fix lightning glow offset and collision LOD clamp (#8012 )

Section-start glows used the b_add of the most recently created bolt type (Nebl_type) rather than the bolt being drawn, so concurrent bolts of different types got the wrong glow offset. The cap glow already used the correct type. Clamp $Collision LOD to num_detail_levels - 1, the highest valid detail level. The previous bound was harmless because the collision code falls back to the lowest existing LOD, but it was off by one. Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 5.5 <[email protected]>
Vulkan: apply Lighting changes without a restart (#7974 )
2026-11-07 17:52:15 -10:00 · 2026-11-07 19:58:34 -05:00 · 2026-11-07 19:56:30 +01:00 · 2026-11-06 20:54:01 -05:00 · 2026-11-06 18:41:29 -05:00 · 2026-11-06 16:27:14 -05:00
168 changed files with 3990 additions and 634 deletions
@@ -57,6 +57,15 @@ endif()

 PROJECT(FS2_Open LANGUAGES ${FSO_LANGUAGES})

+if (ANDROID)
+    message(STATUS "Building for Android (NDK)")
+	set(FSO_BUILD_INCLUDED_LIBS ON CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
+	set(USING_PREBUILT_LIBS ON CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
+	set(SDL3_USE_PRECOMPILED ON CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
+	set(OPENAL_USE_PRECOMPILED ON CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
+	set(USING_PREBUILT_VULKAN ON CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
+endif()
+
 # Check if the external modules exists
 IF(NOT IS_DIRECTORY "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/lib/libRocket/Build")
 	message(FATAL_ERROR "External submodules could not be found. Please make sure you have updated your submodules.")
@@ -109,8 +118,8 @@ OPTION(FSO_BUILD_TESTS "Build unit tests" OFF)

 OPTION(FSO_DEVELOPMENT_MODE "Generate binaries in development mode, only use if you know what you're doing!" OFF)

-IF(WIN32 OR APPLE)
-	# On windows and mac the default should be to always build the included libraries
+IF(WIN32 OR APPLE OR ANDROID)
+	# On windows, mac and android the default should be to always build the included libraries
 	SET(FSO_BUILD_INCLUDED_LIBS_DEFAULT ON)
 ELSE()
 	SET(FSO_BUILD_INCLUDED_LIBS_DEFAULT OFF)
@@ -138,13 +147,13 @@ OPTION(FSO_BUILD_WITH_DISCORD "Build with Discord support" ON)

 OPTION(FSO_BUILD_WITH_OPENGL "Enable compilation of the OpenGL renderer" ON)
 OPTION(FSO_BUILD_WITH_OPENGL_DEBUG "Enables debug option for OpenGL" OFF)
-OPTION(FSO_BUILD_WITH_OPENGL_ES "When building OpenGL, use OpenGL ES compatibility layer (External shaders only!)" OFF)
+OPTION(FSO_BUILD_WITH_OPENGL_ES "When building OpenGL, use OpenGL ES compatibility layer" OFF)

 OPTION(FSO_BUILD_WITH_VULKAN "Enable compilation of the Vulkan renderer" ON)

 if(NOT FSO_BUILD_WITH_OPENGL AND FSO_BUILD_WITH_OPENGL_ES)
 	# Disable GLES if not building with OpenGL
-	set(FSO_BUILD_WITH_OPENGL_ES OFF FORCE)
+	set(FSO_BUILD_WITH_OPENGL_ES OFF CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
 endif()


@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ if (EXISTS "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/version_override.cmake")
 endif()

 set_if_not_defined(FSO_VERSION_MAJOR 26)
-set_if_not_defined(FSO_VERSION_MINOR 1)
+set_if_not_defined(FSO_VERSION_MINOR 3)
 set_if_not_defined(FSO_VERSION_BUILD 0)

 # A numeric revision e.g. the CI build number
@@ -1693,7 +1693,7 @@ static void asteroid_do_area_effect(object *asteroid_objp)
 		if ( weapon_area_calc_damage(ship_objp, &asteroid_objp->pos, asip->inner_rad, asip->outer_rad, asip->blast, asip->damage, &blast, &damage, asip->outer_rad) == -1 )
 			continue;

-		ship_apply_global_damage(ship_objp, asteroid_objp, &asteroid_objp->pos, damage, asip->damage_type_idx);
+		ship_apply_global_damage(ship_objp, asteroid_objp, &asteroid_objp->pos, damage, asip->damage_type_idx, DamageSource::Explosion);
 		weapon_area_apply_blast(nullptr, ship_objp, &asteroid_objp->pos, blast, false);
 	}	// end for
 }
@@ -1036,6 +1036,13 @@ void bm_init() {
 	bm_inited = true;
 }

+bool bm_is_cubemap(int handle)
+{
+	const BM_TYPE type = bm_get_entry(handle)->comp_type;
+	return type == BM_TYPE_CUBEMAP_DDS || type == BM_TYPE_CUBEMAP_DXT1 || type == BM_TYPE_CUBEMAP_DXT3 ||
+		   type == BM_TYPE_CUBEMAP_DXT5;
+}
+
 int bm_is_compressed(int num) {
 	auto entry = bm_get_entry(num);
 	BM_TYPE type = BM_TYPE_NONE;
@@ -594,6 +594,14 @@ void bm_get_components(ubyte *pixel, ubyte *r, ubyte *g, ubyte *b, ubyte *a);
 */
 int bm_is_compressed(int handle);

+/**
+ * @brief Returns true if the bitmap indexed by handle was loaded from a cubemap image file
+ *
+ * @note Render targets return false, even cubemap ones, and so do BC7 (DX10) DDS cubemaps, whose cube flag the DDS
+ * loader does not keep
+ */
+bool bm_is_cubemap(int handle);
+
 /**
 * @brief Gets the correct TCACHE_TYPE for compressed graphics (uncompressed are assumed TCACHE_TYPE_NORMAL)
 */
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 #include "parse/encrypt.h"
 #include "cfilesystem.h"

-
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <limits>

 char Cfile_root_dir[CFILE_ROOT_DIRECTORY_LEN] = "";
@@ -185,7 +185,12 @@ int cfile_init(const char *exe_dir, const char *cdrom_dir)

 	char buf[CFILE_ROOT_DIRECTORY_LEN];

-	strncpy(buf, exe_dir, CFILE_ROOT_DIRECTORY_LEN - 1);
+	#ifndef __ANDROID__
+		strncpy(buf, exe_dir, CFILE_ROOT_DIRECTORY_LEN - 1);
+	#else
+		(void)exe_dir;
+		strncpy(buf, os_android_get_working_folder_path().c_str(), CFILE_ROOT_DIRECTORY_LEN - 1);
+	#endif

 	buf[CFILE_ROOT_DIRECTORY_LEN - 1] = '\0';

@@ -1105,28 +1110,98 @@ void cfread_string(char *buf, int n, CFILE *file)
 	} while (c != 0 );
 }

-void cfread_string_len(char *buf, int buffer_size, CFILE *file)
-{
-	int len;
-	len = cfread_int(file);
-	Assertion( (len <= buffer_size), "String cannot fit in buffer, len: %i, buffer: %i", len, buffer_size);
-	if (len) {
-		cfread(buf, len, 1, file);
-		Assertion(len != buffer_size || buf[len - 1] == 0, "Unterminated string does not fit in buffer");
-	}
+namespace {
+struct string_len_header {
+	int len = 0;
+	int stored = 0;
+	int start = 0;
+	bool length_cut = false;
+};

-	buf[MIN(len, buffer_size - 1)] = 0;
+// a past-the-end length is clamped like any cfread, but a negative one has nothing to clamp to, so inside a
+// limited section it throws and the loader skips the rest of the section
+string_len_header read_string_len_header(CFILE* file)
+{
+	string_len_header h;
+	if (!cf_is_valid(file)) {
+		return h;
+	}
+	int before = cftell(file);
+	h.length_cut = cfread(&h.len, sizeof(h.len), 1, file) != 1;
+	h.start = cftell(file);
+	if (h.length_cut) {
+		// a clean end of file reads as an empty string without a warning, as cfread_int does
+		h.length_cut = (h.start != before) || (cfeof(file) == 0);
+		return h;
+	}
+	h.len = INTEL_INT(h.len);
+	if ((h.len < 0) && (file->max_read_len != 0)) {
+		throw cfile::max_read_length("Attempted to read a string of negative length " + std::to_string(h.len));
+	}
+	h.stored = static_cast<int>(cf_check_read_size(file, static_cast<size_t>(std::max(h.len, 0))));
+	return h;
+}
+
+// reads count of the stored characters and leaves the file just past the whole string; false if the read failed
+bool read_string_len_body(const string_len_header& h, char* dest, int count, CFILE* file)
+{
+	bool ok = (count <= 0) || (cfread(dest, count, 1, file) == 1);
+	if (!ok || (h.stored > count)) {
+		cfseek(file, h.start + h.stored, CF_SEEK_SET);
+	}
+	return ok;
+}
+
+// warned last, so the file position is right even if a debug build stops here
+void warn_string_len(const string_len_header& h, bool read_ok, bool cut, int buffer_size, CFILE* file)
+{
+	if (h.length_cut) {
+		Warning(LOCATION, "cfread_string_len: cut-off string length field in %s", cf_get_filename(file));
+	} else if (!read_ok) {
+		Warning(LOCATION,
+			"cfread_string_len: could not read a string of %d characters in %s",
+			h.stored,
+			cf_get_filename(file));
+	} else if (h.len != h.stored) {
+		Warning(LOCATION, "cfread_string_len: corrupt string length %d in %s", h.len, cf_get_filename(file));
+	} else if (cut) {
+		Warning(LOCATION,
+			"cfread_string_len: a string of %d bytes was cut to fit a buffer of %d in %s",
+			h.len,
+			buffer_size,
+			cf_get_filename(file));
+	}
+}
+} // namespace
+
+void cfread_string_len(char* buf, int buffer_size, CFILE* file)
+{
+	Assertion(buffer_size > 0, "cfread_string_len needs room for at least the terminator, buffer: %i", buffer_size);
+	string_len_header h = read_string_len_header(file);
+	if (buffer_size <= 0) {
+		bool read_ok = read_string_len_body(h, buf, 0, file);
+		warn_string_len(h, read_ok, h.stored > 0, buffer_size, file);
+		return;
+	}
+	int count = std::min(h.stored, buffer_size);
+	bool read_ok = read_string_len_body(h, buf, count, file);
+	int kept = read_ok ? count : 0;
+	bool cut = (kept == buffer_size) && (memchr(buf, 0, buffer_size) == nullptr);
+	buf[std::min(kept, buffer_size - 1)] = 0;
+	warn_string_len(h, read_ok, cut, buffer_size, file);
 }

 SCP_string cfread_string_len(CFILE *file)
 {
-	int len = cfread_int(file);
+	string_len_header h = read_string_len_header(file);

 	SCP_string str;
-	str.resize(len);
-
-	if (len)
-		cfread(&str[0], len, 1, file);
+	str.resize(h.stored);
+	bool read_ok = read_string_len_body(h, str.data(), h.stored, file);
+	if (!read_ok) {
+		str.clear();
+	}
+	warn_string_len(h, read_ok, false, 0, file);

 	return str;
 }
@@ -320,20 +320,26 @@ void cfread_string(char *buf,int n, CFILE *file);
 /**
 * @brief Read a fixed length string that is not null-terminated, with the length stored in file.
 *
- * If it is not null-terminated, the length of the string *must* be less than the size of the buffer (to make room for one)
- * 
+ * Keeps at most buffer_size - 1 characters and leaves the file just past the whole string, unless it throws.
+ *
 * @param buf Pre-allocated array to store string
 * @param buffer_size Size of pre-allocated array
 * @param file File to read from
 *
 * @note Appends NULL character to string (buf)
+ * @note Bad data gets a warning; at a clean end of file, or with an invalid file, the string is empty and nothing is
+ * warned. Inside a limited section (cf_set_max_read_len), a negative length, or a read that still passes the limit
+ * once clamped to the end of the file, throws cfile::max_read_length.
 */
 void cfread_string_len(char *buf,int buffer_size, CFILE *file);

 /**
 * @brief Read a string from the file where the length is stored in the file
+ *
 * @param file The file to read the string from
 * @return The string that was read
+ *
+ * @note Warns and throws like the char* overload, except that nothing is cut.
 */
 SCP_string cfread_string_len(CFILE *file);

@@ -193,21 +193,8 @@ int cfseek( CFILE *cfile, int offset, int where )
 }


-// cfread() reads from a file
-//
-// returns:   returns the number of full elements read
-//            
-//
-int cfread(void *buf, int elsize, int nelem, CFILE *cfile)
+size_t cf_check_read_size(CFILE* cfile, size_t size)
 {
-	if(!cf_is_valid(cfile))
-		return 0;
-
-	size_t size = elsize*nelem;
-
-	if(buf == NULL || size <= 0)
-		return 0;
-
 	if ( (cfile->raw_position+size) > cfile->size ) {
 		Assertion(cfile->raw_position <= cfile->size, "Invalid raw_position value detected!");
 		size = cfile->size - cfile->raw_position;
@@ -226,6 +213,29 @@ int cfread(void *buf, int elsize, int nelem, CFILE *cfile)
 		}
 	}

+	return size;
+}
+
+// cfread() reads from a file
+//
+// returns:   returns the number of full elements read
+//            
+//
+int cfread(void *buf, int elsize, int nelem, CFILE *cfile)
+{
+	if(!cf_is_valid(cfile))
+		return 0;
+
+	size_t size = elsize*nelem;
+
+	if(buf == nullptr || size <= 0)
+		return 0;
+
+	size = cf_check_read_size(cfile, size);
+	if (size < 1) {
+		return 0;
+	}
+
 	size_t bytes_read;
 	if (cfile->data != nullptr) {
 		// This is a file from memory
@@ -62,4 +62,9 @@ void cf_check_compression(CFILE* cfile);
 // Used to clear compression info data and free dynamic memory used by compression
 void cf_clear_compression_info(CFILE* cfile);

+// Clamps a read of size bytes to the end of the file and returns the clamped size, or 0 at the end of the file
+// without checking the limit; throws cfile::max_read_length if the clamped read would pass the file's read limit
+// (cf_set_max_read_len).
+size_t cf_check_read_size(CFILE* cfile, size_t size);
+
 #endif
@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ const char *cmdline_arg_types[] =
 enum class flag_output_type {
 	Binary,
 	Json_V1,
+	Json_V2,
 };

 // variables
@@ -555,7 +556,12 @@ int Cmdline_show_pos = 0;
 int Cmdline_show_stats = 0;
 int Cmdline_save_render_targets = 0;
 bool Cmdline_window = false;
+#ifdef __ANDROID__
+// Default to borderless in the legacy window-mode path as well.
+bool Cmdline_fullscreen_window = true;
+#else
 bool Cmdline_fullscreen_window = false;
+#endif
 std::optional<std::pair<uint16_t, uint16_t>>Cmdline_window_res = std::nullopt;
 char *Cmdline_res = 0;
 char *Cmdline_center_res = 0;
@@ -1358,51 +1364,58 @@ static void handle_unix_modlist(char **modlist, size_t *len)

 // external entry point into this modules

+static void json_add_version(json_t* root) {
+	auto version_obj = json_object();
+
+	json_object_set_new(version_obj, "full", json_string(FS_VERSION_FULL));
+	json_object_set_new(version_obj, "major", json_integer(FS_VERSION_MAJOR));
+	json_object_set_new(version_obj, "minor", json_integer(FS_VERSION_MINOR));
+	json_object_set_new(version_obj, "build", json_integer(FS_VERSION_BUILD));
+
+	json_object_set_new(version_obj, "has_revision", json_boolean(FS_VERSION_HAS_REVIS));
+	json_object_set_new(version_obj, "revision", json_integer(FS_VERSION_REVIS));
+	json_object_set_new(version_obj, "revision_str", json_string(FS_VERSION_REVIS_STR));
+
+	json_object_set_new(root, "version", version_obj);
+}
+
+static void json_add_easy_flags(json_t* root) {
+	auto easy_array = json_array();
+
+	for (auto& easy_flag : easy_flags) {
+		json_array_append_new(easy_array, json_string(easy_flag.name));
+	}
+
+	json_object_set_new(root, "easy_flags", easy_array);
+}
+
+static void json_add_flags(json_t* root) {
+	auto flags_array = json_array();
+
+	for (auto& flag : exe_params) {
+		auto flag_obj = json_object();
+
+		json_object_set_new(flag_obj, "name", json_string(flag.name));
+		json_object_set_new(flag_obj, "description", json_string(flag.desc));
+		json_object_set_new(flag_obj, "fso_only", json_boolean(flag.fso_only));
+		json_object_set_new(flag_obj, "on_flags", json_integer(flag.on_flags));
+		json_object_set_new(flag_obj, "off_flags", json_integer(flag.off_flags));
+		json_object_set_new(flag_obj, "type", json_string(flag.type));
+		json_object_set_new(flag_obj, "web_url", json_string(flag.web_url));
+
+		json_array_append_new(flags_array, flag_obj);
+	}
+
+	json_object_set_new(root, "flags", flags_array);
+}
+
 static json_t* json_get_v1() {
 	auto root = json_object();

-	{
-		auto version_obj = json_object();
+	json_add_version(root);
+	json_add_easy_flags(root);
+	json_add_flags(root);

-		json_object_set_new(version_obj, "full", json_string(FS_VERSION_FULL));
-		json_object_set_new(version_obj, "major", json_integer(FS_VERSION_MAJOR));
-		json_object_set_new(version_obj, "minor", json_integer(FS_VERSION_MINOR));
-		json_object_set_new(version_obj, "build", json_integer(FS_VERSION_BUILD));
-
-		json_object_set_new(version_obj, "has_revision", json_boolean(FS_VERSION_HAS_REVIS));
-		json_object_set_new(version_obj, "revision", json_integer(FS_VERSION_REVIS));
-		json_object_set_new(version_obj, "revision_str", json_string(FS_VERSION_REVIS_STR));
-
-		json_object_set_new(root, "version", version_obj);
-	}
-	{
-		auto easy_array = json_array();
-
-		for (auto& easy_flag : easy_flags) {
-			json_array_append_new(easy_array, json_string(easy_flag.name));
-		}
-
-		json_object_set_new(root, "easy_flags", easy_array);
-	}
-	{
-		auto flags_array = json_array();
-
-		for (auto& flag : exe_params) {
-			auto flag_obj = json_object();
-
-			json_object_set_new(flag_obj, "name", json_string(flag.name));
-			json_object_set_new(flag_obj, "description", json_string(flag.desc));
-			json_object_set_new(flag_obj, "fso_only", json_boolean(flag.fso_only));
-			json_object_set_new(flag_obj, "on_flags", json_integer(flag.on_flags));
-			json_object_set_new(flag_obj, "off_flags", json_integer(flag.off_flags));
-			json_object_set_new(flag_obj, "type", json_string(flag.type));
-			json_object_set_new(flag_obj, "web_url", json_string(flag.web_url));
-
-			json_array_append_new(flags_array, flag_obj);
-		}
-
-		json_object_set_new(root, "flags", flags_array);
-	}
 	{
 		auto caps_array = json_array();

@@ -1513,6 +1526,19 @@ static json_t* json_get_v1() {
 	return root;
 }

+// json_v2 reports version, supported flags, and the preferences path for launchers,
+// without querying graphics, audio, or joystick devices.
+static json_t* json_get_v2() {
+	auto root = json_object();
+
+	json_add_version(root);
+	json_add_easy_flags(root);
+	json_add_flags(root);
+	json_object_set_new(root, "pref_path", json_string(os_get_config_path().c_str()));
+
+	return root;
+}
+
 static void write_flags_file() {
 	FILE *fp = fopen("flags.lch","w");

@@ -1570,6 +1596,8 @@ static flag_output_type get_flags_output_type() {
 		return flag_output_type::Binary;
 	} else if (type == "json_v1") {
 		return flag_output_type::Json_V1;
+	} else if (type == "json_v2") {
+		return flag_output_type::Json_V2;
 	} else {
 		// This is supposed to make it easy for the launcher to recognize an unsupported type
 		printf("OUTPUT TYPE NOT SUPPORTED!\n");
@@ -1580,17 +1608,23 @@ static flag_output_type get_flags_output_type() {

 static void write_flags() {
 	auto type = get_flags_output_type();
-	switch(type) {
-	case flag_output_type::Binary:
-		write_flags_file();
-		break;
-	case flag_output_type::Json_V1:
-		json_t* root = json_get_v1();

-		json_dumpf(root, stdout, JSON_INDENT(4));
-		json_decref(root);
-		break;
+	if (type == flag_output_type::Binary) {
+		write_flags_file();
+		return;
 	}
+
+	json_t* root = (type == flag_output_type::Json_V1) ? json_get_v1() : json_get_v2();
+
+#ifdef __ANDROID__
+	char* dumped = json_dumps(root, JSON_INDENT(4));
+	os_android_set_flags_string(dumped ? dumped : "");
+	free(dumped);
+#else
+	json_dumpf(root, stdout, JSON_INDENT(4));
+#endif
+
+	json_decref(root);
 }

 bool SetCmdlineParams()
@@ -1787,6 +1821,7 @@ bool SetCmdlineParams()
 		options::OptionsManager::instance()->setOverride("Graphics.WindowMode",
 			std::unique_ptr<json_t>(json_integer(static_cast<int>(os::ViewportState::Windowed))), "-window");
 		Cmdline_window = true;
+		Cmdline_fullscreen_window = false;
 	}

 	if ( fullscreen_window_arg.found( ) )
@@ -1322,7 +1322,7 @@ bool control_config_accept(bool API_Access)

 			// Check if a hardcoded preset with name already exists. If so, complain to user and force retry
 			auto it = std::find_if(Control_config_presets.begin(), Control_config_presets.end(), [str](CC_preset& p) {
-				return ((p.name == str) && ((p.type == Preset_t::tbl) || (p.type == Preset_t::hardcode)));
+				return ((p.name == str) && ((p.get_type() == Preset_t::tbl) || (p.get_type() == Preset_t::hardcode)));
 			});

 			if (it != Control_config_presets.end()) {
@@ -1353,15 +1353,14 @@ bool control_config_accept(bool API_Access)
 			}

 			// Pack the current bindings into a preset, then save the file
-			CC_preset preset;
-			preset.name = std::move(str);
+			CC_preset preset(std::move(str), Preset_t::pst);
 			std::copy(Control_config.begin(), Control_config.end(), std::back_inserter(preset.bindings));
 			Control_config_presets.push_back(preset);
 			save_preset_file(preset, true);

 			// Reload the presets from file. Do this instead of just pushing the preset to the vector direct to get
 			// consistant ordering
-			Control_config_presets.resize(1);
+			Control_config_presets.erase(Control_config_presets.begin() + 1, Control_config_presets.end());
 			load_preset_files();

 			// finally, save the new preset so that changes will get saved to this preset
@@ -1778,7 +1777,7 @@ bool control_config_create_new_preset(const SCP_string& newName, bool overwrite)

 	// Check if a hardcoded preset with name already exists. If so, complain to user and force retry
 	auto it = std::find_if(Control_config_presets.begin(), Control_config_presets.end(), [newName](CC_preset& p) {
-		return (p.name == newName) && ((p.type == Preset_t::tbl) || (p.type == Preset_t::hardcode));
+		return (p.name == newName) && ((p.get_type() == Preset_t::tbl) || (p.get_type() == Preset_t::hardcode));
 	});

 	if (it != Control_config_presets.end()) {
@@ -1791,9 +1790,7 @@ bool control_config_create_new_preset(const SCP_string& newName, bool overwrite)
 	}

 	// Pack the current bindings into a preset, then save the file
-	CC_preset preset;
-	preset.name = newName;
-	preset.type = Preset_t::pst;
+	CC_preset preset(newName, Preset_t::pst);
 	std::copy(Control_config.begin(), Control_config.end(), std::back_inserter(preset.bindings));

 	// Done with the file
@@ -1805,7 +1802,7 @@ bool control_config_create_new_preset(const SCP_string& newName, bool overwrite)
 		save_preset_file(preset, true);

 		// Reload the presets from file.
-		Control_config_presets.resize(1);
+		Control_config_presets.erase(Control_config_presets.begin() + 1, Control_config_presets.end());
 		load_preset_files(newName);

 		// use the newly created preset
@@ -1813,10 +1810,9 @@ bool control_config_create_new_preset(const SCP_string& newName, bool overwrite)

 		return true;

-	} else if ((clone->name != preset.name) || (clone->type != Preset_t::pst)) {
+	} else if ((clone->name != preset.name) || (clone->get_type() != Preset_t::pst)) {
 		// Complain and ignore if the preset names or the type differs
 		return false;
-
 	}

 	return false; //should be unreachable, but just in case
@@ -1826,7 +1822,7 @@ bool control_config_clone_preset(const CC_preset& preset, const SCP_string& newN

 	// Check if a hardcoded preset with name already exists. If so, complain to user and force retry
 	auto it = std::find_if(Control_config_presets.begin(), Control_config_presets.end(), [newName](CC_preset& p) {
-		return (p.name == newName) && ((p.type == Preset_t::tbl) || (p.type == Preset_t::hardcode));
+		return (p.name == newName) && ((p.get_type() == Preset_t::tbl) || (p.get_type() == Preset_t::hardcode));
 	});

 	if (it != Control_config_presets.end()) {
@@ -1838,13 +1834,13 @@ bool control_config_clone_preset(const CC_preset& preset, const SCP_string& newN
 		return false;
 	}

-	CC_preset newPreset = preset;
-	newPreset.name = newName;
+	CC_preset newPreset(newName, Preset_t::pst);
+	newPreset.bindings = preset.bindings;

 	bool success = save_preset_file(newPreset, false);

 	// Reload the presets from file.
-	Control_config_presets.resize(1);
+	Control_config_presets.erase(Control_config_presets.begin() + 1, Control_config_presets.end());
 	load_preset_files(newName);

 	// use the newly cloned preset
@@ -572,20 +572,28 @@ public:
 * A preset, a collection of bindings for use in Control_config with an associated name
 */
 class CC_preset {
-public:
+  public:
 	SCP_vector<CCB> bindings;
 	SCP_string name;
-	Preset_t type = Preset_t::hardcode;

-public:
-	CC_preset() = default;
-	CC_preset(const CC_preset& A) = default;
+  private:
+	// No default value: the type is always set explicitly by the constructor
+	Preset_t type;

-	CC_preset& operator=(const CC_preset&);
-	/*!
-	 * Checks if the given preset is a duplicate of this one
-	 */
-	bool is_duplicate_of(CC_preset&);
+  public:
+	// No default constructor: every preset must be created with an explicit type
+	CC_preset(SCP_string preset_name, Preset_t preset_type) : name(std::move(preset_name)), type(preset_type) {}
+	CC_preset(const CC_preset&) = default;
+
+	// Preserve target's preset type during copy assignment
+	CC_preset& operator=(const CC_preset& other);
+
+	Preset_t get_type() const
+	{
+		return type;
+	}
+
+	bool is_duplicate_of(const CC_preset& other) const;
 };

 /*!
@@ -292,10 +292,8 @@ void control_config_common_init_bindings() {
 	// init default preset
 	Control_config_presets.clear();

-	CC_preset preset;
+	CC_preset preset("default", Preset_t::hardcode);
 	preset.bindings.reserve(Control_config.size());
-	preset.name = "default";
-	preset.type = Preset_t::hardcode;

 	for (auto &item : Control_config) {
 		preset.bindings.push_back(CCB(item));
@@ -1733,14 +1731,13 @@ size_t read_bind_1(CC_preset &preset) {
 */
 void control_config_common_read_section(int s, bool first_override) {
 	Assertion((s == 0) || (s == 1), "Expected value of s to be either 0 or 1, found %i instead.", s);
-	CC_preset new_preset;
+	CC_preset new_preset("", Preset_t::tbl);

 	// Set references to the default preset and bindings
 	auto& default_preset = Control_config_presets[0];
 	auto& default_bindings = default_preset.bindings;

 	new_preset.bindings.clear();
-	new_preset.type = Preset_t::tbl;

 	if (s == 0) {
 		// #ControlConfigOverride
@@ -3002,23 +2999,22 @@ CCI_builder& CCI_builder::operator()(IoActionId action_id, short primary, short
 	return *this;
 }

-CC_preset& CC_preset::operator=(const CC_preset& A) {
-	name = A.name;
-	type = A.type;
-
-	std::copy(A.bindings.begin(), A.bindings.end(), bindings.begin());
-
+CC_preset& CC_preset::operator=(const CC_preset& other)
+{
+	if (this != &other) {
+		bindings = other.bindings;
+		name = other.name;
+		// 'type' is intentionally preserved to maintain instance identity
+	}
 	return *this;
-};
+}

-bool CC_preset::is_duplicate_of(CC_preset& A) {
-	for (size_t i = 0; i < A.bindings.size(); ++i) {
-		if (bindings[i] != A.bindings[i]) {
-			// Found a binding that's different.  Thus, this preset is not a duplicate
+bool CC_preset::is_duplicate_of(const CC_preset& other) const
+{
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < other.bindings.size(); ++i) {
+		if (bindings[i] != other.bindings[i]) {
 			return false;
 		}
 	}
-
-	// Else, did not find any differences in the bindings.  Thus, this preset is a duplicate
 	return true;
 }
@@ -74,9 +74,7 @@ void load_preset_files(SCP_string clone) {


 		// Start reading in data
-		CC_preset preset;
-		preset.name = file;
-		preset.type = Preset_t::pst;
+		CC_preset preset(file, Preset_t::pst);
 		preset.bindings.resize(Control_config.size());

 		size_t size;
@@ -134,7 +132,7 @@ void load_preset_files(SCP_string clone) {
 		if ((clone == preset.name) || (it == Control_config_presets.end())) {
 			Control_config_presets.push_back(preset);

-		} else if ((it->name != preset.name) || (it->type != Preset_t::pst)) {
+		} else if ((it->name != preset.name) || ((it->get_type() != Preset_t::pst))) {
 			if (gameseq_get_state() == GS_STATE_CONTROL_CONFIG) {
 				popup(PF_TITLE_WHITE | PF_USE_AFFIRMATIVE_ICON, 1, POPUP_OK, "Preset '%s' is a duplicate of an existing preset, ignoring", preset.name.c_str());
 			} else {
@@ -173,7 +171,7 @@ bool delete_preset_file(CC_preset preset) {
 	cf_delete(filename.c_str(), CF_TYPE_PLAYER_BINDS, CF_LOCATION_ROOT_USER | CF_LOCATION_ROOT_GAME | CF_LOCATION_TYPE_ROOT);

 	// Reload the presets from file.
-	Control_config_presets.resize(1);
+	Control_config_presets.erase(Control_config_presets.begin() + 1, Control_config_presets.end());
 	load_preset_files();

 	return true;
@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp sampler2DArray;
+#endif

 #include "gamma.sdr"

+layout(location=0) out vec4 fragOut0;
+
 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout (location = 0) in vec4 fragTexCoord;
 layout (location = 1) in vec4 fragColor;

-layout (location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
-
 layout (set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2DArray baseMap;

 layout (set = 2, binding = 0, std140) uniform genericData {
@@ -17,8 +21,6 @@ layout (set = 2, binding = 0, std140) uniform genericData {
 in vec4 fragTexCoord;
 in vec4 fragColor;

-out vec4 fragOut0;
-
 uniform sampler2DArray baseMap;

 layout (std140) uniform genericData {
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+#endif
+
 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout (location = 0) in vec4 vertPosition;
 layout (location = 1) in vec4 vertColor;
@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp sampler2D;
+#endif
+
+layout(location=0) out vec4 fragOut0;

 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(location = 0) in vec2 fragTexCoord;
-layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
 layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2D bloomed;
 #else
 in vec4 fragTexCoord;
-out vec4 fragOut0;
+
 uniform sampler2D bloomed;
 #endif

@@ -1,9 +1,15 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp int;
+precision highp sampler2D;
+#endif
+
+layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
+
 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(location = 0) in vec2 fragTexCoord;
-layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
 layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2D tex;
 #else
-out vec4 fragOut0;
 in vec4 fragTexCoord;
 uniform sampler2D tex;
 #endif
@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp sampler2D;
+#endif
+
+layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
+
 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(location = 0) in vec2 fragTexCoord;
-layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
 layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2D tex;
 #else
 in vec4 fragTexCoord;
-out vec4 fragOut0;
 uniform sampler2D tex;
 #endif
+
 const float Luminance = 0.08;
 const float fMiddleGray = 0.2;
 const float fWhiteCutoff = 0.4;
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp sampler2D;
+precision highp sampler2DArray;
+#endif
+
+layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
+
 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(location = 0) in vec2 fragTexCoord;
-layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
 layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2D tex;
 #else
 in vec4 fragTexCoord;
-out vec4 fragOut0;
 #ifdef COPY_ARRAY
 uniform sampler2DArray tex;
 #else
@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp int;
+precision highp sampler2D;
+precision highp sampler2DArray;
+#endif

 // NOTE: The technique and some of this code is based on this tutorial:
 // http://martindevans.me/game-development/2015/02/27/Drawing-Stuff-On-Other-Stuff-With-Deferred-Screenspace-Decals/
@@ -29,9 +35,14 @@ layout (set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2DArray decalTextures;
 layout (set = 1, binding = 4) uniform sampler2D gDepthBuffer;
 layout (set = 1, binding = 6) uniform sampler2D gNormalBuffer;
 #else
-out vec4 fragOut0; // Diffuse buffer
-out vec4 fragOut1; // Normal buffer
-out vec4 fragOut2; // Emissive buffer
+layout (location=0) out vec4 fragOut0; // Diffuse buffer
+#ifndef GL_ES
+layout (location=1) out vec4 fragOut1; // Normal buffer
+layout (location=2) out vec4 fragOut2; // Emissive buffer
+#else
+layout (location=2) out vec4 fragOut1; // Normal buffer   -> COLOR_ATTACHMENT2
+layout (location=4) out vec4 fragOut2; // Emissive buffer -> COLOR_ATTACHMENT4
+#endif

 flat in mat4 invModelMatrix;
 flat in vec3 decalDirection;
@@ -124,7 +135,7 @@ vec3 getPixelNormal(vec3 frag_position, vec2 tex_coord, inout float alpha, out v
 	}

 	// Make a smooth alpha transition leading up to an edge
-	alpha = alpha * (1 - smoothstep(angle_fade_start, normal_angle_cutoff, angle));
+	alpha = alpha * (1.0 - smoothstep(angle_fade_start, normal_angle_cutoff, angle));

 	return normal;
 }
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp int;
+#endif

 #ifdef VULKAN
 // Binding 0: box vertex positions
@@ -1,3 +1,10 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+#extension GL_EXT_clip_cull_distance : enable
+precision highp float;
+precision highp int;
+precision highp sampler2DArray;
+#endif
+
 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(set = 2, binding = 0, std140)
 #else
@@ -20,22 +27,28 @@ uniform genericData {
 	uint clipEnabled;
 };

+layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
+
 #ifdef VULKAN

 layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2DArray baseMap;

 layout(location = 0) in vec4 fragTexCoord;
 layout(location = 1) in vec4 fragColor;
-
-layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
+#ifdef SDR_FLAG_SW_CLIP_FALLBACK
+layout(location = 2) in float vClipDist;
+#endif

 #else

+#ifdef SDR_FLAG_SW_CLIP_FALLBACK
+in float vClipDist;
+#endif
+
 uniform sampler2DArray baseMap;

 in vec4 fragTexCoord;
 in vec4 fragColor;
-out vec4 fragOut0;

 #endif

@@ -43,6 +56,11 @@ out vec4 fragOut0;

 void main()
 {
+#ifdef SDR_FLAG_SW_CLIP_FALLBACK
+	if (clipEnabled != 0u && vClipDist < 0.0) {
+		discard;
+	}
+#endif
 	vec4 baseColor = texture(baseMap, vec3(fragTexCoord.xy, float(baseMapIndex)));
 	if(alphaThreshold > baseColor.a) discard;
 	baseColor.rgb = (srgb == 1) ? srgb_to_linear(baseColor.rgb) : baseColor.rgb;
@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+#extension GL_EXT_clip_cull_distance : enable
+precision highp float;
+precision highp int;
+#endif
+
 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(set = 2, binding = 0, std140)
 #else
@@ -38,10 +44,15 @@ layout(location = 2) in vec4 vertTexCoord;

 layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragTexCoord;
 layout(location = 1) out vec4 fragColor;
+#ifdef SDR_FLAG_SW_CLIP_FALLBACK
+layout(location = 2) out float vClipDist;
+#endif

 #else

-out float gl_ClipDistance[1];
+#ifdef SDR_FLAG_SW_CLIP_FALLBACK
+out float vClipDist;
+#endif

 out vec4 fragTexCoord;
 in vec4 vertTexCoord;
@@ -58,13 +69,16 @@ void main()
 	gl_Position = projMatrix * modelViewMatrix * vertPosition;

 	if (clipEnabled != 0u) {
+		#ifndef SDR_FLAG_SW_CLIP_FALLBACK
 		gl_ClipDistance[0] = dot(clipEquation, modelMatrix * vertPosition);
+		#else
+		vClipDist = dot(clipEquation, modelMatrix * vertPosition);
+		#endif
 	} else {
-#ifdef VULKAN
-		// Vulkan has no glEnable(GL_CLIP_DISTANCE0) equivalent — clip distances are
-		// always evaluated when declared in the shader.  Must write a positive value
-		// when clipping is disabled to prevent undefined-value vertex culling.
+		#ifndef SDR_FLAG_SW_CLIP_FALLBACK
 		gl_ClipDistance[0] = 1.0;
-#endif
+		#else
+		vClipDist = 1.0;
+		#endif
 	}
 }
@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
-out vec4 fragOut0;
-out vec4 fragOut1;
-out vec4 fragOut2;
-out vec4 fragOut3;
-out vec4 fragOut4;
-out vec4 fragOut5;
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+#endif
+
+layout (location=0) out vec4 fragOut0;
+layout (location=1) out vec4 fragOut1;
+layout (location=2) out vec4 fragOut2;
+layout (location=3) out vec4 fragOut3;
+layout (location=4) out vec4 fragOut4;
+layout (location=5) out vec4 fragOut5;
+
 void main()
 {
 	fragOut0 = vec4(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0); // color
@@ -1,13 +1,21 @@
 //? #version 150
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp int;
+precision highp sampler2D;
+precision highp samplerCube;
+precision highp sampler2DArrayShadow;
+#endif
+
 #include "lighting.sdr" //! #include "lighting.sdr"
 #include "gamma.sdr" //! #include "gamma.sdr"
 #include "shadows.sdr" //! #include "shadows.sdr"
 #include "z-compress.sdr" //! #include "z-compress.sdr"

-#ifdef VULKAN
+#ifndef GL_ES
 layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
 #else
-out vec4 fragOut0;
+layout(location = 5) out vec4 fragOut0; //COLOR_ATTACHMENTn is on location n in ES, here it uses COLOR_ATTACHMENT5
 #endif

 #ifdef VULKAN
@@ -145,7 +153,7 @@ void GetLightInfo(vec3 position, in float alpha, in vec3 reflectDir, out vec3 li
 			dist = length(lightDirOut);
 			lightDist = dist;
 			// Energy conservation term
-			float alpha_adjust = clamp(alpha + (sourceRadius/(2*dist)), 0.0, 1.0);
+			float alpha_adjust = clamp(alpha + (sourceRadius/(2.0*dist)), 0.0, 1.0);
 			area_normalisation = alpha/alpha_adjust;
 			area_normalisation *= area_normalisation;
 			//end chunk
@@ -188,7 +196,7 @@ void GetLightInfo(vec3 position, in float alpha, in vec3 reflectDir, out vec3 li
 			float dist = length(lightDirOut);
 			lightDist = dist;
 			// Energy conservation term
-			float alpha_adjust = min(alpha + (sourceRadius/(2*dist)), 1.0);
+			float alpha_adjust = min(alpha + (sourceRadius/(2.0*dist)), 1.0);
 			area_normalisation = alpha/alpha_adjust;
 			// don't need to square as it's a line rather than a sphere.
 			//end chunk
@@ -235,11 +243,11 @@ void ComputeEnvLight(float alpha, float ao, vec3 light_dir, vec3 eyeDir, vec3 no
 	// so let s = (2/alpha^2 - 2)
 	// 1/2 log(s + 1) = 1/2 log(2/alpha^2 -1)

-	const float ENV_REZ = 512; // Ideally this would be #define'd and shader recompiled with envmap rez changes
-	const float REZ_BIAS = log2(ENV_REZ * sqrt(3));
+	const float ENV_REZ = 512.0; // Ideally this would be #define'd and shader recompiled with envmap rez changes
+	const float REZ_BIAS = log2(ENV_REZ * sqrt(3.0));

 	float alphaSqr = alpha * alpha;
-	float rough_bias = 0.5 * log2(2/alphaSqr - 1);
+	float rough_bias = 0.5 * log2(2.0/alphaSqr - 1.0);
 	float mip_bias = REZ_BIAS - rough_bias;

 	// Sample light, using mip bias to blur it.
@@ -257,7 +265,7 @@ void ComputeEnvLight(float alpha, float ao, vec3 light_dir, vec3 eyeDir, vec3 no
 	// Pseudo-IBL, so use k_IBL
 	float k = alpha * alpha/ 2.0f;

-	float NdotL = max(dot(light_dir, normal),0);
+	float NdotL = max(dot(light_dir, normal),0.0);

 	float g1vNL = GeometrySchlickGGX(NdotL, k);
 	vec3 specEnvLighting = specEnvColour.rgb * fresnel * g1vNL;
@@ -338,6 +346,6 @@ void main()
 		float NdotL = clamp(dot(normal, lightDir), 0.0, 1.0);
 		fragmentColor.rgb = computeLighting(specColor.rgb, diffColor, lightDir, normal.xyz, halfVec, eyeDir, roughness, fresnel, NdotL).rgb * diffuseLightColor * attenuation * area_normalisation;
 	}
-
+	
 	fragOut0 = max(fragmentColor, vec4(0.0));
 }
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp int;
+#endif

 #include "lighting.sdr"

@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp sampler2D;
+precision highp sampler2DArray;
+#endif
+
+layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
+
 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(location = 0) in vec4 fragTexCoord;
 layout(location = 1) in vec4 fragColor;
 layout(location = 2) in float fragOffset;

-layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
-
 layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2DArray baseMap;
 layout(set = 1, binding = 4) uniform sampler2D depthMap;
 layout(set = 1, binding = 5) uniform sampler2D frameBuffer;
@@ -14,8 +20,6 @@ in vec4 fragTexCoord;
 in vec4 fragColor;
 in float fragOffset;

-out vec4 fragOut0;
-
 uniform sampler2DArray baseMap;
 uniform sampler2D depthMap;
 uniform sampler2D distMap;
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+#endif
+
 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(location = 0) in vec4 vertPosition;
 layout(location = 1) in vec4 vertColor;
@@ -1,15 +1,21 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp int;
+precision highp sampler2D;
+precision highp sampler2DArray;
+#endif

 #include "gamma.sdr"
 #include "z-compress.sdr"

+layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
+
 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(location = 0) in vec4 fragTexCoord;
 layout(location = 1) in vec4 fragColor;
 layout(location = 2) in float fragRadius;
 layout(location = 3) in vec4 fragPosition;

-layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
-
 layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2DArray baseMap;
 layout(set = 1, binding = 4) uniform sampler2D depthMap;
 #else
@@ -18,8 +24,6 @@ in vec4 fragPosition;
 in vec4 fragTexCoord;
 in vec4 fragColor;

-out vec4 fragOut0;
-
 uniform sampler2DArray baseMap;
 uniform sampler2D depthMap;
 #endif
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+#endif
+
 layout (points) in;
 layout (triangle_strip, max_vertices = 4) out;

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+#endif

 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(location = 0) in vec4 vertPosition;
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 #define M_PI 3.1415926535897932384626433832795
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp samplerCube;
+#endif
+
 uniform samplerCube envmap;

 in vec4 fragTexCoord;

-out vec4 fragOut0;
-
-layout (location = 0) out vec4 outColor;
+layout(location=0) out vec4 fragOut0;

 void main() {
 	const float theta = -fragTexCoord.x * (2.0 * M_PI);
@@ -1,17 +1,20 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp sampler2D;
+#endif

 #include "gamma.sdr"

+layout(location=0) out vec4 fragOut0;
+
 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(location = 0) in vec2 fragTexCoord;
-layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;

 layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2D tex;
 layout(set = 1, binding = 4) uniform sampler2D depth_tex;
 #else
 in vec4 fragTexCoord;

-out vec4 fragOut0;
-
 uniform sampler2D tex;
 uniform sampler2D depth_tex;
 #endif
@@ -40,7 +43,7 @@ void main()
 	// If the scene is in fog then we change the color we operate on based on the depth of the pixel
 	float depth_val = texture(depth_tex, fragTexCoord.xy).x;
 	// Transform depth value from [0, 1] to [-1, 1]
-	float depth_normalized = 2 * depth_val - 1;
+	float depth_normalized = 2.0 * depth_val - 1.0;
 	// Now we compute the depth value in projection space using the clipping plane information
 	float view_depth = 2.0 * zNear * zFar / (zFar + zNear - depth_normalized * (zFar - zNear));

@@ -50,7 +53,7 @@ void main()
 	if (isinf(view_depth)) {
 		fragOut0.rgb = color_in.rgb;
 	} else {
-		float fog_dist = clamp(1 - pow(fog_density, view_depth - fog_start) , 0.0, 1.0);
+		float fog_dist = clamp(1.0 - pow(fog_density, view_depth - fog_start) , 0.0, 1.0);
 		vec3 finalFogColor = srgb_to_linear(fog_color);

 		fragOut0.rgb = mix(color_in.rgb, finalFogColor, fog_dist);
@@ -1,3 +1,12 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+#ifdef GL_EXT_gpu_shader5
+	#extension GL_EXT_gpu_shader5 : enable
+	#define FXAA_GATHER4_ALPHA 1
+#endif
+precision highp float;
+precision highp sampler2D;
+#endif
+
 #define FXAA_EARLY_EXIT 1
 #define FXAA_DISCARD 1
 #define FXAA_FAST_PIXEL_OFFSET 1 // With OpenGL 3.2 we can always do this
@@ -500,8 +509,12 @@ layout(std140, set = 2, binding = 0) uniform genericData {
 #else
 uniform sampler2D tex0;
 in vec2 v_rcpFrame;
+#ifdef GL_ES
+in vec2 v_pos;
+#else
 noperspective in vec2 v_pos;
-out vec4 fragOut0;
+#endif
+layout(location=0)out vec4 fragOut0;
 #endif

 void main() {
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+#endif

 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(location = 0) out vec2 fragTexCoord;
@@ -10,7 +13,11 @@ void main() {
 in vec4 vertPosition;

 out vec2 v_rcpFrame;
+#ifdef GL_ES
+out vec2 v_pos;
+#else
 noperspective out vec2 v_pos;
+#endif

 layout (std140) uniform genericData {
 	float rt_w;
@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp sampler2D;
+#endif
+
+layout(location=0) out vec4 fragOut0;
+
 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(location = 0) in vec2 fragTexCoord;
-layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
 // [0]=real color (passed through as-is), [1]=luma detection proxy (see
 // getAADetectionView; may be the same view as [0] when not HDR)
 layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2D fxaaTex[2];
@@ -8,9 +14,9 @@ layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2D fxaaTex[2];
 #define lumaTex fxaaTex[1]
 #else
 in vec4 fragTexCoord;
-out vec4 fragOut0;
 uniform sampler2D tex;
 #endif
+
 void main() {
 	vec4 color = texture(tex, fragTexCoord.xy);
 #ifdef VULKAN
@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp sampler2D;
+#endif
+
 #include "gamma.sdr"

+layout(location=0)out vec4 fragOut0;
+
 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(location = 0) in vec2 fragTexCoord;
-layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
 layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2D tex;
 #else
 in vec4 fragTexCoord;
-out vec4 fragOut0;
 uniform sampler2D tex;
 #endif

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+#endif

 const float SRGB_GAMMA = 2.2;
 const float SRGB_GAMMA_INVERSE = 1.0 / SRGB_GAMMA;
@@ -1,15 +1,21 @@
 //!#version 150
-#include "gamma.sdr" //! #include "gamma.sdr"
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp int;
+precision highp samplerCube;
+#endif
+
+#include "gamma.sdr"
 #define PI 3.1415926535897932384626433832795

+layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
+
 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(location = 0) in vec2 fragTexCoord;
-layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
 layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform samplerCube envmap;
 #else
 uniform samplerCube envmap;
 in vec4 fragTexCoord;
-out vec4 fragOut0;
 #endif

 #ifdef VULKAN
@@ -154,8 +160,8 @@ vec3( 0.7305,  0.6698,  0.1333)
 );

 void main() {
-	float xpos = 2 * gl_FragCoord.x/16 - 1; // remap to (-1, 1)
-	float ypos = 2 * gl_FragCoord.y/16 - 1;
+	float xpos = 2.0 * gl_FragCoord.x/16.0 - 1.0; // remap to (-1, 1)
+	float ypos = 2.0 * gl_FragCoord.y/16.0 - 1.0;
 	vec3 fragDir;
 	vec4 fragCol = vec4(0.0);

@@ -191,5 +197,5 @@ void main() {
 		vec3 sampDir = points[i] + (aPdotD - PdotD) * fragDir;
 		fragCol += aPdotD * vec4(srgb_to_linear(texture(envmap, sampDir)).rgb, 1.0);
 	}
-	fragOut0 = linear_to_srgb(PI * fragCol * (1.0/128));
+	fragOut0 = linear_to_srgb(PI * fragCol * (1.0/128.0));
 }
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ vec3 ComputeGGX(vec3 specColor, vec3 diffColor, vec3 light, vec3 normal, vec3 ha



-	vec3 specular = distribution * fresnel * geometry / (4*dotNV*dotNL + 0.0001);
+	vec3 specular = distribution * fresnel * geometry / (4.0*dotNV*dotNL + 0.0001);
 	
 	// Diffuse term - Lambertian, kD represents energy lost to specular reflection.
 	vec3 kD = vec3(1.0)-fresnel;
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ vec3 ComputeGGX(vec3 specColor, vec3 diffColor, vec3 light, vec3 normal, vec3 ha
 vec3 computeLighting(vec3 specColor, vec3 diffColor, vec3 light, vec3 normal, vec3 halfVec, vec3 view, float roughness, float fresnelFactor, float dotNL) 
 {
 	#ifdef FLAG_LIGHT_MODEL_BLINN_PHONG
-	return SpecularBlinnPhong(specColor, light, normal, halfVec, 32, fresnelFactor, dotNL);
+	return SpecularBlinnPhong(specColor, light, normal, halfVec, 32.0, fresnelFactor, dotNL);
 	#else
 	return ComputeGGX(specColor, diffColor, light, normal, halfVec, view, roughness, fresnelFactor, dotNL);
 	#endif
@@ -1,7 +1,14 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp int;
+precision highp sampler2D;
+#endif
+
+layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;

 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(location = 0) in vec2 fragTexCoord;
-layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
+

 layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2D textures[16];
 #define scene textures[0]
@@ -9,8 +16,6 @@ layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2D textures[16];
 #else
 in vec4 fragTexCoord;

-out vec4 fragOut0;
-
 uniform sampler2D scene;
 uniform sampler2D cockpit;
 #endif
@@ -1,4 +1,13 @@
 //? #version 150
+#ifdef GL_ES
+#extension GL_EXT_clip_cull_distance: enable
+precision highp float;
+precision highp int;
+precision highp sampler2D;
+precision highp sampler2DArray;
+precision highp sampler2DArrayShadow;
+#endif
+
 #include "shadows.sdr" //! #include "shadows.sdr"
 #include "lighting.sdr" //! #include "lighting.sdr"
 #include "gamma.sdr" //! #include "gamma.sdr"
@@ -112,6 +121,13 @@ uniform shadowCascadeParams {
 	vec4 smoothness_factors[(NUM_SHADOW_CASCADES + 4 - 1) / 4];
 };

+
+layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
+layout(location = 1) out vec4 fragOut1;
+layout(location = 2) out vec4 fragOut2;
+layout(location = 3) out vec4 fragOut3;
+layout(location = 4) out vec4 fragOut4;
+
 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2DArray materialTextures[16];
 #define sBasemap materialTextures[0]
@@ -139,13 +155,12 @@ layout(location = 0) in VertexOutput {
 	vec4 shadowUV[NUM_SHADOW_CASCADES];
 	vec4 shadowPos;
 #prereplace ENDIF_FLAG_COMPILED MODEL_SDR_FLAG_SHADOWS
+
+#ifdef SDR_FLAG_SW_CLIP_FALLBACK
+    float vClipDist;
+#endif
 } vertIn;

-layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
-layout(location = 1) out vec4 fragOut1;
-layout(location = 2) out vec4 fragOut2;
-layout(location = 3) out vec4 fragOut3;
-layout(location = 4) out vec4 fragOut4;
 #else
 #prereplace IF_FLAG_COMPILED MODEL_SDR_FLAG_DIFFUSE
 uniform sampler2DArray sBasemap;
@@ -185,13 +200,10 @@ in VertexOutput {
 	vec4 shadowUV[NUM_SHADOW_CASCADES];
 	vec4 shadowPos;
 #prereplace ENDIF_FLAG_COMPILED MODEL_SDR_FLAG_SHADOWS
+#ifdef SDR_FLAG_SW_CLIP_FALLBACK
+    float vClipDist;
+#endif
 } vertIn;
-
-out vec4 fragOut0;
-out vec4 fragOut1;
-out vec4 fragOut2;
-out vec4 fragOut3;
-out vec4 fragOut4;
 #endif

 vec3 FresnelLazarovEnv(vec3 specColor, vec3 view, vec3 normal, float gloss)
@@ -283,6 +295,10 @@ vec3 CalculateLighting(vec3 normal, vec3 diffuseMaterial, vec3 specularMaterial,

 void main()
 {
+	#ifdef SDR_FLAG_SW_CLIP_FALLBACK
+		if (vertIn.vClipDist < 0.0) discard;
+	#endif
+
 	vec3 eyeDir = vec3(normalize(-vertIn.position).xyz);
 	vec2 texCoord = vertIn.texCoord.xy;

@@ -464,7 +480,7 @@ void main()
 		#prereplace ENDIF_FLAG //MODEL_SDR_FLAG_DIFFUSE
 		// This code will only be used by the forward renderer so we apply the fog effect to both the emissive and the base
 		// color.
-		float fogDensityFinal = clamp(1 - pow(fogDensity, vertIn.fogDist) , 0.0, 1.0);
+		float fogDensityFinal = clamp(1.0 - pow(fogDensity, vertIn.fogDist) , 0.0, 1.0);
 		baseColor.rgb = mix(emissiveColor.rgb + baseColor.rgb, finalFogColor, fogDensityFinal);
 		emissiveColor.rgb = vec3(0.0); // Zero the emissive color since it has already been added by the previous line
 		specColor.rgb *= fogDensityFinal;
@@ -509,11 +525,12 @@ void main()
 		#prereplace IF_NOT_FLAG MODEL_SDR_FLAG_LIGHT
 			#prereplace IF_FLAG MODEL_SDR_FLAG_SPEC
 				baseColor.rgb += pow(1.0 - clamp(dot(eyeDir, normal), 0.0, 1.0), 5.0 * clamp(glossData, 0.01, 1.0)) * specColor.rgb;
-				glossData = 0;
+				glossData = 0.0f;
 			#prereplace ENDIF_FLAG //MODEL_SDR_FLAG_SPEC
 			// If there is no lighting then we copy the color data so far into the emissive.
 			emissiveColor.rgb += baseColor.rgb;
-			aoFactors.x = 0;
+
+			aoFactors.x = 0.0f;
 			// and leave nothing for the light pass to add on top of it
 			baseColor.rgb = vec3(0.0);
 			specColor = vec4(0.0);
@@ -1,4 +1,11 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+#extension GL_EXT_gpu_shader5: enable
+#extension GL_EXT_clip_cull_distance: enable
+precision highp float;
+precision highp int;
+#else
 #extension GL_ARB_gpu_shader5: enable
+#endif

 #conditional_include +"LARGE_SHADER" "main_large.sdr"
 #conditional_include -"LARGE_SHADER" "main_small.sdr"
@@ -100,6 +107,9 @@ in VertexOutput {
 	vec4 shadowUV[NUM_SHADOW_CASCADES];
 	vec4 shadowPos;
 #prereplace ENDIF_FLAG_COMPILED MODEL_SDR_FLAG_SHADOWS
+#ifdef SDR_FLAG_SW_CLIP_FALLBACK
+    float vClipDist;
+#endif
 } vertIn[];

 out VertexOutput {
@@ -117,6 +127,10 @@ out VertexOutput {
 	vec4 shadowUV[NUM_SHADOW_CASCADES];
 	vec4 shadowPos;
 #prereplace ENDIF_FLAG_COMPILED MODEL_SDR_FLAG_SHADOWS
+
+#ifdef SDR_FLAG_SW_CLIP_FALLBACK
+    float vClipDist;
+#endif
 } vertOut;

 #ifdef MODEL_SDR_FLAG_THICK_OUTLINES
@@ -166,8 +180,19 @@ out VertexOutput {
                #prereplace ENDIF_FLAG //MODEL_SDR_FLAG_SHADOWS

 				if (use_clip_plane != 0) {
-					gl_ClipDistance[0] = gl_in[vert].gl_ClipDistance[0];
+					#ifdef SDR_FLAG_SW_CLIP_FALLBACK
+						vertOut.vClipDist = vertIn[vert].vClipDist;
+					#else
+						gl_ClipDistance[0] = gl_in[vert].gl_ClipDistance[0];
+					#endif
+				} else {
+					#ifdef SDR_FLAG_SW_CLIP_FALLBACK
+						vertOut.vClipDist = 1.0;
+					#else
+						gl_ClipDistance[0] = 1.0;
+					#endif
 				}
+
 				EmitVertex();
 			}

@@ -1,8 +1,18 @@

 #ifndef VULKAN
 //? #version 150
+#ifdef GL_ES
+#extension GL_EXT_gpu_shader5: enable
+#extension GL_EXT_clip_cull_distance: enable
+precision highp float;
+precision highp int;
+precision highp samplerBuffer;
+precision highp sampler2DArrayShadow;
+#else
 #extension GL_ARB_gpu_shader5: enable
 #endif
+#endif
+
 #include "shadows.sdr"

 #conditional_include +"LARGE_SHADER" "main_large.sdr"
@@ -145,6 +155,10 @@ layout(location = 0) out VertexOutput {
 	vec4 shadowUV[NUM_SHADOW_CASCADES];
 	vec4 shadowPos;
 #prereplace ENDIF_FLAG_COMPILED MODEL_SDR_FLAG_SHADOWS
+
+#ifdef SDR_FLAG_SW_CLIP_FALLBACK
+    float vClipDist;
+#endif
 } vertOut;
 #else
 #prereplace IF_FLAG_COMPILED MODEL_SDR_FLAG_TRANSFORM
@@ -166,6 +180,10 @@ out VertexOutput {
 	vec4 shadowUV[NUM_SHADOW_CASCADES];
 	vec4 shadowPos;
 #prereplace ENDIF_FLAG_COMPILED MODEL_SDR_FLAG_SHADOWS
+
+#ifdef SDR_FLAG_SW_CLIP_FALLBACK
+    float vClipDist;
+#endif
 } vertOut;

 #define TEXELS_PER_MATRIX 4
@@ -247,12 +265,20 @@ void main()
 		}
 	#prereplace ENDIF_FLAG //MODEL_SDR_FLAG_TRANSFORM

-	// Clip plane
-	if(use_clip_plane != 0) {
-		gl_ClipDistance[0] = dot(clip_equation, modelMatrix * orient * vertex);
-	} else {
-		gl_ClipDistance[0] = 1.0;
-	}
+	#ifndef SDR_FLAG_SW_CLIP_FALLBACK
+		if (use_clip_plane != 0) {
+			gl_ClipDistance[0] = dot(clip_equation, modelMatrix * orient * vertex);
+		} else {
+			gl_ClipDistance[0] = 1.0;
+		}
+	#else
+		if (use_clip_plane != 0) {
+			vertOut.vClipDist = dot(clip_equation, modelMatrix * orient * vertex);
+		} else {
+			vertOut.vClipDist = 1.0;
+		}
+	#endif
+

 	vertOut.position = position;
 	vertOut.normal = normal;
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
-#include "z-compress.sdr"
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp int;
+precision highp sampler2DMS;
+#endif

-#ifdef VULKAN
-layout(location = 0) in vec2 fragTexCoord;
+#include "z-compress.sdr"

 layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
 layout(location = 1) out vec4 fragOut1;
@@ -9,6 +12,9 @@ layout(location = 2) out vec4 fragOut2;
 layout(location = 3) out vec4 fragOut3;
 layout(location = 4) out vec4 fragOut4;

+#ifdef VULKAN
+layout(location = 0) in vec2 fragTexCoord;
+
 layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2DMS msaaTex[6];
 #define texColor    msaaTex[0]
 #define texPos      msaaTex[1]
@@ -23,12 +29,7 @@ layout(std140, set = 2, binding = 0) uniform genericData {
 };
 #else
 in vec4 fragTexCoord;
-out vec4 fragOut0;
-out vec4 fragOut1;
-out vec4 fragOut2;
-out vec4 fragOut3;
-out vec4 fragOut4;
-out vec4 fragOut5;
+layout(location=5)out vec4 fragOut5;

 uniform sampler2DMS texColor;
 uniform sampler2DMS texPos;
@@ -176,7 +177,7 @@ float getMedianDist(ivec2 texel) {

 //Fallback, do front first
 float getMedianDist(ivec2 texel) {
-	float minDist = -1000000;
+	float minDist = -1000000.0;
 	for(int i = 0; i < samples; i++) {
 		minDist = max(minDist, uncompress_depth_value(texelFetch(texPos, texel, i).z));
 	}
@@ -190,7 +191,7 @@ float getMedianDist(ivec2 texel) {

 void main()
 {
-	vec2 texSize = textureSize(texColor);
+	vec2 texSize = vec2(textureSize(texColor));
 #ifdef VULKAN
 	ivec2 texel = ivec2(texSize * fragTexCoord);
 #else
@@ -206,7 +207,7 @@ void main()
 	vec4 normal = vec4(0);
 	vec4 specular = vec4(0);
 	vec4 emissive = vec4(0);
-	float depth = 0;
+	float depth = 0.0;

 	for(int i = 0; i < SAMPLE_CNT; i++) {
 		vec4 localPos = texelFetch(texPos, texel, i);
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp int;
+precision highp sampler2DArray;
+#endif

 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout (location = 0) in vec2 ftcoord;
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp int;
+#endif

 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout (location = 0) in vec4 vertPosition;
@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@
 vec3 unpackNormal(vec2 normal_sample) {
 	vec3 normal;
 	normal.xy = normal_sample * 2.0 - 1.0;
-	normal.z = sqrt(1 - normal_sample.x * normal_sample.x - normal_sample.y * normal_sample.y);
+	normal.z = sqrt(1.0 - normal_sample.x * normal_sample.x - normal_sample.y * normal_sample.y);
 	return normal;
 }
@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp int;
+precision highp sampler2D;
+#endif

 #include "gamma.sdr"

 in vec4 fragTexCoord;
 in vec4 fragColor;
-out vec4 fragOut0;
+layout(location=0) out vec4 fragOut0;

 uniform sampler2D baseMap;

@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp sampler2D;
+#endif
+
+layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
+
 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(location = 0) in vec2 fragTexCoord;
-layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
 layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2D tex;
 layout(set = 1, binding = 4) uniform sampler2D depth_tex;
 #else
 in vec4 fragTexCoord;
-out vec4 fragOut0;
 uniform sampler2D tex;
 uniform sampler2D depth_tex;
 #endif
@@ -1,10 +1,17 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp int;
+precision highp sampler2DArray;
+#endif
+
+layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;

 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(location = 0) in vec2 fragTexCoord;
 layout(location = 1) in vec4 fragColor;
 layout(location = 2) in vec2 fragScreenPosition;

-layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
+

 layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2DArray baseMap;
 #else
@@ -12,8 +19,6 @@ in vec2 fragTexCoord;
 in vec4 fragColor;
 in vec2 fragScreenPosition;

-out vec4 fragOut0;
-
 uniform sampler2DArray baseMap;
 #endif

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp int;
+#endif

 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(location = 0) in vec2 vertPosition;
@@ -1,5 +1,24 @@
 //? #version 150
+#ifdef GL_ES
+#extension GL_EXT_clip_cull_distance: enable
+precision highp float;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SDR_FLAG_SW_CLIP_FALLBACK
+#ifdef VULKAN
+layout(location = 0) in VertexOutput {
+	float vClipDist;
+} vertIn;
+#else
+in VertexOutput {
+	float vClipDist;
+} vertIn;
+#endif
+#endif

 void main()
 {
+#ifdef SDR_FLAG_SW_CLIP_FALLBACK
+	if (vertIn.vClipDist < 0.0) discard;
+#endif
 }
@@ -1,9 +1,16 @@
 //? #version 150
+#ifdef GL_ES
+#extension GL_EXT_gpu_shader5: enable
+#extension GL_EXT_clip_cull_distance: enable
+precision highp float;
+precision highp int;
+#else
 #extension GL_ARB_gpu_shader5: enable
+#endif

 layout (triangles) in;
 layout (triangle_strip, max_vertices = 3) out;
-#ifdef GL_ARB_gpu_shader5
+#if defined(GL_ARB_gpu_shader5) || defined(GL_EXT_gpu_shader5)
 layout(invocations = NUM_SHADOW_CASCADES) in;
 #endif

@@ -24,16 +31,25 @@ layout (std140) uniform shadowCascadeParams {
 };

 in VertexOutput {
-#if !defined(GL_ARB_gpu_shader5)
+#if !defined(GL_ARB_gpu_shader5) && !defined(GL_EXT_gpu_shader5)
    float instance;
 #endif
 	float clipModel;
 	vec3 normal;
+#ifdef SDR_FLAG_SW_CLIP_FALLBACK
+	float vClipDist;
+#endif
 } vertIn[];

+#ifdef SDR_FLAG_SW_CLIP_FALLBACK
+out VertexOutput {
+	float vClipDist;
+} vertOut;
+#endif
+
 void main(void)
 {
-#ifdef GL_ARB_gpu_shader5
+#if defined(GL_ARB_gpu_shader5) || defined(GL_EXT_gpu_shader5)
    if (gl_InvocationID >= cascade_count) return;
    int cascade_id = cascade_offset + gl_InvocationID;
 #else
@@ -49,7 +65,12 @@ void main(void)
 		}

 		gl_Layer = cascade_id;
-		gl_ClipDistance[0] = gl_in[vert].gl_ClipDistance[0];
+		
+		#ifdef SDR_FLAG_SW_CLIP_FALLBACK
+			vertOut.vClipDist = vertIn[vert].vClipDist;
+		#else
+			gl_ClipDistance[0] = gl_in[vert].gl_ClipDistance[0];
+		#endif

 		EmitVertex();
 	}
@@ -1,9 +1,16 @@
 //? #version 150
+#ifdef GL_ES
+#extension GL_EXT_gpu_shader5: enable
+#extension GL_EXT_clip_cull_distance: enable
+precision highp float;
+precision highp int;
+precision highp samplerBuffer;
+#else
 #extension GL_ARB_gpu_shader5: enable
-
 #ifndef GEOMETRY_FALLBACK
 #extension GL_ARB_shader_viewport_layer_array : enable
 #endif
+#endif

 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(location = 0) in vec4 vertPosition;
@@ -66,12 +73,25 @@ uniform samplerBuffer transform_tex;
 // supports writing gl_Layer from the vertex shader, see CAPABILITY_FAST_SHADOWS).
 #ifdef GEOMETRY_FALLBACK
 out VertexOutput {
-#if !defined(GL_ARB_gpu_shader5)
+#if !defined(GL_ARB_gpu_shader5) && !defined(GL_EXT_gpu_shader5)
 	float instance;
 #endif
 	float clipModel;
 	vec3 normal;
+#ifdef SDR_FLAG_SW_CLIP_FALLBACK
+    float vClipDist;
+#endif
 } vertOut;
+#elif defined(SDR_FLAG_SW_CLIP_FALLBACK)
+#ifdef VULKAN
+layout(location = 0) out VertexOutput {
+	float vClipDist;
+} vertOut;
+#else
+out VertexOutput {
+	float vClipDist;
+} vertOut;
+#endif
 #endif

 #define TEXELS_PER_MATRIX 4
@@ -112,7 +132,7 @@ void main()
 #ifdef VULKAN
 	int instanceIndex = gl_InstanceIndex;
 #else
-	#if !defined(GL_ARB_gpu_shader5)
+	#if !defined(GL_ARB_gpu_shader5) && !defined(GL_EXT_gpu_shader5)
 		#ifdef APPLE
 			vertOut.instance = float(gl_InstanceIDARB);
 		#else
@@ -133,11 +153,19 @@ void main()
        gl_Position = position;
    }

+#ifndef SDR_FLAG_SW_CLIP_FALLBACK
 	if (use_clip_plane != 0) {
 		gl_ClipDistance[0] = dot(clip_equation, modelMatrix * orient * vertex);
 	} else {
 		gl_ClipDistance[0] = 1.0;
 	}
+#else
+	if (use_clip_plane != 0) {
+		vertOut.vClipDist = dot(clip_equation, modelMatrix * orient * vertex);
+	} else {
+		vertOut.vClipDist = 1.0;
+	}
+#endif

 #ifdef GEOMETRY_FALLBACK
    vertOut.normal = normal;
@@ -1,21 +1,22 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp int;
+precision highp sampler2DArray;
+#endif

 #include "gamma.sdr"

 const float EMISSIVE_GAIN = 2.0;

+layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
+
 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(location = 0) in vec4 fragImpactUV;
 layout(location = 1) in float fragNormOffset;
-
-layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
-
 layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2DArray shieldMap;
 #else
 in vec4 fragImpactUV;
 in float fragNormOffset;
-
-out vec4 fragOut0;
-
 uniform sampler2DArray shieldMap;
 #endif

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp int;
+#endif

 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(location = 0) in vec4 vertPosition;
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp sampler2D;
+#endif

 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(std140, set = 2, binding = 0) uniform genericData {
@@ -16,13 +20,13 @@ layout (std140) uniform genericData {

 #include "SMAA.sdr"

+layout(location=0) out vec4 fragOut0;
+
 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(location = 0) in vec2 fragTexCoord;
 layout(location = 1) in vec2 fragPixcoord;
 layout(location = 2) in vec4 fragOffset[3];

-layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
-
 // [0]=edgesTex, [1]=areaTex, [2]=searchTex
 layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2D smaaTex[3];
 #define edgesTex smaaTex[0]
@@ -33,8 +37,6 @@ in vec2 fragTexCoord;
 in vec2 fragPixcoord;
 in vec4 fragOffset[3];

-out vec4 fragOut0;
-
 uniform sampler2D edgesTex;
 uniform sampler2D areaTex;
 uniform sampler2D searchTex;
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp sampler2D;
+#endif

 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(std140, set = 2, binding = 0) uniform genericData {
@@ -16,19 +20,17 @@ layout (std140) uniform genericData {

 #include "SMAA.sdr"

+layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
+
 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(location = 0) in vec2 fragTexCoord;
 layout(location = 1) in vec4 fragOffset[3];

-layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
-
 layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2D colorTex;
 #else
 in vec2 fragTexCoord;
 in vec4 fragOffset[3];

-out vec4 fragOut0;
-
 uniform sampler2D colorTex;
 #endif

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp sampler2D;
+#endif

 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(std140, set = 2, binding = 0) uniform genericData {
@@ -16,11 +20,12 @@ layout (std140) uniform genericData {

 #include "SMAA.sdr"

+layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
+
 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(location = 0) in vec2 fragTexCoord;
 layout(location = 1) in vec4 fragOffset;

-layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;

 // [0]=colorTex, [1]=blendTex
 layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2D smaaTex[2];
@@ -30,8 +35,6 @@ layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2D smaaTex[2];
 in vec2 fragTexCoord;
 in vec4 fragOffset;

-out vec4 fragOut0;
-
 uniform sampler2D colorTex;
 uniform sampler2D blendTex;
 #endif
@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp sampler2D;
+#endif
+
+layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
+
 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(location = 0) in vec2 fragTexCoord;
-layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
 layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2D tex;
 #else
 in vec4 fragTexCoord;
-out vec4 fragOut0;
 uniform sampler2D tex;
 #endif

@@ -1,13 +1,18 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp int;
+precision highp sampler2D;
+#endif

 #include "gamma.sdr"

+layout(location=0) out vec4 fragOut0;
+
 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(location = 0) in vec2 fragTexCoord;
-layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
 layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2D tex;
 #else
 in vec4 fragTexCoord;
-out vec4 fragOut0;
 uniform sampler2D tex;
 #endif

@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp sampler2DArray;
+#endif
+
+layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
+
 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(location = 0) in vec4 fragTexCoord;
-layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;

 layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2DArray textures[16];
 #define ytex textures[0]
@@ -8,7 +14,6 @@ layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2DArray textures[16];
 #define vtex textures[2]
 #else
 in vec4 fragTexCoord;
-out vec4 fragOut0;
 uniform sampler2DArray ytex;
 uniform sampler2DArray utex;
 uniform sampler2DArray vtex;
@@ -1,7 +1,14 @@
+#ifdef GL_ES
+precision highp float;
+precision highp int;
+precision highp sampler2D;
+precision highp sampler3D;
+#endif
+
+layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;

 #ifdef VULKAN
 layout(location = 0) in vec2 fragTexCoord;
-layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragOut0;
 layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform sampler2D tex2D[16];
 #define composite tex2D[0]
 #define emissive tex2D[1]
@@ -10,7 +17,7 @@ layout(set = 1, binding = 5) uniform sampler3D volume_tex;
 layout(set = 1, binding = 6) uniform sampler3D noise_volume_tex;
 #else
 in vec4 fragTexCoord;
-out vec4 fragOut0;
+
 layout (binding = 0) uniform sampler2D composite;
 layout (binding = 1) uniform sampler2D emissive;
 layout (binding = 2) uniform sampler2D depth_tex;
@@ -77,7 +84,7 @@ void main()
 #else
 	vec4 eyeDirection = p_inv * vec4(fragTexCoord.xy * 2.0 - 1.0, -1, 1);
 #endif
-    eyeDirection.w = 0;
+    eyeDirection.w = 0.0;
    vec3 rayDirection = normalize((v_inv * eyeDirection).xyz);

 	vec4 color_in = texture(composite, fragTexCoord.xy);
@@ -103,14 +110,14 @@ void main()
 #endif

 	//The t at which the ray enters the nebula cube
-	float maxtMin = max(0,max(tMin.x, max(tMin.y, tMin.z)));
+	float maxtMin = max(0.0, max(tMin.x, max(tMin.y, tMin.z)));
 	//The t at which the ray leaves the nebula cube
 	float mintMax = min(fragDepth, min(tMax.x, min(tMax.y, tMax.z)));

 	//The cumulative one minus alpha value of the nebula. Corresponds to the multiplier of the current step when additively drawing to a fragment for which the steps closer to the camera are already drawn.
-	float cumOMAlpha = 1;
+	float cumOMAlpha = 1.0;
 	//The cumulative distance already travelled through the nebula.
-	float cumnebdist = 0;
+	float cumnebdist = 0.0;
 	//The color of the current fragment
 	vec3 cumcolor = vec3(0, 0, 0);

@@ -121,6 +128,14 @@ void main()

 	vec3 sidestep = 1.0 / vec3(textureSize(volume_tex, 0));

+#ifdef GL_ES
+	// The emissive texture has a complete mip chain generated by the engine.
+	ivec2 emissiveSize = textureSize(emissive, 0);
+	float maxEmissiveLod = float(findMSB(max(emissiveSize.x, emissiveSize.y)));
+#else
+	float maxEmissiveLod = float(textureQueryLevels(emissive) - 1);
+#endif
+
 	for(float stept = maxtMin; stept < mintMax;) {
 		//Step setup
 		vec3 position = camera + rayDirection * stept - nebPos;
@@ -159,7 +174,7 @@ void main()
 #ifdef NOISE
 			//Mix the actual nebula color with the noise color depending on the product of the noise channels multiplied with intensity, smooth-clamped from 0 to 1
 			vec3 stepcolor_neb = mix(nebulaColor, noiseColor,
-				smoothstep(0, 1, (textureGrad(noise_volume_tex, position / noiseColorScale1, gradX, gradY).r + textureGrad(noise_volume_tex, position / noiseColorScale2, gradX, gradY).g) / 2.0 * noiseIntensity));
+				smoothstep(0.0, 1.0, (textureGrad(noise_volume_tex, position / noiseColorScale1, gradX, gradY).r + textureGrad(noise_volume_tex, position / noiseColorScale2, gradX, gradY).g) / 2.0 * noiseIntensity));
 #else
 			vec3 stepcolor_neb = nebulaColor;
 #endif
@@ -169,19 +184,19 @@ void main()
 			//From the current position in the volumetric cloud, sample towards the sun to test whether or not the current part of the nebula is bright or not
 			for(int dlstep = 1; dlstep <= directionalLightSampleSteps; dlstep++){
 				//TODO Sample these in a cone towards the sun, not just a line. Also add the high-distance sample for concave nebulae
-				vec3 dlsteppos = (position - globalLightDirection * (dlstep * directionalLightStepSize)) / nebSize + 0.5;
-				float dlstepalpha = textureGrad(volume_tex, dlsteppos, gradX, gradY).a * step(0, dlsteppos.x) * step(dlsteppos.x, 1) * step(0, dlsteppos.y) * step(dlsteppos.y, 1) * step(0, dlsteppos.z) * step(dlsteppos.z, 1);
+				vec3 dlsteppos = (position - globalLightDirection * (float(dlstep) * directionalLightStepSize)) / nebSize + 0.5;
+				float dlstepalpha = textureGrad(volume_tex, dlsteppos, gradX, gradY).a * step(0.0, dlsteppos.x) * step(dlsteppos.x, 1.0) * step(0.0, dlsteppos.y) * step(dlsteppos.y, 1.0) * step(0.0, dlsteppos.z) * step(dlsteppos.z, 1.0);
 				directionalLightDepth += dlstepalpha * directionalLightStep;
 			}
-			stepcolor_diffuse *= beer_powder_norm * (1 - exp(-directionalLightDepth * 2.0)) * exp(-directionalLightDepth);
+			stepcolor_diffuse *= beer_powder_norm * (1.0 - exp(-directionalLightDepth * 2.0)) * exp(-directionalLightDepth);

 			//Emissive
 			cumnebdist += stepcolor_alpha * stepsize_current;
-			vec3 emissive_lod = textureLod(emissive, fragTexCoord.xy, clamp(cumnebdist * emissiveSpreadFactor, 0, float(textureQueryLevels(emissive) - 1))).rgb;
-			vec3 stepcolor_emissive = clamp(emissive_lod.rgb * pow(alphalim, 1.0 / (opacitydistance / ((fragDepth - stept) * emissiveFalloff + 0.01))) * emissiveIntensity, 0, 1);
+			vec3 emissive_lod = textureLod(emissive, fragTexCoord.xy, clamp(cumnebdist * emissiveSpreadFactor, 0.0, maxEmissiveLod)).rgb;
+			vec3 stepcolor_emissive = clamp(emissive_lod.rgb * pow(alphalim, 1.0 / (opacitydistance / ((fragDepth - stept) * emissiveFalloff + 0.01))) * emissiveIntensity, 0.0, 1.0);

 			//Step finish
-			vec3 stepcolor = clamp(stepcolor_diffuse + stepcolor_emissive, 0, 1);
+			vec3 stepcolor = clamp(stepcolor_diffuse + stepcolor_emissive, 0.0, 1.0);
 			cumcolor += stepalpha * cumOMAlpha * stepcolor;
 		}

@@ -28,6 +28,23 @@ protected:
 			return FALSE;
 		
 		m_library = SDL_LoadObject(externlib);
+		
+#ifdef __ANDROID__
+		if (m_library == NULL) {
+			auto android_path = SDL_GetAndroidInternalStoragePath();
+			if (android_path != nullptr) {
+				SCP_string android_full_path = android_path;
+				if (android_full_path.back() != DIR_SEPARATOR_CHAR) {
+					android_full_path += DIR_SEPARATOR_CHAR;
+				}
+				android_full_path += SCP_string("natives") + DIR_SEPARATOR_CHAR + externlib;
+				#ifndef NDEBUG
+					mprintf(("Calling SDL_LoadObject with the following path: '%s'\n", android_full_path.c_str()));
+				#endif
+				m_library = SDL_LoadObject(android_full_path.c_str());
+			}
+		}
+#endif

 		// check full path as a fallback for our own libraries
 		// NOTE: basePath is assumed to have a trailing slash!
@@ -289,7 +289,11 @@ GraphicsAPI gr_get_configured_render_api()

 #endif

+#ifndef __ANDROID__
 os::ViewportState Gr_configured_window_state = os::ViewportState::Fullscreen;
+#else
+os::ViewportState Gr_configured_window_state = os::ViewportState::Borderless;
+#endif

 static bool mode_change_func(os::ViewportState state, bool initial)
 {
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #define GL_CLAMP_VERTEX_COLOR					0x891A
 #define GL_CLAMP_FRAGMENT_COLOR					0x891B
 #define GL_FIXED_ONLY							0x891D
+#define GLAD_GL_ARB_shader_viewport_layer_array 0 // Disabled, no gl_layer in vertex shader //0x8DAE

 //Enums Redefinitions
 #define GL_CLIP_DISTANCE0						GL_CLIP_DISTANCE0_EXT // GL_EXT_clip_cull_distance
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@
 #define GLAD_GL_ARB_texture_storage				GL_TRUE // ES 3.2
 #define GLAD_GL_ARB_draw_buffers_blend			GL_TRUE // ES 3.2 (glBlendFunci and glBlendEquationi)
 #define GLAD_GL_ARB_vertex_attrib_binding		GL_TRUE // ES 3.1
+#define GL_DEPTH_CLAMP							GL_DEPTH_CLAMP_EXT

 //Functions Redefinitions
 #define glBlendFunciARB					glBlendFunci // ES 3.2
@@ -234,9 +236,7 @@ inline void glDrawBuffer(GLenum buf)
 	}
 }

-// does not exist on ES, ES uses layout(location=) directly on shader
-// Notes: 
-// -This function is not required to run.
+// ES uses layout(location = ) directly on shader
 #define glBindFragDataLocation(program, colorNumber, name) ((void)0)

 // glPolygonMode() is not supported on ES,  no wireframe, GL_FILL is default, GL_POINTS, and GL_LINES needs an alternative path
@@ -254,6 +254,7 @@ static inline void glQueryCounter(GLuint id, GLenum target)
 	#else
 		(void)id;
 	#endif
+		(void)target;
 }

 // glGetCompressedTexImage not present on GLES and no equivalent
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 #include <direct.h>
 #endif

-#if !defined __APPLE_CC__ && defined SCP_UNIX
+#if !defined __APPLE_CC__ && !defined __ANDROID__ && defined SCP_UNIX
 #include<glad/glad_glx.h>
 //Required because X defines none and always, which is used later
 #undef None
@@ -1394,7 +1394,7 @@ bool gr_opengl_init(std::unique_ptr<os::GraphicsOperations>&& graphicsOps)
 		Error(LOCATION, "Failed to load OpenGL!");
 	}

-#if !defined __APPLE_CC__ && defined SCP_UNIX
+#if !defined __APPLE_CC__ && !defined __ANDROID__ && defined SCP_UNIX
 	if (!gladLoadGLXLoader(GL_context->getLoaderFunction(), nullptr, 0)) {
 		Error(LOCATION, "Failed to load GLX!");
 	}
@@ -1453,7 +1453,9 @@ bool gr_opengl_init(std::unique_ptr<os::GraphicsOperations>&& graphicsOps)
 			"Deferred lightning is enabled in settings but the gpu does not support the minimum of 6 draw buffers. "
 			"This will result in rendering errors.");
 	}
-
+	
+	mprintf(("  Depth Clamp support : %s\n", GLAD_GL_EXT_depth_clamp ? NOX("YES") : NOX("NO")));
+	mprintf(("  HW Cull distance support : %s\n", GLAD_GL_EXT_clip_cull_distance ? NOX("YES") : NOX("NO")));
 	mprintf(("  Precompiled shaders support : %s\n", GLAD_GL_OES_get_program_binary ? NOX("YES") : NOX("NO")));
 	mprintf(("  Immutable buffer storage support : %s\n", GLAD_GL_EXT_buffer_storage ? NOX("YES") : NOX("NO")));
 	mprintf(("  BGRA8888 format support: %s\n", GLAD_GL_EXT_texture_format_BGRA8888 ? NOX("YES") : NOX("NO")));
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ bool gr_opengl_openxr_test_capabilities() {
 #ifdef WIN32
 bool gr_opengl_openxr_create_session() {
 	auto hdc = static_cast<HDC>(SDL_GetPointerProperty(SDL_GetWindowProperties(os::getSDLMainWindow()),
-													   SDL_PROP_WINDOW_WIN32_HWND_POINTER,
+													   SDL_PROP_WINDOW_WIN32_HDC_POINTER,
 													   nullptr));

 	XrGraphicsBindingOpenGLWin32KHR graphicsBinding{
@@ -178,10 +178,20 @@ static SCP_string opengl_shader_get_header(shader_type type_id, int flags, bool

 #ifndef USE_OPENGL_ES
 	sflags << "#version " << GLSL_version << " core\n";
+	if (GLSL_version < 330) {
+		sflags << "#extension GL_ARB_explicit_attrib_location : enable\n";
+	}
 #else
 	sflags << "#version " << GLSL_version << " es\n";
 #endif
 	sflags << "#define OPENGL\n";
+
+#ifdef USE_OPENGL_ES
+	if (!GLAD_GL_EXT_clip_cull_distance) {
+		sflags << "#define SDR_FLAG_SW_CLIP_FALLBACK\n";
+	}
+#endif
+
 	sflags << shader_get_shadow_cascade_defines();
 	sflags << shader_get_rt_shadow_light_limit_define();

@@ -360,6 +360,13 @@ GLboolean opengl_state::ClipDistance(GLint num, bool state)

 	GLboolean save_state = clipdistance_Status[num];

+#ifdef USE_OPENGL_ES
+	if (!GLAD_GL_EXT_clip_cull_distance) {
+		clipdistance_Status[num] = state;
+		return save_state;
+	}
+#endif
+
 	if (state != clipdistance_Status[num]) {
 		if (state) {
 			glEnable(GL_CLIP_DISTANCE0+num);
@@ -732,7 +732,13 @@ void gr_opengl_shadow_map_start(matrix4 *shadow_view_matrix, const matrix *light

 		glClear(GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

+#ifdef USE_OPENGL_ES
+		if (GLAD_GL_EXT_depth_clamp) {
+			glEnable(GL_DEPTH_CLAMP);
+		}
+#else
 		glEnable(GL_DEPTH_CLAMP);
+#endif

 		Glowpoint_override_save = Glowpoint_override;
 		Glowpoint_override = true;
@@ -753,7 +759,13 @@ void gr_opengl_shadow_map_end()
 {
 	gr_end_view_matrix();

+#ifdef USE_OPENGL_ES
+	if (GLAD_GL_EXT_depth_clamp) {
+		glDisable(GL_DEPTH_CLAMP);
+	}
+#else
 	glDisable(GL_DEPTH_CLAMP);
+#endif

 	gr_zbuffer_set(ZBUFFER_TYPE_FULL);
 	GL_state.PopFramebufferState();
@@ -1136,6 +1148,12 @@ void opengl_tnl_set_material_nanovg(nanovg_material* material_info) {
 void opengl_tnl_set_material_decal(decal_material* material_info) {
 	opengl_tnl_set_material(material_info, false);

+#ifdef USE_OPENGL_ES
+	// ES decal outputs use G-buffer locations instead of packed draw-buffer indices.
+	GL_state.SetAlphaBlendModei(2, material_info->get_blend_mode(1));
+	GL_state.SetAlphaBlendModei(4, material_info->get_blend_mode(2));
+#endif
+
 	float u_scale, v_scale;
 	uint32_t array_index;

@@ -162,6 +162,19 @@ static ShaderVariantInfo SHADER_VARIANTS[] = {
 	{SDR_TYPE_SHADOW_MAP_GEN, true, SDR_FLAG_SHADOW_FALLBACK, "GEOMETRY_FALLBACK", {}, "Use a geometry shader to select the cascade layer instead of writing gl_Layer from the vertex shader"}
 };

+static_assert(VATTRIB_MODEL_MATRIX + 4 <= 32, "vertex input mask is 32 bits wide");
+
+uint32_t shader_vertex_input_mask(const ShaderTypeInfo& info)
+{
+	uint32_t mask = 0;
+	for (auto attr : info.attributes) {
+		// The Vulkan pipeline drops every location the mask omits, so a mat4 needs all four of its bits.
+		const uint32_t locations = (attr == VATTRIB_MODEL_MATRIX) ? 4u : 1u;
+		mask |= ((1u << locations) - 1u) << attr;
+	}
+	return mask;
+}
+
 const ShaderTypeInfo* shader_get_type_info(shader_type type)
 {
 	for (auto & i : SHADER_TYPES) {
@@ -55,6 +55,14 @@ const ShaderTypeInfo* shader_get_type_info(shader_type type);
 // Lookup helper: find variant info by (type, flag). Returns nullptr if not found.
 const ShaderVariantInfo* shader_get_variant_info(shader_type type, int flag);

+/**
+ * @brief Bitmask of the vertex attribute locations a shader type reads.
+ *
+ * One bit per location; VATTRIB_MODEL_MATRIX contributes bits 8-11 because a
+ * mat4 input occupies four consecutive locations.
+ */
+uint32_t shader_vertex_input_mask(const ShaderTypeInfo& info);
+
 // Iterate all variants matching type whose flag bit is set in flags.
 void shader_for_each_active_variant(shader_type type, unsigned int flags, const std::function<void(const ShaderVariantInfo&)>& fn);

@@ -959,6 +959,7 @@ void vulkan_render_decals(decal_material* material_info,
 	// Build pipeline config for decal rendering
 	PipelineConfig config;
 	config.shaderType = SDR_TYPE_DECAL;
+	config.shaderFlags = material_info->get_shader_flags();
 	config.primitiveType = prim_type;
 	config.depthMode = material_info->get_depth_mode();
 	config.depthWriteEnabled = false;
@@ -748,7 +748,7 @@ void VulkanDrawManager::renderShadowDraw(gr_buffer_handle ubo_handle, size_t ubo
 	}

 	stateTracker->bindPipeline(pipeline, pipelineManager->getPipelineLayout());
-	stateTracker->setDepthBias(-1024.0f, 0.0f);
+	stateTracker->setDepthBias(1024.0f, 1.0f); // GL shadow pass: gr_zbias(-1024) = polygon offset factor 1, units 1024

 	// Bind descriptor sets: shadowMapData (per-draw) and shadowCascadeParams
 	// (bound separately, per-frame, via shadow_cascade_params_bind) both live in
@@ -1283,6 +1283,7 @@ bool VulkanDrawManager::applyMaterial(material* mat, primitive_type prim_type, v

 	// Like opengl_tnl_set_material(), every material draw sets the texture addressing (e.g. MR_FORCE_CLAMP skyboxes)
 	setTextureAddressing(mat->get_texture_addressing());
+	vulkan_zbias(mat->get_depth_bias());

 	// Build pipeline configuration from material
 	PipelineConfig config = buildPipelineConfig(mat, prim_type);
@@ -1483,9 +1484,6 @@ bool VulkanDrawManager::applyMaterial(material* mat, primitive_type prim_type, v
 		stateTracker->setStencilMode(GR_STENCIL_NONE);
 	}

-	// Set depth bias if needed
-	stateTracker->setDepthBias(static_cast<float>(mat->get_depth_bias()), 0.0f);
-
 	return true;
 }

@@ -1543,7 +1541,7 @@ void VulkanDrawManager::draw(primitive_type prim_type, int first_vertex, int ver
 	m_frameStats.totalVertices += vertex_count;

 	// Flush any dirty dynamic state (viewport, scissor, depth bias, stencil ref)
-	// before issuing the draw command. applyMaterial sets these AFTER bindPipeline,
+	// before issuing the draw command. applyMaterial sets some of these AFTER bindPipeline,
 	// so they may be dirty even when the pipeline didn't change.
 	stateTracker->applyDynamicState();

@@ -98,8 +98,7 @@ void vulkan_set_default_material_uniforms(material* material_info)
 		                              (clip_plane.normal.xyz.y * clip_plane.position.xyz.y) +
 		                              (clip_plane.normal.xyz.z * clip_plane.position.xyz.z));

-		// Model matrix (identity for now, material doesn't provide one)
-		vm_matrix4_set_identity(&data->modelMatrix);
+		data->modelMatrix = gr_model_matrix_stack.get_transform();
 	} else {
 		data->clipEnabled = 0;
 		vm_matrix4_set_identity(&data->modelMatrix);
@@ -613,6 +612,9 @@ void vulkan_calculate_irrmap()
 	}

 	// Get envmap cubemap view
+	if (!texManager->ensureCubemapUploaded(ENVMAP)) {
+		return;
+	}
 	auto* envSlot = bm_get_slot(ENVMAP, true);
 	if (!envSlot || !envSlot->gr_info) {
 		return;
@@ -638,9 +640,6 @@ void vulkan_calculate_irrmap()

 	vk::CommandBuffer cmd = stateTracker->getCommandBuffer();

-	// End the current swap chain render pass
-	cmd.endRenderPass();
-
 	// Create pipeline for irradiance map generation
 	PipelineConfig config;
 	config.shaderType = SDR_TYPE_IRRADIANCE_MAP_GEN;
@@ -711,6 +710,9 @@ void vulkan_calculate_irrmap()

 	vk::Extent2D irrExtent(irrTs->width, irrTs->height);

+	// End the swap chain pass only after the early returns above, which never resume it
+	cmd.endRenderPass();
+
 	for (size_t face = 0; face < irrTs->cubeFaceFramebuffers.size(); face++) {
 		vk::Framebuffer fb = irrTs->cubeFaceFramebuffers[face];
 		if (!fb) {
@@ -761,7 +763,8 @@ void vulkan_calculate_irrmap()
 		writer.writeSet(materialSet, VulkanDescriptorManager::getSetTemplate(DescriptorSetIndex::Material));
 		{
 			std::array<vk::DescriptorImageInfo, VulkanDescriptorManager::MAX_TEXTURE_BINDINGS> texImages;
-			texImages.fill(descManager->getFallbacks().texture2D);
+			// irrmap-f.sdr declares this binding as samplerCube, so every element needs a cube view
+			texImages.fill(descManager->getFallbacks().textureCube);
 			texImages[0].imageView = envmapView;
 			writer.setImageArray(MaterialBinding::TextureArray, texImages);
 		}
@@ -121,6 +121,12 @@ public:
 	 */
 	vk::Pipeline getPipeline(const PipelineConfig& config, const vertex_layout& vertexLayout);

+	/**
+	 * @brief Destroy all cached pipelines; later getPipeline calls build them again
+	 * @note No submitted or recording command buffer may still use them
+	 */
+	void forgetAllPipelines() { m_pipelines.clear(); }
+
 	/**
 	 * @brief Get the common pipeline layout
 	 *
@@ -272,8 +272,7 @@ vk::DescriptorImageInfo VulkanDistortion::getTextureInfo() const
 	// Distortion_texture[!Distortion_switch] binding for thrusters).
 	// After update() toggles the switch, m_switch points to the old read
 	// source, which is the texture that was just written.
-	return {m_ctx->linearSampler, m_tex[m_switch].view,
-	        vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal};
+	return {m_sampler, m_tex[m_switch].view, vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal};
 }

 } // namespace graphics::vulkan
@@ -531,6 +531,9 @@ void VulkanLDR::executeLightshafts(vk::CommandBuffer cmd)
 		if (dot > 0.7f) {
 			sun_x = asinf_safe(vm_vec_dot(&light_dir, &Eye_matrix.vec.rvec)) / PI * 1.5f + 0.5f;
 			sun_y = asinf_safe(vm_vec_dot(&light_dir, &Eye_matrix.vec.uvec)) / PI * 1.5f * gr_screen.clip_aspect + 0.5f;
+			// The formula above is OpenGL's, whose texture V grows upward. The Vulkan fullscreen triangle in
+			// post-v.sdr has V = 0 at the top of the screen, so flip to the space ls-f.sdr's fragTexCoord is in.
+			sun_y = 1.0f - sun_y;
 			found = true;
 			break;
 		}
@@ -486,6 +486,7 @@ void VulkanDeferredLighting::render(vk::CommandBuffer cmd)
 	tcache_slot_vulkan* envMapSlot = nullptr;
 	tcache_slot_vulkan* irrMapSlot = nullptr;
 	if (envMapAvailable) {
+		texMgr->ensureCubemapUploaded(ENVMAP);
 		envMapSlot = texMgr->getTextureSlot(ENVMAP);
 		if (!envMapSlot || !envMapSlot->imageView || !envMapSlot->isCubemap) {
 			envMapAvailable = false;
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #include "VulkanRaytracing.h"

+#include "VulkanDeletionQueue.h"
+
 namespace graphics::vulkan {

 namespace {
@@ -222,17 +224,36 @@ uint64_t VulkanRaytracingManager::makeKey(int pm_id, int submodel_num)

 void VulkanRaytracingManager::destroyBlasEntry(BlasEntry& entry)
 {
-	entry.accelStruct.reset();
+	// TLASes in frames still in flight hold this BLAS's device address, so defer like ensureTlasCapacity does
+	if (entry.accelStruct) {
+		getDeletionQueue()->queueAccelerationStructure(entry.accelStruct.release());
+	}

 	if (entry.buffer) {
-		m_device.destroyBuffer(entry.buffer);
+		getDeletionQueue()->queueBuffer(entry.buffer, entry.allocation);
 		entry.buffer = nullptr;
-	}
-	if (entry.allocation.isValid()) {
+		entry.allocation = VulkanAllocation();
+	} else if (entry.allocation.isValid()) {
 		m_memoryManager->freeAllocation(entry.allocation);
 	}
 }

+void VulkanRaytracingManager::retireBuiltTlases()
+{
+	// a built TLAS may still point at a retired BLAS, and screens that never rebuild the TLAS would keep binding it
+	for (auto& frame : m_frameTlas) {
+		if (frame.tlas) {
+			getDeletionQueue()->queueAccelerationStructure(frame.tlas.release());
+		}
+		if (frame.tlasBuffer) {
+			getDeletionQueue()->queueBuffer(frame.tlasBuffer, frame.tlasAllocation);
+			frame.tlasBuffer = nullptr;
+			frame.tlasAllocation = VulkanAllocation();
+		}
+		frame.tlasCapacity = 0;
+	}
+}
+
 vk::CommandBuffer VulkanRaytracingManager::beginSingleTimeCommands()
 {
 	vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo;
@@ -93,8 +93,9 @@ public:
 	/**
 	 * @brief Purge all cached BLASes for a model and free their GPU resources.
 	 * Called from model_unload()/model_free_all() before the model is destroyed.
+	 * @return true if any BLAS was retired (the shadow TLAS binding must then be refreshed)
 	 */
-	void onModelUnloaded(int pm_id);
+	bool onModelUnloaded(int pm_id);

 	/**
 	 * @brief Rebuild the top-level acceleration structure for this frame from
@@ -172,6 +173,7 @@ private:
 	const BlasEntry* getOrBuildBlasEntry(int pm_id, int submodel_num);

 	void destroyBlasEntry(BlasEntry& entry);
+	void retireBuiltTlases();

 	bool createRawBuffer(vk::DeviceSize size,
 		vk::BufferUsageFlags usage,
@@ -182,6 +182,7 @@ const VulkanRaytracingManager::BlasEntry* VulkanRaytracingManager::getOrBuildBla
 		// address) -- destroy and fall through to rebuild.
 		destroyBlasEntry(it->second);
 		m_blasCache.erase(it);
+		retireBuiltTlases();
 	}

 	BlasEntry entry;
@@ -236,20 +237,27 @@ void VulkanRaytracingManager::onModelLoaded(int pm_id)
 	}
 }

-void VulkanRaytracingManager::onModelUnloaded(int pm_id)
+bool VulkanRaytracingManager::onModelUnloaded(int pm_id)
 {
 	if (!m_enabled) {
-		return;
+		return false;
 	}

+	bool retired = false;
 	for (auto it = m_blasCache.begin(); it != m_blasCache.end();) {
 		if (static_cast<int>(it->first >> 32) == pm_id) {
 			destroyBlasEntry(it->second);
 			it = m_blasCache.erase(it);
+			retired = true;
 		} else {
 			++it;
 		}
 	}
+
+	if (retired) {
+		retireBuiltTlases();
+	}
+	return retired;
 }

 } // namespace graphics::vulkan
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ VulkanRenderFrame::VulkanRenderFrame(vk::Device device, vk::SwapchainKHR swapCha
 	constexpr vk::FenceCreateInfo fenceCreateInfo;

 	m_imageAvailableSemaphore = device.createSemaphoreUnique(semaphoreCreateInfo);
-	m_renderingFinishedSemaphore = device.createSemaphoreUnique(semaphoreCreateInfo);
 	m_frameInFlightFence = device.createFenceUnique(fenceCreateInfo);
 }
 bool VulkanRenderFrame::waitForFinish(uint64_t timeoutNs)
@@ -82,7 +81,8 @@ SwapChainStatus VulkanRenderFrame::acquireSwapchainImage(uint32_t& outImageIndex
 	}
 	return SwapChainStatus::eSuccess;
 }
-SwapChainStatus VulkanRenderFrame::submitAndPresent(const SCP_vector<vk::CommandBuffer>& cmdBuffers)
+SwapChainStatus VulkanRenderFrame::submitAndPresent(const SCP_vector<vk::CommandBuffer>& cmdBuffers,
+	vk::Semaphore renderingFinished)
 {
 	Assertion(!m_inFlight, "Cannot submit a frame for presentation when it is still in flight.");

@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ SwapChainStatus VulkanRenderFrame::submitAndPresent(const SCP_vector<vk::Command
 	submitInfo.commandBufferCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(cmdBuffers.size());
 	submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = cmdBuffers.data();

-	const std::array<vk::Semaphore, 1> signalSemaphores = {m_renderingFinishedSemaphore.get()};
+	const std::array<vk::Semaphore, 1> signalSemaphores = {renderingFinished};
 	submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
 	submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = signalSemaphores.data();

@@ -147,7 +147,6 @@ void VulkanRenderFrame::recreateSyncObjects()

 	constexpr vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreCreateInfo;
 	m_imageAvailableSemaphore = m_device.createSemaphoreUnique(semaphoreCreateInfo);
-	m_renderingFinishedSemaphore = m_device.createSemaphoreUnique(semaphoreCreateInfo);
 }

 } // namespace graphics::vulkan
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class VulkanRenderFrame {

 	void onFrameFinished(std::function<void()> finishFunc);

-	SwapChainStatus submitAndPresent(const SCP_vector<vk::CommandBuffer>& cmdBuffers);
+	SwapChainStatus submitAndPresent(const SCP_vector<vk::CommandBuffer>& cmdBuffers, vk::Semaphore renderingFinished);

 	void updateSwapChain(vk::SwapchainKHR swapChain);

@@ -50,7 +50,6 @@ class VulkanRenderFrame {
 	vk::Queue m_presentQueue;

 	vk::UniqueSemaphore m_imageAvailableSemaphore;
-	vk::UniqueSemaphore m_renderingFinishedSemaphore;
 	vk::UniqueFence m_frameInFlightFence;
 	SCP_vector<std::function<void()>> m_frameFinishedCallbacks;

@@ -430,6 +430,15 @@ void VulkanRenderer::createPresentSyncObjects()
 	}

 	m_swapChainImageRenderImage.resize(m_swapChainImages.size(), nullptr);
+	createRenderingFinishedSemaphores();
+}
+void VulkanRenderer::createRenderingFinishedSemaphores()
+{
+	constexpr vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreCreateInfo;
+	m_renderingFinishedSemaphores.clear();
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < m_swapChainImages.size(); ++i) {
+		m_renderingFinishedSemaphores.push_back(m_device->createSemaphoreUnique(semaphoreCreateInfo));
+	}
 }

 bool VulkanRenderer::readbackFramebuffer(ubyte** outPixels, uint32_t* outWidth, uint32_t* outHeight)
@@ -95,6 +95,12 @@ class VulkanRenderer {
 	 */
 	void setupFrame();

+	/**
+	 * @brief Drop every cached pipeline at the start of the next frame; each is rebuilt on its next use
+	 * Called after the shaders are recompiled, since a pipeline keeps the shader code it was built from
+	 */
+	void requestPipelineRebuild() { m_pipelinesStale = true; }
+
 	/**
 	 * @brief End frame - ends render pass, submits, and presents
 	 * Called at the END of each frame after all draw calls
@@ -451,10 +457,12 @@ class VulkanRenderer {
 	void createCommandPool(const PhysicalDeviceValues& values);

 	void createPresentSyncObjects();
+	void createRenderingFinishedSemaphores();

 	void acquireNextSwapChainImage();

 	bool recreateSwapChain();
+	bool shouldRecreateSwapChain(SwapChainStatus status) const;

 	void createImGuiDescriptorPool();
 	void initImGui();
@@ -479,6 +487,7 @@ class VulkanRenderer {
 	bool m_hdrActive = false;            // True when an HDR10 (PQ/BT.2020) swap chain was negotiated
 	bool m_hdrMetadataSupported = false; // VK_EXT_hdr_metadata device extension enabled
 	vk::Extent2D m_swapChainExtent;
+	vk::SurfaceTransformFlagBitsKHR m_swapChainPreTransform = vk::SurfaceTransformFlagBitsKHR::eIdentity;
 	// The resolution the engine draws at (gr_screen.max_w/max_h), which is not
 	// always the window size: when Cmdline_window_res is set,
 	// SDLGraphicsOperations::createViewport sizes the window from that instead,
@@ -491,6 +500,8 @@ class VulkanRenderer {
 	SCP_vector<vk::UniqueImageView> m_swapChainImageViews;
 	SCP_vector<vk::UniqueFramebuffer> m_swapChainFramebuffers;
 	SCP_vector<VulkanRenderFrame*> m_swapChainImageRenderImage;
+	// per image, not per frame: a frame's fence does not tell us when present has consumed the semaphore
+	SCP_vector<vk::UniqueSemaphore> m_renderingFinishedSemaphores;

 	// HDR composition pipeline: the whole frame is rendered into these fp16
 	// images (via m_renderPass / m_swapChainFramebuffers) instead of directly
@@ -528,6 +539,7 @@ class VulkanRenderer {
 	vk::CommandBuffer m_currentCommandBuffer;
 	SCP_vector<vk::CommandBuffer> m_currentCommandBuffers;  // For cleanup
 	bool m_frameInProgress = false;
+	bool m_pipelinesStale = false;

 	// Swap chain recreation
 	bool m_swapChainNeedsRecreation = false;
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ void VulkanRenderer::acquireNextSwapChainImage()
 			MAX_ACQUIRE_ATTEMPTS);
 	}

-	if (status == SwapChainStatus::eSuboptimal) {
+	if (shouldRecreateSwapChain(status)) {
 		m_swapChainNeedsRecreation = true;
 	}

@@ -101,6 +101,14 @@ void VulkanRenderer::setupFrame()
 		return;
 	}

+	// before recording: the recompile can run mid-frame, while the frame being recorded still holds old pipelines
+	if (m_pipelinesStale) {
+		mprintf(("Vulkan: shaders were recompiled, rebuilding pipelines\n"));
+		m_device->waitIdle();
+		m_pipelineManager->forgetAllPipelines();
+		m_pipelinesStale = false;
+	}
+
 	// Free completed texture upload command buffers
 	Assertion(m_textureManager, "Vulkan TextureManager not initialized in setupFrame!");
 	m_textureManager->frameStart();
@@ -218,9 +226,10 @@ void VulkanRenderer::flip()
 	});

 	// Submit and present
-	auto presentStatus = m_frames[m_currentFrame]->submitAndPresent(m_currentCommandBuffers);
+	auto presentStatus = m_frames[m_currentFrame]->submitAndPresent(m_currentCommandBuffers,
+		m_renderingFinishedSemaphores[m_currentSwapChainImage].get());

-	if (presentStatus == SwapChainStatus::eSuboptimal || presentStatus == SwapChainStatus::eOutOfDate) {
+	if (shouldRecreateSwapChain(presentStatus)) {
 		m_swapChainNeedsRecreation = true;
 	}

@@ -326,17 +326,17 @@ vk::Extent2D windowExtent()
 	return {static_cast<uint32_t>(gr_screen.max_w), static_cast<uint32_t>(gr_screen.max_h)};
 }

-vk::Extent2D chooseSwapChainExtent(const PhysicalDeviceValues& values, uint32_t width, uint32_t height)
+vk::Extent2D chooseSwapChainExtent(const vk::SurfaceCapabilitiesKHR& capabilities, uint32_t width, uint32_t height)
 {
-	if (values.surfaceCapabilities.currentExtent.width != UINT32_MAX) {
-		return values.surfaceCapabilities.currentExtent;
+	if (capabilities.currentExtent.width != UINT32_MAX) {
+		return capabilities.currentExtent;
 	} else {
 		VkExtent2D actualExtent = {width, height};

-		actualExtent.width = std::max(values.surfaceCapabilities.minImageExtent.width,
-			std::min(values.surfaceCapabilities.maxImageExtent.width, actualExtent.width));
-		actualExtent.height = std::max(values.surfaceCapabilities.minImageExtent.height,
-			std::min(values.surfaceCapabilities.maxImageExtent.height, actualExtent.height));
+		actualExtent.width = std::max(capabilities.minImageExtent.width,
+			std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.width, actualExtent.width));
+		actualExtent.height = std::max(capabilities.minImageExtent.height,
+			std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.height, actualExtent.height));

 		return actualExtent;
 	}
@@ -459,8 +459,11 @@ bool VulkanRenderer::initialize()
 	setTextureManager(m_textureManager.get());

 	// Initialize shader manager
+	if (m_deviceFeatures.shaderClipDistance != VK_TRUE) {
+		mprintf(("Vulkan: HW clip distance not supported, using software clip distance fallback\n"));
+	}
 	m_shaderManager = std::make_unique<VulkanShaderManager>();
-	if (!m_shaderManager->init(m_device.get())) {
+	if (!m_shaderManager->init(m_device.get(), m_deviceFeatures.shaderClipDistance == VK_TRUE)) {
 		nprintf(("vulkan", "Failed to initialize Vulkan shader manager!\n"));
 		return false;
 	}
@@ -1012,6 +1015,7 @@ bool VulkanRenderer::createLogicalDevice(const PhysicalDeviceValues& deviceValue
 	enabledFeatures.fillModeNonSolid     = supportedFeatures.fillModeNonSolid;     // wireframe (GR_FILL_MODE_WIRE -> vk::PolygonMode::eLine)
 	enabledFeatures.shaderClipDistance   = supportedFeatures.shaderClipDistance;   // gl_ClipDistance[] in main / shadow-map / default-material vertex shaders
 	enabledFeatures.textureCompressionBC = supportedFeatures.textureCompressionBC; // BC/DXT texture formats (optional; usage gated by isTextureCompressionBCSupported)
+	enabledFeatures.textureCompressionETC2 = supportedFeatures.textureCompressionETC2; // ETC2/EAC texture formats (optional)
 	enabledFeatures.depthClamp           = supportedFeatures.depthClamp;           // clamp depth in the shadow pass (optional; when absent, CAPABILITY_SHADOWS reports false and shadows are disabled)

 	vk::PhysicalDeviceAccelerationStructureFeaturesKHR accelStructFeatures;
@@ -1109,7 +1113,7 @@ bool VulkanRenderer::createSwapChain(const PhysicalDeviceValues& deviceValues, v
 	createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount;
 	createInfo.imageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
 	createInfo.imageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.colorSpace;
-	createInfo.imageExtent = chooseSwapChainExtent(deviceValues, window.width, window.height);
+	createInfo.imageExtent = chooseSwapChainExtent(deviceValues.surfaceCapabilities, window.width, window.height);
 	createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1;
 	createInfo.imageUsage = vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eColorAttachment
 	                      | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc
@@ -1124,7 +1128,19 @@ bool VulkanRenderer::createSwapChain(const PhysicalDeviceValues& deviceValues, v
 		createInfo.imageSharingMode = vk::SharingMode::eExclusive;
 	}

-	createInfo.preTransform = deviceValues.surfaceCapabilities.currentTransform;
+	// preTransform describes the transform already applied to the rendered content.
+	// FSO does not pre-rotate it, so request identity whenever supported. If this
+	// differs from currentTransform (e.g. landscape on an Android phone), the
+	// presentation engine compensates during presentation. Passing currentTransform
+	// instead would claim that FSO had already performed that rotation.
+	auto supported = deviceValues.surfaceCapabilities.supportedTransforms;
+	if (supported & vk::SurfaceTransformFlagBitsKHR::eIdentity) {
+		createInfo.preTransform = vk::SurfaceTransformFlagBitsKHR::eIdentity;
+	}
+	else {
+		createInfo.preTransform = deviceValues.surfaceCapabilities.currentTransform;
+	}
+	
 	createInfo.compositeAlpha = vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eOpaque;
 	createInfo.presentMode = choosePresentMode(deviceValues);
 	createInfo.clipped = true;
@@ -1145,6 +1161,7 @@ bool VulkanRenderer::createSwapChain(const PhysicalDeviceValues& deviceValues, v
 	m_hdrActive = (surfaceFormat.colorSpace == vk::ColorSpaceKHR::eHdr10St2084EXT);
 	Gr_hdr_output_active = m_hdrActive;
 	m_swapChainExtent = createInfo.imageExtent;
+	m_swapChainPreTransform = createInfo.preTransform;

 	// Without -window_res the render resolution simply is the window, so follow
 	// gr_screen (which gr_screen_resize() has already updated for this
@@ -1206,6 +1223,42 @@ bool VulkanRenderer::createSwapChain(const PhysicalDeviceValues& deviceValues, v
 	return true;
 }

+bool VulkanRenderer::shouldRecreateSwapChain(SwapChainStatus status) const
+{
+	// An already requested rebuild also avoids redundant Android surface queries.
+	if (m_swapChainNeedsRecreation || status == SwapChainStatus::eOutOfDate) {
+		return true;
+	}
+	if (status != SwapChainStatus::eSuboptimal) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+#ifdef __ANDROID__
+	if (m_swapChainPreTransform == vk::SurfaceTransformFlagBitsKHR::eIdentity) {
+		vk::SurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities;
+		try {
+			capabilities = m_physicalDevice.getSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(m_vkSurface.get());
+		} catch (const vk::SystemError&) {
+			// Let the normal recreation path handle a failed surface query.
+			return true;
+		}
+		if (capabilities.currentTransform != m_swapChainPreTransform &&
+			(capabilities.supportedTransforms & m_swapChainPreTransform)) {
+			const auto window = windowExtent();
+			const auto extent = chooseSwapChainExtent(capabilities, window.width, window.height);
+			if (extent == m_swapChainExtent) {
+				// Android can report SUBOPTIMAL on every present while the compositor
+				// compensates for our identity preTransform. Rebuilding with the same
+				// extent and preTransform would just repeat that condition next frame.
+				return false;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+#endif
+
+	return true;
+}
+
 bool VulkanRenderer::recreateSwapChain()
 {
 	nprintf(("vulkan", "Vulkan: Recreating swap chain...\n"));
@@ -1229,7 +1282,7 @@ bool VulkanRenderer::recreateSwapChain()

 	// Check for 0x0 extent (minimized window) — caller should retry later
 	const vk::Extent2D window = windowExtent();
-	auto extent = chooseSwapChainExtent(freshValues, window.width, window.height);
+	auto extent = chooseSwapChainExtent(freshValues.surfaceCapabilities, window.width, window.height);
 	if (extent.width == 0 || extent.height == 0) {
 		nprintf(("vulkan", "Vulkan: Surface extent is 0x0 (minimized), deferring swap chain recreation\n"));
 		return false;
@@ -1290,6 +1343,7 @@ bool VulkanRenderer::recreateSwapChain()
 	// Reset swap chain image tracking
 	m_swapChainImageRenderImage.clear();
 	m_swapChainImageRenderImage.resize(m_swapChainImages.size(), nullptr);
+	createRenderingFinishedSemaphores();
 	m_previousSwapChainImage = UINT32_MAX;

 	m_swapChainNeedsRecreation = false;
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #include "VulkanShader.h"
 #include "VulkanShaderCompiler.h"
+#include "VulkanRenderer.h"
+#include "gr_vulkan.h"

 namespace graphics::vulkan {

@@ -29,12 +31,13 @@ void vulkan_recompile_all_shaders(const std::function<void(size_t, size_t)>& pro
 {
 	auto* shaderManager = getShaderManager();
 	shaderManager->recompileAllShaders(progressCallback);
+	getRendererInstance()->requestPipelineRebuild();
 }

 VulkanShaderManager::VulkanShaderManager() = default;
 VulkanShaderManager::~VulkanShaderManager() = default;

-bool VulkanShaderManager::init(vk::Device device)
+bool VulkanShaderManager::init(vk::Device device, bool hwClipDistance)
 {
 	if (m_initialized) {
 		return true;
@@ -44,7 +47,7 @@ bool VulkanShaderManager::init(vk::Device device)

 	// Initialize runtime shader compiler
 	m_compiler = std::make_unique<VulkanShaderCompiler>();
-	if (!m_compiler->init()) {
+	if (!m_compiler->init(hwClipDistance)) {
 		nprintf(("vulkan", "VulkanShaderManager: Failed to initialize shader compiler!\n"));
 		return false;
 	}
@@ -127,10 +130,7 @@ void VulkanShaderManager::recompileAllShaders(const std::function<void(size_t, s
 						nprintf(("vulkan", "VulkanShaderManager: Failed to create vertex module: %s\n", e.what()));
 					}
 				}
-				shader.vertexInputMask = 0;
-				for (auto attr : typeInfo->attributes) {
-					shader.vertexInputMask |= (1u << attr);
-				}
+				shader.vertexInputMask = shader_vertex_input_mask(*typeInfo);

 				SCP_string fragFile = typeInfo->frag;
 				auto fragSpirv = m_compiler->compile(fragFile, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment, type, flags, requiresRaytracing);
@@ -146,13 +146,19 @@ void VulkanShaderManager::recompileAllShaders(const std::function<void(size_t, s
 				}

 				shader.valid = shader.vertexModule && shader.fragmentModule;
+				// the inactive anti-aliasing family cannot compile under the current mode, so build it again on next use
+				if (!shader.valid) {
+					m_shaderMap.erase(shader_key_t(static_cast<int>(type), flags));
+					m_freeSlots.push_back(static_cast<size_t>(&shader - m_shaders.data()));
+				}
 			}
 		}

-		++current;
+		// callers expect 0..total-1, like OpenGL; the retail options popup waits for current + 1 == total
 		if (progressCallback) {
 			progressCallback(current, total);
 		}
+		++current;
 	}

 	nprintf(("vulkan", "VulkanShaderManager: Recompiled %zu shaders\n", total));
@@ -216,10 +222,7 @@ int VulkanShaderManager::loadShader(shader_type type, unsigned int flags)
 				vertFile.c_str(), e.what()));
 		}
 	}
-	shader.vertexInputMask = 0;
-	for (auto attr : typeInfo->attributes) {
-		shader.vertexInputMask |= (1u << attr);
-	}
+	shader.vertexInputMask = shader_vertex_input_mask(*typeInfo);

 	// Compile fragment shader
 	SCP_string fragFile = typeInfo->frag;
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ public:
 	 * @param device Vulkan logical device
 	 * @return true on success
 	 */
-	bool init(vk::Device device);
+	bool init(vk::Device device, bool hwClipDistance);

 	/**
 	 * @brief Shutdown and release all shader modules
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include "globalincs/systemvars.h"
 #include "graphics/post_processing.h"

+#include <chrono>
 #include <md5.h>
 #include <shaderc/shaderc.h>

@@ -102,8 +103,9 @@ VulkanShadercLibrary::VulkanShadercLibrary()
 VulkanShaderCompiler::VulkanShaderCompiler() = default;
 VulkanShaderCompiler::~VulkanShaderCompiler() = default;

-bool VulkanShaderCompiler::init()
+bool VulkanShaderCompiler::init(bool hwClipDistance)
 {
+	m_hwClipDistance = hwClipDistance;
 	if (m_initialized) {
 		return true;
 	}
@@ -148,6 +150,13 @@ SCP_string VulkanShaderCompiler::buildHeader(vk::ShaderStageFlagBits /*stage*/,
 	// shaderc automatically predefines VULKAN=100 when targeting Vulkan,
 	// so we do NOT define it here — doing so causes a "Macro redefined" error.

+	// gl_ClipDistance[] requires the shaderClipDistance device feature. When the
+	// device supports it, use the hardware clip path, otherwise
+	// the shaders fall back to the vClipDist varying (software clipping).
+	if (!m_hwClipDistance) {
+		header += "#define SDR_FLAG_SW_CLIP_FALLBACK\n";
+	}
+
 	// Blinn-Phong lighting model (matches OpenGL's opengl_shader_get_header)
 	if (Detail.lighting < 3) {
 		header += "#define FLAG_LIGHT_MODEL_BLINN_PHONG\n";
@@ -206,6 +215,28 @@ SCP_string VulkanShaderCompiler::computeSourceHash(const SCP_string& header, con
 	return md5.hexdigest();
 }

+// rejects a cache file cut short by a crash or full disk: a complete module ends exactly on an OpFunctionEnd
+static bool isCompleteSpirv(const SCP_vector<uint32_t>& spirv)
+{
+	constexpr uint32_t SPIRV_MAGIC = 0x07230203;
+	constexpr size_t HEADER_WORDS = 5;
+	constexpr uint32_t OP_FUNCTION_END = 56;
+	if (spirv.size() < HEADER_WORDS || spirv[0] != SPIRV_MAGIC) {
+		return false;
+	}
+	size_t i = HEADER_WORDS;
+	uint32_t lastOpcode = 0;
+	while (i < spirv.size()) {
+		const uint32_t wordCount = spirv[i] >> 16;
+		if (wordCount == 0) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		lastOpcode = spirv[i] & 0xFFFF;
+		i += wordCount;
+	}
+	return i == spirv.size() && lastOpcode == OP_FUNCTION_END;
+}
+
 SCP_vector<uint32_t> VulkanShaderCompiler::compile(const SCP_string& filename,
                                                     vk::ShaderStageFlagBits stage,
                                                     shader_type sdrType,
@@ -241,10 +272,13 @@ SCP_vector<uint32_t> VulkanShaderCompiler::compile(const SCP_string& filename,
 		if (fileSize > 0 && (fileSize % 4) == 0) {
 			SCP_vector<uint32_t> spirv(fileSize / 4);
 			if (cfread(spirv.data(), 1, fileSize, cacheFile) == fileSize) {
-				cfclose(cacheFile);
-				nprintf(("vulkan", "VulkanShaderCompiler: Cache hit for %s (flags=0x%x)\n",
-				         filename.c_str(), flags));
-				return spirv;
+				if (isCompleteSpirv(spirv)) {
+					cfclose(cacheFile);
+					nprintf(("vulkan", "VulkanShaderCompiler: Cache hit for %s (flags=0x%x)\n",
+					         filename.c_str(), flags));
+					return spirv;
+				}
+				mprintf(("VulkanShaderCompiler: Ignoring incomplete cache file %s\n", cacheFilename.c_str()));
 			}
 		}
 		cfclose(cacheFile);
@@ -316,11 +350,29 @@ SCP_vector<uint32_t> VulkanShaderCompiler::compile(const SCP_string& filename,
 			nprintf(("vulkan", "VulkanShaderCompiler: Compiled %s -> %zu bytes SPIR-V\n",
 			         filename.c_str(), byteLen));

-			// Save to disk cache
-			cacheFile = cfopen(cacheFilename.c_str(), "wb", CF_TYPE_CACHE);
-			if (cacheFile != nullptr) {
-				cfwrite(spirv.data(), static_cast<int>(spirv.size() * sizeof(uint32_t)), 1, cacheFile);
-				cfclose(cacheFile);
+			// each writer renames its own temp file, so a game crash or a second game never leaves a truncated .spv
+			const SCP_string tmpFilename = "vk_shader-" + hash + "-" +
+			                               std::to_string(std::chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count()) +
+			                               ".tmp";
+			const bool complete = isCompleteSpirv(spirv);
+			cacheFile = complete ? cfopen(tmpFilename.c_str(), "wb", CF_TYPE_CACHE) : nullptr;
+			if (!complete) {
+				mprintf(("VulkanShaderCompiler: Not caching %s: compiled module fails the cache check\n",
+				         cacheFilename.c_str()));
+			} else if (cacheFile != nullptr) {
+				const bool written =
+					cfwrite(spirv.data(), static_cast<int>(spirv.size() * sizeof(uint32_t)), 1, cacheFile) == 1;
+				const bool closed = cfclose(cacheFile) == 0;
+				bool saved = false;
+				if (written && closed) {
+					// rename() on Windows fails if the target exists
+					cf_delete(cacheFilename.c_str(), CF_TYPE_CACHE);
+					saved = cf_rename(tmpFilename.c_str(), cacheFilename.c_str(), CF_TYPE_CACHE) == CF_RENAME_SUCCESS;
+				}
+				if (!saved) {
+					cf_delete(tmpFilename.c_str(), CF_TYPE_CACHE);
+					mprintf(("VulkanShaderCompiler: Could not write cache file %s\n", cacheFilename.c_str()));
+				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -337,26 +389,29 @@ void VulkanShaderCompiler::purgeOldCache()
 	const SCP_string PREFIX = "vk_shader-";
 	const auto TIMEOUT = 2.0 * 30.0 * 24.0 * 60.0 * 60.0; // ~2 months in seconds

-	SCP_vector<SCP_string> cache_files;
-	SCP_vector<file_list_info> file_info;
-	cf_get_file_list(cache_files, CF_TYPE_CACHE, "*.spv", CF_SORT_NONE, &file_info,
-	                 CF_LOCATION_ROOT_USER | CF_LOCATION_ROOT_GAME | CF_LOCATION_TYPE_ROOT);
-
-	Assertion(cache_files.size() == file_info.size(),
-	          "cf_get_file_list returned different sizes for file names and file informations!");
-
 	auto now = std::time(nullptr);
-	for (size_t i = 0; i < cache_files.size(); ++i) {
-		auto& name = cache_files[i];
+	for (const char* ext : {".spv", ".tmp"}) {
+		SCP_vector<SCP_string> cache_files;
+		SCP_vector<file_list_info> file_info;
+		const SCP_string filter = SCP_string("*") + ext;
+		cf_get_file_list(cache_files, CF_TYPE_CACHE, filter.c_str(), CF_SORT_NONE, &file_info,
+		                 CF_LOCATION_ROOT_USER | CF_LOCATION_ROOT_GAME | CF_LOCATION_TYPE_ROOT);

-		if (name.compare(0, PREFIX.size(), PREFIX) != 0) {
-			continue; // Not our cache file
-		}
+		Assertion(cache_files.size() == file_info.size(),
+		          "cf_get_file_list returned different sizes for file names and file informations!");

-		auto diff = std::difftime(now, file_info[i].write_time);
-		if (diff > TIMEOUT) {
-			auto full_name = name + ".spv";
-			cf_delete(full_name.c_str(), CF_TYPE_CACHE);
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < cache_files.size(); ++i) {
+			auto& name = cache_files[i];
+
+			if (name.compare(0, PREFIX.size(), PREFIX) != 0) {
+				continue; // Not our cache file
+			}
+
+			auto diff = std::difftime(now, file_info[i].write_time);
+			if (diff > TIMEOUT) {
+				auto full_name = name + ext;
+				cf_delete(full_name.c_str(), CF_TYPE_CACHE);
+			}
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ public:
 	VulkanShaderCompiler();
 	~VulkanShaderCompiler();

-	bool init();
+	bool init(bool hwClipDistance);
 	void shutdown();

 	/**
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ private:

 	std::unique_ptr<VulkanShadercLibrary> m_shaderc;
 	bool m_initialized = false;
+	bool m_hwClipDistance = false;
 };

 } // namespace graphics::vulkan
@@ -351,9 +351,9 @@ void vulkan_zbias(int bias)
 	if (bias) {
 		drawManager->setDepthBiasEnabled(true);
 		if (bias < 0) {
-			stateTracker->setDepthBias(1.0f, static_cast<float>(-bias));
+			stateTracker->setDepthBias(static_cast<float>(-bias), 1.0f);
 		} else {
-			stateTracker->setDepthBias(0.0f, static_cast<float>(-bias));
+			stateTracker->setDepthBias(static_cast<float>(-bias), 0.0f);
 		}
 	} else {
 		drawManager->setDepthBiasEnabled(false);
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ class VulkanStateTracker {
 	 *
 	 * Must be called before every draw command to ensure dirty dynamic state
 	 * (viewport, scissor, depth bias, stencil ref, line width) is flushed.
-	 * applyMaterial() sets depth bias/stencil AFTER bindPipeline(), so if
+	 * applyMaterial() sets the stencil reference AFTER bindPipeline(), so if
 	 * the pipeline didn't change, those changes would be lost without this.
 	 */
 	void applyDynamicState();
@@ -8,11 +8,13 @@
 #include "gr_vulkan.h"

 #include "graphics/util/pixel_swizzle.h"
+#include "bmpman/bm_internal.h"
 #include "bmpman/bmpman.h"
 #include "ddsutils/ddsutils.h"
 #include "ddsutils/bcdec.h"
 #include "globalincs/systemvars.h"
 #include "ktxutils/ktxutils.h"
+#include "ktxutils/etcdec.h"

 namespace graphics::vulkan {

@@ -820,15 +822,15 @@ bool VulkanTextureManager::uploadCubemap(int handle, bitmap* bm, int compType)
 		return false;
 	}

-	uint32_t mipLevels = 1;
 	size_t blockSize = 0;
-
 	if (isCompressed) {
 		blockSize = get_compressed_block_size(baseCompType);
-		mipLevels = static_cast<uint32_t>(bm_get_num_mipmaps(handle));
-		mipLevels = std::max<uint32_t>(mipLevels, 1);
 	}

+	// uncompressed DDS cubemaps also store every face's mip chain (face0[mips], face1[mips], ...)
+	auto mipLevels = static_cast<uint32_t>(bm_get_num_mipmaps(handle));
+	mipLevels = std::max<uint32_t>(mipLevels, 1);
+
 	// A cubemap is six array layers; each face has the same layout.
 	TextureUploadLayout layout;
 	layout.width = faceW;
@@ -841,6 +843,19 @@ bool VulkanTextureManager::uploadCubemap(int handle, bitmap* bm, int compType)
 	size_t perFaceSize = layerByteSize(layout);
 	size_t totalDataSize = perFaceSize * 6;

+	// OpenGL builds the chain for one-level cubemaps, and the env map is sampled at a roughness-based mip
+	uint32_t imageMipLevels = mipLevels;
+	bool generateMips = false;
+	if (!isCompressed && mipLevels == 1) {
+		const auto fmtProps = m_physicalDevice.getFormatProperties(format);
+		if ((fmtProps.optimalTilingFeatures & vk::FormatFeatureFlagBits::eSampledImageFilterLinear) &&
+			(fmtProps.optimalTilingFeatures & vk::FormatFeatureFlagBits::eBlitSrc) &&
+			(fmtProps.optimalTilingFeatures & vk::FormatFeatureFlagBits::eBlitDst)) {
+			imageMipLevels = calculateMipLevels(faceW, faceH);
+			generateMips = imageMipLevels > 1;
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Defer destruction of existing resources
 	if (ts->image) {
 		auto* deletionQueue = getDeletionQueue();
@@ -852,10 +867,14 @@ bool VulkanTextureManager::uploadCubemap(int handle, bitmap* bm, int compType)
 		ts->image = nullptr;
 		ts->allocation = VulkanAllocation{};
 	}
+	ts->isCubemap = false;

 	// Create cubemap image (6 layers, eCubeCompatible)
 	vk::ImageUsageFlags usage = vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled;
-	if (!createImage(faceW, faceH, mipLevels, format, vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal,
+	if (generateMips) {
+		usage |= vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc;
+	}
+	if (!createImage(faceW, faceH, imageMipLevels, format, vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal,
 	                 usage, MemoryUsage::GpuOnly, ts->image, ts->allocation, 6, true)) {
 		nprintf(("vulkan", "VulkanTexture: uploadCubemap: failed to create cubemap image\n"));
 		return false;
@@ -863,7 +882,7 @@ bool VulkanTextureManager::uploadCubemap(int handle, bitmap* bm, int compType)

 	// Create cubemap image view (samplerCube)
 	ts->imageView = createImageView(ts->image, format, vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
-	                                mipLevels, ImageViewType::Cube, 6);
+	                                imageMipLevels, ImageViewType::Cube, 6);
 	if (!ts->imageView) {
 		nprintf(("vulkan", "VulkanTexture: uploadCubemap: failed to create cube image view\n"));
 		m_device.destroyImage(ts->image);
@@ -888,15 +907,20 @@ bool VulkanTextureManager::uploadCubemap(int handle, bitmap* bm, int compType)
 	if (!mapped) {
 		m_memoryManager->freeAllocation(stagingAllocation);
 		m_device.destroyBuffer(stagingBuffer);
+		m_device.destroyImageView(ts->imageView);
+		ts->imageView = nullptr;
+		m_device.destroyImage(ts->image);
+		ts->image = nullptr;
+		m_memoryManager->freeAllocation(ts->allocation);
 		return false;
 	}

 	// Copy data to staging buffer
 	// DDS cubemap data layout: face0[mip0..mipN], face1[mip0..mipN], ..., face5[mip0..mipN]
 	if (!isCompressed && bm->bpp == 24) {
-		// Convert BGR to BGRA for all 6 faces
+		// Convert BGR to BGRA for all 6 faces and their mips
 		graphics::util::expand_BGR_to_BGRA(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(bm->data),
-			static_cast<uint8_t*>(mapped), static_cast<size_t>(faceW) * faceH * 6);
+			static_cast<uint8_t*>(mapped), (perFaceSize / 4) * 6);
 	} else {
 		memcpy(mapped, reinterpret_cast<const void*>(bm->data), totalDataSize);
 	}
@@ -913,15 +937,18 @@ bool VulkanTextureManager::uploadCubemap(int handle, bitmap* bm, int compType)

 	// Record transitions + copy and submit async
 	vk::CommandBuffer cmd = beginSingleTimeCommands();
+	if (generateMips) {
+		copyRegions.clear();
+	}
 	recordUploadCommands(cmd, ts->image, stagingBuffer, format, faceW, faceH,
-	                     mipLevels, vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined, false, copyRegions, 6);
+	                     imageMipLevels, vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined, generateMips, copyRegions, 6);
 	submitUploadAsync(cmd, stagingBuffer, stagingAllocation);

 	// Update slot info
 	ts->width = faceW;
 	ts->height = faceH;
 	ts->format = format;
-	ts->mipLevels = mipLevels;
+	ts->mipLevels = imageMipLevels;
 	ts->bpp = bm->bpp;
 	ts->arrayLayers = 6;
 	ts->bitmapHandle = handle;
@@ -932,7 +959,7 @@ bool VulkanTextureManager::uploadCubemap(int handle, bitmap* bm, int compType)
 	ts->vScale = 1.0f;

 	nprintf(("vulkan", "VulkanTexture: Cubemap uploaded: %ux%u, %u mips, format=%d\n",
-		faceW, faceH, mipLevels, static_cast<int>(format)));
+		faceW, faceH, imageMipLevels, static_cast<int>(format)));
 	return true;
 }

@@ -1106,6 +1133,10 @@ bool VulkanTextureManager::bm_data(int handle, bitmap* bm, int compType)
 		isCubemapUpload = (compType == DDS_CUBEMAP_DXT1 || compType == DDS_CUBEMAP_DXT3 ||
 		                   compType == DDS_CUBEMAP_DXT5);
 	}
+	// bm_is_compressed() returns 0 for uncompressed DDS cubemaps; only comp_type identifies them
+	if (!isCubemapUpload) {
+		isCubemapUpload = bm_get_entry(handle)->comp_type == BM_TYPE_CUBEMAP_DDS;
+	}

 	if (isCubemapUpload) {
 		return uploadCubemap(handle, bm, compType);
@@ -1857,7 +1888,13 @@ ubyte* VulkanTextureManager::get_bitmap_from_texture(int bitmap_num, int* width_
 		ts->format == vk::Format::eBc1RgbaUnormBlock ||
 		ts->format == vk::Format::eBc2UnormBlock ||
 		ts->format == vk::Format::eBc3UnormBlock ||
-		ts->format == vk::Format::eBc7UnormBlock,
+		ts->format == vk::Format::eBc7UnormBlock ||
+		ts->format == vk::Format::eEtc2R8G8B8UnormBlock ||
+		ts->format == vk::Format::eEtc2R8G8B8SrgbBlock ||
+		ts->format == vk::Format::eEtc2R8G8B8A1UnormBlock ||
+		ts->format == vk::Format::eEtc2R8G8B8A1SrgbBlock ||
+		ts->format == vk::Format::eEtc2R8G8B8A8UnormBlock ||
+		ts->format == vk::Format::eEtc2R8G8B8A8SrgbBlock,
 		"get_bitmap_from_texture: unsupported format %d on bitmap %d"
 		" — may be a render target or dynamic texture",
 		static_cast<int>(ts->format), bitmap_num);
@@ -1868,7 +1905,13 @@ ubyte* VulkanTextureManager::get_bitmap_from_texture(int bitmap_num, int* width_
 	const bool isCompressed = (ts->format == vk::Format::eBc1RgbaUnormBlock ||
 	                           ts->format == vk::Format::eBc2UnormBlock ||
 	                           ts->format == vk::Format::eBc3UnormBlock ||
-	                           ts->format == vk::Format::eBc7UnormBlock);
+	                           ts->format == vk::Format::eBc7UnormBlock ||
+							   ts->format == vk::Format::eEtc2R8G8B8UnormBlock ||
+							   ts->format == vk::Format::eEtc2R8G8B8SrgbBlock ||
+							   ts->format == vk::Format::eEtc2R8G8B8A1UnormBlock ||
+							   ts->format == vk::Format::eEtc2R8G8B8A1SrgbBlock ||
+							   ts->format == vk::Format::eEtc2R8G8B8A8UnormBlock ||
+							   ts->format == vk::Format::eEtc2R8G8B8A8SrgbBlock);
 	const bool hasAlpha = bm_has_alpha_channel(bitmap_num);
 	const int outChannels = hasAlpha ? 4 : 3;

@@ -1885,6 +1928,12 @@ ubyte* VulkanTextureManager::get_bitmap_from_texture(int bitmap_num, int* width_
 		case vk::Format::eBc2UnormBlock: blockSize = BCDEC_BC2_BLOCK_SIZE; break;
 		case vk::Format::eBc3UnormBlock: blockSize = BCDEC_BC3_BLOCK_SIZE; break;
 		case vk::Format::eBc7UnormBlock: blockSize = BCDEC_BC7_BLOCK_SIZE; break;
+		case vk::Format::eEtc2R8G8B8UnormBlock:
+		case vk::Format::eEtc2R8G8B8SrgbBlock:     blockSize = ETCDEC_ETC_RGB_BLOCK_SIZE;    break;
+		case vk::Format::eEtc2R8G8B8A1UnormBlock:
+		case vk::Format::eEtc2R8G8B8A1SrgbBlock:   blockSize = ETCDEC_ETC_RGB_A1_BLOCK_SIZE; break;
+		case vk::Format::eEtc2R8G8B8A8UnormBlock:
+		case vk::Format::eEtc2R8G8B8A8SrgbBlock:   blockSize = ETCDEC_EAC_RGBA_BLOCK_SIZE;   break;
 		default: return nullptr;
 		}
 		blockW = (w + 3) / 4;
@@ -2038,6 +2087,18 @@ void VulkanTextureManager::decodeReadbackBuffer(const void* mapped, vk::Format f
 				case vk::Format::eBc7UnormBlock:
 					bcdec_bc7(srcBlock, blockColBase, static_cast<int>(copyW * 4));
 					break;
+				case vk::Format::eEtc2R8G8B8UnormBlock:
+				case vk::Format::eEtc2R8G8B8SrgbBlock:
+					etcdec_etc_rgb(srcBlock, blockColBase, static_cast<int>(copyW * 4));
+					break;
+				case vk::Format::eEtc2R8G8B8A1UnormBlock:
+				case vk::Format::eEtc2R8G8B8A1SrgbBlock:
+					etcdec_etc_rgb_a1(srcBlock, blockColBase, static_cast<int>(copyW * 4));
+					break;
+				case vk::Format::eEtc2R8G8B8A8UnormBlock:
+				case vk::Format::eEtc2R8G8B8A8SrgbBlock:
+					etcdec_eac_rgba(srcBlock, blockColBase, static_cast<int>(copyW * 4));
+					break;
 				default: break;
 				}
 				srcBlock += blockSize;
@@ -2174,6 +2235,46 @@ tcache_slot_vulkan* VulkanTextureManager::getTextureSlot(int handle)
 	return static_cast<tcache_slot_vulkan*>(slot->gr_info);
 }

+bool VulkanTextureManager::ensureCubemapUploaded(int handle)
+{
+	if (handle < 0) {
+		return false;
+	}
+	auto* ts = getTextureSlot(handle);
+	if (ts != nullptr && ts->imageView && ts->isCubemap) {
+		return true;
+	}
+	// one warning and no per-frame retry for a map that cannot be used; handles are reused, signatures are not
+	const uint signature = bm_get_entry(handle)->signature;
+	if (signature == m_failedCubemapSignature) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	bool uploaded = false;
+	// the cubemap kind lives in comp_type; type is just BM_TYPE_DDS
+	const BM_TYPE type = bm_get_entry(handle)->comp_type;
+	if (type == BM_TYPE_CUBEMAP_DDS || type == BM_TYPE_CUBEMAP_DXT1 || type == BM_TYPE_CUBEMAP_DXT3 ||
+		type == BM_TYPE_CUBEMAP_DXT5) {
+		// same lock as OpenGL's opengl_determine_bpp_and_flags for TCACHE_TYPE_CUBEMAP; DXT data stays compressed
+		const int compType = bm_is_compressed(handle);
+		const int bpp = bm_has_alpha_channel(handle) ? 32 : 24;
+		// bm_lock() uploads through bm_data(); upload here only if that did not leave a cube
+		bitmap* bmp = bm_lock(handle, static_cast<ubyte>(bpp), BMP_TEX_OTHER);
+		if (bmp != nullptr) {
+			ts = getTextureSlot(handle);
+			uploaded = (ts != nullptr && ts->imageView && ts->isCubemap) || uploadCubemap(handle, bmp, compType);
+			bm_unlock(handle);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (!uploaded) {
+		m_failedCubemapSignature = signature;
+		Warning(LOCATION, "Environment map '%s' could not be uploaded as a cubemap; reflections are off.",
+			bm_get_filename(handle));
+	}
+	return uploaded;
+}
+
 vk::Format VulkanTextureManager::bppToVkFormat(int bpp, bool compressed, int compressionType)
 {
 	if (compressed) {
@@ -2719,7 +2820,7 @@ void VulkanTextureManager::recordUploadCommands(vk::CommandBuffer cmd, vk::Image
 		region.imageSubresource.aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor;
 		region.imageSubresource.mipLevel = 0;
 		region.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
-		region.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
+		region.imageSubresource.layerCount = arrayLayers;
 		region.imageOffset = vk::Offset3D(0, 0, 0);
 		region.imageExtent = vk::Extent3D(width, height, 1);

@@ -194,6 +194,13 @@ public:
 	 */
 	tcache_slot_vulkan* getTextureSlot(int handle);

+	/**
+	 * @brief Upload a cubemap bitmap as a cubemap if it has not been uploaded yet
+	 * @param[in] handle bitmap handle of a DDS cubemap (compressed or not) or a cubemap render target
+	 * @return true if the handle now has a cubemap image view
+	 */
+	bool ensureCubemapUploaded(int handle);
+
 	/**
 	 * @brief Bitmap handle of the render target currently bound via bm_set_render_target,
 	 *        or -1 when rendering to the default framebuffer. Used by gr.screenToBlob so a
@@ -355,9 +362,9 @@ private:
 	/**
 	 * @brief Decode a get_bitmap_from_texture() readback buffer into data_out
 	 *
-	 * Handles both the BC-compressed (block-decode via bcdec) and uncompressed
-	 * (per-format channel expand/convert) cases; data_out is tightly packed
-	 * w*h pixels at outChannels (3 or 4) bytes each.
+	 * Handles BC- and ETC2-compressed textures (block-decode via bcdec/etcdec)
+	 * and uncompressed textures (per-format channel expand/convert); data_out
+	 * is tightly packed w*h pixels at outChannels (3 or 4) bytes each.
 	 */
 	static void decodeReadbackBuffer(const void* mapped, vk::Format format, bool isCompressed,
 	                          uint32_t w, uint32_t h, uint32_t blockW, uint32_t blockH,
@@ -382,6 +389,7 @@ private:

 	vk::Device m_device;
 	vk::PhysicalDevice m_physicalDevice;
+	uint m_failedCubemapSignature = 0;
 	VulkanMemoryManager* m_memoryManager = nullptr;
 	vk::CommandPool m_commandPool;
 	vk::Queue m_graphicsQueue;
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 #include "ddsutils/ddsutils.h"
 #include "ddsutils/bcdec.h"
 #include "globalincs/systemvars.h"
-
+#include "ktxutils/ktxutils.h"  

 namespace graphics::vulkan {

@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ int vulkan_preload(int bitmap_num, int /*is_aabitmap*/)
 	}

 	// Determine lock parameters based on compression type.
-	// For compressed DDS textures, lock with the matching DXT/BC7 flags to get
-	// raw compressed data with all pre-baked mipmap levels.
+	// For compressed DDS/KTX textures, lock with the matching DXT/BC7/ETC2
+	// flags to get raw compressed data with all pre-baked mipmap levels.
 	int compType = bm_is_compressed(bitmap_num);
 	int lockBpp = 32;
-	ubyte lockFlags = BMP_TEX_XPARENT;
+	uint lockFlags = BMP_TEX_XPARENT;

 	switch (compType) {
 	case DDS_DXT1:
@@ -60,6 +60,21 @@ int vulkan_preload(int bitmap_num, int /*is_aabitmap*/)
 		lockBpp = 32;
 		lockFlags = BMP_TEX_CUBEMAP;
 		break;
+	case KTX_ETC2_RGB:
+	case KTX_ETC2_SRGB:
+		lockBpp = 24;
+		lockFlags = BMP_TEX_ETC2_RGB8;
+		break;
+	case KTX_ETC2_RGBA_EAC:
+	case KTX_ETC2_SRGBA_EAC:
+		lockBpp = 32;
+		lockFlags = BMP_TEX_ETC2_RGBA8;
+		break;
+	case KTX_ETC2_RGB_A1:
+	case KTX_ETC2_SRGB_A1:
+		lockBpp = 24;
+		lockFlags = BMP_TEX_ETC2_RGBA1;
+		break;
 	default:
 		// Uncompressed — use 32bpp decompressed
 		compType = 0;