToolResultValueType | ToolSettlement,
              id: call.id,
              name: call.name,
              result: settlement.result,
-              ...(call.providerMetadata === undefined ? {} : { providerMetadata: call.providerMetadata }),
+              providerMetadata: call.providerMetadata,
            }),
          ]
        : [
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ const result = (call: ToolCallPart, value: ToolResultValueType | ToolSettlement,
              name: call.name,
              result: settlement.result,
              output: settlement.output,
-              ...(call.providerMetadata === undefined ? {} : { providerMetadata: call.providerMetadata }),
+              providerMetadata: call.providerMetadata,
            }),
          ],
  }
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import {
  type ProviderMetadata,
  type ToolCallPart,
  ToolResultPart,
+  type ToolResultValue,
  type Usage,
 } from "../../src/schema"
 import { type Tools, toDefinitions } from "../../src/tool"
@@ -60,10 +61,9 @@ export const runTools = <T extends Tools>(options: RunOptions<T>) =>
            ...dispatched.map(([call, dispatched]) =>
              Message.tool({
                id: call.id,
-                itemId: dispatched.events.find(LLMEvent.is.toolResult)?.itemId,
                name: call.name,
                result: dispatched.result,
-                providerMetadata: dispatched.events.find(LLMEvent.is.toolResult)?.providerMetadata,
+                providerMetadata: call.providerMetadata,
              }),
            ),
          ],
@@ -89,15 +89,9 @@ const stepState = (events: ReadonlyArray<LLMEvent>) => {

  for (const event of events) {
    if (event.type === "text-delta" || event.type === "reasoning-delta") {
-      appendText(assistantContent, event.type === "text-delta" ? "text" : "reasoning", event.text, event.itemId)
+      appendText(assistantContent, event.type === "text-delta" ? "text" : "reasoning", event.text)
    } else if (event.type === "text-end" || event.type === "reasoning-end") {
-      appendText(
-        assistantContent,
-        event.type === "text-end" ? "text" : "reasoning",
-        "",
-        event.itemId,
-        event.providerMetadata,
-      )
+      appendText(assistantContent, event.type === "text-end" ? "text" : "reasoning", "", event.providerMetadata)
    } else if (event.type === "tool-call") {
      assistantContent.push(event)
      if (!event.providerExecuted) toolCalls.push(event)
@@ -105,7 +99,6 @@ const stepState = (events: ReadonlyArray<LLMEvent>) => {
      assistantContent.push(
        ToolResultPart.make({
          id: event.id,
-          itemId: event.itemId,
          name: event.name,
          result: event.result,
          providerExecuted: true,
@@ -125,7 +118,6 @@ const appendText = (
  content: ContentPart[],
  type: "text" | "reasoning",
  text: string,
-  itemId?: string,
  providerMetadata?: ProviderMetadata,
 ) => {
  const last = content.at(-1)
@@ -133,12 +125,11 @@ const appendText = (
    content[content.length - 1] = {
      ...last,
      text: `${last.text}${text}`,
-      itemId: itemId ?? last.itemId,
      providerMetadata: providerMetadata ?? last.providerMetadata,
    }
    return
  }
-  content.push({ type, text, itemId, providerMetadata })
+  content.push({ type, text, providerMetadata })
 }

 const addUsage = (left: Usage | undefined, right: Usage | undefined): Usage | undefined => {
@@ -16,13 +16,6 @@ const model = Gemini.route
  })
  .model({ id: "gemini-2.5-flash" })

-const gemini3 = Gemini.route
-  .with({
-    endpoint: { baseURL: "https://generativelanguage.test/v1beta/" },
-    auth: Auth.header("x-goog-api-key", "test"),
-  })
-  .model({ id: "gemini-3-flash-preview" })
-
 const request = LLM.request({
  id: "req_1",
  model,
@@ -93,39 +86,6 @@ describe("Gemini route", () => {
    }),
  )

-  it.effect("forwards standard Gemini generation options", () =>
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const prepared = yield* compileRequest(
-        LLM.request({
-          model,
-          prompt: "Say hello.",
-          generation: {
-            maxTokens: 40,
-            temperature: 0.2,
-            topP: 0.8,
-            topK: 12,
-            frequencyPenalty: 0.3,
-            presencePenalty: 0.4,
-            seed: 42,
-            stop: ["done"],
-          },
-        }),
-      )
-
-      expect(prepared.body.generationConfig).toEqual({
-        maxOutputTokens: 40,
-        temperature: 0.2,
-        topP: 0.8,
-        topK: 12,
-        frequencyPenalty: 0.3,
-        presencePenalty: 0.4,
-        seed: 42,
-        stopSequences: ["done"],
-        thinkingConfig: undefined,
-      })
-    }),
-  )
-
  it.effect("lowers chronological system updates to wrapped user text in order", () =>
    Effect.gen(function* () {
      const prepared = yield* compileRequest(
@@ -390,100 +350,6 @@ describe("Gemini route", () => {
    }),
  )

-  it.effect("preserves nested empty object tool schemas", () =>
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const prepared = yield* compileRequest(
-        LLM.request({
-          model,
-          prompt: "Use the tool.",
-          tools: [
-            {
-              name: "configure",
-              description: "Configure the operation",
-              inputSchema: {
-                type: "object",
-                required: ["options"],
-                properties: {
-                  options: { type: "object", description: "Optional provider settings", properties: {} },
-                },
-              },
-            },
-          ],
-        }),
-      )
-
-      expect(prepared.body.tools).toEqual([
-        {
-          functionDeclarations: [
-            {
-              name: "configure",
-              description: "Configure the operation",
-              parameters: {
-                type: "object",
-                required: ["options"],
-                properties: {
-                  options: { type: "object", description: "Optional provider settings", properties: {} },
-                },
-              },
-            },
-          ],
-        },
-      ])
-    }),
-  )
-
-  it.effect("projects Gemini type arrays without narrowing their allowed values", () =>
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const prepared = yield* compileRequest(
-        LLM.request({
-          model,
-          prompt: "Use the tool.",
-          tools: [
-            {
-              name: "filter",
-              description: "Filter values",
-              inputSchema: {
-                type: "object",
-                properties: {
-                  status: { type: ["number", "string"], description: "Status filter" },
-                  maybe: { type: ["string", "null"] },
-                  nothing: { type: ["null"] },
-                  explicit: { anyOf: [{ type: "string" }, { type: "null" }] },
-                  choice: { anyOf: [{ type: "string" }, { type: "number" }, { type: "null" }] },
-                },
-              },
-            },
-          ],
-        }),
-      )
-
-      expect(prepared.body.tools?.[0]?.functionDeclarations[0]?.parameters).toEqual({
-        type: "object",
-        properties: {
-          status: {
-            description: "Status filter",
-            anyOf: [{ type: "number" }, { type: "string" }],
-          },
-          maybe: {
-            nullable: true,
-            anyOf: [{ type: "string" }],
-          },
-          nothing: {
-            type: "null",
-          },
-          explicit: {
-            type: "string",
-            nullable: true,
-          },
-          choice: {
-            anyOf: [{ type: "string" }, { type: "number" }],
-            nullable: true,
-          },
-        },
-      })
-    }),
-  )
-
  it.effect("parses text, reasoning, and usage stream fixtures", () =>
    Effect.gen(function* () {
      const body = sseEvents(
@@ -670,44 +536,6 @@ describe("Gemini route", () => {
    }),
  )

-  it.effect("replays unsigned Gemini 3 tool calls with the validator bypass sentinel", () =>
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const prepared = yield* compileRequest(
-        LLM.request({
-          model: gemini3,
-          messages: [
-            Message.assistant([ToolCallPart.make({ id: "tool_0", name: "lookup", input: { query: "weather" } })]),
-            Message.tool({ id: "tool_0", name: "lookup", result: "done", resultType: "text" }),
-          ],
-        }),
-      )
-
-      expect(prepared.body.contents).toEqual([
-        {
-          role: "model",
-          parts: [
-            {
-              functionCall: { id: undefined, name: "lookup", args: { query: "weather" } },
-              thoughtSignature: "skip_thought_signature_validator",
-            },
-          ],
-        },
-        {
-          role: "user",
-          parts: [
-            {
-              functionResponse: {
-                id: undefined,
-                name: "lookup",
-                response: { name: "lookup", content: "done" },
-              },
-            },
-          ],
-        },
-      ])
-    }),
-  )
-
  it.effect("emits streamed tool calls and maps finish reason", () =>
    Effect.gen(function* () {
      const body = sseEvents({
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ describe("Open Responses-compatible route", () => {
          },
        },
      })
-      expect(prepared.body).toMatchObject({
+      expect(prepared.body).toEqual({
        model: "example-model",
        input: [
          { role: "system", content: "You are concise." },
@@ -53,8 +53,6 @@ describe("Open Responses-compatible route", () => {
        ],
        stream: true,
      })
-      expect(prepared.body.input[0]).not.toHaveProperty("id")
-      expect(prepared.body.input[1]).not.toHaveProperty("id")
    }),
  )

@@ -69,9 +69,6 @@ describe("OpenAI Responses route", () => {
        stream: true,
        max_output_tokens: 20,
        temperature: 0,
-        tool_choice: undefined,
-        tools: undefined,
-        top_p: undefined,
      })
    }),
  )
@@ -332,7 +329,7 @@ describe("OpenAI Responses route", () => {
      yield* LLMClient.generate(
        LLMRequest.update(request, {
          model: Azure.configure({
-            baseURL: "https://opencode-test.openai.azure.com/openai/",
+            baseURL: "https://opencode-test.openai.azure.com/openai/v1/",
            apiKey: "azure-key",
            headers: { authorization: "Bearer stale" },
          }).responses("gpt-4.1-mini"),
@@ -413,7 +410,7 @@ describe("OpenAI Responses route", () => {
        }),
      )

-      expect(prepared.body).toMatchObject({
+      expect(prepared.body).toEqual({
        model: "gpt-4.1-mini",
        input: [
          { role: "user", content: [{ type: "input_text", text: "What is the weather?" }] },
@@ -428,65 +425,6 @@ describe("OpenAI Responses route", () => {
        tools: undefined,
        top_p: undefined,
      })
-      const call = prepared.body.input.find((item) => "type" in item && item.type === "function_call")
-      const output = prepared.body.input.find((item) => "type" in item && item.type === "function_call_output")
-      expect(call?.id).toBeUndefined()
-      expect(output?.id).toBeUndefined()
-    }),
-  )
-
-  it.effect("does not generate response item ids for client-created history", () =>
-    Effect.sync(() => {
-      const canonical = LLM.request({
-        model,
-        messages: [
-          Message.assistant([
-            { type: "text", text: "Working." },
-            { type: "reasoning", text: "Thinking." },
-            ToolCallPart.make({ id: "call_1", name: "lookup", input: {} }),
-          ]),
-          Message.tool({ id: "call_1", name: "lookup", result: "done" }),
-        ],
-      })
-
-      expect(canonical.messages[0]?.id).toBeUndefined()
-      expect(canonical.messages[1]?.id).toBeUndefined()
-      expect(canonical.messages[0]?.content.every((part) => part.type === "media" || part.itemId === undefined)).toBe(
-        true,
-      )
-      expect(canonical.messages[1]?.content[0]).not.toHaveProperty("itemId")
-    }),
-  )
-
-  it.effect("replays provider function call item ids without assigning output ids", () =>
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const canonical = LLM.request({
-        model,
-        messages: [
-          Message.assistant([
-            { type: "text", text: "Calling.", itemId: "plain-text" },
-            ToolCallPart.make({
-              id: "call_1",
-              name: "lookup",
-              input: {},
-              providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "plain-call" } },
-            }),
-          ]),
-          Message.tool({ id: "call_1", itemId: "plain-output", name: "lookup", result: "done" }),
-        ],
-      })
-      const prepared = yield* compileRequest(canonical)
-
-      expect(canonical.messages[0]?.content.map((part) => (part.type === "media" ? undefined : part.itemId))).toEqual([
-        "plain-text",
-        undefined,
-      ])
-      expect(canonical.messages[1]?.content[0]).toMatchObject({ itemId: "plain-output" })
-      expect(prepared.body.input).toEqual([
-        { role: "assistant", id: "plain-text", content: [{ type: "output_text", text: "Calling." }] },
-        { type: "function_call", id: "plain-call", call_id: "call_1", name: "lookup", arguments: "{}" },
-        { type: "function_call_output", call_id: "call_1", output: '"done"' },
-      ])
    }),
  )

@@ -926,21 +864,9 @@ describe("OpenAI Responses route", () => {
      expect(response.text).toBe("Hello!")
      expect(response.events).toEqual([
        { type: "step-start", index: 0 },
-        { type: "text-start", id: "msg_1", itemId: "msg_1", providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "msg_1" } } },
-        {
-          type: "text-delta",
-          id: "msg_1",
-          itemId: "msg_1",
-          text: "Hello",
-          providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "msg_1" } },
-        },
-        {
-          type: "text-delta",
-          id: "msg_1",
-          itemId: "msg_1",
-          text: "!",
-          providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "msg_1" } },
-        },
+        { type: "text-start", id: "msg_1" },
+        { type: "text-delta", id: "msg_1", text: "Hello" },
+        { type: "text-delta", id: "msg_1", text: "!" },
        { type: "text-end", id: "msg_1" },
        {
          type: "step-finish",
@@ -997,20 +923,17 @@ describe("OpenAI Responses route", () => {
        {
          type: "text",
          text: "Checking.",
-          itemId: "msg_commentary",
-          providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "msg_commentary", phase: "commentary" } },
+          providerMetadata: { openai: { phase: "commentary" } },
        },
        {
          type: "text",
          text: "Finished.",
-          itemId: "msg_final",
-          providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "msg_final", phase: "final_answer" } },
+          providerMetadata: { openai: { phase: "final_answer" } },
        },
        {
          type: "text",
          text: "Unclassified.",
-          itemId: "msg_null",
-          providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "msg_null", phase: null } },
+          providerMetadata: { openai: { phase: null } },
        },
      ])

@@ -1018,19 +941,16 @@ describe("OpenAI Responses route", () => {
      expect(prepared.body.input).toEqual([
        {
          role: "assistant",
-          id: "msg_commentary",
          content: [{ type: "output_text", text: "Checking." }],
          phase: "commentary",
        },
        {
          role: "assistant",
-          id: "msg_final",
          content: [{ type: "output_text", text: "Finished." }],
          phase: "final_answer",
        },
        {
          role: "assistant",
-          id: "msg_null",
          content: [{ type: "output_text", text: "Unclassified." }],
          phase: null,
        },
@@ -1123,24 +1043,12 @@ describe("OpenAI Responses route", () => {
      )

      expect(response.events.filter((event) => event.type.startsWith("text-"))).toEqual([
-        { type: "text-start", id: "msg_1", itemId: "msg_1", providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "msg_1" } } },
-        {
-          type: "text-delta",
-          id: "msg_1",
-          itemId: "msg_1",
-          text: "First",
-          providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "msg_1" } },
-        },
-        { type: "text-end", id: "msg_1", itemId: "msg_1", providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "msg_1" } } },
-        { type: "text-start", id: "msg_2", itemId: "msg_2", providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "msg_2" } } },
-        {
-          type: "text-delta",
-          id: "msg_2",
-          itemId: "msg_2",
-          text: "Second",
-          providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "msg_2" } },
-        },
-        { type: "text-end", id: "msg_2", itemId: "msg_2", providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "msg_2" } } },
+        { type: "text-start", id: "msg_1" },
+        { type: "text-delta", id: "msg_1", text: "First" },
+        { type: "text-end", id: "msg_1" },
+        { type: "text-start", id: "msg_2" },
+        { type: "text-delta", id: "msg_2", text: "Second" },
+        { type: "text-end", id: "msg_2" },
      ])
    }),
  )
@@ -1160,15 +1068,9 @@ describe("OpenAI Responses route", () => {
      expect(response.text).toBe("Hello")
      expect(response.events).toMatchObject([
        { type: "step-start", index: 0 },
-        { type: "reasoning-start", id: "rs_1", itemId: "rs_1", providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "rs_1" } } },
-        {
-          type: "reasoning-delta",
-          id: "rs_1",
-          itemId: "rs_1",
-          text: "thinking",
-          providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "rs_1" } },
-        },
-        { type: "text-start", id: "msg_1", itemId: "msg_1", providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "msg_1" } } },
+        { type: "reasoning-start", id: "rs_1" },
+        { type: "reasoning-delta", id: "rs_1", text: "thinking" },
+        { type: "text-start", id: "msg_1" },
        { type: "text-delta", id: "msg_1", text: "Hello" },
        { type: "reasoning-end", id: "rs_1" },
        { type: "text-end", id: "msg_1" },
@@ -1177,8 +1079,8 @@ describe("OpenAI Responses route", () => {
      ])
      expect(response.events.filter((event) => event.type === "finish")).toHaveLength(1)
      expect(response.message.content).toEqual([
-        { type: "reasoning", text: "thinking", itemId: "rs_1", providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "rs_1" } } },
-        { type: "text", text: "Hello", itemId: "msg_1", providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "msg_1" } } },
+        { type: "reasoning", text: "thinking" },
+        { type: "text", text: "Hello" },
      ])
    }),
  )
@@ -1209,7 +1111,6 @@ describe("OpenAI Responses route", () => {
        expect.objectContaining({
          type: "reasoning-end",
          id: "rs_1",
-          itemId: "rs_1",
          providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "rs_1", reasoningEncryptedContent: "encrypted-state" } },
        }),
      )
@@ -1250,34 +1151,19 @@ describe("OpenAI Responses route", () => {
        {
          type: "reasoning-start",
          id: "rs_1:0",
-          itemId: "rs_1",
          providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "rs_1", reasoningEncryptedContent: null } },
        },
-        {
-          type: "reasoning-delta",
-          id: "rs_1:0",
-          itemId: "rs_1",
-          text: "First",
-          providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "rs_1" } },
-        },
-        { type: "reasoning-end", id: "rs_1:0", itemId: "rs_1", providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "rs_1" } } },
+        { type: "reasoning-delta", id: "rs_1:0", text: "First" },
+        { type: "reasoning-end", id: "rs_1:0", providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "rs_1" } } },
        {
          type: "reasoning-start",
          id: "rs_1:1",
-          itemId: "rs_1",
          providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "rs_1", reasoningEncryptedContent: null } },
        },
-        {
-          type: "reasoning-delta",
-          id: "rs_1:1",
-          itemId: "rs_1",
-          text: "Second",
-          providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "rs_1" } },
-        },
+        { type: "reasoning-delta", id: "rs_1:1", text: "Second" },
        {
          type: "reasoning-end",
          id: "rs_1:1",
-          itemId: "rs_1",
          providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "rs_1", reasoningEncryptedContent: "encrypted-state" } },
        },
        { type: "step-finish", index: 0, reason: { normalized: "stop", raw: undefined } },
@@ -1315,8 +1201,8 @@ describe("OpenAI Responses route", () => {
      )

      expect(response.events.filter((event) => event.type === "reasoning-end")).toEqual([
-        { type: "reasoning-end", id: "rs_1:0", itemId: "rs_1", providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "rs_1" } } },
-        { type: "reasoning-end", id: "rs_1:1", itemId: "rs_1", providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "rs_1" } } },
+        { type: "reasoning-end", id: "rs_1:0", providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "rs_1" } } },
+        { type: "reasoning-end", id: "rs_1:1", providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "rs_1" } } },
      ])
    }),
  )
@@ -1364,7 +1250,7 @@ describe("OpenAI Responses route", () => {
                  { role: "user", content: [{ type: "input_text", text: "Summarize it." }] },
                ],
              })
-              expect(body.input[1]).toHaveProperty("id", "rs_1")
+              expect(body.input[1]).not.toHaveProperty("id")
              return input.respond(
                sseEvents(
                  { type: "response.output_text.delta", item_id: "msg_1", delta: "Parser now round-trips reasoning." },
@@ -1411,7 +1297,6 @@ describe("OpenAI Responses route", () => {
        { role: "assistant", content: [{ type: "output_text", text: "Before." }] },
        {
          type: "reasoning",
-          id: "rs_1",
          encrypted_content: "encrypted-state",
          summary: [{ type: "summary_text", text: "Checked order." }],
        },
@@ -1420,7 +1305,7 @@ describe("OpenAI Responses route", () => {
    }),
  )

-  it.effect("replays complete stored reasoning items with their id", () =>
+  it.effect("references stored reasoning items by id", () =>
    Effect.gen(function* () {
      const prepared = yield* compileRequest(
        LLM.request({
@@ -1438,14 +1323,7 @@ describe("OpenAI Responses route", () => {
        }),
      )

-      expect(prepared.body.input).toEqual([
-        {
-          type: "reasoning",
-          id: "rs_1",
-          summary: [{ type: "summary_text", text: "Checked the previous diff." }],
-          encrypted_content: undefined,
-        },
-      ])
+      expect(prepared.body.input).toEqual([{ type: "item_reference", id: "rs_1" }])
    }),
  )

@@ -1554,7 +1432,6 @@ describe("OpenAI Responses route", () => {
      expect(prepared.body.input).toEqual([
        {
          type: "reasoning",
-          id: "rs_1",
          encrypted_content: "encrypted-state",
          summary: [
            { type: "summary_text", text: "First" },
@@ -1634,7 +1511,6 @@ describe("OpenAI Responses route", () => {
        outputTokens: 1,
        nonCachedInputTokens: 5,
        cacheReadInputTokens: undefined,
-        cacheWriteInputTokens: undefined,
        reasoningTokens: undefined,
        totalTokens: 6,
        providerMetadata: { openai: { input_tokens: 5, output_tokens: 1 } },
@@ -1645,35 +1521,30 @@ describe("OpenAI Responses route", () => {
        {
          type: "tool-input-start",
          id: "call_1",
-          itemId: "item_1",
          name: "lookup",
          providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "item_1" } },
        },
        {
          type: "tool-input-delta",
          id: "call_1",
-          itemId: "item_1",
          name: "lookup",
          text: '{"query"',
        },
        {
          type: "tool-input-delta",
          id: "call_1",
-          itemId: "item_1",
          name: "lookup",
          text: ':"weather"}',
        },
        {
          type: "tool-input-end",
          id: "call_1",
-          itemId: "item_1",
          name: "lookup",
          providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "item_1" } },
        },
        {
          type: "tool-call",
          id: "call_1",
-          itemId: "item_1",
          name: "lookup",
          input: { query: "weather" },
          providerExecuted: undefined,
@@ -1693,17 +1564,6 @@ describe("OpenAI Responses route", () => {
          usage,
        },
      ])
-      expect(response.message.content).toEqual([
-        {
-          type: "tool-call",
-          id: "call_1",
-          itemId: "item_1",
-          name: "lookup",
-          input: { query: "weather" },
-          providerExecuted: undefined,
-          providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "item_1" } },
-        },
-      ])
    }),
  )

@@ -1736,7 +1596,6 @@ describe("OpenAI Responses route", () => {
      expect(response.events.find(LLMEvent.is.toolInputError)).toEqual({
        type: "tool-input-error",
        id: "call_1",
-        itemId: "item_1",
        name: "lookup",
        raw: '{"query":"partial',
      })
@@ -1793,7 +1652,6 @@ describe("OpenAI Responses route", () => {
        {
          type: "tool-call",
          id: "ws_1",
-          itemId: "ws_1",
          name: "web_search",
          input: { type: "search", query: "effect 4" },
          providerExecuted: true,
@@ -1802,35 +1660,11 @@ describe("OpenAI Responses route", () => {
        {
          type: "tool-result",
          id: "ws_1",
-          itemId: "ws_1",
          name: "web_search",
          result: { type: "json", value: item },
          providerExecuted: true,
-          providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "ws_1", item } },
-          output: undefined,
-        },
-      ])
-      expect(response.message.content).toEqual([
-        {
-          type: "tool-call",
-          id: "ws_1",
-          itemId: "ws_1",
-          name: "web_search",
-          input: { type: "search", query: "effect 4" },
-          providerExecuted: true,
          providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "ws_1" } },
        },
-        {
-          type: "tool-result",
-          id: "ws_1",
-          itemId: "ws_1",
-          name: "web_search",
-          result: { type: "json", value: item },
-          providerExecuted: true,
-          providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "ws_1", item } },
-          metadata: undefined,
-          cache: undefined,
-        },
      ])
    }),
  )
@@ -1908,7 +1742,6 @@ describe("OpenAI Responses route", () => {
      expect(toolCall).toEqual({
        type: "tool-call",
        id: "ci_1",
-        itemId: "ci_1",
        name: "code_interpreter",
        input: { code: "print(1+1)", container_id: "cnt_xyz" },
        providerExecuted: true,
@@ -1918,12 +1751,10 @@ describe("OpenAI Responses route", () => {
      expect(toolResult).toEqual({
        type: "tool-result",
        id: "ci_1",
-        itemId: "ci_1",
        name: "code_interpreter",
        result: { type: "json", value: item },
        providerExecuted: true,
-        providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "ci_1", item } },
-        output: undefined,
+        providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "ci_1" } },
      })
    }),
  )
@@ -49,43 +49,6 @@ describe("LLMResponse reducer", () => {
    expect(state.message.content).toEqual([{ type: "text", text: "partial" }])
  })

-  test("assembles response item identity and provider metadata", () => {
-    const response = LLMResponse.fromEvents([
-      LLMEvent.textStart({ id: "text-block", itemId: "msg_existing" }),
-      LLMEvent.textDelta({
-        id: "text-block",
-        itemId: "msg_existing",
-        text: "Answer",
-        providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "msg_existing" } },
-      }),
-      LLMEvent.textEnd({ id: "text-block", itemId: "msg_existing" }),
-      LLMEvent.reasoningStart({ id: "reasoning-block", itemId: "rs_existing" }),
-      LLMEvent.reasoningDelta({
-        id: "reasoning-block",
-        itemId: "rs_existing",
-        text: "Thought",
-        providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "rs_existing" } },
-      }),
-      LLMEvent.reasoningEnd({ id: "reasoning-block", itemId: "rs_existing" }),
-      LLMEvent.finish({ reason: { normalized: "stop" } }),
-    ])
-
-    expect(response?.message.content).toEqual([
-      {
-        type: "text",
-        text: "Answer",
-        itemId: "msg_existing",
-        providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "msg_existing" } },
-      },
-      {
-        type: "reasoning",
-        text: "Thought",
-        itemId: "rs_existing",
-        providerMetadata: { openai: { itemId: "rs_existing" } },
-      },
-    ])
-  })
-
  test("does not complete ended content without a terminal finish", () => {
    const state = reduce([
      LLMEvent.textStart({ id: "t1" }),
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ describe("LLMClient tools", () => {
      expect(calls).toEqual([{ id: "call_projected", parameters: { prefix: "count" }, output: { count: "2" } }])
      expect(dispatched.result).toEqual({ type: "text", value: "count:2" })
      expect(dispatched.output).toEqual({ structured: { count: "2" }, content: [{ type: "text", text: "count:2" }] })
-      expect(dispatched.events).toMatchObject([
+      expect(dispatched.events).toEqual([
        LLMEvent.toolResult({
          id: "call_projected",
          name: "projected",
@@ -180,7 +180,6 @@ describe("LLMClient tools", () => {
          output: { structured: { count: "2" }, content: [{ type: "text", text: "count:2" }] },
        }),
      ])
-      expect(dispatched.events[0]?.itemId).toBeUndefined()
    }),
  )

@@ -198,7 +197,7 @@ describe("LLMClient tools", () => {
        LLMEvent.toolCall({ id: "call_1", name: "tool", input: {}, providerMetadata }),
      )

-      expect(dispatched.events).toMatchObject([
+      expect(dispatched.events).toEqual([
        LLMEvent.toolResult({
          id: "call_1",
          name: "tool",
@@ -207,13 +206,12 @@ describe("LLMClient tools", () => {
          providerMetadata,
        }),
      ])
-      expect(dispatched.events[0]?.itemId).toBeUndefined()

      const failed = yield* ToolRuntime.dispatch(
        {},
-        LLMEvent.toolCall({ id: "call_2", itemId: "fc_failed", name: "missing", input: {}, providerMetadata }),
+        LLMEvent.toolCall({ id: "call_2", name: "missing", input: {}, providerMetadata }),
      )
-      expect(failed.events).toMatchObject([
+      expect(failed.events).toEqual([
        LLMEvent.toolError({
          id: "call_2",
          name: "missing",
@@ -227,27 +225,6 @@ describe("LLMClient tools", () => {
          providerMetadata,
        }),
      ])
-      const errorItemID = failed.events.find(LLMEvent.is.toolError)?.itemId
-      const resultItemID = failed.events.find(LLMEvent.is.toolResult)?.itemId
-      expect(errorItemID).toBeUndefined()
-      expect(resultItemID).toBeUndefined()
-    }),
-  )
-
-  it.effect("does not derive a function output item id from the function call item id", () =>
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const tool = Tool.make({
-        description: "Return text.",
-        parameters: Schema.Struct({}),
-        success: Schema.String,
-        execute: () => Effect.succeed("hello"),
-      })
-      const dispatched = yield* ToolRuntime.dispatch(
-        { tool },
-        LLMEvent.toolCall({ id: "call_1", itemId: "fc_existing", name: "tool", input: {} }),
-      )
-
-      expect(dispatched.events.find(LLMEvent.is.toolResult)?.itemId).toBeUndefined()
    }),
  )

@@ -460,7 +437,7 @@ describe("LLMClient tools", () => {
      )

      expect(dispatched.result).toEqual(callerOwned)
-      expect(dispatched.events).toMatchObject([
+      expect(dispatched.events).toEqual([
        LLMEvent.toolResult({
          id: "call_1",
          name: "eventful",
@@ -468,7 +445,6 @@ describe("LLMClient tools", () => {
          output: { structured: { ok: true }, content: [] },
        }),
      ])
-      expect(dispatched.events[0]?.itemId).toBeUndefined()
    }),
  )

@@ -688,8 +688,6 @@ export default function Page() {
    return {
      queryKey: [...vcsKey(), mode] as const,
      enabled,
-      refetchOnMount: "always" as const,
-      refetchOnWindowFocus: true,
      queryFn: mode
        ? () =>
            sdk()
@@ -703,16 +701,6 @@ export default function Page() {
    }
  })
  const refreshVcs = debounce(() => void queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: vcsKey() }), 100)
-  createEffect(
-    on(
-      () => desktopReviewOpen() || mobileChanges(),
-      (open, previous) => {
-        if (!open || previous || !desktopFileTreeOpen() || vcsQuery.isFetching) return
-        refreshVcs()
-      },
-      { defer: true },
-    ),
-  )
  const reviewDiffs = () => {
    if (reviewMode() === "git" || reviewMode() === "branch")
      // avoids suspense
@@ -959,6 +947,19 @@ export default function Page() {
    ),
  )

+  const stopVcs = sdk().event.listen((evt) => {
+    const details = evt.details as { type: string; properties?: unknown }
+    if (details.type !== "file.watcher.updated" && details.type !== "filesystem.changed") return
+    const props =
+      typeof details.properties === "object" && details.properties
+        ? (details.properties as Record<string, unknown>)
+        : undefined
+    const file = typeof props?.file === "string" ? props.file : undefined
+    if (!file || file.startsWith(".git/")) return
+    refreshVcs()
+  })
+  onCleanup(stopVcs)
+
  createEffect(
    on(
      () => sdk().directory,
@@ -118,7 +118,6 @@
    "immer": "11.1.4",
    "ignore": "7.0.5",
    "jsonc-parser": "3.3.1",
-    "mime-types": "3.0.2",
    "turndown": "7.2.0",
    "tree-sitter-bash": "0.25.0",
    "tree-sitter-powershell": "0.25.10",
@@ -13,14 +13,12 @@ export const Plugin = define({
    const config = yield* Config.Service
    const loaded = { entries: yield* config.entries() }
    yield* ctx.integration.transform((integrations) => {
+      const configuredIntegrations = new Set(
+        configuredProviders(loaded.entries).flatMap(([id, provider]) => (provider.env === undefined ? [] : [id])),
+      )
      for (const [id, provider] of configuredProviders(loaded.entries)) {
        const integrationID = id
-        if (!integrations.get(integrationID)) {
-          integrations.method.update({
-            integrationID,
-            method: { type: "key", label: "Manually enter API Key" },
-          })
-        }
+        if (!configuredIntegrations.has(id) && !integrations.get(integrationID)) continue
        integrations.update(integrationID, (integration) => {
          integration.name = provider.name ?? integration.name
        })
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-import { CrossSpawnSpawner } from "@opencode-ai/util/cross-spawn-spawner"
-import { makeLocationNode } from "@opencode-ai/util/effect/app-node"
-import { Context, Effect, Layer } from "effect"
-import { ChildProcessSpawner } from "effect/unstable/process/ChildProcessSpawner"
-import type { Files } from "./files"
-import { makeFiles } from "./index"
-import { makeLocalDriver } from "./local"
-
-export interface Interface {
-  readonly files: Files
-  readonly spawner: ChildProcessSpawner["Service"]
-}
-
-export class Service extends Context.Service<Service, Interface>()("@opencode/Environment") {}
-
-const layer = Layer.effect(
-  Service,
-  Effect.gen(function* () {
-    const spawner = yield* ChildProcessSpawner
-    return Service.of({ files: makeFiles(makeLocalDriver(spawner)), spawner })
-  }),
-)
-
-export const node = makeLocationNode({ service: Service, layer, deps: [CrossSpawnSpawner.node] })
-
-export * as EnvironmentService from "./environment"
@@ -50,13 +50,13 @@ fi
 `

 const listScript = `
-${loadMetadata("-L")}
+${loadMetadata()}
 kind=\${metadata%%${TAB}*}
 if [ "$kind" != directory ]; then
  printf '%s' "$kind" >&2
  exit ${WRONG_KIND}
 fi
-find -H "$1" -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -printf '%y\\0%f\\0'
+find "$1" -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -printf '%y\\0%f\\0'
 `

 const moveScript = `
@@ -30,8 +30,7 @@ export class Failed extends Schema.TaggedErrorClass<Failed>()("Environment.Faile

 export interface FilesImpl {
  /**
-   * Content operations (`read`, `list`) follow final symlinks; metadata operations (`stat` and entry
-   * tags returned by `list`) do not. `info` describes the target file whose bytes are returned.
+   * Reads a file, following a final symlink so `info` describes the target whose bytes are returned.
   * The process-backed default caps collected output at 64 MiB; larger whole-file reads fail with
   * `Failed`, so callers must use ranges for larger files.
   */
@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@ export interface FilesImpl {
  readonly write: (path: string, bytes: Uint8Array) => Effect.Effect<void, Failed>
  /** Describes the path entry itself, so a final symlink is reported as `symlink` rather than followed. */
  readonly stat: (path: string) => Effect.Effect<FileInfo, NotFound | Failed>
-  /** Follows a final symlink to the listed directory while preserving each returned entry's own type. */
+  /** Lists a directory entry without following a final symlink; intermediate symlinks are traversed. */
  readonly list: (path: string) => Effect.Effect<ReadonlyArray<DirEntry>, NotFound | WrongKind | Failed>
  readonly remove: (path: string) => Effect.Effect<void, Failed>
  readonly move: (from: string, to: string) => Effect.Effect<void, NotFound | Failed>
@@ -51,20 +50,4 @@ export interface FilesImpl {

 export interface Files extends FilesImpl {}

-/**
- * Derives a follow-stat kind from the lstat-like Files contract. A dangling
- * symlink fails with `NotFound`.
- */
-export const typeFollowing = (files: Files, path: string) =>
-  files.stat(path).pipe(
-    Effect.flatMap((info) =>
-      info.type === "symlink"
-        ? files.read(path, { offset: 0, length: 0 }).pipe(
-            Effect.map((result) => result.info.type),
-            Effect.catchTag("Environment.WrongKind", (error) => Effect.succeed(error.actual)),
-          )
-        : Effect.succeed(info.type),
-    ),
-  )
-
 export * as EnvironmentFiles from "./files"
@@ -9,13 +9,10 @@ export {
  type FilesImpl,
  type FileType,
  NotFound,
-  typeFollowing,
  WrongKind,
 } from "./files"
 export { execDefaults } from "./exec-defaults"
-export { makeLocalDriver } from "./local"
 export { makeMemoryDriver, type MemoryDriver } from "./memory"
-export { type Interface, node, Service } from "./environment"

 import type { Driver } from "./driver"
 import { execDefaults } from "./exec-defaults"
@@ -1,103 +0,0 @@
-import fs from "node:fs/promises"
-import path from "node:path"
-import { Effect } from "effect"
-import type { ChildProcessSpawner } from "effect/unstable/process/ChildProcessSpawner"
-import type { Driver } from "./driver"
-import { Failed, NotFound, WrongKind, type FileInfo, type FilesImpl, type FileType } from "./files"
-
-/**
- * The host filesystem binding. Deliberately raw node:fs rather than effect's
- * FileSystem service or FSUtil: the contract needs lstat semantics (stat
- * reports "symlink") and typed directory entries, and effect's node
- * FileSystem provides neither — its stat always follows symlinks and
- * readDirectory returns names only. FSUtil hits the same gap and its
- * readDirectoryEntries already bypasses to raw node readdir internally.
- * Nothing above the environment seam touches node:fs.
- */
-export const makeLocalDriver = (spawner: ChildProcessSpawner["Service"]): Driver => {
-  const overrides: FilesImpl = {
-    read: (value, range) =>
-      Effect.gen(function* () {
-        const info = yield* stat(value, true)
-        if (info.type !== "file") return yield* new WrongKind({ path: value, actual: info.type })
-        if (range === undefined) {
-          const bytes = yield* attempt(value, () => fs.readFile(value), true)
-          return { info, bytes }
-        }
-        const bytes = yield* attempt(
-          value,
-          async () => {
-            const handle = await fs.open(value, "r")
-            try {
-              const buffer = new Uint8Array(range.length)
-              const result = await handle.read(buffer, 0, range.length, range.offset)
-              return buffer.subarray(0, result.bytesRead)
-            } finally {
-              await handle.close()
-            }
-          },
-          true,
-        )
-        return { info, bytes }
-      }),
-    stat: (value) => stat(value, false),
-    list: (value) =>
-      Effect.gen(function* () {
-        const info = yield* stat(value, true)
-        if (info.type !== "directory") return yield* new WrongKind({ path: value, actual: info.type })
-        const entries = yield* attempt(value, () => fs.readdir(value, { withFileTypes: true }), true)
-        return entries.map((entry) => ({ name: entry.name, type: fileType(entry) }))
-      }),
-    write: (value, bytes) =>
-      attempt(value, async () => {
-        await fs.mkdir(path.dirname(value), { recursive: true })
-        await fs.writeFile(value, bytes)
-      }),
-    remove: (value) => attempt(value, () => fs.rm(value, { recursive: true, force: true })),
-    move: (from, to) =>
-      Effect.gen(function* () {
-        yield* stat(from, false)
-        const destination = yield* stat(to, false).pipe(
-          Effect.map((info) => (info.type === "directory" ? path.join(to, path.basename(from)) : to)),
-          Effect.catchIf(
-            (error) => error instanceof NotFound,
-            () => Effect.succeed(to),
-          ),
-        )
-        yield* attempt(from, () => fs.rename(from, destination))
-      }),
-    mkdir: (value) => attempt(value, () => fs.mkdir(value, { recursive: true }).then(() => undefined)),
-  }
-
-  return { spawner, overrides }
-}
-
-const stat = (value: string, follow: boolean) =>
-  attempt(value, () => (follow ? fs.stat(value) : fs.lstat(value)), true).pipe(
-    Effect.map((stats): FileInfo => ({ type: fileType(stats), size: stats.size, mtimeMs: stats.mtimeMs })),
-  )
-
-const fileType = (entry: { isFile(): boolean; isDirectory(): boolean; isSymbolicLink(): boolean }): FileType => {
-  if (entry.isFile()) return "file"
-  if (entry.isDirectory()) return "directory"
-  if (entry.isSymbolicLink()) return "symlink"
-  return "other"
-}
-
-function attempt<A>(value: string, run: () => Promise<A>): Effect.Effect<A, Failed>
-function attempt<A>(value: string, run: () => Promise<A>, missing: true): Effect.Effect<A, NotFound | Failed>
-function attempt<A>(value: string, run: () => Promise<A>, missing = false) {
-  return Effect.tryPromise({
-    try: run,
-    catch: (cause) =>
-      missing && isMissing(cause) ? new NotFound({ path: value }) : new Failed({ path: value, cause }),
-  })
-}
-
-const isMissing = (cause: unknown) =>
-  cause !== null &&
-  typeof cause === "object" &&
-  "code" in cause &&
-  (cause.code === "ENOENT" || cause.code === "ENOTDIR")
-
-export * as EnvironmentLocal from "./local"
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ export const makeMemoryDriver = (): MemoryDriver => {
        catch: (cause) => failed(value, cause),
      }),
    list: (value) => {
-      const target = resolveKey(value, true) ?? key(value)
+      const target = resolveKey(value, false) ?? key(value)
      const node = nodes.get(target)
      if (!node) return Effect.fail(new NotFound({ path: value }))
      if (node.type !== "directory") return Effect.fail(new WrongKind({ path: value, actual: node.type }))
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@ import { Context, Effect, Layer } from "effect"
 import { KeyedMutex } from "./effect/keyed-mutex"
 import { FSUtil } from "@opencode-ai/util/fs-util"
 import { Bom } from "@opencode-ai/util/bom"
-import { Environment } from "./environment"
-import type { Files } from "./environment"

 export interface Target {
  readonly absolute: string
@@ -31,36 +29,13 @@ export interface WriteResult {
 }

 export interface Interface {
-  /** Serialize a complete read/prepare/write mutation transaction by resolved path. */
-  readonly withLock: (
-    targets: ReadonlyArray<string>,
-  ) => <A, E, R>(effect: Effect.Effect<A, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<A, E, R>
-  readonly write: (input: WriteInput) => Effect.Effect<WriteResult, Environment.Failed>
+  readonly write: (input: WriteInput) => Effect.Effect<WriteResult, FSUtil.Error>
  /** Write text while retaining an existing UTF-8 BOM and emitting at most one BOM. */
-  readonly writeTextPreservingBom: (
-    input: TextWriteInput,
-  ) => Effect.Effect<WriteResult, Environment.WrongKind | Environment.Failed>
+  readonly writeTextPreservingBom: (input: TextWriteInput) => Effect.Effect<WriteResult, FSUtil.Error>
 }

 export class Service extends Context.Service<Service, Interface>()("@opencode/FileMutation") {}

-export const readText = Effect.fn("FileMutation.readText")(function* (files: Files, target: string) {
-  return Bom.decodeBytes((yield* files.read(target)).bytes)
-})
-
-export const syncTextBom = Effect.fn("FileMutation.syncTextBom")(function* (
-  files: Files,
-  target: string,
-  bom: boolean,
-) {
-  const synced = Bom.syncBytes((yield* files.read(target)).bytes, bom)
-  if (synced.bytes) yield* files.write(target, synced.bytes)
-  return synced.text
-})
-
-/** Share transaction locks across Location graphs that address the same file. */
-const transactionLocks = KeyedMutex.makeUnsafe<string>()
-
 /**
 * Serialize file changes by absolute target. Conditional writes compare and
 * write under the same process-local lock so cooperating OpenCode mutations do
@@ -69,12 +44,8 @@ const transactionLocks = KeyedMutex.makeUnsafe<string>()
 const layer = Layer.effect(
  Service,
  Effect.gen(function* () {
-    const environment = yield* Environment.Service
+    const fs = yield* FSUtil.Service
    const locks = KeyedMutex.makeUnsafe<string>()
-    const withLock: Interface["withLock"] = (targets) => (effect) =>
-      [...new Set(targets.map(FSUtil.resolve))]
-        .sort()
-        .reduceRight((result, target) => transactionLocks.withLock(target)(result), effect)
    const withTargetLock =
      (target: Target) =>
      <A, E, R>(effect: Effect.Effect<A, E, R>) =>
@@ -90,14 +61,8 @@ const layer = Layer.effect(
    const write = Effect.fn("FileMutation.write")((input: WriteInput) =>
      withTargetLock(input.target)(
        Effect.gen(function* () {
-          const existed = yield* environment.files.stat(input.target.absolute).pipe(
-            Effect.as(true),
-            Effect.catchTag("Environment.NotFound", () => Effect.succeed(false)),
-          )
-          yield* environment.files.write(
-            input.target.absolute,
-            typeof input.content === "string" ? new TextEncoder().encode(input.content) : input.content,
-          )
+          const existed = yield* fs.exists(input.target.absolute)
+          yield* fs.writeWithDirs(input.target.absolute, input.content)
          return writeResult(input.target, existed)
        }),
      ),
@@ -107,24 +72,23 @@ const layer = Layer.effect(
      withTargetLock(input.target)(
        Effect.gen(function* () {
          const next = Bom.split(input.content)
-          const current = yield* environment.files.read(input.target.absolute, { offset: 0, length: 3 }).pipe(
-            Effect.map((result) => result.bytes),
-            Effect.catchTag("Environment.NotFound", () => Effect.succeed(undefined)),
-          )
-          yield* environment.files.write(
+          const current = yield* fs
+            .readFile(input.target.absolute)
+            .pipe(Effect.catchReason("PlatformError", "NotFound", () => Effect.succeed(undefined)))
+          yield* fs.writeWithDirs(
            input.target.absolute,
-            new TextEncoder().encode(Bom.join(next.text, Boolean(current && Bom.has(current)) || next.bom)),
+            Bom.join(next.text, Boolean(current && Bom.has(current)) || next.bom),
          )
          return writeResult(input.target, current !== undefined)
        }),
      ),
    )

-    return Service.of({ withLock, write, writeTextPreservingBom })
+    return Service.of({ write, writeTextPreservingBom })
  }),
 )

-export const node = makeLocationNode({ service: Service, layer, deps: [Environment.node] })
+export const node = makeLocationNode({ service: Service, layer, deps: [FSUtil.node] })

 /**
 * Deferred until the corresponding integrations exist.
@@ -11,6 +11,15 @@ import { FSUtil } from "@opencode-ai/util/fs-util"
 import { Git } from "../git"
 import { Location } from "../location"
 import { Watcher } from "./watcher"
+import { Ignore } from "./ignore"
+import { Protected } from "./protected"
+
+function protecteds(dir: string) {
+  return Protected.paths().filter((item) => {
+    const relative = path.relative(dir, item)
+    return relative !== "" && !relative.startsWith("..") && !path.isAbsolute(relative)
+  })
+}

 export interface Interface {}

@@ -35,6 +44,19 @@ const layer = Layer.effect(
      const config = (yield* configService.entries())
        .filter((entry): entry is Document => entry.type === "document")
        .flatMap((item) => item.info.watcher?.ignore ?? [])
+      const home = Protected.isHome(location.directory)
+
+      if (!home && location.vcs) {
+        const updates = yield* watcher.subscribe({
+          path: location.directory,
+          type: "directory",
+          ignore: [...Ignore.PATTERNS, ...config, ...protecteds(location.directory)],
+        })
+        yield* updates.pipe(Stream.runForEach(publish), Effect.forkScoped)
+      }
+      if (home) {
+        yield* Effect.logInfo("location watcher skipped home directory", { directory: location.directory })
+      }

      if (location.vcs?.type === "git") {
        const resolved = (yield* git.repo.discover(location.directory))?.gitDirectory
@@ -42,7 +64,10 @@ const layer = Layer.effect(
          ? yield* fs.realPath(resolved).pipe(Effect.catch(() => Effect.succeed(resolved)))
          : undefined
        if (vcs && !config.includes(".git") && !config.includes(vcs) && (!resolved || !config.includes(resolved))) {
-          const updates = yield* watcher.subscribe({ path: path.join(vcs, "HEAD"), type: "file" })
+          const ignore = (yield* fs.readDirectoryEntries(vcs).pipe(Effect.catch(() => Effect.succeed([])))).flatMap(
+            (entry) => (entry.name === "HEAD" ? [] : [entry.name]),
+          )
+          const updates = yield* watcher.subscribe({ path: vcs, type: "directory", ignore })
          yield* updates.pipe(Stream.runForEach(publish), Effect.forkScoped)
        }
      }
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import { LayerNode } from "@opencode-ai/util/effect/layer-node"
 import { Node } from "@opencode-ai/util/effect/app-node"
 import { Bus } from "./bus"
 import { FileMutation } from "./file-mutation"
-import { Environment } from "./environment"
 import { Formatter } from "./formatter"
 import { FileSystem } from "./filesystem"
 import { FileSystemSearch } from "./filesystem/search"
@@ -54,7 +53,6 @@ export { LocationServiceMap } from "./location-service-map"

 const locationServiceNodes = [
  Location.node,
-  Environment.node,
  Config.node,
  Agent.node,
  Command.node,
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ import { ConfigReferencePlugin } from "../config/plugin/reference"
 import { ConfigSkillPlugin } from "../config/plugin/skill"
 import { ConfigWebSearchPlugin } from "../config/plugin/websearch"
 import { Bus } from "../bus"
-import { Environment } from "../environment"
 import { FileMutation } from "../file-mutation"
 import { Formatter } from "../formatter"
 import { Form } from "../form"
@@ -71,7 +70,6 @@ const services = Effect.fn("PluginInternal.services")(function* () {
  const config = yield* Config.Service
  const credential = yield* Credential.Service
  const bus = yield* Bus.Service
-  const environment = yield* Environment.Service
  const mutation = yield* FileMutation.Service
  const formatter = yield* Formatter.Service
  const filesystem = yield* FileSystem.Service
@@ -104,7 +102,6 @@ const services = Effect.fn("PluginInternal.services")(function* () {
    Context.make(Config.Service, config),
    Context.make(Credential.Service, credential),
    Context.make(Bus.Service, bus),
-    Context.make(Environment.Service, environment),
    Context.make(FileMutation.Service, mutation),
    Context.make(Formatter.Service, formatter),
    Context.make(FileSystem.Service, filesystem),
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import { Credential } from "../credential"
 import { makeLocationNode } from "@opencode-ai/util/effect/app-node"
 import { httpClient } from "@opencode-ai/util/effect/app-node-platform"
 import { Bus } from "../bus"
-import { Environment } from "../environment"
 import { FileMutation } from "../file-mutation"
 import { Formatter } from "../formatter"
 import { FileSystem } from "../filesystem"
@@ -283,9 +282,7 @@ const layer = Layer.effect(
    })
    const updates = Stream.merge(
      config.changes().pipe(
-        Stream.filterEffect((update) =>
-          Effect.map(config.entries(), (entries) => isPluginSource(entries, update.path)),
-        ),
+        Stream.filterEffect((update) => Effect.map(config.entries(), (entries) => isPluginSource(entries, update.path))),
        Stream.merge(Stream.fromPubSub(configuredChanges)),
      ),
      bus.subscribe([Event.Updated, SdkPlugins.Updated]),
@@ -323,7 +320,6 @@ export const node = makeLocationNode({
    Config.node,
    Credential.node,
    Bus.node,
-    Environment.node,
    FileMutation.node,
    Formatter.node,
    FileSystem.node,
@@ -3,9 +3,8 @@ export * as Ripgrep from "./ripgrep"
 import { Context, Effect, Fiber, Layer, Schema, Stream } from "effect"
 import { ChildProcess } from "effect/unstable/process"
 import { Entry, Match } from "@opencode-ai/schema/filesystem"
-import { makeLocationNode } from "@opencode-ai/util/effect/app-node"
-import { collectStream, waitForAbort } from "@opencode-ai/util/process"
-import { Environment } from "./environment"
+import { makeGlobalNode } from "@opencode-ai/util/effect/app-node"
+import { AppProcess, collectStream, waitForAbort } from "@opencode-ai/util/process"
 import { NonNegativeInt, PositiveInt, RelativePath } from "./schema"
 import { RipgrepBinary } from "./ripgrep/binary"

@@ -94,7 +93,7 @@ const isInvalidPattern = (stderr: string) =>
 const layer = Layer.effect(
  Service,
  Effect.gen(function* () {
-    const environment = yield* Environment.Service
+    const process = yield* AppProcess.Service
    const binary = yield* RipgrepBinary.Service

    const run = <A>(input: {
@@ -108,8 +107,7 @@ const layer = Layer.effect(
    }) => {
      const program = Effect.scoped(
        Effect.gen(function* () {
-          // Hosted environments will resolve rg through their driver image; the spawner is the execution seam.
-          const handle = yield* environment.spawner.spawn(
+          const handle = yield* process.spawn(
            ChildProcess.make(yield* binary.filepath, input.args, { cwd: input.cwd, extendEnv: true, stdin: "ignore" }),
          )
          const stderrFiber = yield* collectStream(handle.stderr, ERROR_BYTES).pipe(
@@ -277,4 +275,4 @@ const layer = Layer.effect(
  }),
 )

-export const node = makeLocationNode({ service: Service, layer, deps: [Environment.node, RipgrepBinary.node] })
+export const node = makeGlobalNode({ service: Service, layer: layer, deps: [RipgrepBinary.node, AppProcess.node] })
@@ -2,14 +2,9 @@ export * as SessionRestart from "./restart"

 import { Context, Effect, Layer } from "effect"
 import { makeGlobalNode } from "@opencode-ai/util/effect/app-node"
-import { Bus } from "../../bus"
-import { SessionEvent } from "../event"
 import { SessionExecution } from "../execution"
 import { SessionStore } from "../store"

-const CONTINUE_AFTER_SERVER_RESTART =
-  "The server restarted while you were working. Continue from where you left off without repeating completed work."
-
 export interface Interface {
  /**
   * Marks every execution active in this process for resumption by the next server start.
@@ -31,7 +26,6 @@ export const layer = Layer.effect(
  Effect.gen(function* () {
    const store = yield* SessionStore.Service
    const execution = yield* SessionExecution.Service
-    const bus = yield* Bus.Service
    return Service.of({
      suspendActiveSessions: Effect.gen(function* () {
        yield* store.suspend(yield* execution.active)
@@ -43,11 +37,6 @@ export const layer = Layer.effect(
          (sessionID) =>
            Effect.gen(function* () {
              if (!(yield* store.consumeSuspended(sessionID))) return
-              yield* bus.publish(SessionEvent.Synthetic, {
-                sessionID,
-                text: CONTINUE_AFTER_SERVER_RESTART,
-                description: "Continuing after restart",
-              })
              // Drain failures are already logged and durably recorded by the execution layer.
              yield* Effect.ignore(execution.resume(sessionID))
            }),
@@ -58,8 +47,4 @@ export const layer = Layer.effect(
  }),
 )

-export const node = makeGlobalNode({
-  service: Service,
-  layer,
-  deps: [SessionStore.node, SessionExecution.node, Bus.node],
-})
+export const node = makeGlobalNode({ service: Service, layer, deps: [SessionStore.node, SessionExecution.node] })
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ import { ChildProcess } from "effect/unstable/process"
 import { produce } from "immer"
 import { Shell } from "@opencode-ai/schema/shell"
 import { makeLocationNode } from "@opencode-ai/util/effect/app-node"
+import { AppProcess } from "@opencode-ai/util/process"
 import { Config } from "./config"
 import { Bus } from "./bus"
-import { Environment } from "./environment"
 import { Location } from "./location"
 import { Global } from "@opencode-ai/util/global"
 import { ShellSelect } from "./shell/select"
@@ -65,284 +65,285 @@ export interface Interface {

 export class Service extends Context.Service<Service, Interface>()("@opencode/Shell") {}

-export const layer = (options?: ShellSelect.Options) =>
-  Layer.effect(
-    Service,
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const bus = yield* Bus.Service
-      const location = yield* Location.Service
-      const config = yield* Config.Service
-      const global = yield* Global.Service
-      const environment = yield* Environment.Service
-      const hooks = yield* PluginHooks.Service
-      const context = yield* Effect.context()
-      const runFork = Effect.runForkWith(context)
-      const sessions = new Map<string, Active>()
-      const exitOrder: string[] = []
+export const layer = (options?: ShellSelect.Options) => Layer.effect(
+  Service,
+  Effect.gen(function* () {
+    const bus = yield* Bus.Service
+    const location = yield* Location.Service
+    const config = yield* Config.Service
+    const global = yield* Global.Service
+    const appProcess = yield* AppProcess.Service
+    const hooks = yield* PluginHooks.Service
+    const context = yield* Effect.context()
+    const runFork = Effect.runForkWith(context)
+    const sessions = new Map<string, Active>()
+    const exitOrder: string[] = []

-      const outputDir = path.join(global.data, "shell", location.project.id)
-      const { mkdir, unlink } = yield* Effect.promise(() => import("fs/promises"))
-      const { createWriteStream, createReadStream } = yield* Effect.promise(() => import("fs"))
-      yield* Effect.promise(() => mkdir(outputDir, { recursive: true }))
+    const outputDir = path.join(global.data, "shell", location.project.id)
+    const { mkdir, unlink } = yield* Effect.promise(() => import("fs/promises"))
+    const { createWriteStream, createReadStream } = yield* Effect.promise(() => import("fs"))
+    yield* Effect.promise(() => mkdir(outputDir, { recursive: true }))

-      yield* Effect.addFinalizer(() =>
-        Effect.gen(function* () {
-          for (const session of sessions.values()) {
-            if (session.timeoutFiber) yield* Fiber.interrupt(session.timeoutFiber)
-            // Unblock waiters still pending at teardown; succeed is a no-op once already resolved.
-            yield* Deferred.fail(session.done, new NotFoundError({ id: Shell.ID.make(session.info.id) }))
-          }
-          sessions.clear()
-          exitOrder.length = 0
-        }),
+    yield* Effect.addFinalizer(() =>
+      Effect.gen(function* () {
+        for (const session of sessions.values()) {
+          if (session.timeoutFiber) yield* Fiber.interrupt(session.timeoutFiber)
+          // Unblock waiters still pending at teardown; succeed is a no-op once already resolved.
+          yield* Deferred.fail(session.done, new NotFoundError({ id: Shell.ID.make(session.info.id) }))
+        }
+        sessions.clear()
+        exitOrder.length = 0
+      }),
+    )
+
+    const require = Effect.fn("Shell.require")(function* (id: Shell.ID) {
+      const session = sessions.get(id)
+      if (!session) return yield* new NotFoundError({ id })
+      return session
+    })
+
+    const removeSession = Effect.fnUntraced(function* (id: Shell.ID) {
+      const session = sessions.get(id)
+      if (!session) return
+      sessions.delete(id)
+      const index = exitOrder.indexOf(id)
+      if (index !== -1) exitOrder.splice(index, 1)
+      if (session.timeoutFiber) yield* Fiber.interrupt(session.timeoutFiber)
+      // Unblock any wait still pending when the command is removed before it terminated.
+      yield* Deferred.fail(session.done, new NotFoundError({ id }))
+      yield* Effect.promise(() => unlink(session.file).catch(() => {}))
+      yield* bus.publish(Shell.Event.Deleted, { id })
+    })
+
+    const remove = Effect.fn("Shell.remove")(function* (id: Shell.ID) {
+      yield* require(id)
+      yield* removeSession(id)
+    })
+
+    const list = Effect.fn("Shell.list")(function* () {
+      return Array.from(sessions.values())
+        .filter((session) => session.info.status === "running")
+        .map((session) => session.info)
+    })
+
+    const get = Effect.fn("Shell.get")(function* (id: Shell.ID) {
+      return (yield* require(id)).info
+    })
+
+    const wait = Effect.fn("Shell.wait")(function* (id: Shell.ID) {
+      return yield* Deferred.await((yield* require(id)).done)
+    })
+
+    const timeout = Effect.fn("Shell.timeout")(function* (id: Shell.ID, duration: number) {
+      const session = yield* require(id)
+      if (session.info.status !== "running" || !session.timeout) return session.info
+      yield* session.timeout(duration)
+      return session.info
+    })
+
+    const resolve = () =>
+      config
+        .entries()
+        .pipe(Effect.map((entries) => ShellSelect.preferred(Config.latest(entries, "shell"), options)))
+
+    const name = () => resolve().pipe(Effect.map(ShellSelect.name))
+
+    const output = Effect.fn("Shell.output")(function* (id: Shell.ID, input?: Shell.OutputInput) {
+      const session = yield* require(id)
+      const cursor = input?.cursor ?? 0
+      const limit = input?.limit ?? 65536
+      if (cursor >= session.size) return { output: "", cursor: session.size, size: session.size, truncated: false }
+      const start = Math.max(0, cursor)
+      const length = Math.min(limit, session.size - start)
+      const buffer = Buffer.alloc(length)
+      const bytesRead = yield* Effect.promise(
+        () =>
+          new Promise<number>((resolve) => {
+            const stream = createReadStream(session.file, { start, end: start + length - 1 })
+            let offset = 0
+            stream.on("data", (chunk: string | Buffer) => {
+              const bytes = Buffer.from(chunk)
+              bytes.copy(buffer, offset)
+              offset += bytes.length
+            })
+            stream.on("end", () => resolve(offset))
+            stream.on("error", () => resolve(0))
+          }),
+      )
+      return {
+        output: buffer.subarray(0, bytesRead).toString("utf8"),
+        cursor: start + bytesRead,
+        size: session.size,
+        truncated: false,
+      }
+    })
+
+    const create = Effect.fn("Shell.create")(function* <E = never, R = never>(
+      input: Shell.CreateInput,
+      before?: (input: ShellCreateBefore) => Effect.Effect<void, E, R>,
+    ) {
+      const invocation: ShellCreateBefore = {
+        command: input.command,
+        cwd: input.cwd ?? location.directory,
+        timeout: input.timeout,
+        shell: yield* resolve(),
+        env: {
+          ...process.env,
+          TERM: "xterm-256color",
+          OPENCODE_TERMINAL: "1",
+        },
+      }
+      yield* hooks.trigger("shell", "create.before", invocation)
+      if (before) yield* before(invocation)
+
+      const id = Shell.ID.ascending()
+      const args = ShellSelect.args(invocation.shell, invocation.command)
+      const file = path.join(outputDir, `${id}.out`)
+
+      const info: Info = {
+        id,
+        status: "running",
+        command: invocation.command,
+        cwd: invocation.cwd,
+        shell: invocation.shell,
+        file,
+        metadata: input.metadata ?? {},
+        time: { started: Date.now() },
+      }
+
+      // Spawn via AppProcess and stream combined output to the file. The handle is scope-bound, so
+      // the managing fiber keeps its scope open until the command terminates (it awaits `done` at the
+      // end). `create` returns once `ready` resolves with the registered session.
+      const ready = Deferred.makeUnsafe<Active>()
+      runFork(
+        Effect.scoped(
+          Effect.gen(function* () {
+            const handle = yield* appProcess.spawn(
+              ChildProcess.make(invocation.shell, args, {
+                cwd: invocation.cwd,
+                env: invocation.env,
+                stdin: "ignore",
+                detached: process.platform !== "win32",
+                forceKillAfter: Duration.seconds(3),
+              }),
+            )
+            const session: Active = {
+              info: produce(info, (draft) => {
+                draft.pid = handle.pid
+              }),
+              file,
+              size: 0,
+              done: Deferred.makeUnsafe<Info, NotFoundError>(),
+            }
+            sessions.set(id, session)
+
+            const stream = createWriteStream(file)
+            const outputDone = Deferred.makeUnsafe<void>()
+            const pump = handle.all.pipe(
+              Stream.runForEach((chunk: Uint8Array) =>
+                Effect.sync(() => {
+                  stream.write(chunk)
+                  session.size += chunk.length
+                }),
+              ),
+            )
+            runFork(
+              Effect.gen(function* () {
+                yield* pump.pipe(Effect.catch(() => Effect.void))
+                yield* Effect.promise(
+                  () =>
+                    new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
+                      stream.end(() => resolve())
+                    }),
+                )
+                yield* Deferred.succeed(outputDone, undefined)
+              }).pipe(Effect.catch(() => Deferred.succeed(outputDone, undefined))),
+            )
+            yield* Effect.promise(
+              () =>
+                new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
+                  stream.once("open", () => resolve())
+                  stream.once("error", () => resolve())
+                }),
+            )
+
+            const finish = (status: Info["status"], exit?: number, beforeWait = Effect.void) =>
+              Effect.gen(function* () {
+                if (session.info.status !== "running") return
+                session.info = produce(session.info, (draft) => {
+                  draft.status = status
+                  if (exit !== undefined) draft.exit = exit
+                  draft.time.completed = Date.now()
+                })
+                yield* beforeWait
+                yield* Deferred.await(outputDone)
+                // Resolve waiters with the terminal Info before any retention eviction, so an evicted
+                // session still reports success rather than the removal NotFoundError. This runs before
+                // the timeout-fiber interrupt below, which on the timeout path would otherwise cancel
+                // this very fiber (finish is invoked by the timeout fiber) before waiters are resolved.
+                yield* Deferred.succeed(session.done, session.info)
+                yield* bus.publish(Shell.Event.Exited, {
+                  id,
+                  ...(exit !== undefined ? { exit } : {}),
+                  status,
+                })
+                exitOrder.push(id)
+                while (exitOrder.length > EXITED_LIMIT) {
+                  const oldest = exitOrder[0]
+                  if (!oldest) break
+                  yield* removeSession(Shell.ID.make(oldest))
+                }
+                // Cancel a pending timeout once the command exits on its own. Interrupting last avoids
+                // aborting finish when finish itself runs on the timeout fiber.
+                if (session.timeoutFiber) yield* Fiber.interrupt(session.timeoutFiber)
+              })
+
+            session.timeout = (duration) =>
+              Effect.gen(function* () {
+                if (session.timeoutFiber) yield* Fiber.interrupt(session.timeoutFiber)
+                session.timeoutFiber = undefined
+                if (duration === 0 || session.info.status !== "running") return
+                session.timeoutFiber = runFork(
+                  Effect.sleep(Duration.millis(duration)).pipe(
+                    Effect.flatMap(() =>
+                      finish("timeout", undefined, handle.kill().pipe(Effect.catch(() => Effect.void))),
+                    ),
+                    Effect.catch(() => Effect.void),
+                  ),
+                )
+              })
+
+            yield* session.timeout(invocation.timeout)
+
+            runFork(
+              handle.exitCode.pipe(
+                Effect.flatMap((code) => finish("exited", code)),
+                Effect.catch(() => Effect.void),
+              ),
+            )
+
+            yield* bus.publish(Shell.Event.Created, { info })
+            yield* Deferred.succeed(ready, session)
+            // Hold the handle's scope open until the command terminates; closing it earlier would
+            // release (kill) the process before its exit is observed.
+            yield* Deferred.await(session.done).pipe(Effect.catch(() => Effect.void))
+          }),
+        ).pipe(Effect.catch(() => Effect.void)),
      )

-      const require = Effect.fn("Shell.require")(function* (id: Shell.ID) {
-        const session = sessions.get(id)
-        if (!session) return yield* new NotFoundError({ id })
-        return session
-      })
+      const session = yield* Deferred.await(ready)
+      return session.info
+    })

-      const removeSession = Effect.fnUntraced(function* (id: Shell.ID) {
-        const session = sessions.get(id)
-        if (!session) return
-        sessions.delete(id)
-        const index = exitOrder.indexOf(id)
-        if (index !== -1) exitOrder.splice(index, 1)
-        if (session.timeoutFiber) yield* Fiber.interrupt(session.timeoutFiber)
-        // Unblock any wait still pending when the command is removed before it terminated.
-        yield* Deferred.fail(session.done, new NotFoundError({ id }))
-        yield* Effect.promise(() => unlink(session.file).catch(() => {}))
-        yield* bus.publish(Shell.Event.Deleted, { id })
-      })
-
-      const remove = Effect.fn("Shell.remove")(function* (id: Shell.ID) {
-        yield* require(id)
-        yield* removeSession(id)
-      })
-
-      const list = Effect.fn("Shell.list")(function* () {
-        return Array.from(sessions.values())
-          .filter((session) => session.info.status === "running")
-          .map((session) => session.info)
-      })
-
-      const get = Effect.fn("Shell.get")(function* (id: Shell.ID) {
-        return (yield* require(id)).info
-      })
-
-      const wait = Effect.fn("Shell.wait")(function* (id: Shell.ID) {
-        return yield* Deferred.await((yield* require(id)).done)
-      })
-
-      const timeout = Effect.fn("Shell.timeout")(function* (id: Shell.ID, duration: number) {
-        const session = yield* require(id)
-        if (session.info.status !== "running" || !session.timeout) return session.info
-        yield* session.timeout(duration)
-        return session.info
-      })
-
-      const resolve = () =>
-        config.entries().pipe(Effect.map((entries) => ShellSelect.preferred(Config.latest(entries, "shell"), options)))
-
-      const name = () => resolve().pipe(Effect.map(ShellSelect.name))
-
-      const output = Effect.fn("Shell.output")(function* (id: Shell.ID, input?: Shell.OutputInput) {
-        const session = yield* require(id)
-        const cursor = input?.cursor ?? 0
-        const limit = input?.limit ?? 65536
-        if (cursor >= session.size) return { output: "", cursor: session.size, size: session.size, truncated: false }
-        const start = Math.max(0, cursor)
-        const length = Math.min(limit, session.size - start)
-        const buffer = Buffer.alloc(length)
-        const bytesRead = yield* Effect.promise(
-          () =>
-            new Promise<number>((resolve) => {
-              const stream = createReadStream(session.file, { start, end: start + length - 1 })
-              let offset = 0
-              stream.on("data", (chunk: string | Buffer) => {
-                const bytes = Buffer.from(chunk)
-                bytes.copy(buffer, offset)
-                offset += bytes.length
-              })
-              stream.on("end", () => resolve(offset))
-              stream.on("error", () => resolve(0))
-            }),
-        )
-        return {
-          output: buffer.subarray(0, bytesRead).toString("utf8"),
-          cursor: start + bytesRead,
-          size: session.size,
-          truncated: false,
-        }
-      })
-
-      const create = Effect.fn("Shell.create")(function* <E = never, R = never>(
-        input: Shell.CreateInput,
-        before?: (input: ShellCreateBefore) => Effect.Effect<void, E, R>,
-      ) {
-        const invocation: ShellCreateBefore = {
-          command: input.command,
-          cwd: input.cwd ?? location.directory,
-          timeout: input.timeout,
-          shell: yield* resolve(),
-          env: {
-            ...process.env,
-            TERM: "xterm-256color",
-            OPENCODE_TERMINAL: "1",
-          },
-        }
-        yield* hooks.trigger("shell", "create.before", invocation)
-        if (before) yield* before(invocation)
-
-        const id = Shell.ID.ascending()
-        const args = ShellSelect.args(invocation.shell, invocation.command)
-        const file = path.join(outputDir, `${id}.out`)
-
-        const info: Info = {
-          id,
-          status: "running",
-          command: invocation.command,
-          cwd: invocation.cwd,
-          shell: invocation.shell,
-          file,
-          metadata: input.metadata ?? {},
-          time: { started: Date.now() },
-        }
-
-        // Spawn through the Environment and stream combined output to the file. The handle is scope-bound, so
-        // the managing fiber keeps its scope open until the command terminates (it awaits `done` at the
-        // end). `create` returns once `ready` resolves with the registered session.
-        const ready = Deferred.makeUnsafe<Active>()
-        runFork(
-          Effect.scoped(
-            Effect.gen(function* () {
-              const handle = yield* environment.spawner.spawn(
-                ChildProcess.make(invocation.shell, args, {
-                  cwd: invocation.cwd,
-                  env: invocation.env,
-                  stdin: "ignore",
-                  detached: process.platform !== "win32",
-                  forceKillAfter: Duration.seconds(3),
-                }),
-              )
-              const session: Active = {
-                info: produce(info, (draft) => {
-                  draft.pid = handle.pid
-                }),
-                file,
-                size: 0,
-                done: Deferred.makeUnsafe<Info, NotFoundError>(),
-              }
-              sessions.set(id, session)
-
-              const stream = createWriteStream(file)
-              const outputDone = Deferred.makeUnsafe<void>()
-              const pump = handle.all.pipe(
-                Stream.runForEach((chunk: Uint8Array) =>
-                  Effect.sync(() => {
-                    stream.write(chunk)
-                    session.size += chunk.length
-                  }),
-                ),
-              )
-              runFork(
-                Effect.gen(function* () {
-                  yield* pump.pipe(Effect.catch(() => Effect.void))
-                  yield* Effect.promise(
-                    () =>
-                      new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
-                        stream.end(() => resolve())
-                      }),
-                  )
-                  yield* Deferred.succeed(outputDone, undefined)
-                }).pipe(Effect.catch(() => Deferred.succeed(outputDone, undefined))),
-              )
-              yield* Effect.promise(
-                () =>
-                  new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
-                    stream.once("open", () => resolve())
-                    stream.once("error", () => resolve())
-                  }),
-              )
-
-              const finish = (status: Info["status"], exit?: number, beforeWait = Effect.void) =>
-                Effect.gen(function* () {
-                  if (session.info.status !== "running") return
-                  session.info = produce(session.info, (draft) => {
-                    draft.status = status
-                    if (exit !== undefined) draft.exit = exit
-                    draft.time.completed = Date.now()
-                  })
-                  yield* beforeWait
-                  yield* Deferred.await(outputDone)
-                  // Resolve waiters with the terminal Info before any retention eviction, so an evicted
-                  // session still reports success rather than the removal NotFoundError. This runs before
-                  // the timeout-fiber interrupt below, which on the timeout path would otherwise cancel
-                  // this very fiber (finish is invoked by the timeout fiber) before waiters are resolved.
-                  yield* Deferred.succeed(session.done, session.info)
-                  yield* bus.publish(Shell.Event.Exited, {
-                    id,
-                    ...(exit !== undefined ? { exit } : {}),
-                    status,
-                  })
-                  exitOrder.push(id)
-                  while (exitOrder.length > EXITED_LIMIT) {
-                    const oldest = exitOrder[0]
-                    if (!oldest) break
-                    yield* removeSession(Shell.ID.make(oldest))
-                  }
-                  // Cancel a pending timeout once the command exits on its own. Interrupting last avoids
-                  // aborting finish when finish itself runs on the timeout fiber.
-                  if (session.timeoutFiber) yield* Fiber.interrupt(session.timeoutFiber)
-                })
-
-              session.timeout = (duration) =>
-                Effect.gen(function* () {
-                  if (session.timeoutFiber) yield* Fiber.interrupt(session.timeoutFiber)
-                  session.timeoutFiber = undefined
-                  if (duration === 0 || session.info.status !== "running") return
-                  session.timeoutFiber = runFork(
-                    Effect.sleep(Duration.millis(duration)).pipe(
-                      Effect.flatMap(() =>
-                        finish("timeout", undefined, handle.kill().pipe(Effect.catch(() => Effect.void))),
-                      ),
-                      Effect.catch(() => Effect.void),
-                    ),
-                  )
-                })
-
-              yield* session.timeout(invocation.timeout)
-
-              runFork(
-                handle.exitCode.pipe(
-                  Effect.flatMap((code) => finish("exited", code)),
-                  Effect.catch(() => Effect.void),
-                ),
-              )
-
-              yield* bus.publish(Shell.Event.Created, { info })
-              yield* Deferred.succeed(ready, session)
-              // Hold the handle's scope open until the command terminates; closing it earlier would
-              // release (kill) the process before its exit is observed.
-              yield* Deferred.await(session.done).pipe(Effect.catch(() => Effect.void))
-            }),
-          ).pipe(Effect.catch(() => Effect.void)),
-        )
-
-        const session = yield* Deferred.await(ready)
-        return session.info
-      })
-
-      return Service.of({ name, create, list, get, wait, timeout, output, remove })
-    }),
-  )
+    return Service.of({ name, create, list, get, wait, timeout, output, remove })
+  }),
+)

 export function configured(options?: ShellSelect.Options) {
  return makeLocationNode({
    service: Service,
    layer: layer(options),
-    deps: [Bus.node, Location.node, Config.node, Global.node, Environment.node, PluginHooks.node],
+    deps: [Bus.node, Location.node, Config.node, Global.node, AppProcess.node, PluginHooks.node],
  })
 }

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ export * as Skill from "./skill"

 import { makeLocationNode } from "@opencode-ai/util/effect/app-node"
 import path from "path"
-import { Context, Effect, FiberMap, Layer, PubSub, Schema, Semaphore, Stream, Types } from "effect"
+import { Context, Effect, Layer, Schema, Stream, Types } from "effect"
+import { FileSystem } from "@opencode-ai/schema/filesystem"
 import { Skill } from "@opencode-ai/schema/skill"
 import { Agent } from "./agent"
 import { ConfigMarkdown } from "./config/markdown"
@@ -12,7 +13,6 @@ import { Permission } from "./permission"
 import { AbsolutePath } from "./schema"
 import { SkillDiscovery } from "./skill/discovery"
 import { State } from "./state"
-import { Watcher } from "./filesystem/watcher"

 export const DirectorySource = Skill.DirectorySource
 export type DirectorySource = Skill.DirectorySource
@@ -81,82 +81,6 @@ const layer = Layer.effect(
    const discovery = yield* SkillDiscovery.Service
    const fs = yield* FSUtil.Service
    const bus = yield* Bus.Service
-    const watcher = yield* Watcher.Service
-    const cache = new Map<string, { skills: Info[]; paths: readonly string[] }>()
-    const watches = yield* FiberMap.make<string>()
-    const lock = Semaphore.makeUnsafe(1)
-    const changes = yield* PubSub.unbounded<string>()
-
-    const invalidate = Effect.fn("Skill.invalidateFromWatcher")(function* (file: string) {
-      const changed = yield* lock.withPermit(
-        Effect.gen(function* () {
-          const invalidated = Array.from(cache.entries()).filter(([, loaded]) =>
-            loaded.paths.some((item) => FSUtil.overlaps(item, file)),
-          )
-          if (invalidated.length === 0) return false
-          cache.clear()
-          yield* FiberMap.clear(watches)
-          yield* Effect.logInfo("skill cache invalidated", {
-            file,
-            sources: invalidated.map(([key]) => key),
-            skills: invalidated.flatMap(([, loaded]) => loaded.skills.map((skill) => skill.id)),
-          })
-          return true
-        }),
-      )
-      if (!changed) return
-      yield* bus.publish(Skill.Event.Updated, {}).pipe(Effect.asVoid)
-    })
-
-    yield* Stream.fromPubSub(changes).pipe(Stream.runForEach(invalidate), Effect.forkScoped({ startImmediately: true }))
-
-    const watch = Effect.fn("Skill.watch")(function* (directory: string, type: Watcher.WatchInput["type"]) {
-      const target = path.resolve(directory)
-      const updates = yield* watcher.subscribe(
-        type === "file" ? { path: target, type: "file" } : { path: target, type: "directory" },
-      )
-      yield* FiberMap.run(
-        watches,
-        `${type}:${target}`,
-        updates.pipe(Stream.runForEach((update) => PubSub.publish(changes, update.path).pipe(Effect.asVoid))),
-        {
-          onlyIfMissing: true,
-          startImmediately: true,
-        },
-      )
-    })
-
-    function firstMissing(target: string): Effect.Effect<string | undefined> {
-      const parent = path.dirname(target)
-      if (parent === target) return Effect.succeed(undefined)
-      return fs.isDir(parent).pipe(Effect.flatMap((exists) => (exists ? Effect.succeed(target) : firstMissing(parent))))
-    }
-
-    const watchDirectory: (directory: string) => Effect.Effect<string[]> = Effect.fn("Skill.watchDirectory")(function* (
-      directory: string,
-    ) {
-      const target = path.resolve(directory)
-      const resolved = yield* fs.realPath(directory).pipe(Effect.catch(() => Effect.succeed(undefined)))
-      if (resolved) {
-        yield* watch(resolved, "directory")
-        if (resolved !== target) {
-          yield* watch(target, "file")
-        }
-        return resolved === target ? [target] : [target, resolved]
-      }
-      const missing = yield* firstMissing(target)
-      if (missing) yield* watch(missing, "file")
-      if (
-        yield* fs.realPath(directory).pipe(
-          Effect.as(true),
-          Effect.catch(() => Effect.succeed(false)),
-        )
-      ) {
-        if (missing) yield* FiberMap.remove(watches, `file:${path.resolve(missing)}`)
-        return yield* watchDirectory(directory)
-      }
-      return [target]
-    })

    const state = State.create<Data, Draft>({
      name: "skill",
@@ -168,10 +92,7 @@ const layer = Layer.effect(
        },
        list: () => draft.sources as Source[],
      }),
-      finalize: () =>
-        lock
-          .withPermit(FiberMap.clear(watches).pipe(Effect.andThen(Effect.sync(() => cache.clear())), Effect.asVoid))
-          .pipe(Effect.andThen(bus.publish(Skill.Event.Updated, {})), Effect.asVoid),
+      finalize: () => bus.publish(Skill.Event.Updated, {}).pipe(Effect.asVoid),
    })

    const load = Effect.fn("Skill.load")(function* (source: Source) {
@@ -183,22 +104,14 @@ const layer = Layer.effect(
          directories: [],
          skills: [source.skill.id],
        })
-        return { skills: [source.skill], paths: [] }
+        return { skills: [source.skill], directories: [] }
      }
      const directories = source.type === "directory" ? [source.path] : yield* discovery.pull(source.url)
-      const roots = (yield* Effect.forEach(directories, watchDirectory)).flat()
-      const paths = [...roots]
      for (const directory of directories) {
        const files = yield* fs
          .scan("{*.md,**/SKILL.md}", { cwd: directory, absolute: true, include: "file", symlink: true, dot: true })
          .pipe(Effect.catch(() => Effect.succeed([] as string[])))
        for (const filepath of files.toSorted()) {
-          const resolved = yield* fs.realPath(filepath).pipe(Effect.catch(() => Effect.succeed(filepath)))
-          if (!roots.some((root) => FSUtil.contains(root, resolved))) {
-            const external = path.dirname(resolved)
-            paths.push(external)
-            yield* watch(external, "directory")
-          }
          const content = yield* fs.readFileStringSafe(filepath).pipe(Effect.catch(() => Effect.succeed(undefined)))
          if (!content) continue
          const markdown = ConfigMarkdown.parseOption(content)
@@ -226,22 +139,38 @@ const layer = Layer.effect(
        directories,
        skills: skills.map((skill) => skill.id),
      })
-      return { skills, paths }
+      return { skills, directories }
    })

-    const list = Effect.fn("Skill.list")(function* () {
-      return yield* lock.withPermit(
-        Effect.gen(function* () {
-          const skills = new Map<ID, Info>()
-          for (const source of state.get().sources) {
-            const key = Source.key(source)
-            const loaded = cache.get(key) ?? (yield* load(source))
-            cache.set(key, loaded)
-            for (const skill of loaded.skills) skills.set(skill.id, skill)
-          }
-          return Array.from(skills.values())
-        }),
+    const cache = new Map<string, { skills: Info[]; directories: readonly string[] }>()
+    const invalidate = Effect.fn("Skill.invalidateFromWatcher")(function* (file: string) {
+      const invalidated = Array.from(cache.entries()).filter(([, loaded]) =>
+        loaded.directories.some((directory) => FSUtil.contains(directory, file)),
      )
+      if (invalidated.length === 0) return
+      for (const [key] of invalidated) cache.delete(key)
+      yield* Effect.logInfo("skill cache invalidated", {
+        file,
+        sources: invalidated.map(([key]) => key),
+        skills: invalidated.flatMap(([, loaded]) => loaded.skills.map((skill) => skill.id)),
+      })
+      yield* bus.publish(Skill.Event.Updated, {}).pipe(Effect.asVoid)
+    })
+
+    yield* bus.subscribe(FileSystem.Event.Changed).pipe(
+      Stream.runForEach((event) => invalidate(event.data.file)),
+      Effect.forkScoped({ startImmediately: true }),
+    )
+
+    const list = Effect.fn("Skill.list")(function* () {
+      const skills = new Map<ID, Info>()
+      for (const source of state.get().sources) {
+        const key = Source.key(source)
+        const loaded = cache.get(key) ?? (yield* load(source))
+        cache.set(key, loaded)
+        for (const skill of loaded.skills) skills.set(skill.id, skill)
+      }
+      return Array.from(skills.values())
    })

    return Service.of({
@@ -258,5 +187,5 @@ const layer = Layer.effect(
 export const node = makeLocationNode({
  service: Service,
  layer,
-  deps: [SkillDiscovery.node, FSUtil.node, Bus.node, Watcher.node],
+  deps: [SkillDiscovery.node, FSUtil.node, Bus.node],
 })
@@ -118,12 +118,13 @@ const layer = Layer.effect(
        yield* hooks.trigger("tool", "execute.after", afterEvent)
        return yield* afterEvent.error
      }
+      const content = yield* normalizeImages(execution.value.content)
      const afterEvent: PluginHooks.Domains["tool"]["execute.after"] = {
        ...base,
        status: "completed",
        result: {
          ...(execution.value.output === undefined ? {} : { output: execution.value.output }),
-          content: execution.value.content,
+          content: content.length > 0 ? content : execution.value.content,
          ...(execution.value.metadata === undefined ? {} : { metadata: execution.value.metadata }),
        },
      }
@@ -11,11 +11,9 @@ import { ToolFailure } from "@opencode-ai/ai"
 import { FileDiff } from "@opencode-ai/schema/file-diff"
 import { Bom } from "@opencode-ai/util/bom"
 import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
-import path from "path"
-import { Environment } from "../../environment"
 import { FileMutation } from "../../file-mutation"
 import { Formatter } from "../../formatter"
-import { Location } from "../../location"
+import { FSUtil } from "@opencode-ai/util/fs-util"
 import { LocationMutation } from "../../location-mutation"
 import { Permission } from "../../permission"
 import { fileDiff } from "./file-diff"
@@ -111,10 +109,9 @@ export const Plugin = {
  id: "opencode.tool.edit",
  effect: Effect.fn("EditTool.Plugin")(function* (ctx: PluginContext) {
    const mutation = yield* LocationMutation.Service
-    const fileMutation = yield* FileMutation.Service
-    const environment = yield* Environment.Service
+    const files = yield* FileMutation.Service
    const formatter = yield* Formatter.Service
-    const location = yield* Location.Service
+    const fs = yield* FSUtil.Service
    const permission = yield* Permission.Service

    yield* ctx.tool
@@ -155,16 +152,17 @@ export const Plugin = {
                })
              }

-              const original = yield* FileMutation.readText(environment.files, target.absolute).pipe(
-                Effect.catchTag("Environment.NotFound", () =>
-                  Effect.fail(new ToolFailure({ message: `File not found: ${input.path}` })),
-                ),
-                Effect.catchTag("Environment.WrongKind", (error) =>
-                  error.actual === "directory"
-                    ? Effect.fail(new ToolFailure({ message: `Path is a directory, not a file: ${input.path}` }))
-                    : Effect.fail(new ToolFailure({ message: `Unable to edit ${input.path}`, error })),
-                ),
-              )
+              const info = yield* fs
+                .stat(target.absolute)
+                .pipe(
+                  Effect.catchReason("PlatformError", "NotFound", () =>
+                    Effect.fail(new ToolFailure({ message: `File not found: ${input.path}` })),
+                  ),
+                )
+              if (info.type === "Directory") {
+                return yield* new ToolFailure({ message: `Path is a directory, not a file: ${input.path}` })
+              }
+              const original = yield* Bom.readFile(fs, target.absolute)
              const source = original.text
              const ending = source.includes(crlf) ? crlf : "\n"
              const oldString = input.oldString.replaceAll(crlf, "\n").replaceAll("\n", ending)
@@ -206,20 +204,19 @@ export const Plugin = {
                })
              }
              const replacementBom = replaced.startsWith("\uFEFF")
-              const result = yield* fileMutation.write({
+              const result = yield* files.write({
                target,
                content: Bom.join(replaced, original.bom || replacementBom),
              })
              const bom = original.bom || replacementBom
              const formatted = (yield* formatter.file(target.absolute))
-                ? yield* FileMutation.syncTextBom(environment.files, target.absolute, bom)
-                : (yield* FileMutation.readText(environment.files, target.absolute)).text
+                ? yield* Bom.syncFile(fs, target.absolute, bom)
+                : (yield* Bom.readFile(fs, target.absolute)).text
              return {
                files: [fileDiff(result.resource, source, formatted)],
                replacements,
              } satisfies Output
            }).pipe(
-              fileMutation.withLock([path.resolve(location.directory, input.path)]),
              Effect.map((output) => ({
                output,
                content: `Edited ${output.files[0]?.file} (${output.replacements} replacement${output.replacements === 1 ? "" : "s"})`,
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ import { ToolFailure } from "@opencode-ai/ai"
 import type { Context as PluginContext } from "@opencode-ai/plugin/effect/plugin"
 import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
 import path from "path"
-import { Environment } from "../../environment"
 import { FileSystem } from "../../filesystem"
+import { FSUtil } from "@opencode-ai/util/fs-util"
 import { Location } from "../../location"
 import { LocationMutation } from "../../location-mutation"
 import { Ripgrep } from "../../ripgrep"
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ export const toModelContent = (entries: EncodedOutput, truncated = false) => {
 export const Plugin = {
  id: "opencode.tool.glob",
  effect: Effect.fn("GlobTool.Plugin")(function* (ctx: PluginContext) {
-    const environment = yield* Environment.Service
+    const fs = yield* FSUtil.Service
    const ripgrep = yield* Ripgrep.Service
    const location = yield* Location.Service
    const mutation = yield* LocationMutation.Service
@@ -82,20 +82,22 @@ export const Plugin = {
                agent: context.agent,
                source,
              })
-              const type = yield* Environment.typeFollowing(environment.files, target.absolute).pipe(
-                Effect.catchTag("Environment.NotFound", () =>
-                  Effect.fail(new ToolFailure({ message: `Search path does not exist: ${searchPath ?? "."}` })),
-                ),
-              )
-              if (type !== "directory")
+              const info = yield* fs
+                .stat(target.absolute)
+                .pipe(
+                  Effect.catchReason("PlatformError", "NotFound", () =>
+                    Effect.fail(new ToolFailure({ message: `Search path does not exist: ${searchPath ?? "."}` })),
+                  ),
+                )
+              if (info.type !== "Directory")
                return yield* Effect.fail(
                  new ToolFailure({ message: `Search path is not a directory: ${searchPath ?? "."}` }),
                )
-              const root = target.absolute
+              const root = path.resolve(location.directory, searchPath ?? ".")
              const limit = input.limit ?? FileSystem.DEFAULT_SEARCH_LIMIT
              const entries = yield* ripgrep
                .glob({
-                  cwd: root,
+                  cwd: target.absolute,
                  pattern: input.pattern,
                  limit: limit + 1,
                })
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ import type { Context as PluginContext } from "@opencode-ai/plugin/effect/plugin
 import { ToolFailure } from "@opencode-ai/ai"
 import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
 import path from "path"
-import { Environment } from "../../environment"
 import { FileSystem } from "../../filesystem"
+import { FSUtil } from "@opencode-ai/util/fs-util"
 import { Location } from "../../location"
 import { LocationMutation } from "../../location-mutation"
 import { Permission } from "../../permission"
@@ -15,11 +15,11 @@ import { RelativePath } from "../../schema"
 export const name = "grep"

 export const Input = Schema.Struct({
-  pattern: FileSystem.GrepInput.fields.pattern
-    .check(Schema.isMinLength(1, { message: "Pattern must not be empty" }))
-    .annotate({
-      description: "Regular expression to search for in file contents (ripgrep syntax)",
-    }),
+  pattern: FileSystem.GrepInput.fields.pattern.check(
+    Schema.isMinLength(1, { message: "Pattern must not be empty" }),
+  ).annotate({
+    description: "Regular expression to search for in file contents (ripgrep syntax)",
+  }),
  path: Schema.optionalKey(RelativePath).annotate({
    description: "File or directory to search. Defaults to the current working directory.",
  }),
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ export const toModelContent = (matches: EncodedOutput, truncated = false) => {
 export const Plugin = {
  id: "opencode.tool.grep",
  effect: Effect.fn("GrepTool.Plugin")(function* (ctx: PluginContext) {
-    const environment = yield* Environment.Service
+    const fs = yield* FSUtil.Service
    const ripgrep = yield* Ripgrep.Service
    const location = yield* Location.Service
    const mutation = yield* LocationMutation.Service
@@ -66,100 +66,104 @@ export const Plugin = {

    yield* ctx.tool
      .transform((draft) =>
-        draft.add({
-          name,
-          options: { codemode: false },
-          description:
-            "Search file contents using regular expressions. Use it to locate specific code, symbols, or text patterns, and narrow searches with `path` or `include`. Returns matching file paths, line numbers, and line previews.",
-          input: Input,
-          output: Output,
-          execute: (input, context) =>
-            Effect.gen(function* () {
-              const source = { type: "tool" as const, messageID: context.messageID, id: context.id }
-              const target = yield* mutation.resolve({ path: input.path ?? "." })
-              if (target.externalDirectory)
+        draft.add(
+          ({
+            name,
+            options: { codemode: false },
+            description:
+              "Search file contents using regular expressions. Use it to locate specific code, symbols, or text patterns, and narrow searches with `path` or `include`. Returns matching file paths, line numbers, and line previews.",
+            input: Input,
+            output: Output,
+            execute: (input, context) =>
+              Effect.gen(function* () {
+                const source = { type: "tool" as const, messageID: context.messageID, id: context.id }
+                const target = yield* mutation.resolve({ path: input.path ?? "." })
+                if (target.externalDirectory)
+                  yield* permission.assert({
+                    ...LocationMutation.externalDirectoryPermission(target.externalDirectory),
+                    sessionID: context.sessionID,
+                    agent: context.agent,
+                    source,
+                  })
                yield* permission.assert({
-                  ...LocationMutation.externalDirectoryPermission(target.externalDirectory),
+                  action: name,
+                  resources: [input.pattern],
+                  save: ["*"],
+                  metadata: {
+                    root: ".",
+                    path: input.path,
+                    include: input.include,
+                    limit: input.limit,
+                  },
                  sessionID: context.sessionID,
                  agent: context.agent,
                  source,
                })
-              yield* permission.assert({
-                action: name,
-                resources: [input.pattern],
-                save: ["*"],
-                metadata: {
-                  root: ".",
-                  path: input.path,
-                  include: input.include,
-                  limit: input.limit,
-                },
-                sessionID: context.sessionID,
-                agent: context.agent,
-                source,
-              })
-              const root = target.absolute
-              const type = yield* Environment.typeFollowing(environment.files, root).pipe(
-                Effect.catchTag("Environment.NotFound", () =>
-                  Effect.fail(new ToolFailure({ message: `Search path does not exist: ${input.path ?? "."}` })),
-                ),
-              )
-              const cwd = type === "directory" ? root : path.dirname(root)
-              const limit = input.limit ?? FileSystem.DEFAULT_SEARCH_LIMIT
-              const matches = yield* ripgrep
-                .grep({
-                  cwd,
-                  pattern: input.pattern,
-                  file: type === "file" ? path.basename(root) : undefined,
-                  include: input.include,
-                  limit: limit + 1,
-                })
-                .pipe(
-                  Effect.timeoutOrElse({
-                    duration: FileSystem.DEFAULT_SEARCH_TIMEOUT_MS,
-                    orElse: () =>
-                      Effect.fail(
-                        new ToolFailure({
-                          message: `Search timed out after ${FileSystem.DEFAULT_SEARCH_TIMEOUT_MS / 1_000} seconds. Consider using a more specific path or pattern.`,
+                const root = path.resolve(location.directory, input.path ?? ".")
+                const info = yield* fs
+                  .stat(root)
+                  .pipe(
+                    Effect.catchReason("PlatformError", "NotFound", () =>
+                      Effect.fail(new ToolFailure({ message: `Search path does not exist: ${input.path ?? "."}` })),
+                    ),
+                  )
+                const cwd = info?.type === "Directory" ? root : path.dirname(root)
+                const limit = input.limit ?? FileSystem.DEFAULT_SEARCH_LIMIT
+                const matches = yield* ripgrep
+                  .grep({
+                    cwd,
+                    pattern: input.pattern,
+                    file: info?.type === "File" ? path.basename(root) : undefined,
+                    include: input.include,
+                    limit: limit + 1,
+                  })
+                  .pipe(
+                    Effect.timeoutOrElse({
+                      duration: FileSystem.DEFAULT_SEARCH_TIMEOUT_MS,
+                      orElse: () =>
+                        Effect.fail(
+                          new ToolFailure({
+                            message: `Search timed out after ${FileSystem.DEFAULT_SEARCH_TIMEOUT_MS / 1_000} seconds. Consider using a more specific path or pattern.`,
+                          }),
+                        ),
+                    }),
+                    Effect.map((result) =>
+                      result.map((match) =>
+                        FileSystem.Match.make({
+                          ...match,
+                          entry: FileSystem.Entry.make({
+                            ...match.entry,
+                            path: RelativePath.make(
+                              path.relative(location.directory, path.resolve(cwd, match.entry.path)),
+                            ),
+                          }),
                        }),
                      ),
-                  }),
-                  Effect.map((result) =>
-                    result.map((match) =>
-                      FileSystem.Match.make({
-                        ...match,
-                        entry: FileSystem.Entry.make({
-                          ...match.entry,
-                          path: RelativePath.make(
-                            path.relative(location.directory, path.resolve(cwd, match.entry.path)),
-                          ),
-                        }),
-                      }),
                    ),
+                  )
+                return { matches: matches.slice(0, limit), truncated: matches.length > limit }
+              }).pipe(
+                Effect.map((result) => ({
+                  output: result.matches,
+                  content: toModelContent(
+                    result.matches.map((match) => ({
+                      ...match,
+                      entry: { ...match.entry, path: path.resolve(location.directory, match.entry.path) },
+                    })),
+                    result.truncated,
                  ),
-                )
-              return { matches: matches.slice(0, limit), truncated: matches.length > limit }
-            }).pipe(
-              Effect.map((result) => ({
-                output: result.matches,
-                content: toModelContent(
-                  result.matches.map((match) => ({
-                    ...match,
-                    entry: { ...match.entry, path: path.resolve(location.directory, match.entry.path) },
-                  })),
-                  result.truncated,
-                ),
-                metadata: { matches: result.matches.length, truncated: result.truncated },
-              })),
-              Effect.mapError((error) =>
-                error instanceof ToolFailure
-                  ? error
-                  : error instanceof Ripgrep.InvalidPatternError
-                    ? new ToolFailure({ message: `Invalid regex pattern: ${error.message}` })
+                  metadata: { matches: result.matches.length, truncated: result.truncated },
+                })),
+                Effect.mapError((error) =>
+                  error instanceof ToolFailure
+                    ? error
+                    : error instanceof Ripgrep.InvalidPatternError
+                      ? new ToolFailure({ message: `Invalid regex pattern: ${error.message}` })
                    : new ToolFailure({ message: `Unable to grep for ${input.pattern}`, error }),
+                ),
              ),
-            ),
-        }),
+          }),
+        ),
      )
      .pipe(Effect.orDie)
  }),
@@ -4,13 +4,12 @@ import type { Context as PluginContext } from "@opencode-ai/plugin/effect/plugin
 import { ToolFailure } from "@opencode-ai/ai"
 import { FileDiff } from "@opencode-ai/schema/file-diff"
 import { createTwoFilesPatch, diffLines } from "diff"
-import { Effect, Result, Schema } from "effect"
+import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
+import { PlatformError } from "effect/PlatformError"
 import path from "path"
 import { Bom } from "@opencode-ai/util/bom"
 import { FSUtil } from "@opencode-ai/util/fs-util"
-import { Environment } from "../../environment"
 import { Formatter } from "../../formatter"
-import { FileMutation } from "../../file-mutation"
 import { Location } from "../../location"
 import { Patch } from "@opencode-ai/util/patch"
 import { Permission } from "../../permission"
@@ -45,13 +44,7 @@ export const toModelOutput = (output: Output) =>
  ].join("\n")

 type Prepared =
-  | (Extract<Patch.Hunk, { readonly type: "add" }> & {
-      readonly target: Target
-      readonly content: string
-      readonly before: string
-      readonly after: string
-    })
-  | (Extract<Patch.Hunk, { readonly type: "delete" }> & {
+  | (Extract<Patch.Hunk, { readonly type: "add" | "delete" }> & {
      readonly target: Target
      readonly before: string
      readonly after: string
@@ -76,8 +69,7 @@ interface Target {
 export const Plugin = {
  id: "opencode.tool.patch",
  effect: Effect.fn("PatchTool.Plugin")(function* (ctx: PluginContext) {
-    const environment = yield* Environment.Service
-    const mutation = yield* FileMutation.Service
+    const fs = yield* FSUtil.Service
    const formatter = yield* Formatter.Service
    const location = yield* Location.Service
    const permission = yield* Permission.Service
@@ -92,13 +84,6 @@ export const Plugin = {
          output: Output,
          execute: (input, context) => {
            const applied: Array<typeof Applied.Type> = []
-            const parsed = Patch.parse(input.patchText)
-            const lockTargets = Result.isSuccess(parsed)
-              ? parsed.success.flatMap((hunk) => [
-                  path.resolve(location.directory, hunk.path),
-                  ...(hunk.type === "update" && hunk.movePath ? [path.resolve(location.directory, hunk.movePath)] : []),
-                ])
-              : []
            const fail = (operation: string, error: unknown) => {
              const completed = applied.map((item) => item.resource).join(", ")
              return new ToolFailure({
@@ -112,7 +97,7 @@ export const Plugin = {
                id: context.id,
              }
              if (!input.patchText) return yield* new ToolFailure({ message: "patchText is required" })
-              const hunks = yield* Effect.fromResult(parsed).pipe(
+              const hunks = yield* Effect.fromResult(Patch.parse(input.patchText)).pipe(
                Effect.mapError((error) => new ToolFailure({ message: `patch verification failed: ${error.message}` })),
              )
              if (hunks.length === 0) {
@@ -140,19 +125,18 @@ export const Plugin = {
                    })
                  }
                  if (hunk.type === "add") {
-                    const content =
-                      hunk.contents.endsWith("\n") || hunk.contents === "" ? hunk.contents : `${hunk.contents}\n`
                    prepared.push({
                      ...hunk,
                      target,
-                      content,
                      before: "",
-                      after: Bom.split(content).text,
+                      after: Bom.split(
+                        hunk.contents.endsWith("\n") || hunk.contents === "" ? hunk.contents : `${hunk.contents}\n`,
+                      ).text,
                    })
                    return
                  }
                  if (hunk.type === "delete") {
-                    const content = yield* FileMutation.readText(environment.files, target.absolute).pipe(
+                    const content = yield* Bom.readFile(fs, target.absolute).pipe(
                      Effect.mapError(
                        (error) =>
                          new ToolFailure({
@@ -167,7 +151,20 @@ export const Plugin = {
                  const original =
                    previous ??
                    (yield* Effect.gen(function* () {
-                      const content = yield* FileMutation.readText(environment.files, target.absolute).pipe(
+                      const stats = yield* fs.stat(target.absolute).pipe(
+                        Effect.mapError(
+                          (error) =>
+                            new ToolFailure({
+                              message: `patch verification failed: Failed to read file to update ${target.absolute}: ${errorMessage(error)}`,
+                            }),
+                        ),
+                      )
+                      if (stats.type === "Directory") {
+                        return yield* new ToolFailure({
+                          message: `patch verification failed: Failed to read file to update ${target.absolute}: path is a directory`,
+                        })
+                      }
+                      const content = yield* Bom.readFile(fs, target.absolute).pipe(
                        Effect.mapError(
                          (error) =>
                            new ToolFailure({
@@ -236,8 +233,13 @@ export const Plugin = {
                (change) =>
                  Effect.gen(function* () {
                    if (change.type === "add") {
-                      yield* environment.files
-                        .write(change.target.absolute, new TextEncoder().encode(change.content))
+                      yield* fs
+                        .writeWithDirs(
+                          change.target.absolute,
+                          change.contents.endsWith("\n") || change.contents === ""
+                            ? change.contents
+                            : `${change.contents}\n`,
+                        )
                        .pipe(Effect.mapError((error) => fail(`Failed to write ${change.target.resource}`, error)))
                      applied.push({
                        type: change.type,
@@ -247,7 +249,7 @@ export const Plugin = {
                      return
                    }
                    if (change.type === "delete") {
-                      yield* environment.files
+                      yield* fs
                        .remove(change.target.absolute)
                        .pipe(Effect.mapError((error) => fail(`Failed to delete ${change.target.resource}`, error)))
                      applied.push({
@@ -259,10 +261,10 @@ export const Plugin = {
                    }
                    if (change.moveTarget) {
                      const moveTarget = change.moveTarget
-                      yield* environment.files
-                        .write(moveTarget.absolute, new TextEncoder().encode(change.content))
+                      yield* fs
+                        .writeWithDirs(moveTarget.absolute, change.content)
                        .pipe(Effect.mapError((error) => fail(`Failed to write ${moveTarget.resource}`, error)))
-                      yield* environment.files
+                      yield* fs
                        .remove(change.target.absolute)
                        .pipe(
                          Effect.mapError((error) =>
@@ -276,8 +278,8 @@ export const Plugin = {
                      })
                      return
                    }
-                    yield* environment.files
-                      .write(change.target.absolute, new TextEncoder().encode(change.content))
+                    yield* fs
+                      .writeWithDirs(change.target.absolute, change.content)
                      .pipe(Effect.mapError((error) => fail(`Failed to write ${change.target.resource}`, error)))
                    applied.push({
                      type: change.type,
@@ -292,13 +294,13 @@ export const Plugin = {
                [...new Set(applied.filter((item) => item.type !== "delete").map((item) => item.target))],
                (target) =>
                  Effect.gen(function* () {
-                    const current = yield* FileMutation.readText(environment.files, target).pipe(
+                    const current = yield* Bom.readFile(fs, target).pipe(
                      Effect.mapError((error) => fail(`Failed to read ${target}`, error)),
                    )
                    formatted.set(
                      target,
                      (yield* formatter.file(target))
-                        ? yield* FileMutation.syncTextBom(environment.files, target, current.bom).pipe(
+                        ? yield* Bom.syncFile(fs, target, current.bom).pipe(
                            Effect.mapError((error) => fail(`Failed to sync ${target}`, error)),
                          )
                        : current.text,
@@ -313,7 +315,6 @@ export const Plugin = {
              })
              return { applied, files }
            }).pipe(
-              mutation.withLock(lockTargets),
              Effect.map((output) => ({
                output,
                content: toModelOutput(output),
@@ -344,10 +345,10 @@ export const Plugin = {
 }

 function errorMessage(error: unknown) {
-  if (error instanceof Environment.NotFound) return "file does not exist"
-  if (error instanceof Environment.WrongKind)
-    return error.actual === "directory" ? "path is a directory" : `path is ${error.actual}`
-  if (error instanceof Environment.Failed) return errorMessage(error.cause)
+  if (error instanceof PlatformError) {
+    if (error.reason._tag === "NotFound") return "file does not exist"
+    return error.reason.description ?? error.reason.message
+  }
  return error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
 }

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import { Permission } from "../../permission"
 import { SessionInstructions } from "../../session/instructions"
 import { AbsolutePath } from "../../schema"
 import { ReadToolFileSystem } from "../read-filesystem"
-import { Environment } from "../../environment"

 export const name = "read"
 const FILENAME = "AGENTS.md"
@@ -73,12 +72,16 @@ export const Plugin = {
                agent: context.agent,
                source,
              })
-              const content = yield* reader.read(absolute, resource, { offset: input.offset, limit: input.limit }).pipe(
-                Effect.catchIf(
-                  (error) => error instanceof Environment.NotFound,
-                  () => missing(input.path, target.absolute),
-                ),
-              )
+              const type = yield* reader
+                .inspect(absolute)
+                .pipe(Effect.catchReason("PlatformError", "NotFound", () => missing(input.path, target.absolute)))
+              const content =
+                type === "directory"
+                  ? yield* reader.list(absolute, { offset: input.offset, limit: input.limit })
+                  : yield* reader.read(absolute, resource, {
+                      offset: input.offset,
+                      limit: input.limit,
+                    })
              // After a successful read, discover nearby AGENTS.md walking up to the Location
              // root exclusive and inject them as durable synthetic instructions. For a
              // directory listing the walk starts at the directory itself (so its own AGENTS.md
@@ -92,7 +95,7 @@ export const Plugin = {
                // supplied by core initial instructions) is dropped by the dirname filter.
                const discovered = yield* fs.up({
                  targets: [FILENAME],
-                  start: content.type === "list-page" ? resolved : dirname(resolved),
+                  start: type === "directory" ? resolved : dirname(resolved),
                  stop: root,
                })
                const candidates = (yield* Effect.forEach(discovered, fs.resolve)).filter(
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ import { ToolFailure } from "@opencode-ai/ai"
 import type { Content } from "@opencode-ai/schema/tool"
 import type { Context as PluginContext } from "@opencode-ai/plugin/effect/plugin"
 import { Deferred, Effect, Schema, Scope } from "effect"
+import { FSUtil } from "@opencode-ai/util/fs-util"
 import { Config } from "../../config"
-import { Environment } from "../../environment"
 import { LocationMutation } from "../../location-mutation"
 import { Permission } from "../../permission"
 import { PluginRuntime } from "../../plugin/runtime"
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ export const Plugin = {
  effect: Effect.fn("ShellTool.Plugin")(function* (ctx: PluginContext) {
    const runtime = yield* PluginRuntime.Service
    const scope = yield* Scope.Scope
-    const environment = yield* Environment.Service
+    const fsUtil = yield* FSUtil.Service
    const mutation = yield* LocationMutation.Service
    const shell = yield* Shell.Service
    const permission = yield* Permission.Service
@@ -179,12 +179,14 @@ export const Plugin = {
                        agent: context.agent,
                        source,
                      })
-                    const workdir = yield* Environment.typeFollowing(environment.files, target.absolute).pipe(
-                      Effect.catchTag("Environment.NotFound", () =>
-                        Effect.fail(new Error(`Working directory does not exist: ${target.absolute}`)),
-                      ),
-                    )
-                    if (workdir !== "directory")
+                    const workdir = yield* fsUtil
+                      .stat(target.absolute)
+                      .pipe(
+                        Effect.catchReason("PlatformError", "NotFound", () =>
+                          Effect.fail(new Error(`Working directory does not exist: ${target.absolute}`)),
+                        ),
+                      )
+                    if (workdir.type !== "Directory")
                      return yield* Effect.fail(new Error(`Working directory is not a directory: ${target.absolute}`))
                  }),
              )
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import type { Context as PluginContext } from "@opencode-ai/plugin/effect/plugin
 import { ToolFailure } from "@opencode-ai/ai"
 import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
 import { Bom } from "@opencode-ai/util/bom"
-import { Environment } from "../../environment"
+import { FSUtil } from "@opencode-ai/util/fs-util"
 import { FileMutation } from "../../file-mutation"
 import { Formatter } from "../../formatter"
 import { LocationMutation } from "../../location-mutation"
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ export const Plugin = {
  id: "opencode.tool.write",
  effect: Effect.fn("WriteTool.Plugin")(function* (ctx: PluginContext) {
    const mutation = yield* LocationMutation.Service
-    const fileMutation = yield* FileMutation.Service
-    const environment = yield* Environment.Service
+    const files = yield* FileMutation.Service
    const formatter = yield* Formatter.Service
+    const fs = yield* FSUtil.Service
    const permission = yield* Permission.Service

    yield* ctx.tool
@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ export const Plugin = {
                  agent: context.agent,
                  source,
                })
-              const current = yield* FileMutation.readText(environment.files, target.absolute).pipe(
-                Effect.catchTag("Environment.NotFound", () => Effect.succeed(undefined)),
+              const current = yield* Bom.readFile(fs, target.absolute).pipe(
+                Effect.catchReason("PlatformError", "NotFound", () => Effect.succeed(undefined)),
              )
              const next = Bom.split(input.content)
              const preview = fileDiff(target.resource, current?.text ?? "", next.text, current ? "modified" : "added")
@@ -91,11 +91,9 @@ export const Plugin = {
                agent: context.agent,
                source,
              })
-              const result = yield* fileMutation.writeTextPreservingBom({ target, content: input.content })
-              const bom = (yield* FileMutation.readText(environment.files, target.absolute)).bom
-              if (yield* formatter.file(target.absolute)) {
-                yield* FileMutation.syncTextBom(environment.files, target.absolute, bom)
-              }
+              const result = yield* files.writeTextPreservingBom({ target, content: input.content })
+              const bom = (yield* Bom.readFile(fs, target.absolute)).bom
+              if (yield* formatter.file(target.absolute)) yield* Bom.syncFile(fs, target.absolute, bom)
              return result
            }).pipe(
              Effect.map((output) => ({ output, content: toModelOutput(output) })),
@@ -2,22 +2,17 @@ export * as ReadToolFileSystem from "./read-filesystem"

 import path from "path"
 import { pathToFileURL } from "url"
-import { makeLocationNode } from "@opencode-ai/util/effect/app-node"
-import { Context, Effect, Layer, Schema } from "effect"
-import { lookup } from "mime-types"
-import { Environment } from "../environment"
-import type { Files } from "../environment"
+import { Context, Effect, Layer, Option, Schema } from "effect"
 import { FileSystem } from "../filesystem"
-import { Mime } from "../mime"
+import { FSUtil } from "@opencode-ai/util/fs-util"
+import { makeLocationNode } from "@opencode-ai/util/effect/app-node"
 import { AbsolutePath, NonNegativeInt, PositiveInt, RelativePath } from "../schema"

 export const MAX_READ_LINES = 2_000
 export const MAX_READ_BYTES = 50 * 1024
 export const MAX_MEDIA_INGEST_BYTES = 20 * 1024 * 1024
-const FIRST_CHUNK = 256 * 1024
 const MAX_LINE_LENGTH = 2_000
 const MAX_LINE_SUFFIX = `... (line truncated to ${MAX_LINE_LENGTH} chars)`
-const MEDIA_MIMES = new Set(["image/png", "image/jpeg", "image/gif", "image/webp", "application/pdf"])

 export class BinaryFileError extends Schema.TaggedErrorClass<BinaryFileError>()("ReadTool.BinaryFileError", {
  resource: Schema.String,
@@ -57,13 +52,8 @@ export class PathKindError extends Schema.TaggedErrorClass<PathKindError>()("Rea
  }
 }

-export type ReadError =
-  | Environment.NotFound
-  | Environment.Failed
-  | BinaryFileError
-  | MediaIngestLimitError
-  | OffsetOutOfRangeError
-  | PathKindError
+export type InspectError = FSUtil.Error | PathKindError
+export type ReadError = FSUtil.Error | BinaryFileError | MediaIngestLimitError | OffsetOutOfRangeError | PathKindError

 export const PageInput = Schema.Struct({
  offset: Schema.optionalKey(NonNegativeInt),
@@ -100,113 +90,202 @@ export class ListPage extends Schema.Class<ListPage>("ReadTool.ListPage")({
 }) {}

 export interface Interface {
+  readonly inspect: (path: AbsolutePath) => Effect.Effect<"file" | "directory", InspectError>
  readonly read: (
    path: AbsolutePath,
    resource: string,
    page?: PageInput,
-  ) => Effect.Effect<FileContent | TextPage | ListPage, ReadError>
+  ) => Effect.Effect<FileContent | TextPage, ReadError>
+  readonly list: (path: AbsolutePath, page?: PageInput) => Effect.Effect<ListPage, FSUtil.Error>
 }

 export class Service extends Context.Service<Service, Interface>()("@opencode/ReadToolFileSystem") {}

-const mimeType = (value: string) => lookup(value) || "application/octet-stream"
+const startsWith = (bytes: Uint8Array, prefix: number[]) => prefix.every((value, index) => bytes[index] === value)
+const mediaMime = (bytes: Uint8Array) => {
+  if (startsWith(bytes, [0x89, 0x50, 0x4e, 0x47, 0x0d, 0x0a, 0x1a, 0x0a])) return "image/png"
+  if (startsWith(bytes, [0xff, 0xd8, 0xff])) return "image/jpeg"
+  if (startsWith(bytes, [0x47, 0x49, 0x46, 0x38])) return "image/gif"
+  if (startsWith(bytes, [0x52, 0x49, 0x46, 0x46]) && startsWith(bytes.subarray(8), [0x57, 0x45, 0x42, 0x50]))
+    return "image/webp"
+  if (startsWith(bytes, [0x25, 0x50, 0x44, 0x46, 0x2d])) return "application/pdf"
+}
+const binary = (bytes: Uint8Array) => {
+  if (bytes.length === 0) return false
+  let nonPrintable = 0
+  for (const byte of bytes) {
+    if (byte === 0) return true
+    if (byte < 9 || (byte > 13 && byte < 32)) nonPrintable++
+  }
+  return nonPrintable / bytes.length > 0.3
+}
+const decodeUtf8 = (decoder: TextDecoder, bytes?: Uint8Array) => decoder.decode(bytes, { stream: bytes !== undefined })
+const decodeChunk = (resource: string, decoder: TextDecoder, bytes: Uint8Array) =>
+  bytes.includes(0) ? Effect.fail(new BinaryFileError({ resource })) : Effect.succeed(decodeUtf8(decoder, bytes))
+
+export const inspect = Effect.fn("ReadTool.inspect")(function* (fs: FSUtil.Interface, input: string) {
+  const info = yield* fs.stat(input)
+  const type = info.type === "File" ? "file" : info.type === "Directory" ? "directory" : undefined
+  if (!type) return yield* Effect.fail(new PathKindError({ resource: input, expected: "a file or directory" }))
+  return type
+})

 export const read = Effect.fn("ReadTool.read")(function* (
-  files: Files,
-  input: AbsolutePath,
+  fs: FSUtil.Interface,
+  input: string,
  resource: string,
  page: PageInput = {},
 ) {
-  const first = yield* files.read(input, { offset: 0, length: FIRST_CHUNK }).pipe(
-    Effect.catchTag("Environment.WrongKind", (error) => {
-      if (error.actual !== "directory")
-        return Effect.fail(new PathKindError({ resource, expected: "a file or directory" }))
-      return files.list(input).pipe(
-        Effect.map((entries) => list(entries, page)),
-        Effect.catchTag("Environment.WrongKind", () =>
-          Effect.fail(new PathKindError({ resource, expected: "a file or directory" })),
-        ),
+  const real = yield* fs.realPath(input)
+  return yield* Effect.scoped(
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const file = yield* fs.open(real, { flag: "r" })
+      const info = yield* file.stat
+      if (info.type !== "File") return yield* Effect.fail(new PathKindError({ resource, expected: "a file" }))
+      const first = Option.getOrElse(
+        yield* file.readAlloc(Math.min(64 * 1024, Number(info.size) || 4 * 1024)),
+        () => new Uint8Array(),
      )
+      const mime = mediaMime(first)
+      if (mime) {
+        if (info.size > MAX_MEDIA_INGEST_BYTES)
+          return yield* Effect.fail(new MediaIngestLimitError({ resource, maximumBytes: MAX_MEDIA_INGEST_BYTES }))
+        const chunks = [first]
+        let total = first.length
+        while (total <= MAX_MEDIA_INGEST_BYTES) {
+          const chunk = yield* file.readAlloc(Math.min(64 * 1024, MAX_MEDIA_INGEST_BYTES + 1 - total))
+          if (Option.isNone(chunk)) break
+          chunks.push(chunk.value)
+          total += chunk.value.length
+        }
+        if (total > MAX_MEDIA_INGEST_BYTES)
+          return yield* Effect.fail(new MediaIngestLimitError({ resource, maximumBytes: MAX_MEDIA_INGEST_BYTES }))
+        return {
+          type: "file" as const,
+          uri: pathToFileURL(real).href,
+          name: path.basename(real),
+          content: Buffer.concat(
+            chunks.map((chunk) => Buffer.from(chunk)),
+            total,
+          ).toString("base64"),
+          encoding: "base64" as const,
+          mime,
+        }
+      }
+      const paged = info.size > MAX_READ_BYTES || page.offset !== undefined || page.limit !== undefined
+      if (!paged) {
+        if (binary(first)) return yield* Effect.fail(new BinaryFileError({ resource }))
+        const decoder = new TextDecoder()
+        const text = [decodeUtf8(decoder, first)]
+        while (true) {
+          const chunk = yield* file.readAlloc(64 * 1024)
+          if (Option.isNone(chunk)) break
+          text.push(yield* decodeChunk(resource, decoder, chunk.value))
+        }
+        text.push(decodeUtf8(decoder))
+        return {
+          type: "file" as const,
+          uri: pathToFileURL(real).href,
+          name: path.basename(real),
+          content: text.join(""),
+          encoding: "utf8" as const,
+          mime: FSUtil.mimeType(real),
+        }
+      }
+      const offset = page.offset || 1
+      const limit = Math.min(page.limit || MAX_READ_LINES, MAX_READ_LINES)
+      const lines: string[] = []
+      const decoder = new TextDecoder()
+      let pending = ""
+      let discard = false
+      let line = 1
+      let bytes = 0
+      let next: number | undefined
+      const append = (input: string) => {
+        if (line < offset) {
+          line++
+          return true
+        }
+        if (lines.length >= limit || bytes >= MAX_READ_BYTES) {
+          next = line
+          return false
+        }
+        const text = input.length > MAX_LINE_LENGTH ? input.slice(0, MAX_LINE_LENGTH) + MAX_LINE_SUFFIX : input
+        const size = Buffer.byteLength(text, "utf-8") + (lines.length > 0 ? 1 : 0)
+        if (bytes + size > MAX_READ_BYTES) {
+          next = line
+          return false
+        }
+        lines.push(text)
+        bytes += size
+        line++
+        return true
+      }
+      const consume = (input: string) => {
+        let text = input
+        while (true) {
+          const index = text.indexOf("\n")
+          if (index === -1) {
+            if (!discard) {
+              pending += text
+              if (pending.length > MAX_LINE_LENGTH) {
+                pending = pending.slice(0, MAX_LINE_LENGTH + 1)
+                discard = true
+              }
+            }
+            break
+          }
+          const current = pending + (discard ? "" : text.slice(0, index))
+          pending = ""
+          discard = false
+          text = text.slice(index + 1)
+          if (!append(current.endsWith("\r") ? current.slice(0, -1) : current)) return false
+        }
+        return true
+      }
+      const consumeChunk = Effect.fnUntraced(function* (chunk: Uint8Array) {
+        let start = 0
+        while (start < chunk.length) {
+          if (lines.length >= limit || bytes >= MAX_READ_BYTES) {
+            next = line
+            return false
+          }
+          const newline = chunk.indexOf(10, start)
+          const end = newline === -1 ? chunk.length : newline + 1
+          const segment = chunk.subarray(start, end)
+          if (binary(segment)) return yield* Effect.fail(new BinaryFileError({ resource }))
+          if (!consume(decodeUtf8(decoder, segment))) return false
+          start = end
+        }
+        return true
+      })
+      let done = !(yield* consumeChunk(first))
+      while (!done) {
+        const chunk = yield* file.readAlloc(64 * 1024)
+        if (Option.isNone(chunk)) break
+        done = !(yield* consumeChunk(chunk.value))
+      }
+      if (!done) {
+        const tail = decodeUtf8(decoder)
+        if (!discard) pending += tail
+        if (pending) append(pending.endsWith("\r") ? pending.slice(0, -1) : pending)
+      }
+      if (lines.length === 0 && offset !== 1) return yield* Effect.fail(new OffsetOutOfRangeError({ offset }))
+      return new TextPage({
+        type: "text-page",
+        content: lines.join("\n"),
+        mime: FSUtil.mimeType(real),
+        offset,
+        truncated: next !== undefined,
+        ...(next === undefined ? {} : { next }),
+      })
    }),
  )
-  if (first instanceof ListPage) return first
-
-  const media = Mime.detect(first.bytes)
-  if (MEDIA_MIMES.has(media)) {
-    if (first.info.size > MAX_MEDIA_INGEST_BYTES)
-      return yield* new MediaIngestLimitError({ resource, maximumBytes: MAX_MEDIA_INGEST_BYTES })
-    const whole = yield* readFile(files, input, resource)
-    return {
-      type: "file" as const,
-      uri: pathToFileURL(input).href,
-      name: path.basename(input),
-      content: Buffer.from(whole.bytes).toString("base64"),
-      encoding: "base64" as const,
-      mime: media,
-    }
-  }
-
-  const paged = first.info.size > MAX_READ_BYTES || page.offset !== undefined || page.limit !== undefined
-  if (!paged) {
-    if (first.bytes.includes(0)) return yield* new BinaryFileError({ resource })
-    return {
-      type: "file" as const,
-      uri: pathToFileURL(input).href,
-      name: path.basename(input),
-      content: new TextDecoder().decode(first.bytes),
-      encoding: "utf8" as const,
-      mime: mimeType(input),
-    }
-  }
-
-  const chunks = [first.bytes]
-  while (true) {
-    const bytes = Buffer.concat(chunks)
-    const eof = bytes.length >= first.info.size
-    const result = textPage(bytes, eof, page)
-    if (result !== undefined) return yield* makeTextPage(bytes, input, resource, result)
-    const next = yield* readFile(files, input, resource, { offset: bytes.length, length: FIRST_CHUNK })
-    if (next.bytes.length === 0) {
-      const result = textPage(bytes, true, page)
-      if (result === undefined) return yield* Effect.die("Read page did not settle at EOF")
-      return yield* makeTextPage(bytes, input, resource, result)
-    }
-    chunks.push(next.bytes)
-  }
 })

-const readFile = (
-  files: Files,
-  input: AbsolutePath,
-  resource: string,
-  range?: { readonly offset: number; readonly length: number },
-) =>
-  files
-    .read(input, range)
-    .pipe(
-      Effect.catchTag("Environment.WrongKind", () => Effect.fail(new PathKindError({ resource, expected: "a file" }))),
-    )
-
-const makeTextPage = Effect.fnUntraced(function* (
-  bytes: Uint8Array,
-  input: AbsolutePath,
-  resource: string,
-  result: NonNullable<ReturnType<typeof textPage>>,
-) {
-  if (bytes.subarray(0, result.consumed).includes(0)) return yield* new BinaryFileError({ resource })
-  if (result.entries.length === 0 && result.offset !== 1)
-    return yield* new OffsetOutOfRangeError({ offset: result.offset })
-  return new TextPage({
-    type: "text-page",
-    content: result.entries.join("\n"),
-    mime: mimeType(input),
-    offset: result.offset,
-    truncated: result.next !== undefined,
-    ...(result.next === undefined ? {} : { next: result.next }),
-  })
-})
-
-const list = (items: ReadonlyArray<Environment.DirEntry>, page: PageInput) => {
+export const list = Effect.fn("ReadTool.list")(function* (fs: FSUtil.Interface, input: string, page: PageInput = {}) {
+  const real = yield* fs.realPath(input)
+  const items = yield* fs.readDirectoryEntries(real)
  const offset = page.offset || 1
  const limit = Math.min(page.limit || MAX_READ_LINES, MAX_READ_LINES)
  const visible = items
@@ -237,58 +316,18 @@ const list = (items: ReadonlyArray<Environment.DirEntry>, page: PageInput) => {
    truncated,
    ...(truncated ? { next: offset + selected.length } : {}),
  })
-}
-
-const textPage = (bytes: Uint8Array, eof: boolean, page: PageInput) => {
-  const offset = page.offset || 1
-  const limit = Math.min(page.limit || MAX_READ_LINES, MAX_READ_LINES)
-  const decoded = new TextDecoder().decode(bytes)
-  const split = decoded.split("\n")
-  const complete = eof ? (split.at(-1) === "" ? split.slice(0, -1) : split) : split.slice(0, -1)
-  const available = complete.map((line) => (line.endsWith("\r") ? line.slice(0, -1) : line))
-
-  const entries: string[] = []
-  let size = 0
-  let next: number | undefined
-  for (const [index, value] of available.slice(offset - 1).entries()) {
-    const line = offset + index
-    if (entries.length >= limit || size >= MAX_READ_BYTES) {
-      next = line
-      break
-    }
-    const text = value.length > MAX_LINE_LENGTH ? value.slice(0, MAX_LINE_LENGTH) + MAX_LINE_SUFFIX : value
-    const lineSize = Buffer.byteLength(text, "utf-8") + (entries.length > 0 ? 1 : 0)
-    if (size + lineSize > MAX_READ_BYTES) {
-      next = line
-      break
-    }
-    entries.push(text)
-    size += lineSize
-  }
-  if (next === undefined && entries.length >= limit && (!eof || offset - 1 + entries.length < available.length))
-    next = offset + entries.length
-  if (!eof && next === undefined) return
-
-  const consumedLines = next === undefined ? available.length : next - 1
-  const consumed = consumedLines === 0 ? 0 : (nthNewline(bytes, consumedLines) ?? bytes.length)
-  return { entries, offset, next, consumed }
-}
-
-const nthNewline = (bytes: Uint8Array, count: number) => {
-  let found = 0
-  for (const [index, byte] of bytes.entries()) {
-    if (byte !== 10) continue
-    found++
-    if (found === count) return index + 1
-  }
-}
+})

 const layer = Layer.effect(
  Service,
  Effect.gen(function* () {
-    const environment = yield* Environment.Service
-    return Service.of({ read: (path, resource, page) => read(environment.files, path, resource, page) })
+    const fs = yield* FSUtil.Service
+    return Service.of({
+      inspect: (path) => inspect(fs, path),
+      read: (path, resource, page) => read(fs, path, resource, page),
+      list: (path, page) => list(fs, path, page),
+    })
  }),
 )

-export const node = makeLocationNode({ service: Service, layer, deps: [Environment.node] })
+export const node = makeLocationNode({ service: Service, layer, deps: [FSUtil.node] })
@@ -50,33 +50,6 @@ function withEnv<A, E, R>(vars: Record<string, string | undefined>, effect: () =
 const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Info)

 describe("ConfigProviderPlugin.Plugin", () => {
-  it.effect("adds key auth for custom providers without env credentials", () =>
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const integrations = yield* Integration.Service
-      const entries = [
-        new Document({
-          type: "document",
-          info: decode({
-            providers: {
-              litellm: {
-                package: "aisdk:@ai-sdk/openai-compatible",
-                models: { chat: {} },
-              },
-            },
-          }),
-        }),
-      ]
-
-      yield* addPlugin(entries)
-
-      expect(yield* integrations.get(Integration.ID.make("litellm"))).toMatchObject({
-        id: "litellm",
-        name: "litellm",
-        methods: [{ type: "key", label: "Manually enter API Key" }],
-      })
-    }),
-  )
-
  it.effect("defaults custom models to agent capabilities", () =>
    Effect.gen(function* () {
      const catalog = yield* Catalog.Service
@@ -1,39 +1,11 @@
 import fs from "node:fs/promises"
-import { describe, expect } from "bun:test"
 import { Effect } from "effect"
 import { ChildProcessSpawner } from "effect/unstable/process"
 import { CrossSpawnSpawner } from "@opencode-ai/util/cross-spawn-spawner"
 import { LayerNode } from "@opencode-ai/util/effect/layer-node"
-import {
-  execDefaults,
-  Failed,
-  makeFiles,
-  makeLocalDriver,
-  makeMemoryDriver,
-  NotFound,
-  typeFollowing,
-} from "../src/environment/index"
+import { execDefaults, Failed, makeFiles, makeMemoryDriver } from "../src/environment/index"
 import { tmpdir } from "./fixture/tmpdir"
 import { environmentConformance } from "./lib/environment-conformance"
-import { it } from "./lib/effect"
-
-describe("typeFollowing", () => {
-  it.effect("follows symlinks without changing stat semantics", () =>
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const driver = makeMemoryDriver()
-      const files = makeFiles(driver)
-      yield* files.mkdir("/directory")
-      yield* files.write("/file", new Uint8Array())
-      yield* driver.symlink("/directory", "/directory-link")
-      yield* driver.symlink("/file", "/file-link")
-      yield* driver.symlink("/missing", "/dangling-link")
-
-      expect(yield* typeFollowing(files, "/directory-link")).toBe("directory")
-      expect(yield* typeFollowing(files, "/file-link")).toBe("file")
-      expect(yield* typeFollowing(files, "/dangling-link").pipe(Effect.flip)).toBeInstanceOf(NotFound)
-    }),
-  )
-})

 environmentConformance("memory environment", () =>
  Effect.sync(() => {
@@ -46,27 +18,6 @@ environmentConformance("memory environment", () =>
  }),
 )

-environmentConformance("local environment", () =>
-  Effect.gen(function* () {
-    const spawner = yield* ChildProcessSpawner.ChildProcessSpawner
-    const tmp = yield* Effect.promise(() => tmpdir("opencode-local-environment-"))
-    return {
-      files: makeFiles(makeLocalDriver(spawner)),
-      root: tmp.path,
-      ...(process.platform === "win32"
-        ? {}
-        : {
-            symlink: (target: string, link: string) =>
-              Effect.tryPromise({
-                try: () => fs.symlink(target, link),
-                catch: (cause) => new Failed({ path: link, cause }),
-              }),
-          }),
-      dispose: Effect.promise(() => tmp[Symbol.asyncDispose]()),
-    }
-  }).pipe(Effect.provide(LayerNode.compile(CrossSpawnSpawner.node))),
-)
-
 environmentConformance(
  "GNU exec environment",
  () =>
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { Deferred, Effect, Fiber, Layer } from "effect"
 import { AppNodeBuilder } from "@opencode-ai/core/effect/app-node-builder"
 import { LayerNode } from "@opencode-ai/util/effect/layer-node"
 import { FileMutation } from "@opencode-ai/core/file-mutation"
-import { Environment } from "@opencode-ai/core/environment"
+import { FSUtil } from "@opencode-ai/util/fs-util"
 import { Location } from "@opencode-ai/core/location"
 import { LocationMutation } from "@opencode-ai/core/location-mutation"
 import { AbsolutePath } from "@opencode-ai/core/schema"
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import { location } from "./fixture/location"
 import { tmpdir } from "./fixture/tmpdir"
 import { it } from "./lib/effect"

-function provide(directory: string, environmentLayer = LayerNode.compile(Environment.node)) {
+function provide(directory: string, filesystemLayer = LayerNode.compile(FSUtil.node)) {
  const activeLocation = Layer.succeed(
    Location.Service,
    Location.Service.of(location({ directory: AbsolutePath.make(directory) })),
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ function provide(directory: string, environmentLayer = LayerNode.compile(Environ
  return Effect.provide(
    AppNodeBuilder.build(LayerNode.group([LocationMutation.node, FileMutation.node]), [
      [Location.node, activeLocation],
-      [Environment.node, environmentLayer],
+      [FSUtil.node, filesystemLayer],
    ]),
  )
 }
@@ -152,57 +152,6 @@ describe("FileMutation", () => {
    ),
  )

-  it.live("shares transaction locks across Location service instances", () =>
-    withTmp((directory) =>
-      Effect.gen(function* () {
-        const firstStarted = yield* Deferred.make<void>()
-        const releaseFirst = yield* Deferred.make<void>()
-        const secondStarted = yield* Deferred.make<void>()
-        const target = path.join(directory, "shared.txt")
-        const first = yield* Effect.gen(function* () {
-          const files = yield* FileMutation.Service
-          yield* files.withLock([target])(
-            Deferred.succeed(firstStarted, undefined).pipe(Effect.andThen(Deferred.await(releaseFirst))),
-          )
-        }).pipe(provide(directory), Effect.forkChild)
-        yield* Deferred.await(firstStarted)
-        const second = yield* Effect.gen(function* () {
-          const files = yield* FileMutation.Service
-          yield* files.withLock([target])(Deferred.succeed(secondStarted, undefined))
-        }).pipe(provide(directory), Effect.forkChild)
-        yield* Effect.yieldNow
-        expect(yield* Deferred.isDone(secondStarted)).toBe(false)
-
-        yield* Deferred.succeed(releaseFirst, undefined)
-        yield* Deferred.await(secondStarted)
-        yield* Fiber.join(first)
-        yield* Fiber.join(second)
-      }),
-    ),
-  )
-
-  it.live("allows transaction locks for distinct resolved paths to proceed independently", () =>
-    withTmp((directory) =>
-      Effect.gen(function* () {
-        const firstStarted = yield* Deferred.make<void>()
-        const releaseFirst = yield* Deferred.make<void>()
-        const secondFinished = yield* Deferred.make<void>()
-        const files = yield* FileMutation.Service
-        const first = yield* files
-          .withLock([path.join(directory, "first.txt")])(
-            Deferred.succeed(firstStarted, undefined).pipe(Effect.andThen(Deferred.await(releaseFirst))),
-          )
-          .pipe(Effect.forkChild)
-        yield* Deferred.await(firstStarted)
-        yield* files.withLock([path.join(directory, "second.txt")])(Deferred.succeed(secondFinished, undefined))
-        expect(yield* Deferred.isDone(secondFinished)).toBe(true)
-
-        yield* Deferred.succeed(releaseFirst, undefined)
-        yield* Fiber.join(first)
-      }).pipe(provide(directory)),
-    ),
-  )
-
  it.live("allows distinct absolute targets to proceed independently", () =>
    withTmp((directory) =>
      Effect.gen(function* () {
@@ -242,16 +191,16 @@ describe("FileMutation", () => {

 function instrumentWrites(run: <E>(write: Effect.Effect<void, E>, target: string) => Effect.Effect<void, E>) {
  return Layer.effect(
-    Environment.Service,
+    FSUtil.Service,
    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const environment = yield* Environment.Service
-      return Environment.Service.of({
-        ...environment,
-        files: {
-          ...environment.files,
-          write: (target, content) => run(environment.files.write(target, content), target),
-        },
+      const filesystem = yield* FSUtil.Service
+      return FSUtil.Service.of({
+        ...filesystem,
+        writeWithDirs: (target, content, mode) => run(filesystem.writeWithDirs(target, content, mode), target),
+        writeFile: (target, content, options) => run(filesystem.writeFile(target, content, options), target),
+        writeFileString: (target, content, options) =>
+          run(filesystem.writeFileString(target, content, options), target),
      })
    }),
-  ).pipe(Layer.provide(LayerNode.compile(Environment.node)))
+  ).pipe(Layer.provide(LayerNode.compile(FSUtil.node)))
 }
@@ -17,8 +17,9 @@ import { location } from "../fixture/location"
 import { tmpdir } from "../fixture/tmpdir"
 import { testEffect } from "../lib/effect"

+const describeWatcher = Watcher.hasNativeBinding() && !process.env.CI ? describe : describe.skip
+
 type WatcherEvent = { file: string; event: "add" | "change" | "unlink" }
-const describeNative = process.env.CI ? describe.skip : describe

 const it = testEffect(AppNodeBuilder.build(LayerNode.group([FSUtil.node, Bus.node])))

@@ -74,9 +75,10 @@ describe("Watcher lifecycle", () => {
      const interrupted = yield* Deferred.make<void>()
      yield* Effect.gen(function* () {
        const watcher = yield* Watcher.Service
-        const consumer = yield* watcher
-          .subscribe({ path: "/pending", type: "directory" })
-          .pipe(Effect.flatMap(Stream.runDrain), Effect.forkScoped({ startImmediately: true }))
+        const consumer = yield* watcher.subscribe({ path: "/pending", type: "directory" }).pipe(
+          Effect.flatMap(Stream.runDrain),
+          Effect.forkScoped({ startImmediately: true }),
+        )
        yield* Deferred.await(started)
        yield* Fiber.interrupt(consumer)
        expect(yield* Deferred.isDone(interrupted)).toBe(true)
@@ -97,9 +99,10 @@ describe("Watcher lifecycle", () => {
    return Effect.gen(function* () {
      const watcher = yield* Watcher.Service
      const consume = () =>
-        watcher
-          .subscribe({ path: "/shared", type: "directory" })
-          .pipe(Effect.flatMap(Stream.runDrain), Effect.forkScoped({ startImmediately: true }))
+        watcher.subscribe({ path: "/shared", type: "directory" }).pipe(
+          Effect.flatMap(Stream.runDrain),
+          Effect.forkScoped({ startImmediately: true }),
+        )
      const first = yield* consume()
      const second = yield* consume()
      yield* Effect.yieldNow
@@ -135,26 +138,22 @@ describe("Watcher lifecycle", () => {
  })
 })

-function provide(directory: string, vcs?: Location.Interface["vcs"], watcher?: Layer.Layer<Watcher.Service>) {
+function provide(directory: string, vcs?: Location.Interface["vcs"]) {
  const locationLayer = Layer.succeed(
    Location.Service,
    Location.Service.of(location({ directory: AbsolutePath.make(directory) }, { vcs })),
  )
-  const built = AppNodeBuilder.build(LocationWatcher.node, [
-    [Config.node, configLayer],
-    [Location.node, locationLayer],
-    ...(watcher ? ([[Watcher.node, watcher]] as const) : []),
-  ])
-  return Effect.provide(built)
+  return Effect.provide(
+    AppNodeBuilder.build(LocationWatcher.node, [
+      [Config.node, configLayer],
+      [Location.node, locationLayer],
+    ]),
+  )
 }

 function withTmp<A, E, R>(
  f: (directory: string, vcs?: Location.Interface["vcs"]) => Effect.Effect<A, E, R>,
-  options?: {
-    vcs?: "git" | "hg"
-    init?: (directory: string) => Promise<void>
-    watcher?: Layer.Layer<Watcher.Service>
-  },
+  options?: { vcs?: "git" | "hg"; init?: (directory: string) => Promise<void> },
 ) {
  return Effect.acquireRelease(
    Effect.promise(async () => {
@@ -174,57 +173,9 @@ function withTmp<A, E, R>(
      return { tmp, vcs: { type: "git" as const, store: AbsolutePath.make(path.join(tmp.path, ".git")) } }
    }),
    ({ tmp }) => Effect.promise(() => tmp[Symbol.asyncDispose]()),
-  ).pipe(Effect.flatMap(({ tmp, vcs }) => f(tmp.path, vcs).pipe(provide(tmp.path, vcs, options?.watcher))))
+  ).pipe(Effect.flatMap(({ tmp, vcs }) => f(tmp.path, vcs).pipe(provide(tmp.path, vcs))))
 }

-describe("LocationWatcher subscriptions", () => {
-  it.live("watches only exact Git branch metadata", () => {
-    const subscriptions: Watcher.WatchInput[] = []
-    const watcher = Layer.succeed(
-      Watcher.Service,
-      Watcher.Service.of({
-        subscribe: (input) => Effect.sync(() => subscriptions.push(input)).pipe(Effect.as(Stream.empty)),
-      }),
-    )
-    return withTmp(
-      (directory) =>
-        Effect.gen(function* () {
-          yield* LocationWatcher.Service
-          yield* Effect.sync(() => subscriptions.length).pipe(
-            Effect.filterOrFail((count) => count > 0),
-            Effect.retry(Schedule.spaced("10 millis")),
-          )
-          yield* Effect.sleep("10 millis")
-          expect(subscriptions).toEqual([{ path: path.join(directory, ".git", "HEAD"), type: "file" }])
-        }),
-      { vcs: "git", watcher },
-    )
-  })
-
-  it.live("watches only exact Hg branch metadata", () => {
-    const subscriptions: Watcher.WatchInput[] = []
-    const watcher = Layer.succeed(
-      Watcher.Service,
-      Watcher.Service.of({
-        subscribe: (input) => Effect.sync(() => subscriptions.push(input)).pipe(Effect.as(Stream.empty)),
-      }),
-    )
-    return withTmp(
-      (directory) =>
-        Effect.gen(function* () {
-          yield* LocationWatcher.Service
-          yield* Effect.sync(() => subscriptions.length).pipe(
-            Effect.filterOrFail((count) => count > 0),
-            Effect.retry(Schedule.spaced("10 millis")),
-          )
-          yield* Effect.sleep("10 millis")
-          expect(subscriptions).toEqual([{ path: path.join(directory, ".hg", "branch"), type: "file" }])
-        }),
-      { vcs: "hg", watcher },
-    )
-  })
-})
-
 function wait(check: (event: WatcherEvent) => boolean) {
  return Effect.gen(function* () {
    const bus = yield* Bus.Service
@@ -275,18 +226,31 @@ function eventuallyUpdate<E>(check: (event: WatcherEvent) => boolean, trigger: (
  )
 }

-function ready(file: string, eventFile = file) {
+function noUpdate<E>(check: (event: WatcherEvent) => boolean, trigger: Effect.Effect<void, E>, timeout = 500) {
+  return Effect.acquireUseRelease(
+    wait(check),
+    ({ deferred }) =>
+      trigger.pipe(
+        Effect.andThen(Deferred.await(deferred)),
+        Effect.timeoutOption(`${timeout} millis`),
+        Effect.tap((result) => Effect.sync(() => expect(result).toEqual(Option.none()))),
+      ),
+    ({ fiber }) => Fiber.interrupt(fiber),
+  )
+}
+
+function ready(directory: string) {
+  const file = path.join(directory, `.watcher-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`)
  return Effect.gen(function* () {
    const fs = yield* FSUtil.Service
-    const content = (yield* fs.readFileStringSafe(file)) ?? `ready-${Math.random()}`
    yield* eventuallyUpdate(
-      (event) => event.file === eventFile,
-      () => fs.writeFileString(file, content),
-    ).pipe(Effect.asVoid)
+      (event) => event.file === file,
+      () => fs.writeFileString(file, `ready-${Math.random()}`),
+    ).pipe(Effect.ensuring(fs.remove(file, { force: true }).pipe(Effect.ignore)), Effect.asVoid)
  })
 }

-describeNative("LocationWatcher", () => {
+describeWatcher("LocationWatcher", () => {
  it.live("limits file watches to the exact target", () =>
    withTmp((directory) =>
      Effect.gen(function* () {
@@ -312,25 +276,94 @@ describeNative("LocationWatcher", () => {
    ),
  )

-  it.live("detects creation of a missing directory target", () =>
+  it.live("publishes root create, update, and delete events", () =>
+    withTmp(
+      (directory) =>
+        Effect.gen(function* () {
+          const fs = yield* FSUtil.Service
+          const file = path.join(directory, "watch.txt")
+          yield* ready(directory)
+          for (const item of [
+            { event: "add" as const, trigger: fs.writeFileString(file, "a") },
+            { event: "change" as const, trigger: fs.writeFileString(file, "b") },
+            { event: "unlink" as const, trigger: fs.remove(file) },
+          ]) {
+            expect(
+              yield* nextUpdate((event) => event.file === file && event.event === item.event, item.trigger),
+            ).toEqual({
+              file,
+              event: item.event,
+            })
+          }
+        }),
+      { vcs: "git" },
+    ),
+  )
+
+  it.live("skips non-git roots", () =>
    withTmp((directory) =>
      Effect.gen(function* () {
        const fs = yield* FSUtil.Service
-        const watcher = yield* Watcher.Service
-        const target = path.join(directory, "generated")
-        const updates = yield* watcher.subscribe({ path: target, type: "file" })
-        const update = yield* updates.pipe(
-          Stream.take(1),
-          Stream.runHead,
-          Effect.forkScoped({ startImmediately: true }),
-        )
-        const creates = yield* Effect.suspend(() =>
-          fs.remove(target, { recursive: true, force: true }).pipe(Effect.andThen(fs.ensureDir(target))),
-        ).pipe(Effect.repeat(Schedule.spaced("10 millis")), Effect.forkScoped)
-        const event = yield* Fiber.join(update).pipe(Effect.ensuring(Fiber.interrupt(creates)))
+        const file = path.join(directory, "plain.txt")
+        yield* noUpdate((event) => event.file === file, fs.writeFileString(file, "plain"))
+      }),
+    ),
+  )

-        expect(event.valueOrUndefined?.path).toBe(target)
-      }).pipe(Effect.provide(AppNodeBuilder.build(Watcher.node))),
+  it.live("ignores dependency, VCS, and build directories at any depth", () =>
+    withTmp(
+      (directory) =>
+        Effect.gen(function* () {
+          const afs = yield* FSUtil.Service
+          yield* ready(directory)
+          const roots = ["node_modules", ".git", "dist"].map((name) => path.join(directory, "nested", name))
+          const files = roots.map((root) => path.join(root, "package", "index.js"))
+          yield* noUpdate(
+            (event) => roots.some((root) => event.file === root || event.file.startsWith(`${root}${path.sep}`)),
+            Effect.forEach(files, (file) => afs.writeWithDirs(file, "ignored"), {
+              concurrency: "unbounded",
+              discard: true,
+            }),
+          )
+        }),
+      { vcs: "git" },
+    ),
+  )
+
+  it.live("cleanup stops publishing events", () =>
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const bus = yield* Bus.Service
+      const fs = yield* FSUtil.Service
+      const tmp = yield* Effect.acquireRelease(
+        Effect.promise(() => tmpdir()),
+        (tmp) => Effect.promise(() => tmp[Symbol.asyncDispose]()),
+      )
+      yield* ready(tmp.path).pipe(
+        provide(tmp.path, { type: "git", store: AbsolutePath.make(path.join(tmp.path, ".git")) }),
+        Effect.scoped,
+      )
+      const file = path.join(tmp.path, "after-dispose.txt")
+      yield* noUpdate((event) => event.file === file, fs.writeFileString(file, "gone")).pipe(
+        Effect.provideService(Bus.Service, bus),
+      )
+    }).pipe(Effect.provide(AppNodeBuilder.build(LayerNode.group([FSUtil.node, Bus.node])))),
+  )
+
+  it.live("ignores .git/index changes", () =>
+    withTmp(
+      (directory) =>
+        Effect.gen(function* () {
+          const fs = yield* FSUtil.Service
+          const index = path.join(directory, ".git", "index")
+          yield* ready(directory)
+          yield* noUpdate(
+            (event) => event.file === index,
+            fs
+              .writeFileString(path.join(directory, "tracked.txt"), "a")
+              .pipe(Effect.andThen(Effect.promise(() => $`git add .`.cwd(directory).quiet())), Effect.asVoid),
+          )
+        }),
+      { vcs: "git" },
    ),
  )

@@ -341,11 +374,11 @@ describeNative("LocationWatcher", () => {
          const fs = yield* FSUtil.Service
          const head = path.join(directory, ".git", "HEAD")
          const branch = `watch-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`
-          yield* ready(head)
+          yield* ready(directory)
          yield* Effect.promise(() => $`git branch ${branch}`.cwd(directory).quiet())
          expect(
            yield* nextUpdate((event) => event.file === head, fs.writeFileString(head, `ref: refs/heads/${branch}\n`)),
-          ).toEqual({ file: head, event: "change" })
+          ).toMatchObject({ file: head })
        }),
      { vcs: "git" },
    ),
@@ -360,8 +393,8 @@ describeNative("LocationWatcher", () => {
            const afs = yield* FSUtil.Service
            const actual = path.join(directory, "..", `actual_${path.basename(directory)}`)
            yield* Effect.addFinalizer(() => Effect.promise(() => fs.rm(actual, { recursive: true, force: true })))
+            yield* ready(directory)
            const head = path.join(directory, ".git", "HEAD")
-            yield* ready(head, path.join(actual, "HEAD"))
            const branch = `watch-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`
            yield* Effect.promise(() => $`git branch ${branch}`.cwd(directory).quiet())
            expect(
@@ -389,7 +422,7 @@ describeNative("LocationWatcher", () => {
        Effect.gen(function* () {
          const fs = yield* FSUtil.Service
          const branch = path.join(directory, ".hg", "branch")
-          yield* ready(branch)
+          yield* ready(directory)
          expect(
            yield* nextUpdate((event) => event.file === branch, fs.writeFileString(branch, "feature\n")),
          ).toMatchObject({ file: branch })
@@ -105,29 +105,19 @@ export const environmentConformance = <E>(
      }),
    )

-    check("preserves symlink metadata while following symlinks for content", (harness) =>
+    check("reports symlinks without resolving them", (harness) =>
      Effect.gen(function* () {
        if (!harness.symlink) return
        yield* harness.files.write(`${harness.root}/target`, bytes("target"))
        yield* harness.files.write(`${harness.root}/target-dir/file`, bytes("through link"))
-        yield* harness.symlink("../target", `${harness.root}/target-dir/entry-link`)
        yield* harness.symlink("target", `${harness.root}/link`)
        yield* harness.symlink("target-dir", `${harness.root}/link-dir`)
-        yield* harness.symlink("missing", `${harness.root}/dangling-link`)
        expect((yield* harness.files.stat(`${harness.root}/link`)).type).toBe("symlink")
        expect(yield* harness.files.list(harness.root)).toContainEqual({ name: "link", type: "symlink" })
        expect(text((yield* harness.files.read(`${harness.root}/link-dir/file`)).bytes)).toBe("through link")
-        expect(
-          (yield* harness.files.list(`${harness.root}/link-dir`)).toSorted((a, b) => a.name.localeCompare(b.name)),
-        ).toEqual([
-          { name: "entry-link", type: "symlink" },
-          { name: "file", type: "file" },
-        ])
-
-        const fileError = yield* Effect.flip(harness.files.list(`${harness.root}/link`))
-        expect(fileError).toBeInstanceOf(WrongKind)
-        expect((fileError as WrongKind).actual).toBe("file")
-        expect(yield* Effect.flip(harness.files.list(`${harness.root}/dangling-link`))).toBeInstanceOf(NotFound)
+        const listError = yield* Effect.flip(harness.files.list(`${harness.root}/link-dir`))
+        expect(listError).toBeInstanceOf(WrongKind)
+        expect((listError as WrongKind).actual).toBe("symlink")
      }),
    )

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import { Session } from "@opencode-ai/core/session"
 import { SessionExecution } from "@opencode-ai/core/session/execution"
 import { SessionRestart } from "@opencode-ai/core/session/execution/restart"
 import { UserInterruptedError } from "@opencode-ai/core/session/error"
-import { SessionEvent } from "@opencode-ai/core/session/event"
 import { SessionRunner } from "@opencode-ai/core/session/runner"
 import { SessionTable } from "@opencode-ai/core/session/sql"
 import { SessionStore } from "@opencode-ai/core/session/store"
@@ -128,34 +127,23 @@ describe("SessionExecution lifecycle", () => {
  it.effect("resumes each suspended Session at most once", () =>
    Effect.gen(function* () {
      const database = yield* Database.Service
-      const bus = yield* Bus.Service
      const first = Session.ID.make("ses_resume_first")
      const second = Session.ID.make("ses_resume_second")
      yield* seedSessions(database, [first, second], { time_suspended: Date.now() })

      const drained: string[] = []
-      const continued: SessionEvent.Synthetic[] = []
      const scope = yield* Scope.make()
      const context = yield* buildExecution(scope, ({ sessionID }) => Effect.sync(() => void drained.push(sessionID)))
      const execution = Context.get(context, SessionExecution.Service)
      const restart = Context.get(context, SessionRestart.Service)
-      yield* bus.project(SessionEvent.Synthetic, (event) => Effect.sync(() => void continued.push(event)))

      yield* restart.resumeSuspendedSessions
      yield* Effect.forEach([first, second], execution.awaitIdle, { discard: true })
      expect(drained.toSorted()).toEqual([first, second])
-      expect(continued.map((event) => event.data).toSorted((a, b) => a.sessionID.localeCompare(b.sessionID))).toEqual(
-        [first, second].map((sessionID) => ({
-          sessionID,
-          text: "The server restarted while you were working. Continue from where you left off without repeating completed work.",
-          description: "Continuing after restart",
-        })),
-      )
      expect(yield* suspensions(database)).toEqual({ [first]: false, [second]: false })

      yield* restart.resumeSuspendedSessions
      expect(drained.length).toBe(2)
-      expect(continued.length).toBe(2)
      yield* Scope.close(scope, Exit.void)
    }),
  )
@@ -3,12 +3,10 @@ import { Agent } from "@opencode-ai/core/agent"
 import type { Permission } from "@opencode-ai/core/permission"
 import { AppNodeBuilder } from "@opencode-ai/core/effect/app-node-builder"
 import { Image } from "@opencode-ai/core/image"
-import { PluginHooks } from "@opencode-ai/core/plugin/hooks"
 import { Session } from "@opencode-ai/core/session"
 import { SessionMessage } from "@opencode-ai/core/session/message"
 import { Tool } from "@opencode-ai/core/tool"
 import type { Info } from "@opencode-ai/schema/tool"
-import { LayerNode } from "@opencode-ai/util/effect/layer-node"
 import { executeTool, toolDefinitions } from "./lib/tool"
 import { Cause, Deferred, Effect, Exit, Fiber, Layer, Option, Schema, SchemaGetter, SchemaIssue, Scope } from "effect"
 import { testEffect } from "./lib/effect"
@@ -28,14 +26,10 @@ const imageStore = Layer.mock(Image.Service, {
          maxBytes: 5,
        }),
      )
-    return Effect.succeed({
-      ...content,
-      content: Buffer.from(`${Buffer.from(content.content, "base64").toString()} normalized`).toString("base64"),
-      mime: "image/jpeg",
-    })
+    return Effect.succeed({ ...content, content: "bm9ybWFsaXplZA==", mime: "image/jpeg" })
  },
 })
-const registryLayer = AppNodeBuilder.build(LayerNode.group([Tool.node, PluginHooks.node]), [[Image.node, imageStore]])
+const registryLayer = AppNodeBuilder.build(Tool.node, [[Image.node, imageStore]])
 const it = testEffect(registryLayer)
 const identity = {
  agent: Agent.ID.make("build"),
@@ -350,7 +344,7 @@ describe("Tool", () => {
    }),
  )

-  it.effect("normalizes image tool output once and drops unresizable images", () =>
+  it.effect("normalizes image tool output at execution and drops unresizable images", () =>
    Effect.gen(function* () {
      const service = yield* Tool.Service
      yield* transform(service,
@@ -382,12 +376,7 @@ describe("Tool", () => {

      const execution = yield* executeTool(service, call("snapshot"))
      expect(execution.content).toEqual([
-        {
-          type: "file",
-          uri: "data:image/jpeg;base64,aW1hZ2Ugbm9ybWFsaXplZA==",
-          mime: "image/jpeg",
-          name: "frame.png",
-        },
+        { type: "file", uri: "data:image/jpeg;base64,bm9ybWFsaXplZA==", mime: "image/jpeg", name: "frame.png" },
        { type: "text", text: "snapshot" },
        { type: "text", text: "[1 image omitted: could not be decoded.]" },
        { type: "text", text: "[1 image omitted: could not be resized below the image size limit.]" },
@@ -395,34 +384,6 @@ describe("Tool", () => {
    }),
  )

-  it.effect("normalizes image content added by an after hook", () =>
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const service = yield* Tool.Service
-      const hooks = yield* PluginHooks.Service
-      yield* transform(service, { hooked: constant("original") }, { codemode: false })
-      yield* hooks.register("tool", "execute.after", (event) =>
-        Effect.sync(() => {
-          if (event.status !== "completed") return
-          event.result = {
-            ...event.result,
-            content: [
-              { type: "file", uri: "data:image/png;base64,aW1hZ2U=", mime: "image/png", name: "hook.png" },
-            ],
-          }
-        }),
-      )
-
-      expect((yield* executeTool(service, call("hooked"))).content).toEqual([
-        {
-          type: "file",
-          uri: "data:image/jpeg;base64,aW1hZ2Ugbm9ybWFsaXplZA==",
-          mime: "image/jpeg",
-          name: "hook.png",
-        },
-      ])
-    }),
-  )
-
  it.effect("publishes progress metadata unchanged", () =>
    Effect.gen(function* () {
      const service = yield* Tool.Service
@@ -6,10 +6,11 @@ import { Agent } from "@opencode-ai/core/agent"
 import { AppNodeBuilder } from "@opencode-ai/core/effect/app-node-builder"
 import { LayerNode } from "@opencode-ai/util/effect/layer-node"
 import { Bus } from "@opencode-ai/core/bus"
+import { FSUtil } from "@opencode-ai/util/fs-util"
 import { AbsolutePath } from "@opencode-ai/core/schema"
 import { Skill } from "@opencode-ai/core/skill"
 import { SkillDiscovery } from "@opencode-ai/core/skill/discovery"
-import { Watcher } from "@opencode-ai/core/filesystem/watcher"
+import { FileSystem } from "@opencode-ai/schema/filesystem"
 import { tmpdir } from "./fixture/tmpdir"
 import { testEffect } from "./lib/effect"

@@ -24,15 +25,8 @@ const discovery = Layer.succeed(
    },
  }),
 )
-const watcherLayer = Watcher.testLayer
 const it = testEffect(
-  Layer.mergeAll(
-    AppNodeBuilder.build(LayerNode.group([Skill.node, Agent.node, Bus.node]), [
-      [SkillDiscovery.node, discovery],
-      [Watcher.node, watcherLayer],
-    ]),
-    watcherLayer,
-  ),
+  AppNodeBuilder.build(LayerNode.group([Skill.node, Agent.node, Bus.node]), [[SkillDiscovery.node, discovery]]),
 )

 function write(directory: string, name: string, description: string) {
@@ -59,24 +53,6 @@ function waitForSkillUpdate() {
  })
 }

-function expectSubscription(check: (input: Watcher.WatchInput) => boolean) {
-  return Effect.gen(function* () {
-    const watcher = yield* Watcher.Test
-    expect((yield* watcher.subscriptions()).some(check)).toBe(true)
-  })
-}
-
-function emitAndWait(update: Watcher.Update) {
-  return Effect.gen(function* () {
-    const watcher = yield* Watcher.Test
-    yield* Effect.acquireUseRelease(
-      waitForSkillUpdate(),
-      ({ deferred }) => watcher.emit(update).pipe(Effect.andThen(Deferred.await(deferred)), Effect.timeout("1 second")),
-      ({ fiber }) => Fiber.interrupt(fiber),
-    )
-  })
-}
-
 describe("Skill", () => {
  it.live("publishes updates when skill sources change", () =>
    Effect.gen(function* () {
@@ -113,7 +89,6 @@ describe("Skill", () => {
          })

          const skill = yield* Skill.Service
-          const watcher = yield* Watcher.Test
          yield* skill.transform((editor) => {
            editor.source({ type: "directory", path: AbsolutePath.make(first) })
            editor.source({ type: "directory", path: AbsolutePath.make(first) })
@@ -144,21 +119,6 @@ describe("Skill", () => {
              content: "# review",
            },
          ])
-          expect(yield* watcher.subscriptions()).toEqual([
-            { path: first, type: "directory" },
-            { path: second, type: "directory" },
-          ])
-
-          yield* Effect.promise(() => write(second, "review", "Updated Second"))
-          yield* emitAndWait({ type: "update", path: path.join(second, "review", "SKILL.md") })
-
-          expect((yield* skill.list()).find((item) => item.id === "review")?.description).toBe("Updated Second")
-          expect(yield* watcher.subscriptions()).toEqual([
-            { path: first, type: "directory" },
-            { path: second, type: "directory" },
-            { path: first, type: "directory" },
-            { path: second, type: "directory" },
-          ])
        }),
      ),
    ),
@@ -238,7 +198,7 @@ metadata:
    ),
  )

-  it.live("clears cached skills when sources reload", () =>
+  it.live("invalidates cached skills and publishes updates for watcher changes", () =>
    Effect.acquireRelease(
      Effect.promise(() => tmpdir()),
      (tmp) => Effect.promise(() => tmp[Symbol.asyncDispose]()),
@@ -250,187 +210,26 @@ metadata:
            await write(tmp.path, "deploy", "Initial deploy")
          })

-          const skill = yield* Skill.Service
-          const watcher = yield* Watcher.Test
          const bus = yield* Bus.Service
-          yield* skill.transform((editor) => editor.source({ type: "directory", path: AbsolutePath.make(tmp.path) }))
-          expect((yield* skill.list()).find((item) => item.id === "deploy")?.description).toBe("Initial deploy")
-          expect(yield* watcher.subscriptions()).toEqual([{ path: tmp.path, type: "directory" }])
-
-          let refreshed: Skill.Info[] = []
-          const unsubscribe = yield* bus.listen((event) => {
-            if (event.type !== Skill.Event.Updated.type) return Effect.void
-            return skill.list().pipe(
-              Effect.tap((items) => Effect.sync(() => (refreshed = items))),
-              Effect.asVoid,
-            )
-          })
-
-          yield* Effect.promise(() => write(tmp.path, "deploy", "Updated deploy"))
-          yield* skill.reload().pipe(Effect.timeout("1 second"))
-          yield* unsubscribe
-
-          expect(refreshed.find((item) => item.id === "deploy")?.description).toBe("Updated deploy")
-          expect(yield* watcher.subscriptions()).toEqual([
-            { path: tmp.path, type: "directory" },
-            { path: tmp.path, type: "directory" },
-          ])
-        }),
-      ),
-    ),
-  )
-
-  it.live("reloads project sources created after their missing parent", () =>
-    Effect.acquireRelease(
-      Effect.promise(() => tmpdir()),
-      (tmp) => Effect.promise(() => tmp[Symbol.asyncDispose]()),
-    ).pipe(
-      Effect.flatMap((tmp) =>
-        Effect.gen(function* () {
-          const source = path.join(tmp.path, "generated", "skills")
-          const file = path.join(source, "deploy", "SKILL.md")
-          const skill = yield* Skill.Service
-          const watcher = yield* Watcher.Test
-          yield* skill.transform((editor) => editor.source({ type: "directory", path: AbsolutePath.make(source) }))
-          expect(yield* skill.list()).toEqual([])
-          expect(yield* watcher.subscriptions()).toEqual([{ path: path.join(tmp.path, "generated"), type: "file" }])
-
-          yield* Effect.promise(() => fs.mkdir(path.join(tmp.path, "generated")))
-          yield* emitAndWait({ type: "create", path: path.join(tmp.path, "generated") })
-          expect(yield* skill.list()).toEqual([])
-          expect(yield* watcher.subscriptions()).toEqual([
-            { path: path.join(tmp.path, "generated"), type: "file" },
-            { path: source, type: "file" },
-          ])
-
-          yield* Effect.promise(async () => {
-            await fs.mkdir(path.dirname(file), { recursive: true })
-            await write(source, "deploy", "Deploy production")
-          })
-          yield* emitAndWait({ type: "create", path: source })
-
-          expect((yield* skill.list()).map((item) => item.id)).toEqual([Skill.ID.make("deploy")])
-          expect(yield* watcher.subscriptions()).toEqual([
-            { path: path.join(tmp.path, "generated"), type: "file" },
-            { path: source, type: "file" },
-            { path: source, type: "directory" },
-          ])
-        }),
-      ),
-    ),
-  )
-
-  it.live("watches directory sources for added and changed skills", () =>
-    Effect.acquireRelease(
-      Effect.promise(() => tmpdir()),
-      (tmp) => Effect.promise(() => tmp[Symbol.asyncDispose]()),
-    ).pipe(
-      Effect.flatMap((tmp) =>
-        Effect.gen(function* () {
-          yield* Effect.promise(async () => {
-            await fs.mkdir(path.join(tmp.path, "deploy"), { recursive: true })
-            await write(tmp.path, "deploy", "Initial deploy")
-          })
-
          const skill = yield* Skill.Service
          yield* skill.transform((editor) => editor.source({ type: "directory", path: AbsolutePath.make(tmp.path) }))
-          expect((yield* skill.list()).map((item) => item.id)).toEqual([Skill.ID.make("deploy")])
-          yield* expectSubscription((input) => input.type === "directory" && input.path === tmp.path)

-          const deploy = path.join(tmp.path, "deploy", "SKILL.md")
+          expect((yield* skill.list()).find((item) => item.name === "deploy")?.description).toBe("Initial deploy")
+
+          const file = path.join(tmp.path, "deploy", "SKILL.md")
          yield* Effect.promise(() => write(tmp.path, "deploy", "Updated deploy"))
-          yield* emitAndWait({ type: "update", path: deploy })
-          expect((yield* skill.list()).find((item) => item.id === "deploy")?.description).toBe("Updated deploy")
+          expect((yield* skill.list()).find((item) => item.name === "deploy")?.description).toBe("Initial deploy")

-          yield* Effect.promise(async () => {
-            await fs.mkdir(path.join(tmp.path, "review"), { recursive: true })
-            await write(tmp.path, "review", "Review changes")
-          })
-          const review = path.join(tmp.path, "review", "SKILL.md")
-          yield* emitAndWait({ type: "create", path: review })
-          expect((yield* skill.list()).map((item) => item.id)).toEqual([
-            Skill.ID.make("deploy"),
-            Skill.ID.make("review"),
-          ])
+          yield* Effect.acquireUseRelease(
+            waitForSkillUpdate(),
+            ({ deferred }) =>
+              bus
+                .publish(FileSystem.Event.Changed, { file, event: "change" })
+                .pipe(Effect.andThen(Deferred.await(deferred)), Effect.timeout("1 second")),
+            ({ fiber }) => Fiber.interrupt(fiber),
+          )

-          yield* Effect.promise(() => fs.rm(path.join(tmp.path, "review"), { recursive: true }))
-          yield* emitAndWait({ type: "delete", path: review })
-          expect((yield* skill.list()).map((item) => item.id)).toEqual([Skill.ID.make("deploy")])
-        }),
-      ),
-    ),
-  )
-
-  it.live("watches canonical directories behind symlinked skills", () =>
-    Effect.acquireRelease(
-      Effect.promise(() => tmpdir()),
-      (tmp) => Effect.promise(() => tmp[Symbol.asyncDispose]()),
-    ).pipe(
-      Effect.flatMap((tmp) =>
-        Effect.gen(function* () {
-          const source = path.join(tmp.path, "source")
-          const target = path.join(tmp.path, "target", "bro")
-          const file = path.join(target, "SKILL.md")
-          yield* Effect.promise(async () => {
-            await fs.mkdir(source, { recursive: true })
-            await fs.mkdir(target, { recursive: true })
-            await fs.writeFile(file, "---\nname: bro\ndescription: Initial\n---\n# bro")
-            await fs.symlink(target, path.join(source, "bro"))
-          })
-
-          const skill = yield* Skill.Service
-          yield* skill.transform((editor) => editor.source({ type: "directory", path: AbsolutePath.make(source) }))
-          expect((yield* skill.list()).find((item) => item.id === "bro")?.description).toBe("Initial")
-          yield* expectSubscription((input) => input.type === "directory" && input.path === target)
-
-          yield* Effect.promise(() => fs.writeFile(file, "---\nname: bro\ndescription: Updated\n---\n# bro"))
-          yield* emitAndWait({ type: "update", path: file })
-          expect((yield* skill.list()).find((item) => item.id === "bro")?.description).toBe("Updated")
-        }),
-      ),
-    ),
-  )
-
-  it.live("invalidates symlinked sources when their target changes", () =>
-    Effect.acquireRelease(
-      Effect.promise(() => tmpdir()),
-      (tmp) => Effect.promise(() => tmp[Symbol.asyncDispose]()),
-    ).pipe(
-      Effect.flatMap((tmp) =>
-        Effect.gen(function* () {
-          const source = path.join(tmp.path, "source")
-          const first = path.join(tmp.path, "first")
-          const second = path.join(tmp.path, "second")
-          yield* Effect.promise(async () => {
-            await fs.mkdir(path.join(first, "bro"), { recursive: true })
-            await fs.mkdir(path.join(second, "bro"), { recursive: true })
-            await write(first, "bro", "First")
-            await write(second, "bro", "Second")
-            await fs.symlink(first, source)
-          })
-
-          const skill = yield* Skill.Service
-          const watcher = yield* Watcher.Test
-          yield* skill.transform((editor) => editor.source({ type: "directory", path: AbsolutePath.make(source) }))
-          expect((yield* skill.list()).find((item) => item.id === "bro")?.description).toBe("First")
-          expect(yield* watcher.subscriptions()).toEqual([
-            { path: first, type: "directory" },
-            { path: source, type: "file" },
-          ])
-
-          yield* Effect.promise(async () => {
-            await fs.unlink(source)
-            await fs.symlink(second, source)
-          })
-          yield* emitAndWait({ type: "update", path: source })
-
-          expect((yield* skill.list()).find((item) => item.id === "bro")?.description).toBe("Second")
-          expect(yield* watcher.subscriptions()).toEqual([
-            { path: first, type: "directory" },
-            { path: source, type: "file" },
-            { path: second, type: "directory" },
-            { path: source, type: "file" },
-          ])
+          expect((yield* skill.list()).find((item) => item.name === "deploy")?.description).toBe("Updated deploy")
        }),
      ),
    ),
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ import { describe, expect } from "bun:test"
 import { Effect, Layer } from "effect"
 import { AppNodeBuilder } from "@opencode-ai/core/effect/app-node-builder"
 import { LayerNode } from "@opencode-ai/util/effect/layer-node"
-import { Environment } from "@opencode-ai/core/environment"
 import { FileMutation } from "@opencode-ai/core/file-mutation"
 import { Formatter } from "@opencode-ai/core/formatter"
+import { FSUtil } from "@opencode-ai/util/fs-util"
 import { Location } from "@opencode-ai/core/location"
 import { LocationMutation } from "@opencode-ai/core/location-mutation"
 import { Permission } from "@opencode-ai/core/permission"
@@ -23,15 +23,7 @@ import { toolIdentity, executeTool, registerToolPlugin, toolDefinitions } from "
 const editToolNode = makeLocationNode({
  name: "test/edit-tool-plugin",
  layer: Layer.effectDiscard(registerToolPlugin(EditTool.Plugin)),
-  deps: [
-    Tool.node,
-    LocationMutation.node,
-    FileMutation.node,
-    Environment.node,
-    Formatter.node,
-    Location.node,
-    Permission.node,
-  ],
+  deps: [Tool.node, LocationMutation.node, FileMutation.node, Formatter.node, FSUtil.node, Permission.node],
 })

 const sessionID = Session.ID.make("ses_edit_tool_test")
@@ -80,28 +72,29 @@ const reset = () => {
  formatFile = () => Effect.succeed(false)
 }

-const environment = Layer.effect(
-  Environment.Service,
+const filesystem = Layer.effect(
+  FSUtil.Service,
  Effect.gen(function* () {
-    const current = yield* Environment.Service
-    return Environment.Service.of({
-      ...current,
-      files: {
-        ...current.files,
-        read: (target, range) =>
-          current.files
-            .read(target, range)
-            .pipe(
-              Effect.tap((result) =>
-                Effect.sync(() => reads++).pipe(Effect.andThen(Effect.suspend(() => afterRead(target, result.bytes)))),
-              ),
+    const fs = yield* FSUtil.Service
+    return FSUtil.Service.of({
+      ...fs,
+      readFile: (target) =>
+        fs
+          .readFile(target)
+          .pipe(
+            Effect.tap((content) =>
+              Effect.sync(() => reads++).pipe(Effect.andThen(Effect.suspend(() => afterRead(target, content)))),
            ),
-        write: (target, content) =>
-          Effect.sync(() => writes.push(target)).pipe(Effect.andThen(current.files.write(target, content))),
-      },
+          ),
+      writeWithDirs: (target, content, mode) =>
+        Effect.sync(() => writes.push(target)).pipe(Effect.andThen(fs.writeWithDirs(target, content, mode))),
+      writeFile: (target, content, options) =>
+        Effect.sync(() => writes.push(target)).pipe(Effect.andThen(fs.writeFile(target, content, options))),
+      writeFileString: (target, content, options) =>
+        Effect.sync(() => writes.push(target)).pipe(Effect.andThen(fs.writeFileString(target, content, options))),
    })
  }),
-).pipe(Layer.provide(LayerNode.compile(Environment.node)))
+).pipe(Layer.provide(LayerNode.compile(FSUtil.node)))

 const withTool = <A, E, R>(directory: string, body: (registry: Tool.Interface) => Effect.Effect<A, E, R>) => {
  const activeLocation = Layer.succeed(
@@ -113,9 +106,15 @@ const withTool = <A, E, R>(directory: string, body: (registry: Tool.Interface) =
  }).pipe(
    Effect.provide(
      AppNodeBuilder.build(
-        LayerNode.group([Tool.node, Tool.node, LocationMutation.node, FileMutation.node, editToolNode]),
+        LayerNode.group([
+          Tool.node,
+          Tool.node,
+          LocationMutation.node,
+          FileMutation.node,
+          editToolNode,
+        ]),
        [
-          [Environment.node, environment],
+          [FSUtil.node, filesystem],
          [Location.node, activeLocation],
          [Formatter.node, formatter],
          [Permission.node, permission],
@@ -472,7 +471,10 @@ describe("EditTool", () => {
            withTool(tmp.path, (registry) =>
              Effect.gen(function* () {
                expect(
-                  yield* executeTool(registry, call({ path: "missing.ts", oldString: "before", newString: "after" })),
+                  yield* executeTool(
+                    registry,
+                    call({ path: "missing.ts", oldString: "before", newString: "after" }),
+                  ),
                ).toEqual({
                  status: "error",
                  error: { type: "tool.execution", message: "File not found: missing.ts" },
@@ -643,43 +645,6 @@ describe("EditTool", () => {
    ),
  )

-  it.live("serializes concurrent edit transactions", () =>
-    Effect.acquireUseRelease(
-      Effect.promise(() => tmpdir()),
-      (tmp) => {
-        reset()
-        const target = path.join(tmp.path, "concurrent.txt")
-        afterRead = () => (reads === 1 ? Effect.sleep("50 millis") : Effect.void)
-        return Effect.promise(() => fs.writeFile(target, "one\ntwo\n")).pipe(
-          Effect.andThen(
-            withTool(tmp.path, (registry) =>
-              Effect.all(
-                [
-                  executeTool(
-                    registry,
-                    call({ path: "concurrent.txt", oldString: "one", newString: "ONE" }, "call-edit-one"),
-                  ),
-                  executeTool(
-                    registry,
-                    call({ path: "concurrent.txt", oldString: "two", newString: "TWO" }, "call-edit-two"),
-                  ),
-                ],
-                { concurrency: "unbounded" },
-              ),
-            ),
-          ),
-          Effect.andThen((results) =>
-            Effect.gen(function* () {
-              expect(results.map((result) => result.status)).toEqual(["completed", "completed"])
-              expect(yield* Effect.promise(() => fs.readFile(target, "utf8"))).toBe("ONE\nTWO\n")
-            }),
-          ),
-        )
-      },
-      (tmp) => Effect.promise(() => tmp[Symbol.asyncDispose]()),
-    ),
-  )
-
  it.live("applies the edit when content changes after matching", () =>
    Effect.acquireUseRelease(
      Effect.promise(() => tmpdir()),
@@ -2,12 +2,11 @@ import fs from "fs/promises"
 import path from "path"
 import { describe, expect } from "bun:test"
 import { Effect, Exit, Layer, Schema } from "effect"
+import { systemError } from "effect/PlatformError"
 import { AppNodeBuilder } from "@opencode-ai/core/effect/app-node-builder"
 import { LayerNode } from "@opencode-ai/util/effect/layer-node"
-import { Environment } from "@opencode-ai/core/environment"
 import { FSUtil } from "@opencode-ai/util/fs-util"
 import { Formatter } from "@opencode-ai/core/formatter"
-import { FileMutation } from "@opencode-ai/core/file-mutation"
 import { Location } from "@opencode-ai/core/location"
 import { Permission } from "@opencode-ai/core/permission"
 import { AbsolutePath } from "@opencode-ai/core/schema"
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ import { toolIdentity, executeTool, registerToolPlugin, toolDefinitions } from "
 const patchToolNode = makeLocationNode({
  name: "test/patch-tool-plugin",
  layer: Layer.effectDiscard(registerToolPlugin(PatchTool.Plugin)),
-  deps: [Tool.node, FileMutation.node, Environment.node, Formatter.node, Location.node, Permission.node],
+  deps: [Tool.node, Formatter.node, FSUtil.node, Location.node, Permission.node],
 })

 const sessionID = Session.ID.make("ses_patch_tool_test")
@@ -82,33 +81,48 @@ const reset = () => {
  formatFile = () => Effect.succeed(false)
 }

-const environment = Layer.effect(
-  Environment.Service,
+const filesystem = Layer.effect(
+  FSUtil.Service,
  Effect.gen(function* () {
-    const current = yield* Environment.Service
-    return Environment.Service.of({
-      ...current,
-      files: {
-        ...current.files,
-        read: (target, range) =>
-          Effect.sync(() => {
-            if (!editApproved) readsBeforeEditApproval++
-          }).pipe(Effect.andThen(current.files.read(target, range))),
-        remove: (target) => {
-          if (failRemoveTarget && path.basename(target) === failRemoveTarget) return Effect.die("forced remove failure")
-          if (failRemoveErrorTarget && path.basename(target) === failRemoveErrorTarget)
-            return Effect.fail(new Environment.Failed({ path: target, cause: new Error("forced remove failure") }))
-          return current.files.remove(target)
-        },
-        write: (target, content) => {
-          if (failWriteTarget && path.basename(target) === failWriteTarget)
-            return Effect.fail(new Environment.Failed({ path: target, cause: new Error("forced write failure") }))
-          return current.files.write(target, content)
-        },
+    const fs = yield* FSUtil.Service
+    return FSUtil.Service.of({
+      ...fs,
+      readFile: (target) =>
+        Effect.sync(() => {
+          if (!editApproved) readsBeforeEditApproval++
+        }).pipe(Effect.andThen(fs.readFile(target))),
+      remove: (target, options) => {
+        if (failRemoveTarget && path.basename(target) === failRemoveTarget) return Effect.die("forced remove failure")
+        if (failRemoveErrorTarget && path.basename(target) === failRemoveErrorTarget) {
+          return Effect.fail(
+            systemError({
+              _tag: "Unknown",
+              module: "FileSystem",
+              method: "remove",
+              description: "forced remove failure",
+              pathOrDescriptor: target,
+            }),
+          )
+        }
+        return fs.remove(target, options)
+      },
+      writeWithDirs: (target, content, mode) => {
+        if (failWriteTarget && path.basename(target) === failWriteTarget) {
+          return Effect.fail(
+            systemError({
+              _tag: "Unknown",
+              module: "FileSystem",
+              method: "writeWithDirs",
+              description: "forced write failure",
+              pathOrDescriptor: target,
+            }),
+          )
+        }
+        return fs.writeWithDirs(target, content, mode)
      },
    })
  }),
-).pipe(Layer.provide(LayerNode.compile(Environment.node)))
+).pipe(Layer.provide(LayerNode.compile(FSUtil.node)))

 const withTool = <A, E, R>(
  directory: string,
@@ -125,8 +139,8 @@ const withTool = <A, E, R>(
    return yield* body(yield* Tool.Service)
  }).pipe(
    Effect.provide(
-      AppNodeBuilder.build(LayerNode.group([Tool.node, FileMutation.node, patchToolNode]), [
-        [Environment.node, environment],
+      AppNodeBuilder.build(LayerNode.group([Tool.node, patchToolNode]), [
+        [FSUtil.node, filesystem],
        [Location.node, activeLocation],
        [Formatter.node, formatter],
        [Permission.node, permission],
@@ -248,43 +262,6 @@ describe("PatchTool", () => {
    ),
  )

-  it.live("serializes concurrent patch transactions", () =>
-    withTempTool((directory, registry) => {
-      const target = path.join(directory, "concurrent.txt")
-      afterEditApproval = () =>
-        assertions.filter((input) => input.action === "edit").length === 1 ? Effect.sleep("50 millis") : Effect.void
-      return Effect.promise(() => fs.writeFile(target, "one\ntwo\n")).pipe(
-        Effect.andThen(
-          Effect.all(
-            [
-              executeTool(
-                registry,
-                call(
-                  "*** Begin Patch\n*** Update File: concurrent.txt\n@@\n-one\n+ONE\n*** End Patch",
-                  "call-patch-one",
-                ),
-              ),
-              executeTool(
-                registry,
-                call(
-                  "*** Begin Patch\n*** Update File: concurrent.txt\n@@\n-two\n+TWO\n*** End Patch",
-                  "call-patch-two",
-                ),
-              ),
-            ],
-            { concurrency: "unbounded" },
-          ),
-        ),
-        Effect.andThen((results) =>
-          Effect.gen(function* () {
-            expect(results.map((result) => result.status)).toEqual(["completed", "completed"])
-            expect(yield* Effect.promise(() => fs.readFile(target, "utf8"))).toBe("ONE\nTWO\n")
-          }),
-        ),
-      )
-    }),
-  )
-
  it.live("returns file diffs for final formatted content", () =>
    withTempTool((directory, registry) => {
      const target = path.join(directory, "formatted.txt")
@@ -1,65 +1,66 @@
 import { describe, expect } from "bun:test"
 import fs from "fs/promises"
 import path from "path"
-import { Environment } from "@opencode-ai/core/environment"
-import { AbsolutePath } from "@opencode-ai/core/schema"
-import { ReadToolFileSystem } from "@opencode-ai/core/tool/read-filesystem"
-import { CrossSpawnSpawner } from "@opencode-ai/util/cross-spawn-spawner"
+import { Effect, FileSystem } from "effect"
 import { LayerNodePlatform } from "@opencode-ai/util/effect/app-node-platform"
 import { LayerNode } from "@opencode-ai/util/effect/layer-node"
-import { Effect, FileSystem } from "effect"
-import { ChildProcessSpawner } from "effect/unstable/process"
+import { FSUtil } from "@opencode-ai/util/fs-util"
+import { ReadToolFileSystem } from "@opencode-ai/core/tool/read-filesystem"
 import { testEffect } from "./lib/effect"

-const it = testEffect(LayerNode.compile(LayerNode.group([CrossSpawnSpawner.node, LayerNodePlatform.filesystem])))
+const it = testEffect(LayerNode.compile(LayerNode.group([FSUtil.node, LayerNodePlatform.filesystem])))
 const fixture = Effect.gen(function* () {
+  const fs = yield* FSUtil.Service
  const files = yield* FileSystem.FileSystem
-  const spawner = yield* ChildProcessSpawner.ChildProcessSpawner
  const directory = yield* files.makeTempDirectoryScoped()
-  return { environment: Environment.makeFiles(Environment.makeLocalDriver(spawner)), files, directory }
+  return { fs, files, directory }
 })
-const absolute = (value: string) => AbsolutePath.make(value)

 describe("ReadToolFileSystem", () => {
-  it.effect("preserves the environment not-found error", () =>
+  it.effect("fails with a typed filesystem error when a resolved file disappears", () =>
    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const { environment, directory } = yield* fixture
+      const { fs, directory } = yield* fixture
      const file = path.join(directory, "missing.txt")

-      const error = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.read(environment, absolute(file), "missing.txt").pipe(Effect.flip)
+      const error = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.read(fs, file, "missing.txt").pipe(Effect.flip)

-      expect(error).toBeInstanceOf(Environment.NotFound)
+      expect(error).toMatchObject({ _tag: "PlatformError" })
    }),
  )

-  it.effect("returns a listing when read reports a directory", () =>
+  it.effect("fails when a file becomes the wrong path kind", () =>
    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const { environment, files, directory } = yield* fixture
-      yield* files.makeDirectory(path.join(directory, "folder"))
-      yield* files.writeFileString(path.join(directory, "file.txt"), "hello")
+      const { fs, directory } = yield* fixture

-      const result = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.read(environment, absolute(directory), "folder")
+      const error = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.read(fs, directory, "folder").pipe(Effect.flip)

-      expect(result).toMatchObject({
-        type: "list-page",
-        entries: [
-          { path: `folder${path.sep}`, type: "directory" },
-          { path: "file.txt", type: "file" },
-        ],
-      })
+      expect(error).toBeInstanceOf(ReadToolFileSystem.PathKindError)
+    }),
+  )
+
+  it.effect("fails with a typed filesystem error when directory listing fails", () =>
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const { fs, files, directory } = yield* fixture
+      const file = path.join(directory, "file.txt")
+      yield* files.writeFileString(file, "hello")
+
+      const error = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.list(fs, file).pipe(Effect.flip)
+
+      expect(error).toBeInstanceOf(FSUtil.FileSystemError)
+      if (error instanceof FSUtil.FileSystemError) expect(error.method).toBe("readDirectoryEntries")
    }),
  )

  it.effect("reads malformed UTF-8 lossily and still rejects null-byte binary content", () =>
    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const { environment, files, directory } = yield* fixture
+      const { fs, files, directory } = yield* fixture
      const binary = path.join(directory, "archive.dat")
      const malformed = path.join(directory, "malformed.txt")
      yield* files.writeFile(binary, Uint8Array.of(0, 1, 2, 3))
      yield* files.writeFile(malformed, Uint8Array.of(0x68, 0x69, 0x80))

-      const binaryError = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.read(environment, absolute(binary), "archive.dat").pipe(Effect.flip)
-      const malformedResult = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.read(environment, absolute(malformed), "malformed.txt")
+      const binaryError = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.read(fs, binary, "archive.dat").pipe(Effect.flip)
+      const malformedResult = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.read(fs, malformed, "malformed.txt")

      expect(binaryError).toBeInstanceOf(ReadToolFileSystem.BinaryFileError)
      expect(binaryError.message).toBe("Cannot read binary file: archive.dat")
@@ -69,11 +70,11 @@ describe("ReadToolFileSystem", () => {

  it.effect("reads text despite a binary-associated extension", () =>
    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const { environment, files, directory } = yield* fixture
+      const { fs, files, directory } = yield* fixture
      const file = path.join(directory, "notes.docx")
      yield* files.writeFileString(file, "plain text")

-      const result = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.read(environment, absolute(file), "notes.docx")
+      const result = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.read(fs, file, "notes.docx")

      expect(result).toMatchObject({ type: "file", content: "plain text", encoding: "utf8" })
    }),
@@ -82,17 +83,15 @@ describe("ReadToolFileSystem", () => {
  it.effect("lists unresolved symlinks, including broken and escaping links", () =>
    Effect.gen(function* () {
      if (process.platform === "win32") return
-      const { environment, files, directory } = yield* fixture
+      const { fs: service, files, directory } = yield* fixture
      const outside = yield* files.makeTempDirectoryScoped()
      yield* files.makeDirectory(path.join(directory, "folder"))
      yield* files.writeFileString(path.join(directory, "file.txt"), "hello")
      yield* Effect.promise(() => fs.symlink(path.join(outside, "target.txt"), path.join(directory, "escape")))
      yield* Effect.promise(() => fs.symlink(path.join(directory, "missing.txt"), path.join(directory, "broken")))

-      const result = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.read(environment, absolute(directory), "folder")
+      const result = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.list(service, directory)

-      expect(result.type).toBe("list-page")
-      if (result.type !== "list-page") return
      expect(result.entries.map((entry) => ({ ...entry, path: String(entry.path) }))).toEqual([
        { path: `folder${path.sep}`, type: "directory" },
        { path: "broken", type: "symlink" },
@@ -102,154 +101,45 @@ describe("ReadToolFileSystem", () => {
    }),
  )

-  it.effect("reads a symlinked directory as a listing", () =>
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      if (process.platform === "win32") return
-      const { environment, files, directory } = yield* fixture
-      const target = path.join(directory, "target")
-      const link = path.join(directory, "link")
-      yield* files.makeDirectory(target)
-      yield* files.writeFileString(path.join(target, "file.txt"), "hello")
-      yield* Effect.promise(() => fs.symlink(target, link))
-
-      const result = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.read(environment, absolute(link), "link")
-
-      expect(result).toMatchObject({
-        type: "list-page",
-        entries: [{ path: "file.txt", type: "file" }],
-      })
-    }),
-  )
-
  it.effect("reports out-of-range pagination as a typed error", () =>
    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const { environment, files, directory } = yield* fixture
+      const { fs, files, directory } = yield* fixture
      const file = path.join(directory, "short.txt")
      yield* files.writeFileString(file, "one\n")

-      const error = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.read(environment, absolute(file), "short.txt", { offset: 2 }).pipe(
-        Effect.flip,
-      )
+      const error = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.read(fs, file, "short.txt", { offset: 2 }).pipe(Effect.flip)

      expect(error).toBeInstanceOf(ReadToolFileSystem.OffsetOutOfRangeError)
      expect(error.message).toBe("Offset 2 is out of range")
    }),
  )

-  it.effect("pages text with one-based offsets", () =>
+  it.effect("stops reading after the requested page is complete", () =>
    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const { environment, files, directory } = yield* fixture
-      const file = path.join(directory, "lines.txt")
-      yield* files.writeFileString(file, "one\r\ntwo\nthree")
+      const { fs, files, directory } = yield* fixture
+      const prefix = new TextEncoder().encode("one\n")
+      for (const [name, trailing] of [
+        ["malformed.txt", 0x80],
+        ["nul.txt", 0],
+      ] as const) {
+        const file = path.join(directory, name)
+        yield* files.writeFile(file, Uint8Array.from([...prefix, trailing]))

-      const result = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.read(environment, absolute(file), "lines.txt", {
-        offset: 2,
-        limit: 1,
-      })
+        const result = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.read(fs, file, name, { limit: 1 })

-      expect(result).toMatchObject({ type: "text-page", content: "two", offset: 2, truncated: true, next: 3 })
-    }),
-  )
-
-  it.effect("truncates long lines", () =>
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const { environment, files, directory } = yield* fixture
-      const file = path.join(directory, "long.txt")
-      yield* files.writeFileString(file, "a".repeat(2_001))
-
-      const result = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.read(environment, absolute(file), "long.txt", { limit: 1 })
-
-      expect(result).toMatchObject({
-        type: "text-page",
-        content: `${"a".repeat(2_000)}... (line truncated to 2000 chars)`,
-        truncated: false,
-      })
-    }),
-  )
-
-  it.effect("enforces line and byte budgets with continuation offsets", () =>
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const { environment, files, directory } = yield* fixture
-      const linesFile = path.join(directory, "many-lines.txt")
-      const bytesFile = path.join(directory, "many-bytes.txt")
-      yield* files.writeFileString(linesFile, Array.from({ length: 2_001 }, (_, index) => String(index)).join("\n"))
-      yield* files.writeFileString(bytesFile, Array.from({ length: 200 }, () => "a".repeat(2_000)).join("\n"))
-      const ranges: Array<{ readonly offset: number; readonly length: number } | undefined> = []
-      const tracked = {
-        ...environment,
-        read: (path: string, range?: { readonly offset: number; readonly length: number }) =>
-          Effect.sync(() => ranges.push(range)).pipe(Effect.andThen(environment.read(path, range))),
+        expect(result).toMatchObject({ type: "text-page", content: "one", truncated: true, next: 2 })
      }
-
-      const lines = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.read(environment, absolute(linesFile), "many-lines.txt", { limit: 2_000 })
-      const bytes = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.read(tracked, absolute(bytesFile), "many-bytes.txt", {})
-
-      expect(lines).toMatchObject({ type: "text-page", truncated: true, next: 2_001 })
-      expect(lines.type === "text-page" ? lines.content.split("\n") : []).toHaveLength(2_000)
-      expect(bytes).toMatchObject({ type: "text-page", truncated: true, next: 26 })
-      expect(bytes.type === "text-page" ? Buffer.byteLength(bytes.content) : Infinity).toBeLessThanOrEqual(
-        ReadToolFileSystem.MAX_READ_BYTES,
-      )
-      expect(ranges).toEqual([{ offset: 0, length: 256 * 1024 }])
-    }),
-  )
-
-  it.effect("sorts and pages directory entries", () =>
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const { environment, files, directory } = yield* fixture
-      yield* files.makeDirectory(path.join(directory, "z"))
-      yield* files.makeDirectory(path.join(directory, "a"))
-      yield* files.writeFileString(path.join(directory, "b.txt"), "")
-
-      const result = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.read(environment, absolute(directory), "folder", {
-        offset: 2,
-        limit: 1,
-      })
-
-      expect(result).toMatchObject({
-        type: "list-page",
-        entries: [{ path: `z${path.sep}`, type: "directory" }],
-        truncated: true,
-        next: 3,
-      })
-    }),
-  )
-
-  it.effect("stops checking for null bytes after the requested page", () =>
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const { environment, files, directory } = yield* fixture
-      const file = path.join(directory, "nul.txt")
-      yield* files.writeFile(file, Uint8Array.from([...new TextEncoder().encode("one\n"), 0]))
-
-      const result = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.read(environment, absolute(file), "nul.txt", { limit: 1 })
-
-      expect(result).toMatchObject({ type: "text-page", content: "one", truncated: true, next: 2 })
-    }),
-  )
-
-  it.effect("reads page two after fetching more than the first 256KB range", () =>
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const { environment, files, directory } = yield* fixture
-      const file = path.join(directory, "large.txt")
-      yield* files.writeFileString(file, `${"a".repeat(300 * 1024)}\nsecond\n`)
-
-      const result = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.read(environment, absolute(file), "large.txt", {
-        offset: 2,
-        limit: 1,
-      })
-
-      expect(result).toMatchObject({ type: "text-page", content: "second", offset: 2, truncated: false })
    }),
  )

  it.effect("preserves the media ingestion limit message", () =>
    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const { environment, files, directory } = yield* fixture
+      const { fs, files, directory } = yield* fixture
      const file = path.join(directory, "oversized.png")
      yield* files.writeFile(file, Uint8Array.of(0x89, 0x50, 0x4e, 0x47, 0x0d, 0x0a, 0x1a, 0x0a))
      yield* files.truncate(file, ReadToolFileSystem.MAX_MEDIA_INGEST_BYTES + 1)

-      const error = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.read(environment, absolute(file), "oversized.png").pipe(Effect.flip)
+      const error = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.read(fs, file, "oversized.png").pipe(Effect.flip)

      expect(error).toBeInstanceOf(ReadToolFileSystem.MediaIngestLimitError)
      expect(error.message).toBe(
@@ -260,11 +150,11 @@ describe("ReadToolFileSystem", () => {

  it.effect("reads PDFs as bounded media", () =>
    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const { environment, files, directory } = yield* fixture
+      const { fs, files, directory } = yield* fixture
      const file = path.join(directory, "document.pdf")
      yield* files.writeFileString(file, "%PDF-1.7\ncontent")

-      const result = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.read(environment, absolute(file), "document.pdf")
+      const result = yield* ReadToolFileSystem.read(fs, file, "document.pdf")

      expect(result).toMatchObject({
        type: "file",
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { beforeEach, describe, expect } from "bun:test"
 import path from "path"
-import { Effect, Exit, Layer, Stream } from "effect"
+import { Effect, Exit, Layer, PlatformError, Stream } from "effect"
 import { Config } from "@opencode-ai/core/config"
 import { Document, Info } from "@opencode-ai/schema/config"
 import { ConfigMedia } from "@opencode-ai/schema/config/media"
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ import { ReadTool } from "@opencode-ai/core/tool/plugin/read"
 import { ReadToolFileSystem } from "@opencode-ai/core/tool/read-filesystem"
 import { makeLocationNode } from "@opencode-ai/util/effect/app-node"
 import { SessionInstructions } from "@opencode-ai/core/session/instructions"
-import { Environment } from "@opencode-ai/core/environment"
 import { testEffect } from "./lib/effect"
 import { toolIdentity, executeTool, registerToolPlugin, toolDefinitions } from "./lib/tool"

@@ -43,13 +42,24 @@ const readToolNode = makeLocationNode({
 const assertions: Permission.AssertInput[] = []
 const missingPath = "__missing_read_target__.txt"
 const missingAbsolutePath = path.join(process.cwd(), missingPath)
+const notFound = (target: string) =>
+  PlatformError.systemError({
+    _tag: "NotFound",
+    module: "FileSystem",
+    method: "stat",
+    pathOrDescriptor: target,
+  })
 const readCalls: {
  input: AbsolutePath
  page: ReadToolFileSystem.PageInput
 }[] = []
+const listCalls: ReadToolFileSystem.PageInput[] = []
+let listResult = new ReadToolFileSystem.ListPage({ type: "list-page", entries: [], truncated: false })
+let resolvedType: "file" | "directory" = "file"
 let resolveFailure: unknown
+let inspectFailure: ReadToolFileSystem.InspectError | undefined
 let directoryEntries: string[] = []
-let readResult: ReadToolFileSystem.FileContent | ReadToolFileSystem.TextPage | ReadToolFileSystem.ListPage = {
+let readResult: ReadToolFileSystem.FileContent | ReadToolFileSystem.TextPage = {
  type: "file",
  uri: "file:///README.md",
  name: "README.md",
@@ -61,12 +71,22 @@ let readFailure: ReadToolFileSystem.ReadError | undefined
 const reader = Layer.succeed(
  ReadToolFileSystem.Service,
  ReadToolFileSystem.Service.of({
+    inspect: () =>
+      resolveFailure !== undefined
+        ? Effect.die(resolveFailure)
+        : inspectFailure !== undefined
+          ? Effect.fail(inspectFailure)
+          : Effect.succeed(resolvedType),
    read: (input, _resource, page = {}) => {
      readCalls.push({ input, page })
-      if (resolveFailure !== undefined) return Effect.die(resolveFailure)
      if (readFailure !== undefined) return Effect.fail(readFailure)
      return Effect.succeed(readResult)
    },
+    list: (_path, input = {}) =>
+      Effect.sync(() => {
+        listCalls.push(input)
+        return listResult
+      }),
  }),
 )
 let allow = true
@@ -105,6 +125,17 @@ const testFileSystem = Layer.effect(
      FSUtil.Service.of({
        ...fs,
        readDirectory: () => Effect.succeed(directoryEntries),
+        realPath: (path) =>
+          path === missingAbsolutePath
+            ? Effect.fail(
+                PlatformError.systemError({
+                  _tag: "NotFound",
+                  module: "FileSystem",
+                  method: "realPath",
+                  pathOrDescriptor: path,
+                }),
+              )
+            : Effect.succeed(path),
      }),
    ),
  ),
@@ -164,8 +195,11 @@ describe("ReadTool", () => {
  beforeEach(() => {
    assertions.length = 0
    readCalls.length = 0
+    listCalls.length = 0
    allow = true
+    resolvedType = "file"
    resolveFailure = undefined
+    inspectFailure = undefined
    directoryEntries = []
    readResult = {
      type: "file",
@@ -176,6 +210,7 @@ describe("ReadTool", () => {
      mime: "text/plain",
    }
    readFailure = undefined
+    listResult = new ReadToolFileSystem.ListPage({ type: "list-page", entries: [], truncated: false })
  })

  it.effect("registers, authorizes, and reads through the location filesystem", () =>
@@ -637,7 +672,7 @@ describe("ReadTool", () => {

  it.effect("returns missing paths as model-visible tool failures", () =>
    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      readFailure = new Environment.NotFound({ path: missingAbsolutePath })
+      inspectFailure = notFound(missingAbsolutePath)
      directoryEntries = [
        "__missing_read_target__.txt.bak",
        "copy___missing_read_target__.txt",
@@ -661,18 +696,14 @@ describe("ReadTool", () => {
        },
      })
      expect(assertions).toMatchObject([{ sessionID, action: "read", resources: [missingPath], save: ["*"] }])
-      expect(readCalls).toEqual([
-        {
-          input: AbsolutePath.make(missingAbsolutePath),
-          page: { offset: undefined, limit: undefined },
-        },
-      ])
+      expect(readCalls).toEqual([])
    }),
  )

  it.effect("lists a bounded directory page through read", () =>
    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      readResult = new ReadToolFileSystem.ListPage({
+      resolvedType = "directory"
+      listResult = new ReadToolFileSystem.ListPage({
        type: "list-page",
        entries: [
          FileSystem.Entry.make({ path: RelativePath.make("components/"), type: "directory" }),
@@ -695,7 +726,7 @@ describe("ReadTool", () => {
      })
      expect(result).toMatchObject({
        status: "completed",
-        output: { entries: readResult.entries, truncated: true, next: 4 },
+        output: { entries: listResult.entries, truncated: true, next: 4 },
      })
      if (result.status !== "completed") return
      expect(result.metadata).toEqual({ truncated: true })
@@ -706,15 +737,14 @@ describe("ReadTool", () => {
        },
      ])
      expect(assertions).toMatchObject([{ sessionID, action: "read", resources: ["src"], save: ["*"] }])
-      expect(readCalls).toEqual([
-        { input: AbsolutePath.make(path.join(process.cwd(), "src")), page: { offset: 2, limit: 10 } },
-      ])
+      expect(listCalls).toEqual([{ offset: 2, limit: 10 }])
    }),
  )

  it.effect("does not list a directory when permission is denied", () =>
    Effect.gen(function* () {
      allow = false
+      resolvedType = "directory"
      const registry = yield* Tool.Service

      expect(
@@ -724,7 +754,7 @@ describe("ReadTool", () => {
          call: { type: "tool-call", id: "call-read-directory-denied", name: "read", input: { path: "src" } },
        }),
      ).toEqual({ status: "error", error: { type: "permission.rejected", message: "Permission denied: read" } })
-      expect(readCalls).toEqual([])
+      expect(listCalls).toEqual([])
    }),
  )

@@ -743,12 +773,7 @@ describe("ReadTool", () => {
        ),
      ).toBe(true)

-      expect(readCalls).toEqual([
-        {
-          input: AbsolutePath.make(path.join(process.cwd(), "missing.txt")),
-          page: { offset: undefined, limit: undefined },
-        },
-      ])
+      expect(readCalls).toEqual([])
    }),
  )

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ import { Effect, Layer } from "effect"
 import { AppNodeBuilder } from "@opencode-ai/core/effect/app-node-builder"
 import { makeLocationNode } from "@opencode-ai/util/effect/app-node"
 import { LayerNode } from "@opencode-ai/util/effect/layer-node"
-import { Environment } from "@opencode-ai/core/environment"
 import { FileSystem } from "@opencode-ai/core/filesystem"
+import { FSUtil } from "@opencode-ai/util/fs-util"
 import { Location } from "@opencode-ai/core/location"
 import { LocationMutation } from "@opencode-ai/core/location-mutation"
 import { Permission } from "@opencode-ai/core/permission"
@@ -24,12 +24,19 @@ import { executeTool, registerToolPlugin, toolIdentity } from "./lib/tool"
 const globToolNode = makeLocationNode({
  name: "test/glob-tool-plugin",
  layer: Layer.effectDiscard(registerToolPlugin(GlobTool.Plugin)),
-  deps: [Tool.node, Environment.node, Ripgrep.node, Location.node, LocationMutation.node, Permission.node],
+  deps: [
+    Tool.node,
+    FSUtil.node,
+    Ripgrep.node,
+    Location.node,
+    LocationMutation.node,
+    Permission.node,
+  ],
 })
 const grepToolNode = makeLocationNode({
  name: "test/grep-tool-plugin",
  layer: Layer.effectDiscard(registerToolPlugin(GrepTool.Plugin)),
-  deps: [Tool.node, Environment.node, Ripgrep.node, Location.node, LocationMutation.node, Permission.node],
+  deps: [Tool.node, FSUtil.node, Ripgrep.node, Location.node, LocationMutation.node, Permission.node],
 })
 const sessionID = Session.ID.make("ses_search_tool_test")

@@ -179,7 +186,9 @@ describe("search tools", () => {
      Effect.promise(() => tmpdir()),
      (tmp) =>
        Effect.promise(() => fs.writeFile(path.join(tmp.path, "file.txt"), "haystack\n")).pipe(
-          Effect.andThen(withTools(tmp.path, (registry) => executeTool(registry, call("grep", { pattern: "needle" })))),
+          Effect.andThen(
+            withTools(tmp.path, (registry) => executeTool(registry, call("grep", { pattern: "needle" }))),
+          ),
          Effect.tap((result) =>
            Effect.sync(() => {
              expect(result).toMatchObject({
@@ -288,7 +297,9 @@ describe("search tools", () => {
      (tmp) =>
        Effect.promise(() => fs.writeFile(path.join(tmp.path, "file.txt"), "content\n")).pipe(
          Effect.andThen(
-            withTools(tmp.path, (registry) => executeTool(registry, call("glob", { path: "file.txt", pattern: "*" }))),
+            withTools(tmp.path, (registry) =>
+              executeTool(registry, call("glob", { path: "file.txt", pattern: "*" })),
+            ),
          ),
          Effect.tap((result) =>
            Effect.sync(() => {
@@ -320,7 +331,9 @@ describe("search tools", () => {
            Effect.sync(() => {
              expect(result.status).toBe("completed")
              expect(assertions.map((input) => input.action)).toEqual(["external_directory", "glob"])
-              expect(assertions[0]?.resources).toEqual([path.join(outside.path, "*").replaceAll("\\", "/")])
+              expect(assertions[0]?.resources).toEqual([
+                path.join(outside.path, "*").replaceAll("\\", "/"),
+              ])
            }),
          ),
        )
@@ -524,8 +524,7 @@ describe("ShellTool", () => {
          const content = settled.content?.[0]
          if (!content || content.type !== "text") throw new Error("Expected text content")
          expect(content.text).not.toContain("one")
-          // Windows shells emit CRLF; the assertion targets line limits, not line endings.
-          expect(content.text.replaceAll("\r\n", "\n")).toStartWith("two\nthree")
+          expect(content.text).toStartWith("two\nthree")
          expect(content.text).toContain("output truncated; full output saved to:")
        })
      },
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import { FileMutation } from "@opencode-ai/core/file-mutation"
 import { Formatter } from "@opencode-ai/core/formatter"
 import { AppNodeBuilder } from "@opencode-ai/core/effect/app-node-builder"
 import { LayerNode } from "@opencode-ai/util/effect/layer-node"
-import { Environment } from "@opencode-ai/core/environment"
+import { FSUtil } from "@opencode-ai/util/fs-util"
 import { Location } from "@opencode-ai/core/location"
 import { LocationMutation } from "@opencode-ai/core/location-mutation"
 import { Permission } from "@opencode-ai/core/permission"
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import { toolIdentity, executeTool, registerToolPlugin, toolDefinitions } from "
 const writeToolNode = makeLocationNode({
  name: "test/write-tool-plugin",
  layer: Layer.effectDiscard(registerToolPlugin(WriteTool.Plugin)),
-  deps: [Tool.node, LocationMutation.node, FileMutation.node, Environment.node, Formatter.node, Permission.node],
+  deps: [Tool.node, LocationMutation.node, FileMutation.node, Formatter.node, FSUtil.node, Permission.node],
 })

 const sessionID = Session.ID.make("ses_write_tool_test")
@@ -68,20 +68,17 @@ const reset = () => {
  denyAction = undefined
 }

-const environment = Layer.effect(
-  Environment.Service,
+const filesystem = Layer.effect(
+  FSUtil.Service,
  Effect.gen(function* () {
-    const current = yield* Environment.Service
-    return Environment.Service.of({
-      ...current,
-      files: {
-        ...current.files,
-        write: (target, content) =>
-          Effect.sync(() => writes.push(target)).pipe(Effect.andThen(current.files.write(target, content))),
-      },
+    const fs = yield* FSUtil.Service
+    return FSUtil.Service.of({
+      ...fs,
+      writeWithDirs: (target, content, mode) =>
+        Effect.sync(() => writes.push(target)).pipe(Effect.andThen(fs.writeWithDirs(target, content, mode))),
    })
  }),
-).pipe(Layer.provide(LayerNode.compile(Environment.node)))
+).pipe(Layer.provide(LayerNode.compile(FSUtil.node)))

 const withTool = <A, E, R>(directory: string, body: (registry: Tool.Interface) => Effect.Effect<A, E, R>) => {
  const activeLocation = Layer.succeed(
@@ -95,7 +92,7 @@ const withTool = <A, E, R>(directory: string, body: (registry: Tool.Interface) =
      AppNodeBuilder.build(
        LayerNode.group([Tool.node, Tool.node, LocationMutation.node, FileMutation.node, writeToolNode]),
        [
-          [Environment.node, environment],
+          [FSUtil.node, filesystem],
          [Location.node, activeLocation],
          [Formatter.node, formatter],
          [Permission.node, permission],
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@
  },
  "peerDependencies": {
    "@opencode-ai/theme": "workspace:*",
-    "@opentui/core": ">=0.4.5",
-    "@opentui/keymap": ">=0.4.5",
-    "@opentui/solid": ">=0.4.5",
+    "@opentui/core": "0.0.0-20260807-6b4336f3",
+    "@opentui/keymap": "0.0.0-20260807-6b4336f3",
+    "@opentui/solid": "0.0.0-20260807-6b4336f3",
    "solid-js": ">=1.9.0"
  },
  "peerDependenciesMeta": {
@@ -92,7 +92,6 @@
    "@opentui/keymap": "catalog:",
    "@opentui/solid": "catalog:",
    "@solid-primitives/event-bus": "1.1.2",
-    "clipboardy": "4.0.0",
    "effect": "catalog:",
    "fuzzysort": "catalog:",
    "get-east-asian-width": "catalog:",
@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@ import { destroyRenderer } from "./util/renderer"
 import { cliErrorMessage, errorFormat } from "./util/error"
 import { AttentionProvider } from "./context/attention"
 import { StorageProvider } from "./context/storage"
+import { createTuiClipboard } from "./clipboard"

 registerOpencodeSpinner()

@@ -250,6 +251,13 @@ export const run = Effect.fn("Tui.run")(function* (input: TuiInput) {
          (renderer) => Effect.sync(() => destroyRenderer(renderer)),
        )
      })
+      const clipboard = yield* Effect.acquireRelease(
+        Effect.sync(() => createTuiClipboard(renderer)),
+        (clipboard) =>
+          Effect.tryPromise(() => clipboard.dispose()).pipe(
+            Effect.catch((error) => Effect.sync(() => log("error", "Failed to dispose TUI clipboard", { error }))),
+          ),
+      )
      win32DisableProcessedInput()
      const finalizers = new Set<() => Promise<void>>()
      yield* Effect.addFinalizer(() =>
@@ -286,7 +294,11 @@ export const run = Effect.fn("Tui.run")(function* (input: TuiInput) {
                <EpilogueProvider set={(value) => (exit.epilogue = value)}>
                  <TuiAppProvider value={input.app}>
                    <ErrorBoundary
-                      fallback={(error, reset) => <ErrorComponent error={error} reset={reset} mode={mode} />}
+                      fallback={(error, reset) => (
+                        <ClipboardProvider value={clipboard}>
+                          <ErrorComponent error={error} reset={reset} mode={mode} />
+                        </ClipboardProvider>
+                      )}
                    >
                      <TuiPathsProvider
                        value={{
@@ -335,7 +347,7 @@ export const run = Effect.fn("Tui.run")(function* (input: TuiInput) {
                                  skipInitialLoading: Boolean(process.env.OPENCODE_FAST_BOOT),
                                }}
                              >
-                                <ClipboardProvider>
+                                <ClipboardProvider value={clipboard}>
                                  <ArgsProvider {...input.args}>
                                    <ConfigProvider
                                      config={config}
@@ -503,7 +515,7 @@ function App(props: { pair?: DialogPairCredentials }) {
    if (!text || text.length === 0) return

    await clipboard
-      .write?.(text)
+      .write(text)
      .then(() => toast.show({ message: "Copied to clipboard", variant: "info" }))
      .catch(toast.error)

@@ -1,124 +1,66 @@
-import { execFile, spawn } from "node:child_process"
-import { readFile, rm } from "node:fs/promises"
-import { platform, release, tmpdir } from "node:os"
-import path from "node:path"
-import { promisify } from "node:util"
+import {
+  createClipboard,
+  createHostClipboard,
+  createRendererClipboardAdapter,
+  decodePasteBytes,
+  type ClipboardService as CoreClipboardService,
+  type RendererClipboardBoundary,
+} from "@opentui/core"
+import type { ClipboardContent, ClipboardService } from "./context/clipboard"

-const exec = promisify(execFile)
+export type OwnedClipboardService = Required<ClipboardService> & Readonly<{ dispose(): Promise<void> }>

-function command(command: string, args: string[] = [], input?: string) {
-  return new Promise<Buffer>((resolve, reject) => {
-    const child = spawn(command, args, { stdio: [input === undefined ? "ignore" : "pipe", "pipe", "ignore"] })
-    const output: Buffer[] = []
-    child.on("error", reject)
-    child.stdout?.on("data", (chunk: Buffer) => output.push(chunk))
-    child.on("close", (code) => {
-      if (code === 0) return resolve(Buffer.concat(output))
-      reject(new Error(`${command} exited with code ${code}`))
-    })
-    if (input !== undefined) child.stdin?.end(input)
-  })
+export function createTuiClipboard(renderer: RendererClipboardBoundary): OwnedClipboardService {
+  return createClipboardAdapter(
+    createClipboard({
+      host: createHostClipboard(),
+      terminal: createRendererClipboardAdapter(renderer),
+    }),
+  )
 }

-function writeOsc52(text: string) {
-  if (!process.stdout.isTTY) return
-  const sequence = `\x1b]52;c;${Buffer.from(text).toString("base64")}\x07`
-  process.stdout.write(process.env.TMUX || process.env.STY ? `\x1bPtmux;\x1b${sequence}\x1b\\` : sequence)
-}
-
-export async function read() {
-  if (platform() === "darwin") {
-    const file = path.join(tmpdir(), "opencode-clipboard.png")
-    try {
-      await exec("osascript", [
-        "-e",
-        'set imageData to the clipboard as "PNGf"',
-        "-e",
-        `set fileRef to open for access POSIX file "${file}" with write permission`,
-        "-e",
-        "set eof fileRef to 0",
-        "-e",
-        "write imageData to fileRef",
-        "-e",
-        "close access fileRef",
-      ])
-      return { data: (await readFile(file)).toString("base64"), mime: "image/png" }
-    } catch {
-      // Fall through to text clipboard.
-    } finally {
-      await rm(file, { force: true }).catch(() => {})
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (platform() === "win32" || release().includes("WSL")) {
-    const script =
-      "Add-Type -AssemblyName System.Windows.Forms; $img = [System.Windows.Forms.Clipboard]::GetImage(); if ($img) { $ms = New-Object System.IO.MemoryStream; $img.Save($ms, [System.Drawing.Imaging.ImageFormat]::Png); [System.Convert]::ToBase64String($ms.ToArray()) }"
-    const image = await command("powershell.exe", ["-NonInteractive", "-NoProfile", "-command", script]).catch(() =>
-      Buffer.alloc(0),
-    )
-    if (image.length) return { data: image.toString().trim(), mime: "image/png" }
-  }
-
-  if (platform() === "linux") {
-    const wayland = await command("wl-paste", ["-t", "image/png"]).catch(() => Buffer.alloc(0))
-    if (wayland.length) return { data: wayland.toString("base64"), mime: "image/png" }
-    const x11 = await command("xclip", ["-selection", "clipboard", "-t", "image/png", "-o"]).catch(() =>
-      Buffer.alloc(0),
-    )
-    if (x11.length) return { data: x11.toString("base64"), mime: "image/png" }
-  }
-
-  const { default: clipboardy } = await import("clipboardy")
-  const text = await clipboardy.read().catch(() => undefined)
-  if (text) return { data: text, mime: "text/plain" }
-}
-
-export function copyCommand(
-  os: NodeJS.Platform,
-  wayland: boolean,
-  has: (name: string) => boolean,
-): string[] | undefined {
-  if (os === "darwin" && has("osascript")) return ["osascript"]
-  if (os === "linux" && wayland && has("wl-copy")) return ["wl-copy"]
-  if (os === "linux" && has("xclip")) return ["xclip", "-selection", "clipboard"]
-  if (os === "linux" && has("xsel")) return ["xsel", "--clipboard", "--input"]
-  if (os === "win32" && has("powershell.exe")) {
-    return [
-      "powershell.exe",
-      "-NonInteractive",
-      "-NoProfile",
-      "-Command",
-      "[Console]::InputEncoding = [System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8; Set-Clipboard -Value ([Console]::In.ReadToEnd())",
-    ]
-  }
-}
-
-let copyMethod: Promise<(text: string) => Promise<void>> | undefined
-
-function getCopyMethod() {
-  return (copyMethod ??= (async () => {
-    const { which } = await import("@opencode-ai/core/util/which")
-    const native = copyCommand(platform(), Boolean(process.env.WAYLAND_DISPLAY), (name) => Boolean(which(name)))
-    if (native?.[0] === "osascript") {
-      return async (text: string) => {
-        const escaped = text.replace(/\\/g, "\\\\").replace(/"/g, '\\"')
-        await command("osascript", ["-e", `set the clipboard to "${escaped}"`]).catch(() => undefined)
+export function createClipboardAdapter(clipboard: CoreClipboardService): OwnedClipboardService {
+  return {
+    async read(): Promise<ClipboardContent | undefined> {
+      const result = await clipboard.read({
+        preferredTypes: ["image/png", "text/plain"],
+        selection: "clipboard",
+      })
+      if (result.status !== "read") {
+        if (result.status === "failed") throw result.error
+        if (result.status === "timed-out") throw new Error("Clipboard read timed out")
+        if (result.status === "limit-exceeded") {
+          throw new RangeError("Clipboard content exceeded configured read or image conversion limits")
+        }
+        return undefined
      }
-    }
-    if (native) {
-      return async (text: string) => {
-        await command(native[0], native.slice(1), text).catch(() => undefined)
-      }
-    }
-    return async (text: string) => {
-      const { default: clipboardy } = await import("clipboardy")
-      await clipboardy.write(text).catch(() => undefined)
-    }
-  })())
-}

-export async function write(text: string) {
-  writeOsc52(text)
-  const method = await getCopyMethod()
-  await method(text)
+      if (result.representation.mimeType === "image/png") {
+        return {
+          data: Buffer.from(result.representation.bytes).toString("base64"),
+          mime: result.representation.mimeType,
+        }
+      }
+      if (result.representation.mimeType === "text/plain") {
+        if (result.representation.bytes.length === 0) return undefined
+        return {
+          data: decodePasteBytes(result.representation.bytes),
+          mime: result.representation.mimeType,
+        }
+      }
+      throw new Error(`Unexpected clipboard MIME type: ${result.representation.mimeType}`)
+    },
+    async write(text) {
+      const result = await clipboard.writeText(text, {
+        destination: "all-available",
+        selection: "clipboard",
+      })
+      if (result.host.status === "written" || result.terminal.status === "attempted") return
+      if (result.host.status === "failed") throw result.host.error
+      throw new Error(`Clipboard write failed (host: ${result.host.status}, terminal: ${result.terminal.status})`)
+    },
+    dispose() {
+      return clipboard.dispose()
+    },
+  }
 }
@@ -188,6 +188,15 @@ export const settings: Setting[] = [
    values: ["compact", "full"],
    keywords: ["paste summary", "clipboard", "pasted content"],
  },
+  {
+    title: "Image previews",
+    category: "Input",
+    path: ["prompt", "image_preview"],
+    default: false,
+    values: [false, true],
+    labels: ["off", "on"],
+    keywords: ["attachments", "clipboard", "images", "prompt"],
+  },
  {
    title: "Leader timeout",
    category: "Input",
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ export function DialogDebug() {
      .map((entry) => `${entry.label}: ${entry.value}`)
      .join("\n")
    void clipboard
-      .write?.(text)
+      .write(text)
      .then(() => {
        setCopied(true)
        toast.show({ message: "Debug info copied to clipboard", variant: "info" })
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+import { TextAttributes } from "@opentui/core"
+import { useTerminalDimensions } from "@opentui/solid"
+import { createMemo, createSignal } from "solid-js"
+import { Keymap } from "../context/keymap"
+import { useTheme } from "../context/theme"
+import { useDialog } from "../ui/dialog"
+
+type ImagePreviewItem = Readonly<{
+  uri: string
+  mention?: Readonly<{ text: string }>
+}>
+
+export function DialogImagePreview(props: { images: readonly ImagePreviewItem[]; initial: number }) {
+  const dialog = useDialog()
+  const dimensions = useTerminalDimensions()
+  const theme = useTheme("elevated")
+  const [index, setIndex] = createSignal(Math.max(0, Math.min(props.images.length - 1, props.initial)))
+  const [failed, setFailed] = createSignal(false)
+  const current = createMemo(() => props.images[index()])
+  const imageHeight = createMemo(() => Math.max(3, dimensions().height - 8))
+
+  dialog.setSize("xlarge")
+  dialog.setCentered(true)
+
+  function move(direction: number) {
+    if (props.images.length < 2) return
+    setFailed(false)
+    setIndex((value) => (value + direction + props.images.length) % props.images.length)
+  }
+
+  Keymap.createLayer(() => ({
+    mode: "modal",
+    commands: [
+      { bind: "left", title: "Previous image", group: "Dialog", run: () => move(-1) },
+      { bind: "right", title: "Next image", group: "Dialog", run: () => move(1) },
+    ],
+  }))
+
+  return (
+    <box id="prompt-image-viewer" paddingLeft={2} paddingRight={2} paddingBottom={1} gap={1}>
+      <box flexDirection="row" justifyContent="space-between">
+        <text attributes={TextAttributes.BOLD} fg={theme.text.default}>
+          Image {index() + 1} of {props.images.length}
+        </text>
+        <text fg={theme.text.subdued} onMouseUp={() => dialog.clear()}>
+          esc
+        </text>
+      </box>
+      <image
+        id="prompt-image-viewer-image"
+        source={current().uri}
+        fit="fit"
+        protocol="auto"
+        width="100%"
+        height={imageHeight()}
+        onError={() => setFailed(true)}
+      />
+      <box flexDirection="row" justifyContent="space-between">
+        <text fg={theme.text.subdued} onMouseUp={() => move(-1)}>
+          {props.images.length > 1 ? "← previous" : ""}
+        </text>
+        <text fg={failed() ? theme.text.feedback.error.default : theme.text.subdued} wrapMode="none" truncate>
+          {failed() ? "No preview" : (current().mention?.text ?? `Image ${index() + 1}`)}
+        </text>
+        <text fg={theme.text.subdued} onMouseUp={() => move(1)}>
+          {props.images.length > 1 ? "next →" : ""}
+        </text>
+      </box>
+    </box>
+  )
+}
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ function OAuthAuto(props: {
        run: () => {
          const value = props.attempt.instructions.match(/[A-Z0-9]{4}-[A-Z0-9]{4,5}/)?.[0] ?? props.attempt.url
          clipboard
-            .write?.(value)
+            .write(value)
            .then(() => toast.show({ message: "Copied to clipboard", variant: "info" }))
            .catch(toast.error)
        },
@@ -172,7 +172,6 @@ function DialogMcpError(props: { server: McpServer; onBack: () => void }) {
  onMount(() => dialog.setSize("large"))

  const copy = () => {
-    if (!clipboard.write) return
    void clipboard
      .write(error())
      .then(() => setCopied(true))
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ export function ErrorComponent(props: { error: Error; reset: () => void; mode?:
  const exit = useExit()
  const clipboard = useClipboard()
  const app = useTuiApp()
-  const [copied, setCopied] = createSignal(false)
+  const [copyState, setCopyState] = createSignal<"idle" | "copied" | "failed">("idle")

  // Safe fallback palette per mode (mirrors theme/assets/opencode.json) since the
  // theme context may be the thing that crashed.
@@ -46,11 +46,19 @@ export function ErrorComponent(props: { error: Error; reset: () => void; mode?:
  const issueURL = buildIssueURL(message, stack, app.version)

  const copyReport = () => {
-    void clipboard.write?.(issueURL.toString()).then(() => setCopied(true))
+    void clipboard
+      .write(issueURL.toString())
+      .then(() => setCopyState("copied"))
+      .catch(() => setCopyState("failed"))
  }

  const actions = [
-    { key: "c", label: () => (copied() ? "✓ Copied" : "Copy report"), copy: true, onUse: copyReport },
+    {
+      key: "c",
+      label: () => ({ idle: "Copy report", copied: "✓ Copied", failed: "Copy failed" })[copyState()],
+      copy: true,
+      onUse: copyReport,
+    },
    { key: "r", label: () => "Restart", onUse: props.reset },
    { key: "q", label: () => "Quit", onUse: () => exit() },
  ]
@@ -135,13 +143,20 @@ export function ErrorComponent(props: { error: Error; reset: () => void; mode?:
          <For each={actions}>
            {(action, index) => {
              const isSelected = () => selected() === index()
-              const isCopied = () => action.copy && copied()
+              const copyColor = () =>
+                action.copy
+                  ? copyState() === "copied"
+                    ? colors.success
+                    : copyState() === "failed"
+                      ? colors.error
+                      : undefined
+                  : undefined
              return (
                <box flexDirection="column" alignItems="center" flexShrink={0}>
                  <box
                    onMouseDown={() => setSelected(index())}
                    onMouseUp={() => action.onUse()}
-                    backgroundColor={isCopied() ? colors.success : isSelected() ? colors.primary : colors.element}
+                    backgroundColor={copyColor() ?? (isSelected() ? colors.primary : colors.element)}
                    minWidth={15}
                    alignItems="center"
                    paddingLeft={2}
@@ -149,7 +164,7 @@ export function ErrorComponent(props: { error: Error; reset: () => void; mode?:
                  >
                    <text
                      attributes={TextAttributes.BOLD}
-                      fg={isCopied() || isSelected() ? colors.onPrimary : colors.text}
+                      fg={copyColor() || isSelected() ? colors.onPrimary : colors.text}
                    >
                      {action.label()}
                    </text>
@@ -189,9 +204,11 @@ export function ErrorComponent(props: { error: Error; reset: () => void; mode?:
        <Show when={showFooter()}>
          <box flexDirection="column" alignItems="center" flexShrink={0}>
            <text fg={colors.muted}>
-              {copied()
+              {copyState() === "copied"
                ? "Report copied — paste it into a new GitHub issue."
-                : "Copy the report and open a GitHub issue to help us fix this."}
+                : copyState() === "failed"
+                  ? "Clipboard write failed. Try again or report the crash manually."
+                  : "Copy the report and open a GitHub issue to help us fix this."}
            </text>
            <text fg={colors.muted}>OpenCode {app.version}</text>
          </box>
@@ -7,9 +7,8 @@ import {
  decodePasteBytes,
  type KeyEvent,
 } from "@opentui/core"
-import { createEffect, createMemo, onMount, createSignal, onCleanup, on, Show, Switch, Match } from "solid-js"
+import { createEffect, createMemo, onMount, createSignal, onCleanup, on, Show, Switch, Match, For } from "solid-js"
 import path from "path"
-import { fileURLToPath } from "url"
 import { useLocal } from "../../context/local"
 import { useTheme, useThemes } from "../../context/theme"
 import { tint } from "../../theme/color"
@@ -47,13 +46,20 @@ import { DialogSkill } from "../dialog-skill"
 import { useArgs } from "../../context/args"
 import { useConfig } from "../../config"
 import { usePromptMove } from "./move"
-import { readLocalAttachment } from "./local-attachment"
+import {
+  normalizePastedFilepath,
+  parsePastedFilepaths,
+  readLocalAttachment,
+  MAX_LOCAL_ATTACHMENT_BYTES,
+  type LocalAttachment,
+} from "./local-attachment"
 import { useData } from "../../context/data"
 import { useLocation } from "../../context/location"
 import { Keymap, type KeymapCommand } from "../../context/keymap"
 import { abbreviateHome } from "../../runtime"
 import { PluginSlot } from "../../plugin/render"
 import type { SessionPending } from "@opencode-ai/schema/session-pending"
+import { DialogImagePreview } from "../dialog-image-preview"

 export type PromptProps = {
  sessionID?: string
@@ -71,17 +77,6 @@ export type PromptProps = {
  }
 }

-function pastedFilepath(value: string, platform: string) {
-  const raw = value.replace(/^['"]+|['"]+$/g, "")
-  if (raw.startsWith("file://")) {
-    try {
-      return fileURLToPath(raw)
-    } catch {}
-  }
-  if (platform === "win32") return raw
-  return raw.replace(/\\(.)/g, "$1")
-}
-
 export type PromptRef = {
  focused: boolean
  current: PromptInfo
@@ -309,6 +304,41 @@ export function Prompt(props: PromptProps) {
    extmarkToPart: new Map(),
    interrupt: 0,
  })
+  let disposed = false
+  let pasteQueue = Promise.resolve()
+
+  function enqueuePaste(run: (changed: () => boolean) => Promise<void>) {
+    pasteQueue = pasteQueue
+      .then(async () => {
+        if (disposed || input.isDestroyed) return
+        const before = { sessionID: props.sessionID, mode: store.mode, text: input.plainText }
+        await run(
+          () =>
+            disposed ||
+            input.isDestroyed ||
+            props.sessionID !== before.sessionID ||
+            store.mode !== before.mode ||
+            input.plainText !== before.text,
+        )
+      })
+      .catch((error) => {
+        if (!disposed) toast.error(error)
+      })
+    return pasteQueue
+  }
+
+  const imageAttachments = createMemo(() =>
+    (store.prompt.files ?? []).filter((file) => typeof file.uri === "string" && file.uri.startsWith("data:image/")),
+  )
+  const imagePreviewHeight = createMemo(() => Math.max(4, Math.min(8, Math.floor(dimensions().height / 4))))
+  const imagePreviewWidth = createMemo(() => imagePreviewHeight() * 2)
+  const visibleImageAttachments = createMemo(() => imageAttachments().slice(0, 3))
+
+  function openImagePreview(initial: number) {
+    const images = imageAttachments()
+    if (images.length === 0) return
+    dialog.replace(() => <DialogImagePreview images={images} initial={initial} />)
+  }

  createEffect(
    on(
@@ -388,22 +418,32 @@ export function Prompt(props: PromptProps) {
        name: "prompt.paste",
        category: "Prompt",
        palette: undefined,
-        run: async (_input: string | undefined, event?: KeyEvent) => {
+        run: (_input: string | undefined, event?: KeyEvent) => {
          event?.preventDefault()
          event?.stopPropagation()
-          const content = await clipboard.read?.()
-          if (content?.mime.startsWith("image/")) {
-            await pasteAttachment({
-              filename: "clipboard",
-              uri: `data:${content.mime};base64,${content.data}`,
-            })
-            return
-          }
-          if (content?.mime === "text/plain") {
-            await pasteInputText(content.data)
-          }
+          return enqueuePaste(async (changed) => {
+            const content = await clipboard.read()
+            if (changed()) return
+            if (content?.mime.startsWith("image/")) {
+              pasteAttachment({
+                filename: "clipboard",
+                uri: `data:${content.mime};base64,${content.data}`,
+              })
+              return
+            }
+            if (content?.mime === "text/plain") {
+              await pasteInputText(content.data, changed)
+            }
+          })
        },
      },
+      {
+        title: "View image attachments",
+        name: "prompt.images.view",
+        category: "Prompt",
+        enabled: imageAttachments().length > 0,
+        run: () => openImagePreview(0),
+      },
      {
        title: "Interrupt session",
        name: "session.interrupt",
@@ -541,6 +581,7 @@ export function Prompt(props: PromptProps) {
      "prompt.submit",
      "prompt.editor",
      "prompt.editor_context.clear",
+      "prompt.images.view",
      "prompt.stash",
      "prompt.stash.pop",
      "prompt.stash.list",
@@ -594,6 +635,7 @@ export function Prompt(props: PromptProps) {
  })

  onCleanup(() => {
+    disposed = true
    if (store.prompt.text) {
      stashed = { prompt: unwrap(store.prompt), cursor: input.cursorOffset }
    }
@@ -1222,27 +1264,39 @@ export function Prompt(props: PromptProps) {
    return true
  }

-  async function pasteInputText(text: string) {
+  async function pasteInputText(text: string, changed: () => boolean) {
    const normalizedText = text.replace(/\r\n/g, "\n").replace(/\r/g, "\n")
    const pastedContent = normalizedText.trim()
-    const filepath = pastedFilepath(pastedContent, terminalEnvironment.platform)
+    const filepath = normalizePastedFilepath(pastedContent, terminalEnvironment.platform)
    const isUrl = /^(https?):\/\//.test(filepath)
    if (!isUrl) {
      const attachment = await readLocalAttachment(filepath)
-      const filename = path.basename(filepath)
-      if (attachment?.type === "text") {
-        pasteText(attachment.content, `[SVG: ${filename ?? "image"}]`)
+      if (attachment) {
+        if (changed()) return
+        pasteLocalAttachment(filepath, attachment)
        return
      }
-      if (attachment?.type === "binary") {
-        await pasteAttachment({
-          filename,
-          uri: `data:${attachment.mime};base64,${Buffer.from(attachment.content).toString("base64")}`,
-        })
-        return
+
+      const filepaths = parsePastedFilepaths(pastedContent, terminalEnvironment.platform)
+      if (filepaths.length > 1) {
+        let remaining = MAX_LOCAL_ATTACHMENT_BYTES
+        const attachments: Array<{ filepath: string; attachment: LocalAttachment }> = []
+        for (const candidate of filepaths) {
+          const next = await readLocalAttachment(candidate, remaining)
+          if (!next) break
+          remaining -= typeof next.content === "string" ? Buffer.byteLength(next.content) : next.content.byteLength
+          attachments.push({ filepath: candidate, attachment: next })
+        }
+        if (attachments.length === filepaths.length) {
+          if (changed()) return
+          for (const item of attachments) pasteLocalAttachment(item.filepath, item.attachment)
+          return
+        }
      }
    }

+    if (changed()) return
+
    const lineCount = (pastedContent.match(/\n/g)?.length ?? 0) + 1
    if ((lineCount >= 3 || pastedContent.length > 150) && config.prompt?.paste !== "full") {
      const extmark = input.extmarks.getAllForTypeId(promptPartTypeId).find((extmark) => {
@@ -1267,12 +1321,27 @@ export function Prompt(props: PromptProps) {
    }, 0)
  }

-  async function pasteAttachment(file: { filename?: string; uri: string }) {
+  function pasteLocalAttachment(filepath: string, attachment: LocalAttachment) {
+    const filename = path.basename(filepath)
+    if (attachment.type === "text") {
+      pasteText(attachment.content, `[SVG: ${filename || "image"}]`)
+      return
+    }
+    pasteAttachment({
+      filename,
+      uri: `data:${attachment.mime};base64,${Buffer.from(attachment.content).toString("base64")}`,
+    })
+  }
+
+  function pasteAttachment(file: { filename?: string; uri: string }) {
    const currentOffset = input.cursorOffset
    const extmarkStart = currentOffset
    const pdf = file.uri.startsWith("data:application/pdf;")
-    const prefix = pdf ? "data:application/pdf;" : "data:image/"
-    const count = store.prompt.files?.filter((attachment) => attachment.uri.startsWith(prefix)).length ?? 0
+    const count = pdf
+      ? (store.prompt.files?.filter(
+          (attachment) => typeof attachment.uri === "string" && attachment.uri.startsWith("data:application/pdf;"),
+        ).length ?? 0)
+      : imageAttachments().length
    const virtualText = pdf ? `[PDF ${count + 1}]` : `[Image ${count + 1}]`
    const extmarkEnd = extmarkStart + virtualText.length
    const textToInsert = virtualText + " "
@@ -1304,7 +1373,6 @@ export function Prompt(props: PromptProps) {
        draft.extmarkToPart.set(extmarkId, { type: "file", index })
      }),
    )
-    return
  }

  function clearPrompt() {
@@ -1428,6 +1496,74 @@ export function Prompt(props: PromptProps) {
            flexGrow={1}
            width="100%"
          >
+            <Show when={config.prompt?.image_preview && visibleImageAttachments().length > 0}>
+              <box
+                width="100%"
+                height={imagePreviewHeight() + 1}
+                flexDirection="row"
+                flexShrink={0}
+                justifyContent="flex-start"
+                gap={1}
+                paddingBottom={1}
+              >
+                <For each={visibleImageAttachments()}>
+                  {(file, index) => {
+                    const [failed, setFailed] = createSignal(false)
+                    return (
+                      <box
+                        width={imagePreviewWidth()}
+                        height={imagePreviewHeight()}
+                        flexBasis={imagePreviewWidth()}
+                        flexShrink={1}
+                        onMouseUp={(event: MouseEvent) => {
+                          if (event.button !== 0) return
+                          event.stopPropagation()
+                          openImagePreview(index())
+                        }}
+                      >
+                        <Show
+                          when={!failed()}
+                          fallback={
+                            <box width="100%" height="100%" alignItems="center" justifyContent="center">
+                              <text fg={theme.text.subdued}>No preview</text>
+                            </box>
+                          }
+                        >
+                          <image
+                            id={`prompt-image-preview-${index()}`}
+                            source={file.uri}
+                            fit="cover"
+                            protocol="auto"
+                            width="100%"
+                            height="100%"
+                            onError={() => setFailed(true)}
+                          />
+                        </Show>
+                      </box>
+                    )
+                  }}
+                </For>
+                <Show when={imageAttachments().length > visibleImageAttachments().length}>
+                  <box
+                    width={8}
+                    height={imagePreviewHeight()}
+                    flexBasis={8}
+                    flexShrink={1}
+                    alignItems="center"
+                    justifyContent="center"
+                    onMouseUp={(event: MouseEvent) => {
+                      if (event.button !== 0) return
+                      event.stopPropagation()
+                      openImagePreview(visibleImageAttachments().length)
+                    }}
+                  >
+                    <text fg={theme.text.subdued} wrapMode="none" truncate>
+                      +{imageAttachments().length - visibleImageAttachments().length} more
+                    </text>
+                  </box>
+                </Show>
+              </box>
+            </Show>
            <textarea
              width="100%"
              placeholder={placeholderText()}
@@ -1455,7 +1591,7 @@ export function Prompt(props: PromptProps) {
                // hangul) is flushed to plainText before we read it for submission.
                setTimeout(() => setTimeout(() => submit(), 0), 0)
              }}
-              onPaste={async (event: PasteEvent) => {
+              onPaste={(event: PasteEvent) => {
                if (props.disabled) {
                  event.preventDefault()
                  return
@@ -1465,11 +1601,10 @@ export function Prompt(props: PromptProps) {
                // Windows ConPTY/Terminal often sends CR-only newlines in bracketed paste
                // Replace CRLF first, then any remaining CR
                const normalizedText = decodePasteBytes(event.bytes).replace(/\r\n/g, "\n").replace(/\r/g, "\n")
-                const pastedContent = normalizedText.trim()

                // Windows Terminal <1.25 can surface image-only clipboard as an
                // empty bracketed paste. Windows Terminal 1.25+ does not.
-                if (!pastedContent) {
+                if (event.bytes.byteLength === 0) {
                  keymap.dispatch("prompt.paste")
                  return
                }
@@ -1478,7 +1613,7 @@ export function Prompt(props: PromptProps) {
                // default paste unless we suppress it first and handle insertion ourselves.
                event.preventDefault()

-                await pasteInputText(normalizedText)
+                void enqueuePaste((changed) => pasteInputText(normalizedText, changed))
              }}
              ref={(r: TextareaRenderable) => {
                input = r
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
-import { readFile } from "node:fs/promises"
 import path from "node:path"
+import { fileURLToPath } from "node:url"
+
+// Bound filesystem work per terminal paste; the byte budget also bounds staged data.
+const MAX_PASTED_FILEPATHS = 32
+export const MAX_LOCAL_ATTACHMENT_BYTES = 20 * 1024 * 1024

 export type LocalFiles = Readonly<{
-  readText(path: string): Promise<string>
-  readBytes(path: string): Promise<Uint8Array>
+  readText(path: string, maxBytes: number): Promise<string>
+  readBytes(path: string, maxBytes: number): Promise<Uint8Array>
  mime(path: string): Promise<string>
 }>

@@ -11,14 +15,15 @@ export type LocalAttachment =
  | Readonly<{ type: "text"; mime: "image/svg+xml"; content: string }>
  | Readonly<{ type: "binary"; mime: string; content: Uint8Array }>

-export function readLocalAttachment(file: string) {
+export function readLocalAttachment(file: string, maxBytes = MAX_LOCAL_ATTACHMENT_BYTES) {
  return readLocalAttachmentWith(
    {
-      readText: (value) => readFile(value, "utf8"),
-      readBytes: (value) => readFile(value),
+      readText: async (value, limit) => (await readFileBounded(value, limit)).toString("utf8"),
+      readBytes: readFileBounded,
      mime: async (value) => mimeTypes[path.extname(value).toLowerCase()] ?? "application/octet-stream",
    },
    file,
+    maxBytes,
  )
 }

@@ -33,16 +38,99 @@ const mimeTypes: Record<string, string> = {
  ".webp": "image/webp",
 }

-export async function readLocalAttachmentWith(files: LocalFiles, path: string): Promise<LocalAttachment | undefined> {
+async function readFileBounded(file: string, maxBytes: number) {
+  const source = Bun.file(file)
+  if (!(await source.exists())) throw new Error("Attachment does not exist")
+  if (source.size > maxBytes) throw new Error("Attachment exceeds the local file limit")
+  const content = Buffer.from(await source.slice(0, maxBytes + 1).arrayBuffer())
+  if (content.byteLength > maxBytes) throw new Error("Attachment exceeds the local file limit")
+  return content
+}
+
+export function normalizePastedFilepath(value: string, platform: string) {
+  const raw = value.replace(/^['"]+|['"]+$/g, "")
+  const url = decodeFileURL(raw)
+  if (url) return url
+  if (platform === "win32") return raw
+  return raw.replace(/\\(.)/g, "$1")
+}
+
+function decodeFileURL(value: string): string | undefined {
+  if (!value.startsWith("file://")) return undefined
+  try {
+    return fileURLToPath(value)
+  } catch {
+    return undefined
+  }
+}
+
+export function parsePastedFilepaths(value: string, platform: string) {
+  const result: string[] = []
+  let current = ""
+  let quote = ""
+
+  function push() {
+    if (!current) return
+    result.push(decodeFileURL(current) ?? current)
+    current = ""
+  }
+
+  const input = value.includes("file://")
+    ? value
+        .split(/\r?\n/)
+        .filter((line) => !line.trimStart().startsWith("#"))
+        .join("\n")
+    : value
+  for (let index = 0; index < input.length; index++) {
+    const character = input[index]
+    if (quote) {
+      if (character === quote) {
+        quote = ""
+        continue
+      }
+      if (character === "\\" && platform !== "win32" && quote === '"' && index + 1 < input.length) {
+        current += input[++index]
+        continue
+      }
+      current += character
+      continue
+    }
+    if (character === "'" || character === '"') {
+      quote = character
+      continue
+    }
+    if (character === "\\" && platform !== "win32" && index + 1 < input.length) {
+      current += input[++index]
+      continue
+    }
+    if (/\s/.test(character)) {
+      push()
+      if (result.length > MAX_PASTED_FILEPATHS) return []
+      continue
+    }
+    current += character
+  }
+
+  if (quote) return []
+  push()
+  if (result.length > MAX_PASTED_FILEPATHS) return []
+  return result
+}
+
+export async function readLocalAttachmentWith(
+  files: LocalFiles,
+  path: string,
+  maxBytes = MAX_LOCAL_ATTACHMENT_BYTES,
+): Promise<LocalAttachment | undefined> {
  const mime = await files.mime(path).catch(() => undefined)
-  if (!mime) return
+  if (!mime) return undefined
+  if (!mime.startsWith("image/") && mime !== "application/pdf") return undefined
  if (mime === "image/svg+xml") {
-    const content = await files.readText(path).catch(() => undefined)
-    if (!content) return
+    const content = await files.readText(path, maxBytes).catch(() => undefined)
+    if (!content || Buffer.byteLength(content) > maxBytes) return undefined
    return { type: "text", mime, content }
  }
-  if (!mime.startsWith("image/") && mime !== "application/pdf") return
-  const content = await files.readBytes(path).catch(() => undefined)
-  if (!content) return
+  const content = await files.readBytes(path, maxBytes).catch(() => undefined)
+  if (!content || content.byteLength > maxBytes) return undefined
  return { type: "binary", mime, content }
 }
@@ -105,6 +105,9 @@ export const Info = Schema.Struct({
      paste: Schema.optional(Schema.Literals(["compact", "full"])).annotate({
        description: "Display large pastes as compact placeholders or full text",
      }),
+      image_preview: Schema.optional(Schema.Boolean).annotate({
+        description: "Show image attachment previews above the prompt input",
+      }),
    }),
  ).annotate({ description: "Prompt input behavior" }),
  session: Schema.optional(
@@ -164,6 +164,7 @@ export const Definitions = {
  prompt_submit: keybind("none", "Submit prompt"),
  prompt_queue: keybind("alt+return", "Queue prompt"),
  prompt_editor_context_clear: keybind("none", "Clear editor context"),
+  prompt_images_view: keybind("<leader>i", "View image attachments"),
  prompt_skills: keybind("none", "Open skill selector"),
  prompt_stash: keybind("none", "Stash prompt"),
  prompt_stash_pop: keybind("none", "Pop stashed prompt"),
@@ -364,6 +365,7 @@ export const CommandMap = {
  prompt_submit: "prompt.submit",
  prompt_queue: "prompt.queue",
  prompt_editor_context_clear: "prompt.editor_context.clear",
+  prompt_images_view: "prompt.images.view",
  prompt_skills: "prompt.skills",
  prompt_stash: "prompt.stash",
  prompt_stash_pop: "prompt.stash.pop",
@@ -1,18 +1,19 @@
 import { createContext, type JSX, useContext } from "solid-js"
-import { read, write } from "../clipboard"

 export type ClipboardContent = Readonly<{ data: string; mime: string }>
 export type ClipboardService = Readonly<{
-  read?(): Promise<ClipboardContent | undefined>
-  write?(text: string): Promise<void>
+  read(): Promise<ClipboardContent | undefined>
+  write(text: string): Promise<void>
 }>
-const clipboard = { read, write }
-const ClipboardContext = createContext<ClipboardService>(clipboard)

-export function ClipboardProvider(props: { value?: ClipboardService; children: JSX.Element }) {
-  return <ClipboardContext.Provider value={props.value ?? clipboard}>{props.children}</ClipboardContext.Provider>
+const ClipboardContext = createContext<ClipboardService>()
+
+export function ClipboardProvider(props: { value: ClipboardService; children: JSX.Element }) {
+  return <ClipboardContext.Provider value={props.value}>{props.children}</ClipboardContext.Provider>
 }

 export function useClipboard() {
-  return useContext(ClipboardContext)
+  const value = useContext(ClipboardContext)
+  if (!value) throw new Error("useClipboard must be used within a ClipboardProvider")
+  return value
 }
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ export interface Storage {
   * JSON-serializable.
   */
  memory<Value extends object>(key: string, options: { readonly initial: Value }): MemoryEntry<Value>
-  flush(): Promise<void>
 }

 function clone<Value extends object>(value: Value) {
@@ -47,7 +46,6 @@ function segment(value: string) {
 function createStorage(root: string, channel: string) {
  const entries = new Map<string, { readonly value: Entry<object>; readonly reload: () => void }>()
  const memories = new Map<string, MemoryEntry<object>>()
-  const pending = new Set<Promise<void>>()
  const directory = path.join(root, segment(channel), "tui")
  const locks = path.join(root, segment(channel), "locks")
  mkdirSync(directory, { recursive: true })
@@ -68,8 +66,8 @@ function createStorage(root: string, channel: string) {
      const [store, setStore] = createStore(load())
      const merge = (next: Value) => reconcile(next, { key: options.key })
      const reload = () => batch(() => setStore(merge(load())))
-      const update = (mutation: (draft: Value) => void) => {
-        const operation = Flock.withLock(
+      const update = (mutation: (draft: Value) => void) =>
+        Flock.withLock(
          file,
          async () => {
            const draft = load()
@@ -80,13 +78,6 @@ function createStorage(root: string, channel: string) {
          },
          { dir: locks },
        )
-        pending.add(operation)
-        operation.then(
-          () => pending.delete(operation),
-          () => pending.delete(operation),
-        )
-        return operation
-      }
      const entry = [store, update] as const
      entries.set(file, { value: entry as Entry<object>, reload })
      return entry
@@ -99,15 +90,6 @@ function createStorage(root: string, channel: string) {
      memories.set(key, entry as MemoryEntry<object>)
      return entry
    },
-    async flush() {
-      const failures: unknown[] = []
-      while (pending.size > 0) {
-        const results = await Promise.allSettled(pending)
-        failures.push(...results.filter((result) => result.status === "rejected").map((result) => result.reason))
-      }
-      if (failures.length === 1) throw failures[0]
-      if (failures.length > 1) throw new AggregateError(failures, "Storage writes failed")
-    },
  }

  const watcher = watch(directory, () => entries.forEach((entry) => entry.reload()))
@@ -66,8 +66,12 @@ export function DialogMessage(props: {
                  : "text" in value
                    ? value.text
                    : ""
-            await clipboard.write?.(text)
-            dialog.clear()
+            try {
+              await clipboard.write(text)
+              dialog.clear()
+            } catch (error) {
+              toast.error(error)
+            }
          },
        },
        {
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ export function FormPrompt(props: { form: FormWithLocation }) {

  function copyExternal() {
    const current = externalField()
-    if (!current || !clipboard.write) return
+    if (!current) return
    void clipboard
      .write(current.url)
      .then(() => {
@@ -992,7 +992,7 @@ export function FormPrompt(props: { form: FormWithLocation }) {
          >
            enter <span style={{ fg: theme.text.subdued }}>{actionLabel()}</span>
          </text>
-          <Show when={externalField() && clipboard.write}>
+          <Show when={externalField()}>
            <text fg={theme.text.default} onMouseUp={copyExternal}>
              c <span style={{ fg: theme.text.subdued }}>copy</span>
            </text>
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import { SplitBorder } from "../../ui/border"
 import { useTuiPaths, useTuiTerminalEnvironment } from "../../context/runtime"
 import { Spinner, SPINNER_FRAMES } from "../../component/spinner"
 import { PatchDiff } from "../../component/patch-diff"
-import { createSyntaxStyleMemo, ThemeContextProvider, useTheme, useThemes } from "../../context/theme"
+import { ThemeContextProvider, useTheme, useThemes } from "../../context/theme"
 import { BoxRenderable, ScrollBoxRenderable, addDefaultParsers, TextAttributes, RGBA } from "@opentui/core"
 import { Prompt, type PromptRef } from "../../component/prompt"
 import type {
@@ -100,7 +100,6 @@ import { withTimestampedFallback } from "@opencode-ai/util/session-title-fallbac
 import { useSessionTabs } from "../../context/session-tabs"
 import { createSingleFlight } from "../../util/single-flight"
 import type { SessionPending } from "@opencode-ai/schema/session-pending"
-import { generateThinkingSyntax } from "./thinking-syntax"

 addDefaultParsers(parsers.parsers)

@@ -844,7 +843,7 @@ export function Session() {
        }

        clipboard
-          .write?.(text)
+          .write(text)
          .then(() => toast.show({ message: "Message copied to clipboard!", variant: "success" }))
          .catch(() => toast.show({ message: "Failed to copy to clipboard", variant: "error" }))
        dialog.clear()
@@ -862,7 +861,7 @@ export function Session() {
          const sessionData = session()
          if (!sessionData) return
          const transcript = formatSessionTranscript(sessionData, messages(), showThinking())
-          await clipboard.write?.(transcript)
+          await clipboard.write(transcript)
          toast.show({ message: "Session transcript copied to clipboard!", variant: "success" })
        } catch {
          toast.show({ message: "Failed to copy session transcript", variant: "error" })
@@ -896,7 +895,7 @@ export function Session() {
                  ) + EOL

          if (options.action === "copy") {
-            await clipboard.write?.(content)
+            await clipboard.write(content)
            dialog.clear()
            toast.show({ message: "Copied to clipboard", variant: "success" })
            return
@@ -1433,7 +1432,6 @@ function SessionReasoningGroupView(props: {
  const ctx = use()
  const theme = useTheme()
  const { currentSyntax: syntax } = useThemes()
-  const thinkingSyntax = createSyntaxStyleMemo(() => generateThinkingSyntax(syntax(), theme.text.subdued))
  const renderer = useRenderer()
  const [expanded, setExpanded] = createSignal(false)
  const [hover, setHover] = createSignal(false)
@@ -1529,7 +1527,7 @@ function SessionReasoningGroupView(props: {
                            filetype="markdown"
                            drawUnstyledText={false}
                            streaming={part()?.time?.completed === undefined && message()?.time.completed === undefined}
-                            syntaxStyle={thinkingSyntax()}
+                            syntaxStyle={syntax()}
                            content={content()}
                            conceal={ctx.markdownMode() === "rendered"}
                            fg={theme.text.subdued}
@@ -2062,7 +2060,6 @@ function ReasoningPart(props: {
 }) {
  const theme = useTheme()
  const { currentSyntax: syntax } = useThemes()
-  const thinkingSyntax = createSyntaxStyleMemo(() => generateThinkingSyntax(syntax(), theme.text.subdued))
  const ctx = use()
  // Collapsed by default in hide mode: a single line throughout, so the
  // layout never shifts. Click to open the full markdown block, click to close.
@@ -2115,7 +2112,7 @@ function ReasoningPart(props: {
                filetype="markdown"
                drawUnstyledText={false}
                streaming={true}
-                syntaxStyle={thinkingSyntax()}
+                syntaxStyle={syntax()}
                content={content()}
                conceal={ctx.markdownMode() === "rendered"}
                fg={theme.text.subdued}
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-import { SyntaxStyle, type RGBA } from "@opentui/core"
-
-export function generateThinkingSyntax(syntax: SyntaxStyle, foreground: RGBA) {
-  return SyntaxStyle.fromStyles(
-    Object.fromEntries(
-      syntax.getRegisteredNames().map((name) => [name, { ...syntax.getStyle(name), fg: foreground }]),
-    ),
-  )
-}
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ export function DialogProvider(props: ParentProps) {

  function copySelection() {
    const text = renderer.getSelection()?.getSelectedText()
-    if (!text || !clipboard.write) return false
+    if (!text) return false
    void clipboard.write(text).then(
      () => toast.show({ message: "Copied to clipboard", variant: "info" }),
      (error) => toast.error(error),
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ export function copy(renderer: Renderer, toast: Toast, clipboard: ClipboardServi
    focus?.getClipboardText && selection.selectedRenderables.includes(focus) ? focus.getClipboardText(text) : text

  clipboard
-    ?.write?.(clipboardText)
+    .write(clipboardText)
    .then(() => toast.show({ message: "Copied to clipboard", variant: "info" }))
    .catch(toast.error)

@@ -74,11 +74,11 @@ test("searches settings globally and opens the matching setting", async () => {
    await app.waitFor(() => app.renderer.currentFocusedEditor instanceof InputRenderable)

    app.mockInput.pressArrow("down")
-    for (const key of "sounds") app.mockInput.pressKey(key)
+    for (const key of "image preview") app.mockInput.pressKey(key)
    app.mockInput.pressEnter()
-    await app.waitForFrame((frame) => frame.includes("Settings") && frame.includes("Sounds"))
+    await app.waitForFrame((frame) => frame.includes("Settings") && frame.includes("Image previews"))
    app.mockInput.pressEnter()
-    await app.waitFor(() => current.attention?.sound === false)
+    await app.waitFor(() => current.prompt?.image_preview === true)
  } finally {
    app.renderer.destroy()
  }
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 /** @jsxImportSource @opentui/solid */
 import { expect, test } from "bun:test"
 import { testRender } from "@opentui/solid"
+import { mkdtempSync, rmSync } from "fs"
+import { tmpdir } from "os"
+import path from "path"
 import { onMount } from "solid-js"
 import { DialogOpen } from "../../../src/component/dialog-open"
 import { ConfigProvider } from "../../../src/config"
@@ -11,13 +14,12 @@ import { LocationProvider, useLocation } from "../../../src/context/location"
 import { RouteProvider, useRoute } from "../../../src/context/route"
 import { TuiAppProvider } from "../../../src/context/runtime"
 import { SessionTabsProvider } from "../../../src/context/session-tabs"
-import { StorageProvider, useStorage } from "../../../src/context/storage"
+import { StorageProvider } from "../../../src/context/storage"
 import { ThemeProvider } from "../../../src/context/theme"
 import { DialogProvider, useDialog } from "../../../src/ui/dialog"
 import { ToastProvider } from "../../../src/ui/toast"
 import { createApi, createEventStream, createFetch, json, type FetchHandler } from "../../fixture/tui-client"
 import { TestTuiContexts } from "../../fixture/tui-environment"
-import { tmpdir } from "../../fixture/fixture"
 import { createTuiResolvedConfig } from "../../fixture/tui-runtime"

 test("selecting an unhydrated session preserves its location", async () => {
@@ -50,7 +52,7 @@ test("selecting an unhydrated session preserves its location", async () => {
    expect(fixture.route.data).toEqual({ type: "session", sessionID: "ses_remote" })
    expect(fixture.location.ref).toEqual(remote)
  } finally {
-    await fixture.dispose()
+    fixture.dispose()
  }
 })

@@ -92,7 +94,7 @@ test("shows the current project and opens its root", async () => {
    expect(fixture.route.data).toEqual({ type: "home", location: { directory: root } })
    expect(fixture.location.ref).toEqual({ directory: root })
  } finally {
-    await fixture.dispose()
+    fixture.dispose()
  }
 })

@@ -147,7 +149,7 @@ test("preserves a moved project when sessions arrive", async () => {

    expect(fixture.route.data).toEqual({ type: "home", location: { directory: "/tmp/opencode/second" } })
  } finally {
-    await fixture.dispose()
+    fixture.dispose()
  }
 })

@@ -158,21 +160,18 @@ async function renderOpen(
    location: ReturnType<typeof useLocation>
  }) => void | Promise<void>,
 ) {
-  const temporary = await tmpdir()
-  const state = temporary.path
+  const state = mkdtempSync(path.join(tmpdir(), "opencode-dialog-open-"))
  const events = createEventStream()
  const calls = createFetch(handler, events)
  let route!: ReturnType<typeof useRoute>
  let location!: ReturnType<typeof useLocation>
  let data!: ReturnType<typeof useData>
-  let storage!: ReturnType<typeof useStorage>

  function Probe() {
    const dialog = useDialog()
    route = useRoute()
    location = useLocation()
    data = useData()
-    storage = useStorage()
    onMount(
      () => void Promise.resolve(beforeOpen?.({ data, location })).then(() => dialog.replace(() => <DialogOpen />)),
    )
@@ -224,10 +223,9 @@ async function renderOpen(
    get data() {
      return data
    },
-    async dispose() {
+    dispose() {
      app.renderer.destroy()
-      await storage.flush()
-      await temporary[Symbol.asyncDispose]()
+      rmSync(state, { recursive: true, force: true })
    },
  }
 }
@@ -60,6 +60,9 @@ async function mountForm(root: string, width = 80) {
      >
        <ClipboardProvider
          value={{
+            async read() {
+              return undefined
+            },
            write(text) {
              copied.push(text)
              return Promise.resolve()
@@ -1,19 +1,129 @@
 import { expect, test } from "bun:test"
-import { copyCommand } from "../src/clipboard"
+import {
+  createClipboard,
+  type ClipboardReadOptions,
+  type ClipboardReadResult,
+  type ClipboardService as CoreClipboardService,
+  type ClipboardWriteOptions,
+  type ClipboardWriteResult,
+  type HostClipboardService,
+} from "@opentui/core"
+import { createClipboardAdapter } from "../src/clipboard"

-test("prefers Wayland clipboard when available", () => {
-  expect(copyCommand("linux", true, (name) => name === "wl-copy")).toEqual(["wl-copy"])
+function coreClipboard(options: {
+  read?: ClipboardReadResult
+  write?: ClipboardWriteResult
+  onRead?: (input: ClipboardReadOptions) => void
+  onWrite?: (text: string, input: ClipboardWriteOptions) => void
+}): CoreClipboardService {
+  return {
+    async read(input) {
+      options.onRead?.(input)
+      return options.read ?? { status: "empty" }
+    },
+    async writeText(text, input) {
+      options.onWrite?.(text, input)
+      return (
+        options.write ?? {
+          host: { status: "written" },
+          terminal: { status: "not-attempted", capability: "unknown" },
+        }
+      )
+    },
+    async clear() {
+      return {
+        host: { status: "cleared" },
+        terminal: { status: "not-attempted", capability: "unknown" },
+      }
+    },
+    async dispose() {},
+  }
+}
+
+test("adapts OpenTUI image and text reads", async () => {
+  const requests: ClipboardReadOptions[] = []
+  const image = createClipboardAdapter(
+    coreClipboard({
+      read: {
+        status: "read",
+        representation: { mimeType: "image/png", bytes: new Uint8Array([0, 1, 2, 255]) },
+      },
+      onRead: (input) => requests.push(input),
+    }),
+  )
+  const text = "line 1\r\n\t世界"
+  const plain = createClipboardAdapter(
+    coreClipboard({
+      read: {
+        status: "read",
+        representation: { mimeType: "text/plain", bytes: new TextEncoder().encode(text) },
+      },
+    }),
+  )
+
+  expect(await image.read()).toEqual({ data: "AAEC/w==", mime: "image/png" })
+  expect(await plain.read()).toEqual({ data: text, mime: "text/plain" })
+  expect(requests).toEqual([{ preferredTypes: ["image/png", "text/plain"], selection: "clipboard" }])
 })

-test("uses osascript on macOS", () => {
-  expect(copyCommand("darwin", false, (name) => name === "osascript")).toEqual(["osascript"])
+test("uses all available routes but skips the process host remotely", async () => {
+  const writes = { host: 0, terminal: 0 }
+  const host: HostClipboardService = {
+    maxWriteBytes: 8 * 1024 * 1024,
+    async read() {
+      return { status: "empty" }
+    },
+    async writeText() {
+      writes.host++
+      return { status: "written" }
+    },
+    async clear() {
+      return { status: "cleared" }
+    },
+    async dispose() {},
+  }
+  const clipboard = createClipboardAdapter(
+    createClipboard({
+      host,
+      terminal: {
+        remote: true,
+        writeText() {
+          writes.terminal++
+          return { status: "attempted", capability: "supported" }
+        },
+        clear() {
+          return { status: "attempted", capability: "supported" }
+        },
+      },
+    }),
+  )
+
+  expect(await clipboard.write("hello")).toBeUndefined()
+  expect(writes).toEqual({ host: 0, terminal: 1 })
 })

-test("falls back through X11 clipboard commands", () => {
-  expect(copyCommand("linux", true, (name) => name === "xclip")).toEqual(["xclip", "-selection", "clipboard"])
-  expect(copyCommand("linux", false, (name) => name === "xsel")).toEqual(["xsel", "--clipboard", "--input"])
-})
+test("rejects only when no clipboard route accepted the write", async () => {
+  const writes: [string, ClipboardWriteOptions][] = []
+  const failure = new Error("native clipboard failed")
+  const fallback = createClipboardAdapter(
+    coreClipboard({
+      write: {
+        host: { status: "written" },
+        terminal: { status: "local-failure", capability: "supported" },
+      },
+    }),
+  )
+  const clipboard = createClipboardAdapter(
+    coreClipboard({
+      write: {
+        host: { status: "failed", error: failure },
+        terminal: { status: "local-failure", capability: "supported" },
+      },
+      onWrite: (text, input) => writes.push([text, input]),
+    }),
+  )

-test("returns undefined when native clipboard is unavailable", () => {
-  expect(copyCommand("linux", false, () => false)).toBeUndefined()
+  expect(await fallback.write("hello")).toBeUndefined()
+  expect(await clipboard.write("hello").then(undefined, (error) => error)).toBe(failure)
+  expect(writes).toEqual([["hello", { destination: "all-available", selection: "clipboard" }]])
 })
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ test("validates the session tabs setting", () => {
  })
  expect(() => decode({ tabs: { layout: true } })).toThrow()
  expect(() => decode({ tabs: { enabled: "on" } })).toThrow()
+  expect(decode({ prompt: { image_preview: true } })).toEqual({ prompt: { image_preview: true } })
 })

 test("resolves nested config and keybind defaults", () => {
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 /** @jsxImportSource @opentui/solid */
-import { expect, test } from "bun:test"
+import { afterAll, expect, test } from "bun:test"
 import type { OpenCodeEvent } from "@opencode-ai/client"
 import { testRender } from "@opentui/solid"
-import { mkdirSync, watch } from "fs"
+import { mkdirSync, mkdtempSync, readdirSync, rmSync, watch } from "fs"
+import { tmpdir } from "os"
 import path from "path"
 import { ConfigProvider } from "../../src/config"
 import { ClientProvider, useClient } from "../../src/context/client"
@@ -11,10 +12,9 @@ import { RouteProvider, useRoute } from "../../src/context/route"
 import { TuiAppProvider } from "../../src/context/runtime"
 import { SessionTabsProvider, useSessionTabs } from "../../src/context/session-tabs"
 import { NEW_SESSION_TAB_TITLE } from "../../src/context/session-tabs-model"
-import { StorageProvider, useStorage } from "../../src/context/storage"
+import { StorageProvider } from "../../src/context/storage"
 import { createApi, createEventStream, createFetch, directory, json } from "../fixture/tui-client"
 import { TestTuiContexts } from "../fixture/tui-environment"
-import { tmpdir } from "../fixture/fixture"
 import { createTuiResolvedConfig } from "../fixture/tui-runtime"

 async function wait(fn: () => boolean | Promise<boolean>, timeout = 2_000) {
@@ -25,12 +25,35 @@ async function wait(fn: () => boolean | Promise<boolean>, timeout = 2_000) {
  }
 }

+// State directories are removed after the whole suite instead of per test: persistence writes are
+// fire-and-forget behind a file lock, so a teardown-time removal races any still-queued write.
+const stateDirs: string[] = []
+
+afterAll(async () => {
+  for (const dir of stateDirs) {
+    // Drain any lock still held by a late write before deleting the tree beneath it.
+    await wait(() => {
+      try {
+        return readdirSync(path.join(dir, "test", "locks")).length === 0
+      } catch {
+        return true
+      }
+    }).catch(() => undefined)
+    rmSync(dir, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  }
+})
+
+function stateDir(prefix: string) {
+  const dir = mkdtempSync(path.join(tmpdir(), prefix))
+  stateDirs.push(dir)
+  return dir
+}
+
 async function renderSessionTabs(
  initialSessionID: string,
  options?: { state?: string; title?: string; home?: boolean; persisted?: string[]; sessionGate?: Promise<void> },
 ) {
-  const temporary = options?.state ? undefined : await tmpdir()
-  const state = options?.state ?? temporary!.path
+  const state = options?.state ?? stateDir("opencode-session-tabs-")
  if (options?.persisted) {
    const file = path.join(state, "test", "tui", "tabs.json")
    mkdirSync(path.dirname(file), { recursive: true })
@@ -65,14 +88,12 @@ async function renderSessionTabs(
  let route!: ReturnType<typeof useRoute>
  let client!: ReturnType<typeof useClient>
  let data!: ReturnType<typeof useData>
-  let storage!: ReturnType<typeof useStorage>

  function Probe() {
    tabs = useSessionTabs()
    route = useRoute()
    client = useClient()
    data = useData()
-    storage = useStorage()
    return <box />
  }

@@ -106,10 +127,8 @@ async function renderSessionTabs(
    sessions,
    state,
    emit: (event: OpenCodeEvent) => events.emit({ ...event, location: { directory } }),
-    async destroy() {
+    destroy() {
      app.renderer.destroy()
-      await storage.flush()
-      await temporary?.[Symbol.asyncDispose]()
    },
  }
 }
@@ -130,7 +149,7 @@ test("loads persisted tab metadata concurrently on connect", async () => {
    await wait(() => setup.data.session.get("first") !== undefined && setup.data.session.get("second") !== undefined)
  } finally {
    release()
-    await setup.destroy()
+    setup.destroy()
  }
 })

@@ -140,19 +159,17 @@ test("stores session tabs for the current working directory by default", async (
  try {
    const file = path.join(setup.state, "test", "tui", "tabs.json")
    await wait(() => Bun.file(file).size > 0)
-    const stored = await Bun.file(file).json()
-    expect(stored.global).toEqual({ tabs: [], unread: {} })
-    expect(Object.keys(stored.cwd)).toEqual([directory])
-    expect(stored.cwd[directory].tabs.map((tab: { sessionID: string }) => tab.sessionID)).toEqual(["first"])
-    expect(stored.cwd[directory].unread).toEqual({})
+    expect(await Bun.file(file).json()).toEqual({
+      global: { tabs: [], unread: {} },
+      cwd: { [directory]: { tabs: [{ sessionID: "first" }], unread: {} } },
+    })
  } finally {
-    await setup.destroy()
+    setup.destroy()
  }
 })

 test("concurrent TUIs do not alternate shared tab titles from divergent session caches", async () => {
-  await using temporary = await tmpdir()
-  const state = temporary.path
+  const state = stateDir("opencode-session-tabs-shared-")
  let titled: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof renderSessionTabs>> | undefined
  let untitled: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof renderSessionTabs>> | undefined

@@ -189,8 +206,8 @@ test("concurrent TUIs do not alternate shared tab titles from divergent session

    expect(observed).toEqual(["Generated title"])
  } finally {
-    if (titled) await titled.destroy()
-    if (untitled) await untitled.destroy()
+    titled?.destroy()
+    untitled?.destroy()
  }
 })

@@ -238,7 +255,7 @@ test("user prompt admissions pulse an already-busy background tab", async () =>
    expect(setup.tabs.status("active").promptPulse).toBe(0)
    expect(setup.tabs.status("background")).toMatchObject({ promptPulse: 2, busy: true })
  } finally {
-    await setup.destroy()
+    setup.destroy()
  }
 })

@@ -269,6 +286,6 @@ test("tracks a temporary new session tab across close and creation", async () =>
    expect(setup.tabs.newTab()).toBe(false)
    expect(setup.tabs.tabs().find((tab) => tab.sessionID === "third")?.title).toBe(NEW_SESSION_TAB_TITLE)
  } finally {
-    await setup.destroy()
+    setup.destroy()
  }
 })
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Simon Klee	db4772f27c	feat(tui): add prompt image previews	2026-08-07 16:31:53 +02:00
Simon Klee	ad4145a4a5	chore(tui): upgrade integrated OpenTUI snapshot	2026-08-07 16:31:28 +02:00
Simon Klee	b1839ebceb	feat(tui): use OpenTUI clipboard service	2026-08-07 16:31:28 +02:00