Bump github.com/klauspost/compress from 1.18.5 to 1.18.7 (#598 )

Bumps [github.com/klauspost/compress](https://github.com/klauspost/compress) from 1.18.5 to 1.18.7. - [Release notes](https://github.com/klauspost/compress/releases) - [Commits](https://github.com/klauspost/compress/compare/v1.18.5...v1.18.7) --- updated-dependencies: - dependency-name: github.com/klauspost/compress dependency-version: 1.18.7 dependency-type: indirect ... Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <[email protected]> Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Support GL cores (#91 )
2026-11-09 17:26:13 -10:00 · 2026-10-22 14:59:26 +02:00 · 2026-10-22 14:58:24 +02:00 · 2026-10-19 15:45:44 +02:00 · 2026-08-19 23:16:25 +07:00
37 changed files with 1423 additions and 1006 deletions
@@ -11,19 +11,22 @@ ifeq ($(OS), Linux)
 	BUNDLENAME = $(APP)-$(OS)-$(DISPDRIVER)-$(ARCH)-$(VERSION)
 endif

-CORES = atari800 bluemsx swanstation fbneo fceumm gambatte gearsystem genesis_plus_gx handy lutro mednafen_ngp mednafen_pce mednafen_pce_fast mednafen_pcfx mednafen_psx mednafen_saturn mednafen_supergrafx mednafen_vb mednafen_wswan mgba melonds mupen64plus_next np2kai o2em pcsx_rearmed picodrive pokemini prosystem snes9x stella2014 vecx virtualjaguar
+CORES = ppsspp dolphin atari800 bluemsx citra swanstation fbneo fceumm flycast gambatte gearsystem genesis_plus_gx handy lutro mednafen_ngp mednafen_pce mednafen_pce_fast mednafen_pcfx mednafen_psx mednafen_saturn mednafen_supergrafx mednafen_vb mednafen_wswan mgba melonds mupen64plus_next np2kai o2em pcsx2 pcsx_rearmed picodrive pokemini prosystem snes9x stella2014 vecx virtualjaguar

 ifeq ($(ARCH), arm)
-	CORES := $(filter-out swanstation,$(CORES))
-	CORES := $(filter-out mupen64plus_next,$(CORES))
-	CORES := $(filter-out mednafen_pcfx,$(CORES))
-	CORES := $(filter-out mednafen_saturn,$(CORES))
-	CORES := $(filter-out melonds,$(CORES))
+	CORES := $(filter-out citra dolphin flycast mednafen_pcfx mednafen_saturn melonds mupen64plus_next pcsx2 ppsspp swanstation,$(CORES))
 endif
 ifeq ($(ARCH), arm64)
-	CORES := $(filter-out mednafen_saturn,$(CORES))
-	CORES := $(filter-out mupen64plus_next,$(CORES))
-	CORES := $(filter-out picodrive,$(CORES))
+	CORES := $(filter-out pcsx2,$(CORES))
+	ifeq ($(OS), Linux)
+		CORES := $(filter-out mupen64plus_next,$(CORES))
+	endif
+endif
+ifeq ($(OS), OSX)
+	CORES := $(filter-out pcsx2,$(CORES))
+	ifeq ($(ARCH), x86_64)
+		CORES := $(filter-out citra,$(CORES))
+	endif
 endif

 DYLIBS = $(addprefix cores/, $(addsuffix _libretro.dylib,$(CORES)))
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Ludo is a work in progress libretro frontend written in go.

 <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kivutar/ludo-assets/master/illustration.png" />

-It is able to launch most non GL libretro cores.
+It supports software-rendered and desktop OpenGL libretro cores. Hardware-rendered cores may require a newer OpenGL version than the frontend itself.

 It works on OSX, Linux, Linux ARM and Windows. You can download releases [here](https://github.com/libretro/ludo/releases)

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/libretro/ludo/options"
 	"github.com/libretro/ludo/patch"
 	"github.com/libretro/ludo/savefiles"
-	"github.com/libretro/ludo/settings"
 	"github.com/libretro/ludo/state"
 	"github.com/libretro/ludo/video"

@@ -36,6 +35,7 @@ var Options *options.Options
 // Call Init before calling other functions of this package.
 func Init(v *video.Video) {
 	vid = v
+	libretro.SetContextCallbacks(v.ContextCallbacks())
 }

 // Load loads a libretro core
@@ -52,11 +52,9 @@ func Load(sofile string) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-
+	vid.SetHWRenderContext(nil)
 	state.Core.SetEnvironment(environment)
 	state.Core.Init()
-	state.CoreSetSharedContext = false
-	vid.SetHWRenderContext(nil)
 	state.Core.SetVideoRefresh(vid.Refresh)
 	state.Core.SetInputPoll(func() {})
 	state.Core.SetInputState(input.State)
@@ -222,16 +220,17 @@ func LoadGame(gamePath string) error {
 		return err
 	}

-	// If we're loading a new game on the same core, save the RAM of the previous
-	// game before closing it.
-	if state.GamePath != gamePath {
-		UnloadGame()
-	}
-
 	if state.Core == nil {
 		return errors.New("no core loaded")
 	}

+	// Reload the core to fully tear down the previous game and its GL context.
+	if state.CoreRunning {
+		if err := Load(state.CorePath); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
 	si := state.Core.GetSystemInfo()

 	gi, err := getGameInfo(gamePath, si.BlockExtract)
@@ -255,7 +254,7 @@ func LoadGame(gamePath string) error {

 	ok := state.Core.LoadGame(*gi)
 	if !ok {
-		state.CoreRunning = false
+		Unload()
 		return errors.New("failed to load the game")
 	}

@@ -268,19 +267,13 @@ func LoadGame(gamePath string) error {
 		vid.SetTitle("Ludo - " + si.LibraryName)
 	}

-	if state.Core.HWRenderCallback != nil {
-		vid.SetHWRenderContext(state.Core.HWRenderCallback)
-		vid.Reconfigure(settings.Current.VideoFullscreen)
-	} else if vid.Window == nil {
-		vid.Configure(settings.Current.VideoFullscreen)
-	}
-
 	input.Init(vid)
 	audio.Reconfigure(int32(avi.Timing.SampleRate))
 	if state.Core.AudioCallback != nil {
 		state.Core.AudioCallback.SetState(true)
 	}

+	state.CoreRunning = true
 	state.FastForward = false
 	state.GamePath = gamePath

@@ -294,39 +287,55 @@ func LoadGame(gamePath string) error {
 	savefiles.LoadSRAM()

 	if state.Core.HWRenderCallback != nil {
-		vid.MakeHardwareContextCurrent()
-		vid.InitFramebuffer()
-		vid.PrepareCoreContext()
-		state.Core.HWRenderCallback.ContextReset()
+		if err := vid.ResetHWContext(); err != nil {
+			Unload()
+			return fmt.Errorf("create hardware context: %w", err)
+		}
 	}

-	state.CoreRunning = true
-
 	return nil
 }

-// Unload unloads a libretro core
+// Unload closes the game and core before destroying their GL context.
 func Unload() {
 	if state.Core != nil {
-		UnloadGame()
+		savefiles.SaveSRAM()
+		vid.RunContextDestroy()
+		vid.BeginCore()
+		if state.CoreRunning {
+			state.Core.UnloadGame()
+		}
 		state.Core.Deinit()
+		vid.EndCore()
+		vid.ResetCoreState()
+		state.GamePath = ""
+		state.CoreRunning = false
 		state.CorePath = ""
 		state.Core = nil
-		state.CoreSetSharedContext = false
+		vid.SetHWRenderContext(nil)
 		Options = nil
 	}
 }

-// UnloadGame unloads a game.
-func UnloadGame() {
-	if state.CoreRunning {
-		savefiles.SaveSRAM()
-		state.Core.UnloadGame()
-		state.GamePath = ""
-		state.CoreRunning = false
-		vid.ResetPitch()
-		vid.ResetRot()
-	}
+// Reset resets the game using its hardware context, if any.
+func Reset() {
+	vid.BeginCore()
+	defer vid.EndCore()
+	state.Core.Reset()
+}
+
+// Serialize captures core state with the core's GL context current.
+func Serialize() ([]byte, error) {
+	vid.BeginCore()
+	defer vid.EndCore()
+	return state.Core.Serialize(state.Core.SerializeSize())
+}
+
+// Unserialize restores core state with the core's GL context current.
+func Unserialize(data []byte) error {
+	vid.BeginCore()
+	defer vid.EndCore()
+	return state.Core.Unserialize(data, uint(len(data)))
 }

 // getGameInfo opens a rom and return the libretro.GameInfo needed to launch it
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 package core

 import (
-	"log"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"reflect"
+	"runtime"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

@@ -15,6 +15,34 @@ import (
 	"github.com/libretro/ludo/video"
 )

+var mainThread = make(chan func())
+
+func init() {
+	// GLFW initialization and input setup must run on the main OS thread.
+	runtime.LockOSThread()
+}
+
+func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
+	var code int
+	go func() {
+		code = m.Run()
+		close(mainThread)
+	}()
+	for f := range mainThread {
+		f()
+	}
+	os.Exit(code)
+}
+
+func onMainThread(f func()) {
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	mainThread <- func() {
+		f()
+		close(done)
+	}
+	<-done
+}
+
 type WindowMock struct{}

 func (m WindowMock) GetFramebufferSize() (width, height int)     { return 320, 240 }
@@ -201,17 +229,21 @@ func Test_coreLoadGame(t *testing.T) {

 	Init(&video.Video{})

-	if err := glfw.Init(); err != nil {
-		log.Fatalln("failed to initialize glfw")
+	var initErr error
+	onMainThread(func() { initErr = glfw.Init() })
+	if initErr != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("glfw.Init() error = %v", initErr)
 	}
-	t.Cleanup(glfw.Terminate)
+	t.Cleanup(func() { onMainThread(glfw.Terminate) })

 	if err := Load("testdata/vecx_libretro" + ext); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Load() error = %v", err)
 	}

 	var loadGameErr error
-	got := utils.CaptureOutput(func() { loadGameErr = LoadGame("testdata/Polar Rescue (USA).vec") })
+	got := utils.CaptureOutput(func() {
+		onMainThread(func() { loadGameErr = LoadGame("testdata/Polar Rescue (USA).vec") })
+	})
 	if loadGameErr != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("LoadGame() error = %v", loadGameErr)
 	}
@@ -235,7 +267,6 @@ func Test_coreLoadGame(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	})

-	UnloadGame()
 	Unload()

 	t.Run("Global state should be cleared by Unload", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -252,7 +283,6 @@ func Test_coreLoadGame(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func Test_coreLoadGameWithoutCore(t *testing.T) {
-	UnloadGame()
 	Unload()

 	err := LoadGame("testdata/Polar Rescue (USA).vec")
@@ -144,21 +144,28 @@ func environment(cmd uint32, data unsafe.Pointer) bool {
 	case libretro.EnvironmentSetAudioCallback:
 		state.Core.SetAudioCallback(data)
 	case libretro.EnvironmentSetHWRender:
-		state.Core.HWRenderCallback = libretro.SetHWRenderCallback(
+		hw := libretro.SetHWRenderCallback(
 			data,
 			vid.CurrentFramebuffer,
 			vid.ProcAddress)
-		log.Printf(
-			"[Env]: HWContextType: %d Version: %d.%d Debug: %t",
-			state.Core.HWRenderCallback.HWContextType,
-			state.Core.HWRenderCallback.VersionMajor,
-			state.Core.HWRenderCallback.VersionMinor,
-			state.Core.HWRenderCallback.DebugContext,
-		)
+		if (hw.HWContextType != libretro.HWContextOpenGL && hw.HWContextType != libretro.HWContextOpenGLCore) || hw.ContextReset == nil {
+			return false
+		}
+		vid.SetHWRenderContext(hw)
+		if vid != nil && vid.Window != nil && !state.CoreRunning {
+			if err := vid.ReconfigureHWContext(settings.Current.VideoFullscreen); err != nil {
+				vid.SetHWRenderContext(state.Core.HWRenderCallback)
+				log.Printf("[Env]: Could not create HW context %d (%d.%d): %v",
+					hw.HWContextType, hw.VersionMajor, hw.VersionMinor, err)
+				return false
+			}
+			state.MenuContextResetNeeded = true
+		}
+		state.Core.HWRenderCallback = hw
+		log.Println("[Env]: HWContextType:", hw.HWContextType)
 		return true
 	case libretro.EnvironmentSetHWSharedContext:
-		state.CoreSetSharedContext = true
-		log.Println("[Env]: SET_HW_SHARED_CONTEXT")
+		// All HW cores already get an isolated context shared with the frontend.
 		return true
 	case libretro.EnvironmentGetCanDupe:
 		libretro.SetBool(data, true)
@@ -169,7 +176,6 @@ func environment(cmd uint32, data unsafe.Pointer) bool {
 	case libretro.EnvironmentGetSaveDirectory:
 		return environmentGetSaveDirectory(data)
 	case libretro.EnvironmentGetPrefferedHWRender:
-		log.Println("[Env]: EnvironmentGetPrefferedHWRenderer:", libretro.HWContextOpenGL)
 		libretro.SetUint(data, uint(libretro.HWContextOpenGL))
 	case libretro.EnvironmentShutdown:
 		vid.SetShouldClose(true)
@@ -7,13 +7,14 @@ require (
 	github.com/fatih/structs v1.1.0
 	github.com/go-gl/gl v0.0.0-20260331235117-4566fea9a276
 	github.com/go-gl/glfw/v3.4/glfw v0.1.0-pre.1
+	github.com/go-gl/mathgl v1.0.0
 	github.com/golang/freetype v0.0.0-20170609003504-e2365dfdc4a0
 	github.com/lucasb-eyer/go-colorful v1.4.0
 	github.com/mholt/archives v0.1.5
 	github.com/pelletier/go-toml v1.9.5
 	github.com/tanema/gween v0.0.0-20250522035225-e874ee3ae01a
 	github.com/youpy/go-wav v0.3.2
-	golang.org/x/image v0.39.0
+	golang.org/x/image v0.41.0
 	golang.org/x/mobile v0.0.0-20260410095206-2cfb76559b7b
 )

@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/bodgit/windows v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/dsnet/compress v0.0.2-0.20230904184137-39efe44ab707 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru/v2 v2.0.7 // indirect
-	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.5 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.7 // indirect
 	github.com/klauspost/pgzip v1.2.6 // indirect
 	github.com/mikelolasagasti/xz v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/minio/minlz v1.0.1 // indirect
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/zaf/g711 v1.4.0 // indirect
 	go4.org v0.0.0-20230225012048-214862532bf5 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.43.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.36.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.37.0 // indirect
 )

 go 1.25.0
@@ -52,6 +52,8 @@ github.com/go-gl/gl v0.0.0-20260331235117-4566fea9a276 h1:IO5P06Pcj9K04d+l4nrf3c
 github.com/go-gl/gl v0.0.0-20260331235117-4566fea9a276/go.mod h1:9YTyiznxEY1fVinfM7RvRcjRHbw2xLBJ3AAGIT0I4Nw=
 github.com/go-gl/glfw v0.0.0-20190409004039-e6da0acd62b1/go.mod h1:vR7hzQXu2zJy9AVAgeJqvqgH9Q5CA+iKCZ2gyEVpxRU=
 github.com/go-gl/glfw/v3.3/glfw v0.0.0-20191125211704-12ad95a8df72/go.mod h1:tQ2UAYgL5IevRw8kRxooKSPJfGvJ9fJQFa0TUsXzTg8=
+github.com/go-gl/mathgl v1.0.0 h1:t9DznWJlXxxjeeKLIdovCOVJQk/GzDEL7h/h+Ro2B68=
+github.com/go-gl/mathgl v1.0.0/go.mod h1:yhpkQzEiH9yPyxDUGzkmgScbaBVlhC06qodikEM0ZwQ=
 github.com/golang/freetype v0.0.0-20170609003504-e2365dfdc4a0 h1:DACJavvAHhabrF08vX0COfcOBJRhZ8lUbR+ZWIs0Y5g=
 github.com/golang/freetype v0.0.0-20170609003504-e2365dfdc4a0/go.mod h1:E/TSTwGwJL78qG/PmXZO1EjYhfJinVAhrmmHX6Z8B9k=
 github.com/golang/glog v0.0.0-20160126235308-23def4e6c14b/go.mod h1:SBH7ygxi8pfUlaOkMMuAQtPIUF8ecWP5IEl/CR7VP2Q=
@@ -94,8 +96,8 @@ github.com/kisielk/gotool v1.0.0/go.mod h1:XhKaO+MFFWcvkIS/tQcRk01m1F5IRFswLeQ+o
 github.com/kivutar/glfw/v3.4/glfw v0.0.0-20260410202638-4349e4d5a0ee h1:PuDX5smvEEVGSd2s66iGqGtmrSldeBusjnLgIi92Sl4=
 github.com/kivutar/glfw/v3.4/glfw v0.0.0-20260410202638-4349e4d5a0ee/go.mod h1:T5Dn0JwIJOX1euPZ/iT4tq6nFYtmukjcYa7937HuYK8=
 github.com/klauspost/compress v1.4.1/go.mod h1:RyIbtBH6LamlWaDj8nUwkbUhJ87Yi3uG0guNDohfE1A=
-github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.5 h1:/h1gH5Ce+VWNLSWqPzOVn6XBO+vJbCNGvjoaGBFW2IE=
-github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.5/go.mod h1:cwPg85FWrGar70rWktvGQj8/hthj3wpl0PGDogxkrSQ=
+github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.7 h1:aUyZsS4kH3QTKurYhAOwAHxllVPnOthb3vPfnF1Ehjw=
+github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.7/go.mod h1:cwPg85FWrGar70rWktvGQj8/hthj3wpl0PGDogxkrSQ=
 github.com/klauspost/cpuid v1.2.0/go.mod h1:Pj4uuM528wm8OyEC2QMXAi2YiTZ96dNQPGgoMS4s3ek=
 github.com/klauspost/pgzip v1.2.6 h1:8RXeL5crjEUFnR2/Sn6GJNWtSQ3Dk8pq4CL3jvdDyjU=
 github.com/klauspost/pgzip v1.2.6/go.mod h1:Ch1tH69qFZu15pkjo5kYi6mth2Zzwzt50oCQKQE9RUs=
@@ -175,10 +177,11 @@ golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20191129062945-2f5052295587/go.mod h1:2RIsYlXP63K8oxa1u0
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20191227195350-da58074b4299/go.mod h1:2RIsYlXP63K8oxa1u096TMicItID8zy7Y6sNkU49FU4=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20200207192155-f17229e696bd/go.mod h1:J/WKrq2StrnmMY6+EHIKF9dgMWnmCNThgcyBT1FY9mM=
 golang.org/x/image v0.0.0-20190227222117-0694c2d4d067/go.mod h1:kZ7UVZpmo3dzQBMxlp+ypCbDeSB+sBbTgSJuh5dn5js=
+golang.org/x/image v0.0.0-20190321063152-3fc05d484e9f/go.mod h1:kZ7UVZpmo3dzQBMxlp+ypCbDeSB+sBbTgSJuh5dn5js=
 golang.org/x/image v0.0.0-20190802002840-cff245a6509b/go.mod h1:FeLwcggjj3mMvU+oOTbSwawSJRM1uh48EjtB4UJZlP0=
 golang.org/x/image v0.0.0-20191009234506-e7c1f5e7dbb8/go.mod h1:FeLwcggjj3mMvU+oOTbSwawSJRM1uh48EjtB4UJZlP0=
-golang.org/x/image v0.39.0 h1:skVYidAEVKgn8lZ602XO75asgXBgLj9G/FE3RbuPFww=
-golang.org/x/image v0.39.0/go.mod h1:sIbmppfU+xFLPIG0FoVUTvyBMmgng1/XAMhQ2ft0hpA=
+golang.org/x/image v0.41.0 h1:8wS72eGJMJaBxK6okTzd4WaXumUlTVlb753MlsSvTCo=
+golang.org/x/image v0.41.0/go.mod h1:uIc348UZMSvS5Z65CVZ7iDPaNobNFEPeJ4kbqTOszmA=
 golang.org/x/lint v0.0.0-20181026193005-c67002cb31c3/go.mod h1:UVdnD1Gm6xHRNCYTkRU2/jEulfH38KcIWyp/GAMgvoE=
 golang.org/x/lint v0.0.0-20190227174305-5b3e6a55c961/go.mod h1:wehouNa3lNwaWXcvxsM5YxQ5yQlVC4a0KAMCusXpPoU=
 golang.org/x/lint v0.0.0-20190301231843-5614ed5bae6f/go.mod h1:UVdnD1Gm6xHRNCYTkRU2/jEulfH38KcIWyp/GAMgvoE=
@@ -256,8 +259,8 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.3.2/go.mod h1:bEr9sfX3Q8Zfm5fL9x+3itogRgK3+ptLWKqgva+5dAk=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.7/go.mod h1:u+2+/6zg+i71rQMx5EYifcz6MCKuco9NR6JIITiCfzQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.7.0/go.mod h1:mrYo+phRRbMaCq/xk9113O4dZlRixOauAjOtrjsXDZ8=
-golang.org/x/text v0.36.0 h1:JfKh3XmcRPqZPKevfXVpI1wXPTqbkE5f7JA92a55Yxg=
-golang.org/x/text v0.36.0/go.mod h1:NIdBknypM8iqVmPiuco0Dh6P5Jcdk8lJL0CUebqK164=
+golang.org/x/text v0.37.0 h1:Cqjiwd9eSg8e0QAkyCaQTNHFIIzWtidPahFWR83rTrc=
+golang.org/x/text v0.37.0/go.mod h1:a5sjxXGs9hsn/AJVwuElvCAo9v8QYLzvavO5z2PiM38=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20181108054448-85acf8d2951c/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20190308202827-9d24e82272b4/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
@@ -8,121 +8,34 @@ package libretro
 #include <pthread.h>
 #include <stdint.h>

-#ifdef __APPLE__
-#include <mach/semaphore.h>
-#include <mach/task.h>
-#include <mach/mach_init.h>
-#define SEM_T semaphore_t
-#define SEM_INIT(x) semaphore_create(mach_task_self(), &x, SYNC_POLICY_FIFO, 0);
-#define SEM_POST(x) semaphore_signal(x)
-#define SEM_WAIT(x) semaphore_wait(x)
-#else
-#include <semaphore.h>
-#define SEM_T sem_t
-#define SEM_INIT(x) sem_init(&x, 0, 0)
-#define SEM_POST(x) sem_post(&x)
-#define SEM_WAIT(x) sem_wait(&x)
-#endif
-
-#if 0
-#define print_sema(...) (printf(__VA_ARGS__))
-#else
-#define print_sema(...) do {} while (0)
-#endif
-
-enum {
-	CMD_F,
-	CMD_SERIALIZE,
-};
-
-struct thread_cmd_t {
-	int   cmd;
-	void* f;
-	void* arg1;
-	void* arg2;
-	void* arg3;
-	void* arg4;
-	void* res;
-};
-
-struct thread_cmd_t s_job;
 static pthread_t s_thread;
-static SEM_T s_sem_do;
-static SEM_T s_sem_done;
-static bool s_use_thread = false;
 static uintptr_t s_current_framebuffer = 0;

-void* emu_thread_loop(void *a0) {
-	print_sema("begin thread\n");
-
-	SEM_POST(s_sem_done);
-
-	print_sema("signal thread\n");
-
-	while (1) {
-		print_sema("wait do\n");
-		SEM_WAIT(s_sem_do);
-
-		print_sema("do\n");
-		switch (s_job.cmd) {
-		case CMD_F:
-			((void (*)(void))s_job.f)();
-			break;
-		case CMD_SERIALIZE: {
-			bool res = ((bool (*)(void*, size_t))s_job.f)(s_job.arg1, *(size_t*)s_job.arg2);
-			*(bool*)s_job.res = res;
-			break;
-		}
-		default:
-			break;
-		}
-
-		print_sema("signal done\n");
-		SEM_POST(s_sem_done);
-	}
+// Go can track libco's alternate callback stacks only on a C-created thread.
+static void *emu_thread_loop(void *unused) {
+	void coreThreadLoop();
+	coreThreadLoop();
+	return NULL;
 }

-void thread_sync() {
-	// Fire the job
-	print_sema("signal do\n");
-	SEM_POST(s_sem_do);
-
-	// Wait the result
-	print_sema("wait done\n");
-	SEM_WAIT(s_sem_done);
-
-	print_sema("done\n");
+int cothread_init() {
+	return pthread_create(&s_thread, NULL, emu_thread_loop, NULL);
 }

-void run_wrapper(void *f) {
-	if (s_use_thread) {
-		s_job.cmd = CMD_F;
-		s_job.f = f;
-		thread_sync();
-	} else {
-		((void (*)(void))f)();
-	}
+void cothread_deinit() {
+	pthread_join(s_thread, NULL);
 }

-void cothread_init() {
-	s_use_thread = true;
-
-	SEM_INIT(s_sem_do);
-	SEM_INIT(s_sem_done);
-
-	print_sema("create thread\n");
-	pthread_create(&s_thread, NULL, emu_thread_loop, NULL);
-
-	print_sema("wait thread\n");
-	SEM_WAIT(s_sem_done);
+bool cothread_is_current() {
+	return pthread_equal(pthread_self(), s_thread);
 }

 void bridge_retro_init(void *f) {
-	run_wrapper(f);
+	((void (*)(void))f)();
 }

 void bridge_retro_deinit(void *f) {
-	run_wrapper(f);
+	((void (*)(void))f)();
 }

 unsigned bridge_retro_api_version(void *f) {
@@ -162,7 +75,7 @@ void bridge_retro_set_environment(void *f, void *callback) {
 }

 void bridge_retro_set_video_refresh(void *f, void *callback) {
-	((bool (*)(retro_video_refresh_t))f)((retro_video_refresh_t)callback);
+	((void (*)(retro_video_refresh_t))f)((retro_video_refresh_t)callback);
 }

 void bridge_retro_set_controller_port_device(void *f, unsigned port, unsigned device) {
@@ -170,23 +83,23 @@ void bridge_retro_set_controller_port_device(void *f, unsigned port, unsigned de
 }

 void bridge_retro_set_input_poll(void *f, void *callback) {
-	((bool (*)(retro_input_poll_t))f)((retro_input_poll_t)callback);
+	((void (*)(retro_input_poll_t))f)((retro_input_poll_t)callback);
 }

 void bridge_retro_set_input_state(void *f, void *callback) {
-	((bool (*)(retro_input_state_t))f)((retro_input_state_t)callback);
+	((void (*)(retro_input_state_t))f)((retro_input_state_t)callback);
 }

 void bridge_retro_set_audio_sample(void *f, void *callback) {
-	((bool (*)(retro_audio_sample_t))f)((retro_audio_sample_t)callback);
+	((void (*)(retro_audio_sample_t))f)((retro_audio_sample_t)callback);
 }

 void bridge_retro_set_audio_sample_batch(void *f, void *callback) {
-	((bool (*)(retro_audio_sample_batch_t))f)((retro_audio_sample_batch_t)callback);
+	((void (*)(retro_audio_sample_batch_t))f)((retro_audio_sample_batch_t)callback);
 }

 bool bridge_retro_load_game(void *f, struct retro_game_info *gi) {
-  return ((bool (*)(struct retro_game_info *))f)(gi);
+  return ((bool (*)(const struct retro_game_info *))f)(gi);
 }

 size_t bridge_retro_serialize_size(void *f) {
@@ -194,49 +107,23 @@ size_t bridge_retro_serialize_size(void *f) {
 }

 bool bridge_retro_serialize(void *f, void *data, size_t size) {
-	if (s_use_thread) {
-		bool res;
-		s_job.cmd = CMD_SERIALIZE;
-		s_job.f = f;
-		s_job.arg1 = data;
-		s_job.arg2 = &size;
-		s_job.res  = &res;
-
-		thread_sync();
-
-		return s_job.res;
-	} else {
-		return ((bool (*)(void*, size_t))f)(data, size);
-	}
+	return ((bool (*)(void*, size_t))f)(data, size);
 }

 bool bridge_retro_unserialize(void *f, void *data, size_t size) {
-	if (s_use_thread) {
-		bool res;
-		s_job.cmd = CMD_SERIALIZE; // Same command format for both serialize & unserialize
-		s_job.f = f;
-		s_job.arg1 = data;
-		s_job.arg2 = &size;
-		s_job.res  = &res;
-
-		thread_sync();
-
-		return s_job.res;
-	} else {
-		return ((bool (*)(void*, size_t))f)(data, size);
-	}
+	return ((bool (*)(const void*, size_t))f)(data, size);
 }

 void bridge_retro_unload_game(void *f) {
-	run_wrapper(f);
+	((void (*)(void))f)();
 }

 void bridge_retro_run(void *f) {
-	run_wrapper(f);
+	((void (*)(void))f)();
 }

 void bridge_retro_reset(void *f) {
-	run_wrapper(f);
+	((void (*)(void))f)();
 }

 size_t bridge_retro_get_memory_size(void *f, unsigned id) {
@@ -14,7 +14,9 @@ package libretro
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>

-void cothread_init();
+int cothread_init();
+void cothread_deinit();
+bool cothread_is_current();

 void bridge_retro_init(void *f);
 void bridge_retro_deinit(void *f);
@@ -63,6 +65,8 @@ uintptr_t coreGetProcAddress_cgo(const char *sym);
 import "C"
 import (
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"runtime"
 	"strings"
 	"unsafe"
 )
@@ -463,18 +467,92 @@ type (
 )

 var (
-	environment           environmentFunc
-	videoRefresh          videoRefreshFunc
-	audioSample           audioSampleFunc
-	audioSampleBatch      audioSampleBatchFunc
-	inputPoll             inputPollFunc
-	inputState            inputStateFunc
-	log                   logFunc
-	getTimeUsec           getTimeUsecFunc
-	getCurrentFramebuffer getCurrentFramebufferFunc
-	getProcAddress        getProcAddressFunc
+	environment      environmentFunc
+	videoRefresh     videoRefreshFunc
+	audioSample      audioSampleFunc
+	audioSampleBatch audioSampleBatchFunc
+	inputPoll        inputPollFunc
+	inputState       inputStateFunc
+	log              logFunc
+	getTimeUsec      getTimeUsecFunc
+	getProcAddress   getProcAddressFunc
+	releaseContext   func()
+	acquireContext   func()
+	coreCalls        chan func()
+	frontendCalls    chan func()
 )

+// SetContextCallbacks hands the current graphics context between the calling
+// thread and the native core thread. Calls remain synchronous.
+func SetContextCallbacks(release, acquire func()) {
+	releaseContext, acquireContext = release, acquire
+}
+
+func coreReleaseContext() {
+	if releaseContext != nil {
+		releaseContext()
+	}
+}
+
+func coreAcquireContext() {
+	if acquireContext != nil {
+		acquireContext()
+	}
+}
+
+//export coreThreadLoop
+func coreThreadLoop() {
+	runtime.LockOSThread()
+	defer runtime.UnlockOSThread()
+	for call := range coreCalls {
+		call()
+	}
+}
+
+// Calls are synchronous, but must service callbacks on the waiting thread.
+// Pumping both directions also permits a callback to make a nested core call.
+func threadCall(calls, callbacks chan func(), f func()) {
+	coreReleaseContext()
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	calls <- func() {
+		coreAcquireContext()
+		f()
+		coreReleaseContext()
+		close(done)
+	}
+	for {
+		select {
+		case callback := <-callbacks:
+			callback()
+		case <-done:
+			coreAcquireContext()
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// The frontend calls from its locked OS thread; core callbacks can reenter here.
+func coreCall(f func()) {
+	if coreCalls == nil || bool(C.cothread_is_current()) {
+		f()
+		return
+	}
+	threadCall(coreCalls, frontendCalls, f)
+}
+
+func coreResult[T any](f func() T) (result T) {
+	coreCall(func() { result = f() })
+	return
+}
+
+func frontendCall(f func()) {
+	if coreCalls == nil || !bool(C.cothread_is_current()) {
+		f()
+		return
+	}
+	threadCall(frontendCalls, coreCalls, f)
+}
+
 // Load dynamically loads a libretro core at the given path and returns a Core instance
 func Load(sofile string) (*Core, error) {
 	core := Core{}
@@ -485,6 +563,13 @@ func Load(sofile string) (*Core, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}

+	coreCalls, frontendCalls = make(chan func()), make(chan func())
+	if err := C.cothread_init(); err != 0 {
+		coreCalls, frontendCalls = nil, nil
+		DlClose(core.handle)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("start core thread: %s", C.GoString(C.strerror(err)))
+	}
+
 	core.symRetroInit = DlSym(core.handle, "retro_init")
 	core.symRetroDeinit = DlSym(core.handle, "retro_deinit")
 	core.symRetroAPIVersion = DlSym(core.handle, "retro_api_version")
@@ -512,18 +597,21 @@ func Load(sofile string) (*Core, error) {

 // Init takes care of the library global initialization
 func (core *Core) Init() {
-	C.bridge_retro_init(core.symRetroInit)
+	coreCall(func() { C.bridge_retro_init(core.symRetroInit) })
 }

 // APIVersion returns the RETRO_API_VERSION.
 // Used to validate ABI compatibility when the API is revised.
 func (core *Core) APIVersion() uint {
-	return uint(C.bridge_retro_api_version(core.symRetroAPIVersion))
+	return coreResult(func() uint { return uint(C.bridge_retro_api_version(core.symRetroAPIVersion)) })
 }

 // Deinit takes care of the library global deinitialization
 func (core *Core) Deinit() {
-	C.bridge_retro_deinit(core.symRetroDeinit)
+	coreCall(func() { C.bridge_retro_deinit(core.symRetroDeinit) })
+	close(coreCalls)
+	C.cothread_deinit()
+	coreCalls, frontendCalls = nil, nil
 	DlClose(core.handle)
 	core.MemoryMap = nil
 	environment = nil
@@ -534,7 +622,6 @@ func (core *Core) Deinit() {
 	inputState = nil
 	log = nil
 	getTimeUsec = nil
-	getCurrentFramebuffer = nil
 	getProcAddress = nil
 }

@@ -545,12 +632,12 @@ func (core *Core) Deinit() {
 // a frame if GET_CAN_DUPE returns true.
 // In this case, the video callback can take a NULL argument for data.
 func (core *Core) Run() {
-	C.bridge_retro_run(core.symRetroRun)
+	coreCall(func() { C.bridge_retro_run(core.symRetroRun) })
 }

 // Reset resets the current game.
 func (core *Core) Reset() {
-	C.bridge_retro_reset(core.symRetroReset)
+	coreCall(func() { C.bridge_retro_reset(core.symRetroReset) })
 }

 // GetSystemInfo returns statically known system info. Pointers provided in *info
@@ -558,7 +645,7 @@ func (core *Core) Reset() {
 // Can be called at any time, even before retro_init().
 func (core *Core) GetSystemInfo() SystemInfo {
 	rsi := C.struct_retro_system_info{}
-	C.bridge_retro_get_system_info(core.symRetroGetSystemInfo, &rsi)
+	coreCall(func() { C.bridge_retro_get_system_info(core.symRetroGetSystemInfo, &rsi) })
 	return SystemInfo{
 		LibraryName:     C.GoString(rsi.library_name),
 		LibraryVersion:  C.GoString(rsi.library_version),
@@ -576,7 +663,7 @@ func (core *Core) GetSystemInfo() SystemInfo {
 // desire a particular aspect ratio.
 func (core *Core) GetSystemAVInfo() SystemAVInfo {
 	avi := C.struct_retro_system_av_info{}
-	C.bridge_retro_get_system_av_info(core.symRetroGetSystemAVInfo, &avi)
+	coreCall(func() { C.bridge_retro_get_system_av_info(core.symRetroGetSystemAVInfo, &avi) })
 	return SystemAVInfo{
 		Geometry: GameGeometry{
 			AspectRatio: float64(avi.geometry.aspect_ratio),
@@ -598,7 +685,7 @@ func (core *Core) LoadGame(gi GameInfo) bool {
 	rgi.path = C.CString(gi.Path)
 	rgi.size = C.size_t(gi.Size)
 	rgi.data = gi.Data
-	return bool(C.bridge_retro_load_game(core.symRetroLoadGame, &rgi))
+	return coreResult(func() bool { return bool(C.bridge_retro_load_game(core.symRetroLoadGame, &rgi)) })
 }

 // SerializeSize returns the amount of data the implementation requires to serialize
@@ -607,18 +694,18 @@ func (core *Core) LoadGame(gi GameInfo) bool {
 // returned size is never allowed to be larger than a previous returned
 // value, to ensure that the frontend can allocate a save state buffer once.
 func (core *Core) SerializeSize() uint {
-	return uint(C.bridge_retro_serialize_size(core.symRetroSerializeSize))
+	return coreResult(func() uint { return uint(C.bridge_retro_serialize_size(core.symRetroSerializeSize)) })
 }

 // Serialize serializes internal state and returns the state as a byte slice.
 func (core *Core) Serialize(size uint) ([]byte, error) {
 	data := C.malloc(C.size_t(size))
-	ok := bool(C.bridge_retro_serialize(core.symRetroSerialize, data, C.size_t(size)))
+	defer C.free(data)
+	ok := coreResult(func() bool { return bool(C.bridge_retro_serialize(core.symRetroSerialize, data, C.size_t(size))) })
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, errors.New("retro_serialize failed")
 	}
 	bytes := C.GoBytes(data, C.int(size))
-	C.free(data)
 	return bytes, nil
 }

@@ -630,7 +717,9 @@ func (core *Core) Unserialize(bytes []byte, size uint) error {
 	if uint(len(bytes)) > size {
 		size = uint(len(bytes))
 	}
-	ok := bool(C.bridge_retro_unserialize(core.symRetroUnserialize, unsafe.Pointer(&bytes[0]), C.size_t(size)))
+	ok := coreResult(func() bool {
+		return bool(C.bridge_retro_unserialize(core.symRetroUnserialize, unsafe.Pointer(&bytes[0]), C.size_t(size)))
+	})
 	if !ok {
 		return errors.New("retro_unserialize failed")
 	}
@@ -639,49 +728,51 @@ func (core *Core) Unserialize(bytes []byte, size uint) error {

 // UnloadGame unloads a currently loaded game
 func (core *Core) UnloadGame() {
-	C.bridge_retro_unload_game(core.symRetroUnloadGame)
+	coreCall(func() { C.bridge_retro_unload_game(core.symRetroUnloadGame) })
 }

 // SetEnvironment sets the environment callback.
 // Must be called before Init
 func (core *Core) SetEnvironment(f environmentFunc) {
 	environment = f
-	C.bridge_retro_set_environment(core.symRetroSetEnvironment, C.coreEnvironment_cgo)
+	coreCall(func() { C.bridge_retro_set_environment(core.symRetroSetEnvironment, C.coreEnvironment_cgo) })
 }

 // SetVideoRefresh sets the video refresh callback.
 // Must be set before the first Run call
 func (core *Core) SetVideoRefresh(f videoRefreshFunc) {
 	videoRefresh = f
-	C.bridge_retro_set_video_refresh(core.symRetroSetVideoRefresh, C.coreVideoRefresh_cgo)
+	coreCall(func() { C.bridge_retro_set_video_refresh(core.symRetroSetVideoRefresh, C.coreVideoRefresh_cgo) })
 }

 // SetAudioSample sets the audio sample callback.
 // Must be set before the first Run call
 func (core *Core) SetAudioSample(f audioSampleFunc) {
 	audioSample = f
-	C.bridge_retro_set_audio_sample(core.symRetroSetAudioSample, C.coreAudioSample_cgo)
+	coreCall(func() { C.bridge_retro_set_audio_sample(core.symRetroSetAudioSample, C.coreAudioSample_cgo) })
 }

 // SetAudioSampleBatch sets the audio sample batch callback.
 // Must be set before the first Run call
 func (core *Core) SetAudioSampleBatch(f audioSampleBatchFunc) {
 	audioSampleBatch = f
-	C.bridge_retro_set_audio_sample_batch(core.symRetroSetAudioSampleBatch, C.coreAudioSampleBatch_cgo)
+	coreCall(func() {
+		C.bridge_retro_set_audio_sample_batch(core.symRetroSetAudioSampleBatch, C.coreAudioSampleBatch_cgo)
+	})
 }

 // SetInputPoll sets the input poll callback.
 // Must be set before the first Run call
 func (core *Core) SetInputPoll(f inputPollFunc) {
 	inputPoll = f
-	C.bridge_retro_set_input_poll(core.symRetroSetInputPoll, C.coreInputPoll_cgo)
+	coreCall(func() { C.bridge_retro_set_input_poll(core.symRetroSetInputPoll, C.coreInputPoll_cgo) })
 }

 // SetInputState sets the input state callback.
 // Must be set before the first Run call
 func (core *Core) SetInputState(f inputStateFunc) {
 	inputState = f
-	C.bridge_retro_set_input_state(core.symRetroSetInputState, C.coreInputState_cgo)
+	coreCall(func() { C.bridge_retro_set_input_state(core.symRetroSetInputState, C.coreInputState_cgo) })
 }

 // BindLogCallback binds f to the log callback
@@ -700,7 +791,9 @@ func (core *Core) BindPerfCallback(data unsafe.Pointer, f getTimeUsecFunc) {

 // SetControllerPortDevice sets the device type attached to a controller port
 func (core *Core) SetControllerPortDevice(port uint, device uint32) {
-	C.bridge_retro_set_controller_port_device(core.symRetroSetControllerPortDevice, C.unsigned(port), C.unsigned(device))
+	coreCall(func() {
+		C.bridge_retro_set_controller_port_device(core.symRetroSetControllerPortDevice, C.unsigned(port), C.unsigned(device))
+	})
 }

 //export coreEnvironment
@@ -708,6 +801,12 @@ func coreEnvironment(cmd C.unsigned, data unsafe.Pointer) bool {
 	if environment == nil {
 		return false
 	}
+	// Only window operations need the frontend thread. Routine queries stay here.
+	if cmd == C.RETRO_ENVIRONMENT_SET_HW_RENDER || cmd == C.RETRO_ENVIRONMENT_SHUTDOWN {
+		var result bool
+		frontendCall(func() { result = environment(uint32(cmd), data) })
+		return result
+	}
 	return environment(uint32(cmd), data)
 }

@@ -732,6 +831,12 @@ func coreInputState(port C.unsigned, device C.unsigned, index C.unsigned, id C.u
 	if inputState == nil {
 		return 0
 	}
+	// Mouse state is queried through GLFW rather than the polled input snapshot.
+	if device == C.RETRO_DEVICE_MOUSE {
+		var result C.int16_t
+		frontendCall(func() { result = C.int16_t(inputState(uint(port), uint32(device), uint(index), uint(id))) })
+		return result
+	}
 	return C.int16_t(inputState(uint(port), uint32(device), uint(index), uint(id)))
 }

@@ -767,11 +872,6 @@ func coreGetTimeUsec() C.uint64_t {
 	return C.uint64_t(getTimeUsec())
 }

-//export coreGetCurrentFramebuffer
-func coreGetCurrentFramebuffer() C.uintptr_t {
-	return C.uintptr_t(getCurrentFramebuffer())
-}
-
 //export coreGetProcAddress
 func coreGetProcAddress(sym *C.char) C.uintptr_t {
 	return C.uintptr_t(getProcAddress(C.GoString(sym)))
@@ -939,7 +1039,7 @@ func (core *Core) SetFrameTimeCallback(data unsafe.Pointer) {
 	ftc := &FrameTimeCallback{}
 	ftc.Reference = int64(c.reference)
 	ftc.Callback = func(usec int64) {
-		C.bridge_retro_frame_time_callback(c.callback, C.retro_usec_t(usec))
+		coreCall(func() { C.bridge_retro_frame_time_callback(c.callback, C.retro_usec_t(usec)) })
 	}
 	core.FrameTimeCallback = ftc
 }
@@ -954,14 +1054,17 @@ func SetHWRenderCallback(
 	hwrc := HWRenderCallback{}
 	hwrc.HWContextType = uint32(c.context_type)

-	getCurrentFramebuffer = currentFramebuffer
 	getProcAddress = procAddress
 	SetCurrentFramebufferValue(currentFramebuffer())
 	c.get_current_framebuffer = (C.retro_hw_get_current_framebuffer_t)(C.coreGetCurrentFramebuffer_cgo)
 	c.get_proc_address = (C.retro_hw_get_proc_address_t)(C.coreGetProcAddress_cgo)

-	hwrc.ContextReset = func() {
-		C.bridge_retro_hw_context_reset((C.retro_hw_context_reset_t)(c.context_reset))
+	// The request may be stack-allocated by the core. Keep callback values, not c.
+	reset, destroy := c.context_reset, c.context_destroy
+	if reset != nil {
+		hwrc.ContextReset = func() {
+			coreCall(func() { C.bridge_retro_hw_context_reset(reset) })
+		}
 	}

 	hwrc.Depth = bool(c.depth)
@@ -970,10 +1073,12 @@ func SetHWRenderCallback(
 	hwrc.VersionMajor = uint(c.version_major)
 	hwrc.VersionMinor = uint(c.version_minor)
 	hwrc.CacheContext = bool(c.cache_context)
-	hwrc.DebugContext = bool(c.debug_context)
-	hwrc.ContextDestroy = func() {
-		C.bridge_retro_hw_context_destroy((C.retro_hw_context_reset_t)(c.context_destroy))
+	if destroy != nil {
+		hwrc.ContextDestroy = func() {
+			coreCall(func() { C.bridge_retro_hw_context_destroy(destroy) })
+		}
 	}
+	hwrc.DebugContext = bool(c.debug_context)
 	return &hwrc
 }

@@ -982,10 +1087,10 @@ func (core *Core) SetAudioCallback(data unsafe.Pointer) {
 	c := *(*C.struct_retro_audio_callback)(data)
 	auc := &AudioCallback{}
 	auc.Callback = func() {
-		C.bridge_retro_audio_callback(c.callback)
+		coreCall(func() { C.bridge_retro_audio_callback(c.callback) })
 	}
 	auc.SetState = func(state bool) {
-		C.bridge_retro_audio_set_state(c.set_state, C.bool(state))
+		coreCall(func() { C.bridge_retro_audio_set_state(c.set_state, C.bool(state)) })
 	}
 	core.AudioCallback = auc
 }
@@ -993,13 +1098,15 @@ func (core *Core) SetAudioCallback(data unsafe.Pointer) {
 // GetMemorySize returns the size of a region of the memory.
 // See memory constants.
 func (core *Core) GetMemorySize(id uint32) uint {
-	return uint(C.bridge_retro_get_memory_size(core.symRetroGetMemorySize, C.unsigned(id)))
+	return coreResult(func() uint { return uint(C.bridge_retro_get_memory_size(core.symRetroGetMemorySize, C.unsigned(id))) })
 }

 // GetMemoryData returns the size of a region of the memory.
 // See memory constants.
 func (core *Core) GetMemoryData(id uint32) unsafe.Pointer {
-	return C.bridge_retro_get_memory_data(core.symRetroGetMemoryData, C.unsigned(id))
+	return coreResult(func() unsafe.Pointer {
+		return C.bridge_retro_get_memory_data(core.symRetroGetMemoryData, C.unsigned(id))
+	})
 }

 // DiskControlCallback is an interface which frontend can use to eject and insert disk images
@@ -1019,19 +1126,19 @@ func (core *Core) SetDiskControlCallback(data unsafe.Pointer) {
 	c := *(*C.struct_retro_disk_control_callback)(data)
 	dcc := &DiskControlCallback{}
 	dcc.SetEjectState = func(state bool) {
-		C.bridge_retro_set_eject_state(c.set_eject_state, C.bool(state))
+		coreCall(func() { C.bridge_retro_set_eject_state(c.set_eject_state, C.bool(state)) })
 	}
 	dcc.GetEjectState = func() bool {
-		return bool(C.bridge_retro_get_eject_state(c.get_eject_state))
+		return coreResult(func() bool { return bool(C.bridge_retro_get_eject_state(c.get_eject_state)) })
 	}
 	dcc.GetImageIndex = func() uint {
-		return uint(C.bridge_retro_get_image_index(c.get_image_index))
+		return coreResult(func() uint { return uint(C.bridge_retro_get_image_index(c.get_image_index)) })
 	}
 	dcc.SetImageIndex = func(index uint) {
-		C.bridge_retro_set_image_index(c.set_image_index, C.uint(index))
+		coreCall(func() { C.bridge_retro_set_image_index(c.set_image_index, C.uint(index)) })
 	}
 	dcc.GetNumImages = func() uint {
-		return uint(C.bridge_retro_get_num_images(c.get_num_images))
+		return coreResult(func() uint { return uint(C.bridge_retro_get_num_images(c.get_num_images)) })
 	}
 	core.DiskControlCallback = dcc
 }
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ func DlOpen(path string) (DlHandle, error) {
 	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cpath))

 	h := C.dlopen(cpath, C.RTLD_LAZY|C.RTLD_GLOBAL)
-	cerr := C.dlerror()
-	if h == nil || cerr != nil {
+	if h == nil {
+		cerr := C.dlerror()
 		err := C.GoString(cerr)
 		return nil, errors.New(err)
 	}
@@ -30,6 +30,22 @@ func init() {

 var frame = 0

+func fulfillPendingScreenshot(vid *video.Video) {
+	if state.PendingScreenshotName == "" {
+		return
+	}
+
+	name := state.PendingScreenshotName
+	done := state.PendingScreenshotDone
+	state.PendingScreenshotName = ""
+	state.PendingScreenshotDone = nil
+
+	err := vid.TakeScreenshotInFrontendFrame(name)
+	if done != nil {
+		done(err)
+	}
+}
+
 func runLoop(vid *video.Video, m *menu.Menu) {
 	var currTime time.Time
 	prevTime := time.Now()
@@ -39,32 +55,43 @@ func runLoop(vid *video.Video, m *menu.Menu) {
 		glfw.PollEvents()
 		m.ProcessHotkeys()
 		ntf.Process(dt)
-		vid.ResizeViewport()
 		m.UpdatePalette()
 		input.Poll()
-		if !state.MenuActive {
+		menuActive := state.MenuActive
+		if menuActive {
+			m.Update(dt)
+		}
+		if state.MenuContextResetNeeded {
+			m.ContextReset()
+			state.MenuContextResetNeeded = false
+		}
+		if !menuActive {
 			if state.CoreRunning {
-				vid.BeginCoreFrame()
+				vid.BeginCore()
 				state.Core.Run()
-				vid.EndCoreFrame()
 				if state.Core.FrameTimeCallback != nil {
 					state.Core.FrameTimeCallback.Callback(state.Core.FrameTimeCallback.Reference)
 				}
 				if state.Core.AudioCallback != nil {
 					state.Core.AudioCallback.Callback()
 				}
+				vid.EndCore()
 			}
+			vid.BeginFrontendFrame()
 			vid.Render()
+			vid.CachePresentedFrame()
+			m.RenderNotifications()
 			frame++
 			if frame%600 == 0 { // save sram about every 10 sec
 				savefiles.SaveSRAM()
 			}
 		} else {
-			m.Update(dt)
-			vid.Render()
+			vid.BeginFrontendFrame()
+			vid.RenderPresentedFrame()
+			fulfillPendingScreenshot(vid)
 			m.Render(dt)
+			m.RenderNotifications()
 		}
-		m.RenderNotifications()
 		if state.FastForward {
 			glfw.SwapInterval(0)
 		} else {
@@ -130,18 +157,14 @@ func main() {
 	input.Init(vid)

 	if len(state.CorePath) > 0 {
-		err := core.Load(state.CorePath)
-		if err == nil {
-			if len(gamePath) > 0 {
-				err := core.LoadGame(gamePath)
-				if err != nil {
-					ntf.DisplayAndLog(ntf.Error, "Menu", err.Error())
-				} else {
-					m.WarpToQuickMenu()
-				}
-			}
-		} else {
+		if err := core.Load(state.CorePath); err != nil {
 			ntf.DisplayAndLog(ntf.Error, "Menu", err.Error())
+		} else if len(gamePath) > 0 {
+			if err := core.LoadGame(gamePath); err != nil {
+				ntf.DisplayAndLog(ntf.Error, "Menu", err.Error())
+			} else {
+				m.WarpToQuickMenu()
+			}
 		}
 	}

@@ -196,8 +196,7 @@ func (m *Menu) ProcessHotkeys() {
 	// Toggle fullscreen if ActionFullscreenToggle is released
 	if input.Released[0][input.ActionFullscreenToggle] == 1 {
 		settings.Current.VideoFullscreen = !settings.Current.VideoFullscreen
-		m.Reconfigure(settings.Current.VideoFullscreen)
-		m.ContextReset()
+		m.SetFullscreen(settings.Current.VideoFullscreen)
 		err := settings.Save()
 		if err != nil {
 			ntf.DisplayAndLogf(ntf.Error, "Menu", "Error saving settings: %v", err)
@@ -102,10 +102,12 @@ func (m *Menu) ContextReset() {
 		m.icons[filename] = video.NewImage(path)
 	}

-	currentScreenIndex := len(m.stack) - 1
-	curList := m.stack[currentScreenIndex].Entry()
-	for i := range curList.children {
-		curList.children[i].thumbnail = 0
+	// Every retained scene's texture names belong to the old context.
+	for _, scene := range m.stack {
+		list := scene.Entry()
+		for i := range list.children {
+			list.children[i].thumbnail = 0
+		}
 	}
 }

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ var severityBgColor map[ntf.Severity]video.Color
 // RenderNotifications draws the list of notification messages on the viewport
 func (m *Menu) RenderNotifications() {
 	fbw, fbh := m.GetFramebufferSize()
+	m.ratio = float32(fbw) / 1920
 	m.Font.UpdateResolution(fbw, fbh)
 	var h float32 = 75
 	stack := h
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ func buildCoreOptions() Scene {
 	var list sceneCoreOptions
 	list.label = "Core Options"

-	if core.Options == nil {
+	if core.Options == nil || len(core.Options.Vars) == 0 {
 		list.children = append(list.children, entry{
 			label: "No options",
 			icon:  "subsetting",
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ func gameExplorerCb(path string) {

 // Shutdown the operating system
 func cleanShutdown() {
-	core.UnloadGame()
+	core.Unload()
 	if err := exec.Command("/usr/sbin/shutdown", "-P", "now").Run(); err != nil {
 		ntf.DisplayAndLog(ntf.Error, "Menu", err.Error())
 	}
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ func cleanShutdown() {

 // Reboots the operating system
 func cleanReboot() {
-	core.UnloadGame()
+	core.Unload()
 	if err := exec.Command("/usr/sbin/shutdown", "-r", "now").Run(); err != nil {
 		ntf.DisplayAndLog(ntf.Error, "Menu", err.Error())
 	}
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package menu

 import (
+	"github.com/libretro/ludo/core"
 	ntf "github.com/libretro/ludo/notifications"
 	"github.com/libretro/ludo/state"
 	"github.com/libretro/ludo/utils"
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ func buildQuickMenu() Scene {
 		label: "Reset",
 		icon:  "reset",
 		callbackOK: func() {
-			state.Core.Reset()
+			core.Reset()
 			state.MenuActive = false
 			state.FastForward = false
 		},
@@ -47,11 +48,13 @@ func buildQuickMenu() Scene {
 		icon:  "screenshot",
 		callbackOK: func() {
 			name := utils.DatedName(state.GamePath)
-			err := menu.TakeScreenshot(name)
-			if err != nil {
-				ntf.DisplayAndLog(ntf.Error, "Menu", err.Error())
-			} else {
-				ntf.DisplayAndLog(ntf.Success, "Menu", "Took a screenshot.")
+			state.PendingScreenshotName = name
+			state.PendingScreenshotDone = func(err error) {
+				if err != nil {
+					ntf.DisplayAndLog(ntf.Error, "Menu", err.Error())
+				} else {
+					ntf.DisplayAndLog(ntf.Success, "Menu", "Took a screenshot.")
+				}
 			}
 		},
 	})
@@ -26,17 +26,19 @@ func buildSavestates() Scene {
 		icon:  "savestate",
 		callbackOK: func() {
 			name := utils.DatedName(state.GamePath)
-			err := menu.TakeScreenshot(name)
-			if err != nil {
-				ntf.DisplayAndLog(ntf.Error, "Menu", err.Error())
-			}
-			err = savestates.Save(name)
-			if err != nil {
-				ntf.DisplayAndLog(ntf.Error, "Menu", err.Error())
-			} else {
-				menu.stack[len(menu.stack)-1] = buildSavestates()
-				menu.tweens.FastForward()
-				ntf.DisplayAndLog(ntf.Success, "Menu", "State saved.")
+			state.PendingScreenshotName = name
+			state.PendingScreenshotDone = func(err error) {
+				if err != nil {
+					ntf.DisplayAndLog(ntf.Error, "Menu", err.Error())
+				}
+				err = savestates.Save(name)
+				if err != nil {
+					ntf.DisplayAndLog(ntf.Error, "Menu", err.Error())
+				} else {
+					menu.stack[len(menu.stack)-1] = buildSavestates()
+					menu.tweens.FastForward()
+					ntf.DisplayAndLog(ntf.Success, "Menu", "State saved.")
+				}
 			}
 		},
 	})
@@ -164,8 +164,7 @@ var incrCallbacks = map[string]callbackIncrement{
 		v := f.Value().(bool)
 		v = !v
 		f.Set(v)
-		menu.Reconfigure(settings.Current.VideoFullscreen)
-		menu.ContextReset()
+		menu.SetFullscreen(settings.Current.VideoFullscreen)
 		settings.Save()
 	},
 	"VideoMonitorIndex": func(f *structs.Field, direction int) {
@@ -178,8 +177,7 @@ var incrCallbacks = map[string]callbackIncrement{
 			v = len(glfw.GetMonitors()) - 1
 		}
 		f.Set(v)
-		menu.Reconfigure(settings.Current.VideoFullscreen)
-		menu.ContextReset()
+		menu.SetFullscreen(settings.Current.VideoFullscreen)
 		settings.Save()
 	},
 	"VideoFilter": func(f *structs.Field, direction int) {
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ func (s *sceneUpdater) update(dt float32) {
 		s.children[0].icon = "reload"
 		s.children[0].callbackOK = func() {
 			cmd := exec.Command("/usr/sbin/shutdown", "-r", "now")
-			core.UnloadGame()
+			core.Unload()
 			err := cmd.Run()
 			if err != nil {
 				ntf.DisplayAndLog(ntf.Error, "Menu", err.Error())
@@ -50,13 +50,17 @@ func New(vars []VariableInterface) (*Options, error) {

 	// Cache core options
 	for _, v := range vars {
-		v := v
+		choices := v.Choices()
+		// A core may expose an empty selector, e.g. when no BIOS files are found.
+		if len(choices) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
 		o.Vars = append(o.Vars, &Variable{
 			Key:     v.Key(),
 			Desc:    v.Desc(),
-			Choices: v.Choices(),
+			Choices: choices,
 			Default: v.DefaultValue(),
-			Choice:  utils.IndexOfString(v.DefaultValue(), v.Choices()),
+			Choice:  utils.IndexOfString(v.DefaultValue(), choices),
 		})
 	}
 	o.Updated = true
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ func ipsAllocTargetData(patch, source []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 				size |= int(patch[offset]) << 8
 				offset++
 				size |= int(patch[offset]) << 0
-				offset++
 				targetLength = size
 				prov := make([]byte, targetLength)
 				return prov, nil
@@ -117,15 +116,7 @@ func applyIPS(patch, source []byte) (*[]byte, error) {
 		offset++

 		if address == EOF {
-			if offset == len(patch) {
-				return &targetData, nil
-			} else if offset == len(patch)-3 {
-				size := int(patch[offset]) << 16
-				offset++
-				size |= int(patch[offset]) << 8
-				offset++
-				size |= int(patch[offset]) << 0
-				offset++
+			if offset == len(patch) || offset == len(patch)-3 {
 				return &targetData, nil
 			}
 		}
@@ -6,15 +6,14 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"

+	"github.com/libretro/ludo/core"
 	"github.com/libretro/ludo/settings"
-	"github.com/libretro/ludo/state"
 )

 // Save the current state to the filesystem. name is the name of the
 // savestate file to save to, without extension.
 func Save(name string) error {
-	s := state.Core.SerializeSize()
-	bytes, err := state.Core.Serialize(s)
+	bytes, err := core.Serialize()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -28,11 +27,9 @@ func Save(name string) error {

 // Load the state from the filesystem
 func Load(path string) error {
-	s := state.Core.SerializeSize()
 	bytes, err := os.ReadFile(path)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	err = state.Core.Unserialize(bytes, s)
-	return err
+	return core.Unserialize(bytes)
 }
@@ -43,13 +43,17 @@ func defaultSettings() Settings {
 			"Nintendo - Game Boy Advance":                    "mgba_libretro",
 			"Nintendo - Game Boy Color":                      "gambatte_libretro",
 			"Nintendo - Game Boy":                            "gambatte_libretro",
+			"Nintendo - GameCube":                            "dolphin_libretro",
+			"Nintendo - Nintendo 3DS":                        "citra_libretro",
 			"Nintendo - Nintendo 64":                         "mupen64plus_next_libretro",
 			"Nintendo - Nintendo Entertainment System":       "fceumm_libretro",
 			"Nintendo - Nintendo DS":                         "melonds_libretro",
 			"Nintendo - Pokemon Mini":                        "pokemini_libretro",
 			"Nintendo - Super Nintendo Entertainment System": "snes9x_libretro",
 			"Nintendo - Virtual Boy":                         "mednafen_vb_libretro",
+			"Nintendo - Wii":                                 "dolphin_libretro",
 			"Sega - 32X":                                     "picodrive_libretro",
+			"Sega - Dreamcast":                               "flycast_libretro",
 			"Sega - Game Gear":                               "genesis_plus_gx_libretro",
 			"Sega - Master System - Mark III":                "genesis_plus_gx_libretro",
 			"Sega - Mega Drive - Genesis":                    "genesis_plus_gx_libretro",
@@ -60,6 +64,8 @@ func defaultSettings() Settings {
 			"SNK - Neo Geo Pocket Color":                     "mednafen_ngp_libretro",
 			"SNK - Neo Geo Pocket":                           "mednafen_ngp_libretro",
 			"Sony - PlayStation":                             playstationCore,
+			"Sony - PlayStation 2":                           "pcsx2_libretro",
+			"Sony - PlayStation Portable":                    "ppsspp_libretro",
 		},
 		FileDirectory:        usr.HomeDir,
 		CoresDirectory:       "./cores",
@@ -34,4 +34,12 @@ var LudOS bool
 // FastForward will run the core as fast as possible
 var FastForward bool

-var CoreSetSharedContext bool
+// PendingScreenshotName is the next screenshot capture requested by the UI.
+var PendingScreenshotName string
+
+// PendingScreenshotDone is called after the deferred screenshot capture completes.
+var PendingScreenshotDone func(error)
+
+// MenuContextResetNeeded requests re-uploading menu GL assets after the
+// frontend window/context is recreated.
+var MenuContextResetNeeded bool
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+//go:build gltest && !darwin
+
+package video
+
+import (
+	"runtime"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/go-gl/gl/v2.1/gl"
+	"github.com/go-gl/glfw/v3.4/glfw"
+	"github.com/go-gl/mathgl/mgl32"
+	"github.com/libretro/ludo/libretro"
+	"github.com/libretro/ludo/state"
+)
+
+// Run with go test -tags 'wayland gltest' ./video on a graphical session.
+func TestHardwareContextIsolation(t *testing.T) {
+	runtime.LockOSThread()
+	defer runtime.UnlockOSThread()
+	if err := glfw.Init(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer glfw.Terminate()
+	glfw.DefaultWindowHints()
+	glfw.WindowHint(glfw.Visible, glfw.False)
+	glfw.WindowHint(glfw.ContextVersionMajor, 3)
+	glfw.WindowHint(glfw.ContextVersionMinor, 3)
+	glfw.WindowHint(glfw.OpenGLProfile, glfw.OpenGLCoreProfile)
+	w, err := glfw.CreateWindow(128, 96, "Ludo GL test", nil, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer w.Destroy()
+	w.MakeContextCurrent()
+	if err := initGL(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	t.Log("GL:", gl.GoStr(gl.GetString(gl.VERSION)))
+
+	oldCore, oldRunning := state.Core, state.CoreRunning
+	defer func() { state.Core, state.CoreRunning = oldCore, oldRunning }()
+	hw := &libretro.HWRenderCallback{HWContextType: libretro.HWContextOpenGLCore, VersionMajor: 3, VersionMinor: 3}
+	state.Core = &libretro.Core{HWRenderCallback: hw}
+	state.CoreRunning = true
+	v := &Video{Window: w, identityMat: mgl32.Ident4(), Geom: libretro.GameGeometry{MaxWidth: 64, MaxHeight: 64}}
+	v.SetHWRenderContext(hw)
+	v.ensurePixelFormatDefaults()
+	v.resetGameTexture(64, 64)
+	hw.ContextReset = func() {
+		if glfw.GetCurrentContext() != v.HWWindow {
+			t.Fatal("context_reset ran outside the HW context")
+		}
+	}
+	if err := v.ResetHWContext(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer v.DestroySharedHWContext()
+	if glfw.GetCurrentContext() != w || v.HWWindow == nil || v.HWWindow == w {
+		t.Fatal("reset did not return to an independent frontend context")
+	}
+
+	v.BeginCore()
+	var readFBO, texture, pbo uint32
+	gl.GenFramebuffers(1, &readFBO)
+	gl.BindFramebuffer(gl.READ_FRAMEBUFFER, readFBO)
+	gl.GenTextures(1, &texture)
+	gl.ActiveTexture(gl.TEXTURE1)
+	gl.BindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, texture)
+	gl.GenBuffers(1, &pbo)
+	gl.BindBuffer(gl.PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER, pbo)
+	gl.PixelStorei(gl.PACK_ROW_LENGTH, 256)
+	gl.Enable(gl.BLEND)
+	gl.Enable(gl.SCISSOR_TEST)
+	gl.BlendEquation(gl.FUNC_REVERSE_SUBTRACT)
+	v.EndCore()
+	v.BeginFrontendFrame()
+	checkInt := func(name uint32, want int32) {
+		t.Helper()
+		var got int32
+		gl.GetIntegerv(name, &got)
+		if got != want {
+			t.Errorf("GL state %#x: got %d, want %d", name, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+	checkInt(gl.PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER_BINDING, 0)
+	checkInt(gl.PACK_ROW_LENGTH, 0)
+	checkInt(gl.READ_FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING, 0)
+	checkInt(gl.BLEND_EQUATION_RGB, gl.FUNC_ADD)
+	v.BeginCore()
+	checkInt(gl.PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER_BINDING, int32(pbo))
+	checkInt(gl.PACK_ROW_LENGTH, 256)
+	checkInt(gl.READ_FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING, int32(readFBO))
+	checkInt(gl.DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING, int32(v.fboID))
+	checkInt(gl.BLEND_EQUATION_RGB, gl.FUNC_REVERSE_SUBTRACT)
+	checkInt(gl.ACTIVE_TEXTURE, gl.TEXTURE1)
+	checkInt(gl.TEXTURE_BINDING_2D, int32(texture))
+	if !gl.IsEnabled(gl.BLEND) || !gl.IsEnabled(gl.SCISSOR_TEST) {
+		t.Error("frontend rendering changed core enables")
+	}
+	gl.BindBuffer(gl.PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER, 0)
+	gl.PixelStorei(gl.PACK_ROW_LENGTH, 0)
+	gl.Disable(gl.SCISSOR_TEST)
+	gl.Disable(gl.BLEND)
+	gl.BindFramebuffer(gl.READ_FRAMEBUFFER, v.fboID)
+
+	// Verify the produced pixels are visible through the shared texture.
+	gl.ClearColor(1, 0, 0, 1)
+	gl.Clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)
+	v.EndCore()
+	var frontendFBO uint32
+	gl.GenFramebuffers(1, &frontendFBO)
+	gl.BindFramebuffer(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, frontendFBO)
+	gl.FramebufferTexture2D(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, gl.TEXTURE_2D, v.texID, 0)
+	var pixel [4]byte
+	gl.ReadPixels(0, 0, 1, 1, gl.RGBA, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, gl.Ptr(&pixel[0]))
+	if pixel != [4]byte{255, 0, 0, 255} {
+		t.Errorf("shared frame: got %v, want red", pixel)
+	}
+	v.BeginFrontendFrame()
+
+	// Backbuffer snapshots must retain their orientation for either core origin.
+	v.defaultProgram, err = newProgram(vertexShader, defaultFragmentShader)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	gl.GenVertexArrays(1, &v.vao)
+	gl.BindVertexArray(v.vao)
+	gl.GenBuffers(1, &v.vbo)
+	gl.BindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, v.vbo)
+	vert := uint32(gl.GetAttribLocation(v.defaultProgram, gl.Str("vert\x00")))
+	uv := uint32(gl.GetAttribLocation(v.defaultProgram, gl.Str("vertTexCoord\x00")))
+	gl.EnableVertexAttribArray(vert)
+	gl.VertexAttribPointerWithOffset(vert, 2, gl.FLOAT, false, 16, 0)
+	gl.EnableVertexAttribArray(uv)
+	gl.VertexAttribPointerWithOffset(uv, 2, gl.FLOAT, false, 16, 8)
+	v.width, v.height = 64, 64
+	for _, bottomLeft := range []bool{false, true} {
+		hw.BottomLeftOrigin = bottomLeft
+		v.BeginFrontendFrame()
+		fbw, fbh := w.GetFramebufferSize()
+		v.Geom.AspectRatio = float64(fbw) / float64(fbh)
+		v.presentW, v.presentH = int32(fbw), int32(fbh)
+		gl.ClearColor(1, 0, 0, 1)
+		gl.Clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)
+		gl.Enable(gl.SCISSOR_TEST)
+		gl.Scissor(0, int32(fbh/2), int32(fbw), int32(fbh/2))
+		gl.ClearColor(0, 0, 1, 1)
+		gl.Clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)
+		gl.Disable(gl.SCISSOR_TEST)
+		v.CachePresentedFrame()
+		if !v.RenderCachedFrame() {
+			t.Fatal("cached frame unavailable")
+		}
+		gl.ReadPixels(1, 1, 1, 1, gl.RGBA, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, gl.Ptr(&pixel[0]))
+		if pixel != [4]byte{255, 0, 0, 255} {
+			t.Errorf("cached frame, bottom-left=%v: got %v, want red", bottomLeft, pixel)
+		}
+	}
+
+	hw.ContextDestroy = func() {
+		if glfw.GetCurrentContext() != v.HWWindow {
+			t.Error("context_destroy ran outside the HW context")
+		}
+	}
+	v.RunContextDestroy()
+	v.ResetCoreState()
+	if !gl.IsFramebuffer(frontendFBO) {
+		t.Error("HW teardown deleted a frontend framebuffer with the same name")
+	}
+	if v.fboID != 0 || v.HWWindow != nil || v.cachedFrameValid || v.width != 0 {
+		t.Error("HW teardown left stale core resources")
+	}
+
+	// A subsequent core must get a fresh context, including on the GL 2.x sync fallback.
+	if err := v.ResetHWContext(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	v.hwSync = false
+	v.BeginCore()
+	checkInt(gl.PACK_ROW_LENGTH, 0)
+	checkInt(gl.PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER_BINDING, 0)
+	checkInt(gl.BLEND_EQUATION_RGB, gl.FUNC_ADD)
+	if gl.IsEnabled(gl.BLEND) || gl.IsEnabled(gl.SCISSOR_TEST) {
+		t.Error("new core inherited the previous core's enables")
+	}
+	v.EndCore()
+	if e := gl.GetError(); e != gl.NO_ERROR {
+		t.Errorf("GL error: %#x", e)
+	}
+}
@@ -4,14 +4,9 @@ var vertexShader = `
 #if __VERSION__ >= 130
 #define COMPAT_VARYING out
 #define COMPAT_ATTRIBUTE in
-#define COMPAT_TEXTURE texture
-#define COMPAT_FRAGCOLOR FragColor
-out vec4 COMPAT_FRAGCOLOR;
 #else
 #define COMPAT_VARYING varying
 #define COMPAT_ATTRIBUTE attribute
-#define COMPAT_TEXTURE texture2D
-#define COMPAT_FRAGCOLOR gl_FragColor
 #endif

 COMPAT_ATTRIBUTE vec2 vert;
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+package video
+
+import (
+	"log"
+
+	"github.com/go-gl/gl/v2.1/gl"
+	"github.com/go-gl/mathgl/mgl32"
+	"github.com/libretro/ludo/libretro"
+	"github.com/libretro/ludo/state"
+)
+
+// InitFramebuffer initializes and configures the video frame buffer based on
+// informations from the HWRenderCallback of the libretro core.
+func (video *Video) InitFramebuffer() {
+	width := int32(video.Geom.MaxWidth)
+	height := int32(video.Geom.MaxHeight)
+	video.texWidth = width
+	video.texHeight = height
+
+	log.Printf("[Video]: Initializing HW render (%v x %v).\n", width, height)
+
+	gl.ActiveTexture(gl.TEXTURE0)
+	gl.BindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, video.texID)
+	gl.TexImage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.RGBA8, width, height, 0, gl.RGBA, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, nil)
+
+	genFramebuffers(1, &video.fboID)
+	bindFramebuffer(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, video.fboID)
+	libretro.SetCurrentFramebufferValue(uintptr(video.fboID))
+	framebufferTexture2D(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, gl.TEXTURE_2D, video.texID, 0)
+
+	hw := state.Core.HWRenderCallback
+	if hw.Depth {
+		genRenderbuffers(1, &video.rboID)
+		bindRenderbuffer(gl.RENDERBUFFER, video.rboID)
+		format := gl.DEPTH_COMPONENT16
+		if hw.Stencil {
+			format = gl.DEPTH24_STENCIL8
+		}
+		renderbufferStorage(gl.RENDERBUFFER, uint32(format), width, height)
+		bindRenderbuffer(gl.RENDERBUFFER, 0)
+
+		// Separate attachment points work with both core and EXT framebuffers.
+		framebufferRenderbuffer(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, gl.DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, gl.RENDERBUFFER, video.rboID)
+		if hw.Stencil {
+			framebufferRenderbuffer(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, gl.STENCIL_ATTACHMENT, gl.RENDERBUFFER, video.rboID)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Default origin is top left
+	video.orthoMat = mgl32.Ortho2D(-1, 1, -1, 1)
+	if hw.BottomLeftOrigin {
+		video.orthoMat = mgl32.Ortho2D(-1, 1, 1, -1)
+	}
+
+	if st := checkFramebufferStatus(gl.FRAMEBUFFER); st != gl.FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE {
+		log.Fatalf("[Video] Framebuffer is not complete. Error: %v\n", st)
+	}
+
+	gl.ClearColor(0, 0, 0, 1)
+	if hw.Depth && hw.Stencil {
+		gl.Clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT | gl.STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT)
+	} else if hw.Depth {
+		gl.Clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
+	} else {
+		gl.Clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)
+	}
+}
+
+func bindBackbuffer() {
+	bindFramebuffer(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, 0)
+}
+
+func (video *Video) destroyFramebuffer() {
+	bindBackbuffer()
+	if video.rboID != 0 {
+		deleteRenderbuffers(1, &video.rboID)
+		video.rboID = 0
+	}
+	if video.fboID != 0 {
+		deleteFramebuffers(1, &video.fboID)
+		video.fboID = 0
+	}
+}
@@ -124,11 +124,7 @@ func (video *Video) ScissorEnd() {
 	gl.Disable(gl.SCISSOR_TEST)
 }

-func (video *Video) vertexArray(x, y, w, h, scale float32) []float32 {
-	fbw, fbh := video.Window.GetFramebufferSize()
-	ffbw := float32(fbw)
-	ffbh := float32(fbh)
-
+func vertexArrayForFramebuffer(x, y, w, h, scale, ffbw, ffbh float32) []float32 {
 	w *= scale
 	h *= scale

@@ -143,6 +139,11 @@ func (video *Video) vertexArray(x, y, w, h, scale float32) []float32 {
 	}
 }

+func (video *Video) vertexArray(x, y, w, h, scale float32) []float32 {
+	fbw, fbh := video.Window.GetFramebufferSize()
+	return vertexArrayForFramebuffer(x, y, w, h, scale, float32(fbw), float32(fbh))
+}
+
 // DrawBorder draws a colored rectangle border
 func (video *Video) DrawBorder(x, y, w, h, borderWidth float32, c Color) {
 	va := video.vertexArray(x, y, w, h, 1.0)
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+package video
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+
+	"github.com/go-gl/gl/v2.1/gl"
+	"github.com/go-gl/glfw/v3.4/glfw"
+)
+
+var (
+	glslVersion             = "#version 120\n"
+	genVertexArrays         = gl.GenVertexArrays
+	bindVertexArray         = gl.BindVertexArray
+	genFramebuffers         = gl.GenFramebuffers
+	bindFramebuffer         = gl.BindFramebuffer
+	deleteFramebuffers      = gl.DeleteFramebuffers
+	framebufferTexture2D    = gl.FramebufferTexture2D
+	checkFramebufferStatus  = gl.CheckFramebufferStatus
+	genRenderbuffers        = gl.GenRenderbuffers
+	bindRenderbuffer        = gl.BindRenderbuffer
+	deleteRenderbuffers     = gl.DeleteRenderbuffers
+	renderbufferStorage     = gl.RenderbufferStorage
+	framebufferRenderbuffer = gl.FramebufferRenderbuffer
+)
+
+// The frontend and hidden core context use the same hints. Select their API
+// from the actual context capabilities, including macOS's legacy extensions.
+func initGL() error {
+	if err := gl.Init(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	window := glfw.GetCurrentContext()
+	major, minor := window.GetAttrib(glfw.ContextVersionMajor), window.GetAttrib(glfw.ContextVersionMinor)
+	glslVersion = "#version 120\n"
+	if major > 3 || (major == 3 && minor >= 2) {
+		glslVersion = "#version 150\n"
+	} else if major == 3 {
+		glslVersion = "#version 130\n"
+	}
+
+	genVertexArrays, bindVertexArray = gl.GenVertexArrays, gl.BindVertexArray
+	genFramebuffers, bindFramebuffer, deleteFramebuffers = gl.GenFramebuffers, gl.BindFramebuffer, gl.DeleteFramebuffers
+	framebufferTexture2D, checkFramebufferStatus = gl.FramebufferTexture2D, gl.CheckFramebufferStatus
+	genRenderbuffers, bindRenderbuffer, deleteRenderbuffers = gl.GenRenderbuffers, gl.BindRenderbuffer, gl.DeleteRenderbuffers
+	renderbufferStorage, framebufferRenderbuffer = gl.RenderbufferStorage, gl.FramebufferRenderbuffer
+
+	if major < 3 && !glfw.ExtensionSupported("GL_ARB_vertex_array_object") {
+		if !glfw.ExtensionSupported("GL_APPLE_vertex_array_object") {
+			return errors.New("OpenGL vertex array objects are not supported")
+		}
+		genVertexArrays, bindVertexArray = gl.GenVertexArraysAPPLE, gl.BindVertexArrayAPPLE
+	}
+	if major < 3 && !glfw.ExtensionSupported("GL_ARB_framebuffer_object") {
+		if !glfw.ExtensionSupported("GL_EXT_framebuffer_object") {
+			return errors.New("OpenGL framebuffer objects are not supported")
+		}
+		genFramebuffers, bindFramebuffer, deleteFramebuffers = gl.GenFramebuffersEXT, gl.BindFramebufferEXT, gl.DeleteFramebuffersEXT
+		framebufferTexture2D, checkFramebufferStatus = gl.FramebufferTexture2DEXT, gl.CheckFramebufferStatusEXT
+		genRenderbuffers, bindRenderbuffer, deleteRenderbuffers = gl.GenRenderbuffersEXT, gl.BindRenderbufferEXT, gl.DeleteRenderbuffersEXT
+		renderbufferStorage, framebufferRenderbuffer = gl.RenderbufferStorageEXT, gl.FramebufferRenderbufferEXT
+	}
+	return nil
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package video
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/libretro/ludo/libretro"
+)
+
+func TestDuplicateFramePreservesDimensions(t *testing.T) {
+	v := &Video{}
+	v.Refresh(libretro.HWFrameBufferValid, 320, 240, 0)
+	v.Refresh(nil, 0, 0, 0)
+	if v.width != 320 || v.height != 240 || v.data != libretro.HWFrameBufferValid || !v.needUpload {
+		t.Fatal("NULL refresh discarded the pending frame")
+	}
+	v.needUpload = false
+	v.Refresh(nil, 640, 480, 0)
+	if v.width != 320 || v.height != 240 || v.needUpload {
+		t.Fatal("NULL refresh changed the previously presented frame")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestContextDestroyWithoutCore(t *testing.T) {
+	(&Video{}).RunContextDestroy()
+}
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package video

 import (
+	"errors"
 	"image"
 	"image/png"
 	"os"
@@ -13,41 +14,33 @@ import (
 	"github.com/libretro/ludo/state"
 )

-// During the TakeScreenshot step, we need to render the current game frame at
-// the right resolution to later capture it using ReadPixels. renderScreenshot
-// taking care of this.
-func (video *Video) renderScreenshot() {
-	va := video.vertexArray(0, 0, float32(video.Geom.BaseWidth), float32(video.Geom.BaseHeight), 1.0)
-	gl.BindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, video.vbo)
-	gl.BufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, len(va)*4, gl.Ptr(va), gl.STATIC_DRAW)
+func (video *Video) captureBackbufferScreenshot(name string) error {
+	outW, outH := video.Geom.BaseWidth, video.Geom.BaseHeight
+	if outW < 1 || outH < 1 {
+		return errors.New("invalid screenshot output size")
+	}

-	bindVertexArray(video.vao)
+	x := video.presentX
+	y := video.presentY
+	w := video.presentW
+	h := video.presentH
+	if !state.CoreRunning || video.width < 1 || video.height < 1 || w < 1 || h < 1 {
+		return errors.New("no game frame to capture")
+	}

-	gl.BindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, video.texID)
-	gl.BindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, video.vbo)
+	var oldReadBuffer int32
+	gl.GetIntegerv(gl.READ_BUFFER, &oldReadBuffer)
+	gl.ReadBuffer(gl.BACK)

-	gl.DrawArrays(gl.TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4)
-}
+	img := image.NewRGBA(image.Rect(0, 0, int(w), int(h)))
+	gl.Finish()
+	gl.ReadPixels(x, y, w, h, gl.RGBA, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, gl.Ptr(img.Pix))
+	gl.ReadBuffer(uint32(oldReadBuffer))

-// TakeScreenshot captures the ouput of video.Render and writes it to a file
-func (video *Video) TakeScreenshot(name string) error {
-	state.MenuActive = false
-	defer func() { state.MenuActive = true }()
-
-	gl.UseProgram(video.defaultProgram)
-
-	video.renderScreenshot()
-
-	img := image.NewRGBA(image.Rect(0, 0, video.Geom.BaseWidth, video.Geom.BaseHeight))
-
-	_, fbh := video.Window.GetFramebufferSize()
-
-	gl.ReadPixels(
-		0, int32(fbh-video.Geom.BaseHeight),
-		int32(video.Geom.BaseWidth), int32(video.Geom.BaseHeight),
-		gl.RGBA, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, gl.Ptr(img.Pix))
-
-	gl.UseProgram(video.program)
+	flipped := imaging.FlipV(img)
+	if flipped.Bounds().Dx() != outW || flipped.Bounds().Dy() != outH {
+		flipped = imaging.Resize(flipped, outW, outH, imaging.Linear)
+	}

 	err := os.MkdirAll(settings.Current.ScreenshotsDirectory, os.ModePerm)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -59,8 +52,13 @@ func (video *Video) TakeScreenshot(name string) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-
-	flipped := imaging.FlipV(img)
+	defer fd.Close()

 	return png.Encode(fd, flipped)
 }
+
+// TakeScreenshotInFrontendFrame captures a screenshot while the caller already
+// owns a frontend frame and has already rendered the current game frame.
+func (video *Video) TakeScreenshotInFrontendFrame(name string) error {
+	return video.captureBackbufferScreenshot(name)
+}
@@ -5,25 +5,9 @@ import (
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/go-gl/gl/v2.1/gl"
+	"github.com/go-gl/mathgl/mgl32"
 )

-func identityMatrix() [16]float32 {
-	return [16]float32{
-		1, 0, 0, 0,
-		0, 1, 0, 0,
-		0, 0, 1, 0,
-		0, 0, 0, 1,
-	}
-}
-
-func orthoMatrix(bottomLeftOrigin bool) [16]float32 {
-	m := identityMatrix()
-	if bottomLeftOrigin {
-		m[5] = -1
-	}
-	return m
-}
-
 func newProgram(vertexShaderSource, fragmentShaderSource string) (uint32, error) {
 	vertexShader, err := compileShader(vertexShaderSource, gl.VERTEX_SHADER)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -39,6 +23,7 @@ func newProgram(vertexShaderSource, fragmentShaderSource string) (uint32, error)

 	gl.AttachShader(program, vertexShader)
 	gl.AttachShader(program, fragmentShader)
+	// Game and menu programs share a VAO, so their attribute locations must match.
 	gl.BindAttribLocation(program, 0, gl.Str("vert\x00"))
 	gl.BindAttribLocation(program, 1, gl.Str("vertTexCoord\x00"))
 	gl.LinkProgram(program)
@@ -58,12 +43,14 @@ func newProgram(vertexShaderSource, fragmentShaderSource string) (uint32, error)
 	gl.DeleteShader(vertexShader)
 	gl.DeleteShader(fragmentShader)

+	// Only the core rendering code uses MVPs so we set it to identity
+	// to avoid issues with other parts of the program
 	gl.UseProgram(program)
 	mvp := gl.GetUniformLocation(program, gl.Str("MVP\x00"))

 	if mvp != -1 {
-		identity := identityMatrix()
-		gl.UniformMatrix4fv(mvp, 1, false, &identity[0])
+		IdentityMatrix := mgl32.Ident4()
+		gl.UniformMatrix4fv(mvp, 1, false, &IdentityMatrix[0])
 	}
 	gl.UseProgram(0)

@@ -73,7 +60,7 @@ func newProgram(vertexShaderSource, fragmentShaderSource string) (uint32, error)
 func compileShader(source string, shaderType uint32) (uint32, error) {
 	shader := gl.CreateShader(shaderType)

-	csources, free := gl.Strs(source)
+	csources, free := gl.Strs(glslVersion + source)
 	gl.ShaderSource(shader, 1, csources, nil)
 	free()
 	gl.CompileShader(shader)
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+//go:build gltest && linux
+
+package video
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"runtime"
+	"testing"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/go-gl/gl/v2.1/gl"
+	"github.com/go-gl/glfw/v3.4/glfw"
+	"github.com/libretro/ludo/libretro"
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
+)
+
+func TestSoftwareFrameUploadBounds(t *testing.T) {
+	runtime.LockOSThread()
+	defer runtime.UnlockOSThread()
+	if err := glfw.Init(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer glfw.Terminate()
+	glfw.DefaultWindowHints()
+	glfw.WindowHint(glfw.Visible, glfw.False)
+	w, err := glfw.CreateWindow(32, 32, "Ludo upload test", nil, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer w.Destroy()
+	w.MakeContextCurrent()
+	if err := initGL(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	v := &Video{Geom: libretro.GameGeometry{MaxWidth: 64, MaxHeight: 64}}
+	v.SetPixelFormat(libretro.PixelFormatXRGB8888)
+	v.resetGameTexture(1, 1)
+	defer gl.DeleteTextures(1, &v.texID)
+	v.program, err = newProgram(vertexShader, defaultFragmentShader)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer gl.DeleteProgram(v.program)
+
+	const width, height, pitch = 32, 32, 32 * 4
+	page := unix.Getpagesize()
+	memory, err := unix.Mmap(-1, 0, page*2, unix.PROT_READ|unix.PROT_WRITE, unix.MAP_ANON|unix.MAP_PRIVATE)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer unix.Munmap(memory)
+	if err := unix.Mprotect(memory[page:], unix.PROT_NONE); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// The core supplies only the current frame, ending at a protected page.
+	frame := memory[page-pitch*height : page]
+	for i := range frame {
+		frame[i] = byte(i)
+	}
+	v.Refresh(unsafe.Pointer(&frame[0]), width, height, pitch)
+	v.uploadTexture()
+
+	var texWidth, texHeight int32
+	gl.GetTexLevelParameteriv(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.TEXTURE_WIDTH, &texWidth)
+	gl.GetTexLevelParameteriv(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.TEXTURE_HEIGHT, &texHeight)
+	if texWidth != width || texHeight != height {
+		t.Fatalf("texture size = %dx%d, want %dx%d", texWidth, texHeight, width, height)
+	}
+	pixels := make([]byte, len(frame))
+	gl.GetTexImage(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, v.pixType, v.pixFmt, gl.Ptr(pixels))
+	if !bytes.Equal(pixels, frame) {
+		t.Error("uploaded pixels differ from the supplied frame")
+	}
+	if err := gl.GetError(); err != gl.NO_ERROR {
+		t.Errorf("GL error: %#x", err)
+	}
+}
@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-// +build darwin
-
-package video
-
-import (
-	"log"
-
-	"github.com/go-gl/gl/v2.1/gl"
-	"github.com/libretro/ludo/libretro"
-	"github.com/libretro/ludo/state"
-)
-
-// InitFramebuffer initializes and configures the video frame buffer based on
-// information from the HWRenderCallback of the libretro core.
-func (video *Video) InitFramebuffer() {
-	width := int32(video.Geom.MaxWidth)
-	height := int32(video.Geom.MaxHeight)
-	video.texWidth = width
-	video.texHeight = height
-
-	log.Printf("[Video]: Initializing HW render (%v x %v).\n", width, height)
-
-	gl.ActiveTexture(gl.TEXTURE0)
-	gl.BindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, video.texID)
-	gl.TexImage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.RGBA8, width, height, 0, video.pixType, video.pixFmt, nil)
-
-	gl.GenFramebuffersEXT(1, &video.fboID)
-	gl.BindFramebufferEXT(gl.FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, video.fboID)
-	libretro.SetCurrentFramebufferValue(uintptr(video.fboID))
-	gl.FramebufferTexture2DEXT(gl.FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT, gl.TEXTURE_2D, video.texID, 0)
-
-	hw := state.Core.HWRenderCallback
-	if hw.Depth {
-		gl.GenRenderbuffersEXT(1, &video.rboID)
-		gl.BindRenderbufferEXT(gl.RENDERBUFFER_EXT, video.rboID)
-		format := gl.DEPTH_COMPONENT24
-		if hw.Stencil {
-			format = gl.DEPTH24_STENCIL8_EXT
-		}
-		gl.RenderbufferStorageEXT(gl.RENDERBUFFER_EXT, uint32(format), width, height)
-		gl.BindRenderbufferEXT(gl.RENDERBUFFER_EXT, 0)
-
-		gl.FramebufferRenderbufferEXT(gl.FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, gl.DEPTH_ATTACHMENT_EXT, gl.RENDERBUFFER_EXT, video.rboID)
-		if hw.Stencil {
-			gl.FramebufferRenderbufferEXT(gl.FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, gl.STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_EXT, gl.RENDERBUFFER_EXT, video.rboID)
-		}
-	}
-
-	video.orthoMat = orthoMatrix(hw.BottomLeftOrigin)
-
-	if st := gl.CheckFramebufferStatusEXT(gl.FRAMEBUFFER_EXT); st != gl.FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE_EXT {
-		log.Fatalf("[Video] Framebuffer is not complete. Error: %v\n", st)
-	}
-
-	bindBackbuffer()
-	gl.BindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0)
-
-	gl.ClearColor(0, 0, 0, 1)
-	gl.Clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)
-}
-
-func bindBackbuffer() {
-	gl.BindFramebufferEXT(gl.FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, 0)
-}
-
-func genVertexArrays(n int32, arrays *uint32) {
-	gl.GenVertexArraysAPPLE(n, arrays)
-}
-
-func bindVertexArray(array uint32) {
-	gl.BindVertexArrayAPPLE(array)
-}
@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-// +build !darwin
-
-package video
-
-import (
-	"log"
-
-	"github.com/go-gl/gl/v2.1/gl"
-	"github.com/libretro/ludo/libretro"
-	"github.com/libretro/ludo/state"
-)
-
-// InitFramebuffer initializes and configures the video frame buffer based on
-// information from the HWRenderCallback of the libretro core.
-func (video *Video) InitFramebuffer() {
-	width := int32(video.Geom.MaxWidth)
-	height := int32(video.Geom.MaxHeight)
-	video.texWidth = width
-	video.texHeight = height
-
-	log.Printf("[Video]: Initializing HW render (%v x %v).\n", width, height)
-
-	gl.ActiveTexture(gl.TEXTURE0)
-	gl.BindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, video.texID)
-	gl.TexImage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.RGBA8, width, height, 0, video.pixType, video.pixFmt, nil)
-
-	gl.GenFramebuffers(1, &video.fboID)
-	gl.BindFramebuffer(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, video.fboID)
-	libretro.SetCurrentFramebufferValue(uintptr(video.fboID))
-	gl.FramebufferTexture2D(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, gl.TEXTURE_2D, video.texID, 0)
-
-	hw := state.Core.HWRenderCallback
-	if hw.Depth {
-		gl.GenRenderbuffers(1, &video.rboID)
-		gl.BindRenderbuffer(gl.RENDERBUFFER, video.rboID)
-		format := gl.DEPTH_COMPONENT24
-		if hw.Stencil {
-			format = gl.DEPTH24_STENCIL8
-		}
-		gl.RenderbufferStorage(gl.RENDERBUFFER, uint32(format), width, height)
-		gl.BindRenderbuffer(gl.RENDERBUFFER, 0)
-
-		if hw.Stencil {
-			gl.FramebufferRenderbuffer(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, gl.DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT, gl.RENDERBUFFER, video.rboID)
-		} else {
-			gl.FramebufferRenderbuffer(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, gl.DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, gl.RENDERBUFFER, video.rboID)
-		}
-	}
-
-	video.orthoMat = orthoMatrix(hw.BottomLeftOrigin)
-
-	if st := gl.CheckFramebufferStatus(gl.FRAMEBUFFER); st != gl.FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE {
-		log.Fatalf("[Video] Framebuffer is not complete. Error: %v\n", st)
-	}
-
-	bindBackbuffer()
-	gl.BindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0)
-
-	gl.ClearColor(0, 0, 0, 1)
-	gl.Clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)
-}
-
-func bindBackbuffer() {
-	gl.BindFramebuffer(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, 0)
-}
-
-func genVertexArrays(n int32, arrays *uint32) {
-	gl.GenVertexArrays(n, arrays)
-}
-
-func bindVertexArray(array uint32) {
-	gl.BindVertexArray(array)
-}
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
dependabot[bot]	7a2dc452c7	Bump github.com/klauspost/compress from 1.18.5 to 1.18.7 (#598 ) Bumps [github.com/klauspost/compress](https://github.com/klauspost/compress) from 1.18.5 to 1.18.7. - [Release notes](https://github.com/klauspost/compress/releases) - [Commits](https://github.com/klauspost/compress/compare/v1.18.5...v1.18.7) --- updated-dependencies: - dependency-name: github.com/klauspost/compress dependency-version: 1.18.7 dependency-type: indirect ... Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <[email protected]> Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-10-22 14:59:26 +02:00
Jean-André SantoniandHigor Eurípedes	c47ad16a70	Support GL cores (#91 ) * Improve the libretro binding to support GL cores * Start implementing InitFramebuffer * TODO * Try to implement ProcAddress * Fix display of non gl cores * Implement more of InitFramebuffer * Move InitFramebuffer and call HWRenderCallback.ContextReset * Comment * Call vid.InitFramebuffer and Core.HWRenderCallback.ContextReset during LoadGame * Remove useless code * List hardware contexts in the libretro binding * Update dependency for GetProcAddress * Fix framebuffer creation * Fix gl.Clear * Cast C.retro_hw_context_reset_t * Set c.get_current_framebuffer and c.get_proc_address properly * Lint fix * Fix compat with non GL cores * Debug * Fix an important memory bug * Various rendering improvements * Small fix * Active texture fixes * Unbind vertex array * OpenGL core support improvements (#308) * Fix sample batch callback and OpenGL core support * Fix texture/framebuffer allocation and clipping The libretro api requires the framebuffers to be at least as large as max_width/max_height. * Fix context destruction Fixes Flycast * Fix sharp-bilinear and zfast-crt filters (#311) TextureSize uniform was receiving the input size instead of the actual texture size. * Call gl.TexSubImage2D after binding the texture * Fix shader live update * Temporarily fix tests * Fix FBO on OSX (#313) * Fix FBO on OSX * Remove useless code * Use GL v2.1 for fonts drawing * Fix fonts on OSX with GL 2.1 * Rename * Same thing for GenVertexArrays * Make fl0w work on OSX * Implement libretro.EnvironmentGetPrefferedHWRenderer * Uncomment gl.Enable(gl.TEXTURE_2D) * Fixes * Fix * Fix * Forgot to use program before get uniform * Fix swanstation * Start with a clean context * Return the fb from C * Shared context * Reconfigure hints * Harden texture size * Fix fullscreen toggle on flycast * Reduce font.go churn * Reduce font.go churn * Fix cleaning the display after closing the core * Fix order of destoy * Fix dolphin * Launch more GL cores (#591) * lrps2 booting * Fix viewport * Fix sampler * Refactor * Fix screenshots * Fix dolphin screenshots * Fixes * Fix launching swanstation with -L * Isolate core GL contexts * Fix software frame uploads * Fix libco * Simplify screenshot sizing * Add more GL cores * Clean up frame capture * Fix macOS GL profiles * Preserve contexts on fullscreen toggle * Fix screenshot cropping after resize * Fix texture state on core switches * Handle unsupported GL contexts * Save states despite thumbnail errors * Fix core loading error check * Fix notification scaling * Handle empty core options --------- Co-authored-by: Higor Eurípedes <[email protected]>	2026-10-22 14:58:24 +02:00
Jean-André Santoni	13347e0051	Fix CI (#597 )	2026-10-19 15:45:44 +02:00
dependabot[bot]	31951498f7	Bump golang.org/x/image from 0.39.0 to 0.41.0 (#593 ) Bumps [golang.org/x/image](https://github.com/golang/image) from 0.39.0 to 0.41.0. - [Commits](https://github.com/golang/image/compare/v0.39.0...v0.41.0) --- updated-dependencies: - dependency-name: golang.org/x/image dependency-version: 0.41.0 dependency-type: direct:production ... Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <[email protected]> Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-08-19 23:16:25 +07:00