Merge pull request #10116 from horizon-rust/pvp/legacy-knockback

🤖 Agent: merging. Every knock_back caller outside the legacy rules passes legacy = false, so the 26.3 path is unchanged. 1.8's air lift and the unhalved sprint push only run under the hosted-world switch.
Merge pull request #10115 from horizon-rust/pvp/legacy-server
2026-11-07 11:06:11 -10:00 · 2026-11-06 01:53:48 +01:00 · 2026-11-06 01:51:17 +01:00 · 2026-11-06 01:48:43 +01:00 · 2026-11-06 01:46:16 +01:00 · 2026-11-06 01:43:50 +01:00
1430 changed files with 167641 additions and 22152 deletions
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 self-hosted-runner:
  # The Mac mini's runner (ludovics-mac-mini), which holds the maintainer's own Minecraft files.
-  labels: [horizon-game, ludovics-mac-mini]
+  # windows-11-vs2026-arm is GitHub's Windows ARM64 image (2026-08), newer than actionlint's label list.
+  labels: [horizon-game, ludovics-mac-mini, windows-11-vs2026-arm]
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
-# Trusted reviewers: one list for two things (docs/release-flow.md "Trusted reviewers").
+# Trusted reviewers: one list for three things (docs/release-flow.md "Trusted reviewers").
 # - `/nightly 2640 2642` picks the pull requests the Nightly holds (tools/ci/nightly_set.py);
-# - `/close`, `/reopen`, `/label`, `/unlabel` triage issues and pull requests (tools/ci/triage_command.py).
-# Ludovic is always allowed and isn't listed. One GitHub login per line, with who added it and when. Removing a
-# line revokes that login at once. A line with only `paused` stops both for every reviewer (Ludovic's still work).
-kacpherek    # added by Ludovic, 2026-10-27
-rdbtCVS      # added by Ludovic, 2026-10-27
-Online5277   # added by Ludovic, 2026-10-27 (his top three by merged pull requests)
-levzzz5154   # added by Ludovic, 2026-10-28 (Horizon Team; author of horizon-mixins)
-Qwerner88880 # added by Ludovic, 2026-10-31 (Discord vladislav_hagen; native-mod hooks)
+# - `/close`, `/reopen`, `/label`, `/unlabel` triage issues and pull requests (tools/ci/triage_command.py);
+# - `/unclaim @login` releases someone else's claim, and listed reviewers have no claim limit (tools/ci/claim_command.py).
+# One reviewer per line: `<numeric GitHub ID> <login>`, with who added it and when. The ID decides; the login is only
+# for people reading this file and for messages. A login is a name anyone can claim once its owner renames or deletes
+# the account; an ID is never reused. Get it with `gh api users/<login> --jq .id`, or run
+# `python3 tools/ci/resolve_reviewer_ids.py` to fill in the IDs and `--check` to catch renames.
+# A line in any other form (a bare login included) grants nothing. Ludovic is always allowed (OWNER_ID in
+# tools/ci/nightly_set.py) and isn't listed. Removing a line revokes that account at once. A line with only `paused`
+# stops all three for every reviewer (Ludovic's still work).
+54669067 kacpherek       # added by Ludovic, 2026-10-27
+87152661 rdbtCVS         # added by Ludovic, 2026-10-27
+84875247 Online5277      # added by Ludovic, 2026-10-27 (his top three by merged pull requests)
+86072227 levzzz5154      # added by Ludovic, 2026-10-28 (Horizon Team; author of horizon-mixins)
+87478350 Qwerner88880    # added by Ludovic, 2026-10-31 (Discord vladislav_hagen; native-mod hooks)
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ jobs:
    outputs:
      platforms: ${{ steps.platforms.outputs.platforms }}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
      - id: platforms
        run: echo "platforms=$(python3 -c 'import json, tools.horizon_mod_binstall as m; print(json.dumps(m.PLATFORMS))')" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
  build:
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    timeout-minutes: 30
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
        with:
          targets: ${{ matrix.target }}
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ jobs:
          [ -f "$binary.exe" ] && binary="$binary.exe"
          mkdir -p dist
          tar -czf "dist/$(basename "$binary" | sed 's/\.exe$//')-${{ matrix.target }}.tar.gz" -C "$(dirname "$binary")" "$(basename "$binary")"
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
        with:
          name: cargo-horizon-mod-${{ matrix.target }}
          path: dist/*.tar.gz
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@ jobs:
    permissions:
      contents: write
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
        with:
          pattern: cargo-horizon-mod-*
          path: dist
@@ -41,10 +41,10 @@ jobs:
      fromJSON('["self-hosted", "linux", "horizon-checks"]') || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
    timeout-minutes: 45
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v7
        if: runner.environment == 'github-hosted'
        with:
          python-version: '3.12'
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ jobs:
      fromJSON('["self-hosted", "linux", "horizon-checks"]') || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
    timeout-minutes: 45
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0
      - name: Does this pull request change the launcher or a crate it builds?
@@ -158,7 +158,102 @@ jobs:
        run: |
          cargo +stable fmt --check
          cargo +stable clippy --all-targets --locked -- -D warnings
-          cargo +stable test --locked --lib
+          cargo +stable test --locked --lib --bins
+  # Compile and test Windows ARM64 on an actual ARM64 host, and inspect the resulting PE headers. By hand only
+  # (`gh workflow run checks --ref <branch>`): GitHub's runner queue is the bottleneck, and main's runs gate the
+  # releases (tools/release_train.py waits for them), so neither pull requests nor main's pushes start this
+  # 90-minute job. The Nightly and launcher releases build and check these binaries on every run.
+  windows-arm64:
+    name: Windows ARM64 game and launcher
+    if: github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch'
+    runs-on: windows-11-vs2026-arm
+    timeout-minutes: 90
+    env:
+      RUSTFLAGS: -C target-feature=+crt-static
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+      - name: Use every runner core for Cargo
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: |
+          $cores = (Get-CimInstance Win32_Processor | Measure-Object -Property NumberOfLogicalProcessors -Sum).Sum
+          "CARGO_BUILD_JOBS=$cores" >> $env:GITHUB_ENV
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+        with:
+          targets: aarch64-pc-windows-msvc
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        with:
+          shared-key: windows-arm64-game
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        with:
+          workspaces: launcher
+          shared-key: windows-arm64-launcher
+      - name: Check LLVM assembler used by ring
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: |
+          $llvmBin = Join-Path $env:ProgramFiles 'LLVM\bin'
+          if (-not (Get-Command clang -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue) -and (Test-Path (Join-Path $llvmBin 'clang.exe'))) {
+            $env:PATH = "$llvmBin;$env:PATH"
+            "PATH=$env:PATH" >> $env:GITHUB_ENV
+          }
+          $clang = Get-Command clang -ErrorAction Stop
+          Write-Output "Using $($clang.Source)"
+          & $clang.Source --version
+      - name: Build the game for native Windows ARM64
+        run: cargo build --release --locked --target aarch64-pc-windows-msvc -p horizon-client -p horizon-client-lib --bin horizon-client --bin horizon-ctl -p horizon-prepare --bin horizon-prepare -p horizon-server --bin horizon-server
+      - name: Check the game's PE machine
+        run: python tools/check_pe_arch.py arm64 target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-client.exe target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-ctl.exe target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-prepare.exe target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-server.exe
+      - name: Check game DLL imports
+        run: python tools/check_imports.py target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-client.exe target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-ctl.exe target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-prepare.exe target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-server.exe
+      - name: Start every game executable
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: |
+          $ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'
+          $client = 'target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-client.exe'
+          $output = & $client --help 2>&1
+          if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0 -or ($output -join "`n") -notmatch '--resources') { throw 'horizon-client --help failed' }
+          foreach ($binary in @('horizon-ctl.exe', 'horizon-prepare.exe', 'horizon-server.exe')) {
+            $path = "target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/$binary"
+            $output = & $path --help 2>&1
+            if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0 -or -not $output) { throw "$binary --help failed" }
+          }
+          foreach ($binary in @('horizon-prepare.exe', 'horizon-server.exe')) {
+            $path = "target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/$binary"
+            $output = & $path --version 2>&1
+            if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0 -or -not $output) { throw "$binary --version failed" }
+            Write-Output ($output -join "`n")
+          }
+      - name: Test and build the native Windows ARM64 launcher
+        working-directory: launcher
+        run: |
+          cargo test --release --locked --target aarch64-pc-windows-msvc --lib
+          cargo build --release --locked --target aarch64-pc-windows-msvc
+      - name: Check the launcher's PE machine
+        working-directory: launcher
+        run: python ../tools/check_pe_arch.py arm64 target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-launcher.exe
+      - name: Check launcher DLL imports and command-line startup
+        working-directory: launcher
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: |
+          $ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'
+          $launcher = 'target/aarch64-pc-windows-msvc/release/horizon-launcher.exe'
+          python ../tools/check_imports.py $launcher
+          $output = & $launcher --version 2>&1
+          if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0 -or -not $output) { throw 'horizon-launcher --version failed' }
+          Write-Output ($output -join "`n")
+      - name: Build a native-mod game with the launcher's managed toolchain
+        working-directory: launcher
+        shell: pwsh
+        env:
+          HORIZON_LAUNCHER_HOME: ${{ runner.temp }}\horizon-native-arm64-toolchain
+          HORIZON_NATIVE_TARGET_DIR: ${{ runner.temp }}\horizon-native-arm64-toolchain\target
+        run: |
+          $ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'
+          cargo test --release --locked --target aarch64-pc-windows-msvc --lib rust_toolchain::tests::managed_arm64_toolchain_builds_the_game -- --ignored --exact --nocapture
+          $client = Join-Path $env:HORIZON_NATIVE_TARGET_DIR 'fast/horizon-client.exe'
+          python ../tools/check_pe_arch.py arm64 $client
+          python ../tools/check_imports.py $client
  # Most pull requests leave the harnesses to parity-main, which runs them on main a batch of merges at a time
  # (.github/workflows/parity-main.yml; releases wait for it). A pull request still runs them itself when it changes
  # a harness, an oracle, a probe or the runner, or carries the run-parity label (run-parity.yml, when it is added).
@@ -169,7 +264,7 @@ jobs:
    outputs:
      run: ${{ steps.scope.outputs.run }}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
        with:
          ref: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}
          fetch-depth: 0
@@ -181,7 +276,7 @@ jobs:
        run: |
          changed=$(git diff --name-only "$(git merge-base "$BASE_SHA" HEAD)" HEAD)
          harness=$(grep -E '^(tools/test_[a-z0-9_]+_parity\.py|tools/(parity[a-z_]*|lab)\.py|tools/parity_hosts\.json|mods/horizon/src/test/|crates/[^/]+/examples/|crates/horizon-client/src/game/[a-z_]*(fixture|harness)\.rs|\.github/workflows/parity[a-z-]*\.yml)' <<< "$changed" || true)
-          if [ -n "$harness" ] || [[ " $LABELS " == *" run-parity "* ]]; then
+          if [ -n "$harness" ] || [[ " $LABELS " == *" run-parity "* ]] || [[ " $LABELS " == *" frame-identity "* ]]; then
            echo "run=true" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
            echo "The pull request runs its harnesses: ${harness:-label run-parity}"
          else
@@ -196,6 +291,7 @@ jobs:
      base: ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }}
      head: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}
      full: ${{ contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'full-parity') }}
+      frame_identity: ${{ contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'frame-identity') }}
  # Horizon never downloads the game. These jobs need a self-hosted Linux runner
  # (label horizon-game) holding the maintainer's own copy: the official launcher's
  # game directory in HORIZON_MINECRAFT_DIR and the pinned server jar in
@@ -204,13 +300,13 @@ jobs:
    if: github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch'
    runs-on: [self-hosted, linux, horizon-game]
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v7
        with:
          python-version: '3.12'
      - name: Install Rust toolchain
        run: rustup toolchain install stable --profile minimal
-      - uses: actions/setup-java@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-java@v6
        with:
          distribution: temurin
          java-version: '25'
@@ -552,11 +648,11 @@ jobs:
    if: github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch'
    runs-on: [self-hosted, linux, horizon-game]
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v7
        with:
          python-version: '3.12'
-      - uses: actions/setup-java@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-java@v6
        with:
          distribution: temurin
          java-version: '25'
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ jobs:
      contents: read
      issues: write
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
        with:
          ref: main
          persist-credentials: false
@@ -50,6 +50,8 @@ jobs:
          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
          BODY: ${{ github.event.comment.body }}
          AUTHOR: ${{ github.event.comment.user.login }}
+          # Who may act is decided by this numeric ID: a login can be claimed by someone else after a rename.
+          AUTHOR_ID: ${{ github.event.comment.user.id }}
          ISSUE: ${{ github.event.issue.number }}
          COMMENT_ID: ${{ github.event.comment.id }}
          REPO: ${{ github.repository }}
@@ -63,7 +65,7 @@ jobs:
      contents: read
      issues: write
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
        with:
          ref: main
          persist-credentials: false
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 name: game build
-# Builds the game for every platform from `ref`: the Java exporters, then Linux and the Linux server and Windows on
-# GitHub, macOS on the Mac mini's runner with a 1500-frame offscreen run of a new world (smoke-test.json): Apple
+# Builds the game for every platform from `ref`: the Java exporters, then Linux and the Linux server, Windows x64
+# and ARM64 on GitHub, and macOS on the Mac mini's runner with a 1500-frame offscreen run of a new world (smoke-test.json): Apple
 # Silicon, and Intel cross-built there for x86_64-apple-darwin and checked under Rosetta 2 (#1161). Called by
 # release.yml (the releases) and nightly-build.yml (the opt-in Nightly), always from main's copy of this file: the
 # caller's commit, never the one being built. It holds no secrets: signing the checksums is the callers' own job,
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ jobs:
    # Three full preparations (two isolated, one batched) besides the compile.
    timeout-minutes: 60
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
        with:
          ref: ${{ inputs.ref }}
          persist-credentials: false
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ jobs:
            ! \( -name '*.class' \( -path 'exporters/server/dev/horizonlab/parity/*' -o -path 'exporters/client/dev/horizonlab/parity/*' \) \))
          [ -z "$stray" ] || { echo "::error::not one of our classes: $stray"; exit 1; }
          python3 tools/check_prepare_exporters.py --binary target/release/horizon-prepare
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
        with:
          name: original-exporters
          path: exporters/
@@ -83,6 +83,10 @@ jobs:
  build:
    needs: exporters
    name: build ${{ matrix.name }}
+    # Windows ARM64 and musl are new: a failure never holds the other platforms' release (the signing job
+    # needs this job, and a failed entry of it would fail it). The release steps leave the missing
+    # optional archives out with a warning.
+    continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.name == 'windows-arm64' || matrix.name == 'linux-musl' }}
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
@@ -94,13 +98,28 @@ jobs:
            # The server build too: packaging/server/install.sh installs it on Linux.
            server_dir: horizon-server-linux-x86_64
            server_asset: horizon-server-linux-x86_64.tar.gz
+          - name: linux-musl
+            os: ubuntu-22.04
+            musl: true
+            dir: horizon-linux-musl-x86_64
+            asset: horizon-linux-musl-x86_64.tar.gz
          - name: windows
            os: windows-latest
            dir: horizon-windows-x64
            asset: horizon-windows-x64.zip
            exe: .exe
+            pe_arch: x64
            # The C runtime linked in, so the game runs without the Visual C++ redistributable.
            rustflags: -C target-feature=+crt-static
+          - name: windows-arm64
+            os: windows-11-vs2026-arm
+            target: aarch64-pc-windows-msvc
+            dir: horizon-windows-arm64
+            asset: horizon-windows-arm64.zip
+            exe: .exe
+            pe_arch: arm64
+            # The ARM64 runner builds and runs native ARM64 executables; keep the C runtime in the archive.
+            rustflags: -C target-feature=+crt-static
          - name: macos
            mac: true
            dir: horizon-macos-arm64
@@ -128,7 +147,7 @@ jobs:
      run:
        shell: bash
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
        with:
          ref: ${{ inputs.ref }}
          persist-credentials: false
@@ -141,21 +160,29 @@ jobs:
        with:
          targets: ${{ matrix.target }}
      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-        if: runner.environment == 'github-hosted'
+        if: runner.environment == 'github-hosted' && !matrix.musl
        with:
          # A release restores only what a release saved: an untrusted build has its own key and saves nothing.
          shared-key: ${{ inputs.trusted && 'release' || 'nightly' }}-${{ matrix.name }}
          save-if: ${{ inputs.trusted }}
      - name: ALSA and udev headers
-        if: runner.os == 'Linux'
+        if: runner.os == 'Linux' && !matrix.musl
        run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends libasound2-dev libudev-dev
      - name: Build the client, horizon-ctl, horizon-prepare and horizon-server
+        if: ${{ !matrix.musl }}
        run: cargo build --release --locked ${{ matrix.target && format('--target {0}', matrix.target) || '' }} -p horizon-client -p horizon-client-lib --bin horizon-client --bin horizon-ctl -p horizon-prepare --bin horizon-prepare -p horizon-server --bin horizon-server
      - name: Every program the release folder takes was built
+        if: ${{ !matrix.musl }}
        run: |
          for binary in horizon-client horizon-ctl horizon-prepare horizon-server; do
            test -f "$BIN/$binary${{ matrix.exe }}" || { echo "::error::$BIN/$binary${{ matrix.exe }} is missing"; exit 1; }
          done
+      - name: Verify Windows executable architecture
+        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+        run: |
+          python tools/check_pe_arch.py "${{ matrix.pe_arch }}" \
+            "$BIN/horizon-client${{ matrix.exe }}" "$BIN/horizon-ctl${{ matrix.exe }}" \
+            "$BIN/horizon-prepare${{ matrix.exe }}" "$BIN/horizon-server${{ matrix.exe }}"
      - name: The signing keychain, unlocked
        if: runner.os == 'macOS' && vars.MACOS_SIGN_IDENTITY != '' && inputs.developer_id
        env:
@@ -173,6 +200,7 @@ jobs:
            codesign --verify --strict --verbose=2 "$BIN/$binary"
          done
      - name: Only system libraries
+        if: ${{ !matrix.musl }}
        # Windows: no non-system DLL (a "DLL not found" dialog on some players' machines). Linux: the standard
        # loader and libraries every desktop distribution has. macOS: only the system's own libraries.
        run: |
@@ -188,13 +216,14 @@ jobs:
      - name: Baseline x86-64 CPUs only
        # No POPCNT or LZCNT at all (the script says why only those): a C library's count intrinsic killed the
        # game before main on a Core 2 (#7264). Not the Mac builds: every Intel Mac that runs macOS 11 has both.
-        if: runner.os != 'macOS'
+        if: runner.os != 'macOS' && matrix.pe_arch != 'arm64' && !matrix.musl
        run: |
          set -euo pipefail
          rustup component add llvm-tools
          ${{ runner.os == 'Windows' && 'python' || 'python3' }} tools/check_cpu_baseline.py \
            $(for binary in horizon-client horizon-ctl horizon-prepare horizon-server; do echo "$BIN/$binary${{ matrix.exe }}"; done)
      - name: Every program starts
+        if: ${{ !matrix.musl }}
        run: |
          set -euo pipefail
          bin=$BIN
@@ -239,18 +268,26 @@ jobs:
          # Published with the release; the publish job checks it again before it publishes anything.
          cp "$home/smoke.json" "$RUNNER_TEMP/smoke-test.json"
      # One smoke-test.json per build, the Apple Silicon one's; the Intel build must pass its own run too.
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
        if: runner.environment == 'self-hosted' && !matrix.target
        with:
          name: smoke-test.json
          path: ${{ runner.temp }}/smoke-test.json
          if-no-files-found: error
          retention-days: 3
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
        with:
          name: original-exporters
          path: exporters
+      - name: Build, check and package for musl in Alpine
+        if: matrix.musl
+        # Run Docker on the Ubuntu host: JavaScript actions themselves require glibc.
+        run: |
+          docker run --rm -v "$PWD:/work" -w /work \
+            -e HORIZON_VERSION -e HORIZON_NIGHTLY \
+            rust:alpine3.22 sh tools/ci/build-musl.sh
      - name: Package
+        if: ${{ !matrix.musl }}
        run: |
          set -euo pipefail
          cargo run --locked -p xtask -- package "$BIN/horizon-client${{ matrix.exe }}" "dist/${{ matrix.dir }}"
@@ -277,7 +314,7 @@ jobs:
            codesign --verify --strict "dist/${{ matrix.dir }}/$binary"
          done
          packaging/macos/notarize.sh "dist/${{ matrix.asset }}"
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
        with:
          name: ${{ matrix.asset }}
          path: dist/${{ matrix.asset }}
@@ -299,7 +336,7 @@ jobs:
          rm -f "${{ matrix.server_asset }}"
          tar czf "${{ matrix.server_asset }}" "${{ matrix.server_dir }}"
          ls -l "${{ matrix.server_asset }}"
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
        if: matrix.server_asset
        with:
          name: ${{ matrix.server_asset }}
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 name: launcher
-# Builds the launcher on Linux, macOS and Windows, and releases it by itself (docs/release-flow.md): after a
+# Builds the launcher on Linux, macOS, Windows x64 and ARM64, and releases it by itself (docs/release-flow.md): after a
 # push to main that changes the launcher or a crate it builds in (the paths below),
 # every 10 minutes (a release waiting for merges to settle goes out) and by hand, tools/release_train.py decides as
 # for the game.
@@ -15,8 +15,9 @@ name: launcher
 # under Rosetta 2 (#1161). With the repository variable MACOS_SIGN_IDENTITY set, Horizon.app and the .dmg are signed with
 # Developer ID, notarized and stapled, from the runner's signing keychain (packaging/macos/README.md);
 # unset (forks), they are signed ad hoc.
-# Windows ships the launcher's own binary twice: in the ZIP (what a launcher updates itself from) and as
-# horizon-launcher-setup.exe, which opens the per-user installer instead of Home (launcher/src/installer.rs).
+# Windows ships each architecture's launcher in its ZIP (what a launcher updates itself from) and as
+# horizon-launcher-setup.exe or horizon-launcher-setup-arm64.exe, which opens the per-user installer instead of Home
+# (launcher/src/installer.rs).
 #   gh workflow run launcher --ref <branch>                    # dry run: builds everything, publishes nothing
 #   gh workflow run launcher --ref main -f dry_run=false -f force=true

@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ jobs:
      version: ${{ steps.decide.outputs.version }}
      dry_run: ${{ steps.mode.outputs.dry_run }}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0
      - id: mode
@@ -102,6 +103,10 @@ jobs:
    needs: decide
    if: needs.decide.outputs.release == 'true'
    name: build ${{ matrix.name }}
+    # Windows ARM64 is new: its failure never holds the other platforms' release (the signing job
+    # needs this job, and a failed entry of it would fail it). The release steps leave the missing
+    # ARM64 files out with a warning.
+    continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.name == 'windows-arm64' }}
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
@@ -125,9 +130,20 @@ jobs:
            os: windows-latest
            asset: horizon-launcher-windows-x64.zip
            binary: horizon-launcher.exe
+            pe_arch: x64
+            setup_asset: horizon-launcher-setup.exe
            # The C runtime linked in: without it the launcher asks for VCRUNTIME140.dll,
            # which only the Visual C++ redistributable installs.
            rustflags: -C target-feature=+crt-static
+          - name: windows-arm64
+            os: windows-11-vs2026-arm
+            target: aarch64-pc-windows-msvc
+            asset: horizon-launcher-windows-arm64.zip
+            binary: horizon-launcher.exe
+            pe_arch: arm64
+            setup_asset: horizon-launcher-setup-arm64.exe
+            # The C runtime linked in, so the standalone ARM64 launcher needs no redistributable.
+            rustflags: -C target-feature=+crt-static
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.mac && (vars.MAC_RUNNER || 'ludovics-mac-mini') || matrix.os }}
    # Notarizing the app and then the .dmg can take a few minutes each.
    timeout-minutes: ${{ matrix.mac && 60 || 40 }}
@@ -150,7 +166,7 @@ jobs:
        working-directory: launcher
        shell: bash
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
        with:
          ref: ${{ needs.decide.outputs.head }}
          persist-credentials: false
@@ -182,6 +198,9 @@ jobs:
      # Every test target (the library, the binary, tests/), on each system the launcher ships for.
      - run: cargo test --release --locked ${{ matrix.target && format('--target {0}', matrix.target) || '' }} ${LAUNCHER_FEATURES:+--features "$LAUNCHER_FEATURES"}
      - run: cargo build --release --locked ${{ matrix.target && format('--target {0}', matrix.target) || '' }} ${LAUNCHER_FEATURES:+--features "$LAUNCHER_FEATURES"}
+      - name: Verify Windows executable architecture
+        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+        run: python ../tools/check_pe_arch.py "${{ matrix.pe_arch }}" "$BIN/${{ matrix.binary }}"
      - name: The version is the release's
        run: |
          out=$("$BIN/${{ matrix.binary }}" --version)
@@ -212,7 +231,8 @@ jobs:
          "$launcher" links --json
          # The Intel Mac launcher can come out before any game build has its asset (#1161): then there is nothing
          # to install yet. Only that entry skips, and only on a version list that parsed and had no build here
-          # (exit 3); a launcher or a script that fails still fails the step.
+          # (exit 3); a launcher or a script that fails still fails the step. The Windows ARM64 launcher always has
+          # one: it installs the x64 build where a release has no ARM64 one (backend.rs, GAME_FALLBACK).
          if [[ "${{ matrix.name }}" == macos-x64 ]]; then
            versions=$(retry "$launcher" --json versions)
            no_build='import json, sys; sys.exit(3 if not any(r["available_here"] for r in json.load(sys.stdin)) else 0)'
@@ -236,6 +256,11 @@ jobs:
          # release linked to a Nix store is a warning here, not a broken launcher.
          soft() { if [[ "$RUNNER_OS" == "Linux" ]]; then "$@" || echo "::warning::$* failed"; else "$@"; fi; }
          if [[ "$RUNNER_OS" == "Windows" ]]; then
+            if ! python ../tools/check_pe_arch.py "${{ matrix.pe_arch }}" "$client"; then
+              # A Nightly without an ARM64 build: the ARM64 launcher installs the x64 one (backend.rs, GAME_FALLBACK).
+              [[ "${{ matrix.pe_arch }}" == arm64 ]] && python ../tools/check_pe_arch.py x64 "$client" || exit 1
+              echo "::warning::the latest game has no ARM64 build: the launcher installed the x64 one"
+            fi
            python ../tools/check_imports.py "$client"
          elif [[ "$RUNNER_OS" == "Linux" ]]; then
            soft python3 ../tools/check_imports.py "$client"
@@ -295,8 +320,8 @@ jobs:
        # installer instead of Home (launcher/src/installer.rs). Its name is what makes it the setup,
        # so the ZIP's copy stays the launcher. Both go into the release's signed SHA256SUMS.
        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
-        run: cp "$BIN/${{ matrix.binary }}" out/horizon-launcher-setup.exe
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        run: cp "$BIN/${{ matrix.binary }}" "out/${{ matrix.setup_asset }}"
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
        with:
          name: ${{ matrix.asset }}
          path: launcher/out/*
@@ -314,12 +339,12 @@ jobs:
    # tools/ci/sign_release.sh, which calls only the runner's sha256sum and OpenSSL (docs/release-flow.md).
    environment: ${{ needs.decide.outputs.dry_run != 'true' && 'release' || '' }}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
        with:
          sparse-checkout: tools/ci/sign_release.sh
          sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
          persist-credentials: false
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
        with:
          path: dist
          pattern: horizon-launcher-*
@@ -331,13 +356,13 @@ jobs:
          EPHEMERAL: ${{ needs.decide.outputs.dry_run == 'true' && 'yes' || '' }}
          TAG: ${{ needs.decide.outputs.tag }}
        run: bash tools/ci/sign_release.sh "$TAG" dist/horizon-launcher-*
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
        with:
          name: signature
          path: dist/SHA256SUMS*
          if-no-files-found: error
          retention-days: 3
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
        if: needs.decide.outputs.dry_run == 'true'
        with:
          name: ephemeral.pub
@@ -351,7 +376,7 @@ jobs:
    permissions:
      contents: write
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0
      - name: Notes
@@ -361,7 +386,7 @@ jobs:
          python3 tools/release_train.py notes --kind launcher --tag "${{ needs.decide.outputs.tag }}" \
            --head "${{ needs.decide.outputs.head }}" --out notes > /dev/null
          { echo "## $(cat notes/title.txt)"; echo; cat notes/body.md; } >> "$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY"
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
        with:
          path: dist
          merge-multiple: true
@@ -373,6 +398,13 @@ jobs:
          key=(); [[ -n "$EPHEMERAL" ]] && key=(--key "$(cat dist/ephemeral.pub)")
          cargo run --locked --quiet -p horizon-release-sign -- verify --tag "$TAG" --publishing "${key[@]}" dist
      # Never marked latest: Horizon's own releases stay the repository's latest.
+      - name: The Windows ARM64 launcher, if it built
+        # Its build may fail without holding the release (continue-on-error): the release then has no ARM64
+        # files, and ARM64 launchers stay on their version until one has (backend::launcher_update_from).
+        run: |
+          for file in horizon-launcher-windows-arm64.zip horizon-launcher-setup-arm64.exe; do
+            [[ -f "dist/$file" ]] || echo "::warning::$file is missing: this release goes out without it"
+          done
      - name: Publish ${{ needs.decide.outputs.tag }}
        if: needs.decide.outputs.dry_run != 'true'
        env:
@@ -387,7 +419,7 @@ jobs:
        run: |
          echo "Would publish ${{ needs.decide.outputs.tag }} at ${{ needs.decide.outputs.head }}: $(cat notes/title.txt)"
          ls -l dist
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
        with:
          name: launcher-release-notes
          path: notes/
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ jobs:
      run:
        working-directory: crates/horizon-mod-registry
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
      - run: rustup toolchain install stable --profile minimal --component rustfmt --component clippy
      # Ours keep their build folder between jobs.
      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ${{ vars.SELF_HOSTED_CI != 'off' && fromJSON('["self-hosted", "linux", "horizon-light"]') || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
    timeout-minutes: 10
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
      - name: Check the manifest
        env:
          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ jobs:
      pull-requests: write
    timeout-minutes: 10
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
        with:
          ref: main
          fetch-depth: 0
@@ -52,4 +52,8 @@ jobs:
            git fetch origin "+refs/heads/$branch:refs/remotes/origin/$branch"
          fi
          git push --force-with-lease origin "$branch"
-          gh pr create --base main --head "$branch" --title 'Stamp native hook API fragments' --body 'Assign API numbers to the pending native hook fragments. Close and reopen this PR to run CI.'
+          # The repo doesn't let GitHub Actions open pull requests (that setting would also let it approve them):
+          # the branch is pushed, and a maintainer opens the PR from it.
+          if ! gh pr create --base main --head "$branch" --title 'Stamp native hook API fragments' --body 'Assign API numbers to the pending native hook fragments. Close and reopen this PR to run CI.'; then
+            echo "::warning::Stamped fragments are on $branch; open a pull request from it (GitHub Actions may not open one here)."
+          fi
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ jobs:
      source_tag: ${{ steps.pick.outputs.source_tag }}
      dry_run: ${{ steps.mode.outputs.dry_run }}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0
          persist-credentials: false
@@ -124,14 +124,14 @@ jobs:
        env:
          SHA: ${{ steps.pick.outputs.sha }}
        run: git archive --format=tar.gz --prefix="horizon-${SHA:0:7}/" -o horizon-source.tar.gz "$SHA"
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
        if: steps.pick.outputs.build == 'true'
        with:
          name: horizon-source
          path: horizon-source.tar.gz
          if-no-files-found: error
          retention-days: 3
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
        with:
          name: nightly-notes
          path: nightly-notes.md
@@ -155,32 +155,42 @@ jobs:
    # The key's only job: main's sign_release.sh hashes the archives and signs with the runner's OpenSSL.
    environment: ${{ needs.pick.outputs.dry_run != 'true' && 'release' || '' }}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
        with:
          sparse-checkout: tools/ci/sign_release.sh
          sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false
          persist-credentials: false
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
        with:
          path: dist
          pattern: horizon-*
          merge-multiple: true
-      - name: Sign the checksums (SHA256SUMS, SHA256SUMS.sig) for the nightly channel
+      - name: Sign the checksums for the nightly channel (SHA256SUMS.sig) and for this build (SHA256SUMS.v2.sig)
+        # SHA256SUMS.sig is for launchers from before v2 (signed for "nightly"); SHA256SUMS.v2.sig is signed for
+        # nightly-<date>-<commit>, the version the release title names, which current launchers and servers
+        # require (docs/security.md, "Nightly signatures"). The publish step titles the release from the same values.
        env:
          RELEASE_SIGNING_KEY: ${{ secrets.RELEASE_SIGNING_KEY }}
          RELEASE_SIGNING_KEY_NEXT: ${{ secrets.RELEASE_SIGNING_KEY_NEXT }}
          EPHEMERAL: ${{ needs.pick.outputs.dry_run == 'true' && 'yes' || '' }}
+          ALSO_FOR: nightly-${{ needs.pick.outputs.date }}-${{ needs.pick.outputs.short }}
        run: |
+          # Windows ARM64's build may fail without holding the Nightly (game-build.yml): then it is left out.
+          arm64=(); if [[ -f dist/horizon-windows-arm64.zip ]]; then arm64=(dist/horizon-windows-arm64.zip)
+          else echo "::warning::horizon-windows-arm64.zip is missing: SHA256SUMS goes out without it"; fi
+          musl=(); if [[ -f dist/horizon-linux-musl-x86_64.tar.gz ]]; then musl=(dist/horizon-linux-musl-x86_64.tar.gz)
+          else echo "::warning::horizon-linux-musl-x86_64.tar.gz is missing: SHA256SUMS goes out without it"; fi
          bash tools/ci/sign_release.sh nightly dist/horizon-linux-x86_64.tar.gz dist/horizon-windows-x64.zip \
+            "${arm64[@]}" "${musl[@]}" \
            dist/horizon-macos-arm64.zip dist/horizon-macos-x64.zip dist/horizon-server-linux-x86_64.tar.gz \
            dist/horizon-source.tar.gz
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
        with:
          name: signature
          path: dist/SHA256SUMS*
          if-no-files-found: error
          retention-days: 3
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
        if: needs.pick.outputs.dry_run == 'true'
        with:
          name: ephemeral.pub
@@ -195,19 +205,24 @@ jobs:
      contents: write
      issues: read          # the open release-blocker issues (gate)
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
        with:
          path: dist
          merge-multiple: true
-      - name: The signature, checked as launchers check it
+      - name: The signatures, checked as launchers check them
        env:
          EPHEMERAL: ${{ needs.pick.outputs.dry_run == 'true' && 'yes' || '' }}
+          DATE: ${{ needs.pick.outputs.date }}
+          SHORT: ${{ needs.pick.outputs.short }}
        run: |
          key=(); [[ -n "$EPHEMERAL" ]] && key=(--key "$(cat dist/ephemeral.pub)")
          cargo run --locked --quiet -p horizon-release-sign -- verify --tag nightly --publishing "${key[@]}" dist
+          # The version's own signature, which current launchers require: the title below names the same version.
+          cargo run --locked --quiet -p horizon-release-sign -- verify --tag "nightly-${DATE}-${SHORT}" \
+            --signature SHA256SUMS.v2.sig --publishing "${key[@]}" dist
      - name: Ready to publish (the smoke test drew a world, no release-blocker is open)
        # Right before publishing, as for a release: an issue labelled while the builds ran still holds it. A dry run
        # only reports what a real run would do (that is how a blocker's fix is tried).
@@ -224,18 +239,37 @@ jobs:
        env:
          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
          SHA: ${{ needs.pick.outputs.sha }}
+          SHORT: ${{ needs.pick.outputs.short }}
          DATE: ${{ needs.pick.outputs.date }}
          SOURCE_TAG: ${{ needs.pick.outputs.source_tag }}
        run: |
          set -euo pipefail
          python3 tools/ci/nightly.py rotate
          signature=(); [[ -f dist/SHA256SUMS.sig ]] && signature=(dist/SHA256SUMS.sig)
+          [[ -f dist/SHA256SUMS.v2.sig ]] && signature+=(dist/SHA256SUMS.v2.sig)
+          # The title is what launchers parse (strictly) into the version SHA256SUMS.v2.sig is signed for.
+          [[ "${SHA:0:7}" == "$SHORT" ]] || { echo "::error::the build's commit isn't the one signed"; exit 1; }
+          # The ARM64 archive only when its build succeeded (the sign job left it out of SHA256SUMS otherwise).
+          arm64=()
+          if [[ -f dist/horizon-windows-arm64.zip ]]; then
+            arm64=("dist/horizon-windows-arm64.zip#Game files the launcher installs (Nightly): Windows ARM64 (horizon-windows-arm64.zip)")
+          else
+            echo "::warning::horizon-windows-arm64.zip is missing: the Nightly goes out without it (ARM64 launchers install the x64 build)"
+          fi
+          musl=()
+          if [[ -f dist/horizon-linux-musl-x86_64.tar.gz ]]; then
+            musl=("dist/horizon-linux-musl-x86_64.tar.gz#Game files for musl Linux (horizon-linux-musl-x86_64.tar.gz)")
+          else
+            echo "::warning::horizon-linux-musl-x86_64.tar.gz is missing: the Nightly goes out without it"
+          fi
          # A pre-release, never GitHub's latest: the latest stays the last vX.Y.Z, which launchers and servers from
          # before the Nightly-only switch keep (they don't read Nightlies).
          gh release create nightly --prerelease --latest=false --target "$SHA" \
            --title "Nightly $DATE · ${SHA:0:7}" --notes-file dist/nightly-notes.md \
            "dist/horizon-linux-x86_64.tar.gz#Game files the launcher installs (Nightly): Linux (horizon-linux-x86_64.tar.gz)" \
+            "${musl[@]}" \
            "dist/horizon-windows-x64.zip#Game files the launcher installs (Nightly): Windows (horizon-windows-x64.zip)" \
+            "${arm64[@]}" \
            "dist/horizon-macos-arm64.zip#Game files the launcher installs (Nightly): macOS on Apple Silicon (horizon-macos-arm64.zip)" \
            "dist/horizon-macos-x64.zip#Game files the launcher installs (Nightly): macOS on Intel (horizon-macos-x64.zip)" \
            "dist/horizon-server-linux-x86_64.tar.gz#Nightly dedicated server for Linux (horizon-server-linux-x86_64.tar.gz)" \
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ jobs:
      issues: write         # answers in the thread
      pull-requests: write
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
        with:
          ref: main
          persist-credentials: false
@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ jobs:
          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
          BODY: ${{ github.event.comment.body }}
          AUTHOR: ${{ github.event.comment.user.login }}
+          # Who may act is decided by this numeric ID: a login can be claimed by someone else after a rename.
+          AUTHOR_ID: ${{ github.event.comment.user.id }}
          ISSUE: ${{ github.event.issue.number }}
          COMMENT_URL: ${{ github.event.comment.html_url }}
        run: python3 tools/ci/nightly_set.py command
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ jobs:
          else
            echo "run=true" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
          fi
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
        if: steps.when.outputs.run == 'true'
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ jobs:
        run: python3 tools/ci/parity_issues.py --since "${{ steps.audit.outputs.since }}" ${{ inputs.dry_run && '--dry-run' || '' }} | tee -a "$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY"
      - name: Logs of the failed harnesses
        if: steps.when.outputs.run == 'true' && steps.audit.outputs.exit != '0'
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
        with:
          name: nightly-parity-logs
          path: .local/parity-runner/logs/
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ jobs:
      contents: read
      pull-requests: write
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
        with:
          ref: main
          fetch-depth: 0
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ${{ vars.SELF_HOSTED_CI != 'off' && vars.SELF_HOSTED_CI != 'light' && fromJSON('["self-hosted", "linux", "horizon-checks"]') || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
    timeout-minutes: 90
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0
      - name: Install Rust and the ALSA and udev headers
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: [self-hosted, macOS, horizon-parity-main]
    timeout-minutes: 240  # a core-crate batch reruns ~300 harnesses (~60-90 min), a bisect a few rounds of the failures
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
        with:
          ref: ${{ github.sha }}
          fetch-depth: 0
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ jobs:
          python3 tools/parity_main.py bisect "$BASE_SHA" --comment
      - name: Logs of the failed harnesses
        if: steps.harnesses.outcome == 'failure'
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
        with:
          name: parity-main-logs
          path: .local/parity-main-logs/
@@ -20,6 +20,12 @@ on:
          busy the job waits for it.
        type: boolean
        default: false
+      frame_identity:
+        description: >-
+          The pull request carries the frame-identity label: it must leave the picture alone (HDR, shader packs), so
+          the frame_identity harness, which no automatic selection picks, runs too.
+        type: boolean
+        default: false
 permissions:
  contents: read
 env:
@@ -33,7 +39,7 @@ jobs:
    # harnesses at a time) up to a few hours, and any pull request's job may land there.
    timeout-minutes: ${{ inputs.full && 360 || 180 }}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
        with:
          # The commit the event names: a fork's later pushes need another run-parity label. The next step merges
          # main into it.
@@ -87,9 +93,15 @@ jobs:
          PARITY_HOSTS: ''
          BASE_SHA: ${{ steps.merge.outputs.base }}
        run: python3 tools/parity.py --changed "$BASE_SHA" --timeout 2400  # world_spawn takes ~1480 s on a busy runner
+      - name: The pictures this change must leave alone
+        if: ${{ !cancelled() && inputs.frame_identity }}
+        env:
+          PARITY_HOSTS: ''
+          BASE_SHA: ${{ steps.merge.outputs.base }}
+        run: python3 tools/parity.py frame_identity --timeout 2400
      - name: Logs of the failed harnesses
        if: failure()
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
        with:
          name: parity-logs
          path: .local/parity-runner/logs/
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ jobs:
      contents: read
      pull-requests: write
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
        with:
          ref: main
          persist-credentials: false
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ jobs:
      urgent: ${{ steps.decide.outputs.urgent }}
      dry_run: ${{ steps.mode.outputs.dry_run }}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0
      - id: mode
@@ -27,3 +27,4 @@ jobs:
      base: ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }}
      head: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}
      full: ${{ contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'full-parity') }}
+      frame_identity: ${{ contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'frame-identity') }}
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ jobs:
      run:
        working-directory: crates/horizon-telemetry-server
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
      - run: rustup toolchain install stable --profile minimal --component rustfmt --component clippy
      # Ours keep their build folder between jobs.
      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ jobs:
      issues: write
      pull-requests: write
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
        with:
          ref: main
          persist-credentials: false
@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@ jobs:
          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
          BODY: ${{ github.event.comment.body }}
          AUTHOR: ${{ github.event.comment.user.login }}
+          # Who may act is decided by this numeric ID: a login can be claimed by someone else after a rename.
+          AUTHOR_ID: ${{ github.event.comment.user.id }}
          ISSUE: ${{ github.event.issue.number }}
          REPO: ${{ github.repository }}
          COMMENT_URL: ${{ github.event.comment.html_url }}
@@ -9,8 +9,10 @@ Feature → files → harness for the most-changed areas: [docs/architecture.md]
 - **Never commit Mojang's files**: game jars, assets, decompiled source, prepared resources (`.local/`).
  `tools/check_public_tree.py` rejects them; `git config core.hooksPath .githooks` runs it on commit.
 - **Keep your runs away from real player data.** Any game or launcher you start gets fresh `mktemp -d`
-  folders in `HORIZON_HOME` (the game's data), `HORIZON_LAUNCHER_HOME`, `XDG_DATA_HOME` and
-  `XDG_CONFIG_HOME`, plus `HORIZON_LAUNCHER_NO_SELF_UPDATE=1` and `HORIZON_NO_AUDIO=1`, and, for the
+  folders in `HORIZON_HOME` (logs, crash reports, telemetry consent, recordings; not saves), `HORIZON_LAUNCHER_HOME`, `XDG_DATA_HOME` and
+  `XDG_CONFIG_HOME`, plus `HORIZON_LAUNCHER_NO_SELF_UPDATE=1` and `HORIZON_NO_AUDIO=1`. Saves, `options.txt` and
+  caches go in the game folder, by default the working directory: start the game from a scratch folder with
+  `--game-dir` pointing at it, or they land in the repo root, hidden by `.gitignore`. For the
  launcher, `HORIZON_LAUNCHER_TRASH`, `HORIZON_LAUNCHER_CLIPBOARD` and `HORIZON_LAUNCHER_DESKTOP` pointing into the scratch home. Never write to
  `~/.local/share/{applications,horizon,horizon-launcher}` or `~/.local/bin`.
 - **Mark what an agent posts.** A PR body starts with a line naming the person whose agent opened it and
@@ -33,6 +35,7 @@ Feature → files → harness for the most-changed areas: [docs/architecture.md]
 - **No hardcoded user-facing strings.** Keep UI translation-ready from the start. In the launcher (`launcher/`), wrap visible text with `tr("...")` or `trf("... {arg} ...", &[("arg", &val)])` from `crate::i18n` instead of raw string literals or `format!`. In the game, use translation keys (`Text::tr`, `lang::get`), never hardcoded English strings.
 - **Claim before you start**: comment `/claim` on the issue (no issue yet: open one, then claim it). An assigned
  issue is taken: pick another. `/unclaim` when you stop; a claim with no open PR linking it is released after 5 days.
+- **Controllers reach what registers.** Draw controls with a registering helper (`ui::button`, `settings_shell::foot_button`); `graphics_style::button` and `screen_draw::button` only paint, and registering one part of a screen ends its crosshair, so register all of it.

 ## Crates

@@ -329,6 +329,12 @@ dependencies = [
 "syn 3.0.6",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "byteorder"
+version = "1.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1fd0f2584146f6f2ef48085050886acf353beff7305ebd1ae69500e27c67f64b"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "byteorder-lite"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -1318,6 +1324,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "ab_glyph",
 "bytemuck",
 "chrono",
+ "dunce",
 "flate2",
 "fs4",
 "gilrs",
@@ -1363,6 +1370,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "serde_json",
 "sha1",
 "sha2",
+ "toml",
 "unicode-bidi",
 "ureq",
 "wgpu",
@@ -1400,6 +1408,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "chrono",
 "flate2",
 "fs4",
+ "getrandom 0.3.4",
 "gilrs",
 "glam",
 "horizon-anticheat",
@@ -1411,6 +1420,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "horizon-client-render",
 "horizon-command",
 "horizon-core",
+ "horizon-cosmetics",
 "horizon-dualsense",
 "horizon-friends",
 "horizon-hdr",
@@ -1715,6 +1725,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "horizon-mcp",
 "horizon-release-sign",
 "horizon-server-files",
+ "horizon-world",
 "libc",
 "p12-keystore",
 "png",
@@ -3711,6 +3722,17 @@ dependencies = [
 "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "socks"
+version = "0.3.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f0c3dbbd9ae980613c6dd8e28a9407b50509d3803b57624d5dfe8315218cd58b"
+dependencies = [
+ "byteorder",
+ "libc",
+ "winapi",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "spake2"
 version = "0.4.0"
@@ -4164,6 +4186,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "once_cell",
 "rustls",
 "rustls-pki-types",
+ "socks",
 "url",
 "webpki-roots 0.26.11",
 ]
@@ -4626,6 +4649,22 @@ version = "1.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "72069c3113ab32ab29e5584db3c6ec55d416895e60715417b5b883a357c3e471"

+[[package]]
+name = "winapi"
+version = "0.3.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5c839a674fcd7a98952e593242ea400abe93992746761e38641405d28b00f419"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu",
+ "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ac3b87c63620426dd9b991e5ce0329eff545bccbbb34f3be09ff6fb6ab51b7b6"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "winapi-util"
 version = "0.1.11"
@@ -4635,6 +4674,12 @@ dependencies = [
 "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "windows"
 version = "0.54.0"
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Minecraft: Java Edition 26.3, rewritten in Rust. Same worlds, same rules, same t

 ## Download

-Get **the Horizon launcher** from [playhorizon.dev](https://playhorizon.dev) or [the launcher releases](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/releases?q=launcher-v&expanded=true) (Linux x86-64, macOS on Apple Silicon, macOS on Intel from the next Nightly, Windows x64). It installs and updates the game, prepares its files from your copy of Minecraft, and updates itself.
+Get **the Horizon launcher** from [playhorizon.dev](https://playhorizon.dev) or [the launcher releases](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/releases?q=launcher&expanded=true) (Linux x86-64, macOS on Apple Silicon, macOS on Intel from the next Nightly, Windows x64). It installs and updates the game, prepares its files from your copy of Minecraft, and updates itself.

 **You need** a Microsoft account that owns Java Edition ([why](docs/microsoft-account.md)) and a GPU with Vulkan or OpenGL 3.3 (Linux), Vulkan or DirectX 12 (Windows), or a Mac (Apple Silicon, or Intel from the next Nightly). An existing Minecraft install (official launcher, Prism, MultiMC...) is reused; without one, Play downloads 26.3 from Mojang for your account. Step by step: [Install and first launch](https://playhorizon.dev/docs/install).

@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ Manage a server from a console, ban and pardon players, and drive it from other

 <details><summary>Technical</summary>

-`horizon-server console` (a text interface), `ban`, `pardon`, `ban-ip` and `mcp` over stdio. Admin API additions: the player list, kick, ban, op and whitelist, an SSE stream of logs and events, a text metrics endpoint, config GET and PATCH, backup delete and download. The panel's later features (bans, worlds, server.properties import, logs and crash reports, modpacks) and vanilla's management protocol (the JSON-RPC over WebSocket that the `management-server-*` keys configure), so vanilla's tools can manage a Horizon server. [docs/server.md](docs/server.md), [docs/api/server.md](docs/api/server.md).
+`horizon-server console` (a text interface), `ban`, `pardon`, `ban-ip` and `mcp` over stdio. Admin API additions: the player list, kick, ban, op and whitelist, an SSE stream of logs and events, a text metrics endpoint, config GET and PATCH, backup delete and download. The last pieces merged: bans edited while the server is stopped ([#9767](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/issues/9767)) and the MCP tools' contracts pinned by a test ([#9748](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/issues/9748)). The panel's later features and vanilla's management protocol are their own item (server-panel-management). [docs/server.md](docs/server.md), [docs/api/server.md](docs/api/server.md).

 </details>

@@ -396,6 +396,16 @@ A Datapacks tab beside Mods and Resource packs: install into a chosen world's da

 ### Servers and multiplayer

+#### Server panel extras and vanilla's management protocol
+
+More of a server managed from its web panel (bans, worlds, logs and crash reports, modpacks), and vanilla's own server-management tools working with a Horizon server.
+
+<details><summary>Technical</summary>
+
+The panel's later features (bans, worlds, server.properties import, logs and crash reports, modpacks) and vanilla's management protocol (the JSON-RPC over WebSocket that the `management-server-*` keys configure), so vanilla's tools can manage a Horizon server. Split from server-admin. [docs/server.md](docs/server.md), [docs/api/server.md](docs/api/server.md).
+
+</details>
+
 #### Ely.by and other sign-in providers

 Sign in with other account providers, such as Ely.by or any Yggdrasil-compatible one, beside Microsoft.
@@ -600,16 +610,6 @@ An output device list in Music & Sounds, falling back to the system default. [#1

 </details>

-#### Play in your language
-
-Item names, container titles and server messages follow the language you pick, as in vanilla. Today parts of the game stay in English.
-
-<details><summary>Technical</summary>
-
-Translatable components resolved through the selected language for items, containers and server text ([#1806](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/issues/1806)), on top of the bundled languages the prepared resources carry ([#1594](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/issues/1594)). Left: the client's own screens ([#1672](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/issues/1672)) and the main menu with zh_cn.
-
-</details>
-
 ### Rendering

 #### A light default shader pack
@@ -860,30 +860,11 @@ More: [https://playhorizon.dev/docs/performance](https://playhorizon.dev/docs/pe

 </details>

-### Gameplay parity
-
-#### End city banners keep their pattern
-
-Banners in End cities show as plain magenta instead of with their pattern.
-
-<details><summary>Technical</summary>
-
-Compare the banner block entities the End city templates place with vanilla's (`EndCityPieces`, the templates' block entity NBT, `BannerBlockEntity`'s patterns), in `crates/horizon-world/src/worldgen/structure/`. Issue [#1438](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/issues/1438); possibly related: [#526](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/issues/526).
-
-</details>
-
-#### Enchanted loot in End cities
-
-Armour and tools in End city chests should come enchanted, as in vanilla.
-
-<details><summary>Technical</summary>
-
-`loot.rs` implements `enchant_with_levels`: find why the End city chest table's rolls come out bare, and compare them with vanilla's for a few seeds. Issues [#1437](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/issues/1437), [#1660](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/issues/1660).
-
-</details>
-
 ## Recently shipped

+- **Enchanted loot in End cities** (v0.2.73): Armour and tools in End city chests should come enchanted, as in vanilla. [#1437](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/issues/1437) · [#1660](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/issues/1660) · [#1911](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/issues/1911) · [#2037](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/issues/2037)
+- **End city banners keep their pattern** (v0.2.67): Banners in End cities show as plain magenta instead of with their pattern. [#1438](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/issues/1438) · [#526](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/issues/526) · [#1928](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/issues/1928)
+- **Play in your language** (v0.2.65): Item names, container titles and server messages follow the language you pick, as in vanilla. Today parts of the game stay in English. [#1806](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/issues/1806) · [#1594](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/issues/1594) · [#1672](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/issues/1672)
 - **Chickens flap while they fall** (v0.2.67): Chickens should flap their wings while they fall, not stand still in the air. [#1706](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/issues/1706) · [#1892](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/issues/1892)
 - **Ctrl+Backspace and scroll bars in menus** (v0.2.67): Ctrl+Backspace should delete a whole word in the creative search, and every list's scroll bar should be draggable. [#1764](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/issues/1764) · [#1782](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/issues/1782) · [#1884](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/issues/1884) · [#1931](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/issues/1931)
 - **A pointing hand over buttons** (v0.2.67): The mouse pointer should turn into a pointing hand over menu buttons, as in vanilla 26.3. [#1347](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/issues/1347) · [#1897](https://github.com/horizon-rust/horizon/issues/1897)
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ are in that folder (`LICENSE.MIT`, `LICENSE.APACHE`).

 The GLSL frontend also resets the common type for each comma-separated declarator so one
 variable's array specifier does not change later variables.
+It also reads a struct member outside a constant expression through a pointer to the member,
+not out of a loaded copy of the whole struct, so a member an atomic function uses can be read.

 ## libmimalloc-sys and mimalloc

@@ -168,3 +170,45 @@ BlueMap is licensed under the MIT license:
 > LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 > OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 > THE SOFTWARE.
+
+## JOML
+
+`crates/horizon-client-render/src/camera.rs` (`joml::Mat4::rotation`, `invert_orthonormal`) and
+`crates/horizon-client-render/src/gfx/pack_uniforms.rs` (`invert_generic`, `invert_affine`, the
+formulas of `pack_projection` and `shadow_ortho`) adapt the float arithmetic of
+`Matrix4f.rotation(Quaternionfc)`, `invertOrthonormal`, `invertGenericNonThis`, `invertAffine`,
+`setPerspective` and `setOrtho` from
+[JOML](https://github.com/JOML-CI/JOML/tree/faf9eef2511242122beb6055fe3da92daed214c5) 1.10.9, the
+library vanilla 26.3 uses, so that shader packs get the same matrices to the last bit. Changes:
+ported to Rust; the pack_uniforms.rs functions drop JOML's property flags, and
+`pack_projection` works the formula in doubles. The copyright line and license notice also head
+both files.
+
+`camera.rs` also adapts `Quaternionf.rotationX`, `rotationY` and `rotationZ`,
+`Matrix4f.rotateAffine` and `Vector4f.mulAffine` (`joml::Quat::rotation_x`/`_y`/`_z`,
+`joml::Mat4::rotate_affine`, `transform_affine`), for the sky's positions shader packs read.
+Changes: ported to Rust; `rotate_affine` keeps only the affine case.
+
+```
+The MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2015-2026 Richard Greenlees
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.
+```
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# Entity occlusion split measurements — 2026-11-02
+
+These measurements came from the pre-split integration branch for PR #7054. That build contained the entity-occlusion rewrite and particle light lookup cache; Particle Culling was Off. They are useful comparison evidence, but they are not a benchmark of this isolated entity-only commit. The cache-only run in PR #7391 measured effectively the same CPU time on the ordinary scene, but the combined result still cannot isolate interactions.
+
+Host: Intel Core i7-3770S, Intel HD Graphics 4000, Vulkan/Mesa, 675×727, render distance 4, VSync off, 260 FPS cap. Two opposite-order passes measured for 8 seconds after warmup. Values are means. CPU is harness average CPU ms per frame; p99 is frame time. The driver supplied no usable GPU timing.
+
+## Ordinary scene
+
+The scene had 24 mobs, roughly 9,400–10,100 rain particles and campfire smoke.
+
+| Build and mode | FPS | CPU ms/frame | Frame p99 ms |
+| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: |
+| Main, entity culling Off | 88.59 | 1.829 | 24.51 |
+| Pre-split integration branch, all culling Off | 88.33 | 2.063 | 24.51 |
+| Main, entity culling Synchronous | 89.34 | 1.965 | 23.99 |
+| Pre-split integration branch, entity Synchronous | 89.13 | 2.113 | 24.15 |
+
+This normal-scene run does not show a large FPS change; its CPU differences are small relative to frame time and not attributable to the entity-only change by themselves.
+
+## Opaque-wall scene
+
+A 32×32 platform at Y=300, a 7-block wall with a one-block vertical opening, and 192 pigs spawned behind the wall (216 mobs in the captured scene). The player looked toward the opening from the near side. The same world and camera path were used for the main and integration builds.
+
+| Build and mode | FPS | CPU ms/frame | Frame p99 ms |
+| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: |
+| Main, Off | 89.08 | 2.423 | 13.52 |
+| Integration branch, Off | 89.23 | 2.355 | 13.27 |
+| Main, Synchronous | 92.81 | 2.566 | 14.60 |
+| Integration branch, Synchronous | 93.21 | 2.550 | 12.84 |
+| Main, Asynchronous | 92.73 | 2.364 | 13.04 |
+| Integration branch, Asynchronous | 92.62 | 2.314 | 13.18 |
+
+The asynchronous mode reduced measured CPU time slightly in this wall scene but did not improve FPS beyond run-to-run spread. This is a synthetic occlusion-heavy scene, not a broad performance claim.
+
+## Captures
+
+The HUD performance overlay is visible in each capture. The integration-build screenshots were recorded with the same wall and camera position in Off, Synchronous, and Asynchronous modes.
+
+- Main, Off: `main-off.png`
+- Integration branch, Off: `branch-off.png`
+- Integration branch, Synchronous: `branch-sync.png`
+- Integration branch, Asynchronous: `branch-async.png`
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# Entity occlusion pipeline — release/OpenGL run (2026-11-04)
+
+This is the final local smoke benchmark for the entity-occlusion pipeline before opening the PR. It was run from the branch after the release build completed, with the OpenGL backend selected explicitly. The same process created each scene, switched the culling mode, flew the camera for two seconds, collected frame/CPU telemetry, and captured the screenshot after the scene settled.
+
+**Host:** Intel Core i7-3770S, Intel HD Graphics 4000, Mesa OpenGL 4.2
+**Window:** 1280×720, offscreen, VSync disabled
+**World:** fresh temporary home, 32×32 platform at Y=300; wall scenes add a solid stone wall and an optional one-block slit
+**Entities:** 24 pigs in the normal scene, 192 pigs in wall scenes, 512 pigs in stress scenes
+**Settings:** render distance 8, `entityCullingPrecheck:64`, FPS overlay on, no resource-pack occlusion assumptions
+**Build:** `cargo build --release -p horizon-client`
+
+## Results
+
+The values below are branch-only measurements. They are useful for comparing the three modes under identical geometry and for checking that the worker is doing useful work. A fresh main binary was not built in this short pass, so these numbers do not claim a controlled main-to-branch delta.
+
+| Scene | Off FPS / CPU p50 | Sync FPS / CPU p50 | Async FPS / CPU p50 | Async entities culled |
+| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
+| `entity_normal` (24 visible) | 240.5 / 0.586 ms | 233.5 / 0.762 ms | 239.3 / 0.686 ms | 0 |
+| `entity_wall` (192, solid) | 228.8 / 1.245 ms | 318.6 / 1.342 ms | **324.5 / 0.478 ms** | 124,608 |
+| `entity_wall_slit` (192, one-block slit) | 231.4 / 1.102 ms | 265.0 / 1.387 ms | **281.2 / 0.716 ms** | 102,826 |
+| `entity_stress` (512, solid) | 190.3 / 2.467 ms | 299.2 / 2.593 ms | **325.5 / 0.691 ms** | 290,234 |
+| `entity_stress_slit` (512, one-block slit) | 190.4 / 2.476 ms | 262.2 / 2.573 ms | **262.1 / 1.297 ms** | 227,301 |
+
+Async telemetry confirmed that the render thread stayed non-blocking (`try_recv`/`try_send`, `worker_blocking_wait_ms: 0`). The latest wall/slit run completed 562 worker jobs, queued 3,982 queries, avoided about 4.0 million entity bytes, and had 379 ns recent p50 worker-job time. The solid 512-pig run culled 15,552 generated vertices; the slit run culled 120,290 generated vertices. The normal scene recorded no pre-model hides and kept the opt-in path close to Off.
+
+## Captures
+
+Every image includes the FPS performance overlay. The names are `<mode>-<scene>.png`:
+
+- [Off — normal](screenshots/off-entity_normal.png), [wall](screenshots/off-entity_wall.png), [wall slit](screenshots/off-entity_wall_slit.png), [stress](screenshots/off-entity_stress.png), [stress slit](screenshots/off-entity_stress_slit.png)
+- [Sync — normal](screenshots/sync-entity_normal.png), [wall](screenshots/sync-entity_wall.png), [wall slit](screenshots/sync-entity_wall_slit.png), [stress](screenshots/sync-entity_stress.png), [stress slit](screenshots/sync-entity_stress_slit.png)
+- [Async — normal](screenshots/async-entity_normal.png), [wall](screenshots/async-entity_wall.png), [wall slit](screenshots/async-entity_wall_slit.png), [stress](screenshots/async-entity_stress.png), [stress slit](screenshots/async-entity_stress_slit.png)
+
+## Reproduction
+
+From the repository root, with prepared 26.3 resources available:
+
+```sh
+python3 tools/entity_occlusion_bench.py
+```
+
+The script uses fresh temporary game data, the release binary in `target/release`, OpenGL, the FPS overlay, and writes JSON plus captures under `/tmp/horizon-entity-occlusion-release-quick/`.
@@ -0,0 +1,870 @@
+{
+ "format": "horizon-benchmark-report",
+ "version": 1,
+ "kind": "game",
+ "created": "2026-11-04T13:00:15Z",
+ "app": {
+  "name": "horizon-client",
+  "version": "nightly-2026-11-04-67dad0d",
+  "commit": "67dad0d"
+ },
+ "hardware": {
+  "os": "linux",
+  "arch": "x86_64",
+  "cpu_threads": 24,
+  "os_version": "NixOS 26.05 (Yarara) (kernel 6.18.57)",
+  "cpu": "13th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-13700KF",
+  "ram_mb": 31904,
+  "gpu": {
+   "name": "NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4080",
+   "vendor": "nvidia",
+   "driver": "NVIDIA 595.71.05",
+   "backend": "vulkan",
+   "kind": "discrete"
+  }
+ },
+ "conditions": {
+  "scenario": "perf_bench:village,forest,ocean,mountain",
+  "seed": "1234",
+  "render_distance": 12,
+  "simulation_distance": 12,
+  "vsync": false,
+  "offscreen": false,
+  "repeats": 3,
+  "warmup_s": 2.0,
+  "load_avg_1m": 28.408,
+  "window": [
+   1280,
+   720
+  ]
+ },
+ "metrics": {
+  "startup.title_ms": {
+   "n": 3,
+   "mean": 66658.183,
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+}
@@ -0,0 +1,870 @@
+{
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+ "created": "2026-11-04T14:47:19Z",
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+ ],
+ "label": "horizon-desktop"
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,854 @@
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+    0,
+    0,
+    0
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "label": "horizon-macmini"
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# Horizon Nightly 2026-11-04 vs vanilla 26.3 on the Mac mini and the desktop (2026-11-04)
+
+> **The Mac mini reports (`*-macmini-rd*.json`) are offscreen, not comparable.** Horizon rendered offscreen (no presenting)
+> while vanilla drew into a window, so the Mac rows below are not a Horizon-vs-vanilla comparison, and the website does not
+> publish them: it keeps the Mac mini's 2026-10-22 runs. They are kept here only as a record of that day's offscreen run.
+
+The desktop runs are the ones behind playhorizon.dev/benchmarks as of 2026-11-04 (horizon-rust/horizon-site#58): `tools/perf_bench.py`
+reports, render distance 12 and 32, three games each, every game from a fresh world (seed 1234), 1280x720, VSync off. Files:
+`{horizon,vanilla}-macmini-rd{12,32}.json` and `{horizon,vanilla}-desktop-rd{12,32}.json` next to this page.
+
+## Builds
+
+- **Horizon:** the Nightly 2026-11-04 release bundle (67dad0d), as the launcher installs it: macOS arm64 on the Mac,
+  Linux x86_64 on the desktop. Its resources come from the bundle's own `horizon-prepare`. perf_bench ran from main
+  a55b9a2e52 and wrote that checkout's crate version and commit; `app.version` and `app.commit` were set to the bundle's by hand.
+- **Vanilla:** the 26.3 client jar with Fabric Loader and the driver mod, Java 25, the official launcher's JVM flags.
+
+## Machines and conditions
+
+- **Mac mini, Apple M4 Pro (14 cores, 20-core GPU), macOS: offscreen, not comparable.** The session was locked, so Horizon ran `--offscreen`: a locked
+  session gives a window no frames, and windowed Horizon measured 0 FPS. Vanilla drew into its window. Offscreen skips
+  presenting, which favours Horizon, so its averages aren't held at the 144 Hz display as they were on 2026-10-22. Each game
+  started at a 1-minute load of 17-18 (the run waited for < 20); during the runs the load rose to 30-50.
+- **Desktop, RTX 4080 + i7-13700KF, NixOS, NVIDIA 595.** Both games drew into a headless sway rendering on the RTX 4080 (never
+  on its screen), both through Wayland on Vulkan. Vanilla went through SDL's Wayland driver: through Xwayland each of its
+  frames took about 2 s on this day. The machine also runs CI and agents' builds: each game started at a load of 28-30 on
+  24 threads (the run waited for < 30) and the load rose to 40-70 during the runs. Vanilla at RD 32 crashed twice under that
+  load (`GPU timeout attempting to acquire next frame`) before a third series finished. Start-up times are inflated by the
+  load and by a cold disk on each series' first start (start → world up to 130-235 s).
+- **Order:** RD 12 ran Horizon then vanilla; RD 32 ran vanilla then Horizon.
+
+## Results (average over the flights of the three games; FPS average / 1% low)
+
+| Machine | RD | Horizon | Vanilla | Horizon ÷ vanilla (avg, 1% low) |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Mac mini (**offscreen, not comparable**) | 12 | 774 / 294 | 132 / 27 | — |
+| Mac mini (**offscreen, not comparable**) | 32 | 297 / 159 | 68 / 16 | — |
+| Desktop | 12 | 2,224 / 308 | 1,824 / 201 | 1.2x, 1.5x |
+| Desktop | 32 | 800 / 140 | 696 / 64 | 1.15x, 2.2x |
+
+Neither machine was idle, so these say how both games behave on busy machines. They are not clean ratios; for those, see
+`windows-9800x3d-5080-2026-10-29.md`. The scripts and logs are in horizon-parity `shots/site-bench-2026-11-04/`.
@@ -0,0 +1,787 @@
+{
+ "format": "horizon-benchmark-report",
+ "version": 1,
+ "kind": "game",
+ "created": "2026-11-04T13:28:55Z",
+ "app": {
+  "name": "minecraft",
+  "version": "26.3",
+  "mods": [
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+    "name": "fabric-loader",
+    "version": "0.19.5"
+   }
+  ]
+ },
+ "hardware": {
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+  "arch": "x86_64",
+  "cpu_threads": 24,
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+  "cpu": "13th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-13700KF",
+  "ram_mb": 31904,
+  "gpu": {
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+   "vendor": "NVIDIA",
+   "driver": "1.4.329 NVIDIA 595.71.05",
+   "backend": "vulkan",
+   "kind": ""
+  }
+ },
+ "conditions": {
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+  "seed": "1234",
+  "render_distance": 12,
+  "simulation_distance": 12,
+  "vsync": false,
+  "offscreen": false,
+  "repeats": 3,
+  "warmup_s": 2.0,
+  "load_avg_1m": 28.788,
+  "window": [
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+   720
+  ]
+ },
+ "metrics": {
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+   "stdev": 0.411,
+   "min": 0.726,
+   "max": 1.545,
+   "ci95": 1.02
+  },
+  "chunks.ocean.load_ms": {
+   "n": 3,
+   "mean": 19066.516,
+   "stdev": 9372.33,
+   "min": 13163.781,
+   "max": 29873.383,
+   "ci95": 23284.039
+  },
+  "fps.ocean.avg_fps": {
+   "n": 3,
+   "mean": 69.735,
+   "stdev": 46.656,
+   "min": 16.524,
+   "max": 103.635,
+   "ci95": 115.909
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+  "fps.ocean.low_1pct_fps": {
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+   "mean": 17.636,
+   "stdev": 13.616,
+   "min": 3.179,
+   "max": 30.217,
+   "ci95": 33.827
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+  "fps.ocean.low_01pct_fps": {
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+   "stdev": 10.798,
+   "min": 2.584,
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+  "memory.ocean.rss_mb": {
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+   "stdev": 84.375,
+   "min": 2463.781,
+   "max": 2627.945,
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+  "tick.ocean.client_ms": {
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+   "stdev": 0.233,
+   "min": 0.815,
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+  "chunks.mountain.load_ms": {
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+   "min": 58937.045,
+   "max": 67828.14,
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+   "min": 45.235,
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+   "stdev": 1.097,
+   "min": 5.545,
+   "max": 7.588,
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+  },
+  "fps.mountain.low_01pct_fps": {
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+   "stdev": 0.756,
+   "min": 2.827,
+   "max": 4.296,
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+  },
+  "memory.mountain.rss_mb": {
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+   "stdev": 15.043,
+   "min": 2588.234,
+   "max": 2618.094,
+   "ci95": 37.371
+  },
+  "tick.mountain.client_ms": {
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+   "stdev": 0.03,
+   "min": 0.926,
+   "max": 0.985,
+   "ci95": 0.074
+  },
+  "memory.rss_peak_mb": {
+   "n": 3,
+   "mean": 2731.016,
+   "stdev": 56.767,
+   "min": 2688.516,
+   "max": 2795.484,
+   "ci95": 141.03
+  },
+  "memory.rss_steady_mb": {
+   "n": 3,
+   "mean": 2577.339,
+   "stdev": 77.295,
+   "min": 2488.203,
+   "max": 2625.875,
+   "ci95": 192.028
+  },
+  "memory.footprint_peak_mb": {
+   "n": 3,
+   "mean": 4612.571,
+   "stdev": 20.245,
+   "min": 4595.363,
+   "max": 4634.879,
+   "ci95": 50.296
+  },
+  "memory.footprint_steady_mb": {
+   "n": 3,
+   "mean": 4271.925,
+   "stdev": 26.308,
+   "min": 4246.207,
+   "max": 4298.785,
+   "ci95": 65.357
+  }
+ },
+ "frames": [
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+   "phase": "village",
+   "repeat": 0,
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+   "seconds": 12.067,
+   "avg_fps": 28.922,
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+  },
+  {
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+   "frames": 610,
+   "seconds": 12.003,
+   "avg_fps": 50.822,
+   "low_1pct_fps": 5.875,
+   "low_01pct_fps": 2.827,
+   "p50_ms": 13.894,
+   "p95_ms": 44.208,
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+ ],
+ "label": "vanilla-macmini"
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# `keys.contains(&KeyCode::ShiftLeft)` reads a mapping by its default key: ask by `Action`, so the
+# mapping is named and every device that can hold it counts.
+disallowed-methods = [
+    { path = "horizon_client_input::held::HeldKeys::contains", reason = "use `held(Action::..)`, or `raw` for a key that is no mapping's default", allow-invalid = true },
+]
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ pub fn kind_of(path: &Path) -> Option<Kind> {
        "hmod" => Some(Kind::Mod),
        "hnmod" => Some(Kind::NativeMod),
        "hpack" => Some(Kind::Modpack),
-        "zip" => Some(Kind::ResourcePack),
+        "zip" => Some(horizon_mods::index::zip_kind(path)),
        "hshader" => Some(Kind::Shader),
        _ => None,
    }
@@ -489,15 +489,36 @@ pub fn parse_duration(text: &str) -> Option<i64> {
    (count > 0).then(|| count.checked_mul(unit)).flatten()
 }

-/// `millis` for players, rounded up: minutes up to an hour, hours up to two days, then days.
-pub fn duration_text(millis: i64) -> String {
-    let up = |unit: i64| (millis + unit - 1) / unit;
-    let (count, unit) = if millis <= 60 * MINUTE {
-        (up(MINUTE), "minute")
+/// The unit used when presenting a moderation duration to a player.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum DurationUnit {
+    Minute,
+    Hour,
+    Day,
+}
+
+/// A duration's rounded count and unit, shared by logs and translated replies.
+pub fn duration_parts(millis: i64) -> (i64, DurationUnit) {
+    let (unit, kind) = if millis <= 60 * MINUTE {
+        (MINUTE, DurationUnit::Minute)
    } else if millis <= 48 * 60 * MINUTE {
-        (up(60 * MINUTE), "hour")
+        (60 * MINUTE, DurationUnit::Hour)
    } else {
-        (up(24 * 60 * MINUTE), "day")
+        (24 * 60 * MINUTE, DurationUnit::Day)
+    };
+    (
+        millis.div_euclid(unit) + i64::from(millis.rem_euclid(unit) > 0),
+        kind,
+    )
+}
+
+/// `millis` for logs, rounded up: minutes up to an hour, hours up to two days, then days.
+pub fn duration_text(millis: i64) -> String {
+    let (count, unit) = duration_parts(millis);
+    let unit = match unit {
+        DurationUnit::Minute => "minute",
+        DurationUnit::Hour => "hour",
+        DurationUnit::Day => "day",
    };
    format!("{count} {unit}{}", if count == 1 { "" } else { "s" })
 }
@@ -327,3 +327,19 @@ fn an_allow_line_without_letters_allows_nothing() {
        assert!(f.matches("nigger"), "{line}");
    }
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn duration_parts_preserve_rounding_without_overflow() {
+    for (millis, expected) in [
+        (1, (1, DurationUnit::Minute)),
+        (60_000, (1, DurationUnit::Minute)),
+        (61_000, (2, DurationUnit::Minute)),
+        (3_600_000, (60, DurationUnit::Minute)),
+        (3_600_001, (2, DurationUnit::Hour)),
+        (172_800_000, (48, DurationUnit::Hour)),
+        (172_800_001, (3, DurationUnit::Day)),
+        (i64::MAX, (106_751_991_168, DurationUnit::Day)),
+    ] {
+        assert_eq!(duration_parts(millis), expected);
+    }
+}
@@ -143,7 +143,9 @@ impl<'a> Fields<'a> {
    /// `RandomizableContainer.tryLoadLootTable` / `trySaveLootTable`; true when the
    /// block entity has a loot table (and so saves no items).
    fn loot_table(&mut self) -> bool {
-        let Some(table) = text(self.input.get("LootTable")) else {
+        let Some(table) =
+            text(self.input.get("LootTable")).and_then(|id| crate::identifier::normalize_id(&id))
+        else {
            return false;
        };
        self.put("LootTable", string(&table));
@@ -905,6 +907,16 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(out.get("LootTable"), Some(&string("minecraft:chests/x")));
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn invalid_loot_table_leaves_items_intact() {
+        let out = canon(
+            "{id:\"minecraft:barrel\",x:1,y:2,z:3,LootTable:\"INVALID TABLE\",\
+             Items:[{Slot:0b,id:\"minecraft:stone\",count:1}]}",
+        );
+        assert!(out.get("Items").is_some());
+        assert!(out.get("LootTable").is_none());
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn items_are_validated_and_sorted_by_slot() {
        let out = canon(
@@ -207,9 +207,11 @@ fn style_flag(v: Option<&Value>) -> Option<bool> {
    }
 }

-fn untrusted_http_url(url: &str) -> bool {
-    // ExtraCodecs.UNTRUSTED_URI / Util.parseAndValidateUntrustedUri: http and
-    // https only, scheme case-insensitive.
+/// ExtraCodecs.UNTRUSTED_URI / Util.parseAndValidateUntrustedUri: http and
+/// https only, scheme case-insensitive. Every `open_url` a server sends must
+/// pass it: anything else (`file:`, a UNC path, a custom protocol handler)
+/// could start a program through the system's URL handler.
+pub fn untrusted_http_url(url: &str) -> bool {
    url.split_once(':').is_some_and(|(scheme, _)| {
        scheme.eq_ignore_ascii_case("http") || scheme.eq_ignore_ascii_case("https")
    })
@@ -388,6 +388,36 @@ pub fn apply_deprecated(map: &mut HashMap<String, String>, json: &[u8]) {
    }
 }

+/// `Language.loadFromJson` for one `lang/<code>.json`: its entries go into `map` in file order.
+/// A file that is plain JSON reads as before; any other goes through Gson's lenient reader
+/// (`#`, `//` and `/* */` comments, unquoted or single-quoted names and values, raw control
+/// characters in strings, `=` or `=>` and `;`), which vanilla reads lang files with (expected
+/// from `Language.loadFromJson`, Gson). A file that is not JSON even so adds nothing; a value
+/// that is not a string, number or boolean (`GsonHelper.convertToString`) ends the file there.
+fn read_lang_file(bytes: &[u8], map: &mut HashMap<String, String>) {
+    use horizon_world::datafix::json::{Json, parse_lenient};
+    if let Ok(entries) = serde_json::from_slice::<HashMap<String, String>>(bytes) {
+        map.extend(entries);
+        return;
+    }
+    let text = String::from_utf8_lossy(bytes);
+    // Gson's JsonReader skips a leading byte order mark.
+    let text = text.strip_prefix('\u{feff}').unwrap_or(&text);
+    let utf16: Vec<u16> = text.encode_utf16().collect();
+    let Some(Json::Obj(entries)) = parse_lenient(&utf16) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    for (key, value) in entries {
+        let value = match value {
+            Json::Str(s) => String::from_utf16_lossy(&s),
+            Json::Num(n) => n,
+            Json::Bool(b) => b.to_string(),
+            Json::Null | Json::Arr(_) | Json::Obj(_) => break,
+        };
+        map.insert(String::from_utf16_lossy(&key), value);
+    }
+}
+
 impl Language {
    /// ClientLanguage.loadFrom: en_us first, then the selected language, each
    /// from every namespace and every source in priority order (later sources
@@ -413,9 +443,7 @@ impl Language {
                    else {
                        continue;
                    };
-                    if let Ok(entries) = serde_json::from_slice::<HashMap<String, String>>(&bytes) {
-                        map.extend(entries);
-                    }
+                    read_lang_file(&bytes, &mut map);
                }
            }
        }
@@ -875,4 +903,165 @@ mod tests {
            ["en_us", "fr_fr"]
        );
    }
+
+    fn read(body: &str) -> HashMap<String, String> {
+        let mut map = HashMap::new();
+        read_lang_file(body.as_bytes(), &mut map);
+        map
+    }
+    fn entries(pairs: &[(&str, &str)]) -> HashMap<String, String> {
+        pairs
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(k, v)| ((*k).to_owned(), (*v).to_owned()))
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_plain_json_lang_file_reads_as_before() {
+        let body = "{\"a\": \"Apple \\\"quoted\\\" \\u00e9\", \"b\": \"\", \"a\": \"Again\"}";
+        let strict: HashMap<String, String> = serde_json::from_str(body).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(read(body), strict);
+        assert_eq!(read(body), entries(&[("a", "Again"), ("b", "")]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn lang_files_read_with_comments() {
+        let want = entries(&[("a", "Apple"), ("b", "Banana # not a comment // either")]);
+        for body in [
+            "# header\n{\n# a comment\n\"a\": \"Apple\",\n\"b\": \"Banana # not a comment // either\"\n}\n",
+            "// header\n{\"a\": \"Apple\", // after\n\"b\": \"Banana # not a comment // either\"}",
+            "/* header\n over lines */{\"a\": /* inline */ \"Apple\", \"b\": \"Banana # not a comment // either\"}",
+        ] {
+            assert_eq!(read(body), want, "{body}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn lang_files_read_unquoted_and_single_quoted_names_and_values() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            read("{a: 'Apple', 'b': \"Banana\", c: Cherry}"),
+            entries(&[("a", "Apple"), ("b", "Banana"), ("c", "Cherry")])
+        );
+        // A single-quoted string may hold a double quote, and the reverse.
+        assert_eq!(
+            read("{'a': 'say \"hi\"', \"b\": \"it's\"}"),
+            entries(&[("a", "say \"hi\""), ("b", "it's")])
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn lang_files_read_raw_control_characters_in_strings() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            read("{\"a\": \"tab\there\", \"b\": \"two\nlines\"}"),
+            entries(&[("a", "tab\there"), ("b", "two\nlines")])
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn lang_files_read_gson_separators_and_a_byte_order_mark() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            read("\u{feff}{\"a\" = \"Apple\"; \"b\" => \"Banana\"}"),
+            entries(&[("a", "Apple"), ("b", "Banana")])
+        );
+        // A trailing comma before `}` is not JSON even to Gson's lenient reader.
+        assert_eq!(read("{# c\n\"a\": \"Apple\",}"), HashMap::new());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn numbers_and_booleans_read_as_their_text() {
+        // GsonHelper.convertToString: a primitive reads as its text.
+        assert_eq!(
+            read("{\"a\": 1.50, \"b\": true, \"c\": -2e3}"),
+            entries(&[("a", "1.50"), ("b", "true"), ("c", "-2e3")])
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_value_that_is_no_text_ends_the_file_there() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            read("# c\n{\"a\": \"Apple\", \"b\": [\"x\"], \"c\": \"Cherry\"}"),
+            entries(&[("a", "Apple")])
+        );
+        assert_eq!(read("{\"a\": null, \"b\": \"Banana\"}"), HashMap::new());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_lang_file_that_is_not_json_adds_nothing() {
+        for body in [
+            "# c\n{\"a\": \"Apple\"",
+            "[\"a\"]",
+            "\"a\"",
+            "",
+            "{\"a\": \"Apple\"} {",
+        ] {
+            assert_eq!(read(body), HashMap::new(), "{body:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_pack_lang_file_with_comments_layers_over_english() {
+        let base = Mem(HashMap::from([(
+            "assets/minecraft/lang/en_us.json".into(),
+            br#"{"a":"Apple","b":"Banana"}"#.to_vec(),
+        )]));
+        let pack = Mem(HashMap::from([(
+            "assets/minecraft/lang/fr_fr.json".into(),
+            b"{\n# Fruits\n\"a\": \"Pomme\"\n}\n".to_vec(),
+        )]));
+        let sources: [&dyn ResourceSource; 2] = [&base, &pack];
+        let fr = Language::load(&sources, "fr_fr");
+        assert_eq!(fr.get("a"), Some("Pomme"));
+        assert_eq!(fr.get("b"), Some("Banana"));
+    }
+
+    /// Every lang file of a downloaded pack, e.g. BACAP Language Pack:
+    /// `HORIZON_LANG_PACK_DIR=<pack>/assets/minecraft/lang cargo test -p horizon-client-core
+    /// lang::tests::every_lang_file_of_a_pack_reads -- --ignored --nocapture`.
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "needs a downloaded pack in HORIZON_LANG_PACK_DIR"]
+    fn every_lang_file_of_a_pack_reads() {
+        let Ok(dir) = std::env::var("HORIZON_LANG_PACK_DIR") else {
+            return;
+        };
+        let mut failed = Vec::new();
+        let mut paths: Vec<_> = std::fs::read_dir(dir)
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|e| e.unwrap().path())
+            .collect();
+        paths.sort();
+        for path in paths {
+            let bytes = std::fs::read(&path).unwrap();
+            let strict = serde_json::from_slice::<HashMap<String, String>>(&bytes).is_ok();
+            let mut map = HashMap::new();
+            read_lang_file(&bytes, &mut map);
+            // An independent count: the distinct `"name":` that start a line.
+            let text = String::from_utf8_lossy(&bytes);
+            let names: std::collections::HashSet<&str> = text
+                .lines()
+                .filter_map(|line| {
+                    let rest = line.trim_start().strip_prefix('"')?;
+                    let mut escaped = false;
+                    let end = rest.char_indices().find_map(|(i, c)| {
+                        let close = c == '"' && !escaped;
+                        escaped = c == '\\' && !escaped;
+                        close.then_some(i)
+                    })?;
+                    rest[end + 1..]
+                        .trim_start()
+                        .starts_with(':')
+                        .then(|| &rest[..end])
+                })
+                .collect();
+            println!(
+                "{}: strict {strict}, {} keys, {} names",
+                path.display(),
+                map.len(),
+                names.len()
+            );
+            if map.is_empty() || map.len() != names.len() {
+                failed.push(path);
+            }
+        }
+        assert!(failed.is_empty(), "{failed:?}");
+    }
 }
@@ -79,28 +79,65 @@ fn elements(tag: &Tag) -> Option<Vec<Tag>> {
        _ => return None,
    })
 }
-fn number(t: &Tag) -> Option<i64> {
-    match t {
-        Tag::Byte(v) => Some(i64::from(*v)),
-        Tag::Short(v) => Some(i64::from(*v)),
-        Tag::Int(v) => Some(i64::from(*v)),
-        Tag::Long(v) => Some(*v),
-        _ => None,
+/// `DoubleTag.intValue` / `FloatTag.intValue` floor before the i32 conversion;
+/// integral tags use their intValue narrowing. Byte arrays then keep the low byte.
+fn int_value(t: &Tag) -> Option<i32> {
+    Some(match t {
+        Tag::Byte(v) => i32::from(*v),
+        Tag::Short(v) => i32::from(*v),
+        Tag::Int(v) => *v,
+        Tag::Long(v) => *v as i32,
+        Tag::Float(v) => f32::from_bits(*v).floor() as i32,
+        Tag::Double(v) => f64::from_bits(*v).floor() as i32,
+        _ => return None,
+    })
+}
+/// `FloatTag.longValue` truncates; `DoubleTag.longValue` floors before narrowing.
+fn long_value(t: &Tag) -> Option<i64> {
+    Some(match t {
+        Tag::Byte(v) => i64::from(*v),
+        Tag::Short(v) => i64::from(*v),
+        Tag::Int(v) => i64::from(*v),
+        Tag::Long(v) => *v,
+        // FloatTag.longValue truncates; DoubleTag.longValue floors first.
+        Tag::Float(v) => f32::from_bits(*v) as i64,
+        Tag::Double(v) => f64::from_bits(*v).floor() as i64,
+        _ => return None,
+    })
+}
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+enum ElementKind {
+    List,
+    NumericArray,
+}
+impl ElementKind {
+    // Admission only: arrays require NumericTag; lists accept every tag type.
+    fn accepts(self, value: &Tag) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::List)
+            || matches!(
+                value,
+                Tag::Byte(_)
+                    | Tag::Short(_)
+                    | Tag::Int(_)
+                    | Tag::Long(_)
+                    | Tag::Float(_)
+                    | Tag::Double(_)
+            )
    }
 }
-/// Run `f` over the elements of a list/array, writing array results back.
+/// Rust view adapter: run `f` over the elements, then write arrays using their numeric accessor.
 /// None when `tag` is not list-like.
-fn with_elements<R>(tag: &mut Tag, f: impl FnOnce(&mut Vec<Tag>) -> R) -> Option<R> {
+fn with_elements<R>(tag: &mut Tag, f: impl FnOnce(&mut Vec<Tag>, ElementKind) -> R) -> Option<R> {
    match tag {
-        Tag::List(l) => Some(f(l)),
+        Tag::List(l) => Some(f(l, ElementKind::List)),
        Tag::ByteArray(_) | Tag::IntArray(_) | Tag::LongArray(_) => {
            let mut v = elements(tag)?;
-            let r = f(&mut v);
-            let nums: Vec<i64> = v.iter().filter_map(number).collect();
+            let r = f(&mut v, ElementKind::NumericArray);
            match tag {
-                Tag::ByteArray(a) => *a = nums.iter().map(|n| *n as u8).collect(),
-                Tag::IntArray(a) => *a = nums.iter().map(|n| *n as i32).collect(),
-                Tag::LongArray(a) => *a = nums,
+                // Float/double byteValue uses intValue's floor, then narrows.
+                Tag::ByteArray(a) => *a = v.iter().filter_map(int_value).map(|n| n as u8).collect(),
+                Tag::IntArray(a) => *a = v.iter().filter_map(int_value).collect(),
+                Tag::LongArray(a) => *a = v.iter().filter_map(long_value).collect(),
                _ => {}
            }
            Some(r)
@@ -157,6 +194,20 @@ impl NbtPath {
    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.nodes.is_empty()
    }
+    /// Whether this selects a compound-field chain, including filtered or quoted fields.
+    /// Matching a root or child does not change that subtree's writer provenance.
+    pub fn is_field_path(&self, fields: &[&str]) -> bool {
+        let mut fields = fields.iter();
+        for node in &self.nodes {
+            match node {
+                Node::MatchRoot(_) => {}
+                Node::Child(name) | Node::MatchChild(name, _)
+                    if fields.next().copied() == Some(name.as_str()) => {}
+                _ => return false,
+            }
+        }
+        fields.next().is_none()
+    }
    fn not_found(&self, node: usize) -> PathError {
        let end = self.ends[node];
        PathError::new(
@@ -349,7 +400,7 @@ impl NbtPath {
        });
        removed
    }
-    /// `insert` (also append and prepend): into every list the path reaches.
+    /// `NbtPathArgument.NbtPath.insert`: insert accepted tags into every reached collection.
    pub fn insert(
        &self,
        index: i32,
@@ -372,19 +423,23 @@ impl NbtPath {
                return;
            }
            let shown = crate::snbt::to_snbt(target);
-            let result = with_elements(target, |list| {
+            let result = with_elements(target, |list, kind| {
                let start = if index < 0 {
                    list.len() as i64 + i64::from(index) + 1
                } else {
                    i64::from(index)
                };
                let mut any = false;
-                for (n, v) in values.iter().enumerate() {
-                    let at = start + n as i64;
+                let mut at = start;
+                for v in values {
+                    if !kind.accepts(v) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
                    if at < 0 || at as usize > list.len() {
                        return Err(CollectionError::InvalidIndex(at as i32));
                    }
                    list.insert(at as usize, v.clone());
+                    at += 1;
                    any = true;
                }
                Ok(any)
@@ -428,7 +483,8 @@ fn preferred_parent(node: &Node) -> Tag {
        _ => Tag::Compound(Compound::new()),
    }
 }
-/// `getOrCreateTag` (or `getTag` without `create`): the children of `parent`.
+/// Children of `parent`; the array creation arm follows
+/// `NbtPathArgument.AllElementsNode.getOrCreateTag` admission.
 fn step_mut(
    node: &Node,
    parent: &mut Tag,
@@ -468,11 +524,14 @@ fn step_mut(
        }
        Node::AllElements => {
            let make = create;
-            let _ = with_elements(parent, |list| {
+            let _ = with_elements(parent, |list, kind| {
                if list.is_empty() {
                    if let Some(make) = make {
-                        list.push(make());
-                        out(&mut list[0]);
+                        let value = make();
+                        if kind.accepts(&value) {
+                            list.push(value);
+                            out(&mut list[0]);
+                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    for t in list.iter_mut() {
@@ -482,7 +541,7 @@ fn step_mut(
            });
        }
        Node::Index(i) => {
-            let _ = with_elements(parent, |list| {
+            let _ = with_elements(parent, |list, _kind| {
                let n = list.len() as i64;
                let idx = if *i < 0 {
                    n + i64::from(*i)
@@ -518,7 +577,8 @@ fn step_mut(
        }
    }
 }
-/// `Node.setTag`: replace the child(ren) of `parent` with `value`.
+/// Element setters follow `NbtPathArgument.AllElementsNode.setTag` and
+/// `NbtPathArgument.IndexedElementNode.setTag`; object nodes replace their children.
 fn set_tag(node: &Node, parent: &mut Tag, value: &Tag) -> usize {
    match node {
        Node::Child(name) => {
@@ -538,29 +598,36 @@ fn set_tag(node: &Node, parent: &mut Tag, value: &Tag) -> usize {
            }
            0
        }
-        Node::AllElements => with_elements(parent, |list| {
-            if list.is_empty() {
-                list.push(value.clone());
+        Node::AllElements => with_elements(parent, |list, kind| {
+            let len = list.len();
+            if len == 0 {
+                if kind.accepts(value) {
+                    list.push(value.clone());
+                }
+                // AllElementsNode returns 1 here even when addTag rejects.
                return 1;
            }
+            // Compare the original tags, before numeric conversion.
            let changed = list.iter().filter(|t| *t != value).count();
            if changed == 0 {
                return 0;
            }
-            for t in list.iter_mut() {
-                *t = value.clone();
+            list.clear();
+            if !kind.accepts(value) {
+                return 0;
            }
+            list.resize(len, value.clone());
            changed
        })
        .unwrap_or(0),
-        Node::Index(i) => with_elements(parent, |list| {
+        Node::Index(i) => with_elements(parent, |list, kind| {
            let n = list.len() as i64;
            let idx = if *i < 0 {
                n + i64::from(*i)
            } else {
                i64::from(*i)
            };
-            if (0..n).contains(&idx) && list[idx as usize] != *value {
+            if (0..n).contains(&idx) && list[idx as usize] != *value && kind.accepts(value) {
                list[idx as usize] = value.clone();
                1
            } else {
@@ -586,6 +653,7 @@ fn set_tag(node: &Node, parent: &mut Tag, value: &Tag) -> usize {
        Node::MatchRoot(_) => 0,
    }
 }
+/// Removal arms, including `NbtPathArgument.AllElementsNode.removeTag`.
 fn remove_tag(node: &Node, parent: &mut Tag) -> usize {
    match node {
        Node::Child(name) => match parent {
@@ -603,13 +671,13 @@ fn remove_tag(node: &Node, parent: &mut Tag) -> usize {
            }
            _ => 0,
        },
-        Node::AllElements => with_elements(parent, |l| {
+        Node::AllElements => with_elements(parent, |l, _kind| {
            let n = l.len();
            l.clear();
            n
        })
        .unwrap_or(0),
-        Node::Index(i) => with_elements(parent, |l| {
+        Node::Index(i) => with_elements(parent, |l, _kind| {
            let n = l.len() as i64;
            let idx = if *i < 0 {
                n + i64::from(*i)
@@ -772,6 +840,25 @@ fn parse_compound(text: &str, i: usize) -> Result<(Tag, usize), PathError> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
+    #[test]
+    fn field_provenance_handles_quotes_and_filters_without_matching_lists() {
+        for text in [
+            "blockState.properties",
+            "\"blockState\".\"properties\"",
+            "{source:1b}.blockState.properties",
+            "blockState{id:\"minecraft:piston_head\"}.properties",
+        ] {
+            let path = NbtPath::parse(text).unwrap();
+            assert!(path.is_field_path(&["blockState", "properties"]));
+            assert!(!path.is_field_path(&["blockState"]));
+        }
+        assert!(NbtPath::parse("{source:1b}").unwrap().is_field_path(&[]));
+        assert!(
+            !NbtPath::parse("blockState[].properties")
+                .unwrap()
+                .is_field_path(&["blockState", "properties"])
+        );
+    }

    fn tag(s: &str) -> Tag {
        parse_snbt(s).unwrap().0
@@ -887,6 +974,100 @@ mod tests {
        ));
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn numeric_array_edits_use_the_destination_numeric_accessor() {
+        for (initial, value, inserted, indexed, all) in [
+            (
+                "{v:[B;1b,2b]}",
+                "-3.5f",
+                "{v:[B;1b,-4b,2b]}",
+                "{v:[B;-4b,2b]}",
+                "{v:[B;-4b,-4b]}",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{v:[B;1b,2b]}",
+                "-3.5d",
+                "{v:[B;1b,-4b,2b]}",
+                "{v:[B;-4b,2b]}",
+                "{v:[B;-4b,-4b]}",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{v:[I;1,2]}",
+                "-3.5f",
+                "{v:[I;1,-4,2]}",
+                "{v:[I;-4,2]}",
+                "{v:[I;-4,-4]}",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{v:[I;1,2]}",
+                "-3.5d",
+                "{v:[I;1,-4,2]}",
+                "{v:[I;-4,2]}",
+                "{v:[I;-4,-4]}",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{v:[L;1L,2L]}",
+                "-3.5f",
+                "{v:[L;1L,-3L,2L]}",
+                "{v:[L;-3L,2L]}",
+                "{v:[L;-3L,-3L]}",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{v:[L;1L,2L]}",
+                "-3.5d",
+                "{v:[L;1L,-4L,2L]}",
+                "{v:[L;-4L,2L]}",
+                "{v:[L;-4L,-4L]}",
+            ),
+        ] {
+            let value = tag(value);
+            let mut root = tag(initial);
+            assert_eq!(
+                path("v")
+                    .insert(1, &mut root, std::slice::from_ref(&value))
+                    .unwrap(),
+                1
+            );
+            assert_eq!(root, tag(inserted));
+            let mut root = tag(initial);
+            assert_eq!(path("v[0]").set(&mut root, &value).unwrap(), 1);
+            assert_eq!(root, tag(indexed));
+            let mut root = tag(initial);
+            assert_eq!(path("v[]").set(&mut root, &value).unwrap(), 2);
+            assert_eq!(root, tag(all));
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn numeric_arrays_reject_nonnumeric_insert_and_indexed_set() {
+        for initial in ["{v:[B;1b,2b]}", "{v:[I;1,2]}", "{v:[L;1L,2L]}"] {
+            let original = tag(initial);
+            let value = tag("\"bad\"");
+            for index in [0, 99, -99] {
+                let mut root = original.clone();
+                assert_eq!(
+                    path("v")
+                        .insert(index, &mut root, std::slice::from_ref(&value))
+                        .unwrap(),
+                    0
+                );
+                assert_eq!(root, original);
+            }
+            let mut root = original.clone();
+            assert_eq!(path("v[0]").set(&mut root, &value).unwrap(), 0);
+            assert_eq!(root, original);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn empty_array_wildcard_set_preserves_vanillas_count_on_rejection() {
+        for initial in ["{v:[B;]}", "{v:[I;]}", "{v:[L;]}"] {
+            let mut root = tag(initial);
+            assert_eq!(path("v[]").set(&mut root, &tag("\"bad\"")).unwrap(), 1);
+            assert_eq!(root, tag(initial));
+        }
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn partial_comparison() {
        let actual = tag("{a:1,b:{c:[1,2,3],d:\"x\"},e:2}");
@@ -964,6 +964,10 @@ impl Scoreboard {
    pub fn tracked(&self) -> Vec<String> {
        self.holder_order.stream().map(str::to_owned).collect()
    }
+    /// Every holder on a team (`teamsByPlayer.keySet()`).
+    pub fn team_members(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {
+        self.team_of.keys().map(String::as_str)
+    }

    // teams
    pub fn team(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&Team> {
@@ -8,11 +8,20 @@ pub use horizon_world::snbt_text::{java_double, java_float, quote_and_escape, to

 // ---- the coloured form -----------------------------------------------------

+/// Writer provenance for a live moving-piston command read, or its selected subtree.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum PistonPart {
+    Entity,
+    State,
+    Properties,
+}
+
 struct Pretty {
    indentation: String,
    result: Text,
    indent_depth: usize,
    depth: usize,
+    piston: Option<PistonPart>,
 }
 fn is_numeric(t: &Tag) -> bool {
    matches!(
@@ -58,6 +67,10 @@ impl Pretty {
        self.lit("]", None);
    }
    fn sub(&mut self, tag: &Tag, indent: bool) {
+        self.sub_with(tag, indent, None);
+    }
+    fn sub_with(&mut self, tag: &Tag, indent: bool, piston: Option<PistonPart>) {
+        let previous = std::mem::replace(&mut self.piston, piston);
        if indent {
            self.indent_depth += 1;
        }
@@ -67,6 +80,7 @@ impl Pretty {
            self.indent_depth -= 1;
        }
        self.depth -= 1;
+        self.piston = previous;
    }
    fn visit(&mut self, tag: &Tag) {
        match tag {
@@ -157,7 +171,11 @@ impl Pretty {
                "\n"
            };
            let n = c.len();
-            for (i, (k, v)) in java_hash_order(c).into_iter().enumerate() {
+            let entries = match self.piston {
+                Some(part) => piston_hash_order(c, part),
+                None => java_hash_order(c),
+            };
+            for (i, (k, v)) in entries.into_iter().enumerate() {
                self.lit(&entry, None);
                let key = string_of(k);
                if !key.is_empty()
@@ -171,7 +189,12 @@ impl Pretty {
                }
                self.lit(":", None);
                self.lit(" ", None);
-                self.sub(v, true);
+                let child = match (self.piston, key.as_str()) {
+                    (Some(PistonPart::Entity), "blockState") => Some(PistonPart::State),
+                    (Some(PistonPart::State), "properties") => Some(PistonPart::Properties),
+                    _ => None,
+                };
+                self.sub_with(v, true, child);
                if i + 1 < n {
                    self.lit(",", None);
                    self.lit(spacing, None);
@@ -186,22 +209,61 @@ impl Pretty {
        }
    }
 }
+fn hash_bucket(len: usize, key: &horizon_world::nbt::JavaString) -> usize {
+    let mut capacity = 16usize;
+    while len > capacity * 3 / 4 {
+        capacity *= 2;
+    }
+    let h = string_of(key)
+        .encode_utf16()
+        .fold(0u32, |h, ch| h.wrapping_mul(31).wrapping_add(u32::from(ch)));
+    ((h ^ (h >> 16)) as usize) & (capacity - 1)
+}
+fn piston_hash_order(
+    c: &horizon_world::nbt::Compound,
+    part: PistonPart,
+) -> Vec<(&horizon_world::nbt::JavaString, &Tag)> {
+    let mut entries: Vec<_> = c.iter().collect();
+    match part {
+        PistonPart::Entity => {
+            // saveAdditional, then the base's components and saveMetadata.
+            let fields = [
+                "blockState",
+                "facing",
+                "progress",
+                "extending",
+                "source",
+                "components",
+                "id",
+                "x",
+                "y",
+                "z",
+            ];
+            entries.sort_by_key(|(k, _)| {
+                (
+                    hash_bucket(c.len(), k),
+                    fields
+                        .iter()
+                        .position(|s| *s == string_of(k))
+                        .unwrap_or(fields.len()),
+                )
+            });
+        }
+        PistonPart::Properties => {
+            // StateDefinition builds property codecs in sorted-name order.
+            // DFU's nested map-pair encoder writes the second codec first.
+            entries.sort_by_key(|(k, _)| (hash_bucket(c.len(), k), std::cmp::Reverse(*k)));
+        }
+        PistonPart::State => return java_hash_order(c),
+    }
+    entries
+}
 /// The iteration order of the `HashMap<String, Tag>` a `CompoundTag` holds,
 /// for a map that grew to its size by insertion: buckets by
 /// `HashMap.hash(String.hashCode())`, keys sharing a bucket in key order.
 pub fn java_hash_order(
    c: &horizon_world::nbt::Compound,
 ) -> Vec<(&horizon_world::nbt::JavaString, &Tag)> {
-    let mut capacity = 16usize;
-    while c.len() > capacity * 3 / 4 {
-        capacity *= 2;
-    }
-    let bucket = |k: &horizon_world::nbt::JavaString| {
-        let h = string_of(k)
-            .encode_utf16()
-            .fold(0u32, |h, ch| h.wrapping_mul(31).wrapping_add(u32::from(ch)));
-        ((h ^ (h >> 16)) as usize) & (capacity - 1)
-    };
    // Keys sharing a bucket iterate in insertion order: the order vanilla's
    // savers write them, as far as it is known here.
    const WRITE_ORDER: &[&str] = &[
@@ -268,7 +330,7 @@ pub fn java_hash_order(
            .unwrap_or(WRITE_ORDER.len())
    };
    let mut entries: Vec<_> = c.iter().collect();
-    entries.sort_by_key(|(k, _)| (bucket(k), rank(k)));
+    entries.sort_by_key(|(k, _)| (hash_bucket(c.len(), k), rank(k)));
    entries
 }
 /// `NbtUtils.toPrettyComponent`: the coloured, unindented form.
@@ -281,6 +343,19 @@ pub fn pretty_indented(tag: &Tag, indentation: &str) -> Text {
        result: Text::empty(),
        indent_depth: 0,
        depth: 0,
+        piston: None,
+    };
+    p.visit(tag);
+    p.result
+}
+/// Command-only writer order; ordinary pretty printing keeps its existing policy.
+pub fn pretty_piston(tag: &Tag, part: PistonPart) -> Text {
+    let mut p = Pretty {
+        indentation: String::new(),
+        result: Text::empty(),
+        indent_depth: 0,
+        depth: 0,
+        piston: Some(part),
    };
    p.visit(tag);
    p.result
@@ -295,6 +370,33 @@ mod tests {
        to_snbt(&parse_snbt(s).unwrap().0)
    }
    #[test]
+    fn live_piston_writer_order_does_not_change_default_pretty() {
+        let tag = parse_snbt(
+            r#"{id:"minecraft:piston",blockState:{id:"minecraft:piston_head",properties:{facing:"east",short:"false",type:"normal"}},components:{},x:1,y:100,z:0,facing:5b,progress:0.0f,source:1b,extending:1b}"#,
+        ).unwrap().0;
+        let ordinary = r#"{blockState: {id: "minecraft:piston_head", properties: {facing: "east", short: "false", type: "normal"}}, components: {}, x: 1, facing: 5b, progress: 0.0f, y: 100, z: 0, id: "minecraft:piston", source: 1b, extending: 1b}"#;
+        assert_eq!(pretty(&tag).plain(), ordinary);
+        assert_eq!(
+            pretty_piston(&tag, PistonPart::Entity).plain(),
+            r#"{blockState: {id: "minecraft:piston_head", properties: {short: "false", facing: "east", type: "normal"}}, components: {}, x: 1, facing: 5b, progress: 0.0f, y: 100, z: 0, source: 1b, id: "minecraft:piston", extending: 1b}"#,
+        );
+        let state = tag.get("blockState").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            pretty_piston(state, PistonPart::State).plain(),
+            r#"{id: "minecraft:piston_head", properties: {short: "false", facing: "east", type: "normal"}}"#,
+        );
+        let props = state.get("properties").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            pretty_piston(props, PistonPart::Properties).plain(),
+            r#"{short: "false", facing: "east", type: "normal"}"#,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            pretty(props).plain(),
+            r#"{facing: "east", short: "false", type: "normal"}"#
+        );
+        assert_eq!(pretty(&tag).plain(), ordinary);
+    }
+    #[test]
    fn compact_form_matches_vanilla() {
        assert_eq!(
            rt("{b:1b,a:\"x\",c:[1,2],d:1.5f,e:2d,f:3L,g:4s}"),
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+//! Every input the game names: vanilla's key mappings (`Options.keyMappings`) and Horizon's
+//! pad-only actions. Held state is asked by [`Action`] ([`crate::held::HeldKeys::held`]), not by a
+//! key: code that wants a mapping says which one, and every device that can hold it counts.
+use winit::keyboard::KeyCode;
+
+macro_rules! actions {
+    ($($variant:ident, $name:literal, $key:expr;)*) => {
+        /// A key mapping, or a pad-only action.
+        #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+        pub enum Action {
+            $($variant,)*
+        }
+        impl Action {
+            /// In `Options.keyMappings` order, the pad-only actions last.
+            pub const ALL: &[Action] = &[$(Action::$variant,)*];
+            /// The saved name: vanilla's for a mapping, `pad.*` for Horizon's own.
+            pub fn name(self) -> &'static str {
+                match self {
+                    $(Action::$variant => $name,)*
+                }
+            }
+            /// The default key the game's held state keeps this action under. `None` for what
+            /// isn't held as a key there: a mouse mapping, one with no default, a pad-only action,
+            /// and the debug keys, which act on the physical key (`debug_keys.rs`) and whose
+            /// defaults are other mappings' keys.
+            pub fn key(self) -> Option<KeyCode> {
+                match self {
+                    $(Action::$variant => $key,)*
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+actions! {
+    Attack, "key.attack", None;
+    Use, "key.use", None;
+    Forward, "key.forward", Some(KeyCode::KeyW);
+    Left, "key.left", Some(KeyCode::KeyA);
+    Back, "key.back", Some(KeyCode::KeyS);
+    Right, "key.right", Some(KeyCode::KeyD);
+    Jump, "key.jump", Some(KeyCode::Space);
+    Sneak, "key.sneak", Some(KeyCode::ShiftLeft);
+    Sprint, "key.sprint", Some(KeyCode::ControlLeft);
+    Drop, "key.drop", Some(KeyCode::KeyQ);
+    Inventory, "key.inventory", Some(KeyCode::KeyE);
+    Chat, "key.chat", Some(KeyCode::KeyT);
+    Playerlist, "key.playerlist", Some(KeyCode::Tab);
+    PickItem, "key.pickItem", None;
+    Command, "key.command", Some(KeyCode::Slash);
+    Friends, "key.friends", Some(KeyCode::KeyO);
+    Emote, "key.emote", Some(KeyCode::KeyB);
+    SocialInteractions, "key.socialInteractions", Some(KeyCode::KeyP);
+    ToggleGui, "key.toggleGui", Some(KeyCode::F1);
+    ToggleSpectatorShaderEffects, "key.toggleSpectatorShaderEffects", Some(KeyCode::F4);
+    Screenshot, "key.screenshot", Some(KeyCode::F2);
+    TogglePerspective, "key.togglePerspective", Some(KeyCode::F5);
+    SmoothCamera, "key.smoothCamera", None;
+    Fullscreen, "key.fullscreen", Some(KeyCode::F11);
+    SpectatorOutlines, "key.spectatorOutlines", None;
+    SpectatorHotbar, "key.spectatorHotbar", None;
+    SwapOffhand, "key.swapOffhand", Some(KeyCode::KeyF);
+    SaveToolbarActivator, "key.saveToolbarActivator", Some(KeyCode::KeyC);
+    LoadToolbarActivator, "key.loadToolbarActivator", Some(KeyCode::KeyX);
+    Advancements, "key.advancements", Some(KeyCode::KeyL);
+    QuickActions, "key.quickActions", Some(KeyCode::KeyG);
+    DebugOverlay, "key.debug.overlay", None;
+    DebugModifier, "key.debug.modifier", None;
+    Hotbar1, "key.hotbar.1", Some(KeyCode::Digit1);
+    Hotbar2, "key.hotbar.2", Some(KeyCode::Digit2);
+    Hotbar3, "key.hotbar.3", Some(KeyCode::Digit3);
+    Hotbar4, "key.hotbar.4", Some(KeyCode::Digit4);
+    Hotbar5, "key.hotbar.5", Some(KeyCode::Digit5);
+    Hotbar6, "key.hotbar.6", Some(KeyCode::Digit6);
+    Hotbar7, "key.hotbar.7", Some(KeyCode::Digit7);
+    Hotbar8, "key.hotbar.8", Some(KeyCode::Digit8);
+    Hotbar9, "key.hotbar.9", Some(KeyCode::Digit9);
+    DebugReloadChunk, "key.debug.reloadChunk", None;
+    DebugShowHitboxes, "key.debug.showHitboxes", None;
+    DebugClearChat, "key.debug.clearChat", None;
+    DebugCrash, "key.debug.crash", None;
+    DebugShowChunkBorders, "key.debug.showChunkBorders", None;
+    DebugShowAdvancedTooltips, "key.debug.showAdvancedTooltips", None;
+    DebugCopyRecreateCommand, "key.debug.copyRecreateCommand", None;
+    DebugSpectate, "key.debug.spectate", None;
+    DebugSwitchGameMode, "key.debug.switchGameMode", None;
+    DebugDebugOptions, "key.debug.debugOptions", None;
+    DebugFocusPause, "key.debug.focusPause", None;
+    DebugDumpDynamicTextures, "key.debug.dumpDynamicTextures", None;
+    DebugReloadResourcePacks, "key.debug.reloadResourcePacks", None;
+    DebugProfiling, "key.debug.profiling", None;
+    DebugCopyLocation, "key.debug.copyLocation", None;
+    DebugDumpVersion, "key.debug.dumpVersion", None;
+    DebugProfilingChart, "key.debug.profilingChart", None;
+    DebugFpsCharts, "key.debug.fpsCharts", None;
+    DebugNetworkCharts, "key.debug.networkCharts", None;
+    DebugLightmapTexture, "key.debug.lightmapTexture", None;
+    DebugImprovedTransparency, "key.debug.improvedTransparency", None;
+    HotbarPrevious, "pad.hotbarPrevious", None;
+    HotbarNext, "pad.hotbarNext", None;
+}
+
+impl Action {
+    pub fn parse(name: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+        Self::ALL.iter().copied().find(|a| a.name() == name)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::keybinds::{self, KeyBinds, MAPPINGS};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn every_mapping_is_an_action_in_order() {
+        let names: Vec<&str> = Action::ALL.iter().map(|a| a.name()).collect();
+        let mappings: Vec<&str> = MAPPINGS.iter().map(|m| m.0).collect();
+        assert_eq!(names[..mappings.len()], mappings[..]);
+        for action in &names[mappings.len()..] {
+            assert!(action.starts_with("pad."), "{action}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn an_actions_key_is_its_mappings_default_key() {
+        for (name, _, category) in MAPPINGS {
+            let action = Action::parse(name).unwrap();
+            let want = if *category == "debug" {
+                None
+            } else {
+                keybinds::key_code(KeyBinds::default_of(name))
+            };
+            assert_eq!(action.key(), want, "{name}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn every_bindable_action_is_an_action() {
+        for (name, _) in crate::gamepad::ACTIONS {
+            assert!(Action::parse(name).is_some(), "{name}");
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+//! The keys a player's mappings hold, as their vanilla default keys, and which
+//! devices hold each one. A key stays held while any device holds it, so one
+//! device letting go (splitscreen moving the keyboard to another player, say)
+//! can't release what another still presses.
+
+use crate::actions::Action;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use winit::keyboard::KeyCode;
+
+/// Where a press came from.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum Source {
+    /// The keyboard and mouse.
+    Keyboard,
+    Pad,
+    /// `horizon-ctl`'s `key` and `mouse` and the agent commands that walk and click.
+    Agent,
+}
+
+impl Source {
+    fn bit(self) -> u8 {
+        match self {
+            Source::Keyboard => 1,
+            Source::Pad => 2,
+            Source::Agent => 4,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct HeldKeys {
+    held: HashMap<KeyCode, u8>,
+}
+
+impl HeldKeys {
+    /// Whether anything holds this mapping: every device, whatever the mapping is bound to.
+    pub fn held(&self, action: Action) -> bool {
+        action.key().is_some_and(|key| self.raw(&key))
+    }
+    /// Whether a key that is no mapping's default is held (Right Shift, the arrows, Alt, the system
+    /// key), or the key a caller already holds as a key: most code wants [`HeldKeys::held`].
+    pub fn raw(&self, key: &KeyCode) -> bool {
+        self.held.contains_key(key)
+    }
+    /// The old way of asking, by a mapping's default key; clippy refuses it (`clippy.toml`). It
+    /// stays so that a change written against it says what to use instead.
+    pub fn contains(&self, key: &KeyCode) -> bool {
+        self.raw(key)
+    }
+    /// `source` holds `key`. True when nothing held it before.
+    pub fn press(&mut self, key: KeyCode, source: Source) -> bool {
+        let sources = self.held.entry(key).or_insert(0);
+        let new = *sources == 0;
+        *sources |= source.bit();
+        new
+    }
+    /// `source` lets go of `key`. True when nothing holds it any more.
+    pub fn release(&mut self, key: &KeyCode, source: Source) -> bool {
+        let Some(sources) = self.held.get_mut(key) else {
+            return true;
+        };
+        *sources &= !source.bit();
+        if *sources == 0 {
+            self.held.remove(key);
+            true
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn held_by(&self, key: &KeyCode, source: Source) -> bool {
+        self.held
+            .get(key)
+            .is_some_and(|sources| sources & source.bit() != 0)
+    }
+    /// `source` lets go of everything: the keys nothing holds any more.
+    pub fn release_source(&mut self, source: Source) -> Vec<KeyCode> {
+        let keys: Vec<KeyCode> = self
+            .held
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|(_, sources)| *sources & source.bit() != 0)
+            .map(|(key, _)| *key)
+            .collect();
+        keys.into_iter()
+            .filter(|key| self.release(key, source))
+            .collect()
+    }
+    /// Held, by the keyboard unless a device already holds it: for callers
+    /// that don't say where the press came from.
+    pub fn insert(&mut self, key: KeyCode) -> bool {
+        if self.raw(&key) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        self.press(key, Source::Keyboard)
+    }
+    /// Let go of `key` whoever holds it.
+    pub fn remove(&mut self, key: &KeyCode) -> bool {
+        self.held.remove(key).is_some()
+    }
+    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.held.clear();
+    }
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.held.is_empty()
+    }
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.held.len()
+    }
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &KeyCode> {
+        self.held.keys()
+    }
+}
+
+impl IntoIterator for HeldKeys {
+    type Item = KeyCode;
+    type IntoIter = std::collections::hash_map::IntoKeys<KeyCode, u8>;
+    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
+        self.held.into_keys()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> IntoIterator for &'a HeldKeys {
+    type Item = &'a KeyCode;
+    type IntoIter = std::collections::hash_map::Keys<'a, KeyCode, u8>;
+    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
+        self.held.keys()
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromIterator<KeyCode> for HeldKeys {
+    fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = KeyCode>>(keys: I) -> Self {
+        let mut held = HeldKeys::default();
+        for key in keys {
+            held.insert(key);
+        }
+        held
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_key_stays_held_while_any_device_holds_it() {
+        let mut keys = HeldKeys::default();
+        assert!(keys.press(KeyCode::Space, Source::Pad));
+        assert!(!keys.press(KeyCode::Space, Source::Keyboard));
+        assert!(keys.press(KeyCode::KeyW, Source::Keyboard));
+        assert_eq!(keys.release_source(Source::Keyboard), vec![KeyCode::KeyW]);
+        assert!(keys.held(Action::Jump) && !keys.held(Action::Forward));
+        assert!(keys.held_by(&KeyCode::Space, Source::Pad));
+        assert!(!keys.held_by(&KeyCode::Space, Source::Keyboard));
+        assert!(keys.release(&KeyCode::Space, Source::Pad));
+        assert!(keys.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_script_holds_a_key_by_itself() {
+        let mut keys = HeldKeys::default();
+        keys.press(KeyCode::KeyW, Source::Agent);
+        keys.press(KeyCode::KeyW, Source::Keyboard);
+        assert!(!keys.release(&KeyCode::KeyW, Source::Keyboard));
+        assert!(keys.held(Action::Forward));
+        assert!(keys.release_source(Source::Pad).is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(keys.release_source(Source::Agent), vec![KeyCode::KeyW]);
+        assert!(!keys.held(Action::Forward));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn untagged_inserts_and_removes_act_as_before() {
+        let mut keys = HeldKeys::default();
+        keys.press(KeyCode::ShiftLeft, Source::Pad);
+        assert!(!keys.insert(KeyCode::ShiftLeft), "already held");
+        assert!(!keys.held_by(&KeyCode::ShiftLeft, Source::Keyboard));
+        assert!(
+            keys.remove(&KeyCode::ShiftLeft),
+            "remove lets go for everyone"
+        );
+        assert!(!keys.held(Action::Sneak));
+        assert!(keys.release(&KeyCode::KeyA, Source::Keyboard), "never held");
+    }
+}
@@ -51,11 +51,6 @@ impl InteractionInput {
    pub fn press(&mut self, button: Button) {
        self.clicks[button as usize] += 1;
    }
-    /// Whether a click waits for the next tick.
-    pub fn has_clicks(&self) -> bool {
-        self.clicks.iter().any(|&c| c > 0)
-    }
-
    pub fn tick(&mut self, world: &mut impl InteractionWorld, attack_down: bool, use_down: bool) {
        let [attack, use_item, pick] = std::mem::take(&mut self.clicks);
        world.pick_hit_result();
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ pub const MAPPINGS: &[(&str, &str, &str)] = &[
    ("key.pickItem", "key.mouse.middle", "gameplay"),
    ("key.command", "key.keyboard.slash", "multiplayer"),
    ("key.friends", "key.keyboard.o", "multiplayer"),
+    // Horizon's emote wheel (docs/cosmetics.md), on a key vanilla leaves free.
+    ("key.emote", "key.keyboard.b", "multiplayer"),
    ("key.socialInteractions", "key.keyboard.p", "multiplayer"),
    ("key.toggleGui", "key.keyboard.f1", "misc"),
    (
@@ -440,6 +442,18 @@ impl KeyBinds {
        }
        vec![Ok(key)]
    }
+    /// `Minecraft.handleKeybinds`: key.pickItem and key.spectatorHotbar share the middle button by
+    /// default and are separate mappings, so a press of what `input` is bound to acts only as the
+    /// one this player can use: the spectator hotbar for a spectator, pick block otherwise. (Pick
+    /// block does nothing a spectator would see.)
+    pub fn middle_acts(&self, input: &str, spectator: bool) -> bool {
+        let mapping = if spectator {
+            "key.spectatorHotbar"
+        } else {
+            "key.pickItem"
+        };
+        self.get(mapping) == input
+    }
    /// Translate a mouse button the same way (keys bound to mouse buttons).
    pub fn translate_mouse(&self, button: MouseButton) -> Option<Result<KeyCode, MouseButton>> {
        self.translate_mouse_all(button).into_iter().next()
@@ -503,6 +517,27 @@ impl KeyBinds {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn mappings_sharing_the_middle_button_act_as_themselves() {
+        let middle = "key.mouse.middle";
+        let z = "key.keyboard.z";
+        let mut keys = KeyBinds::default();
+        assert!(keys.middle_acts(middle, false) && keys.middle_acts(middle, true));
+        // The spectator hotbar on Z: the middle button only picks, and Z never picks.
+        keys.set("key.spectatorHotbar", z);
+        assert!(keys.middle_acts(middle, false));
+        assert!(!keys.middle_acts(middle, true));
+        assert!(keys.middle_acts(z, true));
+        assert!(!keys.middle_acts(z, false));
+        // Pick block on Z instead: the other way round.
+        keys.reset_all();
+        keys.set("key.pickItem", z);
+        assert!(keys.middle_acts(z, false));
+        assert!(!keys.middle_acts(z, true));
+        assert!(keys.middle_acts(middle, true));
+        assert!(!keys.middle_acts(middle, false));
+    }
    #[test]
    fn container_mouse_hotkeys_follow_slot_bindings_and_pick_item_priority() {
        for button in [MouseButton::Back, MouseButton::Forward, MouseButton::Middle] {
@@ -3,8 +3,10 @@
 //! options. horizon-client re-exports each module under its old path
 //! (`horizon_client::keybinds`, ...).
 #![forbid(unsafe_code)]
+pub mod actions;
 pub mod clipboard;
 pub mod gamepad;
+pub mod held;
 pub mod input;
 pub mod interaction_input;
 pub mod key_names;
@@ -12,4 +14,5 @@ pub mod keybinds;
 pub mod keymapping;
 pub mod modifiers;
 pub mod mouse;
+pub mod snap;
 pub mod window;
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+//! Where the controller's menu cursor settles once the stick is let go, and
+//! how it gets there. Every rule's number lives in [`Tuning`], so the feel can
+//! be adjusted in one place.
+
+/// The snapping engine's knobs, in GUI pixels and seconds.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Tuning {
+    /// A let-go cursor settles on a target this close to it.
+    pub radius: f32,
+    /// How long the glide onto a target takes.
+    pub glide_seconds: f32,
+    /// Movement shorter than this is a wobble: the cursor stays where it was.
+    pub min_travel: f32,
+    /// A flick that ends still nearest its starting target commits to the
+    /// neighbour it was heading for once it covered this fraction of the way.
+    pub commit: f32,
+    /// How far off the flick's direction a neighbour may lie (cosine of the
+    /// angle: 0.7 is about 45 degrees).
+    pub cone: f32,
+    /// The pointer's speed over a slot or control, as a fraction of its
+    /// speed elsewhere (1 leaves it unchanged).
+    pub over_target_speed: f32,
+}
+
+pub const TUNING: Tuning = Tuning {
+    radius: 16.0,
+    glide_seconds: 0.025,
+    min_travel: 1.5,
+    commit: 0.15,
+    cone: 0.7,
+    over_target_speed: 1.0,
+};
+
+type Point = (f32, f32);
+
+fn distance(a: Point, b: Point) -> f32 {
+    ((a.0 - b.0).powi(2) + (a.1 - b.1).powi(2)).sqrt()
+}
+
+/// The target nearest `at`, if one lies within `radius`.
+pub fn nearest(at: Point, targets: &[Point], radius: f32) -> Option<usize> {
+    targets
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(i, t)| (i, distance(at, *t)))
+        .filter(|(_, d)| *d <= radius)
+        .min_by(|a, b| a.1.total_cmp(&b.1))
+        .map(|(i, _)| i)
+}
+
+/// Where a stick movement from `start` to `end` settles among `targets`
+/// (their centres), or `None` to leave the cursor where it is.
+pub fn settle(start: Point, end: Point, targets: &[Point], tuning: &Tuning) -> Option<usize> {
+    let near = nearest(end, targets, tuning.radius);
+    let travel = (end.0 - start.0, end.1 - start.1);
+    let length = distance(start, end);
+    if length < tuning.min_travel {
+        return near;
+    }
+    let origin = nearest(start, targets, tuning.radius);
+    if near != origin {
+        return near;
+    }
+    // Still nearest where it started: a quick flick toward a neighbour.
+    let Some(o) = origin else {
+        return near;
+    };
+    let from = targets[o];
+    let heading = (travel.0 / length, travel.1 / length);
+    let next = targets
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .filter(|(i, _)| *i != o)
+        .filter_map(|(i, t)| {
+            let to = (t.0 - from.0, t.1 - from.1);
+            let gap = distance(from, *t);
+            let aligned = (to.0 * heading.0 + to.1 * heading.1) / gap;
+            (gap > 0.0 && aligned >= tuning.cone).then_some((i, gap, to))
+        })
+        .min_by(|a, b| a.1.total_cmp(&b.1));
+    match next {
+        Some((i, gap, to)) => {
+            let progress = ((end.0 - from.0) * to.0 + (end.1 - from.1) * to.1) / (gap * gap);
+            if progress >= tuning.commit {
+                Some(i)
+            } else {
+                near
+            }
+        }
+        None => near,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Where a cursor left on a target goes once the targets moved: with most of
+/// them if they moved together (a recipe book opened), else to the nearest
+/// one (a creative tab with other slots), so it never rests between targets.
+/// `None` when it wasn't on a target, or one is still there.
+pub fn follow(at: Point, before: &[Point], after: &[Point]) -> Option<usize> {
+    const SAME: f32 = 0.5;
+    let on = before.iter().find(|t| distance(at, **t) <= SAME)?;
+    if after.iter().any(|t| distance(at, *t) <= SAME) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let carried = |by: Point| {
+        before
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|b| {
+                let moved = (b.0 + by.0, b.1 + by.1);
+                after.iter().any(|a| distance(moved, *a) <= SAME)
+            })
+            .count()
+    };
+    let together = after
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(i, a)| (i, carried((a.0 - on.0, a.1 - on.1))))
+        .max_by_key(|&(_, count)| count)
+        .filter(|&(_, count)| count * 2 > before.len());
+    together
+        .map(|(i, _)| i)
+        .or_else(|| nearest(at, after, f32::INFINITY))
+}
+
+/// The cursor `seconds` into a glide from `from` to `to`: eased out, so it
+/// slows as it lands, and exactly `to` once the glide is over.
+pub fn glide(from: Point, to: Point, seconds: f32, tuning: &Tuning) -> Point {
+    let t = (seconds / tuning.glide_seconds).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+    let eased = 1.0 - (1.0 - t).powi(3);
+    (
+        from.0 + (to.0 - from.0) * eased,
+        from.1 + (to.1 - from.1) * eased,
+    )
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// A row of inventory slots, 18 pixels apart, and the slot below the first.
+    const SLOTS: [Point; 4] = [(8.0, 8.0), (26.0, 8.0), (44.0, 8.0), (8.0, 26.0)];
+
+    #[test]
+    fn follow_goes_with_targets_that_moved_together() {
+        let moved = SLOTS.map(|s| (s.0 + 77.0, s.1));
+        assert_eq!(follow(SLOTS[1], &SLOTS, &moved), Some(1));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn follow_takes_the_nearest_of_other_targets() {
+        let other = [(30.0, 50.0), (200.0, 200.0)];
+        assert_eq!(follow(SLOTS[1], &SLOTS, &other), Some(0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn follow_leaves_a_free_cursor_and_a_target_still_there() {
+        let other = [(30.0, 50.0)];
+        assert_eq!(follow((100.0, 100.0), &SLOTS, &other), None);
+        assert_eq!(follow(SLOTS[0], &SLOTS, &SLOTS), None);
+        assert_eq!(follow(SLOTS[0], &SLOTS, &[]), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_short_flick_moves_to_the_neighbour_it_heads_for() {
+        // 4 pixels right of slot 0: still nearest slot 0, but heading for slot 1.
+        assert_eq!(settle((8.0, 8.0), (12.0, 8.0), &SLOTS, &TUNING), Some(1));
+        assert_eq!(settle((8.0, 8.0), (8.0, 12.0), &SLOTS, &TUNING), Some(3));
+        assert_eq!(settle((26.0, 8.0), (22.0, 8.0), &SLOTS, &TUNING), Some(0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_wobble_stays_put() {
+        assert_eq!(settle((8.0, 8.0), (8.5, 8.4), &SLOTS, &TUNING), Some(0));
+        // Barely started toward the neighbour: not committed.
+        assert_eq!(settle((8.0, 8.0), (9.6, 8.0), &SLOTS, &TUNING), Some(0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_long_move_settles_on_the_nearest_target() {
+        assert_eq!(settle((8.0, 8.0), (42.0, 9.0), &SLOTS, &TUNING), Some(2));
+        // Far from everything: left where it is.
+        assert_eq!(settle((8.0, 8.0), (200.0, 200.0), &SLOTS, &TUNING), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_flick_off_any_row_does_not_jump_sideways() {
+        // Up from slot 0: nothing lies that way, so it stays on slot 0.
+        assert_eq!(settle((8.0, 8.0), (8.0, 4.0), &SLOTS, &TUNING), Some(0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_glide_eases_onto_its_target_and_stops_there() {
+        let (from, to) = ((0.0, 0.0), (20.0, -10.0));
+        assert_eq!(glide(from, to, 0.0, &TUNING), from);
+        let half = glide(from, to, TUNING.glide_seconds / 2.0, &TUNING);
+        assert!(
+            half.0 > 10.0 && half.0 < 20.0,
+            "eased out: past halfway at half time"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(glide(from, to, TUNING.glide_seconds, &TUNING), to);
+        assert_eq!(glide(from, to, 1.0, &TUNING), to);
+    }
+}
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ horizon-client-core = { path = "../horizon-client-core" }
 horizon-client-input = { path = "../horizon-client-input" }
 horizon-client-render = { path = "../horizon-client-render" }
 horizon-command = { path = "../horizon-command" }
+# Emotes pose the player model (`Mob::emote`, `mobs::anim::setup`).
+horizon-cosmetics = { path = "../horizon-cosmetics" }
 horizon-items = { path = "../horizon-items" }
 horizon-core = { path = "../horizon-core" }
 # `horizon-ctl mcp`: the Model Context Protocol, shared with the launcher and the server.
@@ -30,6 +32,8 @@ horizon-world = { path = "../horizon-world" }
 horizon-protocol = { path = "../horizon-protocol" }
 # server.properties, eula.txt and the user lists, shared with horizon-server.
 horizon-server-files = { path = "../horizon-server-files" }
+# The control endpoint's token (control.rs), as horizon-server's and the relay's.
+getrandom = "0.3"
 # The dedicated server's anticheat, off unless server.toml's [anticheat] turns it on (docs/anticheat.md).
 horizon-anticheat = { path = "../horizon-anticheat" }
 # The dedicated server's chat filter: [chat_filter], the slur list, mutes (docs/chat-filter.md).
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ fn fixture(window: Arc<Window>) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
        true,
    ))?;
    assert!(!renderer.pack_entity_shadows(), "no selected pack");
-    renderer.set_shader_pack(0, None, &[]);
+    renderer.set_shader_pack(0, None, &[]).unwrap();
    assert!(
        !renderer.pack_entity_shadows(),
        "selected pack without a compiled post"
@@ -165,6 +165,7 @@ fn fixture(window: Arc<Window>) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
            }
            let (_, notes) = renderer
                .set_shader_pack(dimension, Some(post), &[])
+                .unwrap()
                .unwrap();
            if break_pipeline {
                assert!(
@@ -190,8 +190,9 @@ fn replay(window: Arc<Window>) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    }
    let one = [255u8; 4];
    let zero = [0u8; 4];
+    let pixels = render.pixels.get();
    let prepared = PreparedTextures::new(
-        &render.pixels,
+        &pixels,
        render.sprite_size,
        render.texture_layers,
        &render.sprite_mips,
@@ -206,7 +207,7 @@ fn replay(window: Arc<Window>) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    let mut renderer = pollster::block_on(Renderer::new(
        window,
        true,
-        &render.pixels,
+        &pixels,
        render.sprite_size,
        render.sprite_minimum_size,
        render.texture_layers,
@@ -224,6 +225,8 @@ fn replay(window: Arc<Window>) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
        false,
        false,
    ))?;
+    drop(pixels);
+    render.pixels.pack();
    let state = &scene.renderer;
    let [width, height] = o.size.unwrap_or(state.size);
    renderer.resize(width, height);
@@ -645,6 +648,7 @@ fn remesh(
                        nether_shading: false,
                        shader_pack_lighting: false,
                        separate_ao: false,
+                        shader_pack: false,
                        assets,
                        render,
                        tables: &tables,
@@ -79,7 +79,10 @@ fn pack(renderer: &mut Renderer, folder: &Path, valid: bool) {
    let (properties, _) = horizon_shaders::read_properties(&pack, &mut macros);
    let post = horizon_shaders::load_post(&pack, "", &properties, &macros, &renderer.pack_inputs());
    assert_eq!(post.notes.is_empty(), valid, "{:?}", post.notes);
-    let (_, notes) = renderer.set_shader_pack(0, Some(post), &[]).unwrap();
+    let (_, notes) = renderer
+        .set_shader_pack(0, Some(post), &[])
+        .unwrap()
+        .unwrap();
    assert!(
        !valid || notes.iter().all(|n| !n.contains("skipped")),
        "{notes:?}"
@@ -352,6 +355,7 @@ fn fixture_frame(hud: &HudBatch) -> Frame<'_> {
        outline: Vec::new(),
        outline_after_terrain: false,
        outline_high_contrast: false,
+        pvp: Default::default(),
        debug_lines: &[],
        debug_lines_on_top: &[],
        debug_crosshair: &[],
@@ -374,6 +378,7 @@ fn fixture_frame(hud: &HudBatch) -> Frame<'_> {
        lightning: Default::default(),
        additive: &[],
        see_through: &[],
+        world_primitives: Default::default(),
        shadow_only: &[],
        celestial: &[],
        stars: None,
@@ -84,7 +84,9 @@ pub struct Assets {
 pub struct RenderAssets {
    pub sprite_size: u32,
    pub sprite_minimum_size: u32,
-    pub pixels: Vec<u8>,
+    /// The block sprites' RGBA, layer by layer: as built until a renderer has
+    /// them, then kept compressed ([`SpritePixels`]).
+    pub pixels: SpritePixels,
    pub texture_layers: u32,
    pub model_catalog: crate::models::StateModels,
    /// Shared parsed resources; item-only validation errors surface at item preparation.
@@ -111,6 +113,76 @@ pub struct RenderAssets {
    /// sprites are when it changes (`native_block_sprites_version`).
    pub generation: u64,
 }
+/// The block sprites' pixels for a renderer to upload. Once a renderer has
+/// them ([`Self::pack`]) they are kept lz4-compressed: the GPU holds the
+/// texture array, and the copy only serves a renderer made again (another
+/// window, a lost device, another graphics API), which waits for
+/// [`Self::get`] to uncompress them. Shared by the window and the workers'
+/// `RenderAssets`, so the compressed form replaces the raw one in place.
+pub struct SpritePixels(Arc<PixelStore>);
+struct PixelStore {
+    len: usize,
+    /// Set by the first `pack`: later calls cost one atomic read.
+    packing: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool,
+    /// As built; dropped once `packed` holds them.
+    raw: std::sync::Mutex<Option<Arc<Vec<u8>>>>,
+    packed: std::sync::OnceLock<Vec<u8>>,
+}
+impl SpritePixels {
+    pub fn new(pixels: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        Self(Arc::new(PixelStore {
+            len: pixels.len(),
+            packing: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(false),
+            raw: std::sync::Mutex::new(Some(Arc::new(pixels))),
+            packed: std::sync::OnceLock::new(),
+        }))
+    }
+    /// Their size in bytes, uncompressed.
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.0.len
+    }
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.0.len == 0
+    }
+    /// The pixels as built, uncompressed again once packed.
+    pub fn get(&self) -> Arc<Vec<u8>> {
+        let raw = self.0.raw.lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner()).clone();
+        raw.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let packed = self.0.packed.get().map(Vec::as_slice).unwrap_or_default();
+            Arc::new(
+                lz4_flex::decompress_size_prepended(packed)
+                    .ok()
+                    .filter(|p| p.len() == self.0.len)
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| vec![0; self.0.len]),
+            )
+        })
+    }
+    /// Keep them compressed from now on, once a renderer has uploaded them:
+    /// compressed on a thread of their own, the raw copy dropped after.
+    pub fn pack(&self) {
+        use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
+        if self.0.len == 0 || self.0.packing.swap(true, Ordering::Relaxed) {
+            return;
+        }
+        let store = self.0.clone();
+        let job = move || {
+            let raw = store.raw.lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner()).clone();
+            if let Some(raw) = raw {
+                let _ = store.packed.set(lz4_flex::compress_prepend_size(&raw));
+                // `get` reads the compressed copy from here on.
+                *store.raw.lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner()) = None;
+            }
+        };
+        let fallback = job.clone();
+        if std::thread::Builder::new()
+            .name("Sprite packing".into())
+            .spawn(job)
+            .is_err()
+        {
+            fallback();
+        }
+    }
+}
 /// The last `RenderAssets::generation` handed out.
 static GENERATION: std::sync::atomic::AtomicU64 = std::sync::atomic::AtomicU64::new(0);
 fn invalid(message: &str) -> io::Error {
@@ -280,6 +352,7 @@ impl RenderAssets {
        }
        for stage in 0..10 {
            sprites.insert(root, &format!("minecraft:block/destroy_stage_{stage}"))?;
+            sprites.insert(root, &format!("minecraft:block/destroy_oit_stage_{stage}"))?;
        }
        let fusion = if draws {
            let _step = crate::spans::startup::step("core.fusion");
@@ -333,7 +406,7 @@ impl RenderAssets {
            sprite_size: sprites.size,
            sprite_minimum_size: sprites.minimum_size,
            texture_layers: u32::try_from(sprites.count())?,
-            pixels: sprites.pixels,
+            pixels: SpritePixels::new(sprites.pixels),
            model_catalog: models.catalog,
            model_library,
            model_placements: models.placements,
@@ -431,4 +504,29 @@ mod tests {
            [ConsumeEffect::ApplyEffects { probability, .. }] if probability == 0.3
        ));
    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sprite_pixels_come_back_the_same_once_packed() {
+        // Two layers of 16x16 RGBA with some structure, as sprites have.
+        let pixels: Vec<u8> = (0..2 * 16 * 16 * 4).map(|i| (i * 7 % 251) as u8).collect();
+        let stored = super::SpritePixels::new(pixels.clone());
+        assert_eq!(*stored.get(), pixels);
+        stored.pack();
+        stored.pack();
+        // The packing thread drops the raw copy once the compressed one is set.
+        let started = std::time::Instant::now();
+        while stored.0.raw.lock().unwrap().is_some() {
+            assert!(started.elapsed().as_secs() < 10, "packing never finished");
+            std::thread::yield_now();
+        }
+        assert!(
+            stored
+                .0
+                .packed
+                .get()
+                .is_some_and(|p| p.len() < pixels.len())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(*stored.get(), pixels);
+        assert_eq!(stored.len(), pixels.len());
+    }
 }
@@ -208,6 +208,18 @@ fn attach(mixer: &Mutex<Mixer>, channel: ChannelId, samples: Samples, looping: b
 type Stream = cpal::Stream;
 #[cfg(not(feature = "audio"))]
 type Stream = std::convert::Infallible;
+/// A level sound retained for the network broadcaster, in playback order.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct CapturedSound {
+    pub event: String,
+    pub position: [f64; 3],
+    pub volume: f32,
+    pub pitch: f32,
+    pub source: usize,
+    pub entity: Option<u32>,
+    pub except_entity: Option<u32>,
+}
+
 pub struct Audio {
    _stream: Option<Stream>,
    device_name: String,
@@ -224,7 +236,7 @@ pub struct Audio {
    source_override: Option<usize>,
    /// Positional sounds played since the last drain, kept while the world
    /// is open to the network so guests hear them too.
-    pub capture: Option<Vec<(String, [f64; 3], f32, f32)>>,
+    pub capture: Option<Vec<CapturedSound>>,
    /// How many times each positional sound played (the control socket's `status`),
    /// with or without an audio device.
    pub heard: std::collections::BTreeMap<String, u32>,
@@ -693,17 +705,27 @@ fn open_device(
 ) -> Result<(cpal::Stream, cpal::SupportedStreamConfig)> {
    use cpal::SampleFormat as F;
    let config = device.default_output_config()?;
-    let stream = match config.sample_format() {
-        F::F32 => build_stream::<f32>(device, &config, mixer.clone()),
-        F::F64 => build_stream::<f64>(device, &config, mixer.clone()),
-        F::I16 => build_stream::<i16>(device, &config, mixer.clone()),
-        F::I32 => build_stream::<i32>(device, &config, mixer.clone()),
-        F::I8 => build_stream::<i8>(device, &config, mixer.clone()),
-        F::U16 => build_stream::<u16>(device, &config, mixer.clone()),
-        F::U32 => build_stream::<u32>(device, &config, mixer.clone()),
-        F::U8 => build_stream::<u8>(device, &config, mixer.clone()),
+    let build = |stream_config: &cpal::StreamConfig| match config.sample_format() {
+        F::F32 => build_stream::<f32>(device, &config, stream_config, mixer.clone()),
+        F::F64 => build_stream::<f64>(device, &config, stream_config, mixer.clone()),
+        F::I16 => build_stream::<i16>(device, &config, stream_config, mixer.clone()),
+        F::I32 => build_stream::<i32>(device, &config, stream_config, mixer.clone()),
+        F::I8 => build_stream::<i8>(device, &config, stream_config, mixer.clone()),
+        F::U16 => build_stream::<u16>(device, &config, stream_config, mixer.clone()),
+        F::U32 => build_stream::<u32>(device, &config, stream_config, mixer.clone()),
+        F::U8 => build_stream::<u8>(device, &config, stream_config, mixer.clone()),
        other => Err(format!("unsupported sample format {other}").into()),
-    }?;
+    };
+    let short = audio_stream_config(&config);
+    let stream = match build(&short) {
+        Ok(stream) => stream,
+        // A device that refuses the short fixed buffer still plays with cpal's default one.
+        Err(e) if short != config.config() => {
+            log::info!("Horizon: audio output refused a short buffer ({e}); using the default");
+            build(&config.config())?
+        }
+        Err(e) => return Err(e),
+    };
    stream.play()?;
    if let Ok(mut m) = mixer.lock() {
        m.device_name = device.name().unwrap_or_default();
@@ -784,10 +806,35 @@ fn cards_changed(seen: Option<&str>, cards: Option<&str>) -> bool {
        _ => true,
    }
 }
+
+/// The cpal `StreamConfig` to open an output stream with. On Linux the ALSA
+/// backend's `BufferSize::Default` means a ~100 ms buffer, so sound effects
+/// come out about 100 ms late: request a short fixed buffer there. Other
+/// platforms keep cpal's default behaviour.
+#[cfg(feature = "audio")]
+fn audio_stream_config(config: &cpal::SupportedStreamConfig) -> cpal::StreamConfig {
+    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+    {
+        let range = match config.buffer_size() {
+            cpal::SupportedBufferSize::Range { min, max } => (*min, *max),
+            cpal::SupportedBufferSize::Unknown => (256, 4096),
+        };
+        let target = 1024u32.clamp(range.0, range.1);
+        let mut sc = config.config();
+        sc.buffer_size = cpal::BufferSize::Fixed(target);
+        sc
+    }
+    #[cfg(not(target_os = "linux"))]
+    {
+        config.config()
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(feature = "audio")]
 fn build_stream<T: cpal::SizedSample + cpal::FromSample<f32>>(
    device: &cpal::Device,
    config: &cpal::SupportedStreamConfig,
+    stream_config: &cpal::StreamConfig,
    mixer: Arc<Mutex<Mixer>>,
 ) -> Result<cpal::Stream> {
    let rate = config.sample_rate().0;
@@ -795,7 +842,7 @@ fn build_stream<T: cpal::SizedSample + cpal::FromSample<f32>>(
    let mut scratch = Vec::new();
    let on_error = mixer.clone();
    let stream = device.build_output_stream(
-        &config.config(),
+        stream_config,
        move |data: &mut [T], _| {
            scratch.resize(data.len(), 0.0f32);
            if let Ok(mut m) = mixer.lock() {
@@ -1262,7 +1309,17 @@ impl Audio {
    pub fn play_after(&mut self, event: &str, at: [f64; 3], volume: f32, pitch: f32, ticks: i32) {
        let seed = self.random.next_long();
        if let Some(capture) = self.capture.as_mut() {
-            capture.push((event.to_owned(), at, volume, pitch));
+            capture.push(CapturedSound {
+                event: event.to_owned(),
+                position: at,
+                volume,
+                pitch,
+                source: self.source_override.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                    crate::settings::sound_source(&crate::sound_events::normalize(event))
+                }),
+                entity: None,
+                except_entity: None,
+            });
        }
        *self.heard.entry(event.to_owned()).or_default() += 1;
        self.sync_volumes();
@@ -1301,6 +1358,66 @@ impl Audio {
        preview.preview(self, source, volume);
        self.preview = preview;
    }
+    /// An incoming entity-sound packet: retain its seed and category without rebroadcasting it.
+    pub fn play_entity_seeded(
+        &mut self,
+        event: &str,
+        source: usize,
+        volume: f32,
+        pitch: f32,
+        seed: i64,
+        entity: crate::sound_engine::SoundEntity,
+    ) {
+        *self.heard.entry(event.to_owned()).or_default() += 1;
+        let event = crate::sound_events::normalize(event);
+        let instance = SoundInstance::entity_bound(
+            &event,
+            source,
+            volume,
+            pitch,
+            LegacyRandom::new(seed),
+            entity,
+        );
+        self.play_instance(instance, false);
+    }
+    /// A level's entity overload: preserve the emitter and excluded player for
+    /// the server broadcaster while the local sound follows the same object.
+    pub fn play_bound(
+        &mut self,
+        event: &str,
+        source: usize,
+        volume: f32,
+        pitch: f32,
+        entity: crate::sound_engine::SoundEntity,
+        except_entity: Option<u32>,
+    ) {
+        if let Some(capture) = self.capture.as_mut() {
+            capture.push(CapturedSound {
+                event: event.to_owned(),
+                position: entity.state().position,
+                volume,
+                pitch,
+                source,
+                entity: Some(entity.id),
+                except_entity,
+            });
+        }
+        let seed = self.random.next_long();
+        self.play_entity_seeded(event, source, volume, pitch, seed, entity);
+    }
+    /// Removal belongs to the old object even if its numeric id is immediately reused.
+    pub fn remove_sound_entity(&mut self, id: u32) {
+        for entity in self
+            .engine
+            .bound_entities()
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter(|e| e.id == id)
+        {
+            let mut state = entity.state();
+            state.removed = true;
+            entity.update(state);
+        }
+    }
    /// `play` with the seed a sound packet carries.
    pub fn play_seeded(
        &mut self,
@@ -1311,7 +1428,17 @@ impl Audio {
        seed: i64,
    ) {
        if let (Some(capture), Some(at)) = (self.capture.as_mut(), at) {
-            capture.push((event.to_owned(), at, volume, pitch));
+            capture.push(CapturedSound {
+                event: event.to_owned(),
+                position: at,
+                volume,
+                pitch,
+                source: self.source_override.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                    crate::settings::sound_source(&crate::sound_events::normalize(event))
+                }),
+                entity: None,
+                except_entity: None,
+            });
        }
        if at.is_some() {
            *self.heard.entry(event.to_owned()).or_default() += 1;
@@ -1451,6 +1578,81 @@ impl Sounds for Audio {
 mod tests {
    use super::*;

+    #[test]
+    fn level_capture_keeps_order_category_entity_and_actor_exclusion() {
+        let mut audio = Audio::silent(Path::new("/nonexistent/horizon-entity-sound-test"));
+        audio.capture = Some(Vec::new());
+        let mut expected = audio.random.clone();
+        audio.play_on(
+            7,
+            "minecraft:block.amethyst_block.chime",
+            Some([1.0; 3]),
+            0.5,
+            1.0,
+        );
+        let entity = crate::sound_engine::SoundEntity::new(37, [2.123456789, 64.0, -3.0], false);
+        audio.play_bound(
+            "minecraft:block.amethyst_block.chime",
+            6,
+            2.0,
+            1.2,
+            entity,
+            Some(17),
+        );
+        let sounds = audio.capture.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(sounds.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(
+            (sounds[0].source, sounds[0].entity, sounds[0].except_entity),
+            (7, None, None)
+        );
+        let bound = &sounds[1];
+        assert_eq!(
+            (bound.source, bound.entity, bound.except_entity),
+            (6, Some(37), Some(17))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(bound.position, [2.123456789, 64.0, -3.0]);
+        assert_eq!((bound.volume, bound.pitch), (2.0, 1.2));
+        expected.next_long();
+        expected.next_long();
+        assert_eq!(audio.random.next_long(), expected.next_long());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn entity_sound_packets_neither_rebroadcast_nor_advance_the_local_seed_generator() {
+        let mut audio = Audio::silent(Path::new("/nonexistent/horizon-entity-sound-test"));
+        audio.capture = Some(Vec::new());
+        let mut expected = audio.random.clone();
+        let entity = crate::sound_engine::SoundEntity::new(7, [1.0, 2.0, 3.0], false);
+        audio.play_entity_seeded("minecraft:fixture.bound", 6, 0.7, 1.2, 42, entity);
+        assert!(audio.capture.as_ref().unwrap().is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(audio.random.next_long(), expected.next_long());
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn removal_marks_only_existing_references_to_that_entity() {
+        use crate::sound_engine::SoundEntity;
+        let mut audio = Audio::silent(Path::new("/nonexistent/horizon-entity-sound-test"));
+        let old = SoundEntity::new(7, [0.0; 3], false);
+        let other = SoundEntity::new(8, [0.0; 3], false);
+        for entity in [old.clone(), other.clone()] {
+            audio.engine.add(
+                SoundInstance::entity_bound(
+                    "minecraft:fixture.bound",
+                    6,
+                    1.0,
+                    1.0,
+                    LegacyRandom::new(42),
+                    entity,
+                ),
+                true,
+            );
+        }
+        audio.remove_sound_entity(7);
+        let replacement = SoundEntity::new(7, [10.0; 3], false);
+        assert!(old.state().removed);
+        assert!(!other.state().removed);
+        assert!(!replacement.state().removed);
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn button_click_uses_vanilla_ui_parameters_without_advancing_world_random() {
        let mut audio = Audio::silent(Path::new("/nonexistent/horizon-test-assets"));
@@ -49,6 +49,10 @@ impl AuthSession {
            access_token: access_token.to_owned(),
        }
    }
+
+    pub fn access_token(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.access_token
+    }
    /// The session file's JSON: {"name", "uuid", "access_token", "user_type": "msa", "xuid"}.
    pub fn parse(text: &str) -> Result<Self, String> {
        let v: serde_json::Value =
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ pub struct BlockEntities {
    /// instance blocks, `shows_box`), so a frame looks at them without scanning the map.
    /// Like `mods`, one taken out stays listed until `put` or `remove`.
    boxes: FxHashSet<Pos>,
+    asleep: FxHashSet<Pos>,
 }

 /// A structure or test instance block: the block entities whose box the frame may draw.
@@ -229,6 +230,7 @@ impl BlockEntities {
    }
    /// `removeBlockEntityTicker`: no slot, made or pending.
    fn cancel(&mut self, pos: &Pos) {
+        self.asleep.remove(pos);
        self.freed |= self.live.remove(pos).is_some();
        self.pending.remove(pos);
    }
@@ -297,14 +299,25 @@ impl BlockEntities {
        self.map.get(pos)
    }
    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, pos: &Pos) -> Option<&mut BlockEntity> {
+        self.asleep.remove(pos);
        self.map.get_mut(pos)
    }
    pub fn iter_mut(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&Pos, &mut BlockEntity)> {
+        self.asleep.clear();
        self.map.iter_mut()
    }
    pub fn values_mut(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &mut BlockEntity> {
+        self.asleep.clear();
        self.map.values_mut()
    }
+    pub fn sleep(&mut self, pos: Pos) {
+        if self.map.contains_key(&pos) {
+            self.asleep.insert(pos);
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn is_asleep(&self, pos: &Pos) -> bool {
+        self.asleep.contains(pos)
+    }
    /// `LevelChunk.setBlockEntity` (+ `addAndRegisterBlockEntity`): a new
    /// block entity may get a slot; one replacing another keeps its slot.
    /// One of the same type rewrites it in place (a jukebox taking a disc,
@@ -320,6 +333,7 @@ impl BlockEntities {
            self.attachments.remove(&pos);
        }
        let new_box = shows_box(&entity);
+        self.asleep.remove(&pos);
        let old = self.map.insert(pos, entity);
        if old.is_none() {
            self.add(pos);
@@ -346,6 +360,7 @@ impl BlockEntities {
        if absent {
            self.add(pos);
        }
+        self.asleep.remove(&pos);
        let entity = self.map.entry(pos).or_insert_with(make);
        if absent && matches!(entity, BlockEntity::Mod(_)) {
            self.mods.entry(chunk_of(pos)).or_default().insert(pos);
@@ -358,6 +373,7 @@ impl BlockEntities {
    /// `LevelChunk.removeBlockEntity`: the block entity and its slot.
    pub fn remove(&mut self, pos: &Pos) -> Option<BlockEntity> {
        self.attachments.remove(pos);
+        self.asleep.remove(pos);
        self.cancel(pos);
        let removed = self.map.remove(pos);
        if matches!(removed, Some(BlockEntity::Mod(_))) {
@@ -369,6 +385,7 @@ impl BlockEntities {
    /// The block entity at `pos`, out of the map for a while: its slot stays
    /// for `put` to bring it back (a tick working on it).
    pub fn take(&mut self, pos: &Pos) -> Option<BlockEntity> {
+        self.asleep.remove(pos);
        let taken = self.map.remove(pos);
        if taken.is_some() {
            self.out.insert(*pos);
@@ -378,6 +395,7 @@ impl BlockEntities {
    /// Brings back what `take` took, in its slot.
    pub fn put(&mut self, pos: Pos, entity: BlockEntity) {
        self.out.remove(&pos);
+        self.asleep.remove(&pos);
        if matches!(entity, BlockEntity::Mod(_)) {
            self.mods.entry(chunk_of(pos)).or_default().insert(pos);
        }
@@ -389,6 +407,16 @@ impl BlockEntities {
            self.add(pos);
        }
    }
+    /// [`Self::retain`] for unloading chunks: removes the block entities at
+    /// the positions `gone` names and changes none it keeps, so those that
+    /// sleep stay asleep (a moving player unloads chunks most ticks).
+    pub fn unload(&mut self, mut gone: impl FnMut(&Pos) -> bool) {
+        let asleep = std::mem::take(&mut self.asleep);
+        self.retain(|p, _| !gone(p));
+        self.asleep = asleep;
+        let map = &self.map;
+        self.asleep.retain(|p| map.contains_key(p));
+    }
    /// Removes the block entities `keep` refuses, and their slots
    /// (`clearAllBlockEntities` of unloaded chunks).
    pub fn retain(&mut self, mut keep: impl FnMut(&Pos, &mut BlockEntity) -> bool) {
@@ -399,6 +427,7 @@ impl BlockEntities {
            &mut self.attachments,
        );
        let (mods, boxes) = (&mut self.mods, &mut self.boxes);
+        self.asleep.clear();
        self.map.retain(|p, e| {
            let kept = keep(p, e);
            if !kept {
@@ -416,6 +445,7 @@ impl BlockEntities {
        self.map.clear();
        self.mods.clear();
        self.boxes.clear();
+        self.asleep.clear();
        self.tickers = Arc::default();
        self.live.clear();
        self.added.clear();
@@ -433,6 +463,7 @@ impl BlockEntities {
        let order = chunk_map_order(entities.iter().map(|(p, _)| *p));
        for (p, e) in entities {
            self.attachments.remove(&p);
+            self.asleep.remove(&p);
            let new_is_mod = matches!(e, BlockEntity::Mod(_));
            self.note_box(p, Some(&e));
            let old = self.map.insert(p, e);
@@ -452,6 +483,7 @@ impl BlockEntities {
    /// `LevelChunk.setBlockState` on a block entity's position, from state
    /// `old` to `new`: a ticker made, kept or dropped.
    pub fn state_changed(&mut self, pos: Pos, old: u32, new: u32) {
+        self.asleep.remove(&pos);
        if self.states.is_empty() || !self.map.contains_key(&pos) {
            return;
        }
@@ -536,12 +568,75 @@ mod tests {
            .collect()
    }

+    /// Unloading a chunk removes its block entities and leaves the others'
+    /// sleep alone; `retain`, which may change what it keeps, wakes them all.
+    #[test]
+    fn unloading_a_chunk_keeps_the_others_asleep() {
+        let mut b = level();
+        let (kept, gone) = ((1, 64, 1), (17, 64, 1));
+        b.insert(kept, hopper());
+        b.insert(gone, hopper());
+        b.sleep(kept);
+        b.sleep(gone);
+        b.unload(|p| p.0 >> 4 == 1);
+        assert!(b.get(&gone).is_none());
+        assert!(!b.is_asleep(&gone));
+        assert!(b.is_asleep(&kept));
+        b.retain(|_, _| true);
+        assert!(!b.is_asleep(&kept));
+    }
+
    fn near(b: &BlockEntities, x: f64, z: f64, radius: f64) -> Vec<Pos> {
        let mut found: Vec<Pos> = b.mods_near(x, z, radius).copied().collect();
        found.sort();
        found
    }
    #[test]
+    fn a_sleeping_block_entity_wakes_on_any_change() {
+        let p = (1, 64, 1);
+        let mut b = level();
+        b.sleep(p);
+        assert!(!b.is_asleep(&p));
+        b.insert(p, hopper());
+        let asleep = |b: &mut BlockEntities, wake: &dyn Fn(&mut BlockEntities)| {
+            b.sleep(p);
+            assert!(b.is_asleep(&p));
+            wake(b);
+            b.is_asleep(&p)
+        };
+        assert!(asleep(&mut b, &|_| {}));
+        assert!(!asleep(&mut b, &|b| {
+            b.get_mut(&p);
+        }));
+        assert!(!asleep(&mut b, &|b| {
+            b.insert(p, hopper());
+        }));
+        assert!(!asleep(&mut b, &|b| {
+            b.get_or_insert_with(p, hopper);
+        }));
+        assert!(!asleep(&mut b, &|b| {
+            let held = b.take(&p).unwrap();
+            b.put(p, held);
+        }));
+        assert!(!asleep(&mut b, &|b| b.state_changed(p, 1, 1)));
+        assert!(!asleep(&mut b, &|b| b.forget(&p)));
+        assert!(!asleep(&mut b, &|b| {
+            b.iter_mut().count();
+        }));
+        assert!(!asleep(&mut b, &|b| {
+            b.values_mut().count();
+        }));
+        assert!(!asleep(&mut b, &|b| b.retain(|_, _| true)));
+        assert!(!asleep(&mut b, &|b| b.load_chunk(vec![(p, hopper())])));
+        assert!(!asleep(&mut b, &|b| {
+            b.remove(&p);
+            b.insert(p, hopper());
+        }));
+        b.sleep(p);
+        b.clear();
+        assert!(!b.is_asleep(&p));
+    }
+    #[test]
    fn mod_block_entities_are_listed_by_chunk_until_they_go() {
        let mut b = level();
        let modded = || BlockEntity::Mod(Box::default());
@@ -939,6 +939,14 @@ impl BlockEntityAnims {
    /// Drops the state of block entities that are gone or changed kind:
    /// `present` holds the loaded block entities' tickers, sorted by position.
    pub fn retain_present(&mut self, present: &[([i32; 3], Ticker)]) {
+        self.retain_animations(present, false);
+    }
+    /// An integrated server owns bell state independently of renderer visibility.
+    /// Its world ticker removes bells when their actual block changes.
+    pub fn retain_present_preserving_bells(&mut self, present: &[([i32; 3], Ticker)]) {
+        self.retain_animations(present, true);
+    }
+    fn retain_animations(&mut self, present: &[([i32; 3], Ticker)], keep_bells: bool) {
        let is = |p: &[i32; 3], f: fn(&Ticker) -> bool| {
            present
                .binary_search_by_key(p, |(q, _)| *q)
@@ -948,7 +956,9 @@ impl BlockEntityAnims {
        self.books.retain(|p, _| is(p, |t| *t == Ticker::Book));
        self.shulkers
            .retain(|p, _| is(p, |t| matches!(t, Ticker::Shulker { .. })));
-        self.bells.retain(|p, _| is(p, |t| *t == Ticker::Bell));
+        if !keep_bells {
+            self.bells.retain(|p, _| is(p, |t| *t == Ticker::Bell));
+        }
        self.conduits
            .retain(|p, _| is(p, |t| *t == Ticker::Conduit));
        self.skulls
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 //! the block plus `minecraft_mix_light` with the level's two diffuse lights.
 use crate::{
    Result,
-    bidi::visual_str,
+    bidi::visual,
    block_entity_anim::{self, EnchantingBook},
    breaking::entity_geometry,
    fast_hash::FxHashMap,
@@ -271,10 +271,10 @@ pub const DYES: [(&str, u32); 16] = [
    ("black", 0x1D1D21),
 ];
 fn dye_prefix(name: &str) -> Option<(usize, &str)> {
-    // Longest names first so "light_gray" wins over "gray".
-    let mut order: Vec<usize> = (0..16).collect();
-    order.sort_by_key(|&i| std::cmp::Reverse(DYES[i].0.len()));
-    order.into_iter().find_map(|i| {
+    // Longest names first; this is the same stable order as sorting DYES by
+    // descending prefix length, without a Vec allocation or comparison sort.
+    const ORDER: [usize; 16] = [3, 8, 2, 1, 4, 10, 0, 12, 13, 15, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 14];
+    ORDER.into_iter().find_map(|i| {
        name.strip_prefix(DYES[i].0)
            .and_then(|rest| rest.strip_prefix('_'))
            .map(|rest| (i, rest))
@@ -639,7 +639,9 @@ fn sign_text_near(pos: [i32; 3], camera: DVec3) -> bool {
 }

 /// `AbstractSignRenderer.submitSignText`: four centred lines, glowing text
-/// full-bright with an 8x outline in the dark colour.
+/// full-bright with an 8x outline in the dark colour. The font colours each
+/// glyph by its style (`Font.StringRenderOutput`): a line's own colour wins,
+/// else the sign's. A line is one call per run of one colour.
 fn sign_text_calls(
    scene: &Scene,
    data: &SignData,
@@ -662,25 +664,53 @@ fn sign_text_calls(
        (dark, 0, vertex_light(packed))
    };
    let advance = |c: char| (scene.glyph)(c).advance;
-    let width = |s: &str| s.chars().map(advance).sum::<f32>().ceil();
-    text.lines
-        .iter()
-        .enumerate()
-        .map(|(i, line)| {
-            // The line that fits, in the order it is drawn (getVisualOrder).
-            let shown = first_line(line, data.max_line_width(), &advance);
-            let shown = visual_str(&shown).into_owned();
-            TextCall {
+    let mut calls: Vec<TextCall> = Vec::with_capacity(text.lines.len());
+    for i in 0..text.lines.len() {
+        // The line that fits, in the order it is drawn (getVisualOrder).
+        let line = text.line_text(i);
+        let line = line.resolved();
+        let flat: String = line.chars().map(|(c, _)| c).collect();
+        let fits = first_line(&flat, data.max_line_width(), &advance);
+        let shown = line.slice(0, fits.chars().count());
+        let shown = visual(&shown);
+        let width = shown.chars().map(|(c, _)| advance(c)).sum::<f32>().ceil();
+        let x = -((width as i32) / 2) as f32;
+        let y = i as f32 * line_height - midpoint;
+        let first = calls.len();
+        let mut pen = 0.0;
+        for span in shown.spans.iter().filter(|s| !s.text.is_empty()) {
+            let run = span
+                .style
+                .color
+                .map_or(color, |rgb| 0xFF00_0000 | (rgb & 0xFF_FFFF));
+            match calls[first..].last_mut() {
+                Some(last) if last.color == run => last.text.push_str(&span.text),
+                _ => calls.push(TextCall {
+                    matrix: m,
+                    x: x + pen,
+                    y,
+                    text: span.text.clone(),
+                    color: run,
+                    outline,
+                    light,
+                }),
+            }
+            pen += span.text.chars().map(advance).sum::<f32>();
+        }
+        if calls.len() == first {
+            // A line with no text is still a call, of no glyphs.
+            calls.push(TextCall {
                matrix: m,
-                x: -((width(&shown) as i32) / 2) as f32,
-                y: i as f32 * line_height - midpoint,
-                text: shown,
+                x,
+                y,
+                text: String::new(),
                color,
                outline,
                light,
-            }
-        })
-        .collect()
+            });
+        }
+    }
+    calls
 }

 /// How far the text of an outlined call sits in front of its outline, in
@@ -696,11 +726,19 @@ const TEXT_OVER_OUTLINE: f32 = 0.05;
 /// reader instead (a twentieth of a font pixel, invisible) rather than
 /// z-fighting with the outline under it.
 fn draw_text(scene: &Scene, call: &TextCall, out: &mut Vec<Vertex>) {
+    text_vertices(scene.glyph, call, out);
+}
+
+/// `draw_text` with the font's glyph cells and advances from `glyph`: the
+/// text of `call` as glyph quads in its matrix's plane, 1 unit a font pixel,
+/// y down as the font's, with its outline when it has one. A native mod's
+/// block entity draws its text this way (`native_draw_text`).
+pub fn text_vertices(glyph: &dyn Fn(char) -> Glyph, call: &TextCall, out: &mut Vec<Vertex>) {
    let mut emit = |dx: f32, dy: f32, z: f32, argb: u32| {
        let mut x = call.x + dx;
        let y0 = call.y + dy;
        for ch in call.text.chars() {
-            let g = (scene.glyph)(ch);
+            let g = glyph(ch);
            if let Some(cell) = g.rect {
                // BakedSheetGlyph: the glyph's own box from the pen, not a
                // fixed 8x8 cell (a Unifont glyph is 0.5 units per texel).
@@ -833,6 +871,9 @@ pub struct Scene<'a> {
    /// Changes whenever `glyph` may answer differently (`Font::epoch`): sign
    /// text laid out under another value is laid out again.
    pub glyphs: u64,
+    /// Per-block visibility for dynamic, animated, or uncached models. Bounds
+    /// are world-space and conservatively include model animation extents.
+    pub dynamic_visible: Option<&'a dyn Fn([i32; 3], u32, DVec3, DVec3) -> bool>,
 }

 /// Empty by default (a dedicated server): no state has a block entity model.
@@ -1402,6 +1443,167 @@ impl BlockEntityRenderer {
    fn kind(&self, state: u32) -> &Kind {
        self.kinds.get(state as usize).unwrap_or(&Kind::None)
    }
+    fn dynamic_bounds(
+        &self,
+        scene: &Scene,
+        pos: [i32; 3],
+        kind: &Kind,
+        chest_openness: Option<(f32, Option<[i32; 3]>)>,
+    ) -> (DVec3, DVec3) {
+        let [x, y, z] = pos.map(f64::from);
+        let mut lo = DVec3::new(x, y, z);
+        let mut hi = DVec3::new(x + 1.0, y + 1.0, z + 1.0);
+        match kind {
+            Kind::Chest { double_with, .. } => {
+                if let Some(offset) = double_with {
+                    lo.x += f64::from(offset[0].min(0));
+                    lo.z += f64::from(offset[2].min(0));
+                    hi.x += f64::from(offset[0].max(0));
+                    hi.z += f64::from(offset[2].max(0));
+                }
+                let is_open = chest_openness.map_or_else(
+                    || {
+                        (scene.lid)(pos) != 0.0
+                            || double_with.is_some_and(|offset| {
+                                let other = [
+                                    pos[0].saturating_add(offset[0]),
+                                    pos[1].saturating_add(offset[1]),
+                                    pos[2].saturating_add(offset[2]),
+                                ];
+                                (scene.lid)(other) != 0.0
+                            })
+                    },
+                    |(open, _)| open != 0.0,
+                );
+                if is_open {
+                    // The lid pivots up from the rear edge. Its longest corner
+                    // rises by less than one block in the fully open pose.
+                    hi.y += 0.8;
+                }
+            }
+            Kind::Shulker { facing, .. } => {
+                let offset = step(facing);
+                lo.x += f64::from(offset[0].min(0)) * 0.52;
+                lo.y += f64::from(offset[1].min(0)) * 0.52;
+                lo.z += f64::from(offset[2].min(0)) * 0.52;
+                hi.x += f64::from(offset[0].max(0)) * 0.52;
+                hi.y += f64::from(offset[1].max(0)) * 0.52;
+                hi.z += f64::from(offset[2].max(0)) * 0.52;
+            }
+            Kind::Banner { wall: false, .. } => {
+                hi.y += 1.0;
+                lo.x -= 0.05;
+                lo.z -= 0.05;
+                hi.x += 0.05;
+                hi.z += 0.05;
+            }
+            Kind::Banner { wall: true, .. } => {
+                lo.y -= 1.0;
+                lo.x -= 0.05;
+                lo.z -= 0.05;
+                hi.x += 0.05;
+                hi.z += 0.05;
+            }
+            Kind::Sign { hanging: true, .. } => {
+                lo.y -= 1.0;
+                lo.x -= 0.15;
+                lo.z -= 0.15;
+                hi.x += 0.15;
+                hi.z += 0.15;
+            }
+            Kind::Sign { hanging: false, .. } => {
+                hi.y += 0.3;
+                lo.x -= 0.02;
+                lo.z -= 0.02;
+                hi.x += 0.02;
+                hi.z += 0.02;
+            }
+            Kind::EnchantingTable | Kind::Lectern { .. } => {
+                // The book and statue models rise above the block's collision
+                // cube; include their full rendered height and rotated corners.
+                hi.y += 1.0;
+                lo.x -= 0.25;
+                lo.z -= 0.25;
+                hi.x += 0.25;
+                hi.z += 0.25;
+            }
+            Kind::CopperGolem { .. } => {
+                // The statue pose rotates around the root, so some variants
+                // extend below the block as well as above it.
+                lo.y -= 1.0;
+                hi.y += 1.0;
+                lo.x -= 0.25;
+                lo.z -= 0.25;
+                hi.x += 0.25;
+                hi.z += 0.25;
+            }
+            Kind::Conduit => {
+                // Its animated cage is centered above the conduit block and
+                // the wind model spans multiple cells. The caller bypasses
+                // voxel occlusion for envelopes this tall, but retains frustum
+                // culling with this conservative volume.
+                lo.x -= 1.0;
+                lo.y -= 1.0;
+                lo.z -= 1.0;
+                hi.x += 1.0;
+                hi.y += 1.0;
+                hi.z += 1.0;
+            }
+            Kind::Bell => {
+                // The bell's pivoted swing moves its corners slightly outside
+                // the block even though the model starts centered in it.
+                lo.x -= 0.1;
+                lo.y -= 0.1;
+                lo.z -= 0.1;
+                hi.x += 0.1;
+                hi.y += 0.1;
+                hi.z += 0.1;
+            }
+            Kind::Skull { .. } => {
+                // Wall-mounted and dragon heads can protrude from their block.
+                lo.x -= 0.25;
+                lo.y -= 0.25;
+                lo.z -= 0.25;
+                hi.x += 0.25;
+                hi.y += 0.25;
+                hi.z += 0.25;
+            }
+            Kind::EndGateway { .. } => {
+                let anim = (scene.anim)(pos);
+                let beam = gateway_beam(anim.gateway, scene.partial, scene.max_y, scene.game_time);
+                let height = f64::from(beam.height.max(0));
+                lo.y -= height;
+                hi.y += height;
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+        (lo, hi)
+    }
+
+    fn is_dynamic_visible(
+        &self,
+        scene: &Scene,
+        shapes: &Arc<BlockEntityShapes>,
+        pos: [i32; 3],
+        state: u32,
+        kind: &Kind,
+        chest_openness: Option<(f32, Option<[i32; 3]>)>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        let Some(visible) = scene.dynamic_visible else {
+            return true;
+        };
+        if matches!(kind, Kind::EndGateway { .. }) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        // A pack model may extend outside the vanilla envelope. Keep that
+        // geometry on the uncullable path unless its model bounds are known.
+        if !Arc::ptr_eq(shapes, &self.vanilla) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        let (lo, hi) = self.dynamic_bounds(scene, pos, kind, chest_openness);
+        visible(pos, state, lo, hi)
+    }
+
    fn cached_entry_is_current(
        &self,
        scene: &Scene,
@@ -1411,6 +1613,7 @@ impl BlockEntityRenderer {
        options: CacheOptions,
        entry: &StaticEntry,
        section_revision: StaticSectionRevision,
+        chest_openness: Option<(f32, Option<[i32; 3]>)>,
    ) -> bool {
        if entry.key.state != state
            || entry.key.nether != scene.nether
@@ -1422,15 +1625,24 @@ impl BlockEntityRenderer {
        }
        match kind {
            Kind::Chest { .. } => {
-                let (open, other) = self.chest_openness(
-                    pos,
-                    kind,
-                    &|p| scene.world.block(p[0], p[1], p[2]).0,
-                    scene.lid,
-                );
-                // Double chests depend on the neighboring half's light too;
-                // let those uncommon models take the full key path.
-                open == 0.0 && other.is_none()
+                let (open, other) = chest_openness.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                    self.chest_openness(
+                        pos,
+                        kind,
+                        &|p| scene.world.block(p[0], p[1], p[2]).0,
+                        scene.lid,
+                    )
+                });
+                if open != 0.0 {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                let mut light = scene.world.light(pos[0], pos[1], pos[2]);
+                if let Some(other) = other {
+                    let other_light = scene.world.light(other[0], other[1], other[2]);
+                    light = (light >> 4).max(other_light >> 4) << 4
+                        | (light & 15).max(other_light & 15);
+                }
+                entry.key.light == light
            }
            Kind::Shulker { .. } => {
                let (progress, old) = (scene.anim)(pos).shulker;
@@ -1693,6 +1905,17 @@ impl BlockEntityRenderer {
                }
                let local = static_local_index(pos, section_min_y);
                let current_section_revision = active_section_revision.unwrap_or_default();
+                let chest_openness = (cache.is_some()
+                    && options.chests
+                    && matches!(kind, Kind::Chest { .. }))
+                .then(|| {
+                    self.chest_openness(
+                        pos,
+                        kind,
+                        &|p| scene.world.block(p[0], p[1], p[2]).0,
+                        scene.lid,
+                    )
+                });
                if cache_only && section_revision.is_some() && active_section_revision.is_none() {
                    break 'draw;
                }
@@ -1708,6 +1931,7 @@ impl BlockEntityRenderer {
                        options,
                        &active_entries[index].1,
                        current_section_revision,
+                        chest_openness,
                    )
                {
                    let entry = &mut active_entries[index].1;
@@ -1727,7 +1951,9 @@ impl BlockEntityRenderer {
                            ..*vertex
                        }));
                    }
-                    if matches!(kind, Kind::Banner { .. }) {
+                    if matches!(kind, Kind::Banner { .. })
+                        && self.is_dynamic_visible(scene, &shapes, pos, state, kind, None)
+                    {
                        let packed = scene.world.light(pos[0], pos[1], pos[2]);
                        let origin =
                            (DVec3::new(f64::from(pos[0]), f64::from(pos[1]), f64::from(pos[2]))
@@ -1748,11 +1974,25 @@ impl BlockEntityRenderer {
                    }
                    break 'draw;
                }
+                if cache_only && chest_openness.is_some_and(|(open, _)| open != 0.0) {
+                    if let Some(cache) = &mut cache
+                        && let Ok(index) =
+                            active_entries.binary_search_by_key(&local, |(index, _)| *index)
+                    {
+                        active_entries.remove(index);
+                        cache.len -= 1;
+                        cache.mark_section_dirty(section);
+                    }
+                    break 'draw;
+                }
                let origin = (DVec3::new(f64::from(pos[0]), f64::from(pos[1]), f64::from(pos[2]))
                    - scene.camera)
                    .as_vec3();
                let mut packed = scene.world.light(pos[0], pos[1], pos[2]);
                if matches!(kind, Kind::Sign { .. }) && scene.texts.is_none() {
+                    if !self.is_dynamic_visible(scene, &shapes, pos, state, kind, None) {
+                        break 'draw;
+                    }
                    if options.signs {
                        self.sign_text(scene, pos, state, origin, packed, out);
                    } else {
@@ -1771,8 +2011,15 @@ impl BlockEntityRenderer {
                    break 'draw;
                }
                if let Some(cache) = &mut cache
-                    && let Some(key) =
-                        self.static_key(scene, pos, state, kind, options, &mut packed)
+                    && let Some(key) = self.static_key(
+                        scene,
+                        pos,
+                        state,
+                        kind,
+                        options,
+                        &mut packed,
+                        chest_openness,
+                    )
                {
                    let slot = active_entries.binary_search_by_key(&local, |(index, _)| *index);
                    let entry = match slot {
@@ -1857,7 +2104,9 @@ impl BlockEntityRenderer {
                            ..*vertex
                        }));
                    }
-                    if matches!(kind, Kind::Banner { .. }) {
+                    if matches!(kind, Kind::Banner { .. })
+                        && self.is_dynamic_visible(scene, &shapes, pos, state, kind, None)
+                    {
                        self.render_banner(
                            &shapes,
                            scene,
@@ -1884,6 +2133,9 @@ impl BlockEntityRenderer {
                if cache_only {
                    break 'draw;
                }
+                if !self.is_dynamic_visible(scene, &shapes, pos, state, kind, chest_openness) {
+                    break 'draw;
+                }
                let base = Mat4::from_translation(origin);
                self.render_one(scene, pos, kind, base, packed, lights, false, true, out);
            }
@@ -1950,6 +2202,7 @@ impl BlockEntityRenderer {
        kind: &Kind,
        options: CacheOptions,
        packed: &mut u8,
+        chest_openness: Option<(f32, Option<[i32; 3]>)>,
    ) -> Option<StaticKey> {
        let mut sprite_rects = [None; 5];
        let mut sprite_count = 0;
@@ -1967,12 +2220,14 @@ impl BlockEntityRenderer {
                part,
                ..
            } if options.chests => {
-                let (open, other) = self.chest_openness(
-                    pos,
-                    kind,
-                    &|p| scene.world.block(p[0], p[1], p[2]).0,
-                    scene.lid,
-                );
+                let (open, other) = chest_openness.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                    self.chest_openness(
+                        pos,
+                        kind,
+                        &|p| scene.world.block(p[0], p[1], p[2]).0,
+                        scene.lid,
+                    )
+                });
                if open != 0.0 {
                    return None;
                }
@@ -3242,6 +3497,7 @@ fn portal_cube(m: Mat4, faces: &[Direction], layer: u32, out: &mut Vec<Vertex>)
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::assets::Assets;
+    use horizon_world::nbt::Tag;
    #[test]
    #[ignore = "requires prepared models/textures in HORIZON_TEST_RESOURCES"]
    fn entity_block_particles_and_breaking_use_exported_models() -> Result<()> {
@@ -3354,6 +3610,7 @@ mod tests {
            skull: &|_| None,
            glyph: &|_| Glyph::default(),
            glyphs: 0,
+            dynamic_visible: None,
        };
        // Compare the cached world path with the original model renderer,
        // including atlas replacement, current light and animated fallback.
@@ -3648,6 +3905,7 @@ mod tests {
            skull: &|_| None,
            glyph: &glyph,
            glyphs: 0,
+            dynamic_visible: None,
        };
        let mut call = TextCall {
            matrix: Mat4::IDENTITY,
@@ -3720,6 +3978,7 @@ mod tests {
            skull: &|_| None,
            glyph: &glyph,
            glyphs: 0,
+            dynamic_visible: None,
        };
        let call = TextCall {
            matrix: Mat4::IDENTITY,
@@ -3748,6 +4007,129 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(boxes, [[10.0, 14.0, 2.0, 10.0], [15.0, 19.0, 2.0, 10.0]]);
    }

+    /// The front text calls of a sign whose every glyph advances 6.
+    fn front_calls(data: &SignData, near: bool) -> Vec<(String, f32, f32, u32, u32)> {
+        let world = World::new(BlockStateId(0), 1);
+        let sprites = HashMap::new();
+        let glyph = |_: char| Glyph {
+            advance: 6.0,
+            ..Glyph::default()
+        };
+        let scene = Scene {
+            camera: DVec3::ZERO,
+            orientation: Quat::IDENTITY,
+            anim: &|_| BlockAnim::default(),
+            texts: None,
+            partial: 0.0,
+            game_time: 0,
+            max_y: 320,
+            world: &world,
+            sprites: &sprites,
+            emissive: &Default::default(),
+            translucent_sprites: &HashSet::new(),
+            atlas_revision: 1,
+            nether: false,
+            lid: &|_| 0.0,
+            sign: &|_| None,
+            banner: &|_| Vec::new(),
+            skull: &|_| None,
+            glyph: &glyph,
+            glyphs: 0,
+            dynamic_visible: None,
+        };
+        sign_text_calls(&scene, data, &data.front, Mat4::IDENTITY, 0, near)
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|c| (c.text, c.x, c.y, c.color, c.outline))
+            .collect()
+    }
+    fn sign_with(lines: [Tag; 4]) -> SignData {
+        let mut data = SignData::default();
+        data.decode(&Tag::compound([(
+            "front_text",
+            Tag::compound([("messages", Tag::List(lines.to_vec()))]),
+        )]));
+        data
+    }
+    fn colored(text: &str, color: &str) -> Tag {
+        Tag::compound([
+            ("text", Tag::String(text.into())),
+            ("color", Tag::String(color.into())),
+        ])
+    }
+
+    /// `Font.StringRenderOutput`: a glyph takes its style's colour and the
+    /// sign's dark text colour only when the style has none (#9783). A line
+    /// of two colours is two calls, the second where the first ends, the
+    /// whole line centred.
+    #[test]
+    fn sign_text_takes_each_lines_own_colors() {
+        let mut two = colored("ab", "red");
+        let Tag::Compound(parts) = &mut two else {
+            unreachable!()
+        };
+        parts.insert("extra".into(), Tag::List(vec![colored("cd", "blue")]));
+        let data = sign_with([
+            Tag::String("plain".into()),
+            colored("Online", "green"),
+            two,
+            Tag::String("".into()),
+        ]);
+        // Black dye: the dark text colour is black. Sign lines are 10 apart
+        // from 20 above the middle.
+        assert_eq!(
+            front_calls(&data, false),
+            [
+                ("plain".to_owned(), -15.0, -20.0, 0xFF00_0000, 0),
+                ("Online".to_owned(), -18.0, -10.0, 0xFF55_FF55, 0),
+                ("ab".to_owned(), -12.0, 0.0, 0xFFFF_5555, 0),
+                ("cd".to_owned(), 0.0, 0.0, 0xFF55_55FF, 0),
+                (String::new(), 0.0, 10.0, 0xFF00_0000, 0),
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// A glowing sign's own colour still wins over its dye, and the outline
+    /// stays the dye's dark colour. `§` codes in a line colour it too, and
+    /// `§r` goes back to the sign's colour.
+    #[test]
+    fn glowing_sign_text_keeps_its_outline_under_a_lines_own_colors() {
+        let mut data = sign_with([
+            Tag::String("plain".into()),
+            colored("Online", "green"),
+            Tag::String("§cRed§rX".into()),
+            Tag::String("".into()),
+        ]);
+        data.front.color = 14;
+        data.front.glowing = true;
+        let (red, outline) = (0xFFFF_0000, 0xFF66_0000);
+        assert_eq!(
+            front_calls(&data, true),
+            [
+                ("plain".to_owned(), -15.0, -20.0, red, outline),
+                ("Online".to_owned(), -18.0, -10.0, 0xFF55_FF55, outline),
+                ("Red".to_owned(), -12.0, 0.0, 0xFFFF_5555, outline),
+                ("X".to_owned(), 6.0, 0.0, red, outline),
+                (String::new(), 0.0, 10.0, red, outline),
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// The text that fits the sign is drawn, in the colour it had.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_long_colored_line_is_cut_where_it_stops_fitting() {
+        // 90 wide: fifteen glyphs of 6.
+        let data = sign_with([
+            colored("abcdefghijklmnopqrst", "gold"),
+            Tag::String("".into()),
+            Tag::String("".into()),
+            Tag::String("".into()),
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            front_calls(&data, false)[0],
+            ("abcdefghijklmno".to_owned(), -45.0, -20.0, 0xFFFF_AA00, 0)
+        );
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn cached_sign_text_matches_and_follows_changes() {
        let renderer = BlockEntityRenderer {
@@ -3835,6 +4217,7 @@ mod tests {
            skull: &|_| None,
            glyph: &glyph,
            glyphs: 0,
+            dynamic_visible: None,
        };
        let check = |scene: &Scene, pos: [i32; 3], state: u32| {
            let mut cached = Vec::new();
@@ -3975,6 +4358,7 @@ mod tests {
            skull: &|_| None,
            glyph: &|_| Glyph::default(),
            glyphs: 0,
+            dynamic_visible: None,
        };
        let mut verts = Vec::new();
        renderer.render_block(&scene, [0; 3], state.0, Mat4::IDENTITY, 0xff, &mut verts);
@@ -4060,6 +4444,7 @@ mod tests {
            skull: &|_| None,
            glyph: &|_| Glyph::default(),
            glyphs: 0,
+            dynamic_visible: None,
        };
        // A closed single chest of `block` drawn by `renderer`: positions and UVs.
        let draw = |renderer: &BlockEntityRenderer, block: &str, texture: &'static str| {
@@ -358,6 +358,7 @@ fn batched_callbacks_preserve_entity_ranges_and_allow_immediate_culling() {
        skull: &|_| None,
        glyph: &|_| Glyph::default(),
        glyphs: 0,
+        dynamic_visible: None,
    };
    // Reverse local-position order to check that cache indexing does not
    // change the order of emitted entities.
@@ -446,6 +447,7 @@ fn static_cache_qualifies_local_positions_by_section_and_drops_old_entries() {
        skull: &|_| None,
        glyph: &|_| Glyph::default(),
        glyphs: 0,
+        dynamic_visible: None,
    };
    let options = CacheOptions {
        shulker_boxes: true,
@@ -500,6 +502,7 @@ fn gpu_static_cache_uses_section_local_chests_and_keeps_visibility_separate() {
        skull: &|_| None,
        glyph: &|_| Glyph::default(),
        glyphs: 0,
+        dynamic_visible: None,
    };
    let blocks = [([100, 70, -32], 0)];
    let other_block = [([116, 70, -32], 0)];
@@ -686,6 +689,7 @@ fn sign_text_cache_can_be_disabled_and_reenabled_without_changing_output() {
        skull: &|_| None,
        glyph: &glyph,
        glyphs: 0,
+        dynamic_visible: None,
    };
    let blocks = [([0, 64, 0], 0)];
    let enabled = CacheOptions {
@@ -739,6 +743,7 @@ fn shulker_cache_tracks_settled_poses_and_does_not_freeze_opening_animation() {
        skull: &|_| None,
        glyph: &|_| Glyph::default(),
        glyphs: 0,
+        dynamic_visible: None,
    };
    let blocks = [([0, 64, 0], 0)];
    let options = CacheOptions {
@@ -840,6 +845,7 @@ fn shulker_cache_covers_all_colors_and_facing_directions() {
        skull: &|_| None,
        glyph: &|_| Glyph::default(),
        glyphs: 0,
+        dynamic_visible: None,
    };
    let options = CacheOptions {
        shulker_boxes: true,
@@ -894,6 +900,7 @@ fn cached_bells_keep_shaking_until_the_animation_ends() {
        skull: &|_| None,
        glyph: &|_| Glyph::default(),
        glyphs: 0,
+        dynamic_visible: None,
    };
    let blocks = [([0, 64, 0], 0)];
    let options = CacheOptions {
@@ -955,6 +962,7 @@ fn cached_closed_chests_match_the_direct_model_and_rebuild_when_opening() {
        skull: &|_| None,
        glyph: &|_| Glyph::default(),
        glyphs: 0,
+        dynamic_visible: None,
    };
    let blocks = [([0, 64, 0], 0)];
    let options = CacheOptions {
@@ -1050,6 +1058,7 @@ fn closed_chest_cache_covers_all_materials_and_atlas_reloads() {
        skull: &|_| None,
        glyph: &|_| Glyph::default(),
        glyphs: 0,
+        dynamic_visible: None,
    };
    let pos = [0, 64, 0];
    let options = CacheOptions {
@@ -1138,6 +1147,7 @@ fn double_chest_cache_bypasses_both_halves_while_either_lid_is_open() {
        skull: &|_| None,
        glyph: &|_| Glyph::default(),
        glyphs: 0,
+        dynamic_visible: None,
    };
    let pair = [([0, 64, 0], 0), ([1, 64, 0], 1)];
    let options = CacheOptions {
@@ -1213,6 +1223,7 @@ fn decorated_pot_cache_tracks_sherds_and_bypasses_wobble_animation() {
        skull: &|_| None,
        glyph: &|_| Glyph::default(),
        glyphs: 0,
+        dynamic_visible: None,
    };
    let blocks = [([0, 64, 0], 0)];
    let options = CacheOptions {
@@ -1291,6 +1302,7 @@ fn banner_cache_keeps_the_pole_static_while_the_flag_and_patterns_update() {
        skull: &|_| None,
        glyph: &|_| Glyph::default(),
        glyphs: 0,
+        dynamic_visible: None,
    };
    let blocks = [([0, 64, 0], 0)];
    let options = CacheOptions {
@@ -1357,6 +1369,7 @@ fn cached_wall_banner_poles_use_the_wall_model() {
        skull: &|_| None,
        glyph: &|_| Glyph::default(),
        glyphs: 0,
+        dynamic_visible: None,
    };
    let pos = [0, 64, 0];
    let options = CacheOptions {
@@ -1404,6 +1417,7 @@ fn copper_statue_cache_rebuilds_when_its_pose_state_changes() {
        skull: &|_| None,
        glyph: &|_| Glyph::default(),
        glyphs: 0,
+        dynamic_visible: None,
    };
    let options = CacheOptions {
        copper_golem_statues: true,
@@ -1509,6 +1523,7 @@ fn copper_statue_cache_covers_weathering_waxing_and_all_poses() {
        skull: &|_| None,
        glyph: &|_| Glyph::default(),
        glyphs: 0,
+        dynamic_visible: None,
    };
    let options = CacheOptions {
        copper_golem_statues: true,
@@ -90,9 +90,20 @@ pub fn effect_lines<'a>(
                );
            }
            let instant = effect(e).is_some_and(|d| d.instant);
-            let scaled = (duration as f32 * scale) as i32;
-            if !instant && scaled > 20 {
-                line = format!("{line} ({})", format_duration(scaled));
+            if !instant {
+                if duration == -1 {
+                    // MobEffectInstance.isInfiniteDuration: formatDuration says
+                    // the infinite sign, not a time.
+                    line = format!(
+                        "{line} ({})",
+                        translate("effect.duration.infinite").unwrap_or_else(|| "∞".to_owned())
+                    );
+                } else {
+                    let scaled = (duration as f32 * scale) as i32;
+                    if scaled > 20 {
+                        line = format!("{line} ({})", format_duration(scaled));
+                    }
+                }
            }
            (line, effect(e).map_or(Category::Neutral, |d| d.category))
        })
@@ -340,6 +351,17 @@ impl BrewingStand {
        }
        out
    }
+    pub fn idle(&self) -> bool {
+        let bottles = [
+            self.items[0].is_some(),
+            self.items[1].is_some(),
+            self.items[2].is_some(),
+        ];
+        self.brew_time <= 0
+            && self.items[3].is_none()
+            && (self.fuel > 0 || self.items[4].is_none())
+            && self.last_bottles == Some(bottles)
+    }
    fn brew(&mut self, brewing: &Brewing, items: &Items, out: &mut BrewTick) {
        let Some(ingredient) = self.items[3].clone() else {
            return;
@@ -455,6 +477,84 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(stand.brew_time, 0);
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn a_brewing_stand_is_idle_only_while_its_tick_changes_nothing() {
+        let mut stand = BrewingStand::new();
+        assert!(!stand.idle());
+        stand.last_bottles = Some([false; 3]);
+        assert!(stand.idle());
+        stand.items[0] = Some(ItemStack::new("minecraft:potion", 1));
+        assert!(!stand.idle());
+        stand.last_bottles = Some([true, false, false]);
+        assert!(stand.idle());
+        stand.items[4] = Some(ItemStack::new("minecraft:blaze_powder", 1));
+        assert!(!stand.idle());
+        stand.fuel = 3;
+        assert!(stand.idle());
+        stand.items[3] = Some(ItemStack::new("minecraft:nether_wart", 1));
+        assert!(!stand.idle());
+        stand.items[3] = None;
+        stand.brew_time = 5;
+        assert!(!stand.idle());
+    }
+
+    /// The stand sleeps while `idle`, so its tick must change nothing then: run the real
+    /// tick on idle stands and compare, and check a stand with fuel to take wakes.
+    #[test]
+    fn an_idle_brewing_stand_tick_changes_nothing() {
+        let items = Items::for_tests(std::collections::HashMap::new());
+        let brewing = Brewing {
+            reagents: ["minecraft:nether_wart".to_owned()].into_iter().collect(),
+            inputs: HashSet::new(),
+            recipes: vec![BrewingRecipe {
+                id: "awkward".into(),
+                input: PotionIngredient {
+                    items: ["minecraft:potion".to_owned()].into_iter().collect(),
+                    potions: Some(["minecraft:water".to_owned()].into_iter().collect()),
+                },
+                reagent: PotionIngredient {
+                    items: ["minecraft:nether_wart".to_owned()].into_iter().collect(),
+                    potions: None,
+                },
+                output: ItemStack::new("minecraft:potion", 1).with_potion("minecraft:awkward"),
+            }],
+        };
+        let providers = Providers::empty();
+        let water = || Some(ItemStack::new("minecraft:potion", 1).with_potion("minecraft:water"));
+        let stand = |bottle: bool, fuel: i32, powder: bool| {
+            let mut s = BrewingStand::new();
+            s.fuel = fuel;
+            if bottle {
+                s.items[1] = water();
+            }
+            if powder {
+                s.items[4] = Some(ItemStack::new("minecraft:blaze_powder", 1));
+            }
+            s.last_bottles = Some([false, bottle, false]);
+            s
+        };
+        for before in [
+            stand(false, 0, false),
+            stand(true, 0, false),
+            stand(true, 5, false),
+            stand(true, 5, true),
+        ] {
+            assert!(before.idle(), "{before:?}");
+            let mut after = before.clone();
+            assert_eq!(
+                after.tick(&brewing, &items, &providers),
+                BrewTick::default()
+            );
+            assert_eq!(format!("{after:?}"), format!("{before:?}"));
+        }
+        // A brewable ingredient starts the brew: not idle, and the tick changes it.
+        let mut brewing_now = stand(true, 5, false);
+        brewing_now.items[3] = Some(ItemStack::new("minecraft:nether_wart", 1));
+        assert!(!brewing_now.idle());
+        brewing_now.tick(&brewing, &items, &providers);
+        assert_eq!(brewing_now.brew_time, 400);
+    }
+
    /// #3312: `PotionContents.getPotionDescription` names the effects with
    /// translatable components, so a Russian game reads them from ru_ru.json
    /// (the prepared one; skipped without it), as the tooltip's other lines.
@@ -473,4 +573,15 @@ mod tests {
        assert!(lines[0].0.starts_with("Замедление IV ("), "{lines:?}");
        assert!(lines[1].0.starts_with("Сопротивление III ("), "{lines:?}");
    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn infinite_effects_say_the_infinite_sign() {
+        // MobEffectInstance.isInfiniteDuration: a -1 duration says the
+        // infinite sign, not a time; a short one still says nothing.
+        let translate = |key: &str| (key == "effect.duration.infinite").then(|| "∞".to_owned());
+        let lines = effect_lines([("minecraft:resistance", -1, 0)], 1.0, &translate);
+        assert_eq!(lines[0].0, "resistance (∞)");
+        let lines = effect_lines([("minecraft:resistance", 15, 0)], 1.0, &translate);
+        assert_eq!(lines[0].0, "resistance");
+    }
 }
@@ -1,3 +1,27 @@
+// `joml::Mat4::rotation`, `rotate_affine`, `transform_affine` and `invert_orthonormal`, and
+// `joml::Quat::rotation_x`/`_y`/`_z`, in this file are adapted from JOML 1.10.9's `Matrix4f`,
+// `Quaternionf` and `Vector4f` (https://github.com/JOML-CI/JOML, MIT; see THIRD_PARTY_NOTICES.md).
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2015-2026 Richard Greenlees
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+// THE SOFTWARE.
+
 //! The camera (`Camera.tick`, `tickFov`, `calculateFov`, `alignWithEntity`,
 //! `getMaxZoom`, `setRotation`, `move`), view and hurt bobbing
 //! (`GameRenderer.bobView`, `bobHurt`), the walk and bob history they read
@@ -119,6 +143,40 @@ pub mod joml {
                w: w * cz + z * sz,
            }
        }
+        /// `Quaternionf.rotationX(angle)`.
+        pub fn rotation_x(angle: f32) -> Self {
+            let (x, w) = Self::half_turn(angle);
+            Self {
+                x,
+                y: 0.0,
+                z: 0.0,
+                w,
+            }
+        }
+        /// `Quaternionf.rotationY(angle)`.
+        pub fn rotation_y(angle: f32) -> Self {
+            let (y, w) = Self::half_turn(angle);
+            Self {
+                x: 0.0,
+                y,
+                z: 0.0,
+                w,
+            }
+        }
+        /// `Quaternionf.rotationZ(angle)`.
+        pub fn rotation_z(angle: f32) -> Self {
+            let (z, w) = Self::half_turn(angle);
+            Self {
+                x: 0.0,
+                y: 0.0,
+                z,
+                w,
+            }
+        }
+        fn half_turn(angle: f32) -> (f32, f32) {
+            let sin = sin(angle * 0.5);
+            (sin, cos_from_sin(sin, angle * 0.5))
+        }
        /// `Quaternionf.transform(x, y, z, dest)` (`Vector3f.rotate`).
        pub fn transform(&self, v: [f32; 3]) -> [f32; 3] {
            let [x, y, z] = v;
@@ -142,8 +200,10 @@ pub mod joml {
    }

    const PERSPECTIVE: u8 = 1;
+    const AFFINE: u8 = 2;
    const IDENTITY: u8 = 4;
    const TRANSLATION: u8 = 8;
+    const ORTHONORMAL: u8 = 16;

    /// A JOML `Matrix4f` with its property flags, which select the code
    /// paths (and so the rounding) of later operations. `m[column * 4 + row]`.
@@ -284,10 +344,149 @@ pub mod joml {
            // already taken that branch.
            self.rotate_axis(2, ang);
        }
+        /// `Matrix4f.rotation(Quaternionfc)`.
+        pub fn rotation(&mut self, q: Quat) {
+            let (w2, x2, y2, z2) = (q.w * q.w, q.x * q.x, q.y * q.y, q.z * q.z);
+            let zw = q.z * q.w;
+            let dzw = zw + zw;
+            let xy = q.x * q.y;
+            let dxy = xy + xy;
+            let xz = q.x * q.z;
+            let dxz = xz + xz;
+            let yw = q.y * q.w;
+            let dyw = yw + yw;
+            let yz = q.y * q.z;
+            let dyz = yz + yz;
+            let xw = q.x * q.w;
+            let dxw = xw + xw;
+            self.reset_unless_identity();
+            self.set(0, 0, w2 + x2 - z2 - y2);
+            self.set(0, 1, dxy + dzw);
+            self.set(0, 2, dxz - dyw);
+            self.set(1, 0, -dzw + dxy);
+            self.set(1, 1, y2 - z2 + w2 - x2);
+            self.set(1, 2, dyz + dxw);
+            self.set(2, 0, dyw + dxz);
+            self.set(2, 1, dyz - dxw);
+            self.set(2, 2, z2 - y2 - x2 + w2);
+            self.properties = AFFINE | ORTHONORMAL;
+        }
+        /// An affine matrix of no more specific kind, as JOML's property flags have it.
+        pub fn affine(m: glam::Mat4) -> Self {
+            Self {
+                m: m.to_cols_array(),
+                properties: AFFINE,
+            }
+        }
+        /// `Matrix4f.rotate(Quaternionfc)` of an affine matrix that is neither the identity nor
+        /// a pure translation (`rotateAffine`).
+        pub fn rotate_affine(&mut self, q: Quat) {
+            debug_assert!(
+                self.properties & AFFINE != 0 && self.properties & (IDENTITY | TRANSLATION) == 0
+            );
+            let (w2, x2, y2, z2) = (q.w * q.w, q.x * q.x, q.y * q.y, q.z * q.z);
+            let zw = q.z * q.w;
+            let dzw = zw + zw;
+            let xy = q.x * q.y;
+            let dxy = xy + xy;
+            let xz = q.x * q.z;
+            let dxz = xz + xz;
+            let yw = q.y * q.w;
+            let dyw = yw + yw;
+            let yz = q.y * q.z;
+            let dyz = yz + yz;
+            let xw = q.x * q.w;
+            let dxw = xw + xw;
+            let r = [
+                [w2 + x2 - z2 - y2, dxy + dzw, dxz - dyw],
+                [-dzw + dxy, y2 - z2 + w2 - x2, dyz + dxw],
+                [dyw + dxz, dyz - dxw, z2 - y2 - x2 + w2],
+            ];
+            let s = *self;
+            for (column, r) in r.iter().enumerate() {
+                for row in 0..3 {
+                    let v = s.get(0, row) * r[0] + s.get(1, row) * r[1] + s.get(2, row) * r[2];
+                    self.set(column, row, v);
+                }
+                self.set(column, 3, 0.0);
+            }
+            self.properties &= !(PERSPECTIVE | IDENTITY | TRANSLATION);
+        }
+        /// `Vector4f.mul(Matrix4fc)` of an affine matrix (`mulAffine`, JOML's `Math.fma`
+        /// unfused): the matrix times `v`, `w` kept.
+        pub fn transform_affine(&self, v: [f32; 4]) -> [f32; 3] {
+            debug_assert!(self.properties & AFFINE != 0);
+            let [x, y, z, w] = v;
+            std::array::from_fn(|row| {
+                self.get(0, row) * x
+                    + (self.get(1, row) * y + (self.get(2, row) * z + self.get(3, row) * w))
+            })
+        }
+        /// `Matrix4f.invert()` of a rotation and translation (`invertOrthonormal`; with the
+        /// identity and pure-translation shortcuts). `None` for any other matrix, which JOML
+        /// inverts by other code paths.
+        pub fn invert_orthonormal(&self) -> Option<Self> {
+            if self.properties & IDENTITY != 0 {
+                return Some(Self::IDENTITY);
+            }
+            let mut out = *self;
+            if self.properties & TRANSLATION != 0 {
+                for row in 0..3 {
+                    out.set(3, row, -self.get(3, row));
+                }
+                out.properties = AFFINE | TRANSLATION | ORTHONORMAL;
+                return Some(out);
+            }
+            if self.properties & ORTHONORMAL == 0 {
+                return None;
+            }
+            let g = |c, r| self.get(c, r);
+            let t = |c| -(g(c, 0) * g(3, 0) + g(c, 1) * g(3, 1) + g(c, 2) * g(3, 2));
+            out.m = [
+                g(0, 0),
+                g(1, 0),
+                g(2, 0),
+                0.0,
+                g(0, 1),
+                g(1, 1),
+                g(2, 1),
+                0.0,
+                g(0, 2),
+                g(1, 2),
+                g(2, 2),
+                0.0,
+                t(0),
+                t(1),
+                t(2),
+                1.0,
+            ];
+            out.properties = AFFINE | ORTHONORMAL;
+            Some(out)
+        }
+        pub fn to_glam(self) -> glam::Mat4 {
+            glam::Mat4::from_cols_array(&self.m)
+        }
    }
 }
 use joml::{Mat4, Quat};

+/// `Camera.getViewRotationMatrix` to the last bit: `Matrix4f.rotation` of the conjugate of
+/// `setRotation`'s quaternion, and its JOML `invert()`. `view_matrix` turns the same quaternion
+/// into a matrix by glam's formula, which differs in the last bits (1.0 for 0.99999994, 6e-8 for
+/// 0).
+pub fn view_rotation_matrix(yaw: f32, pitch: f32) -> (glam::Mat4, glam::Mat4) {
+    let q = Quat::rotation_yxz(PI - yaw * DEG_TO_RAD, -pitch * DEG_TO_RAD, 0.0);
+    let mut m = Mat4::IDENTITY;
+    m.rotation(Quat {
+        x: -q.x,
+        y: -q.y,
+        z: -q.z,
+        w: q.w,
+    });
+    let inverse = m.invert_orthonormal().expect("a rotation is orthonormal");
+    (m.to_glam(), inverse.to_glam())
+}
+
 /// Camera-relative world view used by terrain, sky and the first-person hand.
 pub fn view_matrix(yaw: f32, pitch: f32) -> glam::Mat4 {
    // Vanilla uses the conjugate of Camera.rotation, not a world-up look-at.
@@ -174,6 +174,12 @@ impl ChatOptions {
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 struct Message {
    added: u64,
+    /// Local hour and minute it came in (PvP & HUD's chat timestamps).
+    time: (u8, u8),
+    /// How many times in a row it came (PvP & HUD's compact chat), 1 for once.
+    repeats: u32,
+    /// The lines it wrapped to the last time it was laid out (0 while hidden).
+    wrapped: usize,
    content: Text,
    tag: Option<std::sync::Arc<Tag>>,
    source: ChatSource,
@@ -186,6 +192,32 @@ struct Line {
    added: u64,
    content: Text,
    tag: Option<std::sync::Arc<Tag>>,
+    /// The whole message's text, for PvP & HUD's copy on click.
+    message: std::sync::Arc<str>,
+}
+
+/// PvP & HUD's chat options (`pvp::ChatQol`): each changes the lines, so a change rewraps them.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ChatQol {
+    /// Each message starts with the local time it came in.
+    pub timestamps: bool,
+    /// A message equal to the one before it raises that one's count ("(x3)") instead of adding lines.
+    pub compact: bool,
+}
+/// Whether `next` repeats `last`: the same text, kind and tag, neither one signed (a server may
+/// delete a signed message by itself).
+fn repeats(last: &Message, next: &Message) -> bool {
+    last.signature.is_none()
+        && next.signature.is_none()
+        && last.source == next.source
+        && last.tag == next.tag
+        && last.content == next.content
+}
+/// The local hour and minute.
+fn local_time() -> (u8, u8) {
+    use chrono::Timelike;
+    let now = chrono::Local::now();
+    (now.hour() as u8, now.minute() as u8)
 }

 /// `GuiMessageTag`: the bar at the left of a message's lines, the tooltip
@@ -270,6 +302,14 @@ pub struct Chat {
    /// `ChatComponent.messageDeletionQueue`: deletions of messages still
    /// too new to replace, with the tick from which they may be.
    deletions: Vec<(Box<Signature>, u64)>,
+    qol: ChatQol,
+    /// PvP & HUD's chat search is on: the screen shows its prompt.
+    pub search_prompt: bool,
+    /// PvP & HUD's chat search: only messages holding this (lower case) show.
+    search: Option<String>,
+    /// The tests' clock in place of the local time.
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    clock: Option<(u8, u8)>,
 }
 impl Chat {
    pub fn lines_per_page(&self, focused: bool) -> usize {
@@ -331,6 +371,9 @@ impl Chat {
            font,
            Message {
                added: ticks,
+                time: (0, 0),
+                repeats: 1,
+                wrapped: 0,
                content,
                tag: tag.map(std::sync::Arc::new),
                source: ChatSource::Player,
@@ -352,6 +395,9 @@ impl Chat {
            font,
            Message {
                added: ticks,
+                time: (0, 0),
+                repeats: 1,
+                wrapped: 0,
                content,
                tag,
                source,
@@ -360,7 +406,7 @@ impl Chat {
            focused,
        );
    }
-    fn push_message(&mut self, font: &crate::font::Font, message: Message, focused: bool) {
+    fn push_message(&mut self, font: &crate::font::Font, mut message: Message, focused: bool) {
        if !self.abilities.shows(message.source) {
            return;
        }
@@ -370,12 +416,52 @@ impl Chat {
        if self.log {
            println!("[CHAT] {plain}");
        }
-        self.add_lines(font, &message, focused);
+        message.time = self.now();
+        self.received += 1;
+        if self.qol.compact
+            && let Some(last) = self.messages.first()
+            && repeats(last, &message)
+        {
+            // The newest lines are that message's: they make way for its lines with the count.
+            let mut last = self.messages.remove(0);
+            let shown = last.wrapped.min(self.lines.len());
+            self.lines.drain(..shown);
+            // A reader scrolled up keeps their view: only lines the merge adds move it.
+            let (scroll, new_since_scroll) = (self.scroll, self.new_since_scroll);
+            last.repeats += 1;
+            last.added = message.added;
+            last.time = message.time;
+            last.wrapped = self.add_lines(font, &last, focused);
+            if scroll > 0 {
+                self.scroll = scroll;
+                self.new_since_scroll = new_since_scroll;
+                self.scroll_by(last.wrapped as i32 - shown as i32, focused);
+            }
+            self.messages.insert(0, last);
+            return;
+        }
+        message.wrapped = self.add_lines(font, &message, focused);
        self.messages.insert(0, message);
        self.messages.truncate(100);
-        self.received += 1;
    }
-    fn add_lines(&mut self, font: &crate::font::Font, message: &Message, focused: bool) {
+    fn now(&self) -> (u8, u8) {
+        #[cfg(test)]
+        if let Some(time) = self.clock {
+            return time;
+        }
+        local_time()
+    }
+    /// The lines `message` wraps to (none when the chat search hides it), added newest first.
+    fn add_lines(&mut self, font: &crate::font::Font, message: &Message, focused: bool) -> usize {
+        // What the chat shows: legacy `§` codes format the text, they aren't part of it.
+        let whole = message.content.strip_legacy().plain();
+        if let Some(query) = &self.search
+            && !whole.to_lowercase().contains(query.as_str())
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        let whole: std::sync::Arc<str> = whole.into();
+        let mut count = 0;
        // GuiMessage.splitLines: room for the tag's icon (its width, 4 before and 2 after).
        let icon = if message.tag.as_ref().is_some_and(|tag| tag.icon) {
            9 + 4 + 2
@@ -383,8 +469,9 @@ impl Chat {
            0
        };
        let width = self.max_width() - icon;
-        let content = self.displayed(&message.content);
+        let content = self.message_text(message);
        for line in font.wrap_components(&content, width) {
+            count += 1;
            if focused && self.scroll > 0 {
                self.new_since_scroll = true;
                self.scroll_by(1, focused);
@@ -395,10 +482,12 @@ impl Chat {
                    added: message.added,
                    content: line,
                    tag: message.tag.clone(),
+                    message: whole.clone(),
                },
            );
        }
        self.lines.truncate(100);
+        count
    }
    /// What a message's lines wrap (ComponentRenderUtils.wrapComponents):
    /// without Chat Colors its `§` codes are stripped (stripColor); with
@@ -410,6 +499,67 @@ impl Chat {
            content.strip_legacy()
        }
    }
+    /// A message's lines before wrapping: [`Chat::displayed`], with PvP & HUD's time before it
+    /// and count after it, in grey.
+    fn message_text(&self, message: &Message) -> Text {
+        let content = self.displayed(&message.content);
+        if !self.qol.timestamps && message.repeats <= 1 {
+            return content;
+        }
+        let mut out = Text::empty();
+        if self.qol.timestamps {
+            let (h, m) = message.time;
+            let time = Text::literal(format!("{h:02}:{m:02}"));
+            out = out.append(
+                Text::translate_with_fallback("horizon.chat.timestamp", "[%s] ", &[time])
+                    .with_color(text::GRAY),
+            );
+        }
+        out = out.append(content);
+        if message.repeats > 1 {
+            let count = Text::literal(message.repeats.to_string());
+            out = out.append(
+                Text::translate_with_fallback("horizon.chat.repeats", " (x%s)", &[count])
+                    .with_color(text::GRAY),
+            );
+        }
+        out
+    }
+    /// PvP & HUD's chat options; a change lays the lines out again.
+    pub fn set_qol(&mut self, atlas: &HudAtlas, qol: ChatQol) {
+        if self.qol != qol {
+            self.qol = qol;
+            self.rewrap(&atlas.font);
+        }
+    }
+    /// PvP & HUD's chat search: only the messages holding `query` (any case) show; `None` or
+    /// an empty query shows them all again.
+    pub fn set_search(&mut self, atlas: &HudAtlas, query: Option<&str>) {
+        self.set_search_with(&atlas.font, query);
+    }
+    fn set_search_with(&mut self, font: &crate::font::Font, query: Option<&str>) {
+        // Called each frame while searching: no work (nor allocation) for the same query.
+        let blank = |q: &str| q.trim().is_empty();
+        let same = match (&self.search, query) {
+            (None, None) => true,
+            (None, Some(q)) => blank(q),
+            (Some(_), None) => false,
+            (Some(current), Some(q)) => q.chars().flat_map(char::to_lowercase).eq(current.chars()),
+        };
+        if same {
+            return;
+        }
+        let query = query
+            .map(str::to_lowercase)
+            .filter(|q| !q.trim().is_empty());
+        if self.search != query {
+            self.search = query;
+            self.rewrap(font);
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn searching(&self) -> bool {
+        self.search.is_some()
+    }
    /// Re-wrap after a width or scale change (ChatComponent.rescaleChat),
    /// keeping only the messages the Chat option shows.
    pub fn rescale(&mut self, atlas: &HudAtlas) {
@@ -419,16 +569,15 @@ impl Chat {
        self.scroll = 0;
        self.new_since_scroll = false;
        self.lines.clear();
-        let messages: Vec<Message> = self
-            .messages
-            .iter()
-            .rev()
-            .filter(|m| self.abilities.shows(m.source))
-            .cloned()
-            .collect();
-        for m in &messages {
-            self.add_lines(font, m, false);
+        let mut messages = std::mem::take(&mut self.messages);
+        for m in messages.iter_mut().rev() {
+            m.wrapped = if self.abilities.shows(m.source) {
+                self.add_lines(font, m, false)
+            } else {
+                0
+            };
        }
+        self.messages = messages;
    }
    /// `ChatComponent.setVisibleMessageFilter`: the Chat option changed;
    /// the messages it now hides leave the chat, those it shows again return.
@@ -490,6 +639,9 @@ impl Chat {
        }
        *message = Message {
            added: message.added,
+            time: message.time,
+            repeats: 1,
+            wrapped: 0,
            content: Self::deleted_marker(),
            tag: Some(std::sync::Arc::new(Tag::system_single_player(
                SYSTEM_INDICATOR,
@@ -694,15 +846,42 @@ impl Chat {
    pub fn draw(&self, batch: &mut HudBatch, atlas: &HudAtlas, ticks: f32, focused: bool) {
        let draws = self.layout(batch.height as i32, ticks, focused);
        hud_layout::paint(batch, atlas, &draws);
-        if focused && self.abilities.any_restriction() {
+        let restricted = focused && self.abilities.any_restriction();
+        if restricted {
            let prompt = self.restricted_prompt(&atlas.font, batch.height as i32);
            hud_layout::paint(batch, atlas, &prompt);
        }
+        if focused && self.search_prompt {
+            let row = if restricted { 2 } else { 1 };
+            let prompt = self.search_prompt(&atlas.font, batch.height as i32, row);
+            hud_layout::paint(batch, atlas, &prompt);
+        }
    }
    /// `ChatComponent.extractRenderState` for `FOREGROUND_RESTRICTED`: a
    /// background row and the red, underlined "Chat is restricted" line in
    /// the row above the messages, clipped to the chat's width.
    fn restricted_prompt(&self, font: &crate::font::Font, height: i32) -> Vec<GuiDraw> {
+        let prompt = Text::translate("chat_screen.restricted", &[]).with_style(&Style {
+            color: Some(text::RED),
+            underlined: Some(true),
+            ..Style::default()
+        });
+        self.prompt_above(font, height, prompt, 1)
+    }
+    /// PvP & HUD's chat search: a yellow "Search chat:" line above the lines while the box holds
+    /// the query.
+    fn search_prompt(&self, font: &crate::font::Font, height: i32, row: i32) -> Vec<GuiDraw> {
+        let label = Text::translate_with_fallback("horizon.chat.search", "Search chat:", &[]);
+        self.prompt_above(font, height, label.with_color(text::YELLOW), row)
+    }
+    /// A line `row` lines above the shown ones, on the chat's background.
+    fn prompt_above(
+        &self,
+        font: &crate::font::Font,
+        height: i32,
+        prompt: Text,
+        row: i32,
+    ) -> Vec<GuiDraw> {
        let o = &self.options;
        let scale = o.scale as f32;
        let max_width = hud_layout::ceil(o.width_px() as f32 / scale);
@@ -715,12 +894,8 @@ impl Chat {
            .len()
            .saturating_sub(self.scroll)
            .min(self.lines_per_page(true));
-        let top = chat_bottom - (shown as i32 + 1) * entry_height;
-        let mut prompt = Text::translate("chat_screen.restricted", &[]).with_style(&Style {
-            color: Some(text::RED),
-            underlined: Some(true),
-            ..Style::default()
-        });
+        let top = chat_bottom - (shown as i32 + row) * entry_height;
+        let mut prompt = prompt;
        // ComponentRenderUtils.clipText.
        let mut width = 0.0;
        let fits = prompt
@@ -765,6 +940,12 @@ impl Chat {
    ) -> Option<ClickEvent> {
        self.style_at(font, height, x, y)?.click
    }
+    /// The whole text of the message under a GUI-space cursor while chat is focused (PvP &
+    /// HUD's copy on click), without its time or count.
+    pub fn message_at(&self, height: i32, x: f64, y: f64) -> Option<&str> {
+        let (line, x) = self.line_at(height, x, y)?;
+        (x >= 0.0).then_some(&*line.message)
+    }
    /// The hover text under a GUI-space cursor while chat is focused
    /// (ChatScreen.render's `renderComponentHoverEffect`).
    pub fn hover_at(&self, font: &crate::font::Font, height: i32, x: f64, y: f64) -> Option<Text> {
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ fn add(chat: &mut Chat, font: &Font, content: Text) {
                added: 0,
                content,
                tag: None,
+                message: "".into(),
            },
        );
    }
@@ -51,6 +52,7 @@ fn smooth_chat_slides_a_line_in_and_can_hide_the_indicator() {
        tag: Some(std::sync::Arc::new(Tag::system_single_player(
            SYSTEM_INDICATOR,
        ))),
+        message: "hi".into(),
    });
    let text_alpha = |draws: &[GuiDraw]| {
        draws.iter().find_map(|d| match d {
@@ -701,3 +703,140 @@ fn a_chat_message_is_cut_to_the_256_utf16_units_the_packet_holds() {
    let mixed = format!("{}\u{1f600}", "b".repeat(255));
    assert_eq!(normalize_chat_message(&mixed), "b".repeat(255));
 }
+
+/// PvP & HUD's chat options: the time before each message, and a repeated message counted on
+/// its own lines instead of filling the chat.
+#[test]
+fn timestamps_and_compact_chat_change_the_lines_not_the_messages() {
+    let font = font();
+    let mut chat = Chat {
+        clock: Some((9, 5)),
+        ..Chat::default()
+    };
+    chat.qol.compact = true;
+    let says = |chat: &mut Chat, text: &str| {
+        chat.add_message(
+            &font,
+            Text::literal(text),
+            None,
+            ChatSource::Server,
+            0,
+            false,
+        );
+    };
+    let shown =
+        |chat: &Chat| -> Vec<String> { chat.lines.iter().map(|l| l.content.plain()).collect() };
+    says(&mut chat, "gg");
+    says(&mut chat, "gg");
+    says(&mut chat, "gg");
+    assert_eq!(shown(&chat), ["gg (x3)"]);
+    says(&mut chat, "wp");
+    says(&mut chat, "gg");
+    assert_eq!(shown(&chat), ["gg", "wp", "gg (x3)"]);
+    assert_eq!(chat.received, 5, "every message still counts as received");
+    chat.qol.timestamps = true;
+    chat.rewrap(&font);
+    assert_eq!(
+        shown(&chat),
+        ["[09:05] gg", "[09:05] wp", "[09:05] gg (x3)"]
+    );
+    // Copying takes the message as it came: no time, no count.
+    assert_eq!(&*chat.lines[2].message, "gg");
+    // Turned off, the history shows each repeat as it was counted.
+    chat.qol = ChatQol::default();
+    chat.rewrap(&font);
+    assert_eq!(shown(&chat), ["gg", "wp", "gg (x3)"]);
+}
+
+/// PvP & HUD's chat search: only the messages holding the query show, in any case; clearing
+/// it brings every line back.
+#[test]
+fn the_chat_search_keeps_the_matching_messages() {
+    let font = font();
+    let mut chat = Chat::default();
+    for text in ["Alpha one", "beta", "ALPHABET soup"] {
+        chat.add_message(
+            &font,
+            Text::literal(text),
+            None,
+            ChatSource::Server,
+            0,
+            false,
+        );
+    }
+    let shown =
+        |chat: &Chat| -> Vec<String> { chat.lines.iter().map(|l| l.content.plain()).collect() };
+    chat.set_search_with(&font, Some("alpha"));
+    assert!(chat.searching());
+    assert_eq!(shown(&chat), ["ALPHABET soup", "Alpha one"]);
+    // A new message that doesn't match stays out of sight until the search ends.
+    chat.add_message(
+        &font,
+        Text::literal("gamma"),
+        None,
+        ChatSource::Server,
+        0,
+        false,
+    );
+    assert_eq!(shown(&chat).len(), 2);
+    chat.set_search_with(&font, Some("  "));
+    assert!(!chat.searching());
+    assert_eq!(
+        shown(&chat),
+        ["gamma", "ALPHABET soup", "beta", "Alpha one"]
+    );
+}
+
+/// Search and copy read a message as the chat shows it: legacy `§` codes format it, they
+/// aren't text.
+#[test]
+fn the_chat_search_and_copy_skip_legacy_codes() {
+    let font = font();
+    let mut chat = Chat::default();
+    for text in ["He§cllo", "§aplain"] {
+        chat.add_message(
+            &font,
+            Text::literal(text),
+            None,
+            ChatSource::Server,
+            0,
+            false,
+        );
+    }
+    assert_eq!(&*chat.lines[1].message, "Hello");
+    chat.set_search_with(&font, Some("hello"));
+    assert_eq!(chat.lines.len(), 1);
+    // `c` and `a` are codes here, not letters of either message.
+    chat.set_search_with(&font, Some("c"));
+    assert_eq!(chat.lines.len(), 0);
+}
+
+/// A repeat merged by compact chat leaves a reader scrolled up where they were.
+#[test]
+fn a_compact_repeat_keeps_the_scrolled_view_still() {
+    let font = font();
+    let mut chat = Chat::default();
+    chat.qol.compact = true;
+    let says = |chat: &mut Chat, text: &str| {
+        chat.add_message(
+            &font,
+            Text::literal(text),
+            None,
+            ChatSource::Server,
+            0,
+            true,
+        );
+    };
+    for i in 0..60 {
+        says(&mut chat, &format!("line {i}"));
+    }
+    says(&mut chat, "gg");
+    chat.scroll_by(5, true);
+    assert_eq!(chat.scroll, 5);
+    says(&mut chat, "gg");
+    assert_eq!(chat.lines[0].content.plain(), "gg (x2)");
+    assert_eq!(chat.scroll, 5);
+    // A new message still pushes the view up by its line.
+    says(&mut chat, "new");
+    assert_eq!(chat.scroll, 6);
+}
@@ -225,6 +225,8 @@ pub const BIOME_STRATEGY: Strategy = Strategy::biomes(8);
 /// (what vanilla servers and clients send), more when content mods add states
 /// past 65,536 (docs/modpacks.md). Set once, before the first chunk.
 static BLOCK_BITS: std::sync::atomic::AtomicU8 = std::sync::atomic::AtomicU8::new(16);
+/// States in the registry, set with [`BLOCK_BITS`].
+static BLOCK_STATES: std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32 = std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32::new(u32::MAX);

 /// Block states are `PalettedContainer`s over the registry: vanilla's 16-bit
 /// global palette, wider with enough content mods.
@@ -232,6 +234,35 @@ pub fn block_strategy() -> Strategy {
    Strategy::blocks(BLOCK_BITS.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed))
 }

+/// Whether the registry has this state. Every id is known until the registry is loaded.
+pub fn known_block_state(id: u32) -> bool {
+    id < BLOCK_STATES.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)
+}
+
+/// A server's block container in our palette width. Ids past our registry (a
+/// server or host with mods we lack) read as air: every per-state table is
+/// indexed by them, and a palette's unused entries are scanned too.
+pub fn known_blocks_only(blocks: PalettedContainer) -> PalettedContainer {
+    let ours = block_strategy();
+    let unknown = |id: u32| !known_block_state(id) || u64::from(id) >> ours.global_bits != 0;
+    let any_unknown = if blocks.is_global() {
+        blocks.has(unknown)
+    } else {
+        blocks.maybe_has(unknown)
+    };
+    if !any_unknown && blocks.strategy().global_bits == ours.global_bits {
+        return blocks;
+    }
+    let mut values = [0u32; 4096];
+    blocks.unpack(&mut values);
+    for value in &mut values {
+        if unknown(*value) {
+            *value = 0;
+        }
+    }
+    PalettedContainer::from_values(ours, &values)
+}
+
 /// Frees `columns` (`count` of them) on a short-lived thread of its own
 /// when there are many: a teleport or a dimension change drops a few
 /// thousand columns at once, and freeing their sections took the frame
@@ -250,6 +281,10 @@ pub fn free_columns<T: Send + 'static>(columns: T, count: usize) {
 pub fn set_block_states(states: usize) {
    let bits = horizon_core::paletted::ceil_log2(states).max(16);
    BLOCK_BITS.store(bits, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+    BLOCK_STATES.store(
+        u32::try_from(states).unwrap_or(u32::MAX),
+        std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed,
+    );
    forget_shared();
 }

@@ -431,6 +431,16 @@ pub struct SignText {
    pub glowing: bool,
    /// The `click_event` in each line's component style, as saved.
    pub click: [Option<Tag>; 4],
+    /// Each line's saved component when it is more than plain text (a colour,
+    /// siblings, a list), so its style survives loading, saving and the
+    /// network. See `SignText::message` for a line edited since.
+    pub saved: [Option<SavedLine>; 4],
+}
+/// A sign line's saved component and the text it showed when it was read.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SavedLine {
+    pub text: String,
+    pub component: Tag,
 }
 /// `SignBlockEntity` / `HangingSignBlockEntity` data.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -120,6 +120,16 @@ impl<W: BlockCollisionWorld> BlockCollisionWorld for EntityCollisions<'_, W> {
    ) -> std::result::Result<bool, Self::Error> {
        self.blocks.may_reach_out(chunk, section_y)
    }
+    fn section_is_empty(
+        &mut self,
+        chunk: Self::Chunk,
+        section_y: i32,
+    ) -> std::result::Result<bool, Self::Error> {
+        self.blocks.section_is_empty(chunk, section_y)
+    }
+    fn missing_chunks_stay_missing(&self) -> bool {
+        self.blocks.missing_chunks_stay_missing()
+    }
    fn context_shape(
        &mut self,
        block: CollisionBlock,
@@ -424,6 +434,26 @@ impl<'w> BlockCollisionWorld for SceneCollisions<'w, '_> {
    fn may_reach_out(&mut self, chunk: Self::Chunk, section_y: i32) -> io::Result<bool> {
        Ok(self.section_reaches_out(chunk, section_y))
    }
+    /// From the section's palette: every block it can hold has an empty shape (air, plants).
+    /// A palette of the whole registry, or a section outside the column, is read cell by cell.
+    fn section_is_empty(&mut self, chunk: Self::Chunk, section_y: i32) -> io::Result<bool> {
+        let blocks = usize::try_from(section_y - (chunk.min_y() >> 4))
+            .ok()
+            .and_then(|s| chunk.sections.get(s))
+            .map(|section| &section.blocks);
+        Ok(blocks.is_some_and(|blocks| {
+            !blocks.is_global()
+                && !blocks.maybe_has(|v| {
+                    self.binding
+                        .collision_block(BlockStateId(v))
+                        .map_or(true, |block| !block.empty_shape)
+                })
+        }))
+    }
+    /// The resident columns do not change while a scan runs, and looking one up changes nothing.
+    fn missing_chunks_stay_missing(&self) -> bool {
+        true
+    }
    fn is_suffocating(
        &mut self,
        _: Self::Chunk,
@@ -555,6 +585,9 @@ impl BlockCollisionWorld for EmptyCollisions {
    fn collision_chunk(&mut self, _: ChunkPos) -> io::Result<Option<ChunkPos>> {
        Ok(None)
    }
+    fn missing_chunks_stay_missing(&self) -> bool {
+        true
+    }
    fn collision_block(&mut self, _: ChunkPos, _: BlockPos) -> io::Result<CollisionBlock> {
        Err(io::Error::other("no chunk is resident"))
    }
@@ -215,6 +215,13 @@ impl Campfire {
        }
        changed
    }
+    pub fn idle(&self, lit: bool) -> bool {
+        if lit {
+            self.items.iter().all(Option::is_none)
+        } else {
+            self.progress.iter().all(|&p| p <= 0)
+        }
+    }
 }
 impl Skull {
    pub fn new(
@@ -729,6 +736,56 @@ mod tests {
        assert!(menu_reaches("vanilla", "minecraft:generic_9x3"));
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn a_campfire_is_idle_only_while_its_tick_changes_nothing() {
+        let mut c = Campfire::default();
+        assert!(c.idle(true) && c.idle(false));
+        assert!(c.place_food(&mut ItemStack::new("minecraft:beef", 1), 600));
+        assert!(!c.idle(true));
+        assert!(c.idle(false));
+        c.cook_tick();
+        assert!(!c.idle(false));
+        c.cooldown_tick();
+        assert!(c.idle(false));
+    }
+
+    /// The campfire sleeps while `idle`, so the tick its block runs (`cook_tick` lit,
+    /// `cooldown_tick` unlit) must change nothing then, and must change an awake one.
+    #[test]
+    fn an_idle_campfire_tick_changes_nothing() {
+        let tick = |c: &mut Campfire, lit: bool| {
+            if lit {
+                !c.cook_tick().is_empty()
+            } else {
+                c.cooldown_tick()
+            }
+        };
+        let empty = Campfire::default();
+        let mut food = Campfire::default();
+        assert!(food.place_food(&mut ItemStack::new("minecraft:beef", 1), 600));
+        let mut warm = food.clone();
+        warm.cook_tick();
+        let mut cooled = warm.clone();
+        while cooled.cooldown_tick() {}
+        for (before, lit) in [
+            (&empty, true),
+            (&empty, false),
+            (&food, false),
+            (&cooled, false),
+        ] {
+            assert!(before.idle(lit), "{before:?} lit {lit}");
+            let mut after = before.clone();
+            assert!(!tick(&mut after, lit));
+            assert_eq!(&after, before, "lit {lit}");
+        }
+        for (before, lit) in [(&food, true), (&warm, false)] {
+            assert!(!before.idle(lit), "{before:?} lit {lit}");
+            let mut after = before.clone();
+            tick(&mut after, lit);
+            assert_ne!(&after, before, "lit {lit}");
+        }
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn campfire_slots_take_food_cook_it_and_cool_down() {
        let mut c = Campfire::default();